trimethoprim

An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.


arenecarbaldehyde

Any aldehyde in which the carbonyl group is attached to an aromatic moiety.


GRANISETRON

A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.


proguanil

A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.


A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.


codeine

A  morphinane alkaloid found in the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum var. album; has analgesic, anti-tussive and anti-diarrhoeal properties.


carveol

A limonene monoterpenoid that is cyclohex-2-en-1-ol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 5.


sulfamethoxazole

An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.


A glycerophospholipid, where R1 and R2 are acyl chains and R3 any of the groups that represent the different phospholipid classes (choline, ethanolamine, glycerol, etc).


icosanoid

Any member of the group of signalling molecules arising from oxidation of the three C20 essential fatty acids (EFAs) icosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid (AA) and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA).


sinensetin

A pentamethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.


ketoprofen

An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.


etoricoxib

A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2,3'-bipyridine which is substituted at the 3, 5, and 6' positions by 4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl, chlorine, and methyl groups, respectively.


trifluralin

A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.


theobromine

A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.


An oxysterol that is cholesterol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.


procainamide

A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group.  It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.


A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.


tert-butyl ethyl ether

An ether having ethyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components. It is used as an engine fuel additive to reduce emissions of carbon monoxide and soot.


A member of the class of nitrosamines that is butan-1-ol substituted by a pyridin-3-yl group at position 1 and by a methyl(nitroso)amino group at position 4. It is a major metabolite of nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), which is a carcinogen found in tobacco and responsible for inducing lung cancer in smokers.


vitamin D2

A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.


A nitrile that is benzonitrile which is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 6. A cellulose synthesis inhibitor, it is used as a pre-emergent and early post-emergent herbicide.


aldehydo-D-mannose

The D-enantiomer of aldehydo-mannose.


(R)-(+)-verbenone

A 4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one in which both chiral centres have R configuration. It is a component of Spanish verbena oil, from Verbena triphylla.


aminobenzoic acid

An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.


phytol

A diterpenoid that is hexadec-2-en-1-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15.


cisapride

The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.


benzphetamine

Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.


buprenorphine

A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.


A C-nitro compound that is benzaldehyde substituted at the para-position with a nitro group.


An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.


A hydroxyflavonoid in which the flavone nucleus is substituted at position 7 by a hydroxy group.


insecticide

Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta.  In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.


ubiquinones

Any benzoquinone derived from 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methylbenzoquinone; one of a group of naturally occurring homologues. The redox-active quinoid moiety usually carries a polyprenoid side chain at position 6, the number of isoprenoid units in which is species-specific. Ubiquinones are involved in the control of mitochondrial electron transport, and are also potent anti-oxidants.


cannabigerol

A member of the class of resorcinols that is resorcinol which is substituted by a (2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl group at position 2 and by a pentyl group at position 5. It is a natural product found in Cannabis sativa and Helichrysum species.


dihydroorotic acid

A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that results from the base-catalysed cyclisation of N(alpha)-carbethoxyasparagine.


heterocyclic compound

A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements.


abacavir

A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.


acetone

A methyl ketone that consists of propane bearing an oxo group at C2.


alfentanil

A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.


A HPETE that consists of (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 15.


A 1-methylxanthine tautomer where the imidazole proton is located at the 7-position.


arsenous acid

An arsenic oxoacid consisting of three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.


phosphatidylinositol

Any glycerophosphoinositol having one phosphatidyl group esterified to one of the hydroxy groups of inositol.


butachlor

An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.


A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl carrying a hydroxy group at position 4.


androsterone

An androstanoid that is 5alpha-androstane having a hydroxy substituent at the 3alpha-position and an oxo group at the 17-position. It is a metabolite of dehydroepiandrosterone .


flucloxacillin

A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.


N,N-dimethylaniline

A tertiary amine that is aniline in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.


flunitrazepam

A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.


serotonin uptake inhibitor

A compound that specifically inhibits the reuptake of serotonin in the brain. This increases the serotonin concentration in the synaptic cleft which then activates serotonin receptors to a greater extent.


Compounds based on a triazine skeleton.


cirsiliol

A dimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and hydroxy groups at positions 5, 3' and 4' respectively.


4-nitrophenyl acetate

A phenyl acetate resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 4-nitrophenol with the carboxy group of acetic acid.


alizarin

A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 1 and 2.


zaleplon

A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.


A C19-steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at the 16alpha position has been replaced by a hydroxy group.


bepridil

A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.


A macromolecule composed of repeating 2-methylfuran units and terminated with a hydroxy group at the methylene end.


pentaerythritol tetranitrate

A pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex.


sterol

Any 3-hydroxy steroid whose skeleton is closely related to cholestan-3-ol (additional carbon atoms may be present in the side chain).


eupatorin

A trimethoxyflavone that is 6-hydroxyluteolin in which the phenolic hydogens at positions 4', 6 and 7 have been replaced by methyl groups.


chlorzoxazone

A member of the class of  1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.


TROSPIUM CHLORIDE

An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.


An alpha-diketone that consists of 1-phenylpropane bearing keto substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is found in coffee.


pentachlorobenzene

A member of the class of pentachlorobenzenes that is benzene in which five of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. Now classed as a persistent organic pollutant under the Stockholm Convention.


aromatic compound

A cyclically conjugated molecular entity with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure (e.g. Kekule structure) is said to possess aromatic character.


fluorescein (lactone form)

A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.


non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

An anti-inflammatory drug that is not a steroid. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions. They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins.


catecholamine

4-(2-Aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution.


A member of the class of 2-nitrophenols that is phenol in which one of the hydrogens that is ortho to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.


carisoprodol

A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol  interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.


almotriptan

An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.


A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.


