positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.


leading edge cell differentiation

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of leading edge cells, cells at the front of a migrating epithelial sheet.


renal absorption

A renal system process in which water, ions, glucose and proteins are taken up from the collecting ducts, glomerulus and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures (e.g. protein absorption is observed in nephrocytes in Drosophila, see PMID:23264686).


negative regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.


regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.


osmosensory signaling pathway via Sho1 osmosensor

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals generated in response to osmotic change, as mediated through a Sho1 osmosensor system.


negative regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the SMAD protein signaling pathway.


UCMA_HUMAN Unique cartilage matrix-associated protein (sprot)

A unique cartilage matrix-associated protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure

The process that reduces the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system.


smooth muscle cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a smooth muscle cell. Smooth muscle consists of non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels.


positive regulation of sodium-dependent phosphate transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium-dependent phosphate transport.


vesicle localization

Any process in which a vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.


oligopeptide binding

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binding to an oligopeptide.


response to peptidoglycan

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptidoglycan stimulus. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule.


engulfment of apoptotic cell

The removal of the apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.


neutrophil clearance

The selective elimination of senescent neutrophils from the body by autoregulatory mechanisms.


lymphocyte activation

A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


vagina development

The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vagina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


negative regulation of lymphocyte activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.


NF-kappaB binding

Binding to NF-kappaB, a transcription factor for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II promoters.


dATP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate).


immature T cell proliferation

The expansion of an immature T cell population by cell division.


cellular bud neck septin ring

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A ring-shaped structure that forms at the site of cytokinesis in the bud neck of a budding cell; composed of members of the conserved family of filament forming proteins called septins as well as septin-associated proteins. In S. cerevisiae, this structure forms at the time of bud emergence and the septins show a high rate of exchange.


septin complex

A protein complex containing septins. Typically, these complexes contain multiple septins and are oligomeric.


septin filament array

Arrays of septin filaments, or bars, found in a series of filamentous structures. Such structures have been observed in the prospore membrane during spore formation in S. cerevisiae and in the chlamydospore membrane during chlamydospore formation in C. albicans.


prospore membrane

The prospore membrane is a double-membraned structure that extends from the cytoplasmic face of the spindle pole bodies to encompass the spindle pole bodies and the four nuclear lobes that are formed during meiosis. It helps isolate the meiotic nuclei from the cytoplasm during spore formation and serves as a foundation for the formation of the spore walls. An example of this component is found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.


mating projection base

The region where the mating projection meets the bulk of the cell, in unicellular fungi exposed to mating pheromone.


1-phosphatidylinositol binding

Binding to a phosphatidylinositol, a glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 5' position.


septin ring assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of septins and associated proteins to form an organized structure resembling a ring at the cell cortex.


cardiac muscle progenitor cell migration to the midline involved in heart field formation

The orderly movement of a myocardial progenitor cell toward the midline to form the heart field. Cardiac muscle progenitor cells are non-terminally differentiated, mesoderm-derived cells that are committed to differentiate into myocardial cells of the heart.


G-quadruplex DNA unwinding

The process by which G-quadruplex (also known as G4) DNA, which is a four-stranded DNA structure held together by guanine base pairing, is unwound or 'melted'.


telomeric DNA binding

Binding to a telomere, a specific structure at the end of a linear chromosome required for the integrity and maintenance of the end.


regulation of telomere maintenance

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.


DNA duplex unwinding

The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating a region of unpaired single strands.


positive regulation of nuclease activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.


error-free postreplication DNA repair

The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA via processes such as template switching, which does not remove the replication-blocking lesions but does not increase the endogenous mutation rate.


protein-DNA covalent cross-linking repair

The removal of covalent cross-link between DNA and a protein.


DNA-(abasic site) binding

Binding to a DNA site that has neither a purine nor a pyrimidine base. Apurinic sites can form spontaneously or when DNA glycosylase removes a damaged base.


protein-DNA covalent cross-linking activity

Catalysis of the cross-link between a protein and a DNA abasic site, forming a thiazolidine linkage between a DNA ring-opened abasic site and the alpha-amino and sulfhydryl substituents of cysteine residue of the protein.


HMCES_HUMAN Abasic site processing protein HMCES (sprot)

An abasic site processing protein HMCES that is encoded in the genome of human.


FANCC_HUMAN Fanconi anemia group C protein (sprot)

A Fanconi anemia group C protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


FAP24_HUMAN Fanconi anemia core complex-associated protein 24 (sprot)

A Fanconi anemia core complex-associated protein 24 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FAP20_HUMAN Fanconi anemia core complex-associated protein 20 (sprot)

A Fanconi anemia core complex-associated protein 20 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FANCB_HUMAN Fanconi anemia group B protein (sprot)

A Fanconi anemia group B protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


FANCE_HUMAN Fanconi anemia group E protein (sprot)

A Fanconi anemia group E protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


FANCF_HUMAN Fanconi anemia group F protein (sprot)

A Fanconi anemia group F protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


FANCL_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase FANCL (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase FANCL that is encoded in the genome of human.


FP100_HUMAN Fanconi anemia core complex-associated protein 100 (sprot)

A Fanconi anemia core complex-associated protein 100 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FANCA_HUMAN Fanconi anemia group A protein (sprot)

A Fanconi anemia group A protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


FANCG_HUMAN Fanconi anemia group G protein (sprot)

A Fanconi anemia group G protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBE2T_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 T (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 T that is encoded in the genome of human.


FANCM_HUMAN Fanconi anemia group M protein (sprot)

A Fanconi anemia group M protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


invasive growth in response to glucose limitation

A growth pattern exhibited by budding haploid cells under certain growth conditions, in which cells retain the typical axial budding pattern of haploids, but become elongated and fail to separate after division; during growth on a solid substrate, this results in penetration of cells into the agar medium. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


tRNA (guanine-N7)-methylation

The process whereby a guanine in a tRNA is methylated at the N7 position of guanine.


regulation of cell wall (1->3)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds, found in the walls of cells.


secondary active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy, not direct ATP coupling. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.


trigeminal sensory nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal sensory nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


glutamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.


glycine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycine, aminoethanoic acid.


taurine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative important in the metabolism of fats.


L-serine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.


threonine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


sensory neuron axon guidance

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a sensory neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. A sensory neuron is an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses.


dorsal spinal cord development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dorsal region of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The dorsal region of the mature spinal cord contains neurons that process and relay sensory input.


cytoplasmic translation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in the cytoplasm. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein.


cerebellar granule cell differentiation

The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar granule cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a granule cell fate. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.


ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to a glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


radial glia guided migration of Purkinje cell

The migration of postmitotic a Purkinje cell along radial glial cells from the ventricular zone to the Purkinje cell layer.


cerebellum structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the cerebellum. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.


radial glia guided migration of cerebellar granule cell

The inward migration of postmitotic granule cells along a radial glial cell from the external granule layer to the internal granule cell layer.


response to zinc ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a zinc ion stimulus.


D-alanine transport

The directed movement of D-alanine, the D-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


D-serine transport

The directed movement of D-serine, the D-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to granule cells. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.


cerebellum maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the cerebellum to attain its fully functional state. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.


Schmidt-Lanterman incisure

Regions within compact myelin in which the cytoplasmic faces of the enveloping myelin sheath are not tightly juxtaposed, and include cytoplasm from the cell responsible for making the myelin. Schmidt-Lanterman incisures occur in the compact myelin internode, while lateral loops are analogous structures found in the paranodal region adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier.


microvillus organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell.


regulation of axon diameter

Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon growth such that the correct diameter is attained and maintained.


myelin assembly

The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon in the central or peripheral nervous system.


commissural neuron axon guidance

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a commissural neuron is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


neuroinflammatory response

The immediate defensive reaction by neural vertebrate tissue to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents.


protein O-linked fucosylation

The process of transferring a fucosyl group to a serine or threonine residues in a protein acceptor molecule, to form an O-linked protein-sugar linkage.


SEM5A_HUMAN Semaphorin-5A (sprot)

A semaphorin-5A that is encoded in the genome of human.


SSPO_HUMAN SCO-spondin (sprot)

A SCO-spondin that is encoded in the genome of human.


PROP_HUMAN Properdin (sprot)

A properdin that is encoded in the genome of human.


TSP2_HUMAN Thrombospondin-2 (sprot)

A thrombospondin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATS12_HUMAN A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 12 (sprot)

An a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATS20_HUMAN A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 20 (sprot)

An a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 20 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATL3_HUMAN ADAMTS-like protein 3 (sprot)

An ADAMTS-like protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATL4_HUMAN ADAMTS-like protein 4 (sprot)

An ADAMTS-like protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATL5_HUMAN ADAMTS-like protein 5 (sprot)

An ADAMTS-like protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


THSD4_HUMAN Thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing protein 4 (sprot)

A thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATS13_HUMAN A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 13 (sprot)

An a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATL2_HUMAN ADAMTS-like protein 2 (sprot)

An ADAMTS-like protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SBSPO_HUMAN Somatomedin-B and thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing protein (sprot)

A somatomedin-B and thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATL1_HUMAN ADAMTS-like protein 1 (sprot)

An ADAMTS-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATS17_HUMAN A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 17 (sprot)

An a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 17 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATS15_HUMAN A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 15 (sprot)

An a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 15 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATS19_HUMAN A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 19 (sprot)

An a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 19 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SPON2_HUMAN Spondin-2 (sprot)

A spondin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


THS7B_HUMAN Thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing protein 7B (sprot)

A thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing protein 7B that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATS10_HUMAN A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 10 (sprot)

An a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SPON1_HUMAN Spondin-1 (sprot)

A spondin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


THSD1_HUMAN Thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

A thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SEM5B_HUMAN Semaphorin-5B (sprot)

A semaphorin-5B that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATS7_HUMAN A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 7 (sprot)

An a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATS6_HUMAN A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 6 (sprot)

An a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


THS7A_HUMAN Thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing protein 7A (sprot)

A thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing protein 7A that is encoded in the genome of human.


secondary heart field

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A specific region of the lateral mesoderm that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, arterial pole (outflow tract) and venous pole (inflow tract).


neural crest cell

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A cell of the neural crest. Neural crest cells are multipotent. Premigratory neural crest cells are found at the neural plate boarder, some of which will undergo ectomesynchymal transition and delamination to form migratory neural crest cells.


heparin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans of average Mr (6000-20000), consisting predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.


sulfation

The addition of a sulfate group to a molecule.


dendritic cell migration

The movement of a dendritic cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


hypersensitivity

An inflammatory response to an exogenous environmental antigen or an endogenous antigen initiated by the adaptive immune system.


lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial cell of high endothelial venule

The attachment of a lymphocyte to an endothelial cell of a high endothelial venule (HEV) via adhesion molecules. A HEV cell is an endothelial cell that is cuboidal, expresses leukocyte-specific receptors, and allows for passage of lymphocytes into bloodstream.


leukocyte tethering or rolling

Transient adhesive interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells lining blood vessels. Carbohydrates on circulating leukocytes bind selectins on the vessel wall causing the leukocytes to slow down and roll along the inner surface of the vessel wall. During this rolling motion, transitory bonds are formed and broken between selectins and their ligands. Typically the first step in cellular extravasation (the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system, towards the site of tissue damage or infection).


response to heparin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heparin stimulus.


endochondral bone growth

The increase in size or mass of an endochondral bone that contributes to the shaping of the bone.


response to growth factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.


heart field specification

The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area in which the heart will develop.


heparin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells. They are similar to heparan sulfates but are of somewhat higher average Mr (6000-20000) and contain fewer N-acetyl groups and more N-sulfate and O-sulfate groups; they may be attached in the same manner to protein, forming proteoglycans. They consist predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.


fluid transport

The directed movement of substances that are in liquid form in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


negative regulation of axon extension involved in regeneration

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in regeneration.


positive regulation of axon extension involved in regeneration

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of axon extension involved in regeneration.


regulation of pteridine metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving pteridine.


vascular system

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Anatomical system that consists of all blood and lymph vessels.


tectorial membrane of cochlea

The overlaying membrane of the cochlear duct, an extracellular matrix of the inner ear that contacts the stereocilia bundles of specialized sensory hair cells; sound induces movement of these hair cells relative to the tectorial membrane, deflects the stereocilia, and leads to fluctuations in hair cell membrane potential, transducing sound into electrical signals[MP,modified].


regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by calcium ion signaling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction by changing the calcium ion signals that trigger contraction.


cellular response to oscillatory fluid shear stress

Any response to oscillatory fluid shear stress that occurs at the level of a cell.


regulation of collagen biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.


regulation of apoptosis involved in tissue homeostasis

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptosis that results in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a tissue.


protein sulfation

The addition of a sulfate group as an ester to a protein amino acid.


polysaccharide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.


heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, enzymatic modification

The modification, often by sulfation, of sugars incorporated into heparan sulfate after polymerization.


UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine from one side of a membrane to the other. N-acetylglucosamine is a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


oligosaccharyltransferase complex

A protein complex that is found in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane of eukaryotes and transfers lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor to asparagine residues on nascent proteins. In yeast, the complex includes at least nine different subunits, whereas in mammalian cells at least three different forms of the complex have been detected.


beta-secretase 1 isoform 1 N-glycosylated 5 (mouse)

A beta-secretase 1 isoform 1 (mouse) that has been glycosylated at positions equivalent to Asn-153 and Asn-223 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P56818-1. UniProtKB:P56818-1, Asn-153/Asn-223, MOD:00160.


GTPase activating protein binding

Binding to a GTPase activating protein.


positive regulation of epiboly involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epiboly involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second.


regulation of convergent extension involved in axis elongation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of convergent extension involved in axis elongation.


GTPase binding

Binding to a GTPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP.


positive regulation of cell fate commitment

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.


regulation of cell fate commitment

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.


phototransduction, UV

The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from UV light into a molecular signal; ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 400 nanometers.


G protein-coupled photoreceptor activity

Combining with incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


absorption of UV light

The reception of a (UV light) photon by a cell, UV light being defined as having a wavelength within the range 13.6-400 nm.


reticulophagy

The selective autohagy process in which parts of the endoplasmic reticulum are loaded into autophagosomes, delivered to the vacuole, and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.


phospholipid transfer activity

Removes a phospholipid from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.


intermembrane lipid transfer

The transport of lipids between membranes in which a lipid molecule is transported through an aqueous phase from the outer leaflet of a donor membrane to the outer leaflet of an acceptor membrane. This process does not require metabolic energy and can be either spontaneous or mediated by lipid transfer proteins (LTPs).


RTN3_HUMAN Reticulon-3 (sprot)

A reticulon-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SEC62_HUMAN Translocation protein SEC62 (sprot)

A translocation protein SEC62 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of aggrephagy

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aggrephagy.


WIPI2_HUMAN WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 (sprot)

A WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cytolytic granule

A specialized secretory lysosome that is present in cells with cytolytic capability such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Cytolytic granules mediate the storage and regulated excretion of lytic molecules for killing of target cells.


positive regulation of protein targeting to vacuole involved in autophagy

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to vacuole involved in autophagy.


cardiac epithelial to mesenchymal transition

A transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.


nuclear replication fork

The Y-shaped region of a nuclear replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes.


G-quadruplex DNA binding

Binding to G-quadruplex DNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad. The stacking of guanine tetrads results in G-quadruplex DNA structures. G-quadruplex DNA can form under physiological conditions from some G-rich sequences, such as those found in telomeres, immunoglobulin switch regions, gene promoters, fragile X repeats, and the dimerization domain in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genome.


telomerase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of telomerase.


double-strand break repair via break-induced replication

The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the centromere-proximal end of a broken chromosome searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome. DNA synthesis initiates from the 3' end of the invading DNA strand, using the intact chromosome as the template, and progresses to the end of the chromosome.


translesion synthesis

The replication of damaged DNA by synthesis across a lesion in the template strand; a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex inserts a defined nucleotide across from the lesion which allows DNA synthesis to continue beyond the lesion. This process can be mutagenic depending on the damaged nucleotide and the inserted nucleotide.


DNA unwinding involved in DNA replication

The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating unpaired template strands for DNA replication.


replication fork reversal

Replication fork processing that involves the unwinding of blocked forks to form four-stranded structures resembling Holliday junctions, which are subsequently resolved.


negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.


NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex

A complex having histone acetylase activity on chromatin, as well as ATPase, DNA helicase and structural DNA binding activities. The complex is thought to be involved in double-strand DNA break repair. Subunits of the human complex include HTATIP/TIP60, TRRAP, RUVBL1, BUVBL2, beta-actin and BAF53/ACTL6A. In yeast, the complex has 13 subunits, including the catalytic subunit Esa1 (homologous to human Tip60).


Swr1 complex

A multisubunit protein complex that is involved in chromatin remodeling. It is required for the incorporation of the histone variant H2AZ into chromatin. In S. cerevisiae, the complex contains Swr1p, a Swi2/Snf2-related ATPase, and 12 additional subunits.


actin cortical patch

An endocytic patch that consists of an actin-containing structure found at the plasma membrane in cells; formed of networks of branched actin filaments that lie just beneath the plasma membrane and assemble, move, and disassemble rapidly. An example of this is the actin cortical patch found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


cellular bud neck contractile ring

A contractile ring, i.e. a cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin, that forms beneath the plasma membrane at the mother-bud neck in mitotic cells that divide by budding in preparation for completing cytokinesis. An example of this structure is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


ascospore wall assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an ascospore wall. During sporulation in Ascomycota, each ascospore nucleus becomes surrounded by a specialized spore wall, formed by deposition of spore wall components in the lumenal space between the outer and inner leaflets of the prospore membrane. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


vacuole inheritance

The distribution of vacuoles into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between vacuoles and the cytoskeleton.


mitotic actomyosin contractile ring contraction

Any actomyosin contractile ring contraction that is involved in mitotic cell cycle.


chondrocyte intercalation involved in growth plate cartilage morphogenesis

The orderly movement of a chondrocyte from one site to another that contributes to the shaping of growth plate cartilage in an endochondral bone.


positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.


RNA destabilization

Any process that decreases the stability of an RNA molecule, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes.


negative regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.


cellular response to radiation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.


suprachiasmatic nucleus

* An ovoid densely packed collection of small cells of the anterior hypothalamus lying close to the midline in a shallow impression of the optic chiasm. (MSH) * small group of nerve cell bodies in the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus, just above the optic chiasm; influences rhythmic aspects of hypothalamic functions in many vertebrate species. (CSP).


traversing start control point of mitotic cell cycle

A cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering S phase via a positive feedback mechanism between the regulation of transcription and G1 CDK activity.


ascospore formation

The process in which cells that are products of meiosis acquire the specialized features of ascospores. Ascospores are generally found in clusters of four or eight spores within a single mother cell, the ascus, and are characteristic of the ascomycete fungi (phylum Ascomycota).


positive regulation of transcription by galactose

Any process involving galactose that activates or increases the rate of transcription.


protein localization to bud neck

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within a cellular bud neck.


regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA processing body assembly

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.


