muscimol

A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.


A member of the class of  phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.


A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.


phenol red

3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.


pefloxacin

A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.


A member of the class of phenols that is phenol carrying a butan-2-yl group at position 2.


erastin

A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(3H)-one in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 are replaced by 1-{4-[(4-chlorophenoxy)acetyl]piperazin-1-yl}ethyl and 2-ethoxyphenyl groups, respectively. It is an inhibitor of voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC2 and VDAC3) and a potent ferroptosis inducer.


A bioactive polypeptide of 39 amino acid residues isolated from the saliva of the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum). High-affinity glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist (Kd = 136 pM); potently induces cAMP formation without stimulating amylase release in pancreatic acini; potentiates glucose-induced insulin secretion in isolated rat islets; protects against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. A synthetic version is called exenatide.


trazodone

An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.


harmine

A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.


fluphenazine

A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the N-10 position.


A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a  6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.


sulfluramid

A sulfonamide obtained by the formal condensation of perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid with  ethylamine.


trans-isoeugenol

The trans-stereoisomer of isoeugenol.


tetracaine

A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.


sitagliptin

A  triazolopyrazine that exhibits  hypoglycemic activity.


calycosin

A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone which is substituted by an additional hydroxy group at the 3' position and a methoxy group at the 4' position.


mesulergine

A member of the class of ergot alkaloids that is known to act on serotonin and dopamine receptors.


coordination entity

An assembly consisting of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms (ligands).


A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.


azithromycin

A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.


ryanodine

An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.


A mononitrotoluene that consists of toluene bearing a nitro substituent at the 4-position.


tobramycin

A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.


pectolinarigenin

A dimethoxyflavone that is the 6,4'-dimethyl ether derivative of  scutellarein.


A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted at positions 2 and 4 by chlorines.


boronic acids

Compounds having the structure RB(OH)2.


perfluorobutanesulfonic acid

A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is butane-1-sulfonic acid in which all of the hydrogens of the butyl group have been replaced by fluorines.


domperidone

1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.


fingolimod phosphate

A primary amino compound that is fingolimod in which one on the hydroxy groups has been converted into its dihydrogen phosphate derivative. It is the active metabolite of fingolimod.


Cupric nitrate

An inorganic nitrate salt having copper(2+) as the couterion.


An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.


ethylmercuric chloride

A highly toxic organomercury compound which is used as a fungicide for treating seeds.


low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

Cholesterol esters and free cholesterol which are contained in or bound to low-density lipoproteins (LDL).


butamben

An amino acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-aminobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol. Its local anaesthetic properties have been used for surface anaesthesia of the skin and mucous membranes, and for relief of pain and itching associated with some anorectal disorders.


vanillin

A member of the class of benzaldehydes carrying methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively.


8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid

A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.


flufenamic acid

An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.


diethyldithiocarbamic acid

A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.


tolmetin

A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.


SR 144528

A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of (1S,2S,4R)-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine. A potent and selective cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2 receptor) inverse agonist (Ki = 0.6 nM).


amoxapine

A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.


norathyriol

A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7. Isolated from Garcinia mangostana and Maclura pomifera, it exhibits inhibitory activity against protein kinase C.


fenarimol

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenarimol. A sterol demethylation inhibitor, it is used as a fungicide for the treatment of blackspot, mildew and rust in tomatoes, peppers and melons, but is not approved for use within the European Union.


synephrine

A  phenethylamine alkaloid that is 4-(2-aminoethyl)phenol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and a methyl group at the amino nitrogen.


dicoumarol

A hydroxycoumarin that is methane in which two hydrogens have each been substituted by a 4-hydroxycoumarin-3-yl group. Related to warfarin, it has been used as an anticoagulant.


monohexyl phthalate

A phthalic acid monoester obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with the hydroxy group of hexanol.


A nitrile that is acetonitrile in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group while a second hydrogen is replaced by a 4-hydroxybenzyl group. It is a specific agonist for estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta).


A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).


A hexadecenal containing a double bond at position 11 (the cis-stereoisomer). Major pheromone component detected in the whole-animal male Helicoverpa zea antennal preparations


quinoxyfen

A member of the class of quinolines carrying two chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 together with a 4-fluorophenoxy substituent at position 4. A fungicide used mainly to control powdery mildew in cereals.


methoxamine

An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .


clemizole

A member of the class of  benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl and a 4-chlorobenzyl groups at positions 2 and 1 respectively.


metam

A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is dithiocarbamic acid in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group has been replaced by a methyl group. It is used (most widely as the corresponding sodium salt, metam-sodium) as an agricultural pesticide, mainly as a broad spectrum soil fumigant for the control of weeds, nematodes, soil-borne insects and fungi.


pyrimethanil

A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying two additional methyl substituents at positions 4 and 6.  A fungicide used to control grey mould on fruit, vegetables and ornamentals as well as leaf scab on pome fruit. Also commonly employed to control Botrytis cinerea throughout the winemaking process in grapes, must, fermenting must and wine.


ziprasidone

A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.


pasireotide

A six-membered homodetic cyclic peptide composed from L-phenylglycyl, D-tryptophyl, L-lysyl, O-benzyl-L-tyrosyl, L-phenylalanyl and modified L-hydroxyproline residues joined in sequence. A somatostatin analogue with pharmacologic properties mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin; used (as its diaspartate salt) for treatment of Cushing's disease.


dimethyl terephthalate

A diester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid with methanol. It is a primary ingredient widely used in the manufacture of polyesters and industrial plastics.


doxazosin

A member of the class of  quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An  antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.


benzophenone

The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.


UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid

A UDP-sugar having alpha-D-glucuronic acid as the sugar component.


3-phenoxybenzoic acid

A phenoxybenzoic acid in which the phenoxy group is meta to the carboxy group. It is a metabolite of pyrethroid insecticides.


A  hydroxyether that is the  ethyl ether derivative of ethylene glycol.


trifluoperazine

A member of the class of phenothiazines that is  phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.


clarithromycin

The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.


triethyl phosphate

A trialkyl phosphate that is the triethy ester derivative of  phosphoric acid.


HYPERFORIN

A cyclic terpene ketone that is a prenylated carbobicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivative produced by St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum.


Bengal rose

An organic potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of 2,3,4,5-tetrachloro-6-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-6-hydroxy-3-oxoxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.


bisphenol A (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) ether

The (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) (2,3-dihydroxypropyl) diether of bisphenol A; a small molecule that inhibits transactivation of the AR amino-terminal domain (NTD).


penconazole

A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-penconazole. A fungicide used to control powdery mildew, scab and other pathogenic Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes.


sumatriptan

A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.


probenecid

A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.


