response to methamphetamine hydrochloride

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methamphetamine hydrochloride stimulus.


response to monoamine

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monoamine stimulus. A monoamine is any of a group of molecular messengers that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.


brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


response to environmental enrichment

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the provision of a combination of complex inanimate and social stimulations in the organism's housing environment.


regulation of short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity

A process that modulates short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change in the short-term as circumstances require. Short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increasing or decreasing synaptic sensitivity.


negative regulation of striated muscle contraction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.


positive regulation of melanin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin.


mitotic actomyosin contractile ring

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments, myosin, and myosin-associated proteins that forms beneath the plasma membrane of many cells, including animal cells and yeast cells, in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the mitotic spindle, i.e. the cell division plane. Ring contraction is associated with centripetal growth of the membrane that divides the cytoplasm of the two future daughter cells. In animal cells, the mitotic contractile ring is located inside the plasma membrane at the location of the cleavage furrow. In budding fungal cells, e.g. mitotic S. cerevisiae cells, the mitotic contractile ring forms beneath the plasma membrane at the mother-bud neck before mitosis.


cellular response to cisplatin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cisplatin stimulus.


A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the omega-3 position, i.e., the third bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid.


A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.


coumaric acid

A monohydroxycinnamic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a hydroxyphenyl group at position 3.


A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.


tetramethylpyrazine

A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum  wallichii).


antirheumatic drug

A drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.


Sodium Fluoride

A metal fluoride salt with a Na(+) counterion.


carbon atom

An allotropic form of the element carbon with cubic structure which is thermodynamically stable at pressures above 6 GPa at room temperature and metastable at atmospheric pressure. At low pressures diamond converts rapidly to graphite at temperatures above 1900 K in an inert atmosphere. The chemical bonding between the carbon atoms is covalent with sp(3) hybridization.


Potassium Chromate

A potassium salt consisting of potassium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.


benazepril

A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.


triptonide

A diterpene triepoxide that is triptobenzene K in which the acylhydroquinone moiety has undergone oxidation to the corresponding triepoxyketone derivative. It has been isolated from the roots of Tripterygium wilfordii.


diethyl maleate

A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.


ionomycin

A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.


deguelin

A rotenone that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10, and by two methyl groups at position 3 (the 7aS,13aS-stereoisomer). It exists in abundant quantities in the bark, roots, and leaves of the Leguminosae family of plants and reported to exert anti-tumour effects in various cancers.


An aromatic amine that is diphenylmethane substituted at the 4-position of each benzene ring by an amino group.


A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.


domoic acid

An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).


ozone

An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.


oligomycin

Any of the 26-membered ring macrolides produced by Streptomyces species that can be toxic to other organisms through their ability to inhibit mitochondrial membrane-bound ATP synthases.


triclocarban

A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively.


cycloheximide

A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon  bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.


trimellitic anhydride

A 2-benzofuran compound having oxo groups at the 1- and 3-positions and a carboxy substituent at the 5-position; the cyclic anhydride formed from the carboxy groups at the 1- and 2-positions of trimellitic acid.


A dinitrotoluene in which the methyl group is ortho to one of the nitro groups and para to the other. It is the most common isomer of dinitrotoluene.


deoxynivalenol

A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.


N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea

A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.


aldicarb

The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.


temozolomide

An imidazotetrazine that is 3,4-dihydroimidazo[5,1-d][1,2,3,5]tetrazine which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 8 by methyl, oxo, and carboxamide groups, respectively. A prodrug for MTIC (5-(3-methyltriaz-1-en-1-yl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide, formed by spontaneous hydrolysis of temozolomide in the body), it is used as an oral alkylating agent for the treatment of newly diagnosed malignant  glioblastoma multiforme (concomitantly with radiotherapy) and malignant melanoma.


A bromoalkane consisting of cyclododecane bearing six bromo substituents at positions 1, 2, 5, 6, 9 and 10.


trovafloxacin

A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and  6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.


streptozocin

An N-nitrosourea that is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces achromogenes. It is used as an antineoplastic agent and to induce diabetes in experimental animals.


Cupric Oxide

A metal oxide that has the formula CuO. It has an ionic structure.


antimycin A

A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.


Ammonium Chloride

An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.


Oxaliplatin

A platinum coordination entity that is a commonly used chemothrepeutic drug for treatment of colorectal cancer.


fragrance

A substance, extract, or preparation for diffusing or imparting an agreeable or attractive smell.


Aroclor 1254

A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).


bafilomycin A1

The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.


clothianidin

An N-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroguanidine having a (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 3.


D-penicillamine

An optically active form of penicillamine having D-configuration. Pharmaceutical form (L-form is toxic) of chelating agent used to treat heavy metal poisoning.


A secondary nitroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a nitro group. Mainly used as a solvent (b.p. 120degreeC).


silibinin

A flavonolignan isolated from milk thistle, Silybum marianum, that has been shown to exhibit antioxidant and antineoplastic activities.


methoxyacetic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group.


Cidofovir dihydrate

The dihydrate of the anhydrous form of cidofovir. A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.


alendronic acid

A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.


lipopolysaccharide, Escherichia coli O111 B4


Imatinib Mesylate

A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.


Potassium Cyanide

A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of potassium cations and cyanide anions.


Potassium Dichromate

A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.


midostaurin

An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.


ethyl methanesulfonate

A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.


melphalan

A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.


A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.


organic molecule

Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity.


pentetrazol

An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.


butyric acid

A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.


N-methyl-N-nitrosourea

A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.


Lithium Chloride

A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.


Maneb

A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.


PD 0325901

A hydroxamic acid ester that is benzhydroxamic acid (N-hydroxybenzamide) in which the hydroxamic acid group has been converted to the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and in which the benzene ring has been substituted at position 2 by a (2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino group and at positions 3 and 4 by fluorines (the R enantiomer).


griseofulvin

An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.


Zinc Acetate

An acetate salt in which the cationic component is zinc(2+).


dorsomorphin

A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.


benzoates

A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any benzoic acid.


diethyl malate

A malate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the two carboxy groups of malic acid with two molecules of ethanol respectively.


2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid

The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.


L-BMAA

A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methylamino group. A non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria, it is a neurotoxin that has been postulated as a possible cause of neurodegenerative disorders of aging such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC) syndrome of Guam.


