regulation of translation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.


negative regulation of glucokinase activity

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Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucokinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a glucose molecule.


oxidative phosphorylation

The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.


tricarboxylic acid cycle

A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle.


acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate.


GAIT complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A protein complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes. The complex binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements in the 3'-UTR of diverse inflammatory mRNAs and suppresses their translation by blocking the recruitment of the 43S ribosomal complex to m7G cap-bound eIF4G. In humans it includes RPL13A, EPRS, SYNCRIP and GAPDH; mouse complexes lack SYNCRIP.


multicellular organism development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).


negative regulation of oxidoreductase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered.


D-ribofuranose 5-phosphate(2-)

An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of D-ribofuranose-5-phosphate; major species at pH 7.3.


sedoheptulose 7-phosphate

A ketoheptose phosphate consisting of sedoheptulose having a phosphate group at the 7-position. It is an intermediate metabolite in the pentose phosphate pathway.


glucose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.


embryo development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.


ciliary membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cilium.


mesoderm formation

The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.


erythrocyte homeostasis

Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism.


voltage-gated monoatomic anion channel activity

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Enables the transmembrane transfer of an anion by a voltage-gated channel. An anion is a negatively charged ion. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


pyruvate dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate.


norepinephrine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.


cognition

The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory.


response to wounding

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism.


sympathetic neuron

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Sympathetic neurons are part of the sympathetic nervous system and are primarily adrenergic producing the neurotransmitter noradrenalin along with other neuropeptides.


blood vessel remodeling

The reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.


sympathetic nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter.


positive regulation of neurotransmitter secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.


OSTCN_HUMAN Osteocalcin (sprot)

An osteocalcin that is encoded in the genome of human.


cell projection membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a plasma membrane bounded cell surface projection.


SH3 domain binding

Binding to a SH3 domain (Src homology 3) of a protein, small protein modules containing approximately 50 amino acid residues found in a great variety of intracellular or membrane-associated proteins.


positive regulation of membrane tubulation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane tubulation.


positive regulation of podosome assembly

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of podosome assembly.


response to amino acid starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of amino acids.


cellular response to starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nourishment.


negative regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.


A phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate in which the two phosphate groups are at C-4 and C-5 of the inositol moiety which has the 1D-myo configuration.


GNAO_HUMAN Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha (sprot)

A guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 complex

Complex of three heterogeneous polypeptide chains, that form a ternary complex with initiator methionyl-tRNA and GTP. This ternary complex binds to free 40S subunit, which subsequently binds the 5' end of mRNA.


Arf-GAP with SH3 domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1 isoform m1 unphosphorylated 1 (mouse)

An Arf-GAP with SH3 domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1 isoform m1 (mouse) that lacks phosphorylated Tyr-308 and Tyr-782. UniProtKB:Q9QWY8-1, Tyr-308/Tyr-782, PR:000026291.


GATOR1 complex

A GTPase-activating protein (GAP) complex that regulates TORC1 signaling by interacting with the Rag GTPase. In human, the GATOR1 complex consists of DEPDC5, NPRL2, and NPRL3. In S. cerevisiae, this complex is referred to as SEACIT and contains the Iml1p, Npr2p, and Npr3p proteins.


RASA1_HUMAN Ras GTPase-activating protein 1 (sprot)

A Ras GTPase-activating protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLXB1_HUMAN Plexin-B1 (sprot)

A plexin-B1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


XRP2_HUMAN Protein XRP2 (sprot)

A protein XRP2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLXA4_HUMAN Plexin-A4 (sprot)

A plexin-A4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLXA2_HUMAN Plexin-A2 (sprot)

A plexin-A2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLXA3_HUMAN Plexin-A3 (sprot)

A plexin-A3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLXA1_HUMAN Plexin-A1 (sprot)

A plexin-A1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBC9_HUMAN SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9 (sprot)

A SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RHOF_HUMAN Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoF (sprot)

A Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoF that is encoded in the genome of human.


RCC1_HUMAN Regulator of chromosome condensation (sprot)

A regulator of chromosome condensation that is encoded in the genome of human.


SH2/SH3 adapter protein NCK1 isoform 1 (mouse)

An SH2/SH3 adapter protein NCK1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 isoform 2 (mouse)

A phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


morphogenesis of a polarized epithelium

The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of a polarized epithelium are generated and organized. A polarized epithelium is an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis.


kidney

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A paired organ of the urinary tract that produces urine and maintains bodily fluid homeostasis, blood pressure, pH levels, red blood cell production and skeleton mineralization.


hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any ester bond.


detection of cell density

The series of events in which information about the density of cells in a population is received and converted into a molecular signal.


cellular response to anisomycin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an anisomycin stimulus.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxia

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The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to hypoxia (lowered oxygen tension). Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. The pathway ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane

The process that results in the incorporation of a protein into a mitochondrial membrane.


regulation of apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process.


positive regulation of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion.


signaling

The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered.


retinal cone cell development

Development of a cone cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Cone cells contain the photopigment iodopsin or cyanopsin and are responsible for photopic (daylight) vision.


atrophy of testis

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

Loss of testicular volume.