GTPase inhibitor activity

Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP and orthophosphate.


translation release factor complex

A heterodimeric complex involved in the release of a nascent polypeptide chain from a ribosome.


extrinsic component of endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The component of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


mitochondrial crista

Any of the inward folds of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Their number, extent, and shape differ in mitochondria from different tissues and organisms. They appear to be devices for increasing the surface area of the mitochondrial inner membrane, where the enzymes of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are found. Their shape can vary with the respiratory state of the mitochondria.


mitochondrial ribosome binding

Binding to a mitochondrial ribosome.


protein insertion into mitochondrial inner membrane

The processes mediating the insertion of proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Mitochondrial inner membrane proteins can get inserted from the cytosol, by crossing the outer membrane and being guided by an inner membrane translocase complex into their final destination in the inner membrane. Some proteins present in the intermembrane space can get inserted into the inner mitochondrial membrane. Finally, some proteins are inserted into the inner membrane from the matrix side of the membrane.


protein insertion into mitochondrial inner membrane from matrix

The process in which a protein is incorporated into the mitochondrial inner membrane from the matrix side. This includes membrane insertion of newly synthesized mitochondrially-encoded proteins, and insertion of nuclear-encoded proteins after their import into the mitochondrial matrix.


mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting ATP synthase in the mitochondrial inner membrane.


intracellular mRNA localization

Any process in which mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


protein import into peroxisome matrix

The import of proteins into the peroxisomal matrix. A peroxisome targeting signal (PTS) binds to a soluble receptor protein in the cytosol, and the resulting complex then binds to a receptor protein in the peroxisome membrane and is imported. The cargo protein is then released into the peroxisome matrix.


protein insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane

The process comprising the insertion of proteins from outside the organelle into the mitochondrial outer membrane, mediated by large outer membrane translocase complexes.


DNA clamp unloading

The process of removing the PCNA complex from DNA when Okazaki fragments are completed or the replication fork terminates.


regulation of lens fiber cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lens fiber cell differentiation.


cellular response to antibiotic

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms.


NLS-bearing protein import into nucleus

The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear envelope.


regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity.


cell pole

Either of two different areas at opposite ends of an axis of a cell.


attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore

The cellular process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex in mitosis.


positive regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.


skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of satellite cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population. Satellite cells are quiescent cells that are located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the muscle fiber, which are the main contributors to postnatal muscle growth. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.


satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

The process that initiates skeletal muscle satellite cell division by causing it to move from quiescence to the G1 stage of the cell cycle. The cell swells and there are a number of other small changes. The cells then start to divide. Following cell division the cells will differentiate. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.


regulation of satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell activation. The satellite cell activation is the process that initiates satellite cell division by causing it to move from quiescence to the G1 stage of the cell cycle. The cell swells and there are a number of other small changes. The cells then start to divide. Following cell division the cells will differentiate.


regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation.


postsynapse to nucleus signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals that conveys information from the postsynapse to the nucleus via cytoskeletal transport of a protein from a postsynapse to the component to the nucleus where it affects biochemical processes that occur in the nucleus (e.g DNA transcription, mRNA splicing, or DNA/histone modifications).


skeletal muscle satellite cell commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a satellite cell.


regulation of chromatin organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.


OPA1_HUMAN Dynamin-like 120 kDa protein, mitochondrial (sprot)

A dynamin-like 120 kDa protein, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


roundabout homolog 3 isoform ROBO3A.1 (mouse)

A roundabout homolog 3 isoform ROBO3A.1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. This isoform has a longer N-terminal sequence in comparison with ROBO3B isoforms and the C-terminal sequence arises from splicing of exon 26 to exon 27 and then to exon 28, with the resulting 78 amino acid peptide highly enriched in arginine/serine dipeptide repeats.


netrin receptor activity involved in chemoattraction

Combining with a netrin signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to contribute to the directed movement of a motile cell towards a higher concentration of netrin.


establishment of planar polarity of embryonic epithelium

Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an embryonic epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.


regulation of cartilage development

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.


positive regulation of bone mineralization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.


negative regulation of prostatic bud formation

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of prostatic bud formation, the morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth.


regulation of branching involved in prostate gland morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of prostate gland branching, the process in which the branching structure of the prostate gland is generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem.


negative regulation of striated muscle tissue development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.


cranial suture morphogenesis

The process in which any suture between cranial bones is generated and organized.


bud dilation involved in lung branching

The process in which a bud in the lung increases radially.


bronchus development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bronchus from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the bronchus and ends with the mature structure. The bronchus is the portion of the airway that connects to the lungs.


mesodermal cell fate determination

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a mesoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


negative regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.


mammary gland formation

The process pertaining to the initial formation of the mammary gland from unspecified parts. The process begins with formation of the mammary line and ends when the solid mammary bud invades the primary mammary mesenchyme.


histamine receptor activity

Combining with histamine to initiate a change in cell activity. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.


GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when GABA has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


nucleus of trapezoid body

A nucleus embedded within the fibers of the trapezoid body.


NBEA_HUMAN Neurobeachin (sprot)

A neurobeachin that is encoded in the genome of human.


KCC1A_HUMAN Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 1 (sprot)

A calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NPTN_HUMAN Neuroplastin (sprot)

A neuroplastin that is encoded in the genome of human.


ADCY1_HUMAN Adenylate cyclase type 1 (sprot)

An adenylate cyclase type 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KKCC1_HUMAN Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 1 (sprot)

A calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KKCC2_HUMAN Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (sprot)

A calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


baroreceptor

The sensory nerve endings in the wall of the atria of the heart, vena cava, aortic arch and carotid sinus that are sensitive to changes in blood pressure.


positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).


positive regulation of cellular pH reduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a process that reduces the internal pH of a cell.


positive regulation of dendritic spine morphogenesis

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.


mammillary axonal complex development

The progression of the mammillary axonal complex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammillary axonal complex is formed by the axons from the lateral, medial mammillary and the dorsal premammillary nuclei which share a branching pattern. Every neuron gives off one axonal stem that bifurcates into 2 branches. One of the branches is directed dorsally to the thalamus and another caudally to the midbrain.


lateral amygdaloid nucleus

The sensory interface of the amygdala where plasticity is mediated (Phelps & LeDoux, 2005, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 16242399).


regulation of calcium-mediated signaling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling, the process in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response.


beclin-1 unphosphorylated 3 (mouse)

A beclin-1 unphosphorylated 3 in mouse. UniProtKB:O88597, Tyr-231, PR:000026291.


vinculin unphosphorylated 1 (mouse)

A vinculin (mouse) that lacks phosphorylation at the position equivalent to Tyr-1065 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q64727. UniProtKB:Q64727, Tyr-1065, PR:000026291.


glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B phosphorylated 1 (mouse)

A glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B (mouse) that has been phosphorylated at Tyr-1472. UniProtKB:Q01097, Tyr-1472, MOD:00048.


beclin-1 phosphorylated 3 (mouse)

A beclin-1 phosphorylated 3 in mouse. UniProtKB:O88597, Tyr-231, MOD:00048.


vinculin phosphorylated 1 (mouse)

A vinculin (mouse) that has been phosphorylated on the residue at the position equivalent to Tyr-1065 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q64727. UniProtKB:Q64727, Tyr-1065, MOD:00048.


