beta-hydroxy ketone

A ketone containing a hydroxy group on the beta-carbon relative to the C=O group.


primary alpha-hydroxy ketone

An alpha-hydroxy ketone in which the carbonyl group and the hydroxy group are linked by a -CH2 (methylene) group.


carbonyl compound

Any compound containing the carbonyl group, C=O. The term is commonly used in the restricted sense of aldehydes and ketones, although it actually includes carboxylic acids and derivatives.


A quinolone that is 4,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolin-5(1H)-one substituted by methyl, (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl, 2-fluorophenyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4 and 7, respectively (the 4S,7S-stereoisomer). It is an inhibitor of voltage-dependent anion channel 3 (VDAC3) and a ferroptosis inducer.


delta-amino acid

A non-proteinogenic amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position delta to the carboxy group.


fatty acid 18:3

Any trienoic fatty acid containing 18 carbons.


asparagine

An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.


fatty acid ester

A carboxylic ester in which the carboxylic acid component can be any fatty acid.


bromoamino acid

An amino acid containing at least one bromo substituent.


octadecanoid

Unsaturated C18 fatty acids and skeletally related compounds.


roxithromycin

Semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin A.


carboxylic acid

A carbon oxoacid acid carrying at least one -C(=O)OH group and having the structure RC(=O)OH, where R is any any monovalent functional group. Carboxylic acids are the most common type of organic acid.


cyclodepsipeptide

A depsipeptide in which the amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues are connected in a ring.


benzoic acids

Any aromatic carboxylic acid that consists of benzene in which at least a single hydrogen has been substituted by a carboxy group.


(S)-warfarin

A 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one that has (S)-configuration (the racemate is warfarin, an anticoagulant drug and rodenticide).


pivaloyloxymethyl ester

A acetal obtained from a carboxylic acid by replacement of the hydrogen attached to the carboxy group by a pivaloyloxymethyl group.


ketoaldonic acid

Oxo carboxylic acids formally derived from aldonic acids by replacement of a secondary CHOH group by a carbonyl group.


benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide

Any carbamate fungicide that contains a benzimidazolyl group attached to the nitrogen of the carbamate moiety.


serine family amino acid

An L-alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from 3-phosphoglycerate (i.e. serine, glycine, cysteine and homocysteine). A closed class.


indol-3-yl carboxylic acid

Any indolyl carboxylic acid carrying an indol-3-yl or substituted indol-3-yl group.


(R)-prasugrel

An 5-[2-cyclopropyl-1-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridin-2-yl acetate that is the (R)-enantiomer of prasugrel (the racemate is a cardiovascular drug).


dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid

Any  hydroxy monocarboxylic acid carrying at least two hydroxy groups.


methoxybenzoic acid

Any benzoic acid carrying one or more methoxy substituents.


chlorine molecular entity

A halogen molecular entity containing one or more atoms of chlorine.


teicoplanin A2-3

A teicoplanin A2 that has decanoyl as the variable N-acyl group.


chloropyridyl insecticide

An organochlorine insecticide based on a chloropyridyl skeleton and its derivatives.


trichlorobenzene

Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying three chloro substituents at unspecified positions.


teicoplanin A2-2

A teicoplanin A2 that has 8-methylnonanoyl as the variable N-acyl group.


chloromethanes

A halomethane that is methane in which one or more hydrogens has been replaced by chlorine.


teicoplanin A2-5

A teicoplanin A2 that has 9-methyldecanoyl as the variable N-acyl group.


chlorohydrocarbon

A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing at least one hydrogen atom with a chlorine atom.


monochlorobenzenes

Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring in which only one substituent is chlorine.


organochlorine acaricide

Any organochlorine pesticide that has been used as an acaricide.


teicoplanin A2-4

A teicoplanin A2 that has 8-methyldecanoyl as the variable N-acyl group.


organochlorine pesticide

Any organochlorine compound that has been used as a pesticide.


chloroalkene

A compound derived from an alkene by replacing a hydrogen atom with a chlorine atom.


chloroethanes

A chloroalkane that is ethane in which one or more of the  hydrogens is replaced by chlorine.


chlorocarbon

Compounds consisting wholly of chlorine and carbon.


chloride

A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.


tetrachlorobenzene

Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying four chloro groups at unspecified positions.


chlorinated steroid

A steroid which is substituted with one or more chlorine atoms in any position.


organochlorine compound

An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond.


(R)-clorprenaline

A 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-isopropylaminoethanol that has (R)-configuration.


chlorophenylethane

Any  chlorohydrocarbon that is phenylethane substituted by at least one chloro group at unspecified position.


(S)-azelastine

The (S)-enantiomer of azelastine.


cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide

A sub-category of organochlorine insecticides, the members of which are all derived from hexachlorocyclopentadiene. They possess a structure based on two 3-dimensional carbon ring units, one of which is heavily chlorinated.


tipifarnib

A quinolone that is 1-methylquinolin-2-one which carries a 3-chlorophenyl and an amino(4-chlorophenyl)(1-methyl-imidazol-5-yl)methyl groups at the 4 and 6 positions, respectively (the R-isomer).


asenapine

A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-asenapine. Used as its maleate salt for the acute treatment of schizophrenia and acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features.


chloroolefin

A chlorohydrocarbon carrying one or more chloro groups at unspecified positions.


(S)-clorprenaline

A  1-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-isopropylaminoethanol that has (S)-configuration.


ifosfamides

Compounds containing an ifosfamide skeleton.


(R)-azelastine

The (R)-enantiomer of azelastine.


organochlorine insecticide

Any organochlorine pesticide that has been used as an insecticide.


chloroalkane

Any haloalkane that consists of an alkane substituted by at least one chloro group.


teicoplanin A2-1

A teicoplanin A2 that has (4Z)-dec-4-enoyl as the variable N-acyl group.


hydrochloride

A salt formally resulting from the reaction of hydrochloric acid with an organic base.


chlorobenzenes

Any organochlorine compound containing a benzene ring which is substituted by one or more chlorines.


monosaccharide derivative

A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a monosaccharide.


aldohexose derivative

An aldose derivative that is formally obtained from an aldohexose.


hexose derivative

A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a hexose.


aldose derivative

A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from an aldose.


D-hexose derivative

A hexose derivative that has D-configuration.


D-aldohexose derivative

An aldohexose derivative that has D-configuration.


pentose derivative

A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a pentose.


ketohexose derivative

A hexose derivative that is formally obtained from a ketohexose.


corticosteroid hormone

Any of a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex.


mineralocorticoid

Mineralocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that regulate water and electrolyte metabolism.


glucocorticoid

Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that regulate a variety of physiological processes, in particular control of the concentration of glucose in blood.


leucine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of leucine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of leucine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing leucine residues.


L-leucine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-leucine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-leucine by a heteroatom.


(R)-betaxolol

The (R)-enantiomer of betaxolol.


nitrile

A compound having the structure RC#N; thus a C-substituted derivative of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N. In systematic nomenclature, the suffix nitrile denotes the triply bound #N atom, not the carbon atom attached to it.


(R)-citalopram

A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has R-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the inactive enantiomer of citalopram.


(S)-verapamil

A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has S configuration.


dinitrile

A dinitrile is a compound containing two nitrile groups.


dexverapamil

A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has R configuration. It competitively inhibits the multidrug resistance efflux pump P-glycoprotein (MDR-1, EC 3.6.3.44), thereby potentially increasing the effectiveness of a wide range of antineoplastic drugs which are inactivated by MDR-1 mechanisms. Dexverapamil exhibits lower calcium antagonistic activity and toxicity than racemic verapamil.


(S)-bicalutamide

A N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide that is the (S)-enantiomer of bicalutamide.


(R)-bicalutamide

A N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide that is the (R)-enantiomer of bicalutamide.


aliphatic nitrile

Any nitrile derived from an aliphatic compound.


tetrachlorosalicylanilide

A salicylanilide derivative where the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine.


(S,R)-labetolol

A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1S,2R-configuration.


salicylanilide

An amide of salicylic acid and of aniline; it is therefore both a salicylamide and an anilide.


(R,S)-labetolol

A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2S-configuration.


salicylanilides

The compound salicylanilide and its derivatives.


(S,S)-labetalol

A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1S,2S-configuration.


tribromosalicylanilide

A salicylanilide derivative with bromo- substituents at C-3 and C-5 of the salicylate moiety and at C-4 of the anilide moiety.


indolocarbazole

Compounds based upon an indolo[2,3-a]carbazole skeleton.


3-hydroxy steroid

Any hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 3.


3alpha-hydroxy steroid

A 3-hydroxy steroid in which the 3-hydroxy substituent is in the alpha-position.


phytosterols

Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.


stigmastane sterol

Any sterol based on a stigmastane skeleton.


sterol

Any 3-hydroxy steroid whose skeleton is closely related to cholestan-3-ol (additional carbon atoms may be present in the side chain).