A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is phenol in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group.


keto-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

A ketohexose bisphosphate that is D-fructose substituted by phosphate groups at positions 1 and 6.


bufogenin

A steroid lactone of Chan su (toad venom), a Chinese medicine obtained from the skin venom gland of toads. A specific Na/K-ATPase protein inhibitor, it is used as a cardiotonic and central nervous system (CNS) respiratory agent, an analgesic and anesthetic, and as a remedy for ulcers.


methiocarb

A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the phenolic group of 3,5-dimethyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenol with the carboxy group of  methylcarbamic acid.


phenprocoumon

A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.


A 1,2-diglyceride in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specifed as stearoyl and arachidonoyl respectively.


FORMIC ACID

The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.


succinylcholine

A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.


steroid

Any of naturally occurring compounds and synthetic analogues, based on the cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene carbon skeleton, partially or completely hydrogenated; there are usually methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, and often an alkyl group at C-17. By extension, one or more bond scissions, ring expansions and/or ring contractions of the skeleton may have occurred. Natural steroids are derived biogenetically from squalene which is a triterpene.


A 2-hexenal in which the olefinic double bond has E configuration. It occurs naturally in a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and spices.


genkwanin

A monomethoxyflavone that is apigenin in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is methylated.


benzo[c]phenanthrene

An ortho-fused polycyclic arene resulting from the symmetrical fusion of the C1-C2 bonds of two naphthalene units.


A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is (2E)-non-2-ene which is carrying an oxo group at position 1.


A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.


benzydamine

A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.


A chromanone that is the 3,4-dihydro derivative of coumarin.


tizanidine

2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group.  It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.


dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate

A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.


8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha

An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.


benzyl alcohol

An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.


A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 2.


o-toluidine

An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is ortho to the methyl group.


2-[(1R)-3-(diisopropylamino)-1-phenylpropyl]-4-methylphenol (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid hydrate


acenaphthoquinone

An orthoquinone that is the 1,2-dioxo derivative of acenaphthene.


4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-glucoside

A beta-D-glucoside having a 4-methylumbelliferyl substituent at the anomeric position.


A nitroaniline carrying a nitro group at position 4.


An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a (4-nitrophenoxy)methyl group.


bexagliflozin

A C-glycosyl comprising of beta-D-glucose in which the anomeric hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-chloro-3-({4-[2-(cyclopropyloxy)ethoxy]phenyl}methyl)phenyl group. It is a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.


A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-ene carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17beta.


A  primary arylamine that is aniline in which the hydrogens at the 3- and 4-positions are replaced by methyl groups. A low-melting, crystalline solid, it is used in the production of vitamin B2, dyes, pesticides and other chemicals.


A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by an ethoxy group.


pipecolic acid

A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2.


alprazolam

A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.


glipizide

An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.


pyrantel

A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.


pyrrolidines

Any of a class of heterocyclic amines having a saturated five-membered ring.


nitrendipine

A  dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.


nordazepam

A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.


dihydroxyacetone phosphate

A member of the class of glycerone phosphates that consists of glycerone bearing a single phospho substituent.


phosphoenolpyruvate

A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.


anthraflavic acid

A  dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene substituted by hydroxy groups at C-3 and C-7 and oxo groups at C-9 and C-10.


imidapril

A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.


perazine

A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.


disopyramide

A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a  anti-arrhythmia drug.


An androstanoid that is testosterone carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at the 11beta-position.


pyrimidine

The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.


cabozantinib

A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is N-phenyl-N'-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the phenyl ring is substituted by a (6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl)oxy group. A multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, used (as its malate salt) for the treatment of progressive, metastatic, medullary thyroid cancer.


oxatomide

A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.


A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.


Atomoxetine Hydrochloride

The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.


bioallethrin

A partly enantiopure variant of allethrin consisting of a mixture of two allethrin isomers (1R,trans;1R and 1R,trans;1S) in an approximate ratio of 1:1. Widely registered mosquito adulticide and spatial repellent. Bioallethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid used as a pesticide against household pest insects such as mosquitoes, houseflies and cockroaches.


tienilic acid

An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.


4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid derived from L-methionine via the action of methionine transaminase.


carotenoid

One of a class of tetraterpenoids (C40), formally derived from the acyclic parent, psi,psi-carotene by hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, cyclization, oxidation, or combination of these processes. This class includes carotenes, xanthophylls and certain compounds that arise from rearrangement of the skeleton of psi,psi-carotene or by loss of part of this structure. Retinoids are excluded.


diaziquone

A 1,4-benzoquinone that is substituted at positions 2 and 5 have been replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups and at positions 3 and 6 by (ethoxycarbonyl)amino groups.


chloromethane

A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group.


beta-adrenergic antagonist

An agent that binds to but does not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous beta-adrenergic agonists. beta-Adrenergic antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches and anxiety.


fluensulfone

A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles carrying 3,4,4-trifluorobut-3-ene-1-sulfonyl and chloro substituents at positions 2 and 5 respectively. A nematicide that is effective against a number of plant parasitic nematodes in a range of agricultural and horticultural crops.


An alpha-diketone that is hexane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively.


hexobarbital

A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.


An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 3 and 17.


A dichloroaniline carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.


Any isoprostane derived from the non-enzymatic, free radical oxidation of arachidonic acid.


cobicistat

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S)-2-({[(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl](methyl)carbamoyl}amino)-4-(morpholin-4-yl)butanoic acid with the amino group of 1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl [(2R,5R)-5-amino-1,6-diphenylhexan-2-yl]carbamate. Acts as a pharmacoenhancer in treatment of HIV-1 by inhibiting P450 enzymes that metabolise other medications..


A hydroxybenzaldehyde carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 3.


nimetazepam

A nitrazepam which is substituted at positions 1 by a methyl group. It is used as an anticonvulsant and as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia.


A 2-hydroxy steroid that is estrone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.


statin

Any organooxygen compound whose structure is related to compactin (mevastatin) and which may be used as an anticholesteremic drug due its EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitory properties.