(S)-ropivacaine

A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.


fludioxonil

A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxole substituted at position 4 by a 3-cyanopyrrol-4-yl group. A fungicide seed treatment for control of a range of diseases including Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria.


A trichlorophenol carrying chloro groups at positions 2, 4 and 5.


fomepizole

A member of the class of  pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.


limonene

A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.


Dizocilpine maleate

A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.


A hydroxytoluene that is 3-methylphenol which is substituted by a chlorine at position 4. A ryanodine receptor agonist.


bupivacaine

A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.


psoralen

The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like  Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.


rebaudioside A

A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.


The all-cis-isomer of a C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five double bonds in the 7-, 10-, 13-, 16- and 19-positions.


monobenzyl phthalate

A phthalic acid monoester resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with the hydroxy group of benzyl alcohol. It is a major metabolite of the plasticiser butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP).


monoethyl phthalate

A phthalic acid monoester resulting from the condensation of one of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with ethanol.


nuarimol

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nuarimol. A sterol demethylation inhibitor, it is used as a systemic fungicide but is not approved for use within the European Union.


norfloxacin

A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.


Ridaura

An S-glycosyl compound consisting of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose with the sufur atom coordinated to (triethylphosphoranylidene)gold. It is administered orally for the treatment of active progressive rheumatoid arthritis.


ketanserin

A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.


ICI 118551

An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).


Isodecyl diphenyl phosphate mixt. with triphenyl phosphate


diethyl hydrogen phosphate

A  dialkyl phosphate having ethyl as the alkyl group.


GW 501516

An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a (1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)sulfanediyl group, and in which the 1,3-thiazolyl group is substituted at positions 2 and 4 by p-trifluoromethylphenyl and methyl groups, respectively.


antimony trichloride

An inorganic chloride salt with formula SbCl3. It is used as a reagent for detecting vitamin A and related carotenoids, reacting with the carotenoid to form a blue complex that can be measured by colorimetry (the Carr-Price test). Solutions of antimony trichloride were formerly used for dissolving and removing horn stubs from calves and goats.


fenhexamid

An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2,3-dichlorophenol.


diflunisal

An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.


A member of the class of triazoles that is 3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butane-1,2-diol substituted at position O-1 by a biphenyl-4-yl group.


acteoside

A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.


pimozide

A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.


(+)-nootkatone

A sesquiterpenoid that is 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4 and 4a, and by an isopropenyl group at position 6 (the 4R,4aS,6R stereoisomer).


A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine


Congo red

An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.


(+)-taxifolin

A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.


desloratadine

Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an  antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.


perindopril

An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline


proanthocyanidin

A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.


WIN 55212-2

A organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5-methyl-3-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-hi]indole substituted at position 6 by a 1-naphthylcarbonyl group.


Schiff base

An imine bearing a hydrocarbyl group on the nitrogen atom R2C=NR' (R' =/= H).


fenofibric acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.


baclofen zwitterion

An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of baclofen.


sophoraflavanone B

A trihydroxyflavanone that is (S)-naringenin having a prenyl group at position 8.


CGP 12177

A benzimidazole that is benzimidazol-2-one substituted at position 4 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group.


hydrocodone

A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.


enoxacin

A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.


DDD

A chlorophenylethane that is 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane substituted by two chloro groups at position 1. It is a metabolite of the  organochlorine insecticide, DDT.


ethylisopropylamiloride

A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.


A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.


fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate

The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.


iloprost

A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.


A pyridone that is pyridin-2(1H)-one substituted by chloro groups at positions 3, 5 and 6. It is a metabolite of the agrochemical chlorpyrifos.


5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid

A tetrahydrofolic acid that is 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 5.


A member of the class of  phenols carrying an ethyl substituent at position 4.


(-)-matairesinol

A lignan that is gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).


pencycuron

A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea which is substituted by p-chlorobenzyl and cyclopentyl groups at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 3. A fungicide used to control diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Pellicularia spp. It is not highly toxic to mammals but is moderately toxic to birds, most aquatic organisms, honeybees and earthworms.


azadirachtin A

A member of the family of azadirachtins that is isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).


clionasterol

A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.


alprenolol

A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.


neocuproine

A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 9.


naltrexone

An  organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.


pralidoxime

A pyridinium ion that is 1-methylpyridinium substituted by a (hydroxyimino)methyl group at position 2.


Echothiophate Iodide

The iodide salt of ecothiopate. An irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, it is used an ocular antihypertensive in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma, particularly when other drugs have proved inadequate.


rucaparib

A member of the class of azepinoindoles that is 1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-6H-azepino[5,4,3-cd]indol-6-one carrying additional 4-[(methylamino)methyl]phenyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2 and 8 respectively. It is an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and is used (as the camsylate salt) as monotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer and deleterious germline or somatic BRCA mutation.


amentoflavone

A biflavonoid that is obtained by oxidative coupling of two molecules of apigenin resulting in a bond between positions C-3 of the hydroxyphenyl ring and C-8 of the chromene ring.  A natural product found  particularly in Ginkgo biloba and Hypericum perforatum.


nomifensine

An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.


Choline phosphate

An organic chloride salt comprising a choline phosphate cation and chloride anion.


triamcinolone acetonide

A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.


An organic phosphonate that is the tetraethyl ester of  [2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethene-1,1-diyl]bis(phosphonic acid).


deisopropylatrazine

A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.


phenyl isocyanate

An isocyanate composed of a benzene ring bearing a single isocyanato substituent.


resiniferatoxin

A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).


thiol

An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.


A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine having palmitoyl and 5-oxovaleryl groups at the 1- and 2-positions respectively; major species at pH 7.3.


isorhamnetin

A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.


Indigo carmine

An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of indigo carmine (acid form) with two equivalents of sodium hydroxide. It is an indicator at pH 11.5-14, changing from blue to yellow.


Benzo(f)thieno(2,3-c)quinoline-9,10-diol, 4,5,5a,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2-propyl-, hydrochloride, (5aR,11bS)-rel-


capsazepine

A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.


kynuramine

A member of the class of kynurenamines that is aniline substituted at position 2 by a 3-aminopropanoyl group.


withaferin A

A  withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.


A mononitronaphthalene substituted by a nitro group at position 1.


A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol substituted by a 11-[butyl(methyl)amino]-11-oxoundecyl group at position 7R. It is a steroidal antioestrogen that inhibits the cell proliferation of breast-carcinoma cell lines.