DN4 thymocyte

A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-negative, CD25-negative, and pre-TCR-positive.


epithelial cell of proximal tubule

An epithelial cell of the proximal tubule of the kidney.


chief cell of parathyroid gland

An epithelial cell of the parathyroid gland that is arranged in wide, irregular interconnecting columns; responsible for the synthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormone.


follicle cell of egg chamber

A somatic epithelial cell of the insect egg chamber.


pachytene

The cell cycle phase which follows zygotene during prophase I of meiosis, and during which crossing over occurs between a chromatid in one partner and another chromatid in the homologous chromosome.


thyroxine 5-deiodinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H+ = L-thyroxine + AH2.


tumor protein 63 DeltaN isoform (mouse)

A tumor protein 63 (mouse) that encodes any of the DeltaN splice variants.


aryl hydrocarbon receptor

A protein that is a translation product of the human AHR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


thyroid hormone transport

The directed movement of thyroid hormone into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


exocyst

A protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where vesicles dock and fuse. At least eight complex components are conserved between yeast and mammals.


ciliary base

Area of the cilium (also called flagellum) where the basal body and the axoneme are anchored to the plasma membrane. The ciliary base encompasses the distal part of the basal body, transition fibers and transition zone and is structurally and functionally very distinct from the rest of the cilium. In this area proteins are sorted and filtered before entering the cilium, and many ciliary proteins localize specifically to this area.


9+0 non-motile cilium

A non-motile cilium where the axoneme has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets but no central microtubules (and is therefore called a 9+0 axoneme).


negative regulation of non-motile cilium assembly

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of non-motile cilium assembly.


preosteoblast

Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to transform into an osteoblast, and develops from neural crest or mesodermal cells.


limb bud

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb. The limb bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP].


kidney medulla collecting duct epithelial cell

An epithelial cell that is part of a renal medulla collecting duct.


corneal endothelial cell

An hexagonal, flattened, mitochondria-rich endothelial cell that forms a monolayer on the posterior surface of the cornea (the corneal endothelium). Corneal endothelial cells are derived from the neural crest and are responsible for keeping the cornea transparent by maintaining the tissue in a semi-dry state through the action of their ionic pumps and tight junction barrier.


growth plate cartilage chondrocyte differentiation

The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the growth of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.


bed nucleus of stria terminalis

A brain structure in the forebrain wrapped around the stria terminalis. It's largest extent can be found around the crossing of the anterior commissure[INCF].


cytotoxic T cell

A mature T cell that differentiated and acquired cytotoxic function with the phenotype perforin-positive and granzyme-B positive.


regulation of establishment of planar polarity

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the establishment of planar polarity, the coordinated organization of groups of cells in a tissue, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.


midbody

A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis.


vesicle docking involved in exocytosis

The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, that contributes to exocytosis.


positive regulation of mitotic cytokinetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cytokinetic process.


EXOC7_HUMAN Exocyst complex component 7 (sprot)

An exocyst complex component 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


intermediate epitheliocyte

An epithelial cell present in the trachea and bronchi; columnar in shape; generally lack cilia; immature forms of ciliated or secretory cells which have been formed from stem cells.


centriolar satellite

A small (70-100 nm) cytoplasmic granule that contains a number of centrosomal proteins; centriolar satellites traffic toward microtubule minus ends and are enriched near the centrosome.


proximal portion of axoneme

The portion of the axoneme that is close to the base of the cilium.


left/right axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the left/right axis. The left/right axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes. Each side is defined from the viewpoint of the organism rather of the observer (as per anatomical axes).


epithelial cilium movement involved in determination of left/right asymmetry

The movement of cilia of epithelial cells of the Left Right Organizer (LRO), also referred to as the node in mouse or the Kupffer's vesicle in zebrafish, resulting in the leftward fluid flow across the LRO and generation or transport of a signal which determines asymmetry in an organism's body plan with respect to the left and right halves.


protein localization to motile cilium

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a motile cilium.


regulation of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway.


Spemann organizer formation at the anterior end of the primitive streak

Formation of the specialized region at the anterior end of the primitive streak of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the body plan.


beta-catenin-TCF complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a beta-catenin-TCF complex.


definitive endoderm

An embryonic structure that is the internal layer of the embryonic gut, formed by the recruitment of epiblast cells through the primitive streak.


cell migration involved in mesendoderm migration

The orderly movement of epithelial cells from one site to another that contributes to the migration of mesendodermal tissue.


