2-phenylethylamine receptor activity

Combining with the biogenic amine 2-phenylethylamine to initiate a change in cell activity.


polyamine binding

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binding to a polyamine, an organic compound containing two or more amino groups.


putrescine binding

Binding to putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane, the polyamine formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.


detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


soluble molecule recognition

The recognition of soluble molecules in the environment.


bulbus arteriosus formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the bulbus arteriosus from unspecified parts. The bulbus arteriosus is an elastic chamber of the heart.


Catalysis of the reaction: testosterone + donor-H2 + O2 = 6-beta-hydroxytestosterone + H2O.


midbrain-hindbrain boundary structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary structure. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.


regulation of transcription of nucleolar large rRNA by RNA polymerase I

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of nuclear large rRNA mediated by RNA polymerase I.


nucleolar chromatin organization

Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of nucleolar chromatin.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan = UDP + alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan.


pronuclear migration

The directed movement of the male and female pronuclei towards each other prior to their fusion.


monoatomic anion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monoatomic anions within an organism or cell. Monatomic anions (also called simple anions) are anions consisting of exactly one atom.


negative regulation of nodal signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nodal signaling pathway.


regulation of synaptic transmission, glycinergic

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycinergic synaptic transmission. Glycinergic synaptic transmission is the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glycine.


regulation of nervous system development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.


vitamin A biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid. Animals cannot synthesize vitamin A de novo, but form it through oxidative cleavage of carotenoids.


membrane raft distribution

The process that establishes the spatial arrangement of membrane rafts within a cellular membrane.


regulation of buoyancy

Any process that modulates an organism's tendency or ability to rise or float in a fluid medium such as water or air, often through the use of stored gases.


interleukin-4 binding

Binding to interleukin-4.


cardiac neuron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac neuron over time, from its formation to the mature state.


eurydendroid cell differentiation

The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature eurydendroid cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a eurydendroid cell fate. A eurydendroid cell is an efferent neuron found in the cerebellar cortex of teleosts.


disaccharide binding

Binding to a disaccharide. Disaccharides are sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.


pore complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A protein complex providing a discrete opening in a membrane that allows the passage of gases and/or liquids.


positive regulation of wound healing

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.


regulation of intestinal lipid absorption

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal lipid absorption.


regulation of metaphase plate congression

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of metaphase plate congression, the alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the spindle.


leukocyte chemotaxis involved in immune response

The movement of an immune cell in response to an external stimulus a part of an immune response.


primary piRNA processing

The process involved in converting precursor piRNAs into non-overlapping, contiguous primary piRNAs (approximately 24-30-nt piRNAs with a preference for a 5' uridine (U) via the endonucleolytic activity of cytosolic PIWI. This may include pre-piRNA maturation of 3' ends by trimming and 2'-O-methylation.


tyrosine binding

Binding to 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.


monocarboxylic acid binding

Binding to a monocarboxylic acid, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).


ATP-activated inward rectifier potassium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an inwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel, where the inward rectification is due to a voltage-dependent block of the channel pore by ATP. An inwardly rectifying current-voltage relation is one where at any given driving force the inward flow of K+ ions exceeds the outward flow for the opposite driving force.


melanocyte proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of melanocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A melanocyte is a pigment cell derived from the neural crest. It contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which give a brown to black appearance.


ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex

A complex for the transport of metabolites into and out of the cell, typically comprised of four domains; two membrane-associated domains and two ATP-binding domains at the intracellular face of the membrane, that form a central pore through the plasma membrane. Each of the four core domains may be encoded as a separate polypeptide or the domains can be fused in any one of a number of ways into multidomain polypeptides. In Bacteria and Archaebacteria, ABC transporters also include substrate binding proteins to bind substrate external to the cytoplasm and deliver it to the transporter.


regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in axis elongation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of planar cell polarity pathway involved in axis elongation.


detoxification of hydrogen peroxide

Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide. These include transport of hydrogen peroxide away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration.


protein-disulfide reductase (NAD(P)) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein-dithiol + NAD(P)+ = protein-disulfide + NAD(P)H + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: benzo(a)pyrene + O2 = benzo(a)pyrene-cis-9,10-dihydrodiol.


benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: benzo(a)pyrene + O2 = benzo(a)pyrene-cis-7,8-dihydrodiol.


positive regulation of cortical granule exocytosis by positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cortical granule exocytosis by directing movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into the cytosol.


regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polarized epithelial cell differentiation.


atrial cardiac muscle cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an atrial cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The atrium is the part of the heart that receives blood into the organ.


epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an epithelial cell that characterize the cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.


positive regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation.


negative regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation.


regulation of ERAD pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ERAD pathway.


mRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation

Splicing of mRNA substrates via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons.


calcium-dependent cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a calcium-dependent cysteine-type endopeptidase, any enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds in polypeptides by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile in a calcium-dependent manner.


tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphotyrosyl groups formed as covalent intermediates (in DNA backbone breakage) between a DNA topoisomerase and DNA.


negative regulation of hemopoiesis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.


regulation of cell projection size

A process that modulates the size of a cell projection.


UBC13-UEV1A complex

A heterodimeric ubiquitin conjugating enzyme complex that catalyzes assembly of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains and is involved in NF-kappaB activation. In humans at least, the complex comprises the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC13 and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme variant 1A (UEV1A).


rhodopsin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving rhodopsin, a brilliant purplish-red, light-sensitive visual pigment found in the rod cells of the retinas.


type 2 neuropeptide Y receptor binding

Binding to a type 2 neuropeptide Y receptor.


type 4 neuropeptide Y receptor binding

Binding to a type 4 neuropeptide Y receptor.


serotonin transport

The directed movement of serotonin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems.


manganese ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of manganese ions within an organism or cell.


Catalysis of the reaction: cytolipin-H + CMP-N-acetylneuraminate = alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide + CMP. Alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide is also known as GM3.


opioid receptor binding

Binding to an opioid receptor.


IgM immunoglobulin complex

A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgM isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and in its circulating form complexed with J chain in polymeric forms. An IgM immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.


tubulin-glycine ligase activity

Catalysis of the posttranslational transfer of one or more glycine residues to a specific glutamate residue on a target tubulin molecule; acts on alpha or beta tubulin.


symbiont-mediated activation of host NF-kappaB signal transduction

A process that initiates, promotes, or enhances a host NF-kappaB-mediated signaling cascade. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


protein palmitoleylation

The covalent attachment of a palmitoleyl group to a protein.


regulation of compound eye pigmentation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of a pattern of pigment in the compound eye.


tachykinin receptor activity

Combining with a tachykinin neuropeptide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.


negative regulation of lens fiber cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lens fiber cell differentiation.