A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid with methanol.


phosphatidyl-L-serine

A class of aminophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxy group of serine.


phenthoate

An organic thiophosphate that is  ethyl mandelate in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.


ethylenediamine

An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.


A benzoquinone resulting from the formal oxidation of catechol.


methyl caffeate

An alkyl caffeate ester formed by the formal condensation of caffeic acid with methyl alcohol.


triazoles

An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.


A monohydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 7.


cetirizine

A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.


1-phenyl-1-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid 2-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]ethyl ester


taurolithocholic acid

The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.


fenobucarb

A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 2-sec-butylphenol with methylcarbamic acid.


venetoclax

A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion.


glycyrrhetinic acid

A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3, an oxo group at position 11 and a carboxy group at position 30.


A 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specified as stearoyl and arachidonoyl respectively.


bivalirudin

A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.


flavanone

The simplest member of the class of  flavanones  that consists of flavan bearing an oxo substituent at position 4.


mexiletine

An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.


(4S)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid O5-[3-(4,4-diphenyl-1-piperidinyl)propyl] ester O3-methyl ester


perflubutane

A fluorocarbon that is butane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines. Microbubbles of preflubutane are used in the ultrasound contrast agent BR14.


6-aminohexanoic acid zwitterion

Zwitterionic form of 6-aminohexanoic acid arising from migration of a proton from the carboxy group to the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.


Ac-Asp-Glu

A dipeptide composed of N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid joined by a peptide linkage.


A dichlorobiphenyl that is 1,3-dichlorobenzene in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a phenyl group.


cyanide

A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.


2-hydroxyphytanic acid

An alpha-hydroxy fatty acid formed from phytanic acid by bacterial cytochrome P450; and also formed in human peroxisomal disorders.


tolclofos-methyl

An organic thiophosphate that is 2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group group has been replaced by a dimethoxyphosphorothioyl group. Tolclofos-methyl is a phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor and fungicide that is used for controlling soil-borne diseases caused by Typhula incarnata, Corticium rolfsii, Typhula ishikariensis, and Rhizoctonia solani.


benzothiazole

An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.


bisphenol F diglycidyl ether

An aromatic ether that is bisphenol F where the hydrogens of both hydroxy groups have been replaced by a oxiran-2-ylmethyl group.


A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.


strychnine

A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.


acebutolol

An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.


VR nerve agent

A organic thiophosphate that is the isobutyl ester of S-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] O hydrogen methylphosphonothioate. A toxic nerve agent developed by the former Soviet Union.


saxitoxin

An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.


cadaverine

An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine comprising a straight-chain pentane core with amino substitutents at positions 1 and 5. A colourless syrupy liquid diamine with a distinctive unpleasant odour, it is a homologue of putresceine and is formed by the bacterial decarboxylation of lysine that occurs during protein hydrolysis during putrefaction of animal tissue. It is also found in plants such as soyabean.


emtricitabine

An organofluorine compound  that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.


paliperidone palmitate

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia.


azelastine

A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.


UDP-alpha-D-galactose

A UDP-D-galactose in which the anomeric centre of the galactose moiety has alpha-configuration.


enrofloxacin

A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.


UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine

A UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine in which the anomeric centre of the galactosamine moiety has alpha-configuration.


Thioflavin T

An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.


cinaciguat

A benzoic acid that is 4-(aminomethyl)benzoic acid in which the amino group is substituted by 4-carboxybutyl and 2-(2-{[4-(2-phenylethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)ethyl groups. It is a soluble guanylate cyclase activator, used for the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure.


cytochalasin B

An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.


chrysazin

A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.


biphenyl

A benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of two benzene rings connected by a single covalent bond. Biphenyl occurs naturally in coal tar, crude oil, and natural gas. Formerly used as a fungicide for citrus crops.


oligosaccharide

A compound in which monosaccharide units are joined by glycosidic linkages. The term is commonly used to refer to a defined structure as opposed to a polymer of unspecified length or a homologous mixture. When the linkages are of other types the compounds are regarded as oligosaccharide analogues.


mesoporphyrin IX

A member of the class of mesoporphyrins obtained by formal hydrogenation of the two vinyl groups in protoporphyrin.


anti-inflammatory agent

Any compound that has anti-inflammatory effects.


cyproheptadine

The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.


cyclothiazide

3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.


(+)-(S)-ar-turmerone

A sesquiterpenoid that is 2-methylhept-2-en-4-one substituted by a 4-methylphenyl group at position 6. It has been isolated from Peltophorum dasyrachis.


lysergic acid diethylamide

An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.


iodocyanopindolol

An indole that is 1H-indole substituted at positions 2, 3 and 7 by cyano, iodo and 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy groups respectively.


leucettine L41

A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a (2-anilino-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-imidazol-4-ylidene)methyl group at position 5. It is an inhibitor of DYRK1A, DYRK2, CLK1, and CLK3 (IC50s = 0.04, 0.035, 0.015, and 4.5 muM, respectively).


acridine orange free base

A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.


(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid

A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.


amisulpride

A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of 2-(aminomethyl)-1-ethylpyrrolidine. It is a potent, selective dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist. It is an atypical antipsychotic/antischizophrenic agent with limited extrapyrimidal side effects.


pyridoxal 5'-phosphate

The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.


The 3'-O-methyl derivative of luteolin.


A glycotriaosylceramide having alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl as the glycotriaosyl component attached to the Cer(d18:1/24:0).


A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively


A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.


quinpirole

A pyrazoloquinoline that is  (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.


Sudan IV

A bis(azo) compound that is 2-naphthol substituted at position 1 by a {2-methyl-4-[(2-methylphenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl group. A fat-soluble dye predominantly used for demonstrating triglycerides in frozen sections, but which may also stain some protein bound lipids in paraffin sections.


alkane-alpha,omega-diamine

A primary diamine that is ethane or a higher alkane in which a hydrogen of each of the terminal methyl groups has been replaced by an amino group. H2NCH2(CH2)nCH2NH2, where n = 0, 1, 2, etc.


galanthamine

A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.


neohesperidin dihydrochalcone

A member of the  dihydrochalcones that is 3,2',4',6'-tetrahydroxy-4-methoxydihydrochalcone attached to a neohesperidosyl residue at position 4' via glycosidic linkage. It is found in sweet orange.


A qinazoline derivative carrying chloro and fluoro substituents at positions 6 and 8 respectively, a 2-fluoro-6-hydroxyphenyl group at position 7, and a 4-(prop-2-enoyl)piperazin-1-yl group at position 4. A potent, selective, and orally bioavailable covalent KRAS-G12C inhibitor, it inhibits the protein coding gene KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma virus) with high potency in cells and animals.