DNA demethylation

The removal of a methyl group from one or more nucleotides within an DNA molecule.


astrocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an astrocyte. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.


cerebral cortex regionalization

The regionalization process that results in the creation of areas within the cerebral cortex that will direct the behavior of cell migration and differentiation as the cortex develops.


trophectodermal cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trophectoderm cell.


blastocyst development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm.


stem cell population maintenance

The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of stem cells of a single type. This can be achieved by a number of mechanisms: stem cell asymmetric division maintains stem cell numbers; stem cell symmetric division increases them; maintenance of a stem cell niche maintains the conditions for commitment to the stem cell fate for some types of stem cell; stem cells may arise de novo from other cell types.


olfactory bulb development

The progression of the olfactory bulb over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory bulb coordinates neuronal signaling involved in the perception of smell. It receives input from the sensory neurons and outputs to the olfactory cortex.


cardioblast differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a sequence of DNA that is part of a core promoter region. The core promoter is composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for the RNA polymerase and the basal transcription machinery. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.


midbrain development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles).


cell fate specification

The cellular developmental process involved in cell fate commitment in which the cell is designated to follow a developmental path, unless they receive extrinsic cues that direct an alternative fate.


oligodendrocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system.


central nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.


neuron fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron.


anatomical structure development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.


primitive streak formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the primitive streak from unspecified parts. The primitive streak is a ridge of cells running along the midline of the embryo where the mesoderm ingresses. It defines the anterior-posterior axis.


cellular response to leukemia inhibitory factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leukemia inhibitory factor stimulus.


somite rostral/caudal axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the rostro-caudal axis of a somite, prior to the morphological formation of a somite boundary.


neuron fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuron regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


metencephalon development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


telencephalon regionalization

The regionalization process that creates areas within the forebrain that will direct the behavior of cell migration in differentiation as the telencephalon develops.


diencephalon morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the diencephalon are generated and organized. The diencephalon is the paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus are derived; these regions regulate autonomic, visceral and endocrine function, and process information directed to the cerebral cortex.


eye photoreceptor cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an eye photoreceptor cell. A photoreceptor cell is a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation. Different classes of photoreceptor have different spectral sensitivities and express different photosensitive pigments.


anterior/posterior axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.


gastrulation with mouth forming second

A gastrulation process in which the initial invagination becomes the anus and the mouth forms second.


head development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a head from an initial condition to its mature state. The head is the anterior-most division of the body.


cell-cell signaling

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.


cerebellum development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.


cerebellar Purkinje cell differentiation

The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar Purkinje cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a Purkinje cell fate. A Purkinje cell is an inhibitory GABAergic neuron found in the cerebellar cortex that projects to the deep cerebellar nuclei and brain stem.


post-embryonic development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development.


embryonic pattern specification

The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo.


anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.


urogenital system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urogenital system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


cerebellar Purkinje cell-granule cell precursor cell signaling involved in regulation of granule cell precursor cell proliferation

The process that mediates the transfer of information from Purkinje cells to granule cell precursors resulting in an increase in rate of granule cell precursor cell proliferation.


ectoderm formation

The formation of ectoderm during gastrulation.


ureter morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the ureter are generated and organized. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.


forebrain regionalization

The regionalization process resulting in the creation of areas within the forebrain that will direct the behavior of cell migration in differentiation as the forebrain develops.


endocrine pancreas development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.


lipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.


lung development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.


adult locomotory behavior

Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.


epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis

The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.


cellular response to cadmium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cadmium (Cd) ion stimulus.


dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning

The process in which the neural tube is regionalized in the dorsoventral axis.


regulation of lipid metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.


connective tissue development

The progression of a connective tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


positive regulation of neuron differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.


dopaminergic neuron differentiation

The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a dopaminergic neuron, a neuron that secretes dopamine.


neuron fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


lung epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell that contributes to the epithelium of the lung.


negative regulation of neuron differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.


signal transduction involved in regulation of gene expression

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another.


regulation of steroid metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.


steroid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.


positive regulation of smoothened signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.


negative regulation of gene expression

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).


gastrulation

A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.


spermatogenesis

The developmental process by which male germ line stem cells self renew or give rise to successive cell types resulting in the development of a spermatozoa.


hair follicle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hair follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A hair follicle is a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open.


axon guidance

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


single fertilization

The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote.


seminiferous tubule development

The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the seminiferous tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Seminiferous tubules are ducts located in the testicles, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of gametes, namely spermatozoa.


sebaceous gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sebaceous gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


brainstem development

The progression of the brainstem from its formation to the mature structure. The brainstem is the part of the brain that connects the brain with the spinal cord.


ovarian follicle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


female gonad development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


male gonad development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


tissue morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a tissue are generated and organized.


uterus development

The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the uterus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.


positive regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone.


positive regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of luteinizing hormone.


regulation of hair follicle development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.


formation of anatomical boundary

The process in which the limits of an anatomical structure are generated. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.


female gonad morphogenesis

The process in which a female gonad is generated and organized.


CO5A2_MOUSE Collagen alpha-2(V) chain (sprot)

A collagen alpha-2(V) chain that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


CO3A1_MOUSE Collagen alpha-1(III) chain (sprot)

A collagen alpha-1(III) chain that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


chordate embryonic development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through a stage including a notochord and neural tube until birth or egg hatching.


pharyngeal system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pharyngeal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pharyngeal system is a transient embryonic complex that is specific to vertebrates. It comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming: the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear.


liver development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes.


protein self-association

Binding to a domain within the same polypeptide.