TRAT1_HUMAN T-cell receptor-associated transmembrane adapter 1 (sprot)

A T-cell receptor-associated transmembrane adapter 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RL14_HUMAN Large ribosomal subunit protein eL14 (sprot)

A large ribosomal subunit protein eL14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RL12_HUMAN Large ribosomal subunit protein uL11 (sprot)

A eukaryotic-type large ribosomal subunit protein uL11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RL38_HUMAN Large ribosomal subunit protein eL38 (sprot)

A large ribosomal subunit protein eL38 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RS13_HUMAN Small ribosomal subunit protein uS15 (sprot)

A eukaryotic-type small ribosomal subunit protein uS15 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RL7_HUMAN Large ribosomal subunit protein uL30 (sprot)

A eukaryotic-type large ribosomal subunit protein uL30 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RS27_HUMAN Small ribosomal subunit protein eS27 (sprot)

A small ribosomal subunit protein eS27 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RS25_HUMAN Small ribosomal subunit protein eS25 (sprot)

A small ribosomal subunit protein eS25 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RS18_HUMAN Small ribosomal subunit protein uS13 (sprot)

A eukaryotic-type small ribosomal subunit protein uS13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RS19_HUMAN Small ribosomal subunit protein eS19 (sprot)

A small ribosomal subunit protein eS19 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RS14_HUMAN Small ribosomal subunit protein uS11 (sprot)

A eukaryotic-type small ribosomal subunit protein uS11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DISC1_HUMAN Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 protein (sprot)

A disrupted in schizophrenia 1 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


H9FWV3_MACMU Neurabin-1 isoform 1 (trembl)


H9F1Y7_MACMU Neurabin-2 (Fragment) (trembl)


pons

The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain, ventral to the cerebellum.


mossy fiber rosette

A synapse of a mossy fiber onto the dendrite of a granule cell; each mossy fiber can have up to 50 rosettes.


ACHA7_MACMU Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the CHRNA7 gene in Macaca mulatta.


regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of long-term synaptic potentiation.


Schaffer axon collateral

Part of axon of a CA3 pyramidal neuron that projects to hippocampal area CA1.


regulation of protein kinase A signaling

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.


sensory organ development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of synaptic plasticity by receptor localization to synapse

Any process that modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require, via receptor localization to the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell. Processes may include receptor transport to, and/or maintenance at, the synapse.


protein localization to postsynaptic membrane

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a postsynaptic membrane.


olfactory bulb

A bulbous anterior projection of the olfactory lobe that is the place of termination of the olfactory nerves and is especially well developed in lower vertebrates (as fishes)[BTO].


ventral tegmental area

Unpaired midbrain region situated in the ventromedial portion of the reticular formation. The VTA is medial to the substantia nigra and ventral to the red nucleus, and extends caudally from the posterior hypothalamus in the diencephalon. The VTA contains dopamine neurons that project to various limbic and cortical areas and is a critical component of the brain's reward circuitry.


RAB3B_HUMAN Ras-related protein Rab-3B (sprot)

A Ras-related protein Rab-3B that is encoded in the genome of human.


RAB26_HUMAN Ras-related protein Rab-26 (sprot)

A Ras-related protein Rab-26 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Q3T903_CAEEL Autophagy-related protein 9 (trembl)


VGLU3_HUMAN Vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (sprot)

A vesicular glutamate transporter 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZNT2_HUMAN Proton-coupled zinc antiporter SLC30A2 (sprot)

A proton-coupled zinc antiporter SLC30A2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZNT3_HUMAN Probable proton-coupled zinc antiporter SLC30A3 (sprot)

A probable proton-coupled zinc antiporter SLC30A3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


VGLU2_HUMAN Vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (sprot)

A vesicular glutamate transporter 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


extracellularly glutamate-gated ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when glutamate is bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane.


hippocampal granule cell

Granule cell with a soma found in the hippocampus.


SH2 domain binding

Binding to a SH2 domain (Src homology 2) of a protein, a protein domain of about 100 amino-acid residues and belonging to the alpha + beta domain class.


kinase binding

Binding to a kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group.


cerebellar mossy fiber

An axon arising from cerebellar projecting cells in the cochlea, vestibular nuclei, spinal cord, reticular formation, cerebellar nuclei and basilar pontine nuclei. Mossy fibers enter through all three cerebellar peduncles and send collaterals to the deep cerebellar nuclei, then branch in the white matter and terminate in the granule cell layer. Through this branching, a given mossy fiber can innervate several folia. Mossy fibers synapse on granule cells. The synaptic contacts are made at enlargements along the length of the mossy fiber called mossy fiber rosettes. The enlargements of the rosettes give the axons a mossy-looking appearance in Golgi stained preparations.


olfactory learning

Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs in response to (repeated) exposure to an olfactory cue.


long-term memory

The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information a long time (typically weeks, months or years) after receiving that information. This type of memory is typically dependent on gene transcription regulated by second messenger activation.


regulation of cell communication

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.


male mating behavior

The specific behavior of a male organism that is associated with reproduction.


pons maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the pons to attain its fully functional state. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.


shelterin complex

A nuclear telomere cap complex that is formed by the association of telomeric ssDNA- and dsDNA-binding proteins with telomeric DNA, and is involved in telomere protection and recruitment of telomerase. The complex is known to contain TERF1, TERF2, POT1, RAP1, TINF2 and ACD in mammalian cells, and Pot1, Tpz1, Rap1, Rif1, Rif2 and Taz1 in Saccharomyces. Taz1 and Rap1 (or their mammalian equivalents) form a dsDNA-binding subcomplex, Pot1 and Tpz1 form an ssDNA-binding subcomplex, and the two subcomplexes are bridged by Poz1, which acts as an effector molecule along with Ccq1.


telomeric G-quadruplex DNA binding

Binding to telomeric G-quadruplex DNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad. The stacking of guanine tetrads results in G-quadruplex DNA structures in telomeres.


TBP-class protein binding

Binding to a member of the class of TATA-binding proteins (TBP), including any of the TBP-related factors (TRFs).


nucleosomal DNA binding

Binding to the DNA portion of a nucleosome.


TFIID-class transcription factor complex binding

Binding to a general RNA polymerase II transcription factor belonging to the TFIID complex, one of the factors involved in formation of the preinitiation complex (PIC) by RNA polymerase II.