Binding to 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), a naturally occurring mixed anhydride. It is an intermediate in the formation of a variety of sulfo compounds in biological systems.


hindbrain formation

The process that gives rise to the hindbrain. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.


regulation of extracellular matrix constituent secretion

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell or a group of cells.


heparan sulfate sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + heparan sulfate = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + sulfated heparan sulfate.


central nervous system maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the central nervous system to attain its fully functional state. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.


anal fin morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the anal fin are generated and organized. An anal fin is an unpaired medial fin on the ventral aspect near the caudal end of a fish, which provides lateral stability while swimming.


pteridine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pteridine, pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine), the parent structure of pterins and the pteroyl group.


developmental process

A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition.


regulation of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation.


melatonin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine).


NAD binding

Binding to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; binding may be to either the oxidized form, NAD+, or the reduced form, NADH.


galactosylceramide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.


regulation of endodermal cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation.


regulation of neuroinflammatory response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response.


negative regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of luteinizing hormone.


retinal binding

Binding to retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina.


growth hormone-releasing hormone activity

The action characteristic of growth hormone-releasing hormone, any of a family of peptide hormones that act on the anterior pituitary to stimulate the secretion of growth hormone and exert a trophic effect on the gland.


regulation of response to food

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a food stimulus.


endocardial cell development

The progression of an endocardial cell over time, from its formation to the mature cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart.


regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart valve morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell proliferation that contributes to the shaping of a heart valve.


regulation of male mating behavior

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male mating behavior.


detection of pheromone

The series of events in which a pheromone stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell. Neuromast hair cells are the sensory receptors of the neuromast and are located in a portion of the neuromast called the sensory strip. Each hair cell of the neuromast is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. There are approximately seven hair cells within each neuromast, with each hair cell innervated by afferent and efferent neurons.


CNBH domain intrinsic ligand binding

Interacting selectivity and noncovalently with a cyclic nucleotide mimicking protein motif that is part of the same protein. The CNBHD is a domain on KCNH channels that creates a binding pocket on the KCNH channel that resembles the cyclic nucleotide- binding domain on other ion channels. It binds to a peptide motif that is part of the same protein rather than a cyclic nucleotide.


negative regulation of plasminogen activation

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.


negative regulation of epiboly involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epiboly involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second.


glucuronokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucuronate + ATP = 1-phospho-alpha-D-glucuronate + ADP + 2 H+.


ABC-type protein transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + protein(out) = ADP + phosphate + protein(in).


regulation of transmission of nerve impulse

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.


regulation of wound healing

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.


phagolysosome assembly involved in apoptotic cell clearance

The process in which a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, fuses with a lysosome as a part of apoptotic cell clearance.


negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.


regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.


vitelline envelope

A glycoprotein-based structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the egg before fertilization.


pancreatic A cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic A cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.


CD154 receptor binding

Binding to CD154, a receptor found on the surface of some activated lymphocytes.


serine O-acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the serine molecule.


peptidyl-serine octanoylation

The octanoylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O3-octanoyl-L-serine, typical of the protein ghrelin.


frontonasal suture morphogenesis

The process in which the frontonasal suture, between frontal and nasal bones, is generated and organized.


regulation of lymphocyte proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation.


asynchronous neurotransmitter secretion

Release of neurotransmitter at the synapse that persists for tens to hundreds of milliseconds after action potential invasion.


germ-line stem cell division

The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the gametes.


response to vitamin D

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin D stimulus.


amino-acid betaine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of betaine from one side of a membrane to the other. Betaine is the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.


motilin receptor binding

Binding to a motilin receptor.


CBM complex

A protein complex comprising Bcl10, MALT1 and a CARD domain-containing protein (CARD9, CARD10 or CARD11); plays a role in signal transduction during NF-kappaB activation.


response to cobalt ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cobalt ion stimulus.


response to manganese ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a manganese ion stimulus.


regulation of myoblast fusion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast fusion.


Catalysis of the reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + H2O + NADP+ = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + CO2 + H+ + NADPH.


CD40 receptor binding

Binding to CD40, a receptor found on the surface of all B-lymphocytes.


DNA strand elongation

The DNA metabolic process in which an existing DNA strand is extended by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand.


DNA polymerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1); the synthesis of DNA from deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a nucleic acid template and a 3'hydroxyl group.


thymocyte migration

The movement of a thymocyte through distinct intrathymic niches (e.g. medulla, cortex), where it receives a unique set of developmental cues required for T-cell development.


negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.


regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, wakefulness

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the wakeful phase of the circadian sleep/wake cycle. The wakeful phase is the part of the circadian sleep/wake cycle where the organism is not asleep.


open rectifier potassium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an open rectifier voltage-gated channel. An open rectifier current-voltage relationship is one in which the direction of rectification depends on the external potassium ion concentration.


prostacyclin receptor activity

Combining with prostacyclin (PGI(2)) to initiate a change in cell activity.


establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system.


regulation of microtubule depolymerization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.


basement membrane disassembly

The controlled breakdown of the basement membrane in the context of a normal process such as imaginal disc eversion.


thigmotropism

The movement of an organism, or part of an organism, such as leaves or tendrils, in response to a touch stimulus, usually toward or away from it.


thromboxane A2 receptor activity

Combining with thromboxane A2 (TXA(2)) and transmitting the signal across the membrane to activate an associated G-protein.


biotin binding

Binding to biotin (cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid), the (+) enantiomer of which is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.


regulation of serine-type endopeptidase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type endopeptidase activity.


positive regulation of pancreatic A cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic A cell differentiation.


positive regulation of synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction.


axon regeneration at neuromuscular junction

The regrowth of axons following their loss or damage at the neuromuscular junction. Motor axons regenerate after injury and they form neuro-muscular junctions with skeletal myofibers similar to normal ones.


atrial cardiac muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell in the atrium. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The atrium is the part of the heart that receives blood into the organ.


pancreatic D cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic delta cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A delta cell is a cell of the pancreas that produces somatostatin.


lateral line nerve glial cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a lateral line glial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


regulation of cardiac chamber formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation.


neuromast hair cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuromast hair cell. Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the neuromast and are located in a portion of the neuromast called the sensory strip. Each hair cell of the neuromast is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. There are approximately seven hair cells within each neuromast, with each hair cell innervated by afferent and efferent neurons.


cellular response to alcohol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus.


neuropeptide Y receptor binding

Binding to a neuropeptide Y receptor.