Any 3beta-hydroxy-steroid that contains a double bond between positions 5 and 6.


estradiol

A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estra-1,3,5(10)-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 17.


3beta-hydroxy steroid

A 3-hydroxy steroid in which the 3-hydroxy substituent is in the  beta-position.


A sterol in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has beta- configuration.


macromolecule

A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)

A polymer composed of repeating sodium 4-ethylbenzenesulfonate units.


polyethylene macromolecule

A macromolecule composed of ethane or substituted ethane units.


copolymer macromolecule

A macromolecule derived from two or more species of monomer.


A fructan in which the D-fructose building blocks are connected by beta-(2->1) linkages.


polypeptide

A peptide containing ten or more amino acid residues.


exopolysaccharide

A biomacromolecule composed of carbohydrate residues which is secreted by a microorganism into the surrounding environment.


acrylic macromolecule

A homopolymer macromolecule prepared from acrylic acid or a derivative of acrylic acid.


polyamine macromolecule

A macromolecule composed of units connected by imino (-NR-) linkages.


polysiloxane macromolecule

A macromolecule with a [-Si(R2)-O-] repeating unit.


fructan

Polysaccharides composed of fructose residues.


chondroitin 6'-sulfate

A chondroitin sulfate in which the site of sulfation is carbon 6 of the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) sugar.


corticotropin-releasing hormone

A family of peptide hormones derived from a 191-membered prehormone, secreted by the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus in response to stress. The first full sequence was discovered in sheep, those in rats and humans differ from the ovine sequence by 7 amino acids.


homopolymer macromolecule

A macromolecule derived from one species of (real, implicit or hypothetical) monomer.


insulin

A peptide hormone which consists of two polypeptide chains, A- and B- chains which are linked together by disulfide bonds. The amino acid sequence of insulin varies across species and certain segments of the molecule are highly conserved. In most species, the A chain consists of 21 amino acids and the B chain consists of 30 amino acids. In mammals, insulin is synthesised in the pancreas within the beta cells whereas in certain species of fish, the insulin-producing tissue is uniquely located in separate structures called Brockmann bodies.


glycosaminoglycan

Any polysaccharide containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues.


polystyrene macromolecule

Macromolecules composed of repeating substituted or unsubstituted ethylbenzene units.


polysaccharide derivative

A carbohydrate derivative that is any derivative of a polysaccharide.


chondroitin sulfate E

A chondroitin sulfate in which the site of sulfation is positions 4 and 6 of the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) sugar.


polysaccharide

A biomacromolecule consisting of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues.


poly(alkylene) macromolecule

A macromolecule composed of repeating alkane or substituted alkane units.


biomacromolecule

A macromolecule formed by a living organism.


homopolysaccharide

Glycans composed of a single type of monosaccharide residue. They are named by replacing the ending '-ose' of the sugar by '-an'.


vinyl polymer macromolecule

A macromolecule composed of repeating -CHR-CH2- units.


mucopolysaccharide

Any of the group of polysaccharides composed of alternating units from uronic acids and glycosamines, and commonly partially esterified with sulfuric acid.


alpha-glucoside

A glucoside in which the anomeric carbon of the glycosidic bond is in an alpha configuration


anabolic androgenic steroid

A steroid hormone related to the hormone testosterone. It increases protein synthesis within cells, which results in the buildup of cellular tissue (anabolism), especially in muscles. It also has androgenic and virilizing properties.


A member of the class of quinolones that is the amide obtained from formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-allyl-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole.


imidazopyridazine

An organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of an imidazole ring ortho-fused to a pyridazine ring.


(S)-fluoxetine

An N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine that has S configuration. [The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine].


D-synephrine

The D-enantiomer of synephrine.


oxygen-17 atom

The stable isotope of oxygen with relative atomic mass 16.999131. The least abundant (0.038 atom percent) isotope of naturally occurring oxygen.


hydrate

An addition compound that contains water in weak chemical combination with another compound.


monocarboxylic acid amide

A carboxamide derived from a monocarboxylic acid.


(S)-modafinil

A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. The racemate comprising (S)-modafinil and its enantiomer, armodafinil, is known as modafinil and is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The enantiomers have similar pharmacological actions in animals.


N-(fatty acyl)-ethanolamine

an N-acyl-ethanolamine where the acyl group is a fatty acyl chain with composition not specified, major species at pH 7.3.


fatty amide

A monocarboxylic acid amide derived from a fatty acid.


A member of the class of quinolones that is the amide obtained from formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-allyl-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-amino-4-phenyl-1,3-thiazole.


(R)-atenolol

The (R)-enantiomer of atenolol.


atenolol-desisopropyl

A member of the class of ethanolamines that is 2-aminoethanol substituted by a [4-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)phenoxy]methyl group at position 1. It is a metabolite of the drug atenolol.


N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine

Any N-acylethanolamine in which the acyl group has a chain length of C12 or greater.


dacarbazine

A monocarboxylic acid amide that is 1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide which is substituted at position 5 by a 3,3-dimethyltriaz-1-en-1-yl group. It is used for the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma, and in combination with other drugs for the treatment of Hodgkin's disease and soft-tissue sarcoma.


A member of the class of quinolones that is the amide obtained from formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-1-(2-methylpropyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-amine.


A member of the class of quinolones that is the amide obtained from formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-1-isobutyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-amino-4-methyl-1,3-thiazole.


A member of the class of quinolones that is the amide obtained from formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-amino-3-methyl-1,3-thiazole.


N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine

Any N-acylethanolamine in which the acyl group is derived from a saturated fatty acid.


A member of the class of quinolones that is the amide obtained from formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-1-isopentyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-amino-3-methyl-1,3-thiazole.


arenecarboxamide

A monocarboxylic acid amide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an arene ring system.


cob(II)alamin

A cobalamin in which the central cobalt atom has an oxidation state of +2.


cob(I)alamin

A cobalamin in which the central cobalt atom has an oxidation state of +1.


cob(III)alamin

A cobalamin in which the central cobalt atom has an oxidation state of +3.


D-galactopyranose

A galactopyranose having D-configuration.


naphthols

Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.


primary carboxamide

A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.


monohydroxyquinoline

A hydroxyquinoline carrying a single hydroxy substituent.


A quinoline having the keto group at the 4-position and an additional hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.


maltooligosaccharide

A glucooligosaccharide derived from glucose monomers linked via alpha-D-1,4 bonds as in maltose.  The term is commonly applied to the series of linear oligosaccharides composed of two, three, four, five and six such units of glucose.


primary amino compound

A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by an organyl group.


(S)-tafenoquine

A N(4)-{2,6-dimethoxy-4-methyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]quinolin-8-yl}pentane-1,4-diamine that has S configuration.


(R)-tafenoquine

A N(4)-{2,6-dimethoxy-4-methyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]quinolin-8-yl}pentane-1,4-diamine that has R configuration.


17beta-hydroxy steroid

A 17-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 17 has a beta-configuration.


catechols

Any compound containing an o-diphenol component.


tertiary amino compound

A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.


A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.


(S)-bromazine

The (S)-enantiomer of bromazine.


(S)-nefopam

A 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine that has (S)-configuration (the racemate is a non-opioid analgesic drug).


volatile organic compound

Any organic compound having an initial boiling point less than or equal to 250 degreeC (482 degreeF) measured at a standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa.


hexadecanol

A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of sixteen carbon atoms.


docosanol

A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twenty-two carbon atoms.


(R)-fenfluramine

The R-enantiomer of fenfluramine.


quaternary ammonium salt

Derivatives of ammonium compounds, (NH4(+))Y(-), in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent (usually organyl) groups.


monomethoxybenzene

Compounds containing a benzene skeleton substituted with one methoxy group.


guaiacols

Any phenol carrying an additional methoxy substituent at the ortho-position.


steroid saponin

Any saponin derived from a hydroxysteroid.


bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid

A type of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid whose structures are built up of two benzylisoquinoline units linked by ether bridges. Various structural patterns resulting from additional bridging between the two units by direct carbon-carbon bridging or by methylenedioxy groups are common.


sulfur-37 atom

The radioactive isotope of sulfur with relative atomic mass 36.9711257 and  half-life of 5.05 min.


allenes

Any olefinic compound having two double bonds from one carbon atom to two others.


Any aminopurine that has amino substituents at positions 2 and 6, and their substituted derivatives.