10-formyltetrahydrofolic acid

A form of tetrahydrofolate that acts as a donor of formyl groups in anabolism. In these reactions 10-formyltetrahydrofolic acid is used as a substrate in formyltransferase reactions, which is important in purine biosynthesis.


An androstanoid that is androstane substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17.


A terminal acetylenic compound that is prop-2-yne substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.


N-nitrosopiperidine

A nitrosamine that is piperidine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a nitroso group. One of the many carcinogens detected in cigarette smoke, it is found in meat, cheese and spices that have been treated with the preservative sodium nitrite.


oxymetazoline

A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.


prostaglandin

Naturally occurring compounds derived from the parent C20 acid, prostanoic acid.


O-palmitoylcarnitine

An O-acylcarnitine having palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl) as the acyl substituent.


A primary arylamine that is aniline in which the hydrogens at the 2- and 5-positions are replaced by methyl groups. It is used in the manufacture of dyes and other chemicals.


propafenone

An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.


A diadenosyl tetraphosphate compound having the two 5'-adenosyl residues attached at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.


huperzine A

A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.


An 11-oxo steroid that is corticosterone in which the hydroxy substituent at the 11beta position has been oxidised to give the corresponding ketone.


butyrylthiocholine

A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of butyric acid with the thiol group of thiocholine. It is used as a reagent for determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity.


scutellarein

Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7.


terbutryn

A methylthio-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-(methylsulfanyl)-1,3,5-triazine substituted by a tert-butylamino and an ethylamino group at positions 2 and 4 respectively.


benzil

An alpha-diketone that is ethane-1,2-dione substituted by phenyl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively.


decanal

A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of capric acid (decanoic acid).


2-hydroxyglutaric acid

A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one hydrogen alpha- to a carboxylic acid group is substituted by a hydroxy group.


A tetrachlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1, 2, 3 and 5.


dibromomethane

A member of the class of  bromomethanes that is methane substituted by two bromo groups. It is produced by marine algae.


p-nitrobenzyl chloride

A C-nitro compound that is nitrobenzene in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a chloromethyl group.


mephobarbital

A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.


A 7-methylguanine that is 7H-purine substituted by an amino group at position 2, a methyl group at position 7 and a hydroxy group at position 6.


An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane.


norflurazon

A pyridazinone that is pyridazin-3(2H)-one which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by m-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, chloro, and methylamino groups, respectively. A pre-emergence herbicide used to control grasses and broad-leafed weeds in a variety of crops. Not approved for use within the European Union.


A trichlorobenzene with chloro substituents at positions 1, 2 and 4.


chlorotoluron

A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups while the other is substituted by a 3-chloro-4-methylphenyl group. A herbicide that is non-toxic to honeybees but moderately toxic to mammals, birds, earthworms and most aquatic organisms.


A butanediol in which hydroxylation is at C-2 and C-3.


muscarinic agonist

Any drug that binds to and activates a muscarinic cholinergic receptor.


A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,3-dimethoxybenzoquinone which has been substituted at positions 5 and 6 by decyl and methyl groups.


galactolipid

A glycolipid and which the glyco component is specified as galactosyl.


monounsaturated fatty acid

Any fatty acid with one double or triple bond in the fatty acid chain and singly bonded carbon atoms in the rest of the chain. MUFAs have positive effects on the cardiovascular system, and in diabetes treatment.


acalabrutinib

A member of the class of imidazopyrazines that is imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine substituted by 4-(pyridin-2-ylcarbamoyl)phenyl, (2S)-1-(but-2-ynoyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl, and amino groups at positions 1, 3 and 8, respectively. It is an irreversible second-generation Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor that is approved by the FDA for the treatment of adult patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) who have received at least one prior therapy.


methoxyflurane

An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.


13-oxo-9,11-octadecadienoic acid

An oxooctadecadienoic acid that is 9,11-octadecadienoic acid in which the oxo group is located at position 13.


amine

A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.


An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.


A primary arylamine that is aniline in which the hydrogens at the 2- and 6-positions are replaced by methyl groups. It is used in the production of some anasthetics and other chemicals. It is a drug metabolite of lidocaine (local anasthetic).


maltotetraose

A maltotetraose tetrasaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the aldehydo open-chain form.


An organochlorine compound consisting of uracil having an chloro substituent at the 5-position.


torasemide

An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.


A  primary arylamine that is aniline in which the hydrogens at the 2- and 4-positions are replaced by methyl groups. A clear to yellow liquid, it is used in production of certain dyes, pesticides and other chemicals.


tinidazole

1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group.  It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.


moclobemide

A member of the class of  benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.


ketone

A compound in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R2C=O (neither R may be H).


alectinib

An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 6,6-dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[b]carbazol-11-one carrying additional cyano, 4-(morpholin-4-yl)piperidin-1-yl and ethyl substituents at positions 3, 8 and 9 respectively. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.


phenylacetic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.


sulfamethazine

A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.


formate ester

An ester of formic acid.


analgesic

An agent capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anaesthesia. In addition, analgesic is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to cause a reduction of pain symptoms.


N,N-dimethyltryptamine

A tryptamine derivative having two N-methyl substituents on the side-chain.


An omega-aminoaldehyde that is butanal in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by an amino group.


trans-benzylideneacetone

The trans-isomer of  benzylideneacetone. It acts as an inhibitor of the enzyme phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) of insects like diamond back moth.


monobutyrin

A 1-monoglyceride resulting from the formal esterification of butyric acid with one of the primary hydroxy groups of glycerol. The R enantiomer is bioactive.


A member of the class of  acetophenones that is acetophenone substituted at the para-position by a nitro group.


monobromobimane

A pyrazolopyrazole that consists of 1H,7H-pyrazolo[1,2-a]pyrazole-1,7-dione bearing three methyl substituents at positions 2, 5 and 6 as well as a bromomethyl substituent at the 3-position.


zopiclone

A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.


