everolimus

A derivative of sirolimus and an inhibitor of TOR SERINE-THREONINE KINASES. It is used to prevent GRAFT REJECTION in heart and kidney transplant patients by blocking cell proliferation signals. It is also an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT.

A macrocyclic lactone that is rapamycin in which the hydroxy group attached to the cyclohexyl moiety has been converted into the corresponding 2-hydroxyethyl ether. It is an immunosuppressant and antineoplastic agent.


kidney angiomyolipoma

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

An angiomyolipoma arising from the kidney.


tenoxicam

A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine.  Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.


arthritic joint disease

An inflammatory process affecting a joint. Causes include infection, autoimmune processes, degenerative processes, and trauma. Signs and symptoms may include swelling around the affected joint and pain.


tavaborole

The mechanism of action of tavaborole is inhibition of fungal protein synthesis. Tavaborole inhibits protein synthesis by inhibition of an aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase (AARS).Tavaborole has been shown to be active against most strains of the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections.

A member of the class of benzoxaboroles that is 1,3-dihydro-1-hydroxy-2,1-benzoxaborole substituted at position 5 by a fluoro group. A topical antifungal agent used for the treatment of onychomycosis (fungal infection of the toenails and fingernails).


Onychomycosis due to Trichophyton rubrum


idelalisib

Idelalisib is an inhibitor of PI3K-delta kinase, which is expressed in normal and malignant B-cells. Idelalisib induced apoptosis and inhibited proliferation in cell lines derived from malignant B-cells and in primary tumor cells. Idelalisib inhibits several cell signaling pathways, including B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and the CXCR4 and CXCR5 signaling, which are involved in trafficking and homing of B-cells to the lymph nodes and bone marrow.

A member of the class of quinazolines that is 5-fluoro-3-phenylquinazolin-4-one in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (1S)-1-(3H-purin-6-ylamino)propyl group. used for for the treatment of refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia.


dalbavancin

Dalbavancin, a semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide, interferes with cell wall synthesis by binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine terminus of the stem pentapeptide in nascent cell wall peptidoglycan, thus preventing cross-linking. Dalbavancin is bactericidal in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes at concentrations similar to those sustained throughout treatment in humans treated according to the recommended dosage regimen.

A semisynthetic glycopeptide used for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused or suspected to be caused by susceptible isolates of designated Gram-positive microorganisms including MRSA.


tedizolid phosphate

Tedizolid phosphate is a prodrug that is converted by phosphatases to tedizolid, the microbiologically active moiety, following oral and intravenous administration. The antibacterial activity of tedizolid is mediated by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis. Tedizolid inhibits bacterial protein synthesis through a mechanism of action different from that of other non-oxazolidinone class antibacterial drugs; therefore, cross-resistance between tedizolid and other classes of antibacterial drugs is unlikely.

A  phosphate monoester resulting from the formal condensation of equimolar amounts of phosphoric acid with the hydroxy group of tedizolid . It is a prodrug of tedizolid, used for the treatment of acute bacterial skin infections caused by certain susceptible bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible strains), various Streptococcus species, and Enterococcus faecalis.


formestane

A 17-oxo steroid that is androst-4-ene-3,17-dione in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group. Formestane was the first selective, type I steroidal aromatase inhibitor, suppressing oestrogen production from anabolic steroids or prohormones. It was formerly used in the treatment of oestrogen-receptor positive breast cancer in post-meopausal women. As it has poor oral bioavailability, it had to be administered by (fortnightly) intramuscular injection. It fell out of use with the subsequent development of cheaper, orally active aromatase inhibitors. Formestane is listed by the World Anti-Doping Agency as a substance prohibited from use by athletes.


female breast carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the breast in females. It is the most common malignant tumor that affects females.


zaleplon

an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam

A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.


Hyperkalemia

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

An abnormally increased potassium concentration in the blood.


A nonsense mutation in DNA results in a premature stop codon within an mRNA. This premature stop codon in the mRNA causes disease by terminating translation before a full-length protein is generated. Ataluren enables ribosomal readthrough of mRNA containing such a premature stop codon, resulting in production of a full-length protein.


mianserin

A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.