An N-acylsphingosine consisting of sphing-4-enine bearing a hexanoyl group on nitrogen.


amlodipine

A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.


carfilzomib

A synthetic tetrapeptide consisting of morpholin-4-acetyl, L-2-amino-4-phenylbutanoyl, L-leucyl and L-phenylalanyl residues joined in sequence with the C-terminus connected to the amino group of (2S)-2-amino-4-methyl-1-[(2R)-2-methyloxiran-2-yl]-1-oxopentan-1-one via an amide linkage. Used for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma


(E)-nitenpyram

A nitenpyram in which the double bond has E configuration.


A naphthoic acid that is 6-phenylnaphthylene-2-carboxyic acid in which the phenyl substituent has been substituted at positions 3 and 4 by adamant-1-yl and hydroxy groups, respectively. It acts as a selective agonist of retinoic acid receptor (RAR)gamma and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various cancer cells.


3-nitropropanoic acid

A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.


delta-tocotrienol

A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2.


A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.


A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 5 position of each benzene ring are replaced by chlorines.


phosphane

The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.


senecionine

A pyrrolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant species of the genus Senecio.


A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.


pinostrobin

A  monohydroxyflavanone that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 and a methoxy group at position 7 respectively.


Glutamate monosodium salt

An optically active form of monosodium glutamate having L-configuration.


The active insecticidal constituents of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium flowers.


obeticholic acid

A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.


Sodium Selenite

An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.


cylindrospermopsin

A triazaacenaphthylene that is 2,2a,3,4,5,5a,6,7-octahydro-1H-1,8,8b-triazaacenaphthylene which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 7 by methyl, sulfooxy, and (2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-4-yl)(hydroxy)methyl groups, respectively (the 2aS,3R,4S,5aS,7R stereoisomer in which the carbon bearing the hydroxy group has R configuration). It is a cyanotoxin produced by several species of freshwater cyanobacteria, such as Aphanizomenon ovalisporum.


propiconazole

The cyclic ketal obtained by formal condensation of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethanone with pentane-1,2-diol. A triazole fungicide, it is used commercially as a diastereoisomeric mixture on soft fruit (including apricots, peaches, nectarines, plums and prunes), nuts (including peanuts, pecans and almonds), mushrooms, and grasses grown for seeds.


isoalantolactone

A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group. It has been isolated from Inula helenium.


ceruletide

A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.


saccharin

A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.


A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.


andrographolide

A labdane diterpenoid isolated from the leaves and roots of Andrographis paniculata that exhibits anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic properties.


sulindac sulfone

A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps.  Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.


N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine

An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position


gingerol

A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.


A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.


A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.


Abamectin

Mixture of 80% avermectin B1a and 20% avermectin B1b.


ACETAMIPRID

The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.


capecitabine

A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.


plumbagin

A  hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.


bucladesine

A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.


palbociclib

A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-{[5-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one bearing additional methyl, acetyl and cyclopentyl substituents at positions 5, 6 and 8 respectively. It is used in combination with letrozole for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.


phosgene

An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.


dimethyl sulfoxide

A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.


aldehydo-D-glucosamine

The open-chain form of D-glucosamine.


cucurbitacin I

A  cucurbitacin that is 9,10,14-trimethyl-4,9-cyclo-9,10-secocholesta-2,5,23-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 16, 20 and 25 and oxo groups at positions 1, 11 and 22.


p-cresol sulfate

An aryl sulfate that is p-cresol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a sulfo group.


N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester

An alpha-amino acid ester that is the methyl ester of N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine.


pirimiphos-methyl

An  organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a diethylamino group at position 2.


A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.


pemetrexed

An N-acylglutamic acid in which the N-acyl group is specified as 4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).


tamibarotene

A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the condensation of one of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid with the amino group of 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine.


vigabatrin

A gamma-amino acid having a gamma-vinyl GABA structure. It is an irreversible inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric 664 acid transaminase


catechol

A  benzenediol comprising of a benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents ortho to each other.


nocodazole

A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is benzimidalole which is substituted at position 2 by a (methoxycarbonyl)amino group and at position 5 by a 2-thienoyl group. It is an antineoplastic agent that exerts its effect by depolymerising microtubules.


A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.


4-nitroquinoline N-oxide

A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.


torin 1

A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 9-(quinolin-3-yl)benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-2-one bearing an additional 4-(4-propionylpiperazin-1-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent at position 1. It is a potent inhibitor of mTOR and exhibits anti-cancer properties.


A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.


DOXYCYCLINE

The monohydrate form of doxycycline. A semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic, it is used to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and treat non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis, exacerbations of bronchitis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and adult periodontitis.


rofecoxib

A butenolide that is furan-2(5H)-one substituted by a phenyl group at position 3 and by a p-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl group at position 4. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was used from 1999 to 2004 for the treatment of ostoarthritis, but was withdrawn following concerns about an associated increased risk of heart attack and stroke.


pyrimidines

Any compound having a pyrimidine as part of its structure.


An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.


carbamate

Any ester of carbamic acid or its N-substituted derivatives.


N-acetylsphingosine

A N-acylsphingosine that has an acetamido group at position 2.


A chloroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen from each of two adjacent carbons has been replaced by chlorines.


3-bromopyruvic acid

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine. Synthetic brominated derivative and structural analog of pyruvic acid. Highly reactive alkylating agent. Anti-cancer drug


ezetimibe

A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and  4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).


benzododecinium

A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of N-benzyl-N-methyldodecan-1-amine.


trabectedin

A tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid obtained from a Caribbean tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata. Used for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma and relapsed ovarian cancer.


Carboplatin

A platinum coordination entity with cis square-planar geometry in which  platinum(II) is coordinated to two ammonia ligands and a bidentate cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylate ligand.


A diester that is crocetin in which both of the carboxy groups have been converted to their gentiobiosyl esters. It is one of the water-soluble yellow-red pigments of saffron and is used as a spice for flavouring and colouring food. Note that in India, the term 'Crocin' is also used by GlaxoSmithKline as a brand-name for paracetamol.


thymoquinone

A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.


