regulation of the force of skeletal muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the force of skeletal muscle contraction. The force of skeletal muscle contraction is produced by acto-myosin interaction processes through the formation of cross bridges.


regulation of protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity: catalysis of the reaction: protein serine/threonine phosphate + H2O = protein serine/threonine + phosphate.


CDP-diacylglycerol

A CDP-glycerol having unspecified acyl groups (most commonly fatty acyl groups) at the 1- and 2-positions.


positive regulation of macrophage fusion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage fusion.


female pronucleus assembly

Assembly of the haploid nucleus of the unfertilized egg.


negative regulation of neutrophil migration

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil migration.


negative regulation of dendritic cell chemotaxis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell chemotaxis.


negative regulation of macrophage chemotaxis

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.


regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity

Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.


negative regulation of monocyte chemotaxis

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte chemotaxis.


negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.


biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sucrose(out) + H+(out) = sucrose(in) + H+(in).


sucrose transport

The directed movement of sucrose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Sucrose is the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside.


vasoconstriction of artery involved in ischemic response to lowering of systemic arterial blood pressure

The vasoconstriction that is triggered by vasomotor excitation resulting from the detection of high carbon dioxide levels in the vasomotor center of the central nervous system.


positive regulation of acrosome reaction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the acrosome reaction.


extrinsic component of mitochondrial inner membrane

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The component of mitochondrial inner membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


regulation of natural killer cell activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.


selenocysteine insertion sequence binding

Binding to a selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS), a regulatory sequence within mRNA which directs incorporation of a selenocysteine at a stop codon (UGA) during translation.


response to selenium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from selenium ion.


epithelial cell of prostate

biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

An epithelial cell of the prostate.


5-methylcytosine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 5-methylcytosine, a methylated base of DNA.


zygote

A zygote in a plant or an animal.


regulation of estradiol secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of estradiol secretion.


MHC class I receptor activity

Combining with an MHC class I protein complex to initiate a change in cellular activity. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.


osteoclast fusion

The plasma membrane fusion process that results in fusion of mononuclear osteoclasts to form a multinuclear osteoclast.


ACTA_MOUSE Actin, aortic smooth muscle (sprot)

An actin, aortic smooth muscle that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


MMP2_MOUSE 72 kDa type IV collagenase (sprot)

A 72 kDa type IV collagenase that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


negative regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.


regulation of DNA endoreduplication

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA endoreduplication.


UDP phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP + H2O = UMP + phosphate.


ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


negative regulation of fermentation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fermentation.


L-histidine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-histidine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-histidine is 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.


histidine transport

The directed movement of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.


negative regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway.


negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development.


oncostatin-M receptor binding

Binding to an oncostatin-M receptor.


canalicular bile acid transport

Enables the transfer of bile acid from one side of a hepatocyte plasma membrane into a bile canaliculus. Bile canaliculi are the thin tubes formed by hepatocyte membranes. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.


plasmacytoid dendritic cell chemotaxis

The movement of a plasmacytoid dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.


regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation

Any process in which skeletal muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.


CERF complex

An ISWI complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family (specifically SNF2L in mammals, which contain two ISWI homologs) and a CECR2 homolog. In mammals, CERF is involved in regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoters.


lipase binding

Binding to a lipase.


lipase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a lipase, an enzyme that catalyzes of the hydrolysis of a lipid.


positive regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.


primary lung bud formation

The morphogenetic process in which the foregut region specified to become the lung forms the initial left and right buds.


interleukin-33 binding

Binding to interleukin-33.


negative regulation of glucocorticoid mediated signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid mediated signaling pathway.


positive regulation of prolactin signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of prolactin signaling pathway.


negative regulation of sperm capacitation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sperm capacitation.


positive regulation of flagellated sperm motility

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility.


lymph circulation

The flow of lymph through the body of an animal.


positive regulation of brown fat cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of brown fat cell proliferation.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.


Catalysis of the transfer of acyl groups from an acyl-CoA to a lysophospholipid.


negative regulation of receptor recycling

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of receptor recycling.


regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 (NOD1) pathway.


negative regulation of Toll signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Tl signaling pathway.


pseudophosphatase activity

Maintains the phosphorylation state of certain molecules by associating with them and preventing them from associating with active phosphatases, and thus inhibiting the enzyme activity without interacting with the enzyme. Often pertains to proteins belonging to dual-specificity phosphatase family but lacking critical active site residues.


regulation of DNA-templated transcription initiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated transcription initiation.


DNA-templated transcription initiation

The initial step of transcription, consisting of the assembly of the RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at a gene promoter, as well as the formation of the first few bonds of the RNA transcript. Transcription initiation includes abortive initiation events, which occur when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released, and ends when promoter clearance takes place.


antifungal humoral response

An immune response against a fungus mediated through a body fluid. An example of this process is the antifungal humoral response in Drosophila melanogaster.


negative regulation of interleukin-1 alpha production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 alpha production.


lysophosphatidic acid binding

Binding to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a phospholipid derivative that acts as a potent mitogen due to its activation of high-affinity G protein-coupled receptors.


dendritic cell homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of dendritic cells such that the total number of dendritic cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


SNARE complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a SNARE complex, a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.


spermatogonial cell division

The mitotic divisions of the primary spermatogonial cell (a primordial male germ cell) to form secondary spermatogonia (primary spermatocytes).


histone H2B C-terminal K residue ubiquitin ligase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin molecule to a histone 2B at the conserved C-terminal lysine (K) residue. The last K residue is at position 119 in fission yeast, 123 in budding yeast, and 120 in mammals.


ooplasm

The cytoplasm of an ovum.


actin filament-based process

Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.


DEAD/H-box RNA helicase binding

Binding to a DEAD/H-box RNA helicase.


establishment of localization in cell

Any process, occuring in a cell, that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation.


retinoic acid-responsive element binding

Binding to a retinoic acid-responsive element, a variable direct repeat of the sequence PuGGTCA spaced by five nucleotides (DR5) found in the promoters of retinoic acid-responsive genes, to which retinoic acid receptors bind.