A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.


bedaquiline

Bedaquiline is a diarylquinoline antimycobacterial drug that inhibits mycobacterial ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) synthase, by binding to subunit c of the enzyme that is essential for the generation of energy in M. tuberculosis.

A quinoline-based antimycobacterial drug used (as its fumarate salt) for the treatment of pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis by inhibition of ATP synthase, an enzyme essential for the replication of the mycobacteria.


drug-resistant tuberculosis

Tuberculosis disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate that is resistant to one or more of the antitubercular medications.


mirabegron

a beta-3 adrenergic agonist, relaxes the detrusor smooth muscle during the storage phase of the urinary bladder fill-void cycle by activation of beta-3 AR which increases bladder capacity

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-ylacetic acid with the anilino group of (1R)-2-{[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]amino}-1-phenylethanol. Used for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.


estrone 3-sulfate

used therapeutically in menopausal patients

A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfate of estrone.


postmenopausal atrophic vaginitis

Inflammation of the vagina due to thinning of the vaginal wall and decreased lubrication associated with reduced estrogen levels at menopause.


Female hypogonadism

Decreased functionality of the female gonads, i.e., of the ovary.


methyl nicotinate

erythema provoked is basis of a methylnicotinate test of anti-inflammatories


Arthralgia

Joint pain.


trichloroacetic acid

A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.


ceritinib

Ceritinib is a kinase inhibitor. Targets of ceritinib inhibition identified in either biochemical or cellular assays at clinically relevant concentrations include ALK, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), insulin receptor (InsR), and ROS1. Among these, ceritinib is most active against ALK. Ceritinib inhibited autophosphorylation of ALK, ALK-mediated phosphorylation of the downstream signaling protein STAT3, and proliferation of ALK-dependent cancer cells in in vitro and in vivo assays.

A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2,6-diamino-5-chloropyrimidine in which the amino groups at positions 2 and 6 are respectively carrying 2-methoxy-4-(piperidin-4-yl)-5-methylphenyl and 2-(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl substituents. Used for the treatment of ALK-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.


Piretanide

potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure


Chlormadinone acetate

An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).


Menorrhagia

Prolonged and excessive menses at regular intervals in excess of 80 mL or lasting longer than 7 days.


endometriosis

The growth of functional endometrial tissue in anatomic sites outside the uterine body. It most often occurs in the pelvic organs.


talinolol

Talinolol is a beta1-selective adrenoceptor antagonist well known for its cardioprotective and antihypertensive activity. By blocking beta1-adrenergic receptors, talinolol delays the conduction of stimuli in the AV node, reduces the sino-atrial conduction time, and impedes the sinus node automaticity.


A tricyclic antidepressant with actions similar to AMITRIPTYLINE.


Hypomagnesemia

An abnormally decreased magnesium concentration in the blood.


liver disorder

A disease involving the liver.


liver failure

A liver disease characterized by the liver losing or has lost all of its function.


Oliguria

Low output of urine, clinically classified as an output below 300-500ml/day.


Bone fracture

A partial or complete breakage of the continuity of a bone.


chronic atrophic gastritis

Atrophic gastritis that is persistent and long-standing.


peptic esophagitis

Inflammation of the esophagus that is caused by the reflux of gastric juice with contents of the stomach and duodenum.


naloxegol

A peripherally acting opioid receptor antagonist specific for mu-opioid receptors. Used to decrease the constipating effects of opioids.

An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone in which the keto group is replaced by a PEG moiety. Used for treatment of opioid-induced constipation.


gemigliptin

Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors; orally active small molecule for the treatment of type II diabetes


Afamelanotide

observations suggest that afamelanotide has beneficial effects in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria, induces epidermal melanin formation


protoporphyria, erythropoietic, 1

Erythropoietic protoporphyria caused by a compound heterozygous or homozygous mutation in the gene encoding ferrochelatase (FECH) on chromosome 18q21.