An aminopyridine that is 4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-amine substituted at position 5 by a 2,6-di(morpholin-4-yl)pyrimidin-4-y group. A selective PI3K inhibitor with anti-tumour properties.


trametinib

A pyridopyrimidine that is used (as its dimethyl sulfoxide addition compound) for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations, and who have not received prior BRAF inhibitor treatment.


nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2)

A nickel coordination entity with formula Ni3S2. Used in the manufacture of lithium batteries.


A member of the class of pyridines that is 5-ethyl-2-trifluoromethylpyridine in which the ethyl group is substituted at position 1 by an N-cyano-S-methylsulfonimidoyl group. The insecticide sulfoxalor is a mixture of the four possible stereoisomers arising from the two tetrahedral stereocentres.


rottlerin

A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.


Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.


2,2-diphenylpentanoic acid 2-(diethylamino)ethyl ester


heptanal

An n-alkanal resulting from the oxidation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of heptan-1-ol to the corresponding aldehyde. An endogenous aldehyde coming from membrane lipid oxidation, it is found in the blood of lung cancer patients and has been regarded as a potential biomarker of lung cancer.


celastrol

A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is 24,25,26-trinoroleana-1(10),3,5,7-tetraen-29-oic acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 2, a hydroxy substituent at position 3 and two methyl groups at positions 9 and 13. An antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Potently inhibits lipid peroxidation in mitochondria and inhibits TNF-alpha-induced NFkappaB activation. Also shown to inhibit topoisomerase II activity in vitro (IC50 = 7.41 muM).


alloxan

A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.


ribonucleoside

Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.


aldehydo-D-galactosamine

The open-chain form of D-galactosamine.


A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 9H-fluoren-4-yl group.


Cilazapril monohydrate

A hydrate that is the monohydrate of cilazapril. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.


Lead chromate

A chromium coordination entity comprising chromate and lead(2+) ions in a 1:1 ratio


clethodim

An oxime O-ether resulting from the formal conversion ot the acyclic keto group of 5-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-propionylcyclohex-2-en-1-one to the corresponding oxime with subsequent O-alkylation of the oxime by an (E)-3-chloroallyl group. It is used as a selective postemergence herbicide for the control of annual and perennial grasses in numerous crops, including alfalfa, celery, clover, conifers, cotton, cranberries, garlic, onions, ornamentals, peanuts, soybeans, strawberries, sugarbeet, sunflowers, and vegetables; the (-)-enantiomer has been reported to be more active than the (+)-enantiomer.


amphibole asbestos

A class of asbestos minerals that includes silicates of magnesium, iron, calcium, and sodium.


An anthracycline that is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin.


dihydroxyacetone

A ketotriose consisting of acetone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 3. The simplest member of the class of ketoses and the parent of the class of glycerones.


tocopherol

A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.


allyl alcohol

A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.


crizotinib

A  3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)


benzoquinones

Any quinone resulting from the formal oxidation of catechol, hydroquinone, or their C-substituted derivatives.


zileuton

A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a 1-[carbamoyl(hydroxy)amino]ethyl group. A selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, it inhibits the formation of leukotrienes LTB4, LTC4, LDT4, and LTE4. It is used for the management of chronic asthma.


COLISTIN

A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.


N-phosphocreatine

A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.


nonivamide

A capsaicinoid that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine with the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. It is the active ingredient in many pepper sprays.


cytochalasin D

An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.


A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.


Sodium aurothiomalate

An organic sodium salt which is the disodium salt of gold thiomalic acid, with a basic unit comprising two sodium cations and a divalent aurothiomalate anion.


A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.


abiraterone

A 3beta-sterol that is androsta-5,16-dien-3beta-ol substituted at position 17 by a 3-pyridyl group. Administered as the O-acetate, it is used for treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.


Malachite Green

An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.


dicloxacillin

A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.


candesartan

A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.


liquiritin

A flavanone glycoside that is  liquiritigenin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage.


A dialkyl ketone with methyl and pentyl as the alkyl groups.


The phenol that is the N-methyl derivative of 4-aminophenol.


alternariol

A benzochromenone that is 6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, and 9. It is the most important mycotoxin produced by the black mould Alternaria species, which are the most common mycoflora infecting small grain cereals worldwide.


amino acid

A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups.


albuterol

A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).


afatinib

A quinazoline compound having a 3-chloro-4-fluoroanilino group at the 4-position, a 4-dimethylamino-trans-but-2-enamido group at the 6-position, and an (S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy group at the 7-position. Used (as its dimaleate salt) for the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.


A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the exocyclic amino group on the purine fragment is carrying a butyryl substituent.


osimertinib

A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.


buprofezin

A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has Z configuration.


prodigiosin

A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.


carvone

A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.


A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of anhydrous tenovir.


An organic heterotricyclic compound that is pyrido[3',2':4,5]furo[3,2-d]pyrimidine substituted at positions 2 and 4 by 3-hydroxyphenyl and morpholin-4-yl groups respectively. A dual-kinase inhibitor with anti-cancer properties.


trimethaphan

A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension.


aclacinomycin A

An anthracycline antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces galilaeus and also has potent antineoplastic activity.


aphidicolin

A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.


excitatory amino acid agonist

An agent that binds to and activates excitatory amino acid receptors.


methamidophos

An organic thiophosphate resulting from the N-deacylation of the proinsecticide acephate.


An organic cation that is the conjugate acid of nimustine.


amifostine

An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.


carcinogenic agent

A role played by a chemical compound which is known to  induce a process of carcinogenesis  by corrupting  normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquistion of tumoral capabilities.


4-[bis(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-hydroxymethyl]-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid (4-nitrophenyl) ester


perfluorobutyric acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated butyric acid.


tioguanine

A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.


estragole

A phenylpropanoid that is chavicol in which the hydroxy group is replaced by a methoxy group.


cerulenin

An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.


monocrotophos

An alkenyl phosphate that is the 4-(methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-en-2-yl ester of dimethyl phosphate.


hexamethylene diisocyanate

A diisocyanate compound with the two isocyanates linked by a hexane-1,6-diyl group.