NAD+ synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deamido-NAD+ + NH3 = AMP + diphosphate + NAD+.


threonine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


leukotriene receptor activity

Combining with a leukotriene to initiate a change in cell activity. Leukotrienes are pharmacologically active substances with a set of three conjugated double bonds; some contain a peptide group based on cysteine.


spongiotrophoblast layer developmental growth

The increase in size or mass of the spongiotrophoblast layer of the placenta where the increase in size or mass contributes to the progression of that layer over time from its formation to its mature state.


pyrimidine nucleotide binding

Binding to a pyrimidine nucleotide, a pyrimidine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate.


G protein-coupled UTP receptor activity

Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity, activated by UTP.


transepithelial chloride transport

The directed movement of chloride ions from one side of an epithelium to the other.


cGMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.


fructosamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructosamine, a fructose molecule containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.


protein-fructosamine 3-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a [protein]-N6-D-fructosyl-L-lysine = ADP + H+ + a [protein]-N6-(3-O-phospho-D-fructosyl)-L-lysine.


osmosensor activity

Sensing extracellular osmolarity to initiate a change in cell activity, and spanning the membrane of the cell.


cellular response to methyl methanesulfonate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) stimulus.


regulation of adaptive immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.


regulation of brown fat cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of brown fat cell differentiation. Brown fat cell differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria.


steroid 7-alpha-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a steroid + donor-H2 + O2 = 7-alpha-hydroxysteroid + H2O.


N-acetyllactosamine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = UDP + N-acetyllactosamine.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of poly-N-acetyllactosamine, a carbohydrate composed of N-acetyllactosamine repeats (Gal-beta-1,4-GlcNAc-beta-1,3)n.


lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor isoform m2 (mouse)

A lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q99KG5-2.


regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that modulates the activity of an ion transporter.


detection of visible light

The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.


extrinsic component of postsynaptic endosome membrane

The component of the postsynaptic endosome membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


dense body

An electron dense body which may contain granules.


1-naphthyl dihydrogen phosphate

An aryl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of phosphoric acid with 1 mol eq. of 1-naphthol. It is a substrate for phosphatase.


regulation of cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the progression of the placenta over time, from its initial condition to its mature state.


RNA polymerase I preinitiation complex assembly

The formation of a large multiprotein-DNA complex that self-assembles on gene promoter through the sequential recruitment of the general initiation factors that compose the preinitiation complex (PIC) (which includes including UBF, SL1, RRN3 and TBP in human). The PIC engages RNA polymerase I on its DNA template strand and sparks polymerization of the first few RNA nucleotides.


regulation of response to DNA integrity checkpoint signaling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to DNA integrity checkpoint signaling.


lactose binding

Binding to lactose, a disaccharide of glucose and galactose, the carbohydrate of milk.


prostaglandin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring.


negative regulation of Kit signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Kit signaling pathway.


negative regulation of mast cell activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation.


regulation of Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway..


IgA binding

Binding to an immunoglobulin of an IgA isotype.


glycerol-3-phosphate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of glycerol-3-phosphate from one side of a membrane to the other. Glycerol-3-phosphate is a phosphoric monoester of glycerol.


The process in which glycerol-3-phosphate is transported across a membrane. Glycerol-3-phosphate is a phosphoric monoester of glycerol.


negative regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation

The process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of granule cell precursor proliferation.


cerebellar granular layer maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the cerebellar granular layer to attain its fully functional state. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.


laminin receptor activity

Combining with a laminin, a glycoprotein that constitutes the majority of proteins in the basement membrane, to initiate a change in cell activity.


calcium-dependent cell-matrix adhesion

The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction.


neutrophil-mediated killing of gram-negative bacterium

The directed killing of a gram-negative bacterium by a neutrophil.


regulation of antimicrobial humoral response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.


positive regulation of appetite

Any process that increases appetite.


negative regulation of locomotion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.


perinucleolar chromocenter

A chromocenter adjacent to the nucleolus.


reverse cholesterol transport

The directed movement of peripheral cell cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, towards the liver for catabolism.


snoRNA binding

Binding to a small nucleolar RNA.


dense fibrillar component

A structure found in the nucleolus, which contains newly synthesized preribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) and a collection of proteins.


Catalysis of the reaction: diphospho-1D-myo-inositol polyphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol polyphosphate + phosphate.


positive regulation of androgen receptor activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of androgen receptor activity.


regulation of tolerance induction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.


polyphosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polyphosphate, the anion or salt of polyphosphoric acid.


tachykinin receptor signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by tachykinin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process. Tachykinin is a short peptide with the terminal sequence (Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2).


positive regulation of saliva secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva.


interleukin-15 production

The appearance of interleukin-15 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


neural nucleus development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neural nucleus from its initial condition to its mature state. A neural nucleus is an anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma.


RNA lariat debranching enzyme activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of branched RNA structures that contain vicinal 2'-5'- and 3'-5'-phosphodiester bonds at a branch point nucleotide.


regulation of blood vessel branching

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching.


regulation of JUN kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.


U11/U12 snRNP

A ribonucleoprotein complex that is formed by the association of the U11 and U12 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins.


monosaccharide binding

Binding to a monosaccharide. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates; they are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H[CHOH]nC(=O)[CHOH]mH with three or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.


regulation of viral life cycle

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral life cycle.


ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding

Binding to a ubiquitin-like protein ligase, such as ubiquitin-ligase.


negative regulation of transmembrane transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.


negative regulation of transporter activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a transporter.


small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of potassium by a channel with a unit conductance of 2 to 20 picoSiemens that opens in response to stimulus by internal calcium ions. Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels are more sensitive to calcium than are large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


C-X-C chemokine receptor activity

Combining with a C-X-C chemokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. A C-X-C chemokine has a single amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four cysteine motif.


renal potassium excretion

The elimination of potassium ions from peritubular capillaries (or surrounding hemolymph in invertebrates) into the renal tubules to be incorporated subsequently into the urine.


lipid tube assembly involved in organelle fusion

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a macromolecular complex that contains a tube of lipid surrounded by a protein coat involved in membrane shaping of vesicle membranes as organelles fuse.


cell-cell adhesion mediator activity

The binding by a cell-adhesion protein on the cell surface to an extracellular matrix component, to mediate adhesion of the cell to another cell.


protection from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity

The process of protecting a cell from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.


protein-disulfide reductase (glutathione) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glutathione + protein-disulfide = glutathione disulfide+ protein-dithiol.


behavioral response to starvation

Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of deprivation of nourishment.


mitochondrial inner membrane peptidase complex

Protease complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane, consisting of at least two subunits, involved in processing of both nuclear- and mitochondrially-encoded proteins targeted to the intermembrane space.


protein processing involved in protein targeting to mitochondrion

The cleavage of peptide bonds in proteins, usually near the N terminus, contributing to the process of import into the mitochondrion. Several different peptidases mediate cleavage of proteins destined for different mitochondrial compartments.


rhythmic process

Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism.


ribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


regulation of interleukin-2 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production.


pyrimidine- and adenosine-specific:sodium symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: (pyrimidine nucleoside or adenosine)(out) + Na+(out) = (pyrimidine nucleoside or adenosine)(in) + Na+(in).


purine-specific nucleoside:sodium symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: purine(out) + Na+(out) = nucleoside(in) + Na+(in).


pyrimidine nucleoside transport

The directed movement of a pyrimidine nucleoside, a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


establishment of Sertoli cell barrier

Establishment of a structure near the basement membrane in adjacent Sertoli cells of the seminiferous epithelium for maintaining spermatogenesis. The structure consists of tight junctions, basal ectoplasmic specializations, and desmosome-like junctions.


glycine secretion, neurotransmission

The controlled release of glycine by a cell, in which glycine acts as a neurotransmitter.


regulation of hormone secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.


positive regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the growth hormone receptor signaling pathway. The growth hormone receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand.


clathrin heavy chain binding

Binding to a clathrin heavy chain.


regulation of Rac protein signal transduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rac protein signal transduction.


cellular response to toxic substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.


histone H3R2 methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone H3)-arginine (position 2) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone H3)-N-methyl-arginine (position 2). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the arginine residue at position 2 of histone H3.


negative regulation of collateral sprouting in absence of injury

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting in the absence of injury.


interleukin-8 production

The appearance of interleukin-8 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of low-density lipoprotein particle receptors.


pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. Pyrimidine nucleotide-sugars are pyrimidine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.


pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar transmembrane transport

The process in which a pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar is transported across a membrane. Pyrimidine nucleotide-sugars are pyrimidine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.


amino acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.


N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase D activity

Catalysis of the release of N-acylethanolamine from N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) to generate N-acylethanolamine (NAE).


negative regulation of viral process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant.


Cul3-RING ubiquitin ligase complex

A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul3 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a BTB-domain-containing protein.


hepatocyte growth factor receptor binding

Binding to an hepatocyte growth factor receptor.


AP-2 adaptor complex

A heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of alpha, beta2, mu2 and sigma2 subunits, and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle, and the cargo receptors during receptor/clathrin mediated endocytosis. Vesicles with AP-2-containing coats are normally found primarily near the plasma membrane, on endocytic vesicles. In at least humans, the AP-2 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different alpha genes (alphaA and alphaC).


phosphatidylinositol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.


regulation of macrophage chemotaxis

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate = ADP + 1D-myo-inositol bisdiphosphate tetrakisphosphate.


amino-acid betaine transport

The directed movement of betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


proline transmembrane transport

The directed movement of proline, pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


gamma-tubulin complex localization

Any process in which a gamma-tubulin complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


podocyte cell migration

The orderly movement of a podocyte from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism or multicellular structure. A podocyte is a specialized kidney epithelial cell.


regulation of focal adhesion assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of focal adhesion formation, the establishment and maturation of focal adhesions.


regulation of fibroblast migration

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.


inter-Golgi cisterna vesicle-mediated transport

The directed movement of substances from one Golgi cisterna to another, mediated by small transport vesicles.


negative regulation of heat generation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of heat generation.


negative regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.


androsterone dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + androsterone = NAD(P)H + H+ + 5-alpha-androstane-3,17-dione.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


cellular response to genistein

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a genistein stimulus.


The conjugate base of a 6-(N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl)-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol compound.


endosome fission

The process by which early and late endosomes undergo budding and fission reactions that separate regions destined for lysosomal degradation from carriers to be recycled to the plasma membrane.


high-density lipoprotein particle receptor activity

Combining with a high-density lipoprotein particle and delivering the high-density lipoprotein into the cell via endocytosis.


negative regulation of fibrinolysis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots.


positive regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.


negative regulation of GTP binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of GTP binding.


carnosine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the dipeptide beta-alanyl-L-histidine (carnosine).


creatine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of creatine from one side of a membrane to the other. Creatine is a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle.


creatine transmembrane transport

The directed movement of creatine across a membrane.


lateral sprouting involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis

The process in which a branch forms along the side of a mammary duct.


tube closure

Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure by sealing the edges of an epithelial fold.


long-chain 2,3-trans-enoyl CoA(4-)

A 2,3-trans-enoyl CoA(4-) obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of any long-chain 2,3-trans-enoyl CoA (long-chain = chain length between C13 and C22); major species at pH 7.3.


A 3-enoyl-CoA in which the beta C=C double bond has trans stereochemistry.


trace-amine receptor activity

Combining with a trace amine to initiate a change in cell activity. Trace amines are biogenic amines that are synthesized from aromatic amino acids and are substrates for monoamine oxidase, and are therefore detectable only at trace levels in mammals.


G protein-coupled amine receptor activity

Combining with an extracellular amine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


APOC1_HUMAN Apolipoprotein C-I (sprot)

An apolipoprotein C-I that is encoded in the genome of human.