Hyperhidrosis

Abnormal excessive perspiration (sweating) despite the lack of appropriate stimuli like hot and humid weather.


Trasylol

A single-chain polypeptide derived from bovine tissues consisting of 58 amino-acid residues. It is an inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes including CHYMOTRYPSIN; KALLIKREIN; PLASMIN; and TRYPSIN. It is used in the treatment of HEMORRHAGE associated with raised plasma concentrations of plasmin. It is also used to reduce blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients at high risk of major blood loss during and following open heart surgery with EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995)


Hemorrhage

The flow of blood from a ruptured blood vessel.


BEMIPARIN

A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)


Hypocalcemia

An abnormally decreased calcium concentration in the blood.


hereditary angioedema

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a genetic disease characterized by the occurrence of transitory and recurrent subcutaneous and/or submucosal edemas resulting in swelling and/or abdominal pain.


triamcinolone acetonide

An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.

A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.


seasonal allergic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis caused by outdoor allergens.


Iproniazid

An irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase types A and B that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has also been used as an antitubercular agent, but its use is limited by its toxicity.


[4-(carbamoylamino)phenyl]arsonic acid

sometimes used in treatment of intestinal amoebiasis


cutaneous leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis affecting the skin. It is the most common form of leishmaniasis. It presents with erythematous macules and papules, and nodules which may eventually ulcerate. The lesions appear in the bite site in the exposed skin areas.


mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

The most common form of leishmaniasis that is transmitted through the bite of female phlebotomine sand flies or after exposure to leishmania parasites. It is characterized by skin lesions at the site of insect bite which typically develop within weeks or months after exposure. The lesions typically progress from small papules to open sores with raised borders and central ulcers which can be covered with scales or crust.


vilanterol

Vilanterol is a long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist. The clinical relevance of this in vitro finding is unknown. Although beta2-receptors are the predominant adrenergic receptors in bronchial smooth muscle and beta1-receptors are the predominant receptors in the heart, there are also beta2-receptors in the human heart comprising 10% to 50% of the total beta-adrenergic receptors. The precise function of these receptors has not been established, but they raise the possibility that even highly selective beta2-agonists may have cardiac effects. The pharmacologic effects of beta2-adrenergic agonist drugs, including vilanterol, are at least in part attributable to stimulation of intracellular adenyl cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). Increased cyclic AMP levels cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity from cells, especially from mast cells.

An dichlorobenzene derivative that is used in the form of its trifenate salt for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.


fluticasone furoate

Fluticasone furoate is a synthetic trifluorinated corticosteroid with anti‑inflammatory activity. Fluticasone furoate has been shown in vitro to exhibit a binding affinity for the human glucocorticoid receptor. The precise mechanism of corticosteroid action on asthma is not known. Inflammation is an important component in the pathogenesis of asthma. Corticosteroids have been shown to have a wide range of actions on multiple cell types (e.g., mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes) and mediators (e.g., histamine, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, cytokines) involved in inflammation. These anti-inflammatory actions of corticosteroids contribute to their efficacy in asthma.

A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a 2-furoyl substituent at position 17. Used in combination with vilanterol trifenate for treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.


vintafolide

has significant antiproliferative activity and tolerability, thus lending support to an ongoing phase 1 trial for the treatment of advanced malignancies


malignant epithelial tumor of ovary

An invasive malignant tumor that originates from the surface epithelium of the ovary. It is composed of malignant epithelial cells and stroma. Representative examples include serous adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, endometrioid adenocarcinoma, clear cell adenocarcinoma, and malignant Brenner tumor.


droxidopa

A synthetic precursor of norepinephrine that is used in the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION.

A serine derivative that is L-serine substituted at the beta-position by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group. A prodrug for noradrenalone, it is used for treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension


orthostatic hypotension

Sudden fall of the blood pressure of at least 20/10 mm Hg when a person stands up.


propranolol

A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.