core-binding factor complex

A heterodimeric transcription factor complex that contains an alpha subunit (Runx1, Runx2 or Runx3 in human) that binds DNA and a non-DNA-binding beta subunit (CBFbeta), and binds to a consensus sequence 5'-YGYGGTY-3' found in several enhancers and promoters; the beta subunit enhances the DNA binding of the alpha subunit.


neuroblast delamination

The negative regulation of cell adhesion process in which a neuroblast splits off of a neurectodermal sheet.


embryonic anal fin morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the embryonic anal fin are generated and organized. An anal fin is an unpaired medial fin on the ventral aspect near the caudal end of a fish, which provides lateral stability while swimming.


all-trans-retinol binding

Binding to all-trans-retinol.


oleic acid binding

Binding to oleic acid, the 18-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid (9Z)-octadec-9-enoic acid.


subthalamus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the subthalamus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The subthalamus is the anterior part of the diencephalon that lies between the thalamus, hypothalamus, and tegmentum of the mesencephalon, including subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta, the fields of Forel, and the nucleus of ansa lenticularis.


anterior lateral line nerve development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the anterior lateral line nerve over time, form its formation to the mature structure. The anterior lateral line nerve contains efferent axons that innervate hair cells of the ALL and afferent axons that project to an octavolateralis column in the hindbrain. The octavolateralis column consists of the medial octavolateralis nucleus (MON), the caudal octavolateralis nucleus, and the magnocellular nucleus.


negative regulation of axial mesodermal cell fate specification

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axial mesoderm cell fate specification.


paraxial mesodermal cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a paraxial mesoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


cardioblast cell midline fusion

The attachment of cardiac progenitor cells to one another that contributes to the formation of the heart rudiment.


endodeoxyribonuclease complex

A protein complex which is capable of endodeoxyribonuclease activity.


DNA recombinase complex

A protein-DNA complex consisting of a higher-order oligomer of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) on single-stranded DNA.


double-stranded DNA endonuclease activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within a double-stranded DNA molecule by creating internal breaks.


somatic diversification of immune receptors via germline recombination within a single locus

The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through recombination of the germline genetic elements within a single genetic locus.


posterior commissure morphogenesis

Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the midbrain towards target cells in the diencephalon.


negative regulation of anterior neural cell fate commitment of the neural plate by Wnt signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate at which a cell adopts an anterior neural cell fate, initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell.


early neuron differentiation in forebrain

The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of neurons. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


cellular response to vitamin A

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin A stimulus.


mesodermal-endodermal cell signaling

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from mesodermal cells to endodermal cells.


dendrite guidance

The process in which the migration of a dendrite is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


peptide receptor activity

Combining with an extracellular or intracellular peptide to initiate a change in cell activity.


positive regulation of inositol phosphate biosynthetic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of inositol phosphate biosynthesis. Inositol phosphate biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.


embryonic pelvic fin morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the pelvic fin are generated and organized. The pelvic fins are bilaterally paired fins mounted in a ventral-lateral position on most fish. These fins are used primarily for lateral mobility and propulsion.


inner ear sensory epithelium regeneration

The regrowth of lost or destroyed inner ear sensory epithelia.


regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in regulation of contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell contributing to the regulation of its contraction.


nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3

A protein that is a translation product of the human NR1I3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


ketone body

A carbonyl compound produced as a water-soluble byproduct when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver. There are three endogenous ketone bodies: acetone, acetoacetic acid, and (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid; others may be produced as a result of the metabolism of synthetic triglycerides.


multicellular organism

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell.


NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1

A protein that is a translation product of the human MT-ND1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


hepatic oval stem cell

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A transient hepatic stem cell observed after liver injury with a high nuclear to cytoplasm ratio that can differentiate into mature hepatocytes and bile duct cells. Arises from more than one tissue.


N(alpha)-methyl-L-tryptophan zwitterion

An N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion derived from N(alpha)-methyl-L-tryptophan.


entinostat

A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of the pyridin-3-ylmethyl carbamate derivative of p-(aminomethyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an inhibitor of histone deacetylase isoform 1 (HDAC1) and isoform 3 (HDAC3).


pentanal

A saturated fatty aldehyde composed from five carbons in a straight chain.


A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]sulfonyl and tert-butyl groups at position 1 and 4, respectively. It is an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells (IC50 = 10 muM) and prevents the activation of NF-kappaB.


A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.


L-methionine

The L-enantiomer of methionine.


A member of the class of  phenols that phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 5.


mesalamine

A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.


belinostat

A hydroxamic acid-type histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with antineoplastic activity.


A nitroarene that is  fluorene substituted by a nitro group at position 2.


A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.


An alpha-diketone that is pentane substituted at the 2- and 3-positions by oxo groups.


N-nitrosoureas

A nitroso compound that is any urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group


Nitrophenols

Any member of the class of  phenols or substituted phenols carrying  at least 1 nitro group.


nonanal

A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.


thymol

A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.


A retinoid that is all-trans-retinol in which the hydrogens at position 4 have been replaced by an oxo group.


8-hydroxyoctanoic acid

An omega-hydroxy fatty acid that is caprylic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group is replaced by a hydroxy group.


3beta-hydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid

A steroid acid resulting from the oxidation of one of the terminal methyl groups of cholesterol to the corresponding aldehyde.


meldonium

An ammonium betaine that is beta-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a trimethylamino group. A clinically used cardioprotective drug that is used for treatment of heart failure, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, atherosclerosis and diabetes.


naphthalenes

Any benzenoid aromatic compound having a skeleton composed of two ortho-fused benzene rings.


Aloe emodin

A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is  chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.


glycodeoxycholic acid

A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.


D-monapterin

A neopterin in which the 1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl side-chain is in 1S,2S configuration.


(S)-nornicotine

A pyridine alkaloid that is nicotine lacking the methyl group on the pyrrolidine nitrogen.


Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7)

An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.


monoethylglycinexylidide

Amino acid amide formed from 2,6-dimethylaniline and N-ethylglycine components; an active metabolite of lidocaine, formed by oxidative deethylation. Used as an indicator of hepatic function.


quinoxaline

A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.


malondialdehyde-low density lipoprotein, human


glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

An aldotriose phosphate that is the 3-phospho derivative of glyceraldehyde. It is an important metabolic intermediate in several central metabolic pathways in all organisms.


A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.


1,7-dimethyluric acid

An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione substituted by methyl groups at N-1 and N-7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and is often found in human urine samples.


kynurenine

A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.


aloin

A diastereoisomeric mixture of aloin A (barbaloin) and aloin B (isobarbaloin), which have similar properties. It is a bitter-tasting, yellow-brown colored compound found in the exudate of at least 68 Aloe species at levels of up to 6.6% of leaf dry weight (making between 3% and 35% of the total exudate), and in another 17 species at indeterminate levels. It is used as a stimulant-laxative, treating constipation by inducing bowel movements.


dinitrogen oxide

A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.