APOC4_HUMAN Apolipoprotein C-IV (sprot)

An apolipoprotein C-IV that is encoded in the genome of human.


detection of chemical stimulus

The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


symporter activity

Enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.


alpha-beta T cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.


membrane raft polarization

The clustering and aggregation of a membrane into domains. This serves as a mechanism to compartmentalize cellular activities and to establish cell polarity.


farnesylated protein binding

Binding to a farnesylated protein.


GUC1C_HUMAN Guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 3 (sprot)

A guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GUC1A_HUMAN Guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 1 (sprot)

A guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GUC1B_HUMAN Guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 2 (sprot)

A guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Holliday junction resolvase complex

An endodeoxyribonuclease complex that resolves the 4-way DNA intermediates of a Holliday junction into two separate duplex DNA molecules. Can be branch-migration associated.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction chloride(in) + 2 hydrogencarbonate(out) + Na+(out) = chloride(out) + 2 hydrogencarbonate(in) + Na+(in).


non-tyrosine kinase fibroblast growth factor receptor activity

Combining with fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other by a mechanism independent of tyrosine kinase activity.


U7 snRNP

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains the U7 snRNA and is required for the 3'-end processing of replication-dependent histone pre-mRNAs.


RRP8_HUMAN Ribosomal RNA-processing protein 8 (sprot)

A ribosomal RNA-processing protein 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ribonuclease MRP complex

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains an RNA molecule of the snoRNA family, and cleaves the rRNA precursor as part of rRNA transcript processing. It also has other roles: In S. cerevisiae it is involved in cell cycle-regulated degradation of daughter cell-specific mRNAs, while in mammalian cells it also enters the mitochondria and processes RNAs to create RNA primers for DNA replication.


ribonuclease MRP activity

Catalysis of the site-specific cleavage of RNA by a catalytic RNA-mediated mechanism; substrates include the A3 site in the ITS1 of pre-rRNA.


fatty acid ligase activity

Catalysis of the ligation of a fatty acid to an acceptor, coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP.


DNA replication, synthesis of RNA primer

The synthesis of a short RNA polymer, usually 4-15 nucleotides long, using one strand of unwound DNA as a template; the RNA then serves as a primer from which DNA polymerases extend synthesis.


artery vasodilation involved in baroreceptor response to increased systemic arterial blood pressure

An increase in the internal diameter of an artery, triggered by vasomotor suppression, during the chemoreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.


negative regulation of nervous system process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process.


N-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the nitrogen atom of an acceptor molecule.


misoprostol

A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.


chloral hydrate

An organochlorine compound that is the hydrate of trichloroacetaldehyde.


fucose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fucose, or 6-deoxygalactose, which has two enantiomers, D-fucose and L-fucose.


post-embryonic eye morphogenesis

The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The eye is the organ of sight.


Combining with the sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.


positive regulation of ligase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate.


deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


L-glutamate uniporter activity

Catalysis of the active transport of a L-glutamate across a membrane by a mechanism involving conformational change, where energy for active transport is derived from membrane potential if the solute is charged.


cellular response to camptothecin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a camptothecin stimulus.


pigment accumulation in tissues

The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in a tissue, occurring in response to an external stimulus.


phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol bisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol phosphate + phosphate.


pheromone receptor activity

Combining with a pheromone to initiate a change in cell activity. A pheromone is a substance used in olfactory communication between organisms of the same species eliciting a change in sexual or social behavior.


ferritin receptor activity

Combining with ferritin, and delivering ferritin into the cell via endocytosis.


positive regulation of mast cell activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation.


formate transport

The directed movement of formate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent DNA helicase complex

A protein complex that possesses single-stranded DNA-dependent DNA helicase activity.


regulation of glycogen catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.


positive regulation of miRNA metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA metabolic process.


regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.


Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor activity

Prevents the dissociation of GDP from the small GTPase Rho, thereby preventing GTP from binding.


negative regulation of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation.


glossopharyngeal nerve

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Cranial nerve that branches into the ramus communicans (to the skin), the pretrematic (to the walls of the pharynx and mouth, viscero-sensory fibers), and the larval post-trematic branch (lost in the adult).


branchiomotor neuron axon guidance

The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.


4-coumaric acid

A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.


cinnamic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.


NADHX epimerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-NADHX = (S)-NADHX.


anterograde axonal transport of neurotransmitter receptor complex

The directed movement of a neurotransmitter receptor complex along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons.


defense response to other organism

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of another organism that act to protect the cell or organism from damage caused by that organism.


interleukin-23 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-23 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


interleukin-23 binding

Binding to interleukin-23.


leukocyte mediated immunity

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte.


calcium-dependent self proteolysis

The calcium-dependent hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their own peptide bonds.


ceramide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ceramides, any N-acetylated sphingoid.


postsynaptic density protein 95 clustering

The clustering process in which postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) molecules are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane. PSD-95 is mostly located in the post synaptic density of neurons, and is involved in anchoring synaptic proteins.


positive regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase.


SOCS4_HUMAN Suppressor of cytokine signaling 4 (sprot)

A suppressor of cytokine signaling 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SPB13_HUMAN Serpin B13 (sprot)

A serpin B13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of non-canonical Wnt-activated signaling pathway.


regulation of male germ cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male germ cell proliferation.


negative regulation of acute inflammatory response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.


uterine gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an uterine gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


tarsal gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tarsal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by baroreceptor feedback

The neural regulation of blood pressure in which baroreceptors sense the amount of stretch occurring in vessels and respond to the input via central nervous system control.


positive regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.


adrenal cortex development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adrenal cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The adrenal cortex is located at the periphery of the adrenal gland and controls glucose and electrolyte metabolism, response to stress and sexual development through the production of different classes of steroid hormones (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and androgens).


Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-oxo-5-beta-steroid + acceptor = a 3-oxo-D4-steroid + reduced acceptor.


regulation of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation mediated by the Arp2/3 complex and interacting proteins.


recombination hotspot binding

Binding to a genomic region which promotes recombination.


propionate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of propionate from one side of a membrane to the other. Propionate (or propanoate) is the organic acid CH3-CH2-COOH.


short-chain fatty acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of short-chain fatty acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A short-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing fewer than 6 carbons.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: monocarboxylate(out) + Na+(out) = monocarboxylate(in) + Na+(in).


short-chain fatty acid transmembrane transport

The directed movement of short-chain fatty acids into a cell or organelle. A short-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing fewer than 6 carbons.


propanoate transmembrane transport

The directed movement of propionate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of eye pigmentation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of a pattern of pigment in the eye of an organism.


regulation of humoral immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.


sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by sphingosine-1-phosphate binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


endothelial tube morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an endothelium. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.


protein transport into membrane raft

The directed movement of a protein into a membrane raft. Membrane rafts are small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes.


TS1R2_MOUSE Taste receptor type 1 member 2 (sprot)

A taste receptor type 1 member 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


TS1R3_MOUSE Taste receptor type 1 member 3 (sprot)

A taste receptor type 1 member 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


primary ureteric bud growth

The process in which the primary ureteric bud grows along its axis dorsally toward the metanephric blastema.


response to statin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a statin stimulus. Statins are organooxygen compounds whose structure is related to compactin (mevastatin) and which may be used as an anticholesteremic drug due its EC:1.1.1.34/EC:1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitory properties.


regulation of matrix metallopeptidase secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of matrix metallopeptidase secretion.


germ-line sex determination

The determination of sex and sexual phenotype in an organism's germ line.


regulation of secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.


anterograde axonal transport

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons.


RAB21_HUMAN Ras-related protein Rab-21 (sprot)

A Ras-related protein Rab-21 that is encoded in the genome of human.


fibrillar center

A structure found most metazoan nucleoli, but not usually found in lower eukaryotes; surrounded by the dense fibrillar component; the zone of transcription from multiple copies of the pre-rRNA genes is in the border region between these two structures.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate 6-semialdehyde + H+ = 2-aminomuconate 6-semialdehyde + CO2.


quinolinate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid.


carbohydrate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.


rRNA 2'-O-ribose methylation guide activity

Specifies the site of 2'-O-ribose methylation in an rRNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue.


calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase complex

An enzyme complex which in eukaryotes is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The different isoforms assemble into homo- or heteromultimeric holoenzymes composed of 8 to 12 subunits. Catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins to O-phosphoproteins.


positive regulation of dendrite morphogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.


positive regulation of amyloid-beta formation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta formation.


regulation of presynaptic membrane organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of presynaptic membrane organization.


negative regulation of RIG-I signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the RIG-I signaling pathway.


positive regulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide biosynthesis.


innate immune response in mucosa

Any process of the innate immune response that takes place in the mucosal tissues.


detection of muramyl dipeptide

The series of events in which a muramyl dipeptide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.


positive regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria.


RAP2A_HUMAN Ras-related protein Rap-2a (sprot)

A Ras-related protein Rap-2a that is encoded in the genome of human.


succinate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinate, also known as butanedioate or ethane dicarboxylate, the dianion of succinic acid. Succinate is an important intermediate in metabolism and a component of the TCA cycle.


NAD(P)(+)

A coenzyme that may be NAD(+) or NADP(+).


NAD(P)H

A coenzyme that may be NADH or NADPH.


exopeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide chain, in a reaction that requires a free N-terminal amino group, C-terminal carboxyl group or both.


The dication resulting from deprotonation of the amino and guanidino groups of agmatine; major species at pH 7.3.


astral microtubule

Any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell.


establishment of secretory granule localization

The directed movement of a secretory granule to a specific location.


beta-alanine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins.


amino acid activation for nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic process

Activation of an amino acid for incorporation into a peptide by a nonribosomal process.


negative regulation of lymphangiogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphangiogenesis.


toxin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a toxin from one side of a membrane to the other. A toxin is a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.


T follicular helper cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature T follicular helper cell.


clathrin-coated vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated vesicle.


meiotic DNA double-strand break processing involved in reciprocal meiotic recombination

The cell cycle process in which the 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang occurs resulting in double strand break formation and repair through a double Holliday junction intermediate.


positive regulation of protein acetylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein acetylation.


phosphate ion binding

Binding to a phosphate ion.


brain-derived neurotrophic factor binding

Binding to brain-derived neurotrophic factor.


negative regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway.


lipid modification

The covalent alteration of one or more fatty acids in a lipid, resulting in a change in the properties of the lipid.


sebaceous gland cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized epidermal cell acquires the specialized features of a sebaceous gland cell.


purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


negative regulation of serotonin secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.


regulation of chromosome organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a chromosome.


estrous cycle phase

The progression of physiological phases, occurring in the endometrium during the estrous cycle that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years. The estrous cycle is an ovulation cycle where the endometrium is resorbed if pregnancy does not occur.


preantral ovarian follicle growth

Increase in size of follicles surrounded by two or more layers of granulosa cells up to the onset of antrum formation.


negative regulation of ovulation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ovulation, the release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.


Binding to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate.


negative regulation of steroid hormone biosynthetic process

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroid hormones,compounds with a 1, 2, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus that act as hormones.


Golgi trans cisterna

The Golgi cisterna farthest from the endoplasmic reticulum; the final processing compartment through which proteins pass before exiting the Golgi apparatus; the compartment in which N-linked protein glycosylation is completed.


isopentenyl diphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids.


negative regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.


sphingoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingoids, any of a class of compounds comprising sphinganine and its homologues and stereoisomers, and derivatives of these compounds.


regulation of acute inflammatory response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.


negative regulation of natural killer cell activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.


positive regulation of growth

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.


right ventricular compact myocardium morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the right ventricular compact myocardium are generated and organized.


cell-cell fusion

A cellular process in which two or more cells combine together, their plasma membrane fusing, producing a single cell. In some cases, nuclei fuse, producing a polyploid cell, while in other cases, nuclei remain separate, producing a syncytium.


stereocilium membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a stereocilium.


histone H3S10 kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3-serine (position 10) + ATP = histone H3-phosphoserine (position 10) + ADP. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to the serine residue at position 10 of histone H3.


positive regulation of oocyte maturation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.


negative regulation of spindle checkpoint

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the spindle checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.


acyl carnitine transport

The directed movement of acyl carnitine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane.