Ferric nitrilotriacetate

An iron chelate resulting from the combination of equimolar amounts of iron(3+) and nitrilotriacetate(3-).


lomustine

An N-nitrosourea that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a 2-chloroethyl group and by a nitroso group, while the other nitrogen is substituted by a cyclohexyl group. An alkylating antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of brain tumours, lung cancer, malignant melanoma and other solid tumours.


vinorelbine

A vinca alkaloid with a norvinblastine skeleton.


terephthalic acid

A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.


nonanoic acid

A C9 straight-chain saturated fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters of the oil of pelargonium. Has antifungal properties, and is also used as a herbicide as well as in the preparation of plasticisers and lacquers.


A biphenyl that is 4-chloro-1,1'-biphenyl substituted by a (4-{4-[(4-{[(2R)-4-(dimethylamino)-1-(phenylsulfanyl)butan-2-yl]amino}-3-nitrobenzene-1-sulfonyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}piperazin-1-yl)methyl group at position 2'. It is a BH3-mimetic drug which targets the anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) family proteins, including BCL-2, BCL-xL, and BCL-w, and induces apoptosis in cancer cells.


A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two 2-aminoethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.


everolimus

A macrocyclic lactone that is rapamycin in which the hydroxy group attached to the cyclohexyl moiety has been converted into the corresponding 2-hydroxyethyl ether. It is an immunosuppressant and antineoplastic agent.


arsenic trichloride

A arsenic molecular entity that consists of a single arsenic atom bearing three chloro substituents.


phenylhydrazine

A phenylhydrazine that is the monophenyl derivative of hydrazine.


Tarceva

The hydrochloride salt of erlotinib.


nigericin

A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.


An aromatic amine that is pyridine bearing a single amino substituent at position 4. An orphan drug in the US, it is used to improve walking in adults with multiple sclerosis.


butein

A chalcone that is (E)-chalcone bearing four additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2', 3, 4 and 4'.


beta-lactam

A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.


hispidulin

A monomethoxyflavone that is scutellarein methylated at position 6.


perillyl alcohol

A limonene monoterpenoid consists of a cyclohexene ring substituted by a hydroxymethyl  and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. It is a constituent of a variety of essential oils including lavender.


acamprosate

An  organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.


A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(3H)-one carrying (6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)methyl, 2-methylphenyl and methyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5 respectively.


A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.


dobutamine

A  catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.


surfactin

Any mixture comprising isoforms of a bacterial cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic produced by various strains of Bacillus subtilis. The isoforms are cyclodepsipeptides containing at least seven amino acid residues. Among the most effective biosurfactants, surfactin can reduce the surface tension of water from 72 to 27 mN/m at a concentration as low as 0.005%.


A polysaccharide composed of an alpha-D-glucosyl residue joined to a [(2->6)-beta-D-fructosyl]n moiety by an alpha-(1->2) linkage.


beta-lapachone

A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.


N-phenylthiourea

A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.


Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.


dactolisib

An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.


A bromoalkane that is propane carrying a bromo substituent at position 1.


A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid in which ther tertiary hydroxy group has been converted into the corresponding p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenyl ether.


The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.


protein kinase inhibitor

An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of protein kinases.


Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate

A hydrate that is the heptahydrate form of iron(2+) sulfate. It is used as a source of iron in the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia (generally in liquid-dosage treatments; for solid-dosage treatments, the monohydrate is normally used).


Brilliant green

An organic hydrogensulfate salt having 4-{[4-(diethylamino)phenyl](phenyl)methylidene}-N,N-diethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium as the counterion.


salvianolic acid B

A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza


Sepantronium bromide

An organic bromide salt consisting of sepantronium cations and bromide anions. It has been found to selectively inhibit survivin (BIRC5) gene promoter activity and to down-regulate survivin in vitro, so leading to induction of apoptosis.


convallatoxin

A cardenolide glycoside that consists of strophanthidin having a 6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl (L-rhamnosyl) group attached at position 3.


lamotrigine

A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines in which the triazene skeleton is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 5, and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 6.


SKF 38393

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393


imidazoles

A five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.


idelalisib

A member of the class of quinazolines that is 5-fluoro-3-phenylquinazolin-4-one in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (1S)-1-(3H-purin-6-ylamino)propyl group. used for for the treatment of refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia.


S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D-penicillamine

A nitroso compound that is N-acetyl-D-penicillamine in which the sulfanyl hydrogen is replaced by a nitroso group.


cucurbitacin B

A cucurbitacin in which a lanostane skeleton is multi-substituted with hydroxy, methyl and oxo substituents, with unsaturation at positions 5 and 23; a hydroxy function at C-25 is acetylated.


A  monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-aminonicotinic acid with ammonia. An inhibitor of the NADP(+)-dependent enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, it interferes with glycolysis, resulting in ATP depletion and synergizes with DNA-crosslinking chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin, in killing cancer cells.


isocyanates

Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).


stigmasterol

A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.


pyrroloquinoline quinone

A pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions.


cobimetinib

A member of the class of N-acylazetidines obtained by selective formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,4-difluoro-2-(2-fluoro-4-iodoanilino)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group from the azetidine ring of 3-[(2S)-piperidin-2-yl]azetidin-3-ol. An inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase that is used (as its fumarate salt) in combination with vemurafenib for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma.


ceritinib

A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2,6-diamino-5-chloropyrimidine in which the amino groups at positions 2 and 6 are respectively carrying 2-methoxy-4-(piperidin-4-yl)-5-methylphenyl and 2-(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl substituents. Used for the treatment of ALK-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.


The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.


leptomycin B

A leptomycin having a (2E,10E,12E,16Z,18E)-double bond configuration as well as an ethyl substituent at position 17.


aceclofenac

A monocarboxylic acid that is the carboxymethyl ester of diclofenac. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug related to diclofenac, it is used in the management of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.


16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2

A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.


captopril

A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.


salt

A salt is an assembly of cations and anions.


dabrafenib

An organofluorine compound and antineoplastic agent, used as its mesylate salt in treatment of metastatic melanoma.


arotinoid acid

A  retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).


alvespimycin

A 19-membered macrocyle that is geldanamycin in which the methoxy group attached to the benzoquinone moiety has been replaced by a 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamino group.