Sodium Sulfite

An inorganic sodium salt having sulfite as the counterion.


moxifloxacin

A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.


A sialotriaosylceramide consisting of beta-D-GalNAc-(1->4)-[alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)]-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc attached to the primary hydroxy function of ceramide(d18:1/24:1(15Z)).


indoprofen

A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)phenyl group. Initially used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic, it was withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been subsequently found to increase production of the survival motor neuron protein.


glabridin

A member of the class of  hydroxyisoflavans that is (R)-isoflavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2' and 4' and a 2,2-dimethyl-2H-pyran group across positions 7 and 8 respectively.


trans-4-coumaric acid

The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.


Benzaldehyde substituted at the ortho-position with a nitro group.


physcion

A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 8, a methoxy group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 6. It has been widely isolated and characterised from both terrestrial and marine sources.


anthrarobin

An anthracenetriol having the three hydroxy substituents at the 1-, 2- and 10-positions.


A dec-2-enal in which the olefinic double bond has E configuration.


isoimperatorin

A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 5. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.


Rubidium chloride

An inorganic chloride composed of rubidium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio.


helenalin

A sesquiterpene lactone that is 3,3a,4,4a,7a,8,9,9a-octahydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2,5-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 4a and 8 and a methylidene group at position 3 (the 3aS,4S,4aR,7aR,8R,9aR stereoisomer).


estazolam

A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.


creatine

A glycine derivative having methyl and amidino groups attached to the nitrogen.


A nucleobase analogue that is cytosine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a hydroxymethyl group.


A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.


saracatinib

A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by (5-chloro-2H-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)amino, (oxan-4-yl)oxy and 2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy groups at positions 4, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a dual inhibitor of the tyrosine kinases c-Src and Abl (IC50 = 2.7 and 30 nM, respectively). Saracatinib was originally developed by AstraZeneca for the treatment of cancer but in 2019 it was granted orphan drug designation by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a type of lung disease that results in scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs.


hydroxylamine

The simplest hydroxylamine, consisting of ammonia bearing a hydroxy substituent. It is an intermediate in the biological nitrification by microbes like bacteria.


diphenylacetic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by two phenyl groups respectively.


A member of the class of phenylacetaldehydes that is phenylacetaldehyde in which a hydrogen alpha to the aldehyde carbonyl group has been replaced by a methyl group. The major species at pH 7.3.


A C21-steroid hormone that is 5alpha-pregnane substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 20. It is a metabolite of progestrone.


(5alpha)-3-oxocholestan-26-oic acid

A cholestanoid that is (5alpha)-cholestan-26-oic acid in which the hydrogens at position 3 are replaced by an oxo group.


sapropterin

A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).


BILIVERDIN

A linear tetrapyrrole produced in the reticuloendothelial system by the first step of heme degradation, catalysed by heme oxygenase.


all-trans-dehydroretinal

A retinal which contains an additional double bond between the 3 and 4 positions of the six-membered ring, and in which all of the double bonds in the side chain have the E-configuration.


cyclopentanol

The simplest member of the class of  cyclopentanols bearing a single hydroxy substituent. The parent of the class of cyclopentanols.


An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.


polyamine

Any organic amino compound that contains two or more amino groups.


A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2' ,4, 4', and 6' respectively.


doxercalciferol

A hydroxy seco-steroid and synthetic vitamin D2 analogue that undergoes metabolic activation in vivo to form 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 (1alpha,25-(OH)2D2), a naturally occurring, biologically active form of vitamin D2. It is used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism, a condition in which the body produces excess parathyroid hormone (PTH; a natural substance needed to control the amount of calcium in the blood) in certain people with chronic kidney disease.


duroquinone

A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.


The hydroxypyrimidine that is pyrimidine mono-substituted at C-2 by a hydroxy group.


A pentahydroxyflavone that is luteolin with an additional hydroxy group at position 6.


The (13S)-diastereomer of 13-dihydrodaunorubicin.


A dimethylnaphthalene carrying methyl groups at positions 2 and 6.


benzamidoxime

A member of the class of amidoximes obtained by formal condensation of the carbonyl group of benzamide with hydroxylamine.


The 2,3,5,6-isomer of tetrachlorophenol


A retinoid that is all-trans-retinal carrying an oxo substituent at position 4 on the cyclohexenyl ring.


tetrastearoyl cardiolipin

A cardiolipin derivative in which all four of the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as stearoyl (octadecanoyl).


cefixime

A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.


acenaphthylene

A ortho- and peri-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon that occurs in coal tar.


1-naphthaleneacetic acid

A naphthylacetic acid substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 1.


lipoamide

A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of lipoic acid with ammonia.


sulfadiazine

A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.


A 2-pentenal in which the double bond has (E)-configuration. It is found in cigarette smoke, virgin olive oil, and milk.


A secondary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.


A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.


ortho-vanillin

A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is  salicylaldehyde substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.


dauricine

A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid resulting from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 4-{[(1R)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl]methyl}phenol by attachment of the phenolic oxygen of one molecule to the benzene ring of the second (ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group of the latter).


N-acetyl-S-phenyl-L-cysteine

The S-phenyl derivative of N-acetyl-L-cysteine. It is a urinary metabolite of benzene and used as a biomarker to assess benzene exposure.


3-phenylpropionic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 3 by a phenyl group.


hydratropic acid

A 2-arylpropionic acid carrying a phenyl group at position 2. It is a metabolite of alpha-methylstyrene (AMS), a volatile hydrocarbon.


A retinoid that is all-trans-retinal carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the cyclohexenyl ring.


S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine

An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.


2,3-dimethylsuccinic acid

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid substituted by two methyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively.


A retinoid derived from 3,4-desaturation of the beta-ionone ring of all-trans-retinol.


ecgonine methyl ester

The O-debenzoyl analogue of cocaine.


A 4,5-dihydrocortisone that has beta- configuration at position 5.


reactive nitrogen species

A family of nitrogen molecular entities which are highly reactive and derived from nitric oxide (.NO) and superoxide (O2.(-)) produced via the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and NADPH oxidase respectively.


prostaglandin B1

A member of the class of prostaglandins B that is prosta-8(12),13-dien-1-oic acid carrying oxo and hydroxy substituents at positions 9 and 15 respectively (the 13E,15S-stereoisomer).


A member of the class of furans that is furan in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.


valerophenone

An aromatic ketone that consists of benzene substituted by a pentanoyl group.