A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.


hemangioma

A benign vascular lesion characterized by the formation of capillary-sized or cavernous vascular channels.


laquinimod

Laquinimod is an immunomodulator developed by Teva for oral treatment for multiple sclerosis.


METRELEPTIN

Metreleptin is a recombinant human leptin analog that exerts its function by binding to and activating the human leptin receptor (ObR), which belongs to the Class I cytokine family of receptors that signals through the JAK/STAT transduction pathway. Native leptin is a hormone predominantly secreted by adipose tissue that informs the central nervous system of the status of energy stores in the body. In patients with generalized lipodystrophy, leptin deficiency, resulting from the loss of adipose tissue, contributes to excess caloric intake, which exacerbates the metabolic abnormalities.


congenital generalized lipodystrophy

An extremely rare autosomal recessive condition, characterized by an extreme scarcity of fat in the subcutaneous tissues.


acquired generalized lipodystrophy

Acquired generalized lipodystrophy belongs to a group of lipodystrophic syndromes characterized by loss of adipose tissue, and is a syndrome of insulin resistance that leads to increased cardiovascular risk. Acquired generalized lipodystrophy is related to a selective loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue occurring exclusively at the extremities (face, legs, arms, palms and sometimes soles).


acquired partial lipodystrophy

A lipodystrophy characterized by the association of lipoatrophy of the upper part of the body and lipohypertrophy of the thighs.


Thiotepa

A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).


Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

biolink:Procedure biolink:NamedThing biolink:ActivityAndBehavior biolink:Occurrent biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


bleomycin A2

A complex of related glycopeptide antibiotics from Streptomyces verticillus consisting of bleomycin A2 and B2. It inhibits DNA metabolism and is used as an antineoplastic, especially for solid tumors.


cervical cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the cervix.


brimonidine

A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.


rosacea

A chronic erythematous skin disorder that affects the face. It is characterized by the development of redness in the cheeks, nose, and/or forehead and telangiectasia. Sometimes, the erythematous changes may involve the eyelids.


florbetaben ((18)F)

Florbetaben F18 is a F18-labeled stilbene derivative, which binds to beta-amyloid plaques in the brain. The F 18 isotope produces a positron signal that is detected by a PET scanner.

A member of the class of stilbenoids in which the para-hydrogens of stilbene are replaced by methylamino and 2-{2-[2-((18)F)fluoroethoxy]ethoxy}ethoxy) groups. A positron emission tomography imaging ligand for the detection of amyloid aggregation associated with Alzheimer disease.


breast carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the breast


In animal models, stiripentol antagonizes seizures induced by electric shock, pentetrazole and bicuculline. In rodent models, stiripentol appears to increase brain levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) - the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in mammalian brain. This could occur by inhibition of synaptosomal uptake of GABA and/or inhibition of GABA transaminase. Stiripentol has also been shown to enhance GABAA receptor-mediated transmission in the immature rat hippocampus and increase the mean open-duration (but not the frequency) of GABAA receptor chloride channels by a barbiturate-like mechanism. Stiripentol potentiates the efficacy of other anticonvulsants, such as carbamazepine, sodium valproate, phenytoin, phenobarbital and many benzodiazepines, as the result of pharmacokinetic interactions. The second effect of stiripentol is mainly based on metabolic inhibition of several isoenzymes, in particular CYP450 3A4 and 2C19, involved in the hepatic metabolism of other anti-epileptic medicines.


early myoclonic encephalopathy

Early myoclonic encephalopathy (EME) is characterized clinically by the onset of fragmentary myoclonus appearing in the first month of life, often associated with erratic focal seizures and a suppression-burst EEG pattern.