A 2,6-diaminopurine that is an analogue of abacavir in which the cyclopropylamino group at position 6 of the purine moiety is replaced by a 3-cyclopropyl-3-fluoroazetidin-1-yl group. One of a series of synthesised abacavir analogues with antiviral activity found to stimulate IFN-gamma secretion in abacavir-responsive clones.


azide

Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.


nitrate

A nitrogen oxoanion formed by loss of a proton from nitric acid. Principal species present at pH 7.3.


nitrite

The nitrogen oxoanion formed by loss of a proton from nitrous acid.


thiochromane

Any organic heterobicyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a thiopyran.


dibenzopyran

Any organic heteropolycyclic compound based on a skeleton consisting of a pyran ring fused with two benzene rings.


benzimidazole fungicide

Compounds that contain a benzimidazole moiety as a key feature of their structure and which have been used as fungicides.


naphthalenes

Any benzenoid aromatic compound having a skeleton composed of two ortho-fused benzene rings.


adamantanes

Compounds containing an adamantane skeleton.


A hydroxylamine that is N-hydroxyquinolin-4-one in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a (1E)-non-1-en-1-yl group. It is the most active agent produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa that modulates the growth and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus; the corresponding Z isomer is inactive.


hydroxyflavan

A member of the class of flavans in which one or more ring hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy groups.


isoquinolines

A class of organic heteropolycyclic compound consisting of isoquinoline and its substitution derivatives.


androstanoid

Any steroid based on an  androstane skeleton and its derivatives.


folic acids

A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the pteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid units.


pyrrolidinopiperidine

Any organic heterobicyclic compound containing ortho-fused pyrrolidine and piperidine rings.


Indoles

Any compound containing an indole skeleton.


benzodioxine

Any organic heterobicyclic compound containing ortho-fused benzene and dioxine rings.


17alpha-hydroxy steroid

The alpha-stereoisomer of 17-hydroxy steroid.


phenanthrenes

Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.


A steroid compound with a structure based on a 19-carbon (androstane) skeleton.


A steroid that has a structure based on a 21-carbon (pregnane) skeleton. Note that individual examples may have ring substituents at other positions and/or contain double bonds, aromatic A-rings, expanded/contracted rings etc., so the formula and mass may vary from that given for the generic structure.


(R,S,S,S)-nebivolol

A 2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] that has (1S,1'S,2R,2'S)-configuration.


Any aminopurine having the amino substituent at the 2-position.


anthracenes

Compounds containing an anthracene skeleton.


R-epinastine

An epinastine that has R configuration at the chiral centre.


flavonolignan

Any lignan condensed with a 2-aryl-1-benzopyran skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


spiroketal

A cyclic ketal in which the ketal carbon is the only common atom of two rings.


benzisoxazole

Compounds based on a fused 1,2-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.


ortho-fused heteroarene

An ortho-fused compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one heteroatom.


polycyclic cage

A polycyclic compound having the shape of a cage.


alkyloxynaphthalene

Naphthalenes in which one or more alkyloxy groups are bonded to a naphthalene ring system.


5beta steroid

Any steroid that has beta-configuration at position 5.


Any C21-steroid carrying a hydroxy substituent at the 17alpha-position. Note that individual examples may have ring substituents at other positions and/or contain double bonds, aromatic A-rings, expanded/contracted rings etc., so the formula and mass may vary from that given for the generic structure.


phthalimides

A dicarboximide that is phthalimide or derivatives obtained from it by the formal replacement of one or more hydrogens.


benzoxaborole

Any organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of an oxoborole ring that is ortho-fused to a benzene ring.


S-epinastine

An epinastine that has S configuration at the chiral centre.


N-acylindole

A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with the nitrogen of an indole.


spiro-epoxide

An oxaspiro compound in which a carbon atom of an epoxide ring is the only common member of two rings.


steroid hormone

Any steroid that acts as hormone.


fluorinated steroid

A steroid which is substituted with one or more fluorine atoms in any position.


hydroxycoumarin

Any coumarin carrying at least one hydroxy substituent.


carbapenems

The class of beta-lactam antibiotics that whose members have a carbapenem skeleton which is variously substituted at positions 3, 4, and 6.


corticosteroid

A natural or synthetic analogue of the hormones secreted by the adrenal gland.


isobenzofuranone

A 2-benzofuran containing one or more oxo groups.


7alpha-hydroxy steroid

A 7-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 7 has an alpha-configuration.


Any compound having 6-aminopurine (adenine) as part of its structure.


1,8-naphthyridine derivative

Any naphthyridine derivative that is a derivative of 1,8-naphthyridine.


(R)-nomifensine

The R enantiomer of nomifensine.


pyrrolotriazine

Any organic heterobicyclic compound containing ortho-fused pyrrolidine and triazine rings.


epoxy steroid

Any steroid whose structure includes an epoxy group.


An imidazothiazole that is imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole in which the double bonds at the 2-3 and 5-6 positions have been reduced to single bonds and in which one of the hydrogens at position 6 is replaced by a phenyl group.


aza-steroid

An aza-steroid is a steroid where in the carbon skeleton a carbon atom is replaced by nitrogen.


hydroxynaphthalene

Any member of the class of  naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.


tetracyclic antidepressant

An antidepressant whose molecular structure consists of four ring-like structures in a T-shape.


ortho-fused compound

A polycyclic compound in which two rings have two, and only two, atoms in common. Such compounds have n common faces and 2n common atoms.


pyridopyrimidine

Any organic heterobicyclic compound consisting of a pyridine ring ortho-fused at any position to a pyrimidine ring.


Compounds based on a fused 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.


steroid

Any of naturally occurring compounds and synthetic analogues, based on the cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene carbon skeleton, partially or completely hydrogenated; there are usually methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, and often an alkyl group at C-17. By extension, one or more bond scissions, ring expansions and/or ring contractions of the skeleton may have occurred. Natural steroids are derived biogenetically from squalene which is a triterpene.


spiro compound

A compound having one atom as the only common member of two rings.


14beta-hydroxy steroid

A 14-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group has a beta-configuration.


7-hydroxy steroid

A hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 7.


benzimidazoles

An organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring fused to an imidazole ring.


benzazepine

A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to an azepine ring.


(S)-dyphylline

The (S)-enantiomer of dyphylline.


stigmastane derivative

Any steroid (or derivative) based on a stigmastane skeleton.


An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene which is substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and a methyl group at position 11.


benzodiazepine

A group of heterocyclic compounds with a core structure containing a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring.


hexahydronaphthalenes

Any carbobycyclic compound that is an hexahydronaphthalene or a compound obtained from an hexahydronaphthalene by formal substitution of one or more hydrogens.


azaspiro compound

An azaspiro compound is a spiro compound in which at least one of the cyclic components is a nitrogen heterocyle.


pyrimidopyrimidine

An organic heterobicyclic compound with a skeleton consisting of two pyrimidine rings that are ortho-fused to each other at any position.


naphthyridine derivative

Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound that is a derivative of a naphthyridine.


cinnolines

Any  organic heteropolycyclic compound based on the 1,2-diaza analogue of naphthalene and its substituted derivatives.


benzoxazocine

An organonitrogen heterocyclic compound that consists of a benzene ring ortho-fused at any position to an oxazocine ring.


tryptamines

Tryptamine and its substitution derivatives.


purine nucleobase

A nucleobase whose skeleton is derived from purine.


tetrahydrofolic acid

A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid units.


cephamycin

Any member of the cephamycin sub-group of cephem antibiotics, differing from cephalosporins in possessing a methoxy group at the 7alpha-position of the cephem nucleus, and in being resistant to beta-lactamase.


oxaspiro compound

A spiro compound in which at least one of the cyclic components is an oxygen heterocyle.


thienopyridine

Any organic heterobicyclic compound whose skeleton results from the formal ortho-fusion of any bond of a pyridine with any bond of a thiophene.


aminopurine

Any purine having at least one amino substituent.


carbobicyclic compound

A bicyclic compound in which all the ring atoms are carbon.


penams

Natural and synthetic antibiotics containing the 4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-7-one structure, generally assumed to have the 5R configuration unless otherwise specified.


steroid acid

Any steroid substituted by at least one carboxy group.


furofuran

Organic heterobicyclic compounds containing a two furan rings ortho-fused to each other.


oxa-steroid

A steroid where in the carbon skeleton a carbon atom is replaced by oxygen.


carbotricyclic compound

A carbopolyclic compound comprising of three carbocyclic rings.


carbacephem

Any member of a group of synthetic antibiotics, similar to cephems but with carbon substituted for the sulfur; all possessing an acylated amine functionality at C-6 and (S,R) stereochemistry at C-6 and C-7.


chromones

A chromenone that consists of a 1,4-benzopyrone skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.


carbopolycyclic compound

A polyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms.


bridged compound

A polycyclic compound in which two rings have two or more atoms in common.


11beta-hydroxy steroid

Any 11-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has beta- configuration.


(S,R,R,R)-nebivolol

A 2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] that has (1R,1'R,2R,2'S)-configuration.


flavans

Any flavonoid with a 3,4-dihydro-2-aryl-2H-1-benzopyran skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


methoxynaphthalene

Any alkyloxynaphthalene bearing one or more methoxy substituents.


C21-steroid hormone

A steroid compound with a structure based on a 21-carbon (pregnane) skeleton that acts as a hormone.


cephams

Natural and synthetic antibiotics containing the 5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]octan-8-one nucleus; generally assumed to have the 6R configuration, unless otherwise specified.


17-hydroxy steroid

A hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 17.


heteropolycyclic compound

A polycyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one non-carbon atom.


methylindole

Any member of the class of indoles carrying one or more methyl substituents.


xanthene dye

A dye derived by condensation of phthalic anhydride with resorcinol (and derivatives) or m-aminophenol (and derivatives).


purines

A class of imidazopyrimidines that consists of purine and its substituted derivatives.


(R)-dyphylline

The (R)-enantiomer of dyphylline.


oxindoles

Any member of the class of indolones whose structure is based on an oxindole (2-indolone) skeleton.


imidazotetrazine

Any organic heterobicyclic compound containing ortho-fused imidazole and tetrazine rings.


oxacephem

Any member of the oxacephem sub-group of cephem antibiotics, in which the thiaazabicyclo moiety of the cephalosporins is replaced by an oxaazabicyclo moiety, and  where R3 is -H or -OCH3.


catechin

Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


benzofuran antifungal drug

Any member of the class of benzofurans which has been used as an antifungal drug.


Compounds based on a fused 1,2-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton, with the O atom positioned adjacent to one of the positions of ring fusion.


16-hydroxy steroid

Any hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 16.


tetralins

Compounds containing a tetralin skeleton.


cephalosporin

A class of beta-lactam antibiotics differing from the penicillins in having a 6-membered, rather than a 5-membered, side ring.  Although cephalosporins are among the most commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of routine infections, and their use is increasing over time, they can cause a range of hypersensitivity reactions, from mild, delayed-onset cutaneous reactions to life-threatening anaphylaxis in patients with immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy.


A benzothiazole consisting of a benzene ring fused to an isothiazole.


anthracycline antibiotic

An organic compound that has a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine and which exhibits antibiotic activity.


organic heterocyclic compound

A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of carbon and at least of one other element.


delta-lactam

A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a six-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.


A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.


yaequinolone D

Published in DOI:10.1038/ja.2006.86


aminoquinoline

Any member of the class of quinolines in which the quinoline skeleton is substituted by one or more amino or substituted-amino groups.


uranidine

A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, and 8. It is isolated from the sponge Aplysina aerophoba.


bipyridines

Compounds containing a bipyridine group.


benzocycloheptathiophene

benzocycloheptathiophenes


quinolines

A class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds each of which contains a benzene ring ortho fused to carbons 2 and 3 of a pyridine ring.


A quinolone that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 4.


biphenylyltetrazole

A member of the class of biphenyls that consists of a biphenyl ring system substituted by a tetrazole ring at an unspecified position.


triazoles

An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.


(S)-oxamniquine

A {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol that has S configuration.


An N-glycosyl compound that consists of any triazole having a glycosyl residue attached at position 1.


metalloprotoporphyrin

A metal--protoporphyrin coordination complex.


polypyrrole

A compound composed of two or more pyrrole units.


morphinane-like compound

Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a morphinan skeleton. These are synthetic or semi-synthetic compounds that resemble the  morphinane (opioid) alkaloids in their pharmacological effects.


tetrapyrrole

A natural pigment containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.


beta-lactam antibiotic

An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic that contains a beta-lactam ring.


azole

Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.


fluoroquinolone antibiotic

An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic containing a quinolone (or quinolone-like) moiety and which have a fluorine atom attached to the central ring system.


yaequinolone C

Published in DOI:10.1038/ja.2006.86


(S)-bendroflumethiazide

The (S)-enantiomer of bendroflumethiazide.


nucleobase-containing molecular entity

Any compound that has a nucleobase as a part.


conazole fungicide

Any conazole antifungal agent that has been used as a fungicide.


A quinolone consisting of quinolin-4(1H)-one carrying a heptyl substituent at position 2 and a hydroxy group at position 3.


aminoimidazole

Any member of the class of  imidazoles carrying at least one amino substituent.


monobactam

Monocyclic, bacterially produced or semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotic. It lacks the double ring construction of the traditional beta-lactam antibiotics and can be easily synthesized.


penigequinolone B

Published in DOI:10.1038/ja.2006.86


triazole antifungal drug

Any triazole antifungal agent that has been used for the treatment of fungal infections in humans or animals.


corrinoid

A derivative of the corrin nucleus, which contains four reduced or partly reduced pyrrole rings joined in a macrocycle by three =C- groups and one direct carbon-carbon bond linking alpha positions.


porphyrins

Natural pigments containing a fundamental skeleton of four pyrrole nuclei united through the alpha-positions by four methine groups to form a macrocyclic structure.


tetrazoles

An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains four N atoms and one C atom.


benzotriazines

Compounds based on a fused triazine and benzene ring skeleton.


1,3-thiazolium cation

An organic cation resulting from protonation or quaternisation at the 3-position of any 1,3-thiazole.


nucleobase

That part of DNA or RNA that may be involved in pairing.


oxazole

An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.


triazole antifungal agent

A member of the class of triazole that has significant antifungal properties.


(S)-bifonazole

A 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole that is the S-enantiomer of bifonazole.


crown compound

A macrocyclic polydentate compound, usually uncharged, in which three or more coordinating ring atoms are or may become suitably close for easy formation of chelate complexes with metal ions or other cationic species.


(R)-bendroflumethiazide

The (R)-enantiomer of bendroflumethiazide.


beta-lactam

A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.


cyclic acetal

An acetal in the molecule of which the acetal carbon and one or both oxygen atoms thereon are members of a ring.


cyclic hydroxamic acid

A lactam having a hydroxy substituent on the amide nitrogen.


epoxide

Any cyclic ether in which the oxygen atom forms part of a 3-membered ring.


A quinolone consisting of quinolin-4(1H)-one carrying a heptyl substituent at position 2.


quinolone antibiotic

An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.


imidazole antifungal drug

Any imidazole antifungal agent that has been used for the treatment of fungal infections in humans or animals.


thiazide

Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.


heteroarene

A heterocyclic compound formally derived from an arene by replacement of one or more methine (-C=) and/or vinylene (-CH=CH-) groups by trivalent or divalent heteroatoms, respectively, in such a way as to maintain the continuous pi-electron system characteristic of aromatic systems and a number of out-of-plane pi-electrons corresponding to the Hueckel rule (4n+2).


oxapenam

A fused-ring beta-lactam system where the beta-lactam ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazolidine ring.


A quinolone that is quinolin-2(1H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 4.


lactam

Cyclic amides of amino carboxylic acids, having a 1-azacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.


cyclic ether

Any ether in which the oxygen atom forms part of a ring.


imidazole antifungal agent

A compound that has significant antifungal properties whose structure contains an imidazole moiety.


conazole antifungal drug

Any conazole antifungal agent that has been used for the treatment of fungal infections in animals or humans.


organonitrogen heterocyclic compound

Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms.


A member of the class of quinolones that is 2-methylquinolin-4(1H)-one in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a 4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy]phenyl group. A potent inhibitor of Toxoplasma gondii growth.


conazole antifungal agent

A compound that has a structure that is related to miconazole, contains an azole (imidazole or triazole) moiety, and has significant systemic antifungal properties.  They inhibit cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes (particularly C14-demethylase) involved in the biosynthesis of ergosterol, which is required for fungal cell membrane structure and function.


A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thione and its derivatives by substitution.


cyclic ketal

A ketal in the molecule of which the ketal carbon and one or both oxygen atoms thereon are members of a ring.


imidazoles

A five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.


tetrahydropyrimidine

Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound containing a pyrimidine ring that has been reduced by the formal addition of 2 mol eq. of hydrogen.


beta-lactam antibiotic allergen

Any beta-lactam antibiotic which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.


imidazole fungicide

Any imidazole antifungal agent that has been used as a fungicide.


dieckol

A phlorotannin isolated from a brown alga Ecklonia cava which exhibits antioxidant, hepatoprotective and anticoagulant activities.


oxacycle

Any organic heterocyclic compound containing at least one ring oxygen atom.


benzothiadiazine

Heterocyclic compound of a ring with sulfur and two nitrogen atoms fused to a benzene ring. Members inhibit sodium-potassium-chloride symporters and are used as diuretics.


ansamycin

A class of macrocyclic lactams that consist of an aromatic (phenyl or naphthyl) or quinonoid (benzoquinone or naphthoquinone) moiety that is bridged by an aliphatic chain.