A  primary arylamine that is the derivative of aniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been substituted by fluorine. It is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, herbicides and plant growth regulators.


hydroxy carboxylic acid

Any carboxylic acid with at least one hydroxy group.


N-nitroso-N-methyl-4-aminobutyric acid

A nitrosamine that has methyl and 3-carboxypropyl substituents. It is a tobacco-derived nitrosamino acid that is a known animal and potential human carcinogen. It induces bladder transitional cell carcinomas in rats and has recently been identified as a contaminant in certain blood pressure medications.


amphetamines

Amines that constitute a class of central nervous system stimulants based on the structure of the parent amphetamine 1-phenylpropan-2-amine.


acetophenones

A class or aromatic ketone consisting of acetophenone, PhC(=O)CH3, and its substituted derivatives.


L-aspartic acid

The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.


A member of the class of 4-nitroanisoles that is anisole in which one the hydrogen meta to the methoxy group is replaced by a nitro group.


dCTP

A 2'-deoxycytidine phosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.


A purine ribonucleoside 5'-tetraphosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.


A diadenosyl pentaphosphate having the two 5'-adenosyl residues attached at the P(1)- and P(5)-positions.


4,5-dihydropyrazole-1,5-dicarboxylic acid 1-((4-chlorophenyl)-amide) 5-(2-oxo-2H-(1,3')bipyridinyl-6'-yl)-amide


A diadenosyl hexaphosphate in which the two adenosin-5'-yl groups are attached at the P(1) and P(6) positions.


thiodiglycol

A diol that is pentane-1,5-diol in which the methylene group at position 3 is replaced by a sulfur atom


phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A protein complex capable of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and containing subunits of any phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) enzyme. These complexes are divided in three classes (called I, II and III) that differ for their presence across taxonomic groups and for the type of their constituents. Catalytic subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enzymes are present in all 3 classes; regulatory subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enzymes are present in classes I and III; adaptor proteins have been observed in class II complexes and may be present in other classes too.


perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The membrane of the perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum, which is the portion of endoplasmic reticulum, the intracellular network of tubules and cisternae, that occurs near the nucleus.


negative regulation of cell-matrix adhesion

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix.


regulation of stress fiber assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts.


organelle localization

Any process in which an organelle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.


oocyte anterior/posterior axis specification

Polarization of the oocyte along its anterior-posterior axis. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


morphogenesis of follicular epithelium

The process in which the anatomical structures of a follicular epithelium are generated and organized.


pole plasm assembly

Establishment of the specialized cytoplasm found at the poles of the egg. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


regulation of fat cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.


positive regulation of fat cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.


reduction of food intake in response to dietary excess

An eating behavior process whereby detection of a dietary excess results in a decrease in intake of nutrients.


bile acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.


regulation of steroid biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.


eating behavior

The specific behavior of an organism relating to the intake of food, any substance (usually solid) that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue.


elastin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving elastin, a glycoprotein which is randomly coiled and crosslinked to form elastic fibers that are found in connective tissue.


regulation of protein localization to nucleus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.


regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of absorption of cholesterol into the blood, and the exclusion of other sterols from absorption.


regulation of lipid biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.


regulation of metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.


genomic imprinting

The establishment of epigenetic modifications (imprints) during gametogenesis, and propagation of these imprints during the organism's life. Genomic imprinting leads to an asymmetry between the maternal and paternal alleles and differential expression of the corresponding alleles. This can happen through heterochromatin formation or differential chromatin loop formation.


female sex differentiation

The establishment of the sex of a female organism by physical differentiation.


SUMO-specific endopeptidase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds between an alpha-carboxyl group and an alpha-amino group within the small conjugating protein SUMO.


inositol tetrakisphosphate 3-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate = ADP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate.


inositol tetrakisphosphate 5-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + ADP.


inositol tetrakisphosphate 6-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate + ATP = 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + ADP.


histone H4 methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a histone H4 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a methylated histone H4. Histone methylation generally occurs on either an arginine or a lysine residue.


Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to cytosine to form 5-methylcytosine in small subunit ribosomal RNA.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + phosphate.


quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + O2 + quercetin = 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyloxy)-4,6-dihydroxybenzoate + CO.


STPAP_HUMAN Speckle targeted PIP5K1A-regulated poly(A) polymerase (sprot)

A speckle targeted PIP5K1A-regulated poly(A) polymerase that is encoded in the genome of human.


KDM1B_HUMAN Lysine-specific histone demethylase 2 (sprot)

A lysine-specific histone demethylase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NEIL3_HUMAN Endonuclease 8-like 3 (sprot)

An endonuclease 8-like 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MCM8_HUMAN DNA helicase MCM8 (sprot)

A DNA helicase MCM8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IPMK_HUMAN Inositol polyphosphate multikinase (sprot)

An inositol polyphosphate multikinase that is encoded in the genome of human.


KMT2D_HUMAN Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2D (sprot)

A histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2D that is encoded in the genome of human.


PHF8_HUMAN Histone lysine demethylase PHF8 (sprot)

A histone lysine demethylase PHF8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DOT1L_HUMAN Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, H3 lysine-79 specific (sprot)

A histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, H3 lysine-79 specific that is encoded in the genome of human.


SET1B_HUMAN Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD1B (sprot)

A histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETD1B that is encoded in the genome of human.