G-quadruplex DNA formation

A DNA metabolic process that results in the formation of G-quadruplex DNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad or G-quartet. The stacking of several layers of G-quartets forms G-quadruplexes, in which one or more DNA single strands are assembled in parallel and/or antiparallel, with interactions that can be either intra- or intermolecular in nature.


establishment of protein localization to telomere

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the telomeric region of a chromosome.


telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening

Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and lengthening the telomeric DNA.


establishment of protein localization to chromatin

The directed movement of a protein to a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.


silent mating-type cassette heterochromatin formation

Repression of transcription at silent mating-type loci by alteration of the structure of chromatin.


mitotic cell cycle checkpoint signaling

A signaling process that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a mitotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage.


DNA amplification

The process in which the number of copies of a gene is increased in certain cells as extra copies of DNA are made in response to certain signals of cell development or of stress from the environment.


metaphase chromosome alignment

A chromosome localization process whereby chromosomes are positioned in a specific order and orientation at the metaphase plate (spindle equator), during chromosome segregation. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive the correct number of chromosomes during cell division.


regulation of centrosome duplication

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.


positive regulation of centrosome duplication

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.


NINL_HUMAN Ninein-like protein (sprot)

A ninein-like protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore involved in mitotic sister chromatid segregation.


negative regulation of attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore involved in mitotic sister chromatid segregation.


NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 isoform h2 (human)

An NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q96EB6-2.


regulation of translational elongation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or accuracy of translational elongation.


ribosomal small subunit export from nucleus

The directed movement of a ribosomal small subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.


proteasome regulatory particle binding

Binding to a proteasome regulatory particle.


cytoplasmic side of mitochondrial outer membrane

The external (cytoplasmic) face of the mitochondrial outer membrane.


nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs in eukaryotic cells.


aerobic respiration

The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.


regulation of ubiquinone biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquinone biosynthesis. Ubiquinone biosynthesis consists of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.


spindle pole body

The microtubule organizing center in fungi; functionally homologous to the animal cell centrosome.


tRNA wobble uridine modification

The process in which a uridine in position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.


ribosomal small subunit biogenesis

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a small ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.


regulation of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.


spindle attachment to meiosis I kinetochore

The cellular process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex in meiosis I. During meiosis I sister kinetochores are lying next to each other facing the same spindle pole and monopolar attachment of the chromatid to the spindle occurs.


positive regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.


regulation of protein localization by the Cvt pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization by the Cvt pathway.


regulation of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus.


larval heart development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larval heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In Drosophila the larval heart (dorsal vessel) is a continuous tube of mesodormal cells that runs beneath the dorsal midline of the epidermis, divided into an anterior aorta and a posterior heart proper.


GATB_MOUSE Glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase subunit B, mitochondrial (sprot)

A glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase subunit B, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


regulation of growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development.


proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process

The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein as part of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by individual cells.


negative regulation of anaphase-promoting complex-dependent catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anaphase-promoting complex-dependent catabolic process.


regulation of meiotic nuclear division

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic nuclear division, the process in which the nucleus of a diploid cell divides twice forming four haploid cells, one or more of which usually function as gametes.


Cdc24p-Far1p-Gbetagamma complex

A complex that forms at the cell cortex in response to pheromone treatment and is required for the polarized growth of haploid yeast cells towards a mating partner during yeast mating. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this complex consists of Cdc24p, Far1p, Ste4p (G-protein beta subunit) and Ste18p (G-protein gamma subunit).


incipient cellular bud site

The portion of the budding yeast plasma membrane where a daughter cell will emerge. The yeast marks this spot with bud-site selection proteins before bud emergence occurs. Actin is polarized to this spot just prior to and during bud emergence.


cellular bud site selection

The specification of the site where a daughter cell will form, in organisms that reproduce by budding. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


chemotropism

The movement of an organism, or part of an organism, in response to an external chemical gradient, usually toward or away from it.


septin ring organization

Control of the formation, spatial distribution, and breakdown of the septin ring.


maintenance of protein location in nucleus

Any process in which a protein is maintained in the nucleus and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration within the nucleus, protein stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that escape the nucleus.


neuropilin binding

Binding to a member of the neuropilin family.


cell proliferation in hindbrain

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the hindbrain.


negative regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in outflow tract morphogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of planar cell polarity pathway involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.


cardiac mesenchymal cell

A mesenchymal cell found in the developing heart and that develops into some part of the heart.  These cells derive from intra- and extra-cardiac sources, including the endocardium, epicardium, neural crest, and second heart field.


negative regulation of Rho protein signal transduction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction.


anterograde axonal transport of mitochondrion

The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in axons away from the cell body and towards the presynapse.


retrograde axonal transport of mitochondrion

The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in axons towards the cell body and away from the presynapse.


negative regulation of membrane hyperpolarization

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane hyperpolarization.


glutamate receptor-interacting protein 1 isoform 2 palmitoylated 1 (mouse)

A glutamate receptor-interacting protein 1 isoform 2 palmitoylated 1 in mouse. UniProtKB:Q925T6-2, Cys-11, MOD:00115.


RL24_HUMAN Large ribosomal subunit protein eL24 (sprot)

A large ribosomal subunit protein eL24 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RL3_HUMAN Large ribosomal subunit protein uL3 (sprot)

A eukaryotic-type large ribosomal subunit protein uL3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


semicircular canal fusion

Creation of the central hole of the semicircular canal by sealing the edges of the pouch that forms during the process of semicircular canal formation.


positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.


respiratory system development

The progression of the respiratory system over time from its formation to its mature structure. The respiratory system carries out respiratory gaseous exchange.


negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.


bronchiole morphogenesis

The process in which a bronchiole is generated and organized. A bronchiole is the first airway branch that no longer contains cartilage; it is a branch of the bronchi.


regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.


branch elongation involved in salivary gland morphogenesis

The differential growth of the salivary branches along their axis, resulting in the growth of a branch.


lung proximal/distal axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis of the lung. The proximal/distal axis of the lung is defined by a line that runs from the trachea to the alveoli.


muscle cell fate commitment

The process in which the cellular identity of muscle cells is acquired and determined.


mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in lung development

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell of the lung. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types.


positive regulation of white fat cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of white fat cell proliferation.


female genitalia morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of female genitalia are generated and organized.


submandibular salivary gland formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a submandibular salivary gland. This process begins with a thickening of the epithelium next to the tongue and ends when a bud linked to the oral surface is formed.


bud outgrowth involved in lung branching

The process in which a region of the lung epithelium initiates an outgrowth.


positive regulation of urothelial cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of urothelial cell proliferation.


male genitalia morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of male genitalia are generated and organized.


regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis by mesenchymal-epithelial signaling

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis as a result of signals being generated by the mesenchyme and received and interpreted by the salivary gland epithelium.