A phlorotanin that is 1,1'-bioxanthrene substituted by 3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy groups at position 6 and 6' and hydroxy groups at positions  2, 2', 4, 4', 7, 7', 9 and 9' respectively. It is isolated  from an edible marine brown alga Ecklonia cava and exhibits antioxidant activity.


Any tetrahydropyrimidine in which the double bond is between positions 1 and 2.


A heteroaryl hydroxy compound that is 2-quinolone substituted at position 4 by a hydroxy group.


diazole

An azole that is either one of a pair of heterocyclic organic compounds comprising three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms arranged in a ring.


(R)-oxamniquine

A {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol that has R configuration.


penems

An  organosulfur heterocyclic compound that contains a beta-lactam ring.


crown amine

Crown compounds containing only nitrogen as coordinating atom.


gamma-lactam

A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a five-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.


Any flavonol carrying a 7-hydroxy substituent.


hydracid

A hydracid is a compound which contains hydrogen that is not bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).


noble gas molecular entity

A main group molecular entity containing one or more atoms of any noble gas.


siloxane

Siloxanes are saturated silicon-oxygen hydrides with unbranched or branched chains of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms (each silicon atom is separated from its nearest silicon neighbours by single oxygen atoms). By extension hydrocarbyl derivatives are commonly included.


L-glucitol

The L-enantiomer of glucitol.


A glucitol that is D-glucitol in which the carbon at position 1 is the (13)C isotope.


ketoxime

Oximes of ketones R2C=NOH (where R =/= H).


mixture

A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind.


racemate

A racemate is an equimolar mixture of a pair of enantiomers.


polymer

A polymer is a mixture, which is composed of macromolecules of different kinds and which may be differentiated by composition, length, degree of branching etc..


diastereoisomeric mixture

A mixture composed of two or more diastereoisomers (stereoisomers not related as mirror images).


difluorobenzene

Any member of the class of fluorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring carrying two fluorine atoms.


hydroxamic acid

A compound, RkE(=O)lNHOH, derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH) (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH with -NHOH, and derivatives thereof. Specific examples of hydroxamic acids are preferably named as N-hydroxy amides.


acetohydroxamic acids

Any hydroxamic acid in which the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.


tripeptide

Any oligopeptide that consists of three amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.


octasaccharide derivative

An oligosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from an octasaccharide.


disaccharide

A compound in which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond.


inulobiose

A glycosyl glycoside comprising D-fructose attached to a D-fructofuranosyl residue via a beta-(2->1)-linkage.


glycosyl glycoside

Any disaccharide in which the two monosaccharide components are connected by a glycosidic linkage between their anomeric centres.


azamacrocycle

A cyclic macromolecule containing one or more nitrogen atoms in place of carbon either as the divalent group NH for the group CH2 or a single trivalent nitrogen atom for the group CH.


(13)C-modified compound

An isotopically modified compound in which the abundance of a (13)C isotope at one or more positions has been increased above that of the naturally occurring level.


N-acetylarylamine

An acetamide where at at least one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by an aryl group. RNHAc where R is an aryl group.


long-chain fatty alcohol

A fatty alcohol with a chain length ranging from C13 to C22.


fatty alcohol 22:0

Any fatty alcohol containing 22 carbons.


fatty alcohol 16:0

Any fatty alcohol containing 16 carbons.


organofluorine compound

An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.


inorganic fluoride salt

A fluoride salt that lacks C-H bonds


fluorophenol

A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded fluorine atoms.


monofluorobenzenes

Any member of the class of fluorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring carrying a single fluorine substitutent.


(R)-fluoxetine

An N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine that has R configuration. [The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine].


trifluorobenzene

Any member of the class of fluorobenzenes carrying three fluorine substituents at unspecified positions.


fluorobiphenyl

Any member of the class of  biphenyls that is a mono or poly-substituted biphenyl having fluro group as one of the substituents.


fluorocarbon

Compounds consisting wholly of fluorine and carbon.


(trifluoromethyl)benzenes

An organofluorine compound that is (trifluoromethyl)benzene and derivatives arising from substitution of one or more of the phenyl hydrogens.


fluoroalkane

A haloalkane that is an alkane in which at least one hydrogen atom has been replaced by a fluorine atom.


oxygen-18 atom

The stable isotope of oxygen with relative atomic mass 17.999160 and 0.205 atom percent natural abundance.


heteroatomic molecular entity

A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements.


aromatic primary alcohol

Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.


organic fundamental parent

An organic fundamental parent is a structure used as a basis for substitutive names in organic nomenclature, containing, in addition to one or more hydrogen atoms, a single atom of an element, a number of atoms (alike or different) linked together to form an unbranched chain, a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, or a ring assembly or ring/chain system.


organic oxide

An oxide in which the oxygen atom is bonded to a carbon atom.


dihydroxyflavone

Any hydroxyflavone in which two ring hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy substituents.


pentahydroxyflavone

A hydroxyflavone substituted by five hydroxy groups.


cyclopentanols

An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclopentane skeleton.


lambertianin C

Is trimer of casuarictin linked by sanguisorbic acid ester groups between glucopyranose moieties. It contributes to the antioxidant capacity of raspberries.


trihydroxyflavone

Any  hydroxyflavone carrying three hydroxy groups at unspecified positions.


aliphatic alcohol

An  alcohol derived from an aliphatic compound.


imidic acid

Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing =O by =NR; thus tautomers of amides. In organic chemistry an unspecified imidic acid is generally a carboximidic acid, RC(=NR)(OH).


sulfates

Salts and esters of sulfuric acid


tergitol

A poly(ethylene glycol) derivative that is poly(ethylene glycol) in which one of the terminal hydroxy groups has been converted into the corresponding p-nonylphenyl ether.


secondary fatty alcohol

A fatty alcohol consisting of a chain of 3 to greater than 27 carbon atoms in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom different from the terminal carbons. Secondary fatty alcohols may be saturated or unsaturated and may be branched or unbranched.


alcohol

A compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom.


ketone hydrate

A 1,1-diol resulting from the formal addition of water to the carbonyl group of a ketone.


ethanols

Any primary alcohol based on an ethanol skeleton.


ultra-long-chain fatty alcohol

Any fatty alcohol which has a chain length greater than C27.


sulfide salt

A salt in which the anionic species is sulfide (S(2-)).


metal carbonyl

A coordination entity that is coordination complex of a metals with one or more carbon monoxide ligands.


boronic acids

Compounds having the structure RB(OH)2.


azane

Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.


diarylheptanoid

A family of plant metabolites with a common 1,7-diphenylheptane structural skeleton, carrying various substituents. They are mainly distributed in the roots, rhizomes and bark of Alpinia, Zingiber, Curcuma and Alnus species.


fucodiphloroethol G

A phlorotannin that consists of biphenyl-2,2',4,4',6-pentol substituted by a 2,4-dihydroxy-6-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenoxy)phenoxy substituent at position 6'. Isolated from the marine brown alga Ecklonia cava, it exhibits anti-allergic, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities.


primary fatty alcohol

Any fatty alcohol in which the hydroxy group is attached to a methylene (CH2) group.


phosphoramidate ester

A phosphoric ester (phosphate) that has an NR2 instead of an OH group.


phenols

Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring.


aluminium sulfate

Any inorganic sulfate salt resulting from the formal condensation of aluminium hydroxide with 1.5 mol eq. of sulfuric acid.


tyramines

Aralkylamino compounds which contain a tyramine skeleton.


organobromine compound

A compound containing at least one carbon-bromine bond.


Nitrophenols

Any member of the class of  phenols or substituted phenols carrying  at least 1 nitro group.


diol

A compound that contains two hydroxy groups, generally assumed to be, but not necessarily, alcoholic. Aliphatic diols are also called glycols.


amino alcohol

An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.


phenolic donor

Any phenol that acts as an electron donor.


halide

Any heteroatomic molecular entity that is a chemical compound of halogen with other chemical elements.


alkylbenzene

A  monocyclic arene that is benzene substituted with one or more alkyl groups.


glycol

A diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent.


alkyl alcohol

An aliphatic alcohol in which the aliphatic alkane chain is substituted by a hydroxy group at unspecified position.


sulfamides

Compounds where two amino groups are bound to an SO2 unit.


oxoacid

A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).


inorganic magnesium salt

A magnesium salt that lacks C-H bonds


inorganic barium salt

A barium salt that lacks C-H bonds


allylic alcohol

An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).


metal sulfate

Sulfate salts where the cation is a metal ion.


phenylethanolamines

An ethanolamine compound having a phenyl (substituted or unsubstituted) group on the carbon bearing the hydroxy substituent.


addition compound

An addition compound contains two or more simpler compounds that can be packed in a definite ratio into a crystal. The term covers donor-acceptor complexes (adducts) and a variety of lattice compounds.


sanguiin H6

Dimer of casuarictin linked by a bond between the gallic acid residue and one of the hexahydroxydiphenic acid units. It has sanguisorbic acid ester groups as linking units between glucopyranose moieties.


poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate

A poly(ethylene glycol) compound having a methacrylate group at the alpha-terminus and a methyl group at the omega-terminus.


resorcinols

Any benzenediol in which the two hydroxy groups are meta to one another.


organic sulfate

Compounds of the general formula SO3HOR where R is an organyl group


boric acids

Hydroxy boron compounds of general formula BxOyHz.


inorganic aluminium salt

A aluminium salt that lacks C-H bonds


hydrides

Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements.


artemisinin derivative

Any organic peroxide formally obtained from artemisinin.


organosulfonic acid

An organic derivative of sulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked directly to carbon.


peroxides

Compounds of structure ROOR'.


halohydrocarbon

A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing a hydrogen atom with a halogen atom.


enol

Alkenols; the term refers specifically to vinylic alcohols, which have the structure HOCR'=CR2. Enols are tautomeric with aldehydes (R' = H) or ketones (R' =/= H).


polysorbate

Any poly(ethylene glycol) derivative composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan [2-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol] normally containing a total of 20 oxyethylene groups, with one or more of the terminal hydroxy groups esterified with a fatty acyl group. They are used as emulsifiers and dispersing agents in some pharmaceuticals products and as defoamers and emulsifiers in some foods.


hydroxypolyether

A hydroxyether compound containing more than one ether group.


hydroxyflavone

Any flavone in which one or more ring hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy groups.


organic hydroxy compound

An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom.


hydroquinones

Benzenediols that have the hydroxy substituents in the 1- and 4-positions.


inorganic calcium salt

A calcium salt that lacks C-H bonds


tertiary alcohol

A tertiary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has three other carbon atoms attached to it.


(R)-bevantolol

The (R)-enantiomer of bevantolol.


cyclohexanols

An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.


lactate salt

Any organic salt that has lactate as the cation.


haloalkane

A halohydrocarbon that is an alkane in which at least one hydrogen atom has been replaced by with a halogen atom.


hydroxyether

Any ether carrying a hydroxy group at unspecified position.


hydrocarbon

A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.


N-acylethanolamine

An ethanolamine substituted at nitrogen by an acyl group.


gallotannin

A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).


A mononitrophenol that is 2-nitrophenol and its derivatives resulting from substitution of one or more of the hydrogens attached to the benzene ring by a non-nitro group.


main-group coordination entity

A coordination entity in which the central atom to which the ligands are attached comes from groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 of the periodic table.


oligosaccharide sulfate

Any  carbohydrate sulfate that is an oligosaccharide carrying at least one O-sulfo substituent.


selenite salt

Salts of selenous acid.


triethylene glycol

A poly(ethylene glycol) that is octane-1,8-diol in which the carbon atoms at positions 3 and 6 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.


secondary alcohol

A secondary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has two other carbon atoms attached to it.


ellagitannin

A form of hydrolysable tannin produced from ellagic acid. Ellagitannins are glucosides which are readily hydrolysed by water to regenerate ellagic acid when the plants are eaten.


polyene

An olefin that contains more than one carbon-carbon double bond.


Rubrisandrin A(2:1 Inseparable mixture of regeoisomers)


mononitrophenol

A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.


ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol

Any primary fatty alcohol with a chain length greater than C27.


Any  propanediol bearing hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 3.


polyol

A compound that contains two or more hydroxy groups.


A phlorotannin that is eckol in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a 2,4,6-trihydroxyphenoxy group. Isolated from the marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava, it exhibits antioxidant activity.


primary allylic alcohol

An allylic alcohol in which the carbon atom that links the double bond to the hydroxy group is also attached to two hydrogens.


ethanediol

Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.


phosphorus oxoacid

A pnictogen oxoacid which contains phosphorus and oxygen, at least one hydrogen atom bound to oxygen, and forms an ion by the loss of one or more protons.


halomethane

A haloalkane that is methane in which one (or more) of the hydrogens have been replaced by a halogen atom/halogen atoms.


coordination entity

An assembly consisting of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms (ligands).


sulfuric ester

An ester of an alcohol and sulfuric acid.


alditol

A carbohydrate that is an acyclic polyol having the general formula HOCH2[CH(OH)]nCH2OH (formally derivable from an aldose by reduction of the carbonyl group).


hydroxides

Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)).


organic peroxide

Compounds of structure ROOR' in which R and R' are organic groups.


aromatic alcohol

Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.


haloalkene

A compound derived from an alkene by replacing a hydrogen atom with a halogen atom.


phosphoric acids

Compounds containing one or more phosphoric acid units.


agrimoniin

A dimeric hydrolysable tannin in which 2 moles of potentillin monomer are linked via a dehydrogalloyl group; an antitumor tannin of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb., which induces interleukin-1.


polyene antibiotic

A family of antibiotics containing a conjugated polyene moiety, usuallly isolated from some species of Streptomyces.


(S)-bevantolol

The (S)-enantiomer of bevantolol.


organohalogen compound

A compound containing at least one carbon-halogen bond (where X is a halogen atom).


long chain primary alcohol

A primary alcohol with a chain length ranging from 13-22 carbons which is usually but not always a fatty alcohol.


tartrate salt

A salt of the organic compound tartaric acid.


pentol

A  polyol with five hydroxy groups.


fatty alcohol

An aliphatic alcohol consisting of a chain of 3 to greater than 27 carbon atoms. Fatty alcohols may be saturated or unsaturated and may be branched or unbranched.


acetate salt

Any salt prepared using acetic acid as the acid component.


oxide

An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements.


N-sulfonylurea

A urea in which one of the hydrogens attached to a nitrogen of the urea group is replaced by a sulfonyl group. The N-sulfonylurea moiety is a key group in various herbicides, as well as in a number of antidiabetic drugs used in the management of type 2 diabetis mellitus.


hydrolysable tannin

A tannin that yields gallic or ellagic acids upon acid hydrolysis.


sulfonamide

An amide of a sulfonic acid RS(=O)2NR'2.


barium salt

An alkaline earth salt that has barium(2+) as the cation.


triol

A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.


organic magnesium salt

A magnesium salt with C-H bonds


aldehyde hydrate

A 1,1-diol resulting from the formal addition of water to the carbonyl group of a aldehyde.


heteroaryl hydroxy compound

Any organic aromatic compound having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a heteroarene ring.


olefin

Acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, apart from the formal ones in aromatic compounds. The class olefins subsumes alkenes and cycloalkenes and the corresponding polyenes.


tetradecaethylene glycol

A poly(ethylene glycol) containing 14 ethyleneoxy units.


monocyclic arene

A monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.


fatty alcohol 28:0

Any fatty alcohol containing 28 carbons.


poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)

A poly(ethylene glycol) compound terminated with methacrylate groups.


bromobenzenes

A member of the class of benzenes that is benzene substituted by at least one bromo group.


poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate)

A poly(ethylene glycol) compound terminated with acrylate groups.


isourea

A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.


arene

Any monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.


primary alcohol

A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.


polyphenol

Members of the class of phenols that contain 2 or more benzene rings each of which is substituted by at least one hydroxy group.


flavonols

Any hydroxyflavone in which is the ring hydrogen at position 3 of the heterocyclic ring is replaced by a hydroxy group.


sodium salt

Any alkali metal salt having sodium(1+) as the cation.


Any alcohol in which two hydroxy groups are bonded to the same atom.


organosulfonate salt

Any organic salt prepared using an organosulfonic acid as the acid component.