KAD6_HUMAN Adenylate kinase isoenzyme 6 (sprot)

An adenylate kinase isoenzyme 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BAP1_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase BAP1 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase BAP1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBP47_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 47 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 47 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBP24_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 24 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 24 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBP28_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 28 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 28 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBP37_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 37 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 37 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRM1_HUMAN tRNA (guanine(26)-N(2))-dimethyltransferase (sprot)

An N(2),N(2)-dimethylguanosine tRNA methyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


TM10A_HUMAN tRNA methyltransferase 10 homolog A (sprot)

A tRNA methyltransferase 10 homolog A that is encoded in the genome of human.


pseudouridylate synthase 1 homolog isoform h2 (human)

A pseudouridylate synthase 1 homolog (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9Y606-2.


PUS7_HUMAN Pseudouridylate synthase 7 homolog (sprot)

A pseudouridylate synthase 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ADAT1_HUMAN tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase 1 (sprot)

A tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBRL_HUMAN rRNA 2'-O-methyltransferase fibrillarin (sprot)

An rRNA 2'-O-methyltransferase fibrillarin that is encoded in the genome of human.


NOP2_HUMAN Probable 28S rRNA (cytosine(4447)-C(5))-methyltransferase (sprot)

A probable 28S rRNA (cytosine(4447)-C(5))-methyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


NAT10_HUMAN RNA cytidine acetyltransferase (sprot)

An RNA cytidine acetyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


SMYD2_HUMAN N-lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 (sprot)

An N-lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SETD9_HUMAN SET domain-containing protein 9 (sprot)

A SET domain-containing protein 9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PPME1_HUMAN Protein phosphatase methylesterase 1 (sprot)

A protein phosphatase methylesterase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2 isoform h2 (human)

A tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P17706-2.


PIR_HUMAN Pirin (sprot)

A pirin that is encoded in the genome of human.


CSN5_HUMAN COP9 signalosome complex subunit 5 (sprot)

A COP9 signalosome complex subunit 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PPM1E_HUMAN Protein phosphatase 1E (sprot)

A protein phosphatase 1E that is encoded in the genome of human.


JHD2C_HUMAN Probable JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 2C (sprot)

A probable JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 2C that is encoded in the genome of human.


UTY_HUMAN Histone demethylase UTY (sprot)

A histone demethylase UTY that is encoded in the genome of human.


CC14B_HUMAN Dual specificity protein phosphatase CDC14B (sprot)

A dual specificity protein phosphatase CDC14B that is encoded in the genome of human.


KDM5A_HUMAN Lysine-specific demethylase 5A (sprot)

A lysine-specific demethylase 5A that is encoded in the genome of human.


KDM5C_HUMAN Lysine-specific demethylase 5C (sprot)

A lysine-specific demethylase 5C that is encoded in the genome of human.


DUS3_HUMAN Dual specificity protein phosphatase 3 (sprot)

A dual specificity protein phosphatase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KMT5B_HUMAN Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase KMT5B (sprot)

A histone-lysine N-methyltransferase KMT5B that is encoded in the genome of human.


PADI6_HUMAN Protein-arginine deiminase type-6 (sprot)

A protein-arginine deiminase type-6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KDM7A_HUMAN Lysine-specific demethylase 7A (sprot)

A lysine-specific demethylase 7A that is encoded in the genome of human.


KDM3B_HUMAN Lysine-specific demethylase 3B (sprot)

A lysine-specific demethylase 3B that is encoded in the genome of human.


KMT5C_HUMAN Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase KMT5C (sprot)

A histone-lysine N-methyltransferase KMT5C that is encoded in the genome of human.


RIOX2_HUMAN Ribosomal oxygenase 2 (sprot)

A ribosomal oxygenase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KDM2B_HUMAN Lysine-specific demethylase 2B (sprot)

A lysine-specific demethylase 2B that is encoded in the genome of human.


NSD1_HUMAN Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, H3 lysine-36 specific (sprot)

A histone-lysine N-methyltransferase, H3 lysine-36 specific that is encoded in the genome of human.


SETB2_HUMAN Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETDB2 (sprot)

A histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SETDB2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBP26_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 26 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 26 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KDM5D_HUMAN Lysine-specific demethylase 5D (sprot)

A lysine-specific demethylase 5D that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBP42_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 42 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 42 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ASH1L_HUMAN Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase ASH1L (sprot)

A histone-lysine N-methyltransferase ASH1L that is encoded in the genome of human.


PADI1_HUMAN Protein-arginine deiminase type-1 (sprot)

A protein-arginine deiminase type-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PADI3_HUMAN Protein-arginine deiminase type-3 (sprot)

A protein-arginine deiminase type-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PADI4_HUMAN Protein-arginine deiminase type-4 (sprot)

A protein-arginine deiminase type-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PADI2_HUMAN Protein-arginine deiminase type-2 (sprot)

A protein-arginine deiminase type-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


KDM2A_HUMAN Lysine-specific demethylase 2A (sprot)

A lysine-specific demethylase 2A that is encoded in the genome of human.


KDM3A_HUMAN Lysine-specific demethylase 3A (sprot)

A lysine-specific demethylase 3A that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBP16_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 16 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 16 that is encoded in the genome of human.


UBP3_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 3 (sprot)

A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Pyrin domain binding

Binding to a Pyrin (PAAD/DAPIN) domain, a protein-protein interaction domain that has the same fold as the Death domain.


intrahepatic bile duct development

The progression of the intrahepatic bile ducts over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Intrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts within the liver) collect bile from bile canaliculi in the liver, and connect to the extrahepatic bile ducts (bile ducts outside the liver).


regulation of granulocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.


negative regulation of granulocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.


positive regulation of granulocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.


IL6RA_HUMAN Interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

An interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


KLF5_HUMAN Krueppel-like factor 5 (sprot)

A krueppel-like factor 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CSF3R_HUMAN Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (sprot)

A granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


SPI1_HUMAN Transcription factor PU.1 (sprot)

A transcription factor PU.1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MYB_HUMAN Transcriptional activator Myb (sprot)

A myb proto-oncogene protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


transcription factor PML isoform 4 (human)

A transcription factor PML isoform 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TAL1_HUMAN T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 (sprot)

A T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GATA2_HUMAN Endothelial transcription factor GATA-2 (sprot)

An endothelial transcription factor GATA-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FLI1_HUMAN Friend leukemia integration 1 transcription factor (sprot)

A Friend leukemia integration 1 transcription factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


LEF1_HUMAN Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (sprot)

A lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CEBPE_HUMAN CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein epsilon (sprot)

A CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein epsilon that is encoded in the genome of human.