L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate

An aldonolactone phosphate that is the 2-phosphate ester of L-ascorbic acid. It can stimulate collagen formation.


fosinopril

A phosphinate ester-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. A pro-drug, it is hydrolysed in vivo to the corresponding phosphininc acid, fosinoprilat, which is the active metabolite.


terbinafine

A tertiary amine that is N-methyl-1-naphthalenemethylamine in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3-(tertbutylethynyl)allyl group. An antifungal agent administered orally (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of skin and nail infections.


poly(ethylene glycol monomethacrylate)

A poly(ethylene glycol) derivative that is poly(ethylene glycol) in which one of the terminal hydroxy groups has been acylated by formal condensation with methacrylic acid.


vemurafenib

A pyrrolopyridine that is 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine which is substituted at position 5 by a p-chlorophenyl group and at positions 3 by a 3-amino-2,6-difluorobenzoyl group, the amino group of which has undergone formal condensation with propane-1-sulfonic acid to give the corresponding sulfonamide. An inhibitor of BRAF and other kinases.


A member of the class of indolones that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one which is substituted by a (2,6-dichlorobenzyl)sulfonyl group at position 5 and by a (1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylidene group at position 2, the pyrrole ring of which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 5, and by a [2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]carbonyl group at position 4 (the Z,R isomer).


(-)-lobeline

An optically active piperidine alkaloid having a 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl group at the 6-position.


propoxur

A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.


chlorpropamide

An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.


4-ethyl-6,7-dimethoxy-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester


mepanipyrim

A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying additional methyl and 1-propynyl substituents at positions 4 and 6 respectively. A fungicide used to control a wide range of diseases including grey mould on strawberries, tomatoes and cucumabers, and scab on apples and pears.


antipsychotic agent

Antipsychotic drugs are agents that control agitated psychotic behaviour, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect.


iodoacetic acid

A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.


An  ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.


tipifarnib

A quinolone that is 1-methylquinolin-2-one which carries a 3-chlorophenyl and an amino(4-chlorophenyl)(1-methyl-imidazol-5-yl)methyl groups at the 4 and 6 positions, respectively (the R-isomer).


A pyrrolopyrazole that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 6-methylpyridin-2-yl and 6-(aminocarbonyl)quinolin-4-yl groups, respectively. A Transforming growth factor-betaRI (TGF-betaRI) kinase inhibitor, it blocks TGF-beta-mediated tumor growth in glioblastoma.


flavokawain B

A member of the class of chalcones that consists of trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy group at positions 2' and methoxy groups at positions 4' and 6'. Isolated from Piper methysticum and Piper rusbyi, it exhibits antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities.


juglone

A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A plant-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone with confirmed antibacterial and antitumor activities.


lactacystin

L-Cysteine substituted at nitrogen by an acetyl group and at sulfur by a substituted-lactam carbonyl group.


A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.


levamisole

A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.


flavanones

Members of the class of flavans with a 3,4-dihydro-2-aryl-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


phalloidin

A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.


Sodium Cyanide

A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.


nonanedioic acid

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.


immunological adjuvant

A substance that augments, stimulates, activates, potentiates, or modulates the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. A classical agent (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contains bacterial antigens. It could also be endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Its mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy is related to its antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.


nitrobenzene

A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.


rifaximin

A semisynthetic member of the class of rifamycins and non-systemic gastrointestinal site-specific broad spectrum antibiotic. Used in the treatment of traveller's diarrhoea, hepatic encephalopathy and irritable bowel syndrome.


trans-piceid

A stilbenoid that is trans-resveratrol substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.


Sodium azide

The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).


liquiritigenin

A dihydroxyflavanone compound having the two hydroxy substituents at the 4'- and 7-positions. Isolated from the root of Glycyrrhizae uralensis, it is a selective agonist for oestrogen receptor beta.


The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.


josamycin

A macrolide antibiotic produced by certain strains of Streptomyces narbonensis var. josamyceticus.


vismodegib

A benzamide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoic acid and the anilino group of 4-chloro-3-(pyridin-2-yl)aniline. Used for the treatment metastatic basal cell carcinoma.


quinolinic acid

A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.


Timolol hemihydrate

A hydrate, which is the hemihydrate form of the (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol.


A member of the class of thianthrenes that is thianthrene substituted by a 6-(morpholin-4-yl)-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl group at position 1. It is potent inhibitor of ATM kinase.


lumiracoxib

An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.


epichlorohydrin

An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.


(-)-noscapine

A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.


gossypetin

A hexahydroxyflavone having the hydroxy groups placed at the 3-, 3'-, 4'-, 5- 7- and 8-positions.


auraptene

A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a geranyl group. Ii is isolated from several edible fruits and vegetables and exhibits a variety of therapeutic properties.


A polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde that is decanal which has undergone formal dehydrogenation to introduce trans- double bonds at the 2-3 and 4-5 positions. A product of lipid peroxidation in cell membranes and a component of cooking oil fumes.


ruxolitinib

A pyrazole substituted at position 1 by a 2-cyano-1-cyclopentylethyl group and at position 3 by a pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl group. Used as the phosphate salt for the treatment of patients with intermediate or high-risk myelofibrosis, including primary myelofibrosis, post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis and post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis.


Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (35-55)


Thiopental Sodium

An organic sodium salt having thiopental(1-) as the counter-ion.


glycolaldehyde

The glycolaldehyde derived from ethylene glycol. The parent of the class of glycolaldehydes.


An organic anion that is the conjugate base of 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane, obtained by deprotonation of the N-hydroxy group.


cafestol

An organic heteropentacyclic compound and furan diterpenoid with formula C20H28O3 obtained from the unsaponifiable fraction of coffee oil (a lipid fraction obtained from coffee beans by organic solvent extraction).


The sodium salt of porfimer. The purified component of haematoporphyrin derivative, it consists of a mixture of oligomeric porphyrins formed by ether and ester linkages of up to eight porphyrin units (n = 0-6), where R = CH(OH)Me and/or CH=CH2. After addition of hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide to pH 7.2 - 7.9, it is used as a photosensitiser in photodynamic therapy of non-small cell lung cancer, oesophageal cancer, and superficial bladder cancer. The drug is administered by slow intravenous injection and accumulates in malignant tissue. After 40-50 hours, it is activated by laser light at 630 nm, delivered to the tumour using a fibre optic guide. Subsequent spin transfer to oxygen molecules within the tissue, generates highly reactive singlet oxygen, and subsequent radical reactions generate superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Propagation of radical reactions ultimately kills the tumour cells.


teprenone

A terpene ketone in which a (9E,13E)-geranylgernayl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone (it is a mixture of 5E- and 5Z-geoisomers in a 3:2 ratio).