An azacitidine derivative and antineoplastic antimetabolite. It inhibits DNA methyltransferase to re-activate silent genes, limiting METASTASIS and NEOPLASM DRUG RESISTANCE. Decitabine is used in the treatment of MYELODISPLASTIC SYNDROMES, and ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.


gliclazide

An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.


tasimelteon

an agonist at melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors, these receptors are thought to be involved in the control of circadian rhythms

A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is propionamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is replaced by a [(1R,2R)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-4-yl)cyclopropyl]methyl group. A melatonin receptor agonist used for the treatment of non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder.


non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome

Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder (non-24 disorder), also known as hypernychthemeral syndrome, is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterized by non-synchronization to a 24-hour day leading to insomnia and daytime sleepiness with sometimes severe associated manifestations.


insect repellent, moderately irritating to eyes, mucous membranes, but not to skin; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure


telavancin

A glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria.


bacterial pneumonia

Acute infection of the lung parenchyma caused by bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila). Signs and symptoms include productive cough, fever, chills, shortness of breath, and chest pain.


vortioxetine

A piperazine derivative that acts as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, as a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, and 5-HT1A receptor agonist. It is used for the treatment of anxiety and depression.

An N-arylpiperazine in which the aryl group is specified as 2-[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)sulfanyl]phenyl. Used (as its hydrobromide salt) for treatment of major depressive disorder.


captodiame

Captodiamine represents an interesting strategy for achieving benzodiazepine substitution with a low risk of dependence or impairment of cognitive function


anxiety disorder

A category of psychiatric disorders which are characterized by anxious feelings or fear often accompanied by physical symptoms associated with anxiety.


AMBROXOL

A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.


Pharyngalgia

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) and perceived to originate in the throat.


tasosartan

angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source


Ramatroban

thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist; BAY u 3405 & 3406 are enantiomers of each other


N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide

A compound used as a topical insect repellent that may cause irritation to eyes and mucous membranes, but not to the skin.

A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.


A bromoamino acid that is L-tyrosine carrying bromo- substituents at positions C-3 and C-5 of the benzyl group.


hyperthyroidism

Overactivity of the thyroid gland resulting in overproduction of thyroid hormone and increased metabolic rate. Causes include diffuse hyperplasia of the thyroid gland (Graves' disease), single nodule in the thyroid gland, and thyroiditis. The symptoms are related to the increased metabolic rate and include weight loss, fatigue, heat intolerance, excessive sweating, diarrhea, tachycardia, insomnia, muscle weakness, and tremor.


heroin

A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed)

A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.


anorexia nervosa

A disorder most often seen in adolescent females characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, a disturbance in body image, and, in postmenarcheal females, the development of amenorrhea.


mithramycin

A tricyclic pentaglycosidic antibiotic from Streptomyces strains that inhibits RNA and protein synthesis by adhering to DNA. It is used as a fluorescent dye and as an antineoplastic agent, especially in bone and testicular tumors. Plicamycin is also used to reduce hypercalcemia, especially that due to malignancies.


testicular cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the testis. Representative examples include seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, and lymphoma.


(S)-betaxolol

The (S)-enantiomer of betaxolol.


giardiasis

An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.


carbimazole

An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.

A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.


Graves disease

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism).It is caused by an abnormal immune system response that causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormones. Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism andoccurs mostoften in women over age 20. However, the disorder may occur at any age and may affect males as well.Treatmentmayinclude radioiodine therapy, antithyroid drugs, and/or thyroid surgery.


visceral leishmaniasis

A severe form of leishmaniasis characterized by irregular bouts of fever, substantial weight loss, swelling of the spleen and liver, and anemia (which may be serious). If left untreated it may lead to death. Two species of Leishmania are known to give rise to the visceral form of the disease. The species commonly found in East Africa and the Indian subcontinent is L. donovani and the species found in Europe, North Africa, and Latin America is L. infantum, also known as L. chagasi.


sertindole

an antipsychotic drug with selective inhibitory effect on mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons and balanced inhibitory effects on central dopamine D2 and serotonin 5HT2 receptors as well as on alpha1-adrenergic receptors

A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.


riociguat

A carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of {4,6-diamino-2-[1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl]pyrimidin-5-yl}methylcarbamic acid. It is used for treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension


chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is characterized by the persistence of thromboemboli in the form of organized tissue obstructing the pulmonary arteries. The consequence is an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) resulting in pulmonary hypertension (PH) and progressive right heart failure.