A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by a methyl substituent at C-3 and by hydroxy groups at C-1, C-2 and C-8.


3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropionic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. Also known as dihydrocaffeic acid, it is a metabolite of caffeic acid and exhibits antioxidant activity.


cyclopentanone

A cyclic ketone that consists of cyclopentane bearing a single oxo substituent.


1-piperideine-6-carboxylic acid

A tetrahydropyridine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine having a carboxy group at the 2-position.


An ortho-fused bicyclic arene comprising of benzene and cyclopentene rings.


An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of chloroacetic acid with the amnio group of 2,6-diethylaniline.


A steroid aldehyde that is cortisol carrying a formyl group at position 18.


N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine

A L-arginine derivative  having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.


A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is (2E)-hept-2-ene which is carrying an oxo group at position 1. Found in the peel of Malaysian pink and white pomelo peel and in the scent gland secretion of the rice stink bug Oebalus pugnax.


An indoleacetaldehyde that is acetaldehyde in which one of the methyl hydrogens are replaced by a indol-3-yl group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the metabolism of tryptophan.


A heptadienal in which the two double bonds are located at positions 2 and 4 (the E,E-geoisomer).


7-oxolithocholic acid

A bile acid that is lithocholic acid carrying an additional oxo substituent at position 7.


N-arachidonoylserotonin

An N-acylserotonin obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the primary amino group of serotonin.


9-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid

A hydroxyoctadecanoic acid that is octadecanoic acid (stearic acid) which has been substituted by a hydroxy group at position 9.


S-methylcysteine

A cysteine derivative that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur is replaced by a methyl group.


4-formylbenzoic acid

A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by a formyl group at position 4.


benzyl alcohols

Compounds containing a phenylmethanol skeleton.


2-hydroxyestradiol 3-methyl ether

A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a hydroxy group and the phenolic hydrogen at position 3 has bee replaced by a methyl group.


isovaleric acid

A C5, branched-chain saturated fatty acid.


sulfoglycolithocholic acid

The 3-O-sulfo derivative of glycolithocholic acid.


glycolithocholic acid

The glycine conjugate of lithocholic acid.


dihydrosanguinarine

A benzophenanthridine alkaloid obtained by selective hydrogenation of the 13,14-position of sanguinarine.


An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.


phenylglyoxylic acid

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is glyoxylic acid in which the aldehyde hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.


HEMATOPORPHYRIN

A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.


3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid

An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.


Gly-Gln zwitterion

A peptide zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino terminus of Gly-Gln.


2,2-dimethylsuccinic acid

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid substituted by two methyl groups at positions 2 and 2 respectively.


diclofenac beta-D-glucosiduronic acid

A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid (beta-D-glucuronide) that is a metabolite of diclofenac.


methylisothiazolinone

A 1,2-thazole that is 4-isothiazolin-3-one bearing a methyl group on the nitrogen atom. It is a powerful biocide and preservative and is the minor active ingredient in the commercial product Kathon(TM).


3-[[2-(2-pyridinyl)-6-(1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-3-yl)-4-pyrimidinyl]amino]propanoic acid ethyl ester


The (2S,3R)-stereoisomer of 1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole.


fraxetin

A hydroxycoumarin that is 6-methoxycoumarin in which the hydrogens at positions 7 and 8 have been replaced by hydroxy groups.


glafenine

A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.


mocetinostat

A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).


nabumetone

A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.


manganese tetrakis-(N-methyl-2 pyridyl) porphyrin


ponatinib

A benzamide obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-3-ylethynyl)-4-methylbenzoic acid with the anilino group of 4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. It is a multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets ABL, SRC, FGFR, and others and was designed to overcome the resistance of BCR-ABL mutation to imatinib, in particular the gatekeeper mutation ABL(T315I).


surfactant

A substance which lowers the surface tension of the medium in which it is dissolved, and/or the interfacial tension with other phases, and, accordingly, is positively adsorbed at the liquid/vapour and/or at other interfaces.


ciguatoxin CTX1B

A ciguatoxin comprising a sequence of twelve trans-fused six-, seven-, eight- and nine-membered rings and a spiro-fused five-membered ring. A commonly encountered fish toxin.


phloroglucinol

A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.


chloropicrin

A C-nitro compound that is nitromethane in which all three hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. It is a severe irritant, and can cause immediate, severe inflammation of the eyes, nose and throat, and significant injuries to the upper and lower respiratory tract. Formerly stockpiled as a chemical warfare agent, it has been widely used in the US as a soil fumigant, particularly for strawberry crops. It is not approved for use within the European Union.


roflumilast

A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-(difluoromethoxy)benzoic acid with the amino group of 3,5-dichloropyridin-4-amine. Used for treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.


A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is 2-aminobutanoic acid which is substituted at position 4 by a hydroxy(methyl)phosphoryl group.


casticin

A tetramethoxyflavone that consists of quercetagetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6, 7 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It has been isolated from Eremophila mitchellii.


ribose

Any aldopentose where the open-chain form has all the hydroxy groups on the same side in the Fischer projection. Occurrs in two enantiomeric forms, D- and L-ribose, of which only the former is found in nature.


A chloropropane-1,2-diol that is propane-1,2-diol substituted by a chloro group at position 3.


ginsenoside Rb1

A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is ginsenoside Rd in which the beta-D-glucopyranoside group at position 20 is replaced by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside group.


picoxystrobin

An enoate ester that is the methyl ester of (2E)-3-methoxy-2-[2-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid.  A cereal fungicide used to control a wide range of diseases including brown rust, tan spot, powdery mildew and net blotch.


methapyrilene

A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.


tiagabine

A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.


A 2-monoglyceride where the acyl group is hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl).


fenoxycarb

A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.


A primary alcohol that is ethanol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a butoxy group. A high-boiling (171degreeC) colourless liquid, it is used as a solvent for paints and inks, as well as in some dry cleaning solutions.


panobinostat

A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-3-[4-({[2-(2-methylindol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor used (as its lactate salt) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma.


mercury dibromide

A mercury coordination entity composed of mercury and bromine with the formula HgBr2.


bromochloroacetic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.


A dinitrotoluene carrying nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6.


quercitrin

A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.


(-)-demecolcine

A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.


kenpaullone

An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).


picolinic acid

A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.


diethanolamine

A member of the class of ethanolamines that is ethanolamine having a N-hydroxyethyl substituent.


An amino-nitrotoluene that is 4,6-dinitrotoluene substituted at position 2 by an amino group.


fluoranthene

An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a naphthalene and benzene unit connected by a five-membered ring.