A monohydroxyacetophenone carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4'.


alpha-methylhistamine

An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.


dextropropoxyphene

The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.


An imidazobenzodiazepine that is midazolam in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of the anesthetic, midazolam.


diheptyl phthalate

The diheptyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.


A methylindole that is 1H-indole substituted by a methyl group at position 2.


neostigmine

A  quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.


dimethyldithiocarbamate

A member of the class of dithiocarbamate anions resulting from the removal of the proton from the dithiocarbamic acid moiety of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. The major species at pH 7.3.


quinizarin

A dihydroxyanthraquinone having the two hydroxy substituents at the 1- and 4-positions; formally derived from anthraquinone by replacement of two hydrogen atoms by hydroxy groups


A bromophenol that is phenol in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 have been replaced by bromines.


oxybutynin

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.


raspberry ketone

A ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at position 4 by a hydroxy group. It is found in a variety of fruits including raspberries, blackberries and cranberries, and is used in perfumery and cosmetics.


A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.


perphenazine

A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.


kresoxim-methyl

A carboxylic ester that is the methyl ester of (2E)-(methoxyimino){2-[(2-methylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}acetic acid. A fungicide for the control of scab on apples and pears and other fungal diseases on a wide range of crops.


L-allysine

An optically active form of allysine having L-configuration.


acenaphthene

A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derived from naphthalene by the addition of an ethylene bridge connecting C-1 and C-8.


medroxyprogesterone

A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17 and a methyl group at position 6.


quinolines

A class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds each of which contains a benzene ring ortho fused to carbons 2 and 3 of a pyridine ring.


An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a ethanamino group at position 2.


A D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine having a sulfo group at the 3-position on the galactose ring and tetracosanoyl as the N-acyl group.


alcuronium

An indole alkaloid of the curare family. A neuroblocker, it is often used in chloride form as an anesthesia adjuvant.


leukotriene B5

A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z,17Z)-icosapentaenoic acid carrying (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents.


tetrachlorohydroquinone

A tetrachlorobenzene that is 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 6 are replaced by hydroxy groups.


chromones

A chromenone that consists of a 1,4-benzopyrone skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.


copper(I) chloride

An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.


A monochlorophenol carrying the chloro substituent at position 3.


N-benzoyl-L-alanine

An N-acyl-L-alanine resulting from the formal condensation of L-alanine with the carboxy group of benzoic acid.


An aromatic ether that is phenol substituted on oxygen by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.


1,3-Dithiane-2-propanamine, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl)-N-methyl-, 1,1,3,3-tetraoxide, hydrochloride, monohydrate


A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.


DPCPX

An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.


L-cysteine substituted at sulfur by a 2-boronoethyl group.


dofetilide

A tertiary amino compound that is N-ethyl-N-methylethanamine substituted by a 4-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenoxy and a 4-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenyl group at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. It is used as an  anti-arrhythmia drug.


8-azido-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester


benzoyl chloride

An acyl chloride consisting of benzene in which a hydrogen is replaced by an acyl chloride group. It is an important chemical intermediate for the manufacture of other chemicals, dyes, perfumes, herbicides and pharmaceuticals.


alverine

A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.


Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides


lumacaftor

An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid with the aromatic amino group of 3-(6-amino-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.


GR 113808

An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 1-methylindole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of N-{2-[4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}methanesulfonamide.


geranyl acetate

A monoterpenoid that is the  acetate ester derivative of  geraniol.


A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine


An alpha-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.


amide

An amide is a derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.


sucralose

A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond.


A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4.


ritanserin

A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.


diflubenzuron

A benzoylurea insecticide that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced bgy a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group.


lomefloxacin

A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.


azilsartan

A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group and at position 1 by a 2'-[(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl group. Used (as the prodrug, azilsartan medoxomil) for treatment of hypertension.


terpene

A hydrocarbon of biological origin having carbon skeleton formally derived from isoprene [CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2].


3beta-(4-Iodophenyl)tropan-2beta-carboxylic acid isopropyl ester


N-acetyldopamine

A secondary carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetic acid with the amino group of dopamine. A dopamine metabolite.


A cinnamaldehyde that is (E)-cinnamaldehyde substituted at position 4 on the phenyl ring by a hydroxy group.


steviolbioside

A beta-D-glucoside that is steviolmonoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the glucoside moiety has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside.


difloxacin

A quinolone that is pefloxacin in which the ethyl group at position 1 of the quinolone has been replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group. A broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is used (usually as the monohydrochloride salt) for the treatment of bacterial infections in dogs.


pyrrolidine

A cyclic amine whose five-membered ring contains four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom; the parent compound of the pyrrolidine family.


pindolol

A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.


An  aminopyrimidine carrying an amino group at position 2.


practolol

N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.


dGTP

A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.


9-anthroic acid

An anthroic acid carrying the carboxy substituent at position 9.


diniconazole

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-diniconazole. A fungicide used to control a range of diseases including mildew, bunts and smuts.


7-(hydroxyimino)cyclopropan(b)chromen-1a-carbxoylic acid ethyl ester


sweetening agent

Substance that sweeten food, beverages, medications, etc.


UDP-alpha-D-glucose

The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.


quaternary ammonium salt

Derivatives of ammonium compounds, (NH4(+))Y(-), in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent (usually organyl) groups.


benzimidazoles

An organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring fused to an imidazole ring.


A member of the class of phenanthrolines that is 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two phenyl substituents at positions 4 and 7.


A 3-hydroxy steroid resulting from deoxygenation at position 17 of estradiol or estrone.


A monochlorobiphenyl carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.


alpha-lactose

The alpha-anomer of lactose.


A phenylacetaldehyde in which the 3 and 4 positions of the phenyl group are substituted by hydroxy groups.


A maleate salt that is the dimaleate salt of 4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline. A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (5-HT1B) full agonist, 10-fold selective over 5-HT1A and 1000-fold selective over 5-HT2C receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration.


methiothepin

A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).


cis-flupenthixol

A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.


quinclorac

A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-8-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 7 have been replaced by chlorines. It is used (particularly as its dimethylamine salt, known as quinclorac-dimethylammonium) as a (rather persistent) herbicide for the post-emergence control of weeds in rice, grass and turf. It is not approved for use within the European Union.


A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl with hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4'.


triflupromazine

A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.


monooctyl phthalate

A phthalic acid monoester obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with the hydroxy group of octanol.