N,O-dimethyltyramine

A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.


oleamide

A fatty amide derived from oleic acid.


A member of the class of ureas that is 1-tert-butylurea in which one of the hydrogens attached to N(3) is substituted by a pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl group, which is itself substituted at positions 2 and 6 by a 4-(diethylamino)butyl]amino group and a 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group, respectively. It is a FGF/VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor.


A member of the class of imidazoles carrying 4-hydroxycyclohexyl, 4-fluorophenyl and 2-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl substituents at positions 1, 4 and 5 respectively.


2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid

The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.


A 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-methylbenzyl 3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.


streptomycin

A amino cyclitol glycoside that consists of streptidine having a disaccharyl moiety attached at the 4-position. The parent of the streptomycin class


cladribine

2'-Deoxyadenosine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine ring has been substituted by chlorine. It inhibits the synthesis and repair of DNA, particularly in  lymphocytes and monocytes, and is used as an antimetabolite antineoplastic drug for the treatment of lymphoid malignancies including  hairy-cell leukaemia and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.


An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.


flavonols

Any hydroxyflavone in which is the ring hydrogen at position 3 of the heterocyclic ring is replaced by a hydroxy group.


A pyrrolotriazine that is pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine which is substituted at position 2 by the pyrrolidine nitrogen of (2S)-N-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-2-methylprolinamide, and at position 4 by a (5-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino group. It is a potent, reversible inhibitor of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor/insulin receptor family kinases.


imperatorin

A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.


A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.


C.I. Acid Red 91

An organic sodium salt which is the disodium salt of eosin b diphenol.


oxiconazole

An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.


torin 2

A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-2-one carrying additional 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and 6-aminopyridin-3-yl substituents at positions 1 and 9 respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of mTOR and exhibits anti-cancer properties.


econazole

A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.


acifluorfen

A member of the class of benzoic acids that is 2-nitrobenzoic acid in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group. It is a herbicide used for the post-emergence control of a variety of annual broadleaf weeds.


ivabradine

A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.


pristane

A norterpene that is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon derived from phytane by loss of its C-16 terminal methyl group.


navitoclax

A N-sulfonylcarboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-{4-[(4'-chloro-4,4-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro[biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl]piperazin-1-yl}benzoic acid with the amino group of 4-{[(2R)-4-(morpholin-4-yl)-1-(phenylsulfanyl)butan-2-yl]amino}-3-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]benzenesulfonamide. It is a BH3-mimetic drug which targets the anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) family proteins, including BCL-2, BCL-xL, and BCL-w, and induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Currently under clinical investigation as treatment for solid tumors and hematologic malignancies.


latrunculin A

A bicyclic macrolide natural product consisting of a 16-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica and from the Fiji Islands sponge Cacospongia mycofijiensis. Latrunculin A inhibits actin polymerisation, microfilament organsation and microfilament-mediated processes.


cinchocaine

A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.


3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid

An  indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is  propionic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3.


An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is obtained from wortmanin via aminolysis of its furan ring by diallyl amine.


neoglucobrassicin

An indolyl carbohydrate that is glucobrassicin methoxy substituted at position 1 of the indole moiety.


Magnesium Sulfate

A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.


perifosine

A phospholipid consisting of 1,1-dimethylpiperidinium-4-yl hydrogen phosphate in which the hydrogen is replaced by a stearyl (octadecyl) group.


dibenzoylmethane

A beta-diketone that is acetylacetone (acac) in which both methyl groups have been replaced by phenyl groups. It is a minor constituent of the root extract of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and exhibits antimutagenic and anticancer effects.


fenamic acid

An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of  anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.


teniposide

A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.


antineoplastic agent

A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.


Myostibin

A D-gluconate adduct of indefinite composition containing between 30 and 34% of antimony(V), calculated with reference to dried and methanol-free substance. It is used as a treatment for leishmaniasis.


remifentanil

A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.


ajmaline

A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that consists of ajmalan substituted at positions 17 and 21 by hydroxy groups.


(S)-salsolinol

A 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol that has S-configuration.


varenicline

An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.


paxilline

An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.


stilbenoid

Any olefinic compound characterised by a 1,2-diphenylethylene backbone.


omega-6 fatty acid

A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the n-6 position, i.e., the sixth bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid.


enflurane

An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.


argipressin

The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.


oxcarbazepine

A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.


temephos

An organic sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which the hydrogen at the para position of each of the phenyl groups has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group.


bicuculline

A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.


paromomycin

An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.


An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.


oral contraceptive

A compound, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy.


dopaminechrome (keto form)

A member of the class of indoledione that is 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-indole carrying oxo groups at positions 5 and 6; major microspecies at pH 7.3. It is an endogenous compound formed during dopamine oxidation and can induce neurotoxicity under certain aberrant conditions and induce Parkinson-like syndrome.


isoxaben

A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid and the amino group of 3-(3-methylpentan-3-yl)-1,2-oxazol-5-amine.


benoxaprofen

A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.


anthracycline antibiotic

An organic compound that has a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine and which exhibits antibiotic activity.


isophorone diisocyanate

A diisocyanate in which the two isocyanate groups are linked by an isophorone substituent.


An aminopyrimidine in which a pyrimidine nucleus is substituted with amino groups at C-2 and C-4.


acesulfame

A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.


A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-bromouracil as the nucleobase.


Magnesium chloride hexahydrate

A hydrate that is the hexahydrate form of magnesium dichloride.


2-cyclohexyl-2-phenylacetic acid 2-(diethylamino)ethyl ester


kanamycin A

Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.


tirapazamine

A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.


methomyl

A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of  methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of  1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.


ezogabine

A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An  anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.