A0A1W6AWH1_MOUSE Nurim (trembl)

A nurim isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


nurim isoform 1 (mouse)

A nurim isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


TM168_HUMAN Transmembrane protein 168 (sprot)

A transmembrane protein 168 that is encoded in the genome of human.


dendritic transport of messenger ribonucleoprotein complex

The directed movement of a messenger ribonucleoprotein complex along microtubules in nerve cell dendrites.


adaptive thermogenesis

The regulated production of heat in response to short term environmental changes, such as stress, diet or reduced temperature.


extrinsic component of matrix side of mitochondrial inner membrane

The component of the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


oleate

A C18, long straight-chain monounsaturated fatty acid anion; and the conjugate base of oleic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.


N-oleoyl-L-phenylalaninate

An N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of N-oleoyl-L-phenylalanine. The major species at pH 7.3.


striated muscle cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle cells contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle.


establishment of cell polarity involved in gastrulation cell migration

The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell taking part in gastrulation.


protein tyrosine kinase binding

Binding to protein tyrosine kinase.


interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein isoform m2 (mouse)

An interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q61730-2.


negative regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.


proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src phosphorylated 2 (mouse)

A proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (mouse) that has been phosphorylated at the residue equivalent to Tyr-418 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P05480-2. UniProtKB:P05480, Tyr-418, MOD:00048.


proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src unphosphorylated 2 (mouse)

A proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (mouse) that lacks phosphorylation at the position equivalent to Tyr-418 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P05480-2. UniProtKB:P05480, Tyr-418, PR:000026291.


detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain

The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus.


cellular response to platelet-derived growth factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a platelet-derived growth factor stimulus.


negative regulation of protein autophosphorylation

Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues.


negative regulation of T cell activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.


effector CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CCR7-negative, CD45RA-positive.


effector CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell

A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CCR7-negative, CD45RA-positive.


basal ganglion

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

An individual member of a collection of basal ganglia. Basal ganglia are subcortical masses of gray matter in the forebrain and midbrain that are richly interconnected and so viewed as a functional system. The nuclei usually included are the caudate nucleus (caudoputamen in rodents), putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata) and the subthalamic nucleus. Some also include the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum[NIF,modified].


peripheral nervous system myelin maintenance

The process in which the structure and material content of mature peripheral nervous system myelin is kept in a functional state.


cellular response to peptide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide stimulus.


regulation of neuron projection development

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).


cellular response to granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.


positive regulation of organ growth

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.


cellular response to prostaglandin E stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin E stimulus.


maternal placenta development

Maternally driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.


cellular response to decreased oxygen levels

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting a decline in the level of oxygen.


mammalian oogenesis stage

A reproductive process that is a step in the formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell.


cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus.


glycogen cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glycogen cell of the placenta. A glycogen cell is a vacuolated glycogen-rich cell that appears in compact cell islets of the spongiotrophoblast layer.


post-translational protein targeting to membrane, translocation

The process in which a protein translocates through the ER membrane posttranslationally.


protein deglycosylation

The removal of sugar residues from a glycosylated protein.


negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta.


SREBP signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus generated as a consequence of decreased levels of one or more sterols (and in some yeast, changes in oxygen levels) and which proceeds through activation of a sterol response element binding transcription factor (SREBP) to result in up-regulation of target gene transcription.


negative regulation of neuron migration

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.


sexual reproduction

A type of reproduction that combines the genetic material of two gametes (such as a sperm or egg cell or fungal spores). The gametes have an haploid genome (with a single set of chromosomes, the product of a meiotic division) and combines with one another to produce a zygote (diploid).


negative regulation of stem cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.


positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


muscle tissue morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle tissue are generated and organized. Muscle tissue consists of a set of cells that are part of an organ and carry out a contractive function.


complement component C3b binding

Binding to a C3b product of the complement cascade.


mitochondrial DNA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving mitochondrial DNA.


cone retinal bipolar cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a cone retinal bipolar cell.


mitochondrial gene expression

The process in which a mitochondrial gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.


lipoprotein particle binding

Binding to a lipoprotein particle. A lipoprotein particle, also known as a lipoprotein, is a clathrate complex consisting of a lipid enwrapped in a protein host without covalent binding in such a way that the complex has a hydrophilic outer surface consisting of all the protein and the polar ends of any phospholipids.


vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a vascular smooth muscle cell.


activation of membrane attack complex

The activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade which can result in death of a target cell through cytolysis.


immune complex clearance

A process directed at removing immune complexes from the body. Immune complexes are clusters of antibodies bound to antigen, to which complement may also be fixed, and which may precipitate or remain in solution.


organ or tissue specific immune response

An immune response taking place in an organ or tissues such as the liver, brain, mucosa, or nervous system tissues.


immunoglobulin mediated immune response

An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution.


regulation of complement-dependent cytotoxicity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of complement-dependent cytotoxicity.


cochlea morphogenesis

The process in which the cochlea is generated and organized.


convergent extension involved in neural plate elongation

The process of directed cell movement in the neural plate resulting in tissue elongation via intercalation of adjacent cells in an epithelial sheet at the midline, leading to narrowing and lengthening of the neural plate.


protein localization to microtubule

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a microtubule.


regulation of postsynapse to nucleus signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynapse to nucleus signaling pathway.


regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.


positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.


positive regulation of hepatocyte proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte proliferation.


axis elongation involved in somitogenesis

The developmental growth that results in the elongation of the rostral-caudal axis that contributes to somitogenesis.


paraxial mesodermal cell fate commitment

The process in which a cell becomes committed to become a paraxial mesoderm cell.


positive regulation of collateral sprouting in absence of injury

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting in the absence of injury.


positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.


positive regulation of Wnt protein secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a Wnt protein from a cell.