LIM domain binding

Binding to a LIM domain (for Lin-11 Isl-1 Mec-3) of a protein, a domain with seven conserved cysteine residues and a histidine, that binds two zinc ions and acts as an interface for protein-protein interactions.


somatic stem cell population maintenance

Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.


positive regulation of cell adhesion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.


nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 3 isoform mX1 (mouse)

A nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 3 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P97305-1.


zygotic determination of anterior/posterior axis, embryo

The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by products of genes expressed in the zygote; exemplified in insects by the gap genes, pair rule genes and segment polarity gene cascade.


establishment of animal organ orientation

The process that determines the orientation of an animal organ or tissue with reference to an axis.


actin filament binding

Binding to an actin filament, also known as F-actin, a helical filamentous polymer of globular G-actin subunits.


response to leukemia inhibitory factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leukemia inhibitory factor stimulus.


protein-RNA complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a ribonucleoprotein complex.


regulation of cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features.


inner plexiform layer of retina

Cytoarchitectural layer of the retina that is made up of a dense reticulum of fibrils formed by interlaced dendrites of retinal ganglion cells and cells of the inner nuclear layer (adapted from Wikipedia).


U2 snRNP

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U2, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U2 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U2 snRNA both while the U2 snRNP is free or assembled into a series of spliceosomal complexes.


plasma cell

A terminally differentiated, post-mitotic, antibody secreting cell of the B cell lineage with the phenotype CD138-positive, surface immunonoglobulin-negative, and MHC Class II-negative. Plasma cells are oval or round with extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, a well-developed Golgi apparatus, and a round nucleus having a characteristic cartwheel heterochromatin pattern and are devoted to producing large amounts of immunoglobulin.


Mueller cell

Astrocyte-like radial glial cell that extends vertically throughout the retina, with the nucleus are usually in the middle of the inner nuclear layer.


supporting cell

A cell whose primary function is to support other cell types.


pancreatic D cell

A D cell located in the pancreas. Peripherally placed within the islets like type A cells; contains somatostatin.


PP cell

A cell that stores and secretes pancreatic polypeptide hormone.


synovial cell

A cell located in the synovial joint.


migratory cardiac neural crest cell

Any migratory neural crest cell that is part of a cardiac neural crest.


type I pneumocyte

A type I pneumocyte is a flattened, branched pneumocyte that covers more than 98% of the alveolar surface. This large cell has thin (50-100 nm) cytoplasmic extensions to form the air-blood barrier essential for normal gas exchange.


chondroblast

Skeletogenic cell that is typically non-terminally differentiated, secretes an avascular, GAG rich matrix; is not buried in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, located adjacent to cartilage tissue (including within the perichondrium), and develops from prechondroblast (and thus prechondrogenic) cell.


pinealocyte

This cell type produces and secretes melatonin and forms the pineal parenchyma. Extending from each cell body, which has a spherical, oval or lobulated mucleus, are one or more tortuous basophilic processes, containing parallel microtubules known as synaptic ribbons. These processes end in expanded terminal buds near capillaries or less, frequently, ependymal cells of the pineal recess. The terminal buds contain granular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and electron-dense cored vesicles, which store monoamines and polypeptide hormones, release of which appears to require sympathetic innervation.


glucagon secreting cell

A cell that secretes glucagon.


regulation of cell morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process in which the shape of a cell is generated and organized.


myeloid suppressor cell

An immature myeloid leukocyte of heterogeneous phenotype found particularly in cancer and sepsis patients that is capable of suppressing activity of T cells in ex vivo assays. This cell type is CD45-positive, CD11b-positive.


extracellular matrix protein binding

Binding to a protein that is part of an extracellular matrix.


fibroblast growth factor receptor apoptotic signaling pathway

An apoptotic signaling pathway that starts with a ligand binding to, or being withdrawn from, a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR).


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


mammary gland specification

The regionalization process in which the mammary line is specified. The mammary line is a ridge of epidermal cells that will form the mammary placodes.


double-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte

A thymocyte expressing the alpha-beta T cell receptor complex as well as both the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors.


CD4-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte

An immature alpha-beta T cell that is located in the thymus and is CD4-positive and CD8-negative.


plasmacytoid dendritic cell

A dendritic cell type of distinct morphology, localization, and surface marker expression (CD123-positive) from other dendritic cell types and associated with early stage immune responses, particularly the release of physiologically abundant amounts of type I interferons in response to infection.


myeloid dendritic cell

A dendritic cell of the myeloid lineage.


gamma-delta T cell

A T cell that expresses a gamma-delta T cell receptor complex.


DN3 thymocyte

A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-negative, and CD25-positive and expressing the T cell receptor beta-chain in complex with the pre-T cell receptor alpha chain.


CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell

A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has differentiated into a memory T cell.


naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell

An antigen inexperienced CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD127-positive and CD62L-positive. This cell type develops in the thymus. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD62L-high, and CD44-low.


F4/80-positive adipose macrophage

An adipose macrophage that does not express MHC-II but is F4/80-positive.


CD8-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte

An immature alpha-beta T cell that is located in the thymus and is CD8-positive and CD4-negative.


marginal zone B cell of spleen

A mature B cell that is located in the marginal zone of the spleen with the phenotype CD23-negative and CD21-positive and expressing a B cell receptor usually reactive to bacterial cell wall components or senescent self components such as oxidized-LDL. This cell type is also described as being CD19-positive, B220-positive, IgM-high, AA4-negative, CD35-high.