An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake (KD = 5.5 nM in rat striatal membranes).


acetoacetyl-CoA

A 3-oxoacyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of acetoacetic acid.


fluroxypyr

An aminopyridine that is pyridin-4-amine substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 5, a fluoro group at position 6 and a carboxymethoxy group at position 2.


epitestosterone

An androstanoid that is the C-17 epimer of testosterone.


(-)-bursehernin

A butan-4-olide that is (-)-pluviatolide in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding methyl ether.


monobenzone

The monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone.  It is used as a topical drug for medical depigmentation.


tamsulosin

A 5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide that has (R)-configuration. A specific alpha1 adrenoceptor antagonist used (generally as its hydrochloride salt, tamsulosin hydrochloride) in the treatment of prostatic hyperplasia, chronic prostatitis, urinary retention, and help with the passage of kidney stones.


rhodium atom

A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.


The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.


trimethyl phosphate

A trialkyl phosphate that is the trimethyl ester of phosphoric acid.


A C6 alkane-alpha,omega-diamine.


cyclohexanone

A cyclic ketone that consists of cyclohexane bearing a single oxo substituent.


A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is carrying an isopropyl group at position 4.


menthofuran

A monoterpenoid that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzofuran substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 6.


A member of the class of phenols that is o-cresol in which the hydrogen para to the hydroxy group is replaced by a chlorine.


palladium

Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.


nemonapride

A racemate composed of (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-enantiomers of nemonapride. Highly potent dopamine D2-like receptor antagonist; selective over D1-like receptors (Ki values are 0.1 and 740 nM for D2-like and D1-like receptors respectively). Also potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist (IC50 = 34 nM) and has affinity for sigma receptors.


GR 127935

A member of the class of  benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and the anilino group of 4-methoxy-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aniline. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.


perylene

An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.


betaxolol

A  propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydoxy is substituted by a 4-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl]phenyl group and one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group is substituted by isopropyl. It is a selective  beta1-receptor blocker and is used in the treatment of glaucoma as well as hypertension, arrhythmias, and coronary heart disease. It is also used to reduce non-fatal cardiac events in patients with heart failure.


2-(4-bromophenyl)propanoic acid (8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl) ester


florfenicol

A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.


scullcapflavone II

A tetramethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 7, 8 and 6' and hydroxy groups at positons 5 and 2' respectively.


pymetrozine

A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-3(2H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a (pyridin-3-ylmethylidene)amino group at position 4.


favipiravir

A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.


technetium 99m tricarbonyl 4-((2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)dithioformate


fleroxacin

A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.


ledipasvir

A benzimidazole derivative that is used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.


N-hydroxyacetimidic acid

A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.


vortioxetine

An N-arylpiperazine in which the aryl group is specified as 2-[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)sulfanyl]phenyl. Used (as its hydrobromide salt) for treatment of major depressive disorder.


Chromotrope 2R

An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 4,5-dihydroxy-3-(phenyldiazenyl)naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid. It is used as the plasma stain in trichrome techniques.


10-Dodecenoic acid, 9-hydroxy-12-oxo-, (10E)-


2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid [(1R,5S)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl] ester


nociceptin

A seventenn-membered polypeptide consisting of Phe, Gly, Gly, Phe, Thr, Gly, Ala, Arg, Lys, Ser, Ala, Arg, Lys, Leu, Ala, Asn and Gln residue joined in sequence.


9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester


phenazine-1-carboxylic acid

An aromatic carboxylic acid that is phenazine substituted at C-1 with a carboxy group.


caracurine VII

A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid with formula C19H22N2O2, isolated from several species of Strychnos.


ricinoleic acid

A (9Z)-12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid in which the 12-hydroxy group has R-configuration..


nisoxetine

A secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group.


neotame

A dipeptide composed of N-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-aspartic acid and methyl L-phenylalanate units joined by a peptide linkage.


acetophenazine

A member of the class of  phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.


metergoline

An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.


(R)-mevalonolactone

A 4-hydroxy-4-methyloxan-2-one that has (R)-configuration. It is a natural product found in Phomopsis archeri.


glycycoumarin

A member of the class of  coumarins that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group at position 7, a methoxy group at position 5, a prenyl group at position 6 and a 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at position 3.  Isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, it exhibits antispasmodic activity.


pethidine

A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.


Alizarin Red S

An organic sodium salt having  3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-sulfonate as the counterion. It is commonly used to stain embryo skeletons in cleared whole mounts, usually of small mammals.


butyryl-CoA

A short-chain fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of butyric acid.


A member of the class of beta-carbolines that is 9H-beta-carboline substituted by a methoxy group at position 7 and methyl groups at positions 1 and 2. It is a semisynthetic derivative of harmine and has been shown to exhibit significant anti-HIV activity.


SB 224289

A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid with the secondary amino group of 1'-methyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-spiro[furo[2,3-f]indole-3,4'-piperidine]. Selective 5-HT1B receptor antagonist (pKi = 8.2). Displays >60-fold selectivity over 5-HT1D, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1E, 5-HT1F, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in radioligand binding and functional assays. Centrally active following oral administration in vivo.


2-arachidonyl glyceryl ether

A monoalkylglycerol that is glycerol which is substituted by a (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraen-1-yl group at position 2.


monobactam

Monocyclic, bacterially produced or semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotic. It lacks the double ring construction of the traditional beta-lactam antibiotics and can be easily synthesized.


A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine bearing a [(2',6'-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]methyl group at position 2. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.


A diisocyanate consisting of diphenylmethane with two isocyanate groups at the 4- and 4'-positions.


tolylfluanid

A member of the class of sulfamides that is dichlofluanid in which the hydrogen at the para position of the phenyl group is replaced by a methyl group. A fungicide first marketed in 1971 and used in the cultivation of fruit and vegetables, as well as in wood preservatives, it is no longer approved for use in the European Union.


A member of the class of  chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4'.


A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.


A dichlorobiphenyl that is chlorobenzene in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.


adenosine 3',5'-bismonophosphate

An adenosine bisphosphate having two monophosphate groups at the 3'- and 5'-positions.


4,4'-dipyridyl disulfide

An organic disulfide obtained by formal oxidative dimerisation of 4-thiopyridine.


dTTP

A thymidine phosphate having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.


MYCN_HUMAN N-myc proto-oncogene protein (sprot)

An N-myc proto-oncogene protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


VENTX_HUMAN Homeobox protein VENTX (sprot)

A homeobox protein VENTX that is encoded in the genome of human.


PO5F1_HUMAN POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1 (sprot)

A POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZSC10_HUMAN Zinc finger and SCAN domain-containing protein 10 (sprot)

A zinc finger and SCAN domain-containing protein 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


forkhead box protein P1 isoform h8 (human)

A forkhead box protein P1 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9H334-8.