FZD6_MOUSE Frizzled-6 (sprot)

A frizzled-6 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


response to oxygen levels

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of oxygen.


cellular response to inorganic substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus.


positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle tissue development.


POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1 isoform 1 (mouse)

A POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


lysosomal cobalamin transport escort protein LMBD1 isoform 1 (mouse)

A lysosomal cobalamin transport escort protein LMBD1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion

The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.


negative regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.


positive regulation of peptidyl-lysine acetylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-lysine acetylation.


regulation of triglyceride metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.


methyl-CpG binding

Binding to a methylated cytosine/guanine dinucleotide.


eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding

Binding to eukaryotic initiation factor 4E, a polypeptide factor involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.


negative regulation of mRNA processing

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing.


establishment of RNA localization

The directed movement of RNA to a specific location.


translation regulator activity, nucleic acid binding

Any selective and non-covalent interaction with a nucleic acid involved in the initiation, activation, perpetuation, repression or termination of polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.


4EBP2_HUMAN Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 2 (sprot)

A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CNOT7_HUMAN CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 7 (sprot)

A CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of embryonic development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.


positive regulation of embryonic development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.


HXB1_HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-B1 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Hox-B1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CTCF_HUMAN Transcriptional repressor CTCF (sprot)

A transcriptional repressor CTCF that is encoded in the genome of human.


HXC4_HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-C4 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Hox-C4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HXB4_HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-B4 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Hox-B4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MAFB_HUMAN Transcription factor MafB (sprot)

A transcription factor MafB that is encoded in the genome of human.


HXD4_HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-D4 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Hox-D4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HXD3_HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-D3 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Hox-D3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PAX6_HUMAN Paired box protein Pax-6 (sprot)

A paired box protein Pax-6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MEIS1_HUMAN Homeobox protein Meis1 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Meis1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PCGF2_HUMAN Polycomb group RING finger protein 2 (sprot)

A Polycomb group RING finger protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


EGR2_HUMAN E3 SUMO-protein ligase EGR2 (sprot)

An early growth response protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HXB2_HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-B2 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Hox-B2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HXA4_HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-A4 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Hox-A4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HXA2_HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-A2 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Hox-A2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HXA1_HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-A1 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Hox-A1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HXB3_HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-B3 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Hox-B3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HXD1_HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-D1 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Hox-D1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HXA3_HUMAN Homeobox protein Hox-A3 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Hox-A3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of oocyte maturation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.


regulation of retinal ganglion cell axon guidance

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of retinal ganglion cell axon guidance, the process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


genitourinary system

Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction.


kidney cell

A cell that is part of a kidney.


collagen type I trimer

A collagen trimer containing alpha(I) chains. The most common form of type I collagen is a heterotrimer containing two alpha1(I) chains and one alpha2(I) chain; homotrimers containing three alpha1(I) chains are also found. Type I collagen triple helices associate to form banded fibrils.


platelet-derived growth factor binding

Binding to platelet-derived growth factor.


skeletal system morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized.


negative regulation of cell-substrate adhesion

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.


sodium ion transmembrane transport

A process in which a sodium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain

The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a temperature stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception

The series of events in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception.


P-type ion transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to directly drive the transport of ions across a membrane. The reaction is characterized by the transient formation of a high-energy aspartyl-phosphoryl-enzyme intermediate.


myelinating glial cell

A glial cell that myelinates axonal processes.


SF3B1_HUMAN Splicing factor 3B subunit 1 (sprot)

A splicing factor 3B subunit 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


retina vasculature development in camera-type eye

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway.


insulin-like growth factor receptor binding

Binding to an insulin-like growth factor receptor.


juxtaglomerular apparatus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the juxtaglomerular apparatus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is an anatomical structure that lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function.


common myeloid progenitor cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of common myeloid progenitor cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A common myeloid progenitor cell is a progenitor cell committed to the myeloid lineage.


regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.


myoblast fusion

A process in which non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibers or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


male organism

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Gonochoristic organism that can produce male gametes.


negative regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.


interleukin-6 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-6 receptor.


myeloid cell homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of myeloid cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis

The process in which the branching structure of the salivary gland is generated and organized.


cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.


cellular response to interleukin-1

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus.


negative regulation of hormone secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.


positive regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.


T-helper 2 cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a T-helper 2 (Th2) cell. A Th2 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype GATA-3-positive and produces interleukin-4.


neutrophil apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a neutrophil, any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.


mRNA catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.


positive regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.


astrocyte activation

A change in morphology and behavior of an astrocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


response to carbohydrate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus.


steroid hormone aporeceptor complex

A protein complex consisting of a steroid receptor associated with nonreceptor proteins, minimally a dimer of Hsp90 and a monomer of hsp56/FKBP59; forms in the absence of bound ligand.


tumor necrosis factor receptor binding

Binding to a tumor necrosis factor receptor.


humoral immune response

An immune response mediated through a body fluid.


positive regulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade.


defense response

Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.


positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.


positive regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.


regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching morphogenesis in the salivary gland epithelium.


positive regulation of translational initiation by iron

Any process involving iron that activates or increases the rate of translational initiation.


cellular extravasation

The migration of a leukocyte from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.


production of molecular mediator involved in inflammatory response

The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the inflammatory response following an inflammatory stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


negative regulation of triglyceride metabolic process

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.