Harderian gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the Harderian gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Harderian gland is an anterior orbital structure usually associated with the nictitating membrane, and produces and secretes a variety of substances to the eye, depending upon the species.


RACK1_HUMAN Small ribosomal subunit protein RACK1 (sprot)

A small ribosomal subunit protein RACK1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLIP3_HUMAN CAP-Gly domain-containing linker protein 3 (sprot)

A CAP-Gly domain-containing linker protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MAP kinase-activating death domain protein isoform h5 (human)

A MAP kinase-activating death domain protein (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8WXG6-5.


ADP-D-ribose binding

Binding to ADP-D-ribose, an ADP-aldose having ribose as the aldose fragment.


ligand-gated monoatomic cation channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an inorganic cation by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


type G enteroendocrine cell

An endocrine cell found in the pyloric gland mucosa (antral mucosa) of the stomach of mammals and responsible for the secretion of gastrin and enkephalin. Most abundant in pyloric antrum, pyramidal in form with a narrow apex bearing long microvilli.


Catalysis of the reaction: P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-nucleosyl)tetraphosphate + H2O = NTP + NMP. Acts on bis(5'-guanosyl)-, bis(5'-xanthosyl)-, bis(5'-adenosyl)- and bis(5'-uridyl)-tetraphosphate.


tRNA nucleoside ribose methylation

The process that results in the modification of the sugar of a nucleoside in tRNA at the 2'O position.


HELZ2_HUMAN 3'-5' exoribonuclease HELZ2 (sprot)

A 3'-5' exoribonuclease HELZ2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MED1_HUMAN Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 1 (sprot)

A mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ATOX1_HUMAN Copper transport protein ATOX1 (sprot)

A copper transport protein ATOX1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SODE_HUMAN Extracellular superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] (sprot)

An extracellular superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] that is encoded in the genome of human.


AP4A_HUMAN Bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase [asymmetrical] (sprot)

A bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase [asymmetrical] that is encoded in the genome of human.


TXNIP_HUMAN Thioredoxin-interacting protein (sprot)

A thioredoxin-interacting protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


NCOA6_HUMAN Nuclear receptor coactivator 6 (sprot)

A nuclear receptor coactivator 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


paired amphipathic helix protein Sin3b isoform h1 (human)

A paired amphipathic helix protein Sin3b (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O75182-1.


CHD9_HUMAN Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 9 (sprot)

A chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SMRD3_HUMAN SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily D member 3 (sprot)

A SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily D member 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GPX8_HUMAN Probable glutathione peroxidase 8 (sprot)

A probable glutathione peroxidase 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GPX7_HUMAN Glutathione peroxidase 7 (sprot)

A glutathione peroxidase 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


polyamine transmembrane transport

The process in which a polyamine macromolecule is transported across a membrane.


SCF ubiquitin ligase complex

A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul1 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a Skp1 adaptor and an F-box protein. SCF complexes are involved in targeting proteins for degradation by the proteasome. The best characterized complexes are those from yeast and mammals (with core subunits named Cdc53/Cul1, Rbx1/Hrt1/Roc1).


cellular response to methylmercury

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methylmercury stimulus.


mitotic cell cycle G1 arrest in response to pheromone

The cell cycle regulatory process in which the mitotic cell cycle is halted during G1 as a result of a pheromone stimulus. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by galactose

Any process involving galactose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.


dynamin-1 isoform bn (mouse)

A dynamin-1 (mouse) that is the b-type isoform.


regulation of tRNA export from nucleus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tRNA export from nucleus.


regulation of rRNA processing

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rRNA processing.


positive regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids.


ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin, via the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway; ubiquitin-tagged proteins are sorted into MVBs, and delivered to a lysosome/vacuole for degradation.


regulation of mRNA export from nucleus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.


regulation of nitrogen utilization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nitrogen utilization.


mitochondria-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteins transported from mitochondria and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation as a response to oxidative stress conditions.


regulation of ribosomal large subunit export from nucleus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ribosomal large subunit export from nucleus.


regulation of multivesicular body size

Any process that modulates the volume of a multivesicular body, a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles.


regulation of tRNA processing

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tRNA processing.


regulation of ergosterol biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergosterol.


regulation of dolichol biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dolichol biosynthesis. Dolichol biosynthesis consists of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichols, any 2,3-dihydropolyprenol derived from four or more linked isoprene units.


regulation of phosphate metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.


fungal-type cell wall organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the fungal-type cell wall.


quorum sensing

The cell-cell signaling process in which single-celled organisms carry out coordinated responses by monitoring their own population density, and often also that of other microbes, by producing small, diffusible, signal molecules, detecting the concentration of these molecules, and triggering a signal transduction pathway when a certain threshold is reached. Quorum sensing can occur amongst microbial communities in the environment or within host organisms.


negative regulation of serine-type peptidase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type peptidase activity.


cell wall

The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, most prokaryotic cells and some protozoan parasites, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin; in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides; in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan; in protozoan parasites such as Giardia species, it's made of carbohydrates and proteins.


PHRC_BACSU Competence and sporulation stimulating factor (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the phrC gene in Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168.


DEF5_HUMAN Defensin alpha 5 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the DEFA5 gene in human.


REG3G_HUMAN Regenerating islet-derived protein 3-gamma (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the REG3G gene in human.


SUBE_BACSU Minor extracellular protease Epr (sprot)


SUBV_BACSU Minor extracellular protease Vpr (sprot)


negative regulation of viral entry into host cell

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the entry of viral entry into a host cell.


host cell surface

The external part of the host cell wall and/or host plasma membrane.


virion attachment to host cell

The process by which a virion protein binds to molecules on the host cellular surface or host cell surface projection.


fusion of virus membrane with host endosome membrane

Fusion of a virus membrane with a host endosome membrane. Occurs after internalization of the virus through the endosomal pathway, and results in release of the virus contents into the cell.


evasion of mRNA degradation by host via mRNA cap methylation

An innate immune response evasion mechanism in which a symbiont methylates the 2'-O-ribose of the first or second transcribed nucleotide of its mRNAs. Methylation allows evasion of the host innate immune response, which degrades cap0 (non-methylated) mRNAs. This mechanism of immune evasion is used by viruses.