A PYR-41 that has (Z)-configuration.


transfluthrin

A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl alcohol.


fotemustine

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fotemustine. It is an alkylating agent used in the treatment of malignant melanoma.


safranal

A monoterpenoid formally derived from beta-cyclocitral by dehydrogenation.


pirimicarb

An aminopyrimidine that is N,N,4,5-tetramethylpyrimidin-2-amine substituted by a (dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy group at position 4.


azinphos-methyl

A member of the class of  benzotriazines that is  1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.


emodepside

A cyclooctadepsipeptide consisting of  D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, and N-methyl-L-leucyl residues joined in sequence to give a 24-membered macrocycle. An anthelmintic, it is used with praziquantel for the treatment and control of hookworm, roundworm and tapeworm infections in cats.


fenpropathrin

A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between  2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.


compound E

An L-alanine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-[(3,5-difluorophenyl)acetyl]-L-alanine with the amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. An inhibitor of memapsin 2 (gamma-secretase).


dihydro-beta-erythroidine

An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the partial hydrogenation of the 1,3-diene moiety of beta-erythroidine to give the corresponding 2-ene.


alpha-tocotrienol

A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, 7 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2. It has been found in palm oil derived from Elaeis guineensis.


sonidegib

A member of the classo of biphenyls that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-methyl-4'-(trifluoromethoxy)[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 6-(2,6-dimethylmorpholin-4-yl)pyridin-3-amine. Used (as its phosphate salt) for treatment of locally advanced basal cell carcinoma.


etomidate

The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.


A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.


streptonigrin

Complex cytotoxic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces flocculus or S. rufochronmogenus. It is used in advanced carcinoma and causes leukopenia.


heptanoic acid

A C7, straight-chain fatty acid that contributes to the odour of some rancid oils. Used in the preparation of esters for the fragrance industry, and as an additive in cigarettes.


chlordiazepoxide

A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.


etofenprox

An aromatic ether that is the 3-phenoxybenzyl ether of 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol.


chloramine-t anhydrous

An  organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.


tectochrysin

A monohydroxyflavone that is  flavone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 7 respectively.


aliskiren

A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.


N,N-dimethylacetamide

A member of the class of  acetamides that is  acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.


A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.


flurazepam

A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.


disinfectant

An antimicrobial agent that is applied to non-living objects to destroy harmful microorganisms or to inhibit their activity.


desmethylnaproxen

A member of the class of naphthols that is naproxen in which the 6-methoxy group has been demethylated.


parecoxib

An N-acylsulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of valdecoxib with propionic acid. It is a prodrug for valdecoxib.


cangrelor

A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.


An N-substituted ethylenediamine compound having 1-naphthyl as the substituent.


A hexadienal that is hexanal with trans double bonds at positions 2 and 4. It is found in tomatoes, kiwi fruit, mangoes, potato chips, herbs and spices.


A member of the class of  hydroquinones that is benzene-1,4-diol substituted by tert-butyl groups at position 2 and 5.


allyl cyanide

An aliphatic nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an allyl group.


(2E,6E,10E)-geranylgeranic acid

A diterpenoid obtained by formal oxidation of the CH2OH group of (E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol to the corresponding carboxylic acid.


A trisubstituted guanidine, carrying 4-cyanophenyl, diphenylmethyl and carboxymethyl substituents, which is known to act as a highly potent sweetening agent.


tranilast

An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.


calcium channel blocker

One of a class of drugs that acts by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools.


ginsenoside Rd

A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside.


opioid analgesic

A narcotic or opioid substance, synthetic or semisynthetic agent producing profound analgesia, drowsiness, and changes in mood.


An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid with the amino group of aniline substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by methyl, (4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl, and methyl groups respectively.


Carbamic acid, N,N-dimethyl-, 6-(1-naphthalenyl)pyrrolo(2,1-d)(1,5)benzoxazepin-7-yl ester


3-hydroxypyruvic acid

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate involved in the glycine and serine metabolism.


chlorpropham

A carbamate ester that is the isopropyl ester of 3-chlorophenylcarbamic acid.


acetic acid [2-[[(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)amino]-oxomethyl]phenyl] ester


diphenylamine

An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.


adapalene

A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.


A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.


plitidepsin

A didemnin that is didemin B in which the hydroxy group of the 1-(2-hydroxypropanoyl)-L-prolinamide moiety has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. It was originally isolated from the Mediterranean tunicate Aplidium albicans.


A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 5.


anticoagulant

An agent that prevents blood clotting.


etanidazole

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine. Used as a radiosensitising agent for hypoxic tumour cells.


Spinosad [ISO]

A two-component mixture comprising spinosyn A and spinosyn D in a ratio of approximately 5:1. Obtained from the fermentation of the naturally occurring soil dwelling bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa, it is used for the topical treatment of head lice.


cyanates

Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.


A triazolopyrimidine that is [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing an amino substituent at position 7.


dimethyl sulfate

The dimethyl ester of sulfuric acid.


miltefosine

A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.


coformycin

An N-glycosyl in which (8R)-3,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1,3]diazepin-8-ol is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(3)-glycosidic bond. compound The parent of the class of coformycins.


fluopyram

A member of the class of benzamides, obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid with the amino group of 2-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethylamine. A fungicide used for foiliar application and as a seed treatment in order to control botrystis, powdery mildew and other diseases.


EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor

An EC 1.5.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3).


piericidin A

A member of the class of monohydroxypyridines that acts as an irreversible mitochondrial Complex I inhibitor that strongly associates with ubiquinone binding sites in both mitochondrial and bacterial forms of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase


phenyl biguanide

A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.


The aminophenol which has the single amino substituent located ortho to the phenolic -OH group.


NU 1025

A member of the class of  quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(1H)-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8 and a methyl group at position 2. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against  poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.


N-(3-oxododecanoyl)homoserine lactone

A N-acyl homoserine lactone that is the monocarboxylic acid amide arising from formal condensation of homoserine lactone with 3-oxododecanoic acid.


Nitroblue tetrazolium chloride

An organic chloride salt having nitro blue tetrazolium(2+) as the counterion.


sulfentrazone

A member of the class of triazoles that is 5-oxo-1,2,4-triazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3, and 4 by 2,4-dichloro-5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenyl, methyl, and difluoromethyl groups, respectively. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it is used as a herbicide to control broad-leaved weeds in soya and tobacco crops. Not approved for use within the European Union.


methylamine

The simplest of the methylamines, consisting of ammonia bearing a single methyl substituent.


alkylating agent

Highly reactive chemical that introduces alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevents their proper functioning. It could be used as an antineoplastic agent, but it might be very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. It could also be used as a component of poison gases.