lipoprotein biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.


cholesterol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.


maintenance of location in cell

Any process in which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.


high-density lipoprotein particle binding

Binding to high-density lipoprotein particle, a lipoprotein particle with a high density (typically 1.063-1.21 g/ml) and a diameter of 5-10 nm that contains APOAs and may contain APOCs and APOE.


phagocytosis, recognition

The initial step in phagocytosis involving adhesion to bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter, or an apoptotic cell and based on recognition of factors such as bacterial cell wall components, opsonins like complement and antibody or protein receptors and lipids like phosphatidyl serine, and leading to intracellular signaling in the phagocytosing cell.


positive regulation of macrophage cytokine production

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


positive regulation of phagocytosis, engulfment

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis.


mesenchymal cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types.


neural plate morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the neural plate are generated and organized. The neural plate is a specialized region of columnar epithelial cells in the dorsal ectoderm that will give rise to nervous system tissue.


negative regulation of cartilage development

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.


protein import

The targeting and directed movement of proteins into a cell or organelle. Not all import involves an initial targeting event.


maintenance of protein location

Any process in which a protein is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration, stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that do move away.


negative regulation of cytokine production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of production of a cytokine.


rhombomere 5 formation

The process that gives rise to rhombomere 5. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.


rhombomere 3 development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 3 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.


rhombomere 3 formation

The process that gives rise to rhombomere 3. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.


facial nerve structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the facial nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial opthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities.


embryo implantation

Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining.


decidualization

The cellular and vascular changes occurring in the endometrium of the pregnant uterus just after the onset of blastocyst implantation. This process involves the proliferation and differentiation of the fibroblast-like endometrial stromal cells into large, polyploid decidual cells that eventually form the maternal component of the placenta.


prostaglandin secretion

The regulated release of a prostaglandin, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring, from a cell or a tissue.


vascular associated smooth muscle contraction

A process, occurring in the vascular tissue, whereby actin/myosin complex activity generates force through ATP hydrolysis resulting in a change in smooth muscle geometry. This process is always coupled to chemo-mechanical energy conversion.


luteinization

The set of processes resulting in differentiation of theca and granulosa cells into luteal cells and in the formation of a corpus luteum after ovulation.


Leydig cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Leydig cell. A Leydig cell is a testosterone-secreting cell in the interstitial area, between the seminiferous tubules, in the testis.


estrogen metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.


adaptive immune response

An immune response mediated by cells expressing specific receptors for antigens produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for an enhanced secondary response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory).


cellular response to cholesterol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cholesterol stimulus.


SREBP-SCAP complex retention in endoplasmic reticulum

Any process in which the SREBP-SCAP complex is maintained in the endoplasmic reticulum and prevented from moving elsewhere. The SREBP-SCAP complex is formed by the association of sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) and SREBP-cleavage-activating protein (SCAP). In the absence of sterols, the SREBP-SCAP complex is packaged into COPII vesicles and travels to the Golgi apparatus to be processed. In the presence of sterols, the complex binds ER-resident proteins such as INSIG, which retain the complex in the ER.


cholesterol biosynthetic process via desmosterol

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, via the intermediate desmosterol.


cholesterol biosynthetic process via lathosterol

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, via the intermediate lathosterol.


intestinal lipid absorption

Any process in which lipids are taken up from the contents of the intestine.


A member of the class of thienotriazolodiazepines that is the tert-butyl ester of [(6S)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepin-6-yl]acetic acid. An inhibitor of bromodomain-containing protein 4 that exhibits anti-cancer and cardioprotective properties.


acetylsalicylic acid

A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.


fenofibrate

A chlorobenzophenone that is (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methanone substituted by a [2-methyl-1-oxo-1-(propan-2-yloxy)propan-2-yl]oxy group at position 1 on the phenyl ring.


Fingolimod Hydrochloride

The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).


triacsin C

A nitroso compound that is N-undecylnitrous hydrazide carrying double bonds at positions 1,2,4, and 7. It is a long-chain fatty acyl CoA synthetase inhibitor and interferes with lipid metabolism by inhibiting the de novo synthesis of glycerolipids and cholesterol esters.


diosgenin

A  sapogenin that is spirostan which is substituted by a hydroxy group at the 3beta position, contains a double bond at the 5-6 position, and has R- configuration at position 25. A natural product found in Dioscorea (wild yam) species, it is used as the starting point for the commercial synthesis of a number of steroids, including cortisone, pregnenolone and progesterone.


probucol

A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.


mitotic cell cycle process

A process that is part of the mitotic cell cycle.


myoblast proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a myoblast cell population. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


regulation of myoblast proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation.


positive regulation of glucose import

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.


positive regulation of fatty acid metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.


regulation of cellular metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.


dendritic cell proliferation

The expansion of a dendritic cell population by cell division. A dendritic cell is a cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation.


leukocyte chemotaxis involved in inflammatory response

The movement of an immune cell in response to an external stimulus contributing to an inflammatory response.


protein-DNA complex

A macromolecular complex containing both protein and DNA molecules.


sex chromatin

Chromatin that is part of a sex chromosome.


cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac myoblast. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life.


cardiac cell fate determination

The process involved in cardiac cell fate commitment. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment.


positive regulation of DNA binding

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).


positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.


tube morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.


cellular response to gonadotropin stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gonadotropin stimulus.


Sertoli cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Sertoli cell. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules.


lung lobe formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a lung lobe from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the lobe and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. A lung lobe is a projection that extends from the lung.


stem cell division

The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types.


negative regulation of cell fate commitment

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.


cardioblast migration

The orderly movement of a cardiac progenitor cell to form the heart field. Cardiac progenitor cells are non-terminally differentiated, mesoderm-derived cells that are committed to differentiate into cells of the heart. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


regulation of heart rate

Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction.


actin filament-based movement

Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins.