palytoxin

A polyol marine coelenterate toxin composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides and produced by species of Palythoa and Zoanthus soft corals (collectively called zoantharians), either as a defence mechanism or to assist them in capturing prey. An ionophore that forms cation channels through Na+/K+-ATPase, it is a potent vasoconstrictor useful in evaluation of anti-angina agents. It is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice.


sclareol

A labdane diterpenoid that is labd-14-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 8 and 13. It has been isolated from Salvia sclarea.


An organobromine compound that is dibenzodioxine carrying four bromo substituents at positions 2, 3, 7 and 8.


A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is pyrimidine substituted by {2-[(6-amino-5-nitropyridin-2-yl)amino]ethyl}amino, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and 1H-imidazol-1-yl groups at positions 2, 4 and 5, respectively. It is a potent ATP-competitive inhibitor of GSK3alpha and GSK3beta (IC50 values of 0.65 and 0.58 nM, respectively).


The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.


Barium(2+) dichloride

The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.


aldrithiol

A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a pyridin-2-yldisulfanediyl group at position 2. It is a reagent used in molecular biology as an oxidizing agent. Also used in peptide synthesis and for detecting thiols.


A diastereomer of protopanaxadiol in which the 20-hydroxy substituent has been introduced at the pro-R position.


tungstate

A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from tungstic acid.


(20S)-ginsenoside Rg3

A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.


chrysin 5,7-dimethyl ether

A dimethoxyflavone that is the  5,7-dimethyl ether derivative of chrysin.


perillyl aldehyde

An aldehyde that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carbaldehyde substituted by a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.


clofarabine

A purine nucleoside analogue consisting of a 6-amino-2-chloropurin-9-yl group attached to the 1beta position of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-D-arabinofuranose. It is metabolized intracellularly to the active 5'-triphosphate metabolite, which inhibits DNA synthesisis and so stops the growth of cancer cells. Clofarabine is used as an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent in the treatment of relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.


syringic acid

A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid.


8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP

A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.


A member of the class of benzoxazoles that is 2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole carrying an oxo group at position 2.


coronene

A ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene that consists of six peri-fused benzene rings.


An aromatic ether that is diphenyl ether substituted by a 2-hydroxy-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propan-2-yl group at position 1, trifluoromethyl group at position 2 and a chloro group at position 4.


cinacalcet

A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.


A benzenetriol carrying hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4.


sporidesmin A

An organic heteropentacyclic compound that has formula C18H20ClN3O6S2, produced by the saprophyte fungus Pithomyces chartarum. It is a mycotoxin responsible for the hepatogenous photosensitisation disease facial eczema in ruminants.


astaxanthin

A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.


A diamine that is toluene in which both of the hydrogens ortho- to the methyl group are replaced by amino groups.


A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of  Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.


lasalocid

A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.


imazamox

A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (S)- and (R)-imazamox. An inhibitor of acetohydroxyacid synthase, it is used (particularly as the corresponding ammonium salt, known as imazamox-ammonium) as a herbicide for the control of grass, broad-leaf weeds, and pond weed.


SKF 83959 hydrobromide

A hydrobromide salt prepared from N-methyl-6-chloro-1-(3-methylphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol and one equivalent of hydrogen bromide. Dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist (Ki values are 1.18, 7.56, 920 and 399 nM for rat D1, D5, D2 and D3 receptors respectively). May act as an antagonist in vivo, producing anti-Parkinsonian effects and antagonising the behavioral effects of cocaine.


diphenylcyclopropenone

A cyclopropenone compound having phenyl substituents at the 2- and 3-positions.


oridonin

An organic heteropentacyclic compound and ent-kaurane diterpenoid with formula C20H28O6 isolated from the leaves of the medicinal herb Rabdosia rubescens.


eriocitrin

A disaccharide derivative that consists of eriodictyol substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.


benfotiamine

A thioester that is a synthetic analogue of thiamine obtained by acylative cleavage of the thiazole ring and O-phospohorylation.


methionine sulfoximine

A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .


antifungal drug

Any antifungal agent used to prevent or treat fungal infections in humans or animals.


luzindole

A member of the class of indoles that is tryptamine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group while the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a benzyl group.


elesclomol

A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy groups of malonic acid with the hydrino groups of two molar equivalents of N-methylbenzenecarbothiohydrazide


The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.


25-hydroxyvitamin D2

A hydroxycalciol that is vitamin D2 in which the hydrogen at position 25 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.


gliotoxin

A pyrazinoindole with a disulfide bridge spanning a dioxo-substituted pyrazine ring; mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi.


salsalate

A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.


trichlopyr

A monocarboxylic acid that is (pyridin-2-yloxy)acetic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3, 5 and 6. It is an agrochemical used as a herbicide.


fasudil

An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.


manumycin A

A polyketide with formula C31H38N2O7 initially isolated from Streptomyces parvulus as a result of a random screening program for farnesyl transferase (FTase) inhibitors. It is a natural product that exhibits anticancer and antibiotic properties.


iomeprol

A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a glycoloyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.


fipronil-sulfone

A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl, and amino groups, respectively. It is a metabolite of the agrochemical fipronil.


A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is an mTOR inhibitor and shows anti-tumour properties.


clodronic acid

An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.


ximelagatran

A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.


inuviscolide

A sesquiterpene lactone that is decahydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2(3H)-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5, a methyl group at position 5 and methylidene groups at positions 3 and 8 (the 3aR,4aR,5R,7aS,9aS stereoisomer). Isolated from the aerial parts of Inula hupehensis, it exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.


bacitracin A

A homodetic cyclic peptide consisting of (4R)-2-[(1S,2S)-1-amino-2-methylbutyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid attached head-to-tail to L-leucyl,D-glutamyl, L-lysyl, D-ornityl, L-isoleucyl, D-phenylalanyl, L-histidyl. D-aspartyl and L-asparaginyl residues coupled in sequence and cyclised by condensation of the side-chain amino group of the L-lysyl residue with the C-terminal carboxylic acid group. It is the major component of bacitracin.


bryostatin 1

A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.


(R)-rosmarinic acid

A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.


Sodium silicate

An inorganic sodium salt having silicate as the counterion.


pracinostat

A hydroxamic acid that is N-hydroxyacrylamide which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-butyl-1-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl group (the E isomer). An orally available pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor with demonstrated activity in the treatment of advanced solid tumours.


An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which the hydrogen alpha- to the keto group has been replaced by a methylamino group.


quinazoline

A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.


A member of the class of  benzamides  that is a carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-(cis-3,5-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid with the amino substituent of 5-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-amine. It is an inhibitor of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR).


piperidine

An azacycloalkane that is cyclohexane in which one of the carbons is replaced by a nitrogen. It is a metabolite of cadaverine, a polyamine found in the human intestine.


beta-carboline

The parent compound of the beta-carbolines, a tricyclic structure comprising an indole ring system ortho- fused to C-3 and C-4 of a pyridine ring.


dioscin

A spirostanyl glycoside that consists of the trisaccharide alpha-L-Rha-(1->4)-[alpha-L-Rha-(1->2)]-beta-D-Glc attached to position 3 of diosgenin via a glycosidic linkage.


antroquinonol

An enone that is cyclohex-2-en-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3, a methyl group at position 6 and a (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6,10-trien-1-yl group at position 5 (the 4R,5R,6R stereoisomer). It is isolated from the solid-state fermented mycelium of the fungus Antrodia camphorata and has been found to exhibit potent cytotoxicity against a number of human cancer cell lines. However, a synthesis-enabled biological re-examination published in 2016, revealed minimal in vitro and in vivo antitumour activity in preclinical models.


borane

The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.


alpha-amanitin

A heterodetic cyclic peptide consisting of eight amino acid residues and containing a thioether bridge between a cysteine and a tryptophan residue. It is found in a number of poisonous mushrooms, including Amanita phalloides (the death cap), Galerina marginata, and and Conocybe filaris.


rubitecan

A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.