KLF4_HUMAN Krueppel-like factor 4 (sprot)

A krueppel-like factor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SALL4_HUMAN Sal-like protein 4 (sprot)

A Sal-like protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PBX1_HUMAN Pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor 1 (sprot)

A pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PRD14_HUMAN PR domain zinc finger protein 14 (sprot)

A PR domain zinc finger protein 14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KIF3A_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF3A (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF3A that is encoded in the genome of human.


PCBP4_HUMAN Poly(rC)-binding protein 4 (sprot)

A poly(rC)-binding protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PELP1_HUMAN Proline-, glutamic acid- and leucine-rich protein 1 (sprot)

A proline-, glutamic acid- and leucine-rich protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZN521_HUMAN Zinc finger protein 521 (sprot)

A zinc finger protein 521 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SP7_HUMAN Transcription factor Sp7 (sprot)

A transcription factor Sp7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NKX32_HUMAN Homeobox protein Nkx-3.2 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Nkx-3.2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MSX2_HUMAN Homeobox protein MSX-2 (sprot)

A homeobox protein MSX-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NAB2_HUMAN NGFI-A-binding protein 2 (sprot)

An NGFI-A-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ASCL1_HUMAN Achaete-scute homolog 1 (sprot)

An achaete-scute homolog 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


REST_HUMAN RE1-silencing transcription factor (sprot)

An RE1-silencing transcription factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


LYL1_HUMAN Protein lyl-1 (sprot)

A protein lyl-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


JUND_HUMAN Transcription factor JunD (sprot)

A transcription factor JunD that is encoded in the genome of human.


EGR3_HUMAN Early growth response protein 3 (sprot)

An early growth response protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FOSB_HUMAN Protein FosB (sprot)

A protein FosB that is encoded in the genome of human.


SOX10_HUMAN Transcription factor SOX-10 (sprot)

A transcription factor SOX-10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PO3F2_HUMAN POU domain, class 3, transcription factor 2 (sprot)

A POU domain, class 3, transcription factor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PO3F1_HUMAN POU domain, class 3, transcription factor 1 (sprot)

A POU domain, class 3, transcription factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FOXF1_HUMAN Forkhead box protein F1 (sprot)

A forkhead box protein F1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TBX6_HUMAN T-box transcription factor TBX6 (sprot)

A T-box transcription factor TBX6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MSGN1_HUMAN Mesogenin-1 (sprot)

A mesogenin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SNAI2_HUMAN Zinc finger protein SNAI2 (sprot)

A zinc finger protein SNAI2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DLX5_HUMAN Homeobox protein DLX-5 (sprot)

A homeobox protein DLX-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DLX6_HUMAN Homeobox protein DLX-6 (sprot)

A homeobox protein DLX-6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CTBP2_HUMAN C-terminal-binding protein 2 (sprot)

A C-terminal-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LHX9_HUMAN LIM/homeobox protein Lhx9 (sprot)

A LIM/homeobox protein Lhx9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TF7L2_HUMAN Transcription factor 7-like 2 (sprot)

A transcription factor 7-like 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GTP-dependent protein kinase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

GTP dependent catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein serine/threonine = ADP + protein serine/threonine phosphate.


Lewy body

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Cytoplasmic, spherical inclusion commonly found in damaged neurons, and composed of abnormally phosphorylated, neurofilament proteins aggregated with ubiquitin and alpha-synuclein.


double-strand break repair via classical nonhomologous end joining

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

An instance of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining that requires a number of factors important for V(D)J recombination, including the KU70/80 heterodimer (KU), XRCC4, ligase IV, and DNA-PKcs in mammals. It does not produce translocations (as opposed to the alternative nonhomologous end joining).


ATR-ATRIP complex

A protein complex that contains the protein kinase ATR and ATR-interacting protein (ATRIP) and binds single-stranded DNA; ssDNA binding affinity is increased in the presence of replication protein A.


checkpoint clamp complex

Conserved heterotrimeric complex of PCNA-like proteins that is loaded onto DNA at sites of DNA damage.


mitochondrial nucleoid organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial nucleoid. The mitochondrial nucleoid is the region of a mitochondrion to which the DNA is confined.


Catalysis of the reaction: [protein]-C-terminal L-amino acid-glycyl-phosphatidylethanolamide + H2O = [protein]-C-terminal L-amino acid-glycine + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine. An example of this reaction is the removal of ATG8 from membranes to which it is covalently linked to a phosphatidylethanolamid via its terminal glycine residue.


protein delipidation

The breakage of covalent bonds to detach lipid groups from a protein.


2-micrometer circle DNA

A plasmid commonly found in Saccharomyces, inherited in a non-Mendelian manner and often present in 100-400 copies.


2-micrometer plasmid partitioning

The process in which copies of the 2-micrometer plasmid, found in fungi such as Saccharomyces, are distributed to daughter cells upon cell division.


protein localization to CENP-A containing chromatin

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, CENP-A containing chromatin.


CENP-A containing nucleosome binding

Binding to a centromere-specific nucleosome, a form of nucleosome located only at the centromere, in which the histone H3 is replaced by the variant form CENP-A (sometimes known as CenH3).


Dbf4-dependent protein kinase complex

A heterodimeric protein complex required for the activation of DNA replication origins; comprises a catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit (in Saccharomyces, Cdc7p and Dbf4p, respectively); complexes identified in other species generally contain proteins related to the Saccharomyces proteins.


positive regulation of meiosis I

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of meiosis I, a cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the first phase of meiosis, in which cells divide and homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two daughter cells.


premeiotic DNA replication

The replication of DNA that precedes meiotic cell division.


mitotic DNA replication preinitiation complex assembly

Any DNA replication preinitiation complex assembly that is involved in mitotic cell cycle.


positive regulation of spindle attachment to meiosis I kinetochore

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore involved in homologous chromosome segregation.


positive regulation of meiotic DNA double-strand break formation involved in reciprocal meiotic recombination

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic DNA double-strand break formation involved in reciprocal meiotic recombination.


eisosome

A cell part that is composed of the eisosome membrane or MCC domain, a furrow-like plasma membrane sub-domain and associated integral transmembrane proteins, and the proteins (eisosome filaments) that form a scaffolding lattice on the cytoplasmic face. Eisosomes broadly affect overall plasma membrane organization.


exoribonuclease activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of an exoribonuclease.


nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-independent decay

A pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of steps that is independent of deadenylation, but requires decapping followed by transcript decay, and that can regulate mRNA stability.


negative regulation of triglyceride biosynthetic process

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of triglyceride biosynthesis. Triglyceride biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.


negative regulation of DNA strand resection involved in replication fork processing

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA strand resection involved in replication fork processing.


regulation of protein modification process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.


histone deacetylase 1

A protein that is a translation product of the human HDAC1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


nuclease activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.


An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of 2'-3'-cGAMP; major species at pH 7.3.


symbiont-mediated perturbation of host programmed cell death

A process in which a symbiont gene product alters or subverts host programmed cell death, leading to a change in the frequency, rate or extent of host programmed cell death in the host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


MGAT1_HUMAN Alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (sprot)

An alpha-1,3-mannosyl-glycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


paired mesoderm homeobox protein 2B monoubiquitinated 1 (mouse)

A paired mesoderm homeobox protein 2B (mouse) that has been monoubiquitinated at the residue equivalent to Lys-185 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O35690. UniProtKB:O35690, Lys-185, PR:000044771.


paired mesoderm homeobox protein 2A monoubiquitinated 1 (mouse)

A paired mesoderm homeobox protein 2A (mouse) that has been monoubiquitinated at the residue equivalent to Lys-178 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q62066. UniProtKB:Q62066, Lys-178, PR:000044771.


proline dipeptidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a dipeptide with proline at the C-terminal = L-proline + a standard alpha amino acid.


non-membrane-bounded organelle

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.


PEPD_HUMAN Xaa-Pro dipeptidase (sprot)

An Xaa-Pro dipeptidase that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of innate immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection.


regulation of mRNA processing

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing, those processes involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into a mature mRNA prior to its translation into polypeptide.


positive regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell differentiation.


XPF_HUMAN DNA repair endonuclease XPF (sprot)

A DNA repair endonuclease XPF that is encoded in the genome of human.


histone dopaminyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dopamine + L-glutaminyl-[histone] = 5-dopaminyl-L-glutamyl-[histone] + NH4(+).


benzatropine

Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.


triprolidine

An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.


modafinil

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.


A secondary amino compound that is N-ethylisopropylamine in which a hydrogen of one of the isopropyl methyl groups has been replaced by a 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl group.


(E)-cinnamaldehyde

The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.


ribavirin

A 1-ribosyltriazole that is the 1-ribofuranosyl derivative of 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. A synthetic guanosine analogue, it is an inhibitor of HCV polymerase and possesses a broad spectrum of activity against DNA and RNA viruses.


clorgyline

An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.


A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.


ursolic acid

A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is urs-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.


Sodium Benzoate

An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.


ventral striatum

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A composite structure of the telencephalon that is defined in the striatopallidal system by connectivity and neurochemical staining. It includes the nucleus accumbens, the most ventral portions of the caudate nucleus and the putamen, the rostrolateral portion of the anterior perforated substance, the islands of Calleja and a rostral subcommissural portion of substantia innominata. The boundary between the ventral striatum and dorsal striatum is indistinct in sections stained for Nissl substance (Heimer-1995; adapted from Brain Info).


positive regulation of dopamine secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine.


ARP3B_HUMAN Actin-related protein 3B (sprot)

An actin-related protein 3B that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACTB_HUMAN Actin, cytoplasmic 1 (sprot)

An actin, cytoplasmic 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MICA1_HUMAN [F-actin]-monooxygenase MICAL1 (sprot)

An [F-actin]-monooxygenase MICAL1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


lovastatin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lovastatin (also known as mevinolin, mevacor or monacolin K), a hypolipidemic inhibitor of (3S)-hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (HMGR).


carbon tetrachloride metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbon tetrachloride, a toxic, carcinogenic compound which is used as a general solvent in industrial degreasing operations. It is also used as grain fumigant and a chemical intermediate in the production of refrigerants.


A member of the class of hydroxycoumarins that is coumarin which is substituted by methoxy, methyl, and hydroxy groups at positions 4, 5 and 7, respectively.


m-cresol

A cresol with the methyl substituent at position 3. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.


A dihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 5-methylorsellinic acid, obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group. It is the major species at pH 7.3.


dihydromonacolin L carboxylate

A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dihydromonacolin L acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.


An oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the a dianion resulting from the carboxy group and the beta-keto-enol group of 3-farnesyl-6-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethyl-4-oxocyclohexa-1,5-diene-1-carboxylic acid; major species at pH 7.3.


HYDROGEN

An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.


chloroethene

A monohaloethene that is ethene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a chloro group.


omeprazole

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.


Cyclophosphamide monohydrate

The monohydrate of cyclophosphamide.


aflatoxin B2

An aflatoxin having a hexahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.


monacolin J carboxylate

A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of monacolin J acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.


19-hydroxyprostaglandin H2

A prostaglandin H that consists of prostaglandin H2 bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at position 19.


hydrogen bromide

A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms.


An indole that consists of 3H-indole bearing a methylene substituent at position 3.


A urea that consists of 1-butylurea having a 4-hydroxymethylbenzenesulfonyl group attached at the 3-position.


desmethyl loperamide

A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the methylamide of 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl]-2,2-diphenylbutanoic acid.


A sulfoxide that is omeprazole in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 5 on the pyridine ring is substituted by a hydroxy group.


A taxane diterpenoid that consists of paclitaxel bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6alpha-position.


A phosphorodiamide that consists of 2-amino-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinan-4-ol 2-oxide having two 2-chloroethyl groups attached to the exocyclic nitrogen.


hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid

A long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid that is any docosahexaenoic acid bearing a single hydroxy substituent. An oxidation product of docosahexaenoic acid metabolism.


methimazole S-oxide

The S-oxide of methimazole.


aflatoxin M1 8,9-epoxide

A member of the class of aflatoxins that is obtained by the formal epoxidation across the 8,9-double bond of aflatoxin M1.