A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.


A (7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z)-17-hydroperoxydocosapentaenoic acid in which the chiral centre at position 17 has S-configuration. An intermediate of specialised proresolving mediators.


vesicle cytoskeletal trafficking

The directed movement of a vesicle along a cytoskeletal fiber such as a microtubule or and actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.


B-1 B cell differentiation

The process in which a hemopoietic stem cell acquires the specialized features of a B-1 B cell. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.


perforant pathway to dendrate granule cell synapse

A neuron to neuron synapse of a pyramidal neuron in the entorhinal cortex onto a granule cell in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.


regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide.


choline metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.


spermine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses and involved in nucleic acid packaging.


prostaglandin receptor activity

Combining with a prostaglandin (PG) to initiate a change in cell activity.


regulation of ephrin receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ephrin receptor signaling pathway.


denatured protein binding

Binding to a denatured protein.


regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by ischemic conditions

The process that modulates blood pressure by the detection of carbon dioxide levels in the brain stem. Increased levels activate the sympathetic vasoconstrictor mechanism increasing the force with which blood flows through the circulatory system.


nickel cation transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of nickel (Ni) cations from one side of a membrane to the other.


nickel cation transport

The directed movement of nickel (Ni) cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


VTDB_HUMAN Vitamin D-binding protein (sprot)

A vitamin D-binding protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by renin-angiotensin

The process in which renin-angiotensin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.


negative regulation of superoxide anion generation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell.


cGMP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside cyclic phosphate + H2O = a nucleoside phosphate.


regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.


serotonin biosynthetic process from tryptophan

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation from tryptophan of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.


11-cis retinal binding

Binding to 11-cis retinal, an isomer of retinal that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin or visual purple. Retinal is one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A.


membrane attack complex

A protein complex produced by sequentially activated components of the complement cascade inserted into a target cell membrane and forming a pore leading to cell lysis via ion and water flow.


detection of hypoxic conditions in blood by carotid body chemoreceptor signaling

The process in which information about a lack of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies.


regulation of microtubule-based movement

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of microtubule-based movement, the movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins.


G protein-coupled UDP receptor activity

Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity, activated by UDP.


positive regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.


negative regulation of mitochondrial depolarization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the change in the membrane potential of the mitochondria from negative to positive.


regulation of glucocorticoid mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid mediated signaling pathway.


regulation of cohesin loading

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process in which a cohesin complex is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.


positive regulation of miRNA-mediated gene silencing

A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene silencing by a microRNA (miRNA).


negative regulation of cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the progression of the placenta over time, from its initial condition to its mature state.


heart growth

The increase in size or mass of the heart.


RISC-loading complex

A trimeric protein complex required for the formation of a mature RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). In humans the complex is composed of the endonuclease Dicer (DICER1), TRBP (TARBP2) and the Argonaute protein Ago2 (EIF2C2/AGO2). Within the complex, Dicer and TRBP are required to process precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) to mature miRNAs and then load them onto Ago2. Ago2 bound to the mature miRNA constitutes the minimal RISC and may subsequently dissociate from Dicer and TRBP. This complex has endoribonuclease activity.


neutrophil-mediated killing of fungus

The directed killing of a fungal cell by a neutrophil.


organelle fusion

The creation of a single organelle from two or more organelles.


orexin receptor activity

Combining with orexin to initiate a change in cell activity.


detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter taste

The series of events required for a bitter taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.


NADPH oxidase complex

A enzyme complex of which the core is a heterodimer composed of a light (alpha) and heavy (beta) chain, and requires several other water-soluble proteins of cytosolic origin for activity. Functions in superoxide generation by the NADPH-dependent reduction of O2.


response to gravity

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gravitational stimulus.


nipple morphogenesis

The process in which the nipple is generated and organized.


elastin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of elastin. Elastin is a glycoprotein which is randomly coiled and crosslinked to form elastic fibers that are found in connective tissue.


calcium-dependent phospholipase C activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + choline phosphate. This reaction requires Ca2+.


ATP-dependent polydeoxyribonucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 5'-dephospho-DNA = ADP + 5'-phospho-DNA.


CNTFR_MOUSE Ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

A ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor binding

Binding to a ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor.


centriole assembly

A cellular process that results in the assembly of one or more centrioles.


astral microtubule nucleation

The 'de novo' formation of an astral microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule.


regulation of synaptic vesicle clustering

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle clustering.


presynaptic active zone assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a presynaptic active zone. The presynaptic active zone is a specialized region of the plasma membrane and cell cortex of a presynaptic neuron; encompasses a region of the plasma membrane where synaptic vesicles dock and fuse, and a specialized cortical cytoskeletal matrix.


regulation of interferon-beta production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.


positive regulation of viral genome replication

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.


positive regulation of testosterone secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone secretion.


menopause

Cessation of menstruation, occurring in (e.g.) the human female usually around the age of 50.


purine nucleoside binding

Binding to a purine nucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine base linked either to ribose or deoxyribose.


complement component C1q complex binding

Binding to a C1q complex, a component of the classical complement cascade.


An anionic phospholipid obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate and carboxy groups and protonation of the amino group of any lysophosphatidylserine; major species at pH 7.3. The structure is depicted in the image where R(1) = acyl, R(2) = H or where R(1) = H, R(2) = acyl.


regulation of T cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of T cell death by apoptotic process.


positive regulation of inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). IPSP is a temporary decrease in postsynaptic membrane potential due to the flow of negatively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an IPSP is an inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) and makes it more difficult for the neuron to fire an action potential.


negative regulation of T-helper cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation.


pituitary gland cell

Any cell that is part of a pituitary gland.


intracellular chemical homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of a chemical within a cell.


myosin II binding

Binding to a class II myosin, any member of the class of 'conventional' double-headed myosins that includes muscle myosin.