PD 168393

A member of the class of quinazolines carrying bromoanilino and acrylamido substituents at positions 4 and 6 respectively.


semaxanib

An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.


FUCOXANTHIN

An epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties.


trioxsalen

7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis.


axitinib

An indazole substituted at position 3 by a 2-(pyridin-2-yl)vinyl group and at position 6 by a 2-(N-methylaminocarboxy)phenylsulfanyl group. Used for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma after failure of a first line systemic treatment.


poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)

A poly(ethylene glycol) compound terminated with methacrylate groups.


(+)-albicanol

A drimane-type sesquiterpenoid orginally isolated from the liverwort Diplophyllum albicans. It exhibits fish antifeedant, antifungal and antineoplastic activities.


acadesine

A 1-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide in which the carboxamide group is situated at position 4 of the imidazole ring, which is further substituted at position 5 by an amino group. A purine nucleoside analogue and activator of AMP-activated protein kinase, it is  is used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and is reported to have cardioprotective effects.


Potassium Iodide

A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.


An estradiol that is estra-1,3,5(10)-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 17 (the 17alpha stereoisomer).


hapten

Any substance capable of eliciting an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein. Examples include dinitrophenols; oligosaccharides; peptides; and heavy metals.


The primary amino compound that is 1,2-phenylenediamine (o-phenylenediamine) substituted at the 4- (para-) position by a nitro group.


4-methyl-3-[[1-oxo-2-(propylamino)propyl]amino]-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid methyl ester


A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5.


A 26-amino acid peptide with formula C129H230N36O29S.  It is a cell permeable inhibitor of NF-kappaB translocation.


iodomethane

A member of the class of  iodomethanes that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by iodine.


benzyl bromide

A member of the class of benzyl bromides that is toluene substituted on the alpha-carbon with bromine.


cefepime

A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.


memantine

A primary aliphatic amine that is the 3,5-dimethyl derivative of 1-aminoadamantane. A low to moderate affinity uncompetitive (open-channel); NMDA receptor antagonist which binds preferentially to the NMDA receptor-operated cation channels.


cucurbitacin E

A cucurbitacin in which a lanostane skeleton is multi-substituted with hydroxy, methyl and oxo substituents, with unsaturation at positions 1, 5 and 23.


fluorocarbon

Compounds consisting wholly of fluorine and carbon.


isorhamnetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside

A glycosyloxyflavone that is isorhamnetin substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.


alpha-methyltryptamine

A tryptamine derivative having a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.


A member of the class of  phenols that is phenol carrying an allyl group at position 2.


KT 5823

An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-methoxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1-methyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.


etidronic acid

A  1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.


triethanolamine

A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.


isoprene

A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.


Sodium Nitrite

An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.


hydromorphone

A  morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.


loganin

An  iridoid monoterpenoid with formula C17H26O10 that is isolated from several plant species and exhibits neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties.


cetrorelix

A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.


maleic acid

A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.


A nitrosamine that is dipropylamine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a nitroso group. It is a genotoxic carcinogen, targeting the lung, liver, thyroid, and kidney.


A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole  which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.


galaxolide

An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydrocyclopenta[g]isochromene substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 6, 7, 8 and 8 respectively. It is a synthetic musk used as a fragrance in cosmetics.


Fuklasin

A dithiocarbamate salt that is the iron(III) salt of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. Formerly used as a fungicide.


aztreonam

A synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (monobactam), used primarily to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thereby blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.


dihydroresveratrol

A stilbenol that is 1,1'-ethane-1,2-diyldibenzene with hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 4'.


Cobalt(II) acetate

A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is acetate.


mephedrone

An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone substituted at C-4 and at C-beta with methyl and methylamino groups respectively. It is a synthetic stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes.


Delphinidin

An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.


propham

A carbamate ester that is the isopropyl ester of phenylcarbamic acid. It is a selective herbicide used for the control of annual grasses and some broad-leaf weeds and is also a growth regulator for control of sprouting in stored potatoes.


stattic

A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene-1,1-dioxide substituted at position 6 by a nitro group. Used as a radiosensitising agent for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.


tricaine

A benzoate ester that is the ethyl ester of 3-aminobenzoic acid. Used (in the form of its methanesulfonate salt) as an anaesthetic for fish.


terbutylazine

A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-tert-butyl-N'-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.


latrunculin B

A macrolide consisting of a 14-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica.


clavulanic acid

Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.


One of the primary forms of gastrin that is a 17-membered peptide consisting of Glp, Gly, Pro, Trp, Leu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Ala, Tyr, Gly, Trp, Met, Asp and Phe-NH2 residues joined in sequence.


acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal

A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.


alginic acid

A linear copolymer macromolecule composed of homopolymeric blocks of 1->4-linked beta-D-mannuronic acid and alpha-L-guluronic acid residues, covalently linked together in different sequences or blocks.


4-bromophenyl phenyl ether

An aromatic ether that is diphenyl ether substituted at position 4 by a bromo group.


A chloroethanol carrying a chloro substituent at position 2.


Ketorolac Tromethamine

An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.


zerumbone

A sesquiterpenoid and cyclic ketone that is (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene which is substituted by an oxo group at the carbon atom attached to two double bonds. It is obtained by steam distillation from a type of edible ginger, Zingiber zerumbet Smith,  grown particularly in southeast Asia.


carglumic acid

A urea that is the N-carbamoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. An orphan drug used to treat a deficiency in the enzyme N-acetylglutamate synthase, which leads to acute hyperammonaemia.


aureusidin

A  hydroxyaurone that is aurone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 6, 3' and 4' respectively.


omacetaxine mepesuccinate

A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.


benzyl acetate

The acetate ester of benzyl alcohol.


oxamic acid

A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.


bis-N,N-dimethylamino-2-(N-methylpyrrolyl)methyl cyclopentadienyl titanium (IV)


dipropyl disulfide

An organic disulfide where the alkyl groups specified are propyl. It is a component of the essential oils obtained from Allium.


fentin acetate

An organotin compound that is the O-acetyl derivative of triphenyltin hydroxide. A fungicide used to control blights on potatoes, leaf spot diseases on sugar beet and anthracnose on beans.


melamine

A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.


purines

A class of imidazopyrimidines that consists of purine and its substituted derivatives.


p-cymene

A monoterpene that is toluene substituted by an isopropyl group at position 4.


suramin

A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.


m-tyramine

A primary amino compound that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3.


pyrazole

A  monocyclic heteroarene that is a five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 2.


nystatin

A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.


A fluorotelomer alcohol that is ethanol substituted at position 2 by a perfluorooctyl group.


A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which both phenyl groups are substituted by chlorines at positions 3 and 5.


carboxy-PTIO

A mmeber of the class of imidazolines and organic radical that is 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-3-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-3lambda(5)-imidazol-1-yl]oxidanyl substituted at position 2 by a 4-carboxyphenyl group.