Langerhans cell

Langerhans cell is a conventional dendritic cell that has plasma membrane part CD207. A Langerhans cell is a stellate dendritic cell of myeloid origin, that appears clear on light microscopy and has a dark-staining, indented nucleus and characteristic inclusions (Birbeck granules) in the cytoplasm; Langerhans cells are found principally in the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, but they also occur in other stratified epithelia and have been identified in the lung, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus.


immature gamma-delta T cell

A gamma-delta T cell that has an immature phenotype.


follicular B cell

A resting mature B cell that has the phenotype IgM-positive, IgD-positive, CD23-positive and CD21-positive, and found in the B cell follicles of the white pulp of the spleen or the corticol areas of the peripheral lymph nodes. This cell type is also described as being CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-negative, CD43-negative, and CD5-negative.


ADP phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ADP + H2O = AMP + phosphate + H+.


interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 isoform m1 (mouse)

An interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O88786-1.


tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 isoform 1 (mouse)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 2 isoform 3 (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q925P2-3.


CEACAM1a-4S, signal peptide removed N-glycosylasparagine form (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, signal peptide removed form that is the signal cleavage product of isoform Short in mouse and includes at least one N-glycosylasparagine. UniProtKB:P31809-2, 35-458, MOD:00160.


CEACAM1a-2S (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 sequence variant CEACAM1a (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q3LFS8. This form contains the two copies of the Ig domain and is the version with shorter cytoplasmic tail.


CEACAM1a-4L, signal peptide removed N-glycosylasparagine form (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, signal peptide removed form that is the signal cleavage product of isoform Long in mouse and includes at least one N-glycosylasparagine. UniProtKB:P31809-1, 35-521, MOD:00160.


advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor isoform 10 (mouse)

An advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q62151-10.


fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand isoform 2 (mouse)

An fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P49772-2.


fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand isoform 1 (mouse)

An fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P49772-1.


NRG1_MOUSE Pro-neuregulin-1, membrane-bound isoform (sprot)

A pro-neuregulin-1, membrane-bound isoform that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis. Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis is the orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels contributing to the process of sprouting angiogenesis.


endothelial cell-cell adhesion

The attachment of an endothelial cell to another endothelial cell via adhesion molecules.


small GTPase-mediated signal transduction

An intracellular signaling cassette in which a small monomeric GTPase relays a signal.


caveola assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a caveola. A caveola is a plasma membrane raft that forms a small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane.


establishment of cell polarity involved in ameboidal cell migration

The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


endothelial cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in an endothelial cell. An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal.


endothelial cell migration

The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.


vasculogenesis

The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.


blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a blood vessel endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of blood vessels.


blood vessel endothelial cell migration

The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels during angiogenesis.


endothelial cell differentiation

The process in which a mesodermal, bone marrow or neural crest cell acquires specialized features of an endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell. A layer of such cells lines the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.


endothelial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Endothelial cells are thin flattened cells which line the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.


endothelial cell development

The progression of an endothelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


endothelial cell morphogenesis

The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during the differentiation of an endothelial cell.


blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis

The multiplication or reproduction of blood vessel endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population contributing to sprouting angiogenesis.


lens epithelial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of lens epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Lens epithelial cells make up the lens epithelium, which is located in the anterior portion of the lens between the lens capsule and the lens fibers and is a simple cuboidal epithelium. The epithelial cells of the lens regulate most of the homeostatic functions of the lens such as osmolarity and liquid volume. The lens epithelial cells also serve as the progenitors for new lens fibers. The lens epithelium constantly lays down fibers in the embryo, fetus, infant, and adult, and continues to lay down fibers for lifelong growth.


cell-cell contact zone

Extended zone of intimate apposition between two cells containing one or more types of intercellular junctions, e.g., the intercalated disk of muscle.


hippocampal formation

Hippocampus (proper) plus dentate gyrus and subiculum[definition derived from NIF comments and ontology alignment].


neural tube closure

The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline.


inner ear receptor cell stereocilium organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of inner ear receptor cells.


auditory receptor cell morphogenesis

Any process that alters the size or shape of an auditory receptor cell.


morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium

The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized.


cochlear nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cochlear nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.


negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.


cardiac chamber formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac chamber from unspecified parts. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.


atrial cardiac muscle tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle of the atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


left ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of left cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.


centromeric DNA binding

Binding to a centromere, a region of chromosome where the spindle fibers attach during mitosis and meiosis.


negative regulation of protein ubiquitination

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.


rDNA heterochromatin formation

The formation of heterochromatin at ribosomal DNA, characterized by the modified histone H3K9me3.


regulation of chromosome condensation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of chromosome condensation, the progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.


establishment of protein localization to chromosome

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome.


sensory hair cell

Hair cell is a mechanoreceptor cell that is sensitive to movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system.


nucleolus

A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.


brush border

The dense covering of microvilli on the apical surface of an epithelial cell in tissues such as the intestine, kidney, and choroid plexus; the microvilli aid absorption by increasing the surface area of the cell.


establishment of mitotic spindle orientation

A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.


glycoprotein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.