NXF1_HUMAN Nuclear RNA export factor 1 (sprot)

A nuclear RNA export factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


host cell plasma membrane

The plasma membrane surrounding a host cell.


Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2


FOXH1_HUMAN Forkhead box protein H1 (sprot)

A forkhead box protein H1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TIMP2_HUMAN Metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 (sprot)

A metalloproteinase inhibitor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GGA3_HUMAN ADP-ribosylation factor-binding protein GGA3 (sprot)

An ADP-ribosylation factor-binding protein GGA3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LFTY2_HUMAN Left-right determination factor 2 (sprot)

A lefty 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LFTY1_HUMAN Left-right determination factor 1 (sprot)

A lefty 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PGFRB_HUMAN Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (sprot)

A beta-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


PGFRA_HUMAN Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (sprot)

An alpha-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


TSP4_HUMAN Thrombospondin-4 (sprot)

A thrombospondin-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TSP3_HUMAN Thrombospondin-3 (sprot)

A thrombospondin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DAND5_HUMAN DAN domain family member 5 (sprot)

A DAN domain family member 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GGA2_HUMAN ADP-ribosylation factor-binding protein GGA2 (sprot)

An ADP-ribosylation factor-binding protein GGA2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GGA1_HUMAN ADP-ribosylation factor-binding protein GGA1 (sprot)

An ADP-ribosylation factor-binding protein GGA1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


heparan sulfate N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminide polyanion

A carbohydrate acid derivative anion arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid and sulfate groups of the repeating units of heparan sulfate N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminide; major species at pH 7.3.


heparan sulfate alpha-D-glucosaminide polyanion

A carbohydrate acid derivative anion arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid and sulfate groups of the repeating units and protonation of the free amino group on the glucosamine of heparan sulfate alpha-D-glucosaminide; major species at pH 7.3.


symbiont-mediated suppression of host cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of MAVS activity

A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupts a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway in a host organism by reducing the activity of host MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein). MAVS is a signal transducer that lies downstream of the viral RNA receptors MDA-5 and RIG-I to coordinate host innate immune responses.


spindle pole body duplication

Construction of a new spindle pole body.


sister chromatid biorientation

The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids establish stable attachments to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles.


meiotic spindle checkpoint signaling

A signal transduction process that contributes to a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a meiotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and that the chromosomes are attached to the spindle.


cell-cell adhesion involved in gastrulation

The attachment of one cell to another cell affecting gastrulation.


blood vessel

A vessel through which blood circulates in the body.


ureteric bud formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct. This process begins when the bud protrudes from the duct and ends when it is a recognizable bud.


podocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular visceral epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells.


regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway.


podocyte cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a glomerular visceral epithelial cell. A glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells.


NADH kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + NADH = ADP + 2 H+ + NADPH.


GLRX5_HUMAN Glutaredoxin-related protein 5, mitochondrial (sprot)

A glutaredoxin-related protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cysteine desulfurase isoform Mitochondrial (human)

A cysteine desulfurase (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9Y697-1.


ferrous iron binding

Binding to a ferrous iron ion, Fe(II).


large ribosomal subunit rRNA binding

Binding to large ribosomal subunit RNA (LSU rRNA), a constituent of the large ribosomal subunit. In S. cerevisiae, this is the 25S rRNA.


U2 snRNA binding

Binding to a U2 small nuclear RNA (U2 snRNA).


U1 snRNA binding

Binding to a U1 small nuclear RNA (U1 snRNA).


U4 snRNA binding

Binding to a U4 small nuclear RNA (U4 snRNA).


U5 snRNA binding

Binding to a U5 small nuclear RNA (U5 snRNA).


tRNA re-export from nucleus

The directed movement from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of a tRNA that was previously exported to the cytoplasm and then imported back into the nucleus. The processes of primary tRNA export and secondary export (re-export) can be distinguished because in organisms in which tRNA splicing occurs in the cytoplasm, the export of a mature tRNA must occur by re-export.


symbiont-mediated suppression of host cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of TBK1 activity

Any process in which a symbiont stops, prevents, or reduces a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway in a host organism by reducing the activity of a host serine/threonine kinase TBK1.


protein K33-linked deubiquitination

A protein deubiquitination process in which a K33-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 33 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.


IFNA1_HUMAN Interferon alpha-1/13 (sprot)

An interferon alpha-1/13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFN10_HUMAN Interferon alpha-10 (sprot)

An interferon alpha-10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFNA7_HUMAN Interferon alpha-7 (sprot)

An interferon alpha-7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFN21_HUMAN Interferon alpha-21 (sprot)

An interferon alpha-21 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFNA5_HUMAN Interferon alpha-5 (sprot)

An interferon alpha-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFN14_HUMAN Interferon alpha-14 (sprot)

An interferon alpha-14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFN17_HUMAN Interferon alpha-17 (sprot)

An interferon alpha-17 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFNA6_HUMAN Interferon alpha-6 (sprot)

An interferon alpha-6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFNA4_HUMAN Interferon alpha-4 (sprot)

An interferon alpha-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFN16_HUMAN Interferon alpha-16 (sprot)

An interferon alpha-16 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFNA8_HUMAN Interferon alpha-8 (sprot)

An interferon alpha-8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


suppression by virus of host mRNA export from nucleus

Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in the host organism.


suppression by virus of host ISG15-protein conjugation

Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 conjugation to a susbtrate. ISG15 is a ubiquitin-like protein that is conjugated to lysine residues on various target proteins. Viruses escape from the antiviral activity of ISG15 by using different mechanisms; the influenza B virus NS1 protein for instance blocks the covalent linkage of ISG15 to its target proteins by directly interacting with ISG15. The papain-like protease from the coronavirus cleaves ISG15 derivatives.


symbiont-mediated suppression of host PKR/eIFalpha signaling

A process in which a symbiont inhibits or disrupts a host PKR (Protein Kinase regulated by RNA) signaling. Host PKR signaling includes targets such as the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha, inhibiting protein synthesis as an antiviral response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


symbiont-mediated suppression of host T-cell mediated immune response

A process by which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupts the normal execution of the T-cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


symbiont-mediated suppression of host toll-like receptor signaling pathway

A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupts a toll-like receptor signaling pathway in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.


SREBP-SCAP complex

A protein complex formed by the association of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) and SREBP-cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) in the ER membrane; in the absence of sterols, the SREBP-SCAP complex is packaged into COPII vesicles and travels to the Golgi apparatus to be processed.


REN3A_HUMAN Regulator of nonsense transcripts 3A (sprot)

A regulator of nonsense transcripts 3A that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of interleukin-17-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-17-mediated signaling pathway.


PPT1_HUMAN Palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (sprot)

A palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.