Thallium(I) acetate

An acetate salt comprising equal numbers of acetate and thallium ions.


cantharidin

A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria.  Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.


quinomethionate

A dithioloquinoxaline that results from the formal condensation of 6-methylquinoxaline-2,3-dithiol with phosgene. It has been used as a fungicide and acaricide for the control of mites and powdery mildew on citrus, vegetables, and walnuts, but is not approved for use in the EU.


zaragozic acid A

A polyketide isolated from fungi that is a potent inhibitor of fungal and mammalian squalene synthase.


teflubenzuron

A N-acylurea that is N-carbamoyl-2,6-difluorobenzamide substituted by a 3,5-dichloro-2,4-difluorophenyl group at the terminal nitrogen atom.


A vinyl polymer composed of repeating -CH2-CR- units where R is a 2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl group.


vancomycin

A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.


hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside

A monosaccharide derivative that is  hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.


cephaeline

A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having a hydroxy group at the 6'-position and methoxy substituents at the 7'-, 10- and 11-positions.


plerixafor

An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.


clobetasol

A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.


xanthohumol

A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from Humulus lupulus, it induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells.


carnosic acid

An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 11 and 12 and a carboxy group at position 20. It is isolated from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and common sage (Salvia officinalis) and exhibits anti-angiogenic, antineoplastic, antioxidant and anti-HIV activity.


adefovir pivoxil

An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.


dibenzothiophene

A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.


undecane

A straight-chain alkane with 11 carbon atoms.


A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.


alpha-phellandrene

One of a pair of phellandrene cyclic monoterpene double-bond isomers in which both double bonds are endocyclic (cf. alpha-phellandrene, where one of them is exocyclic).


gatifloxacin

A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.


A fatty amide obtained by the formal condensation of arachidonic acid with 2-chloroethanamine. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor (Ki = 1.4 nM) and also has a low affinity for the CB2 receptor (Ki = 3100 nM).


iberin

An isothiocyanate that is 1-isothiocyanatopropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a methylsulfinyl group. A glucosinolate hydrolysis product found in many members of the Brassicaceae family, it is a quorum-sensing inhibitor (QSI) of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa.


mitogen

A chemical substance that encourages a cell to commence cell division, triggering mitosis.


alpha-pinene

A pinene that is bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 6 and 6 respectively.


Any mixture of complex, colloidal, macromolecular plant galacturonans containing a large proportion of D-galactopyranosyluronic acid residues in alpha-(1->4) linkage, the carboxy groups of which may be esterified to varying degrees by methyl groups or be partially or completely converted into salts. The structure shown is that of the parent polygalacturonan.


mutagen

An agent that increases the frequency of mutations above the normal background level, usually by interacting directly with DNA and causing it damage, including base substitution.


flusilazole

An organosilicon compound that is dimethylsilane in which the hydrogens attached to the silicon are replaced by p-fluorophenyl groups and a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups is replaced by a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group. It is a broad-sepctrum fungicide used to protect a variety of crops.


A member of the class of cyclopentanols carrying 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl and 4-chlorobenzylidene and geminal dimethyl substituents at positions 1, 2 and 5 respectively.


(-)-antofine

An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is (13aR)-9,11,12,13,13a,14-hexahydrodibenzo[f,h]pyrrolo[1,2-b]isoquinoline substituted at positions 2, 3 and 6 by methoxy groups. It is an alkaloid produced by relatives of the milkweed family and exhibits antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antiadipogenic and antitumorigenic activities.


iohexol

A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.


An isoquinolinol that is isoquinoline in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by hydroxy groups.


protein-bound polysaccharide K, Basidiomycetes


An amino-nitrotoluene that is 2,6-dinitrotoluene substituted at position 4 by an amino group.


climbazole

A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-climbazole. It is a topically applied antifungal agent used to treat human fungal skin infections.


iopromide

A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.


perfluorooctanesulfonamide

A perfluorinated compound that is perfluorooctane in which one of the terminal fluorines has been replace by a sulfamoyl group.


folpet

A member of the class of phthalimides that is phthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethylthio group. An agricultural fungicide, it has been used to control mildew, leaf spot, and other diseases in crops sice the 1950s.


lonafarnib

A 4-{2-[4-(3,10-dibromo-8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}piperidine-1-carboxamide that has R configuration. It is used as oral farnesyltransferase inhibitor.


bosutinib

An aminoquinoline that is 4-[(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino]-7-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy]quinoline bearing additional cyano and methoxy substituents at positions 3 and 6 respectively.


An organobromine compound that consists of pentanedinitrile bearing bromo and bromomethyl substituents at position 2.


toxin

Poisonous substance produced by a biological organism such as a microbe, animal or plant.


bathocuproine disulfonic acid

A phenanthroline that consists of 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl groups at position 2 and 9 as well as two 4-sulfophenyl groups at positions 4 and 7.


dibenzofuran

A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.


kojic acid

A pyranone that is 4H-pyran substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5, a hydroxymethyl group at position 2 and an oxo group at position 4. It has been isolated from the fungus Aspergillus oryzae.


L-ethionine

An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.


icariside II

A glycosyloxyflavone that is 3,5,7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-8-prenylflavone in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted into its alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside.


A diketone that is hexane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5. It is a toxic metabolite of hexane and of 2-hexanone


perflubron

A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.


chloroprene

A macromolecule composed of repeating (2Z)-2-chlorobut-2-ene-1,4-diyl units.


thifluzamide

An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-methyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)thiazole-5-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dibromo-4-(trifluoromethoxy)aniline. Used to control Rhizoctonia spp. diseases on rice, potatoes, maize, grass and other crops.


lucanthone

A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.


pateamine

A marine macrodiolide that is isolated from the sponge Mycale hentscheli and exhibits anticancer and antiviral properties


Cobalt sulfate

A compound of cobalt and sulfate in which the ratio of cobalt (+2 oxidation state) to sulfate is 1:1.


propazine

A  diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-di(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.


An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively


lignan

Any phenylpropanoid  derived from phenylalanine via dimerization of substituted cinnamic alcohols, known as monolignols, to a dibenzylbutane skeleton. Note that while individual members of the class have names ending ...lignane, ...lignene, ...lignadiene, etc., the class names lignan, neolignan, etc., do not end with an "e".


marinobufagenin

A cardiotonic steroid secreted by the toad Bufo rubescens and other related species such as Bufo marinus. An endogenous Na/K-ATPase inhibitor, it is a vasoconstrictor with effects similar to digitalis.


antipyrine

A  pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.


solasodine

An oxaspiro compound and steroid alkaloid sapogenin with formula C27H43NO2 found in the Solanum (nightshade) family. It is used as a precursor in the synthesis of complex steroidal compounds such as contraceptive pills.


daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside

A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is  daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).