Lopinavir and ritonavir

A mixture containing lopinavir and ritonavir. It is a prescription medicine that is used with other antiretroviral medicines to treat Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) infection in adults and children 14 days of age and older.


ginsenoside Rf

A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.


butorphanol

Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.


liraglutide

A lipopeptide that is an analogue of human GLP-1 in which the lysine residue at position 27 is replaced by arginine and a hexadecanoyl group attached to the remaining lysine via a glutamic acid spacer. Used as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.


tamarixetin

A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin methylated at position O-4'. Isolated from Cyperus teneriffae.


An organochlorine compound that is pyridine substituted at position 2 by a chloromethyl group.


Gd DTPA-BMA

A non-ionic gadolinium chelate having a macrocyclic triamine framework. It is used as a paramagnetic contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).


ethambutol

An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.


alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde

A member of the class of  cinnamaldehydes carrying a hexyl substituent at the alpha-position.


camostat

A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.


Gadobutrol

A gadolinium coordination entity consisting of a central Gd(III) atom bound to a macrocyclic tetraamine framework. It is used as a paramagnetic contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).


phenanthridone

A member of the class of phenanthridines that is phenanthridine with an oxo substituent at position 6. A poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, it has been shown to exhibit immunosuppressive activity.


picropodophyllotoxin

An organic heterotetracyclic compound that has a furonaphthodioxole skeleton bearing 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl and hydroxy substituents.


flutolanil

A member of the class of benzamides, obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid with the amino group of 3-(ispropyloxy)aniline.  A fungicide used to control a range of pathogens especially Rhizoctonia spp. on rice, turf and other crops.


telbivudine

A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside that is the L-enantiomer of thymine. A synthetic thymidine nucleoside analogue with activity against HBV DNA polymerase.


trifloxystrobin

The methyl ester of (2E)-(methoxyimino)[2-({[(E)-{1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene}amino]oxy}methyl)phenyl]acetic acid. A foliar applied fungicide for cereals which is particularly active against Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes and Oomycetes


pelabresib

An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4H-[1,2]oxazolo[5,4-d][2]benzazepine substituted by methyl, 2-amino-2-oxoethyl, and 4-chlorophenyl groups at positions 1, 4S and 6, respectively. It is a small molecule inhibitor of bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) proteins and exhibits antineoplastic activity.


pyraoxystrobin

An enoate ester that is the methyl ester of (2E)-2-[2-({[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]-3-methoxyprop-2-enoic acid. A broad spectrum fungicide used to control a variety of diseases on rice, vegetables and teas.


pirfenidone

A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.


A naphthalenediamine compound having amino substituents in the 1- and 5-positions.


Calcium oxalate

The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).


gardenin B

A tetramethoxyflavone that is  tangeretin in which the methoxy group at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.


trans-rhaponticin

A rhaponticin in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration. It possesses a range of pharmacological activities including antitumour, antiinflammatory, antilipemic and neuroprotective activities.


Vecuronium Bromide

The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.


A monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl group.


(aminomethyl)phosphonic acid

A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid substituted by an aminomethyl group. It is a metabolite of the herbicide glyphosate.


A trimethoxyflavone that is the 5,6,7-trimethyl ether derivative of baicalein. It has been isolated from the plant Callicarpa japonica and has been shown to exhibit antiviral activity.


hydroxycitronellal

The tertiary alcohol arising from addition of water across the C=C double bond of citronellal.


diazoxide

A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.


cosmetic

The role played by a substance in enhancing the appearance or odour of the human body; a name given to the substance itself or to a component of it.


gallocatechin

A catechin that is a flavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7 (the trans isomer). It is isolated from  Acacia mearnsii.


A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.


tacedinaline

A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid with one of the amino groups of 1,2-phenylenediamine. An oral cytostatic drug with impressive differential activity against leukemic cells and normal stem-cells. Also used in combination therapy for selected tumors including non-smoll cell lung, pancreatic, breast, and colorectal cancers.


lipid A (E. coli)

The glycolipid moiety of the lipopolysaccharide produced by E. coli.


An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the 5 position on the ring.


patchouli alcohol

A carbotricyclic compound and sesquiterpenoid tertiary alcohol that is tricyclo[5.3.1.0(3,8)]undecan-3-ol which is substituted at positions 2, 2, 6 and 8 by methyl groups (the 1R,3R,6S,7S,8S-diastereoisomer).


carnosine

A dipeptide that is the N-(beta-alanyl) derivative of L-histidine.


neomycin

A broad-spectrum highly toxic antibiotic or mixture of antibiotics produced by a streptomyces (Streptomyces fradiae) and used medically especially to treat local infections.


musk xylene

A C-nitro compound that is m-xylene bearing three nitro substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6 as well as a tert-butyl group at position 5.


N-(6-butyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)carbamic acid methyl ester


aristolochic acid B

An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions and by a nitro group at position 10.


xanthones

Any member of the class of  xanthenes based on a xanthone skeleton.


Ammonium chloroplatinate

An ammonium salt comprising separate ammonium cations and octahedral [PtCl6](2-) anions.


A 6-isopentenylaminopurine in which has the isopentenyl double bond is located between the 2 and 3 positions of the isopentenyl group.


An organic heterobicyclic compound based on a fused 1,2-thiazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton, with the S atom positioned adjacent to one of the positions of ring fusion.


An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.


dolutegravir

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (4R,12aS)-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12,12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1',2':4,5]pyrazino[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine-9-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2,4-difluorobenzylamine. Used (as its sodium salt) for treatment of HIV-1.


Azobenzene substituted at the phenyl 4-positions by an amino and a nitro group.


Diminazene aceturate

An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.


octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane

A cyclosiloxane that is the octamethyl derivative of  cyclotetrasiloxane.


DAPT

A dipeptide consisting of alanylphenylglycine derivatised as a 3,5-difluorophenylacetamide at the amino terminal and a tert-butyl ester at the carboxy terminal. A gamma-secretase inhibitor.


neticonazole

An enamine that is ethene which is substituted at positions 1, 1, and 2 by o-pentoxyphenyl, 1H-imidazol-1-yl, and methylthio groups, respectively (the E isomer). An inhibitor of P450-dependent C-14alpha-demethylation of lanosterol (preventing conversion to ergosterol and inhibiting cell wall synthesis in fungi), it is used in Japan (generally as the corresponding hydrochloride salt) as an antifungal drug for the treatment of superficial skin infections.


(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid

A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.


purpurin

A trihydroxyanthraquinone derived from anthracene by substitution with oxo groups at C-9 and C-10 and with hydroxy groups at C-1, C-2 and C-4.


alliin zwitterion

An L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion that is allin in which a proton has been transferred from the carboxy group to the amino group. It is the major species at pH 7.3.


eckstolonol

A phlorotannin that is [1,4]benzodioxino[2,3-a]oxanthrene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, 6, 9 and 11. Isolated from the brown alga Ecklonia stolonifera, it exhibits radical scavenging activity.


A dihydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7 and a methoxy group at position 4' (the 2S stereoisomer).


scutellarin

The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.


2-amino-6-chloro-alpha-cyano-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-acetic acid ethyl ester


A  methylnaphthalene carrying a methyl substituent at position 2.


irilone

A hydroxyisoflavone that is 6,7-methylenedioxyisoflavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4'.


Sodium Bisulfite

An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.


prunetin

A hydroxyisoflavone that is  genistein  in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group.


alborixin

A polyether antibiotic that is isolated from cultures of a strain of Streptomyces albus.


orotic acid

A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.


herbacetin

A pentahydroxyflavone that is kaempferol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. It is a natural flavonoid from flaxseed which exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities.


trichloroacetic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.


gibberellin A3

A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants.  Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.


TIGECYCLINE

Tetracycline in which the hydroxy group at position 5 and the methyl group at position 6 are replaced by hydrogen, and with a dimethylamino substituent and an (N-tert-butylglycyl)amino substituent at positions 7 and 9, respectively. A glycylcycline antibiotic, it has activity against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including tetracycline-resistant organisms. It is used for the intravenous treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by susceptible organisms.


A L-valine derivative that is 3-methyl-L-valine in which carboxy OH group is replaced by a methylnitrilo group and the one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a (2R)-2-{(1S)-1-[formyl(hydroxy)amino]ethyl}-5-phenylpentanoyl group. It is a potent MMP9 and ADAM10 metalloprotease inhibitor with IC50 of 2.5 and 5.3 nM, respectively.


7beta-aminocephalosporanic acid

The  alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is the active nucleus for the synthesis of cephalosporins and intermediates.


Amb a I protein, Ambrosia artemisiifolia


glutaraldehyde

A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.


Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus antigen p 1


Acriflavine neutral

A mixture comprising 3,6-diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride (usually 60-70%) and 3,6-diaminoacridine monohydrochloride (usually 40-30%).


pepstatin A

A pentapeptide isolated from Streptomyces testaceus. It is a potent inhibitor of aspartyl proteases.


teriflunomide

An  enamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2Z)-2-cyano-3-hydroxybut-2-enoic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. Used for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.


triciribine

A nucleoside analogue in which the nucleobase portion is a 1,4,5,6,8-pentaazaacenaphthylene ring system substituted with an amino group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 5 and is bound to the beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety by an N(1)-glycosidic linkage.


monotropein

An iridoid monoterpenoid that is 1,4a,7,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at position 1, a carboxylic acid group at position 4, and at position 7 by a hydroxy and hydroxymethyl groups respectively (the 1S,4aS,7R,7aS diastereomer).


linagliptin

A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.


divinyl sulfone

A sulfone compound having two S-vinyl substituents.


2-acetyloxybenzoic acid [3-(nitrooxymethyl)phenyl] ester


trans-methylferulate

A cinnamate ester that is the methyl ester of ferulic acid. It has been isolated from Pisonia aculeata.


solanesol

A nonaprenol that is hexatriaconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30,34-nonaen-1-ol substituted by 9 methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31 and 35 (the all-trans0stereoisomer).


A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.


neobavaisoflavone

A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone with an additonal hydroxy group at position 4' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from seeds of Psoralea corylifolia, it exhibits inhibitory activity against DNA polymerase and platelet aggregation.


sialic acid

Any of the N-acylneuraminic acids and their esters and other derivatives of the alcoholic hydroxy groups.


S-allylcysteine zwitterion

An L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of S-allylcysteine. Major species at pH 7.3.


linoleylanilide

A fatty amide conjugate of linoleic acid and aniline.


arjunolic acid

A  pentacyclic triterpenoid that is  olean-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3 and 23 (the 2alpha,3beta stereoisomer). Isolated from Symplocos lancifolia and Juglans sinensis, it exhibits antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.


diosmin

A disaccharide derivative that consists of  diosmetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.


DIMBOA

A lactol that is DIBOA in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group. It has been isolated from the maize plants.


antioxidant

A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.


cyclizine

An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.


manganese tetrakis-(N-ethyl-2 pyridyl) porphyrin


ospemifene

An organochlorine compound that is a selective estrogen receptor modulator; used for treatment of dyspareunia.


2-hydroxylinoleic acid

A 2-hydroxy fatty acid derived from linoleic acid.


2-[[2-[(acetylthio)methyl]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropyl]amino]acetic acid (phenylmethyl) ester


Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer


haloxyfop-P-methyl

A methyl 2-(4-{[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoate that has R configuration. It is a proherbicide (by hydrolysis of the methyl ester) for the herbicide haloxyfop-P, the most active enantiomer of the racemic herbicide haloxyfop.


Chromium(3+) trichloride hexahydrate

The hexahydrate of chromium(3+) trichloride.


methyl carbamate

A carbamate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of carbamic acid with methanol.


palmitoleoyl ethanolamide

An N-acylethanolamine 16:1 that is the ethanolamide of palmitoleic acid.


aprepitant

A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.


trilobatin

An aryl beta-D-glucoside that is phloretin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage. It is isolated from the leaves of the Chinese sweet tea Lithocarpus polystachyus and exhibits significant anti-hyperglycemic, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.


agathisflavone

A biflavonoid that is obtained by oxidative coupling of two molecules of apigenin resulting in a bond between positions C-6 and C-8 of the two chromene rings.


isoquinolines

A class of organic heteropolycyclic compound consisting of isoquinoline and its substitution derivatives.


2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid

A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.


homoeriodictyol

A trihydroxyflavanone that consists of 3'-methoxyflavanone in which the three hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4', 5, and 7.


zingerone

A methyl ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by methoxy and hydroxy groups respectively. The major pungent component in ginger.


dimethyl fumarate

An enoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of fumaric acid with methanol. Used for treatment of adults with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis.


oxaprozin

A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is  non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.


milrinone

A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2-pyridone which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 6 by cyano, pyrid-4-yl, and methyl groups, respectively. It is used (particularly intravenously, as the lactate) for the short-term management of severe heart failure.


pyocyanine

An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.


Sodium tungstate

An inorganic sodium salt having tungstate as the counterion. Combines with hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones.


leupeptin

A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and argininal residues joined in sequenceby peptide linkages. It is an inhibitor of the calpains, a family of calcium-activated proteases which promote cell death.


Ferric citrate

An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).


A derivative of benzoquinone carrying a 5-methyl substituent; and methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. The core structure of the ubiquinone group of compounds.


An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,6-dihydrobenzo[h]imidazo[4,5-f]isoquinolin-7-one bearing additional tert-butyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2 and 9 respectively.


phosalone

A member of the class of  1,3-benzoxazoles carrying a [(diethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the nitrogen atom, an oxo group at position 2 and a chloro group at position 6. It is an organothiophosphate insecticide.


An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.


phorbol

A diterpenoid with the structure of tigliane hydroxylated at C-4, -9, -12(beta), -13 and -20, with an oxo group at C-3 and unsaturation at the 1- and 6-positions.


(-)-beta-caryophyllene

A beta-caryophyllene in which the stereocentre adjacent to the exocyclic double bond has S configuration while the remaining stereocentre has R configuration. It is the most commonly occurring form of beta-caryophyllene, occurring in many essential oils, particularly oil of cloves.


Calcium Carbonate

A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.


inorganic molecular entity

A molecular entity that contains no carbon.


insulin (human)

An insulin that is produced in the pancreas and involved in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates (particularly glucose) and fats. Commonly thought of as a protein, it consists of two peptide chains, one containing 21 amino acid residues and the other containing 30; the chains are joined together by 2 disulfide bonds. Recombinant insulin is identical to human insulin, but is synthesised by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, which then produces insulin for human use. It is used in the treatment of type I and type II diabetes.


bictegravir

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R,5S,13aR)-8-hydroxy-7,9-dioxo-2,3,4,5,7,9,13,13a-octahydro-2,5-methanopyrido[1',2':4,5]pyrazino[2,1-b][1,3]oxazepine-10-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2,4,6-trifluorobenzylamine. It is a second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) and used (as its sodium salt) for the treatment of HIV-1.


A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.


phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride

An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.


concanamycin A

A concanamycin in which the lactone ring contains 4 double bonds and is substituted by 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxy groups, 2 methoxy groups and an ethyl group.


clindamycin

A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the  semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.


2-amino-6-bromo-4-(1-cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester


baricitinib

A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted by a 1-[3-(cyanomethyl)-1-(ethanesulfonyl)azetidin-3-yl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl group at position 5. It is an FDA approved selective Janus Kinase 1 and 2 (JAK1 and JAK2) inhibitor used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.


fluprostenol

An organofluorine compound that is racemic prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of its isopropyl ester prodrug, travoprost, are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. The isopropyl ester group of travoprost is hydrolysed to the biologically active free acid by esterases in the cornea.


cudraflavone B

An extended flavonoid that consists of a pyranochromane skeleton that is 2H,6H-pyrano[3,2-g]chromen-6-one substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2, a 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at position 8, a hydroxy group at position 5 and a prenyl group at position 7. Isolated from Morus alba and Morus species it exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.


triolein

A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.


deferiprone

A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.


3-hydroxypicolinic acid

A monohydroxypyridine that is picolinic acid in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is used as a matrix in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of oligonucleotides.


norethisterone acetate

A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.


fumagillin

A meroterpenoid resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of fumagillol with the carboxylic acid group of (all-E)-deca-2,4,6,8-tetraenedioic acid. Originally isolated from the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, it is used for the control of Nosema infection in honey bees.


luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside

A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.


tetrahydrocurcumin

A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which both of the double bonds have been reduced to single bonds.


eugenol, zinc oxide dental cavity lining


saroglitazar

A monocarboxylic acid that is (2S)-2-ethoxy-3-(p-ethoxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens of the p-ethoxy substituent has been replaced by the nitrogen of 2-methyl-5-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-1H-pyrrole. An agonist at the subtypes alpha and gamma of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) with predominant PPARalpha activity, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.


Montmorillonite

An aluminosilicate mineral consisting mostly of montmorillonite. The different types of bentonite (aluminium bentonite; calcium bentonite; potassium bentonite; sodium bentonite) are named after their dominant element.


beta-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate

A 6-O-sulfo-D-glucosamine in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration.


dinitrogen

An elemental molecule consisting of two trivalently-bonded nitrogen atoms.


loxtidine

A triazole that consists of 1,2,4-triazole bearing a methyl substituent at position 1, a hydroxymethyl substituent at position 3 and a {3-[3-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)phenoxy]propyl}amino group at position 5. A highly potent and selective H2-receptor antagonist.


hydroxysafflor yellow A

A C-glycosyl compound that is 3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one which is substituted by beta-D-glucosyl groups at positions 2 and 4, and by a p-hydroxycinnamoyl group at position 6. It is the main bioactive compound of a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).


zolmitriptan

A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.


costunolide

A germacranolide with anthelminthic, antiparasitic and antiviral activities.


A 2-keto-xylose having D-threo configuration; a degradation product of D-ascorbic acid.


novobiocin

A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.


myricitrin

A glycosyloxyflavone that consists of myricetin attached to a alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Myrica cerifera, it exhibits anti-allergic activity.


herbimycin

A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.


A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosapentaenoic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.


quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside

A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.


A triglyceride formed by acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with linoleic acid.


A 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol that has (1S,2R)-configuration.


dienogest

A steroid hormone that is 17beta-hydroxy-3-oxoestra-4,9-diene substituted at position 17 by a cyanomethyl group. Used as an oral contraceptive.


A C-nucleoside analog that is (2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-carbonitrile substituted by a 4-aminopyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl group at position 2. It is the active metabolite of remdesivir and exhibits a broad range of inhibitory activity against various RNA viruses including HCV, parainfluenza and SARS-CoV.


A 5-methoxyfurocoumarin that is psoralen substituted by a methoxy group at position 5.


cilnidipine

A diesterified 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium channel blocker, it is used as an antihypertensive.


A N(5)-alkylglutamine where the alkyl group is ethyl. It has been isolated from green tea.


nafcillin

A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.


An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.


salubrinal

A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).


cannabigerolic acid

A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is olivetolic acid in which the hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a geranyl group. A biosynthetic precursor to Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, the principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant.


EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor

An EC 2.4.2.* (pentosyltransferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.30).


vitexin

An apigenin flavone glycoside, which is found in the passion flower, bamboo leaves and pearl millet


tephrosin

A member of the class of rotenones that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted with geminal methyl groups at position 3, hydroxy group at position 7a and methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10 (the 7aR,13aR stereoisomer). It is isolated from the leaves and twigs of Antheroporum pierrei and exhibits antineoplastic and pesticidal activities.


glycitin

A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6, a hydroxy group at position 4' and a  beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at position 7.


A tertiary amine that is adenine substituted at N-6 by geminal methyl groups.


A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenpropimorph. It is a systemic fungicide, used to control a variety of fungal diseases in cereal crops.


dazomet

A dithiocarbamic ester that is 1,3,5-thiadiazinane with a thione moiety at position 2 and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogens are replaced by methyl groups. A fungicide, herbicide and nematicide, it is used prior to sowing or planting for the control of soil fungi, nematodes, bacteria and germinating weeds, and as fumigant for poultry litter and eggs to control Salmonella. It is a non-ozone-depleting alternative to methyl bromide.


Chromic nitrate

An inorganic nitrate salt consisting of chromium and nitrate in which the ratio of chromium (in the +3 oxidation state) to nitrate is 1:3


1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid 8-quinolinyl ester


chromium trioxide

A chromium oxide composed of a single chromium bound (oxidation state +6) to three oxygens; the acidic anhydride of chromic acid.


(+)-artemisinic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-yl group (the 1S,4R,4aS,8aR diastereoisomer). It is a sesquiterpenoid precursor of artemisinin, obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua.


dioleoyl phosphatidic acid

A phosphatidic acid in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.


chlozolinate

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-chlozolinate. An obsolete fungicide, formerly used as a foliar spray against Botrytis, Sclerotinia and Monilia spp.


metaproterenol

A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.


desmopressin

A synthetic analogue of vasopressin in which 3-mercaptopropionic acid replaces the cysteine residue at position 1 and D-arginine replaces the residue at position 8. An antidiuretic, it increases urine concentration and decreases urine production, and is used (usually as the trihydrate of the acetic acid salt) to prevent and control excessive thirst, urination, and dehydration caused by injury, surgery, and certain medical conditions. It is also used in the diagnosis and treatment of cranial diabetes insipidus and in tests of renal function.


flavylium

A member of the class of chromenyliums that is chromenylium with a phenyl substituent at position 2.


decane

A straight-chain alkane with 10 carbon atoms.


A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole substituted by pyridin-4-yl and {[(3R)-1-(2-oxo-2-{4-[4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl}ethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1 and ERK2 (IC50 = 4 and 1 nM, respectively) that exhibits anti-cancer properties.


beta-damascenone

A cyclic monoterpene ketone that is 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-diene substituted at position 1 by a crotonoyl group.


carbohydrate

Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.


(+)-isolariciresinol

A lignan that is  5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol substituted by hydroxymethyl groups at positions 6 and 7, a methoxy group at position 3 and a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl group at position 8. It has been isolated from the roots of Rubia yunnanensis.


Invokana

A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.


A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.


Potassium tellurite

A potassium salt consisting of potassium and tellurite ions in a 2:1 ratio.


Manganese sulfate monohydrate

A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of manganese(II) sulfate.


wogonin 7-O-beta-D-glucuronide

The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of wogonin.


dapagliflozin

A C-glycosyl comprising beta-D-glucose in which the anomeric hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-chloro-3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl group. Used (in the form of its propanediol monohydrate) to improve glycemic control, along with diet and exercise, in adults with type 2 diabetes.


tadalafil

A pyrazinopyridoindole that is 2,3,6,7,12,12a-hexahydropyrazino[1',2':1,6]pyrido[3,4-b]indole-1,4-dione substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group (the 6R,12aR-diastereomer). A phosphodiesterase V inhibitor inhibitor, currently marketed in pill form for treating erectile dysfunction under the name Cialis; and under the name Adcirca for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.


Sodium selenide

An inorganic sodium salt having selenide as the counterion.


isoproturon

A member of the class of phenylureas that is 1,1-dimethylurea substituted by a p-cumenyl group at position 3. A selective, systemic herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.


dimethyl maleate

A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with methanol. It is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.


ilomastat

An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor


amarogentin

A secoiridoid glycoside that consists of (4aS,5R,6R)-5-ethenyl-6-hydroxy-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-1H,3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-1-one having a  2-O-[(3,3',5-trihydroxybiphenyl-2-yl)carbonyl]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl group attached at position 6 via a glycosidic linkage.


A hexapeptide consisting of L-tyrosine, L-lysine, L-histidine, L-proline and  L-isoleucine amino acid residues coupled in sequence and in which the amino group of the L-tyrosyl residue is substituted by a (pyridin-3-ylcarbonyl)nitrilo group and in which the L-lysyl side chain amino group is substituted by a {N(2)-[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]-L-arginyl}nitrilo group. It is a potent angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2 receptor) agonist.


nitisinone

A cyclohexanone that is cyclohexane-1,3-dione substituted at position 2 by a 2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl group. It is used in the treatment of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1.


EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor

An EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the function of histone deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.98).


aurantio-obtusin

A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,3,7-trihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 8, and by a methyl group at position 6.


dopaminergic antagonist

A drug that binds to but does not activate dopamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists.


fluocinolone acetonide

A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.


A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.


dabigatran

An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug  dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.


dinitrophenyl-human serum albumin conjugate


A retinoid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the methyl group at position 9 is replaced by a 4-methylphenyl group. It is an inhibitor of activator protein-1 which exhibits antitumour effects in vivo.


A tetrachlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1, 2, 4 and 5.


bilobalide

A terpenoid trilactone found in extracts of Ginkgo biloba.


mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate

A phthalic acid monoester obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-ethyl-5-oxohexan-1-ol.


(+)-dihydromyricetin

An optically active form of dihydromyricetin having (2R,3R)-configuration.


diethyl ether

An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.


BAY 60-6583

A member of the class of cyanopyridines that is 6-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-sulfanylpyridine in which the hydroxy and sulfanyl hydrogens are replaced by cyclopropylmethyl and carboxamidomethyl groups respectively.


methyl 4-methoxycinnamate

An alkyl cinnamate obtained by the formal condensation of carboxy group of 4-methoxycinnamic acid with methanol.


cisatracurium

A diester that is the (1R,1'R,2R,2'R)-diastereoisomer of atracurium, a quaternary ammonium ion  consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxy functions bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.  The active species in the skeletal muscle relaxant cisatracurium besylate.


radicicol

An antifungal macrolactone antibiotic, obtained from Diheterospora chlamydosporia and Chaetomium chiversii that inhibits protein tyrosine kinase and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90).


canthaxanthin

A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'.


dinoseb

A  racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dinoseb.


xanthone

The parent compound of the xanthone class consisting of xanthene bearing a single oxo substituent at position 9.


oxolane

A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.


naphthazarin

A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 8 are replaced by hydroxy groups.


nirogacestat

A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole substituted by a 1-[(2,2-dimethylpropyl)amino]-2-methylpropan-2-yl group at position 1 and a {N-[(2S)-6,8-difluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]-L-norvalyl}amino group at position 4. It is a gamma-secretase inhibitor whose hydrobromide salt is indicated for adult patients with progressing desmoid tumours who require systemic treatment.


Iodobenzene substituted at C-2 and -4 with nitro groups.


thiophenes

Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.


keto-L-sorbose

A ketohexose often involved in the commercial production of vitamin C. It has been found to occur naturally in grapes.


Cefadroxil monohydrate

The hydrate that is the monohydrate of the cephalosporin cefadroxil.


bambuterol

A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.


filipin III

A macrolide that is the major component of a mixture of four isomeric polyene macrolides isolated from Streptomyces filipinensis.


kalopanaxsaponin A

A triterpenoid saponin that is hederagenin attached to a 2-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the stem bark of Kalopanax pictus.


Macrocyclon

A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.


bongkrekic acid

A tricarboxylic acid that is docosa-2,4,8,10,14,18,20-heptaenedioic acid substituted at positions 2 ,5 and 17 by methyl groups, at positions 6 by a methoxy group and at position 20 by a carboxymethyl group. It is produced by the bacterium Burkholderia gladioli and implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness involving coconut and corn-based products in Indonesia and China.


diflorasone

The 16beta-analogue of flumethasone. It is used as the 17,21-diacetate as a topical anti-inflammatory and antipruritic in the treatment of various skin disorders.


tetracyclines

A subclass of polyketides having an octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide skeleton, substituted with many hydroxy and other groups.


trierixin

A 21-membered macrocycle isolated from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp.AC654. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.


depsipeptide

A natural or synthetic compound having a sequence of amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues (usually alpha-amino and alpha-hydroxy acids), commonly but not necessarily regularly alternating.


triptorelin

An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-tryptophyl, leucyl, arginyl, prolyl and glycinamide residues joined in sequence. It is an agonist analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone.


L-lysine zwitterion

An L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of L-lysine; major species at pH 7.3.


furazolidone

A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.


olodaterol

A member of the class of benzoxazine that is 6-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a (1R)-1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) for long-term treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease including chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema.


1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanamine, N,N'-bis((2-chlorophenyl)methyl)-, dihydrochloride, trans-


3-hydroxyisovaleric acid

A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is isovaleric acid substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group. Used as indicator of biotin deficiency.


Sodium Metabisulfite

An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.


O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol

A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.


etazolate

A pyrazolopyridine that is 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 5 by ethyl, 2-isopropylidenehydrazino, and ethoxycarbonyl groups, respectively. A phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor with antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.


flumequine

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.


rocaglamide

An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8b, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 8, a 4-methoxyphenyl group at position 3a, a phenyl group at position 3 and a N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl group at position 1. Isolated from Aglaia odorata and Aglaia duperreana, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.


Saxagliptin hydrate

A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of anhydrous saxagliptin. Used for the treatment of Type II diabetes.


p-anisidine

A substituted aniline that is aniline in which the hydrogen para to the amino group has been replaced by a methoxy group. It is used as a reagent for the detection of oxidation products such as aldehydes and ketones in fats and oils.