L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) = ADP + O-phospho-L-seryl-tRNA(Sec).


palmityl palmitate

A palmitate ester resulting from the formal condensation of palmitic acid with palmityl alcohol. It is used as a thickener and emollient in cosmetics.


omegasome

Omega-shaped (as in the Greek capital letter) intracellular membrane-bounded organelle enriched in phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and dynamically connected to the endoplasmic reticulum. Omegasomes are the first step of the formation of autophagosomes via the phagophore assembly sites.


tendon sheath development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tendon sheath over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A tendon sheath is a layer of membrane around a tendon. It permits the tendon to move.


positive regulation of collagen biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.


tendon cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a tendon cell. Tendon cell are elongated fibrocytes in which the cytoplasm is stretched between the collagen fibres of the tendon. Tendon cells have a central cell nucleus with a prominent nucleolus, a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, and are responsible for synthesis and turnover of tendon fibres and ground substance.


sequestering of actin monomers

The selective interaction of actin monomers with specific molecules that inhibit their polymerization by preventing their access to other monomers.


succinate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of succinate, the dianion of ethane dicarboxylic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other.


citrate transport

The directed movement of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


tricarboxylic acid transport

The directed movement of tricarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


succinate transport

The directed movement of succinate, the dianion of ethane dicarboxylic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


sphingolipid binding

Binding to a sphingolipid, a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).


interleukin-1 receptor complex

A protein complex that binds interleukin-1; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit.


threonine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


VCB complex

A protein complex that possesses ubiquitin ligase activity; the complex is usually pentameric; for example, in mammals the subunits are pVHL, elongin B, elongin C, cullin-2 (Cul2), and Rbx1.


avascular cornea development in camera-type eye

The progression of an avascular cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Corneal avascularity (the absence of blood vessels in the cornea) is required for optical clarity and optimal vision. Avascular corneas are present in most animals, except Manatees.


inositol hexakisphosphate 6-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol hexakisphosphate = ADP + 6-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,5)pentakisphosphate.


meiotic recombination nodule assembly

During meiosis, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form small, electron dense structures in association with meiotic chromosomes.


late meiotic recombination nodule assembly

During meiosis, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form small, electron dense structures in association with meiotic chromosomes during pachytene. Involved in the catalysis crossing over.


CCR2 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CCR2 chemokine receptor.


positive regulation of flagellated sperm motility involved in capacitation

The process in which the controlled movement of a flagellated sperm cell is initiated as part of the process required for flagellated sperm to reach fertilization competence.


toxic substance binding

Binding to a toxic substance, a poisonous substance that causes damage to biological systems.


astrocyte cell migration

The orderly movement of an astrocyte, a class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system, the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord.


CP2 mannose-ethanolamine phosphotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ethanolamine phosphate + Man-alpha-(1,2)-Man-alpha-(1,2)-Man-alpha-(1,6)-R = Man-alpha-(1,2)-Man-alpha-6-P-EtN-(1,2)-Man-alpha-(1,6)-R; R is Man-alpha(1,4)-GlcNH2-inositol-PO4-lipid. This reaction is the transfer of ethanolamine phosphate to C6 of second mannose in the GPI lipid precursor CP2.


paramesonephric duct development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paramesonephric duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Mullerian ducts (or paramesonephric ducts) are paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin.


mesonephric duct development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A mesonephric duct is a tube drains the mesonephros.


epithelial tube morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an epithelium. Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.


regulation of neutrophil degranulation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil degranulation.


positive regulation of sphingolipid mediated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sphingolipid signaling.


inorganic anion transport

The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.


negative regulation of monoatomic ion transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.


regulation of interleukin-8 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production.


regulation of neurotransmitter loading into synaptic vesicle

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurotransmitter loading into synaptic vesicles.


The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a nitrogen (N) atom in an N-terminal cysteine residue to form N-palmitoyl-L-cysteine.


vascular endothelial growth factor binding

Binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor.


actin filament branching

The formation of daughter actin filament branches at an angle on the sides of preexisting mother filaments.


Roundabout signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a SLIT protein binding to a Roundabout (ROBO) family receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


regulation of endothelial cell migration

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.


regulation of T-helper 17 cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell differentiation.


positive regulation of T-helper 17 type immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 type immune response.


positive regulation of T-helper 17 cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell differentiation.


positive regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.


myoblast proliferation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

The multiplication or reproduction of myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of the cell population. This occurs as part of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


positive regulation of female receptivity

Any process that activates or increases the receptiveness of a female to male advances.


MT1E_HUMAN Metallothionein-1E (sprot)

A metallothionein-1E that is encoded in the genome of human.


MT1M_HUMAN Metallothionein-1M (sprot)

A metallothionein-1M that is encoded in the genome of human.


MT3_HUMAN Metallothionein-3 (sprot)

A metallothionein-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MT1F_HUMAN Metallothionein-1F (sprot)

A metallothionein-1F that is encoded in the genome of human.


MT1H_HUMAN Metallothionein-1H (sprot)

A metallothionein-1H that is encoded in the genome of human.


MT1B_HUMAN Metallothionein-1B (sprot)

A metallothionein-1B that is encoded in the genome of human.


MT1X_HUMAN Metallothionein-1X (sprot)

A metallothionein-1X that is encoded in the genome of human.


MT4_HUMAN Metallothionein-4 (sprot)

A metallothionein-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MT1A_HUMAN Metallothionein-1A (sprot)

A metallothionein-1A that is encoded in the genome of human.


MT1G_HUMAN Metallothionein-1G (sprot)

A metallothionein-1G that is encoded in the genome of human.


mating pheromone activity

The activity of binding to and activating specific cell surface receptors, thereby inducing a behavioral or physiological response(s) from a responding organism or cell that leads to the transfer or union of genetic material between organisms or cells. The mating pheromone can either be retained on the cell surface or secreted.


organic cyclic compound binding

Binding to an organic cyclic compound, any molecular entity that contains carbon arranged in a cyclic molecular structure.


respiratory chain complex IV assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase), the terminal member of the respiratory chain of the mitochondrion and some aerobic bacteria. Cytochrome c oxidases are multi-subunit enzymes containing from 13 subunits in the mammalian mitochondrial form to 3-4 subunits in the bacterial forms.


AGA codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AGA codon.


melanocortin receptor binding

Binding to a melanocortin receptor.


MSHR_MOUSE Melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (sprot)

A melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


MC3R_MOUSE Melanocortin receptor 3 (sprot)

A melanocortin receptor 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


organic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.


regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-rapid eye movement sleep.


regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.


response to nitrosative stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrosative stress stimulus. Nitrosative stress is a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of nitric oxide (NO) or the highly reactive oxidant peroxynitrite, which is produced following interaction of NO with superoxide anions.


peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation

The covalent addition of a nitric oxide (NO) group to the sulphur (S) atom of a cysteine residue in a protein, to form peptidyl-S-nitrosyl-L-cysteine.


The conjugate base of S-formylglutathione having anionic carboxy groups and a protonated primary amino group.


Conjugate base of S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione.


response to testosterone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a testosterone stimulus.


norepinephrine-epinephrine-mediated vasodilation involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure

A process that results in an increase in the diameter of an artery during the norepinephrine-epinephrine response to blood pressure change.


regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by norepinephrine-epinephrine

The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine or epinephrine into the bloodstream modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of S-adenosylhomocysteine, forming homocysteine and then methionine.


angiogenin-PRI complex

A stable heterodimer of angiogenin and placental ribonuclease inhibitor; interaction between angiogenin and PRI prevents angiogenin binding to its receptor to stimulate angiogenesis.


negative regulation of lipase activity

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.


ammonia assimilation cycle

The pathway by which ammonia is processed and incorporated into a cell. In an energy-rich (glucose-containing), nitrogen-poor environment, glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase form an ammonia assimilatory cycle, in which ammonia is incorporated into L-glutamate to form L-glutamine, which then combines with alpha-ketoglutarate to regenerate L-glutamate. This ATP-dependent cycle is essential for nitrogen-limited growth and for steady-state growth with some sources of nitrogen.


male somatic sex determination

The determination of sex and sexual phenotypes in a male organism's soma.


3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (2-methylpropanoyl-transferring) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + lipoamide = S-(2-methylpropanoyl)dihydrolipoamide + CO2.


cellular response to iron(III) ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron(III) ion stimulus.


hydroxyapatite binding

Binding to hydroxyapatite, the calcium phosphate mineral of formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 found both in rocks of nonorganic origin and as a component of bone and dentin.


negative regulation of respiratory burst

Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.


An N-acetyl-beta-D-glycosaminyl glycopeptide consisting of an N-acetyl-beta-D-glycosaminyl-(1->4)-N-acetylmuramoyl moiety attached to the amino terminus of the pentapeptide L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala via an amide linkage.


A tetrapeptide comprising L-alanyl, gamma-D-glutamyl, L-lysyl and D-alanine residues coupled in sequence.


N-acetylglucosamine

An N-acylglucosamine where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.


LEAP2_HUMAN Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (sprot)

A liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CMGA_HUMAN Chromogranin-A (sprot)

A chromogranin-A that is encoded in the genome of human.


HIS1_HUMAN Histatin-1 (sprot)

A histatin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HIS3_HUMAN Histatin-3 (sprot)

A histatin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HSP71_CANAL Heat shock protein HSP70 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the SSA1 gene in Candida albicans SC5314.


HSP72_CANAL Heat shock protein SSA2 (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the SSA2 gene in Candida albicans SC5314.


BPIB4_HUMAN BPI fold-containing family B member 4 (sprot)

A BPI fold-containing family B member 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BPIB2_HUMAN BPI fold-containing family B member 2 (sprot)

A BPI fold-containing family B member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BPIB6_HUMAN BPI fold-containing family B member 6 (sprot)

A BPI fold-containing family B member 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNAS8_HUMAN Ribonuclease 8 (sprot)

A ribonuclease 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BPIB1_HUMAN BPI fold-containing family B member 1 (sprot)

A BPI fold-containing family B member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNAS6_HUMAN Ribonuclease K6 (sprot)

A ribonuclease K6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BPIA2_HUMAN BPI fold-containing family A member 2 (sprot)

A BPI fold-containing family A member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNAS7_HUMAN Ribonuclease 7 (sprot)

A ribonuclease 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BPIA1_HUMAN BPI fold-containing family A member 1 (sprot)

A BPI fold-containing family A member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptopyranose

An aldoheptose in pyranose cyclic form with L-glycero-alpha-D-manno stereochemistry.


A carbohydrate acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of 3-deoxy-alpha-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid; major species at pH 7.3.


beta-D-galactofuranosyl group

The galactosyl group formed from beta-D-galactofuranose.


complement component C5a receptor activity

Combining with the C5a product of the complement cascade and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.


nickel cation binding

Binding to a nickel (Ni) cation.


sulfate binding

Binding to sulfate, SO4(2-), a negatively charged small molecule.


cytotoxic T cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a cytotoxic T cell.


common lymphoid progenitor

A oligopotent progenitor cell committed to the lymphoid lineage.


regulation of chylomicron remnant clearance

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of chylomicron remnant clearance. Chylomicron clearance is the process in which a chylomicron remnant is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis into liver cells and its constituent parts degraded.


CENP-A containing chromatin

The specialized chromatin located in the centromeric core region or the entire centromeric region in organisms with point centromeres, which is enriched for CENP-A-containing nucleosomes. This chromatin forms a 3-dimensional structure which provides a platform for kinetochore assembly and microtubule attachment.


G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an acetylcholine receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway

An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by acetylcholine binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


endothelial cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of an endothelial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.