Any hydroxyflavone with a hydroxy substituent at position 3'.


benzoic acid [(2R,3S)-5,7-dibenzoyloxy-2-(3,4-dibenzoyloxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-3-yl] ester


A halophenol in which the halogen atom is bonded to the carbon atom adjacent to the C-OH group.


secondary allylic alcohol

An allylic alcohol in which the carbon atom that links the double bond to the hydroxy group is also attached to one other carbon and one hydrogen.


pentitol

An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.


chromium chloride

Any of the chlorides of chromium.


phlorotannin

A type of tannin usually found in brown algae such as kelps and rockweeds. Unlike the hydrolysable or condensed tannins, these compounds are oligomers of phloroglucinol.


tetrahydroxyflavone

Any hydroxyflavone carrying four hydroxy substituents.


sulfonamide antibiotic

A class of sulfonamides whose members generally have bacteriostatic antibiotic properties.


salt

A salt is an assembly of cations and anions.


alkaloid

Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is  exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids.


indole alkaloid

An alkaloid containing an indole skeleton.


isoquinoline alkaloid

Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.


cinchona alkaloid

An alkaloid based on a cinchonan skeleton.


monoterpenoid indole alkaloid

A terpenoid indole alkaloid which is biosynthesised from L-tryptophan and diisoprenoid (usually secolaganin) building blocks.


hemiterpenoid indole alkaloid

A terpenoid indole alkaloid which is biosynthesised from L-tryptophan and monoisoprenoid (usually dimethylallyl pyrophosphate or isopentenyl pyrophosphate) building blocks


morphinane alkaloid

An  isoquinoline alkaloid based on a morphinan skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


benzylisoquinoline alkaloid

Any isoquinoline alkaloid based on a benzylisoquinoline skeleton.


vinca alkaloid

A group of indole-indoline dimers which are alkaloids obtained from the Vinca genus of plants, together with semi-synthetic and fully synthetic analogues.


ergoline alkaloid

One of a class of naturally occurring alkaloids with a structure based on that of ergoline.


terpenoid indole alkaloid

An indole alkaloid which is biosynthesised from L-tryptophan and isoprenoid building blocks.


aporphine alkaloid

Any benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that has a structure based on 4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline or its 3-methyl derivative.


anthracycline

Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.


organothiophosphorus compound

An organothiophosphorus compound is an organophosphorus compound which contains a phosphorus-sulfur bond.


thiocarboxylic ester

An ester in which one or both oxygens of an ester group have been replaced by divalent sulfur.


organosulfur compound

An organosulfur compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-sulfur bond.


dithiocarbamic acids

Any organic acid in which both oxygens of a carbamic acid have been replaced by sulfur.


methanesulfonates

Esters or salts of methanesulfonic acid.


thioureas

Compounds of general formula RR'NC(=S)NR''R'''.


aryl thiol

An aryl thiol is a thiol in which a sulfanyl group, SH, is attached to an aryl group.


S-glycosyl compound

A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and a S atom bound to a carbon atom, thus creating a C-S bond.


thiocarbonyl compound

Any compound containing the thiocarbonyl group, C=S.


organic sulfide

Compounds having the structure RSR (R =/= H). Such compounds were once called thioethers.


alkanethiol

An alkanethiol is a compound in which a sulfanyl group, -SH, is attached to an alkyl group.


(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine

An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.


aryl sulfide

Any organic sulfide in which the sulfur is attached to at least one aromatic group.


sulfide

Any sulfur molecular entity that involves either covalently bonded or anionic sulfur.


cyclooctasulfur

A homomonocyclic compound composed of eight sulfur atoms. It has been isolated from Ganoderma lucidum, a mushroom commonly used in Chinese medicine.


dithioacetal

A thioacetal having the structure R2C(SR')2. The term includes dithioketals (R =/= H, R' =/= H) as a subclass.


sulfone

An organosulfur compound having the structure RS(=O)2R (R =/= H).


methyl sulfide

Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.


sulfoxide

An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H).


thioacetal

The sulfur analogue of 'acetal'.  The term includes monothioacetals having the structure R2C(OR')(SR') (subclass monothioketals, R =/= H); and dithioacetals having the structure R2C(SR')2 (subclass dithioketals, R =/= H, R' =/= H).


thiol

An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.


thiosugar

A carbohydrate derivative in which one or more of the oxygens or hydroxy groups of the parent carbohydrate is replaced by sulfur or -SR, where R can be hydrogen or any group.


monothioacetal

A thioacetal having the structure R2C(OR')(SR'). The term includes monothioketals, R =/= H, as a subclass.


dithioketal

A dithioacetal of formula R2C(SR')2, R =/= H, R' =/= H.


Any 6-carbon amino monosaccharide with at least one alcoholic hydroxy group replaced by an amino group.


lipopeptide

A compound consisting of a peptide with attached lipid.


echinocandin

Any one of a family of large lipopeptides that are inhibitors of the enzyme 1,3-beta-glucan synthase, thus damaging fungal cell walls. Echinocandins are fungicidal against most Candida spp and fungistatic against Aspergillus spp.


formamides

Amides with the general formula R(1)R(2)NCHO (R(1) and R(2) can be H).


pnictogen molecular entity

A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen.


oxime

Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.


glycine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of glycine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.


peptide

Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc.


L-tryptophan derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-tryptophan at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-tryptophan by a heteroatom.


triazene derivative

A nitrogen molecular entity resulting from the formal substitution of one or more of the hydrogens of triazene.


L-tyrosine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-tyrosine by a heteroatom.


Any carbohydrate derivative that consists of glycan moieties covalently attached to the side chains of the amino acid residues that constitute the peptide.


depsipeptide

A natural or synthetic compound having a sequence of amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues (usually alpha-amino and alpha-hydroxy acids), commonly but not necessarily regularly alternating.


amino acid derivative

Any derivative of an amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing amino acid residues.


polyamine

Any organic amino compound that contains two or more amino groups.


L-phenylalanine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-phenylalanine  at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-phenylalanine  by a heteroatom.


N-nitrosoureas

A nitroso compound that is any urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group


ammonium compound

Compounds (NH4(+))Y(-) and derivatives, in which one or more of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent groups.


reactive nitrogen species

A family of nitrogen molecular entities which are highly reactive and derived from nitric oxide (.NO) and superoxide (O2.(-)) produced via the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and NADPH oxidase respectively.


vitamin B12

Any member of a group of cobalamin vitamers that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with low red blood cell count and anemia. The vitamers are found in foods such as cereals, meat, fish, and poultry. The vitamers include adenosylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, cyanocobalamin, aquacobalamin, nitritocobalamin and methylcobabalamin (also includes their ionized, salt and phosphate derivatives).


primary amide

A derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.


oxime O-ether

O-organyl oximes R2C=NOR' (R' =/= H).


acetyl-amino acid

Any amino acid derivative that is the N-acetyl or O-acetyl derivative of an amino acid.


azo compound

Derivatives of diazene with the general structure R-N=N-R'.


amide

An amide is a derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.


acetamides

Compounds with the general formula RNHC(=O)CH3.


carbohydrazide

A hydrazide consisting of hydrazine carrying one or more carboacyl groups.


carboxamide

An amide of a carboxylic acid, having the structure RC(=O)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)NH2 group including its carbon atom.


nucleoside analogue

An analogue of a nucleoside, being an N-glycosyl compound in which the nitrogen-containing moiety is a modified nucleotide base. They are commonly used as antiviral products to prevent viral replication in infected cells.


phosphoramide

A compound in which one or more of the OH groups of phosphoric acid have been replaced with an amino or substituted amino group. The term is commonly confined to the phosphoric triamides, P(=O)(NR2)3, since replacement of one or two OH groups produces phosphoramidic acids: P(=O)(OH)(NR2)2 , P(=O)(OH)2(NR2).


hydrazone

Compounds having the structure R2C=NNR2, formally derived from aldehydes or ketones by replacing =O by =NNH2 (or substituted analogues).


B vitamin

Any member of the group of eight water-soluble vitamins originally thought to be a single compound (vitamin B) that play important roles in cell metabolism. The group comprises of vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12 (Around 20 other compounds were once thought to be B vitamins but are no longer classified as such).


homodetic cyclic peptide

A homodetic cyclic peptide is a cyclic peptide in which the ring consists solely of amino-acid residues in peptide linkages.


mixed diacylamine

Any imide in which the acyl substituents are any two from carboacyl, sulfonyl and phosphoryl


vitamin B9

Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.


phosphine

Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.


asparagine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of asparagine at the amino group, the carboxy group, or the carboxamide, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of asparagine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing asparagine residues.


organonitrogen compound

Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.


pantothenic acids

A class of amides formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine and its derivatives.


D-tyrosine derivative

A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-tyrosine by a heteroatom.


N-glycosyl compound

A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to a nitrogen atom, thus creating a C-N bond.


nitrogen mustard

Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.


hydrazide

Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH  by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).


phosphonic acids

HP(=O)(OH)2  (phosphonic acid) and its P-substituted derivatives.


organic amino compound

A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.


peptidyl amide

A peptide that has a carbamoyl group at the C-terminus.


amidine

Derivatives of oxoacids RnE(=O)OH in which the hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group and the oxo group is replaced by =NR. In organic chemistry an unspecified amidine is commonly a carboxamidine.


valine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of valine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of valine  by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing valine  residues.


nitroglycerol

A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.


cysteine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of cysteine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing cysteine residues.


amino acid amide

An amide of an amino acid formed formally by conversion of the carboxy group to a carboxamido group.


L-asparagine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-asparagine at the amino group, the carboxy group, or the carboxamide, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-asparagine by a heteroatom.


quaternary nitrogen compound

A nitrogen molecular entity that is electronically neutral but which contains a quaternary nitrogen.