establishment or maintenance of apical/basal cell polarity

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance polarization of a cell's architecture along its apical/basal axis so that the apical and basal regions of the cell have different membrane, extracellular matrix and sub-membrane cellular components.


intestinal epithelial cell maturation

The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine mature as they migrate from the intestinal crypt to the villus.


epithelial cell of stomach

An epithelial cell found in the lining of the stomach.


pulmonary interstitial fibroblast

A fibroblasts found in interstitial spaces in the pulmonary tract. Greater numbers of these cells are found in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.


strial marginal cell

A polarized columnar cell that covesr the lateral surface of the cochlear duct, secretes potassium ions and forms a continuous sheet in contact with the endolymph; marginal cells form extensive interdigitations with the basal and intermediate cells in the normal adult stria.


pigmented ciliary epithelial cell

A cell that is part of pigmented ciliary epithelium. This cell type uptakes sodium and chloride ions from stromal interstitium and passes the ions to non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells via gap junctions.


luminal cell of prostate epithelium

The exocrine cell of the prostate, this epithelial cell secretes prostatic acid phosphotase and PSA, and is dependent on androgen hormones for survival.


M cell of gut

An absorptive cell of the gut epithelium that endocytoses microorganisms and intact macromolecules from the gut lumen and transports them to the subepithelial space where they are presented to antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes.


auditory epithelial cell

A specialized cell involved in auditory sensory perception.


nasopharyngeal epithelial cell

Cell of the nasopharyngeal epithelium.


non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cell

A cell that is part of non-pigmented ciliary epithelium. This cell type participates in aqueous humor formation by releasing solute, principally sodium and chloride ions received from pigmented epithelial cells via gap junctions, into the aqueous humor of the eye.


mesothelial cell

A flattened epithelial cell of mesenchymal origin that lines the serous cavity.


MAL_HUMAN Myelin and lymphocyte protein (sprot)

A myelin and lymphocyte protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 3A1 isoform 2 (mouse)

A solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 3A1 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


protein kinase C zeta type phosphorylated 1 (mouse)

A protein kinase C zeta type (mouse) that has been phosphorylated on a Thr residue equivalent to Thr-410 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q02956. UniProtKB:Q02956, Thr-410, MOD:00047.


LRC15_HUMAN Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 15 (sprot)

A leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 15 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TORC2 complex

A protein complex that contains at least TOR (target of rapamycin) and Rictor (rapamycin-insensitive companion of TOR), or orthologs of, in complex with other signaling components. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of PKB (also called AKT). In Saccharomyces, the complex contains Avo1p, Avo2p, Tsc11p, Lst8p, Bit61p, Slm1p, Slm2p, and Tor2p.


negative regulation of TOR signaling

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling.


pro-B cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pro-B cell. Pro-B cells are the earliest stage of the B cell lineage and undergo heavy chain D and J gene rearrangements, although they are not fully committed.


negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in the apoptotic process.


regulation of pro-B cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pro-B cell differentiation.


immature B cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an immature B cell.


positive regulation of B cell apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.


TORC1 complex

A protein complex that contains at least TOR (target of rapamycin) and Raptor (regulatory-associated protein of TOR), or orthologs of, in complex with other signaling components. Mediates the phosphorylation and activation of S6K. In Saccharomyces, the complex contains Kog1p, Lst8p, Tco89p, and either Tor1p or Tor2p.


protein localization to lysosome

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a lysosome.


positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway activity.


cell proliferation involved in kidney development

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the kidney.


positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


positive regulation of TOR signaling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling.


regulation of TOR signaling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling.


negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.


mitochondrial inner membrane

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae.


interstitial matrix

A type of extracellular matrix found in interstitial connective tissue, characterized by the presence of fibronectins, proteoglycans, and types I, III, V, VI, VII and XII collagens.


myosin complex

A protein complex, formed of one or more myosin heavy chains plus associated light chains and other proteins, that functions as a molecular motor; uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move actin filaments or to move vesicles or other cargo on fixed actin filaments; has magnesium-ATPase activity and binds actin. Myosin classes are distinguished based on sequence features of the motor, or head, domain, but also have distinct tail regions that are believed to bind specific cargoes.


mitochondrial envelope

The double lipid bilayer enclosing the mitochondrion and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.


intraciliary transport particle B

The larger subcomplex of the intraciliary transport particle; characterized complexes have molecular weights around 550 kDa.


brush border membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the brush border.


ciliary inversin compartment

Proximal part of the ciliary shaft to which the inversin protein (also called Inv) specifically localizes. The inversin compartment appears to have a different protein composition than the rest of the cilium, although there is no structure that separates it form the distal part of the cilium.


smooth muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell; smooth muscle lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers and are almost always involuntary.


inflammatory response to wounding

The immediate defensive reaction by vertebrate tissue to injury caused by chemical or physical agents.


response to hypoxia

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.


dATP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate).


intraciliary transport particle B binding

Binding to an intraciliary transport particle B (IFT B) complex.


negative regulation of smoothened signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.


cell projection morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell projection are generated and organized.


glycosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


vacuole organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.


heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues; the former are a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid; the L-iduronic acid is either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as being sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups; heparan sulfate chains are covalently linked to peptidyl-serine by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl to serine residues.