LOVA_ASPTE Dihydromonacolin L monooxygenase LovA (sprot)


VDTE1_BYSSP FAD-binding monooxygenase VdtE (sprot)


KTNC_ASPNC Bicoumarin synthase ktnC (sprot)


NVFK_ASPN1 FAD-dependent monooxygenase nvfK (sprot)


postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton

The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a postsynapse.


terminal web

An actin-rich cytoskeletal network located beneath the microvilli of the apical plasma membrane of polarized epithelial cells. In addition to actin filaments, the terminal web may contain actin-binding proteins, myosin motor proteins, and intermediate filaments. The terminal web can function as a contractile structure that influences the spatial distribution of microvilli as well as the development and morphogenesis of tissues containing polarized epithelial cells.


terminal web assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a terminal web.


epithelial cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in an epithelial cell.


aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator

A protein that is a translation product of the human ARNT gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha

A protein that is a translation product of the human HIF1A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


exon-exon junction complex

A multi-subunit complex deposited by the spliceosome upstream of messenger RNA exon-exon junctions. The exon-exon junction complex provides a binding platform for factors involved in mRNA export and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.


positive regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay.


regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development.


neuron cell-cell adhesion

The attachment of a neuron to another cell via adhesion molecules.


pigment cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pigment cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a pigment cell fate.


hindbrain structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the hindbrain. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.


cell-cell adhesion via plasma-membrane adhesion molecules

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that are at least partially embedded in the plasma membrane.


dorsal fin morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the dorsal fin are generated and organized. A dorsal fin is an unpaired medial fin on the dorsal aspect of fish that provides lateral stability while swimming. Generally fish have one or two dorsal fins.


cell migration involved in somitogenic axis elongation

Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that contributes to somitogenic axis elongation.


axial mesoderm structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the axial mesoderm. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure.


STRN_HUMAN Striatin (sprot)

A striatin that is encoded in the genome of human.


CAV2_HUMAN Caveolin-2 (sprot)

A caveolin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of phosphate transmembrane transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport.


cell junction maintenance

The organization process that preserves a cell junction in a stable functional or structural state. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix.


tight junction

A cell-cell junction that seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other.


CLD3_HUMAN Claudin-3 (sprot)

A claudin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


microtubule cytoskeleton organization involved in mitosis

Any microtubule cytoskeleton organization that is involved in mitosis.


lithium hydride

An alkali metal hydride where the metal is specified as lithium.


chloroacetaldehyde

Acetaldehyde substituted at C-2 by chlorine.


Sodium Chlorate

An inorganic sodium salt that has chlorate as the counter-ion. An oxidising agent, it is used for bleaching paper and as a herbicide. It is also used in the manufacture of dyes, explosives and matches.


biotin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid.


6-carboxyhexanoate-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + CoA + pimelate = AMP + diphosphate + H+ + pimelyl-CoA.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + H+ + pimelyl-CoA = 8-amino-7-oxononanoate + CO2 + CoA.


NVFJ_ASPN1 Asnovolin E/Chermesin D methyltransferase nvfJ (sprot)


inward rectifier potassium channel 13 isoform m2 (mouse)

An inward rectifier potassium channel 13 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P86046-1 except that amino acids 155-360 have been replaced by the sequence KRKW. UniProtKB:P86046-1, 1-154, KRKW.


negative regulation of potassium ion transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 5 isoform 3 (mouse)

A voltage-gated potassium channel subunit KCNA5 isoform 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


tyrosine transport

The directed movement of tyrosine, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


arginine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.


regulation of filopodium assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.


terminal Schwann cell

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A neuroglial cell of the peripheral nervous system inside the basal lamina of the neuromuscular junction providing chemical and physical support to the synapse.


melibiose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of melibiose, the disaccharide 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose.


maltose alpha-glucosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-maltose + H2O = 2 alpha-D-glucose.


maltose transmembrane transport

The process in which maltose is transported across a membrane.


The process of coupling tryptophan to tryptophanyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


The process of coupling methionine to methionyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by methionyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


The process of coupling leucine to leucyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by leucyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


mitochondrial lysyl-tRNA aminoacylation

The process of coupling lysine to lysyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by lysyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


The process of coupling tyrosine to tyrosyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


The process of coupling alanine to alanyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by alanyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


ELF3_HUMAN ETS-related transcription factor Elf-3 (sprot)

An ETS-related transcription factor Elf-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III

A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains about 10 polypeptide subunits including four redox centers: cytochrome b/b6, cytochrome c1 and an 2Fe-2S cluster. Catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol by oxidized cytochrome c1.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: alpha-glucoside(out) + H+(out) = alpha-glucoside(in) + H+(in). Alpha-glucosides include trehalose, maltose, turanose, isomaltose, alpha-methylglucoside, maltotriose, palatinose, trehalose and melezitose.


trehalose transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of trehalose from one side of a membrane to the other. Trehalose is the disaccharide alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside that acts of a reserve carbohydrate in certain fungi, algae and lichens.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: maltose(out) + H+(out) = maltose(in) + H+(in).


disaccharide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of disaccharides, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.


maltose transport

The directed movement of maltose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Maltose is the disaccharide 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose, an intermediate in the catabolism of glycogen and starch.


negative regulation of transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


sucrose catabolic process to fructose-6-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sucrose, which proceeds by phosphorylation of sucrose to form sucrose-6-phosphate. The subsequent actions of a hydrolase and a fructokinase generate fructose-6-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate.


notochord cell vacuolation

The assembly and arrangement of a vacuole within a cell of the notochord.


regulation of cilium assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly.


regulation of heart looping

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart looping.


eye pigment granule organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of intracellular pigment storage granules in the eye.


protein adenylylation

The addition of an adenylyl group (adenosine 5'-monophosphate; AMP) to a protein amino acid.


A carbon oxoanion that results from the removal of a proton from nitrosoperoxycarbonic acid. It is formed in vivo by nucleophilic reaction of peroxynitrite with carbon dioxide, and is an important reactive species in inflammation processes.


hydroperoxy fatty acid anion

A fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of any hydroperoxy fatty acid, formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety.


cortisol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cortisol, the steroid hormone 11-beta-17,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. Cortisol is synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal gland and controls carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and has anti-inflammatory properties.


GCN2-mediated signaling

A series of reactions in which a signal is passed on to downstream proteins within the cell via GCN2 (also known as EIF2AK4), an intracellular protein kinase that is activated by stress signals, such as amino acid starvation.


tRNA 3'-end processing

The process in which the 3' end of a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to that of a mature tRNA.


tRNA 3'-terminal CCA addition

Post-transcriptional addition of the terminal 3' CCA sequence to a tRNA which does not encode this sequence within the primary transcript. CCA addition proceeds by the sequential addition of CTP, CTP, and then ATP to the 3' end of the tRNA, yielding a diphosphate with each nucleotide addition.


symbiont-mediated suppression of host defense-related programmed cell death

Any process in which a symbiont stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defense-related programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


suppression by symbiont of host inflammatory response

Any process in which a symbiont stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response of the host organism; the inflammatory response is the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium levels

Any inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor activity that is involved in regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration.


intracellular cAMP-activated cation channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when intracellular cAMP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


intracellular cAMP-activated cation channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when intracellular cAMP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts, to regulate the presynaptic membrane potential.