3-hydroxybenzoic acid

A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from Taxus baccata. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of plasticisers, resins, pharmaceuticals, etc.


2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid monocyclohexyl ester


Phosphoric acid, 2-methylphenyl diphenyl ester


alpha-tocopheryloxyacetic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol in which the hydroxy group at position 6 is replaced by a carboxymethoxy group. It is a nonhydrolyzable ether analog of vitamin E that exhibits anticancer properties.


A member of the class of thiocyanates that is 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by the sulfur of a cyanosulfanediyl (-SC#N) group. It has been found to induce the expression of the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein GRP78 (78 kDa glucose-regulated protein, BiP, a highly conserved member of the 70 kDa heat shock protein family) leading to an attenuation of the unfolded protein response. It protects neuronal cells and retinal cells from endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress induced cell death.


corynoline

A benzophenanthridine alkaloid that is chelidonine substituted by a methyl group at position 13. Isolated from the aerial parts of Corydalis incisa, it acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and also exhibits antineoplastic and hepatoprotective activity.


A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside in which the nucleobase component is specified as adenine.


3-mercaptopropanoic acid

A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.


stanozolol

An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.


asiatic acid

A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is ursane substituted by a carboxy group at position 28 and hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3 and 23 (the 2alpha,3beta stereoisomer). It is isolated from Symplocos lancifolia and Vateria indica and exhibits anti-angiogenic activity.


nevadensin

A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 8 and 4' and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7 respectively.


lipoarabinomannan

A glycolipid comprising a glycosylphosphatidyl-myo-inositol-anchored lipoglycan; a virulence factor associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.


norwogonin

A trihydroxyflavone with the hydroxy groups at positions C-5, -7 and -8.


Barium Sulfate

A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.


Ac-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro-OH

A tetrapeptide that is Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro in which the N-terminal amino group carries an acetyl group. It is selective inhibitor of primitive haematopoietic cell proliferation and exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and pro-angiogenic properties.


chloromethylisothiazolinone

A 1,2-thiazole that is 4-isothiazolin-3-one bearing a methyl group on the nitrogen atom and a chlorine at C-5. It is a powerful biocide and preservative and is the major active ingredient in the commercial product Kathon(TM).


erucic acid

A docosenoic acid having a cis- double bond at C-13. It is found particularly in brassicas - it is a major component of mustard and rapeseed oils and is produced by broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kale, and wallflowers.


An aryl thiol that is thiophenol substituted at position 2 by an amino group.


beta-eudesmol

A carbobicyclic compound that is trans-decalin substituted at positions 2, 4a, and 8 by 2-hydroxypropan-2-yl, methyl and methylidene groups, respectively (the 2R,4aR,8aS-diastereoisomer).


rivastigmine

A carbamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of ethyl(methyl)carbamic acid with the phenolic OH group of 3-[(1S)-1-(dimethylamino)ethyl]phenol. A reversible cholinesterase inhibitor.


propachlor

An anilide that consists of 2-chloroacetanilide bearing an N-isopropyl substituent.


pyrvinium

A quinolinium ion that is 1-methylquinolinium substituted by dimethylamino group at position 6 and a (E)-2-(2,5-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)ethenyl at position 2. It is a  anthelminthic drug active against pinworms. The salts of pyrvinium can also be used as anticancer agents.


Sucroferric oxyhydroxide

An iron oxide of nanoparticulate size and poor crystallinity. It is a mineral commonly found in soil and freshwater environments and forms a core structural component in the Fe-buffering ferritin protein. It is also used in the sequestration of heavy element contaminants, and is a precursor of haematite and goethite.


indole-3-butyric acid

A indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is butanoic acid carrying a 1H-indol-3-yl substituent at position 1.


5H-Indeno(1,2-C)isoquinoline-9-sulfonamide, 6,11-dihydro-N-(3-(4-morpholinyl)propyl)-5-oxo-, methanesulfonate (1:1)


Flunixin Meglumine

An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.


A diamine in which the two amino groups are substituted into toluene at the 2- and 5-positions.


kurarinol

A trihydroxyflavanone that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7, 2' and 4' , a methoxy group at position 5 and a (2S)-5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)hexyl group at position 8 respectively.


deferasirox

A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.


3-[(4-anilino-2-methoxyphenyl)sulfamoyl]-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid methyl ester


butoconazole

A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl]butyl group. An antifungal agent, it is used as its nitrate salt in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.


3-bromoacetylamino benzoic acid ethyl ester


jaceosidin

A trihydroxyflavone that is flavone with hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 4' and methoxy groups at positions 3' and 6. Isolated from Salvia tomentosa and Artemisia asiatica, it exhibits anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory and apoptosis inducing activties.


harman

An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.


hycanthone

A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.


A member of the class of thiadiazolidines that is 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by a benzyl group at position 4. It is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). An experimental compound which was being developed for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease.


altenusin

A carboxybiphenyl that is [biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at positions 3, 4' and 5', methoxy group at position 5 and a methyl group at position 2'. It is a a metabolite isolated from Alternaria  and several other fungal species.


motixafortide

A heterodetic cyclic peptide that has antineoplastic activity. It is a CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) antagonist with an IC50 value of 0.8 nM and is currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of hematological malignancies, solid tumors, and stem cell mobilization. It was granted orphan drug designation by the FDA for the treatment of pancreatic cancer in 2019.


schizophyllan

An exopolysaccharide produced by the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune, consisting of a 1,3-beta-D-glucan backbone with 1,6-beta-D-glucosyl side chains; a multipurpose compound applicable in many fields, including the food industry and pharmacy.


peptide nucleic acid

Nucleic acids where the sugar-phosphate backbone has been replaced by a neutral polyamide backbone such as N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine units.


cudratricusxanthone A

A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3, 6 and 8, an isoprenyl group at position 1 and a 2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl group at position 5. It is isolated from the root barks of Cudrania tricuspidata and exhibits cytotoxicity towards human cancer cell lines.


dihydrolipoic acid

A  thio-fatty acid that is reduced form of lipoic acid. A potent antioxidant shown to directly destroy superoxide, hydroperoxy and hydroxyl radicals; also has neuroprotective and anti-tumour effects.


SB 415286

A member of the class of maleimides carrying 3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylamino and 2-nitrophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively.


Interleukin1 receptor antagonist (human isoform x reduced),N2-L-methionyl-(9CI)


lasofoxifene

A member of the class of tetralins that is 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 6 are replaced by 4-[2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl and phenyl groups, respectively (the 5R,6S-stereoisomer). It is a selective estrogen receptor modulator indicated for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.


cannabidiolic acid

A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is olivetolic acid in which the hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a 3-p-mentha-1,8-dien-3-yl (limonene) group.


epothilone A

An epithilone that is epothilone C in which the double bond in the macrocyclic lactone ring has been oxidised to the corresponding epoxide (the 13R,14S diastereoisomer).


cabergoline

An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.


2-hydroxyoleic acid

A 2-hydroxy fatty acid that is  oleic acid  which carries a hydroxy group at position 2. It is an orally bioavailable synthetic hydroxylated fatty acid which modulates the lipid content of cancer cell membranes and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in several cancer cell lines.


A member of the class of benzofurans consisting of a 1-benzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.