chondroitin sulfate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate. They usually occur linked to a protein to form proteoglycans. Two subgroups exist, one in which the sulfate is on the 4-position (chondroitin sulfate A) and the second in which it is in the 6-position (chondroitin sulfate C). They often are polydisperse and often differ in the degree of sulfation from tissue to tissue. The chains of repeating disaccharide are covalently linked to the side chains of serine residues in the polypeptide backbone of a protein by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide unit galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl. Chondroitin sulfate B is more usually known as dermatan sulfate.


renal system process

A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the renal system. The renal system maintains fluid balance, and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels; in other species, the renal system may comprise related structures (e.g., nephrocytes and malpighian tubules in Drosophila).


signal transduction

The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.


glutathione metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins; it has a specific role in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidized ascorbate, and it participates in the gamma-glutamyl cycle.


adenosine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes.


deoxyadenosine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyadenosine, 2-deoxyribosyladenine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.


response to sodium phosphate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sodium phosphate stimulus.


response to magnesium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a magnesium ion stimulus.


tissue homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.


secretion of lysosomal enzymes

The controlled release of lysosomal enzymes by a cell.


negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.


response to osmotic stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.


Golgi organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus.


collagen metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).


regulation of non-motile cilium assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-motile cilium assembly.


response to salt stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress by p53 class mediator

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of osmotic stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


organ growth

The increase in size or mass of an organ. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that function together as to perform a specific function.


mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in nephron morphogenesis

Any mesenchymal cell apoptotic process that is involved in nephron morphogenesis.


11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an 11-beta-hydroxysteroid + NADP+ = an 11-oxosteroid + NADPH + H+.


mesenchymal to epithelial transition

A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell.


fatty acid beta-oxidation

A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A; the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).


cysteine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.


glomerulus morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the glomerulus are generated and organized. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney.


centrosome localization

Any process in which a centrosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


cell differentiation involved in kidney development

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.


ubiquinone biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.


sphingosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingosine (sphing-4-enine), trans-D-erytho-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol, a long chain amino diol sphingoid base that occurs in most sphingolipids in animal tissues.


negative regulation of gene expression via CpG island methylation

An epigenetic gene regulation mechanism that negatively regulates gene expression by methylation of cytosine residues in chromosomal CpG islands. CpG islands are genomic regions that contain a high frequency of the CG dinucleotide and are often associated with the transcription start site of genes.


IMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate.


renal water transport

The directed movement of water (H2O) by the renal system.


cellular response to water deprivation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of water.


glucose-6-phosphate transport

The directed movement of glucose-6-phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Glucose-6-phosphate is a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.


carnitine transport

The directed movement of carnitine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carnitine is a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.


urea transport

The directed movement of urea into, out of or within the cell. Urea is the water-soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2.


epithelial cell maturation

The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.


protein localization to ciliary inversin compartment

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary inversin compartment.


amino acid transmembrane transport

The process in which an amino acid is transported across a membrane.


epithelial cell proliferation involved in renal tubule morphogenesis

Any epithelial cell proliferation that is involved in renal tubule morphogenesis.


positive regulation of amino acid transport

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


iron-responsive element binding

Binding to an iron-responsive element, a regulatory sequence found in the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of mRNAs encoding many iron-binding proteins.


regulation of angiotensin metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving angiotensin.


carboxylesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a carboxylic ester + H2O = a carboxylate + an alcohol + H(+).


progesterone catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.


dermatan sulfate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dermatan sulfate, any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units. They are important components of ground substance or intercellular cement of skin and some connective tissues.


Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-D-glucosylceramide + UDP-galactose = alpha-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1,4)-D-glucosylceramide + UDP.


globoside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ceramide with a core structure of GalNAc-beta-(1->3)-Gal-alpha-(1->4)-Glc(I).


nucleotide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).


inosine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs.


acetylesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an acetic ester + H2O = an alcohol + acetate.


glucose 6-phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose 6-phosphate, a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.


purine nucleoside metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development

Any mesenchymal cell apoptotic process that is involved in metanephros development.


metanephric nephron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephron in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.


C11B2_MOUSE Cytochrome P450 11B2, mitochondrial (sprot)

A cytochrome P450 11B that is a translation product of the Cyp11b2 gene in mouse.


mitochondrion localization

Any process in which a mitochondrion or mitochondria are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


skeletal muscle fiber development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.


response to dietary excess

The physiological process in which dietary excess is sensed by the central nervous system, resulting in a reduction in food intake and increased energy expenditure.


mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II

The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter.


myofibril

The contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle; a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism.