L-valine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-valine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-valine by a heteroatom.


hemiaminal ether

An organic amino compound that is a hemiaminal in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group has been replaced by an organyl group. General formula: R2C(OR')NR2 ( R =/= H ). Also known as alpha-amino ethers.


monoamine

An aralylamino compound which contains one amino group connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain. Monoamines are derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and the thyroid hormones by the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes.


oligopeptide

A peptide containing a relatively small number of amino acids.


heterodetic cyclic peptide

A heterodetic cyclic peptide is a peptide consisting only of amino-acid residues, but in which the linkages forming the ring are not solely peptide bonds; one or more is an isopeptide, disulfide, ester, or other bond.


amidoxime

Amidines of general formula RC(=NOH)NR(1)R(2), in which the imino nitrogen is substituted by a hydroxy group.


N-sulfonylcarboxamide

A mixed diacylamine resulting from the formal condensation of the nitrogen of a carboxamide with a sulphonic acid.


L-cysteine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from the formal reaction of L-cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-cysteine by a heteroatom.


nitrate ester

Any member of the class of nitrates resulting from the esterification of nitric acid with an alcohol.


phenylhydrazines

Any member of the class of  hydrazines carrying a phenyl substituent.


vitamin B3

Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).


phenylureas

Any member of the class of ureas in which at least one of the nitrogens of the urea moiety is substituted by a phenyl or substituted phenyl group.


D-phenylalanine derivative

A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-phenylalanine by a heteroatom.


tetrapeptide

Any molecule that contains four amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.


bleomycin

A glycopeptide produced by the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus. The term, 'bleomycin' refers to a family of structurally related compounds. When used as an anti-cancer agent, the chemotherapeutical forms are primarily bleomycin A2 and B2.


vitamin B5

Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.


cyanides

Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.


alanine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of alanine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing alanine residues.


vitamin B7

Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.


L-proline derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-proline  by a heteroatom.


azobenzenes

Any member of the wide class of molecules that share the core azobenzene structure, comprising two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond, which may have different functional groups extending from the rings.


monoamine molecular messenger

A group of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group  (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.


organophosphorus compound

An organophosphorus compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-phosphorus bond, but the term is often extended to include esters and thioesters.


proline derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of proline by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing proline residues.


diamine

Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.


glutamic acid derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing glutamic acid residues.


dicarboximide

An imide in which the two acyl substituents on nitrogen are carboacyl groups.


aromatic amine

An amino compound in which the amino group is linked directly to an aromatic system.


ethylenediamine derivative

Any organic amino compound that is a derivative of  ethylenediamine.


phenylalanine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of phenylalanine  by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing phenylalanine  residues.


nitroso compound

Compounds having the nitroso group, -NO, attached to carbon, or to another element, most commonly nitrogen or oxygen.


pantothenic acid

A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.


hydrazines

Hydrazine (diazane) and its substituted derivatives.


tryptophan derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of tryptophan  at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of tryptophan  by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing tryptophan residues.


C-nitro compound

A nitro compound having the nitro group (-NO2) attached to a carbon atom.


guanidines

Any organonitrogen compound containing a carbamimidamido (guanidino) group. Guanidines have the general structure (R(1)R(2)N)(R(3)R(4)N)C=N-R(5) and are related structurally to amidines and ureas.


secondary carboxamide

A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with a primary amine; formula RC(=O)NHR(1).


tyrosine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, any substitution of phenyl hydrogens, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of tyrosine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing tyrosine residues.


biguanides

A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.


proteinogenic amino acid derivative

Any derivative of a proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, or a side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom.


serine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of serine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of serine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing serine residues.


peptide antibiotic

A chemically diverse class of peptides that exhibit antimicrobial properties.


aromatic amide

An amide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aromatic system.


secondary amino compound

A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.


anilide

Any aromatic amide obtained by acylation of aniline.


secondary amide

A derivative of two oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which two acyl groups are attached to the amino or substituted amino group.


L-glutamic acid derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-glutamic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-glutamic acid by a heteroatom.


N-acylurea

A member of the class of ureas that has the general formula R-CO-NH-CO-NH2 or R-CO-NH-CO-NH-CO-R', formally derived by the acylation of one or both of the nitrogens of a urea moiety.


non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative

Any derivative of a non-proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group or carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom.


hydroxamic acid ester

A carboxamide that is a hydroxamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is replaced by an organyl group.


aralkylamino compound

An organic amino compound in which an aminoalkyl group is linked to an arene.


actinomycin

A large group of antibiotics isolated from various species of Streptomyces and characterised by having a substituted phenoxazine ring linked to two cyclic heterodetic peptides.


nitro compound

A compound having a nitro group, -NO2 (free valence on nitrogen), which may be attached to carbon, nitrogen (as in nitramines), or oxygen (as in nitrates), among other elements (in the absence of specification, C-nitro compounds are usually implied).


L-alanine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-alanine by a heteroatom.


thiocarboxamide

Any primary amide having its amide oxygen replaced by sulfur.


alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid amide

A monocarboxylic amide of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)NR(4)R(5)  or R(1)C#C-C(=O)NR(2)R(3) in which the amide C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.


1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)

Any member of the class of phosphonic acids in which a carbon atom is directly attached to two phosphonic acid groups. They are analogues of pyrophosphates (with the central oxygen atom replaced by a carbon atom) and like pyrophosphates they tend to have a strong affinity for bone, so are frequently used for their antiresorptive and hypocalcaemic properties.


N-acylglutamic acid

A glutamic acid derivative that is glutamic acid in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an acyl group.


histidine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of histidine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of histidine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing alanine residues.


methoxybenzenes

Any aromatic ether that consists of a benzene skeleton substituted with one or more methoxy groups.


dimethoxybenzene

Any methoxybenzene that consists of a benzene skeleton substituted with two methoxy groups and its derivatives.


ester

A compound formally derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l > 0) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter.


sultone

An intramolecular cyclic ester of a hydroxy sulfonic acid, analogous to lactone.


aromatic ester

An ester where the ester linkage is bonded directly to an aromatic system.


carbonates

Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.


biphenyls

Benzenoid aromatic compounds containing two phenyl or substituted-phenyl groups which are joined together by a single bond.


benzenes

Any benzenoid aromatic compound consisting of the benzene skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


tetracenes

Compounds containing a tetracene skeleton.


alkenylbenzene

A member of the class of benzenes that is benzene substituted with one or more alkenyl groups. It is a group of naturally occurring compounds that are synthesized as secondary metabolites in various plants, including nutmeg and basil.


toluenes

Any member of the class of benzenes that is a substituted benzene in which the substituents include one (and only one) methyl group.


acenes

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.


carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives

Any organooxygen compound that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone, or a compound derived from one. Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and usually have an empirical formula Cm(H2O)n; carbohydrate derivatives may contain other elements by substitution or condensation.


monosaccharide

Parent monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H-[CHOH]n-C(=O)[CHOH]m-H with three or more carbon atoms. The generic term 'monosaccharide' (as opposed to oligosaccharide or polysaccharide) denotes a single unit, without glycosidic connection to other such units. It includes aldoses, dialdoses, aldoketoses, ketoses and diketoses, as well as deoxy sugars, provided that the parent compound has a (potential) carbonyl group.


glycoside

A glycosyl compound resulting from the attachment of a glycosyl group to a non-acyl group RO-, RS-, RSe-, etc. The bond between the glycosyl group and the non-acyl group is called a glycosidic bond. By extension, the terms N-glycosides and C-glycosides are used as class names for glycosylamines and for compounds having a glycosyl group attached to a hydrocarbyl group respectively. These terms are misnomers and should not be used. The preferred terms are glycosylamines and C-glycosyl compounds, respectively.


aldehydo-D-galactose

An aldohexose that is the C-4 epimer of glucose.


oligosaccharide derivative

A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from an oligosaccharide.


amino monosaccharide

Any  amino sugar that is a monosaccharide in which one alcoholic hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group.


A linear tetrasaccharide comprising three L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose residues and a 3-deoxy-alpha-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (2-keto-3-deoxy-alpha-D-mannooctanoic acid, alpha-Kdo) residue in a (1->7), (1->3), (1->5) sequence.


carbohydrate acid derivative

A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a carbohydrate acid.


aureolic acid

Glycoside compounds that have a 1-keto-8,9-dihydroxyanthracene skeleton, a functionalized alkyl chain at the 3- position, and two oligosaccharide chains of variable lengths.


D-aldohexose

Any D-aldose having a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.


oligosaccharide

A compound in which monosaccharide units are joined by glycosidic linkages. The term is commonly used to refer to a defined structure as opposed to a polymer of unspecified length or a homologous mixture. When the linkages are of other types the compounds are regarded as oligosaccharide analogues.


D-glucoside

Any glucoside in which the glycoside group is derived from D-glucose.