Metanil yellow

An organic sodium salt having 3-[(4-anilinophenyl)diazenyl]benzene-1-sulfonate as the counterion. Used in one variant of Masson's trichrome to stain collagen yellow in contrast to the red muscle, but is not in common used.


A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted by an amino group at position 2, 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group at position 6, and by a (tert-butylcarbamoyl)nitrilo group at position 7. It is a selective ATP competitive inhibitor of the human fibroblast growth factor-1 receptor (FGFR1) tyrosine kinase with an IC50 of 52.4 nM.


plaunotol

A diterpenoid that is geranylgeraniol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 18.


A primary amino compound that is p-phenylenediamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the benzene ring is replaced by a nitro group. It is a cosmetic hair dye intermediate that is used in permanent hair colouring products (diluted 1:1 with an oxidising agent prior to application).


A triacyl lipopeptide that is the pentapeptide Cys-Ser-Lys-Lys-Lys-Lys in which the side-chain thiol hydrogen on the Cys residue has been replaced by a 2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl group.


An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.


(S)-goitrin

A 5-ethenyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione that has S-configuration. It is a constituent of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Radix isatidis.


3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-yl acetate

A monoterpenoid that is the acetate ester of linalool. It forms a principal component of the essential oils from bergamot and lavender.


ageladine A

An imidazopyridine that is 1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2-amine substituted by a 4,5-dibromo-1H-pyrrol-2-yl group at position 4. It is an alkaloid isolated from a marine sponge Agelas nakamurai and acts as an inhibitor of the matrix metalloproteinases, the key enzymes involved in tumour growth, migration, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis.


spiromesifen

A butenolide that is but-2-en-4-olide bearing a 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group at position 3, a 3,3-dimethylbutyryloxy group at position 4 and a spiro-fused cyclopentyl ring at position 5.


glucosinolate

Water-soluble anionic substituted thioglucosides. Glucosinolates have a central C atom which is bonded via an S atom to a glycone group and via an N atom to a sulfonated oxime group, and which also carries a side-group. The side-chain and sulfate group have an anti stereochemical configuration across the C=N double bond.


L-proline betaine

An amino acid betaine that is L-proline zwitterion in which both of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups.


fominoben

Any compound containing morpholine as part of its structure.


digitoxigenin

A 5beta-cardenolide that is 5beta-cardanolide with hydroxy substituents at the 3beta- and 14beta-positions and double bond unsaturation at C(20)-C(22).


maculosin

A  homodetic cyclic peptide that is a dipeptide composed of L-proline and L-tyrosine joined by peptide linkages.


pentane

A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.


cefoxitin

A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.


tectoridin

A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is  tectorigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.


(N-propargyl-(3R) aminoindan-5-yl)-ethyl methyl carbamate


asperuloside

A iridoid monoterpenoid glycoside isolated from Galium verum.


gamma-valerolactone

A butan-4-olide that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 5. It has been found in the urine samples of humans exposed to n-hexane.


procyanidin B3

A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (+)-catechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' in alpha-configuration. It can be found in red wine, in barley, in beer, in peach or in Jatropha macrantha, the Huanarpo Macho.


A primary alcohol that is hexan-1-ol substituted by an ethyl group at position 2.


A member of the class of pryrazoles that is 4-amino-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid in which the primary amino group has been acylated by a 2,6-dichlorobenzoyl group and in which the carboxylic acid has been converted into a carboxamide by formal condensation with the primary amino group of 4-aminopiperidine.


amidotrizoic acid

A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.


A substituted spermine that is spermine in which a hydrogen attached to each of the primary amino groups has been replaced by an ethyl group.


A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group 2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol.


EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor

An EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4).


dehydrocostus lactone

An organic heterotricyclic compound and guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone that is acrylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4-hydroxy-3,8-bis(methylene)decahydoazulen-5-yl group and in which the hydroxy group and the carboxy group have undergone formal condensation to afford the corresponding gamma-lactone.


A sulfonamide that is 5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens of the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.


oligomycin A

An oligomycin with formula C45H74011. An inhibitor of mitochondrial F1FO ATP synthase that induces apoptosis in a variety of cell types and exhibits antifungal, antitumour, and nematicidal activities, but its clinical application has been limited by poor solubility in water and other biocompatible solvents.


(+)-sesamin

A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.


Sodium propionate

An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.


iooxitalamic acid

An  organoiodine compound that is 2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3 and a (2-hydroxyethyl)carbamoyl group at position 5. It is used as a contrast medium.


LCL161 is a small molecule inhibitor of IAPs that has potent antitumour activity in a range of solid tumours. In HCC, response to LCL161 therapy has shown to be mediated by Bcl-2 expression.


camphor

A cyclic monoterpene ketone that is bornane bearing an oxo substituent at position 2. A naturally occurring monoterpenoid.


2-benzamido-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-5-benzimidazolecarboxylic acid methyl ester


pinocembrin

A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. A natural product found in Piper sarmentosum and Cryptocarya chartacea.


A (4Z)-7-{5-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy]-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-3-oxocyclopentyl}hept-4-enoic acid in which the stereocentres at positions 1, 2 and 5 have S-, S- and R-configuration respectively.


kaempferol 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside

A kaempferol O-glucoside that is  kaempferol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.


fluxapyroxad

An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methylpyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 3',4',5'-trifluorobiphenyl-2-amine. Used to control a number of cereal fungal pathogens including those belonging to the Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Zygomycetes families.


tubastatin A

A pyridoindole that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole which is substituted on the tetrahydropyridine nitrogen by a methyl group and on the indole nitrogen by a p-[N-(hydroxy)aminocarbonyl]benzyl group. It is a histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) inhibitor that is selective against all the other isozymes (1000-fold) except HDAC8 (57-fold).


capivasertib

An aminopiperidine that is piperidine substituted by 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl, amino, and [(1S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl]aminocarbonyl groups at positions 1, 4, and 4, respectively. It is a pan-AKT kinase inhibitor used in combination with fulvestrant for the treatment of adult patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer with one or more PIK3CA/AKT1/PTEN-alterations.


alkaloid

Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is  exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids.


4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid

A dioxo monocarboxylic acid that is heptanoic acid in which oxo groups replace the hydrogens at positions 4 and 6. It is an abnormal metabolite of the tyrosine metabolic pathway and a marker for type 1 tyrosinaemia.


gallein

A xanthene dye that is fluoran carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 3', 4', 5' and 6'.


orientin

A C-glycosyl compound that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 8.


fondaparinux

A synthetic pentasaccharide which, apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, consists of monomeric sugar units which are identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate.


cabazitaxel

A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is 10-deacetylbaccatin III having O-methyl groups attached at positions 7 and 10 as well as an O-(2R,3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl group attached at position 13. Acts as a microtubule inhibitor, binds tubulin and promotes microtubule assembly and simultaneously inhibits disassembly.


kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-galactoside

A beta-D-galactoside compound with a 4',5,7-trihydroxychromen-3-yl group at the anomeric position.


edifenphos

An organic thiophosphate that is the O-ethyl-S,S-diphenyl ester of phosphorodithioic acid.  Used to control a variety of fungal diseases on rice including blast, ear blight and stem rot. Edifenphos is moderately toxic to mammals and fish but poses more of a risk to aquatic invertebrates.


ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate

An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid with ethanol. It is the anti-oxidative component of peanut seed testa.


cirsilineol

A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 7 and 3' and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4' respectively.