An N-nitro compound that is 1,3,5-triazinane in which all three of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogens have been replaced by nitro groups. It is widely used in both industrial and military explosives.


diallyl disulfide

An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.


lenvatinib

A member of the class of quinolines that is the carboxamide of 4-{3-chloro-4-[(cyclopropylcarbamoyl)amino]phenoxy}-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxylic acid. A multi-kinase inhibitor and orphan drug used (as its mesylate salt) for the treatment of various types of thyroid cancer that do not respond to radioiodine.


fenamidone

A member of the class of imidazolones that is 3,5-dihydroimidazol-4-one substituted at position 2 by a methylthiogroup, at position 3 by an anilino group and at position 5 by phenyl and methyl groups (the S-enantiomer). A fungicide effective against Oomycete diseases such as downy mildew and certain leaf spot diseases.


Iron-nickel oxide

A mixed metal oxide with formula Fe2NiO4.


roxarsone

An organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl.


ranolazine

A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.


silychristin

A flavonolignan isolated from Silybum marianum and has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activities against lipoxygenase and prostaglandin synthetase.


cumene

An alkylbenzene that is benzene carrying an isopropyl group.


minocycline zwitterion

A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the 2-hydroxy group to the 1-amino group of minocycline. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).


usnic acid

A member of the class of  dibenzofurans that is dibenzo[b,d]furan-1(9bH)-one substituted by acetyl groups at positions 2 and 6, hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 and methyl groups at positions 8 and 9b.


thrombin receptor-activating peptide SFLLRNPNDKY


lactone

Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.


sufentanil

An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.


LAPACHOL

A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone substituted by hydroxy and 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl groups at positions 2 and 3, respectively. It is a natural compound that exhibits antibacterial and anticancer properties, first isolated in 1882 from the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae.


benzotriazole

The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.


chloroacetic acid

A chlorocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid carrying a 2-chloro substituent.


cryptolepine

An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-indolo[3,2-b]quinoline in which the hydrogen at position N-5 is replaced by a methyl group.


A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2 and 4.


prometryn

A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-di(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a methylsulfanediyl group at position 6.


linezolid

An organofluorine compound that consists of 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one bearing an N-3-fluoro-4-(morpholin-4-yl)phenyl group as well as an acetamidomethyl group at position 5. A synthetic antibacterial agent that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to a site on 23S ribosomal RNA of the 50S subunit and prevents further formation of a functional 70S initiation complex.


scoparone

A member of the class of coumarins that is esculetin in which the two hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by methoxy groups. It is a major constituent of the Chinese herbal medicine Yin Chen Hao, and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-tumor activities.


picloram

A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a chloro group at positions 3,5 and 6, and by an amino group at position 4. It is a systemic herbicide used to control deeply rooted herbaceous weeds and woody plants in rights-of-way, forestry, range lands, pastures, and small grain crops.


A nucleoside analogue that is cytidine which carries a hydroxy group at the N(4)-positon. It has broad-spectrum antiviral activity against influenza, SARS-CoV , SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV.


EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor

An EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor that inhibits H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase, EC 3.6.3.10. Such compounds are also known as proton pump inhibitors.


A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-3. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 15-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.


tannin

Any of a group of astringent polyphenolic vegetable principles or compounds, chiefly complex glucosides of catechol and pyrogallol.


wogonin

A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.


glycidyl methacrylate

An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of methacrylic acid with the hydroxy group of glycidol.


metacetamol

A derivative of phenol which has an acetamido substituent located meta to the phenolic -OH group. It is a non-toxic regioisomer of paracetamol with analgesic properties, but has never been marketed as a drug.


testosterone-3-carboxymethyloxime-bovine serum albumin conjugate


doramapimod

A member of the class of pyrazoles that is an immunomodulator used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and psoriasis.


An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.


spiroxamine

The spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone with 3-[ethyl(propyl)amino]propane-1,2-diol. An inhibitor of ergosterol synthesis, it is a broad spectrum agricultural fungicide used particularly against powdery mildew in the production of cereals, bananas and grapes.


coumermycin A1

A hydroxycoumarin antibiotic that is obtained from Streptomyces rishiriensis and exhibits potent antibacterial and anticancer activity.


levofloxacin

An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.


carbonyl sulfide

A one-carbon compound in which the carbon atom is attached to an oxygen and a sulfur atom via double bonds.


A triamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by morpholin-4-yl groups while the third hydrogen has been replaced by a 2-(difluoromethyl)benzimidazol-1-yl group. It is an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.


omega-hydroxy fatty acid

Any member of the class of naturally-occurring straight-chain fatty acids n carbon atoms long with a carboxyl group at position 1 and a hydroxyl at position n (omega).


cefetamet

A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.


ceric oxide

A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.


stevioside

A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America.


anticholesteremic drug

A substance used to lower plasma cholesterol levels.


hexaconazole

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-hexaconazole. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the 1980s, it is not approved for use within the European Union.


pyriproxyfen

An aromatic ether that consists of propylene glycol having a 2-pyridyl group at the O-1 position and a 4-phenoxyphenyl group at the O-3 position.


An apo carotenoid triterpenoid compound arising from oxidative degradation of the beta,beta-carotene skeleton at the 8'-position.


saponin

A glycoside that is a compound containing one or more hydrophilic glycoside moieties combined with a lipophilic triterpenoid or steroid derivative. Found in particular abundance in plant species.


dieckol

A phlorotannin isolated from a brown alga Ecklonia cava which exhibits antioxidant, hepatoprotective and anticoagulant activities.


semicarbazide

A monocarboxylic acid amide that is urea where one of the amino groups has been replaced with hydrazine.


boscalid

A pyridinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-chloronicotinic acid with the amino group of 4'-chlorobiphenyl-2-amine. A fungicide active against a broad range of fungal pathogens including Botrytis spp., Alternaria spp. and Sclerotinia spp. for use on a wide range of crops including fruit, vegetables and ornamentals.


PARAFORMALDEHYDE

A macromolecule composed of repeating methyleneoxy units arising from polymerisation of formaldehyde.


esmolol

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.


A polymer composed of repeating cis-2-methylbut-2-ene units.


acephate

A  phosphoramide that is  methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.


triterpene

A C30 terpene.


bromate salt

Any salt that has chlorate, [BrO3](-), as the anionic component.


chitosan

An aminoglycan consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked D-glucosamine residues.


selumetinib

A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positions 4, 5, and 6 by fluorine, (4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl)amino, and N-(2-hydroxyethoxy)aminocarbonyl groups, respectively. It is a MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitor.


trans-astringin

A stilbenoid that is piceatannol substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.