An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoic acid with ethanol.


ibogaine

An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is ibogamine in which the indole hydrogen para to the indole nitrogen has been replaced by a methoxy group.


mescaline

A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.


A member of the class of pyrazoles that is N-[4-(pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl]glycinamide in which the pyrazole ring is substituted at positions 3 and 5 by trifluoromethyl and phenanthrene-2-yl groups respectively.


hydroquinones

Benzenediols that have the hydroxy substituents in the 1- and 4-positions.


anthracenes

Compounds containing an anthracene skeleton.


An alanine derivative that is L-alanine bearing a 5-fluorouracil-1-yl substituent at position 3. A more potent and selective AMPA receptor agonist (at hGluR1 and hGluR2) than AMPA itself (Ki = 14.7, 25.1, and 1820 nM for hGluR1, hGluR2 and hGluR5 respectively).


stigmatellin A

A member of the class of chromones that is isolated from Stigmatella aurantiaca Sg a15.


epothilone

Any member of the class of 16-membered macrolide natural products, or their analogues, normally containing a double bond or its epoxide at positions 12-13 and bearing hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 8, methyl groups at positions 5, 5, 7, and 9, an oxo group at position 6, and a 1-(2-substituted-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)prop-1-en-2-yl substituent at position 15.


isobutyronitrile

An aliphatic nitrile that is acetonitrile in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.


The simplest member of the class of 2-pyranones that is 2H-pyran with an oxo substituent at position 2.


A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by 4-chlorobenzyl and formyl groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is an anti-cancer agent that is active against lung cancer cells with K-Ras mutations.


rodenticide

A substance used to destroy rodent pests.


ancitabine

An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.


A glutathione conjugate in which the thiol hydrogen of glutathione has been replaced by a 2,5-dihydroxyphenyl group.


spinosyn A

A spinosyn in which the sugar amino and hydroxy groups are globally methylated. One of the two active ingredients of spinosad.


EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor

An EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitor which interferes with the action of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14) and so reduces production of estrogenic steroid hormones.


8-epi-prostaglandin E2

A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.


ramiprilat

A dipeptide that is the active metabolite of ramipril. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.


clobazam

7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.


Satraplatin

A platinum coordination entity that consists of a central platunum atom bound to chloro (x2), acetate (x2), amino, and cyclohexylamino groups. Used for treatment of advanced prostate cancer.


A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group, while the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 6-{[4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]amino}pyrimidin-4-yl group. It is a potent and selective fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor.


DEMECLOCYCLINE

Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.


cyclohexyl isocyanate

An isocyanate comprising a cyclohexane core with a single isocyanato substituent.


A 2-methylbutyronitrile that has S configuration.


A monocarboxylic acid that is the 5-hydroxylated metabolite of diclofenac.


isoamyl acetate

The acetate ester of isoamylol.


A tertiary carboxamide that is piperazine in which one of the amino groups has undergone condensation with the carboxy group of N-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-L-serine, while the other has undergone condensation with the carboxy group of N-(1-benzothiophen-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-leucine. It is a cell-permeable, potent and selective agonist of the TRPV4 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 4) channel.


semustine

An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.


peroxides

Compounds of structure ROOR'.


eluxadoline

An amino acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-L-phenylalanine with the secondary amino group of 2-methoxy-5-({[(1S)-1-(4-phenylimidazol-2-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid. It has mixed opioid receptor activity and is used for treatment of  irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea.


A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.


A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.


A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.


adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate

A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.


A monocarboxylic acid that is the 4'-hydroxylated metabolite of diclofenac.


A trichlorobiphenyl that is 1,4-dichlorobenzene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a 3-chlorophenyl group.


regulation of glutamate secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.


positive regulation of glutamate secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.


peptidyl-lysine trimethylation

The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine.


peptidyl-lysine monomethylation

The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-methyl-L-lysine.


N-terminal protein N-methyltransferase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) to the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal amino or imino acid residue of a protein substrate. For example, yeast Tae1p and mammalian family member METTL11A preferentially modify the N-terminal residue of substrates with the N-terminal sequence X-Pro-Lys, where X can be Pro, Ala, or Ser.


hindbrain-spinal cord boundary formation

The process whose specific outcome is the formation of the hindbrain-spinal cord boundary.


mitotic DNA replication DNA duplex unwinding

Any DNA duplex unwinding involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: L-ascorbate(out) + Na+(out) = L-ascorbate(in) + Na+(in).


regulation of protein dephosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.


nascent polypeptide-associated complex

A heterodimeric protein complex that can reversibly bind to ribosomes, and is located in direct proximity to newly synthesized polypeptide chains as they emerge from the ribosome.


tooth replacement

The process whose specific outcome is the replacement of an existing tooth with another tooth.


nucleolar large rRNA transcription by RNA polymerase I

The synthesis of the large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript which encodes several rRNAs, e.g. in mammals 28S, 18S and 5.8S, from a nuclear DNA template transcribed by RNA polymerase I.


alpha-ketoglutarate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor -> (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor.


serine family amino acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.


eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex

A complex of several polypeptides that plays at least two important roles in protein synthesis: First, eIF3 binds to the 40S ribosome and facilitates loading of the Met-tRNA/eIF2.GTP ternary complex to form the 43S preinitiation complex. Subsequently, eIF3 apparently assists eIF4 in recruiting mRNAs to the 43S complex. The eIF3 complex contains five conserved core subunits, and may contain several additional proteins; the non-core subunits are thought to mediate association of the complex with specific sets of mRNAs.


nicotinamidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: nicotinamide + H2O = nicotinate + NH3.


NAD salvage

Any process that generates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis; salvage is usually from the degradation products nicotinic acid (Na) and nicotinamide (Nam).


CENP-A recruiting complex

A protein complex that includes Mis16(Yippee family) and/or Mis18 (WD repeat) subunits that is involved in the deposition of centromere specific (CENP-A containing) nucleosomes at the centromere.


negative regulation of phosphorylation

Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.


extracellular matrix organization involved in endocardium development

A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix of the endocardium. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.


Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + [dinitrogen reductase] = nicotinamide + ADP-D-ribosyl-[dinitrogen reductase].