Schwann cell

A glial cell that myelinates or ensheathes axons in the peripheral nervous system.


subcutaneous adipocyte

An adipocyte that is part of subcutaneous adipose tissue.


spinal cord motor neuron

A motor neuron that passes from the spinal cord toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.


respiratory electron transport chain

A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.


response to insulin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.


fat cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat.


glomerulus development

The progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney. The glomerulus is part of the nephron and is restricted to one body segment.


regulation of ATP citrate synthase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP citrate synthase activity.


hormone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.


fat cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of fat cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A fat cell is an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat.


podocyte apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a glomerular visceral epithelial cell.


renal albumin absorption

A renal system process in which albumin is taken up from the collecting ducts, glomerulus and proximal and distal loops of the nephron.


neuromuscular junction development, skeletal muscle fiber

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction that targets a skeletal muscle fiber.


postsynaptic density organization

A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynaptic density, a region that lies adjacent to the cytoplasmic face of the postsynaptic membrane at excitatory synapse.


dynamin-like 120 kDa protein, mitochondrial isoform 2 (mouse)

A dynamin-like 120 kDa protein, mitochondrial isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


TORC2 signaling

A series of intracellular molecular signals mediated by TORC2; TOR (rapamycin-insensitive companion of TOR) in complex with at least Rictor (regulatory-associated protein of TOR), or orthologs of, and other signaling components.


temperature homeostasis

A homeostatic process in which an organism modulates its internal body temperature.


brown fat cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of brown fat cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A brown fat cell is a fat cell found the thermogenic form of adipose tissue found in newborns of many species.


smooth muscle tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


skeletal muscle tissue development

The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult skeletal muscle tissue. The main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers.


cardiac muscle cell proliferation

The expansion of a cardiac muscle cell population by cell division.


regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.


positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.


positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation

The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells.


immunoglobulin V(D)J recombination

The process in which immunoglobulin gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). For immunoglobulin heavy chains V, D, and J gene segments are joined, and for immunoglobulin light chains V and J gene segments are joined.


positive regulation of immunoglobulin production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.


lung secretory cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung secretory cell. A lung secretory cell is a specialized epithelial cell of the lung that contains large secretory granules in its apical part.


pre-B cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pre-B cell. Pre-B cells follow the pro-B cell stage of immature B cell differentiation and undergo rearrangement of heavy chain V, D, and J gene segments.


regulation of lung goblet cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lung goblet cell differentiation.


negative regulation of lung goblet cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lung goblet cell differentiation.


dorsal striatum

Dorsal components of the striatum comprising the caudate nucleus and the putamen, in species that have distinct nuclei; the caudoputamen in species which don't.


asymmetric synapse

A type of synapse occurring between an axon and a dendritic spine or dendritic shaft. Asymmetric synapses, the most abundant synapse type in the central nervous system, involve axons that contain predominantly spherical vesicles and contain a thickened postsynaptic density. Most or all synapses of this type are excitatory.


cell projection

A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.


bipolar neuron

A type of interneuron that has two neurites, usually an axon and a dendrite, extending from opposite poles of an ovoid cell body.


acetylcholine-gated channel complex

A homo- or hetero-pentameric protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass in response to acetylcholine binding.


dentate gyrus mossy fiber

Hippocampal mossy fiber produced by dentate gyrus granule cells.


GABAergic interneuron

An interneuron that uses GABA as a vesicular neurotransmitter.  These interneurons are inhibitory


neurotrophin TRKB receptor binding

Binding to a neurotrophin TRKB receptor.


intracellular zinc ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of zinc ions within a cell.


neural precursor cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of neural precursor cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A neural precursor cell is either a nervous system stem cell or a nervous system progenitor cell.


protein localization to cell surface

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.


neuron cellular homeostasis

The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a neuron in a stable, differentiated functional and structural state.


L-cystine transport

The directed movement of L-cystine (also known as dicysteine) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


synaptic vesicle recycling

The trafficking of synaptic vesicles from the pre-synaptic membrane so the vesicle can dock and prime for another round of exocytosis and neurotransmitter release. Recycling occurs after synaptic vesicle exocytosis, and is necessary to replenish presynaptic vesicle pools, sustain transmitter release and preserve the structural integrity of the presynaptic membrane. Recycling can occur following transient fusion with the presynaptic membrane (kiss and run), or via endocytosis of presynaptic membrane.


regulation of synaptic plasticity

A process that modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.


glial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of glial cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and include Schwann cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes among others.


NMDA glutamate receptor activity

An cation channel that opens in response to binding by extracellular glutmate, but only if glycine is also bound and the membrane is depolarized. Voltage gating is indirect, due to ejection of bound magnesium from the pore at permissive voltages.


synaptic transmission, GABAergic

The vesicular release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of GABA receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


neuroblast proliferation

The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.


apical dendrite arborization

The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic tree are generated on the apical neuron side and organized into dendritic branches.


central nervous system neuron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the central nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron.


positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process.


regulation of synapse structural plasticity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse structural plasticity. Synapse structural plasticity is a type of cytoskeletal remodeling; this remodeling is induced by stimuli that can lead to long term potentiation and it can be activity-dependent or -independent. Examples of cytoskeletal changes include the formation of new spines and increase in spine size; this can be accompanied by the insertion of greater numbers of glutamate (or other neurotransmitter) receptors into the post-synaptic membrane.


chemorepellent activity

Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of that signal.


pyramidal neuron development

The progression of a pyramidal neuron from its initial formation to its mature state.


regulation of sulfur amino acid metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur amino acids.


gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor clustering

The receptor clustering process in which gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


glutamate receptor binding

Binding to a glutamate receptor.