THIACLOPRID

The (Z)-stereoisomer of thiacloprid.


rubiadin

A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 3 and a methyl group at position 2. It has been isolated from Rubia yunnanensis.


alexidine

An amphipathic bisbiguanide with a structure consisting of two (2-ethylhexyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.


chlorothalonil

A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.


nitric acid

A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.


A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-15. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 3-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.


tetradecane

A straight chain alkane consisting of 14 carbon atoms.


beauvericin

A trimeric cyclodepsipeptide composed from alternating methylphenylalanyl and hydroxyvaleryl residues.


isoorientin

A flavone C-glycoside consisting of luteolin having a beta-D-glucosyl residue at the 6-position.


mycotoxin

Poisonous substance produced by fungi.


An aromatic amino-acid zwitterion arising from deprotonation of the carboxy and 3-hydroxy groups asell as protonation of the amino group of the cationic 3-(3,4-dihydroxypyridinium-1-yl)-L-alanine; major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).


prothioconazole

A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prothioconazole. A fungicide for use both as a seed treatment and foliar spray to treat a variety of diseases in cereals.


fluazinam

A member of the class of aminopyridines that is 2-amino-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-chloro-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A fungicide used to control grey mould, downy mildew and other fungal pathogens.


Ammonium Acetate

An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.


A dibenzopyran that is Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol which is lacking the hydroxy group and in which the pentyl group at position 3 has been replaced by a 1,1-dimethylbutyl group. A potent and highly selective CB2 receptor agonist.


dutasteride

An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.


(2R)-2-[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl]-2-oxiranecarboxylic acid ethyl ester


Compounds based on a fused 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.


quizartinib

A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which one of the amino groups has been substituted by a 5-tert-butyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group while the other has been substituted by a phenyl group substituted at the para- position by an imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]benzothiazol-2-yl group that, in turn, is substituted at position 7 by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethoxy group.


A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and methyl groups at positions 3' and 5'. Isolated from the buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus, it has been shown to exhibit inhibitory effects on the viral neuraminidases from two influenza viral strains, H1N1 and H9N2.


A member of the class of triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole which is substituted at position 1 by a 1-(p-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylpent-1-en-2-yl group.


A nitroalkane that is propane substituted at C-1 by a nitro group.


azadiradione

A  tetracyclic triterpenoid that is 4,4,8-trimethylandrosta-1,14-diene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 16, an acetoxy group at position 7 and a furan-3-yl group at position 17. Isolated from Azadirachta indica, it exhibits antimycobacterial and anti-inflammatory activities.


ginsenoside Rg2

A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.


St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution


aldehydo-D-allose

A D-allose in open-chain form.


cannabinoid receptor antagonist

An antagonist that binds to and deactivates cannabinoid receptors.


diethyl sulfate

The diethyl ester of sulfuric acid.


The simplest member of the class of neoflavones that is coumarin substituted by a phenyl group at position 4.


Augmentin

A mixture composed of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate; a broad-spectrum antibiotic. The potassium clavulanate component is particularly active against the clinically important plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases frequently responsible for transferred drug resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins.


fluorene

An ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon that is a major component of fossil fuels and their derivatives


eriodictyol

A tetrahydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.


fenpropidin

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenpropidin. A systemic fungicide, it is used for the control of foliar diseases in cereals and sugar beet.


2-methylpropanethioic acid S-[2-[[[1-(2-ethylbutyl)cyclohexyl]-oxomethyl]amino]phenyl] ester


sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate


methyl methacrylate

An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.


tibolone

Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.


A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having five galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions.


gamma-tocopherol

A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.


Calcium dichloride dihydrate

A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of calcium chloride.


A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.


hesperidin

A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.


An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)benzoic acid with the anilino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid. A selective RARalpha agonist.


emetine

A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.


morusin

An extended flavonoid that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 2' and 4', a prenyl group at position 3 and a 2,2-dimethyl pyran group across positions 7 and 8.


L-arginine

An L-alpha-amino acid that is the L-isomer of arginine.


A C-nitro compound in which the nitro group is attached at C-4 of m-cresol.


gamma-glutamyl-Se-methylselenocysteine

A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the gamma-carboxy group of glutamic acid with the amino group of Se-methylselenocysteine.


kahweol

A diterpenoid with formula C20H26O3, isolated from the beans of Coffea arabica. It exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenesis and anti-proliferative properties.


B 581

A dipeptide obtained from the tetrapeptide Cys-Val-Phe-Met by reduction of the amide carbonyl groups of the Cys and Val residues.


An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methylpyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-[1,1'-bi(cyclopropyl)-2-yl]aniline.


diamine

Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.


ethylbenzene

An  alkylbenzene carrying an ethyl substituent. It is a constituent of coal tar and petroleum.


albiflorin

A monoterpene glycoside with formula C23H28O11, originally isolated from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora.


cefmenoxime

A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, bearing a 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino group at the 7beta-position and a [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the 3-position.


NEOXANTHIN

A neoxanthin in which all of the double bonds have trans geometry except for that at the 9' position, which is cis.


nicorandil

A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.


wedelolactone

A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents as positions 1, 8 and 9 and a methoxy substituent at position 3.


myriocin

An amino acid-based antibiotic derived from certain thermophilic fungi; acts as a potent inhibitor of serine palmitoyltransferase, the first step in sphingosine biosynthesis. Myriocin also possesses immunosuppressant activity.


kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside

A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage.


gypenoside LXXV

A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta,  12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.


robinetin

A pentahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, 3, 4' and 5'.


A mononitrotoluene that is toluene carrying a nitro substituent at position 2.


metolazone

A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.


A glycophytoceramide having an alpha-D-galactosyl residue at the O-1 position and a hexacosanoyl group attached to the nitrogen.


quercetagetin

A hexahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 6, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.


cefuroxime

A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.


fenbuconazole

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenbuconazole. A fungicide used to control a range of diseases including powdery mildew, black rot and scab.


tetraconazole

A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-tetraconazole.  A fungicide used to control a range of fungal infections including powdery mildew, rusts, bunt, loose smut and scab.


isovitexin

A C-glycosyl compound that consists of apigenin substituted by a 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol moiety at position 6.


hexaflumuron

An N-acylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group, while a hycrogen attached to the other nitorgen is replaced by a 3,5-dichloro-4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl group.


tectorigenin

A methoxyisoflavone that is  isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 4' respectively.


dinophysistoxin 1

A ketal that is a marine toxin structurally related to okadaic acid.  Produced by dinoflagellates it is known to accumulate in shellfish and cause diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning. It is an inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and PP2A and has been shown to promote cancer cell growth in tumour cell lines and animal models.