A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)


Spasticity

A motor disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with increased muscle tone, exaggerated (hyperexcitable) tendon reflexes.


macitentan

an endothelin receptor antagonist that prevents the binding of ET-1 to both ETA and ETB receptors, macitentan displays high affinity and sustained occupancy of the ET receptors in human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells

A member of the class of sulfamides in which the two amino groups of sulfonamide are substituted by 5-(4-bromophenyl)-6-{2-[(5-bromopyrimidin-2-yl)oxy]ethoxy}pyrimidin-4-yl and propyl groups. An orphan drug used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.


A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)


doxifluridine

A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an  oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.


Primary malignant neoplasm of gastrointestinal tract


flutemetamol ((18)F)

used for PET imaging of brain fibrillar amyloid beta

A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 1,3-benzothiazole substituted by 3-((18)F)fluoro-4-(methylamino)phenyl and hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 6 respectively. A positron emission tomography imaging ligand for the detection of amyloid aggregation associated with Alzheimer disease.


linaclotide

Linaclotide is a guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) agonist. Both linaclotide and its active metabolite bind to GC-C and act locally on the luminal surface of the intestinal epithelium. Activation of GC-C results in an increase in both intracellular and extracellular concentrations of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Elevation in intracellular cGMP stimulates secretion of chloride and bicarbonate into the intestinal lumen, mainly through activation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) ion channel, resulting in increased intestinal fluid and accelerated transit. In animal models, linaclotide has been shown to both accelerate GI transit and reduce intestinal pain. The linaclotide-induced reduction in visceral pain in animals is thought to be mediated by increased extracellular cGMP, which was shown to decrease the activity of pain-sensing nerves.

A fourteen-membered heterodetic cyclic peptide consisting of Cys, Cys, Glu, Tyr, Cys, Cys, Asn, Pro, Ala, Cys, Thr, Gly, Cys and Tyr residues joined in sequence and cyclised by three disulfide bonds: between Cys(1) and Cys(6), between Cys(2) and Cys(10), and between Cys(5) and Cys(13). Used for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome accompanied by constipation.


irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional condition of the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort and disordered bowel habit (diarrhea, constipation, or fluctuation between the two).


vinflunine

An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the  tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.


elvitegravir

Elvitegravir inhibits the strand transfer activity of HIV-1 integrase (integrase strand transfer inhibitor; INSTI), an HIV-1 encoded enzyme that is required for viral replication. Inhibition of integrase prevents the integration of HIV-1 DNA into host genomic DNA, blocking the formation of the HIV-1 provirus and propagation of the viral infection. Elvitegravir does not inhibit human topoisomerases I or II.

A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 7-methoxy-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substited at position 1 by a 1-hydroxy-3-methylbutan-2-yl group and at position 6 by a 3-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl group (the S-enantiomer). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.


paclitaxel

A cyclodecane isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, TAXUS BREVIFOLIA. It stabilizes MICROTUBULES in their polymerized form leading to cell death.

A tetracyclic diterpenoid isolated originally from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. It is a mitotic inhibitor used in cancer chemotherapy. Note that the use of the former generic name 'taxol' is now limited, as Taxol is a registered trade mark.


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to pancreas

A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the pancreas from another anatomic site.  Representative examples include metastatic carcinomas from the gastrointestinal tract, metastatic melanomas, and renal cell carcinomas.


imiquimod

A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.

An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.


common wart

A wart caused by human papillomavirus. It can appear anywhere on the skin.


octafluoropropane

Perflutren lipid microspheres exhibit lower acoustic impedance than blood and enhance the intrinsic backscatter of blood. These physical acoustic properties of activated perflutren provide contrast enhancement of the left ventricular chamber and aid delineation of the left ventricular endocardial border during echocardiography.

A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.


teicoplanin

Lipoglycopeptide antibiotic from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus active against gram-positive bacteria. It consists of five major components each with a different fatty acid moiety.

A complex mixture of related natural products isolated from the fermentation broth of a strain of Actinoplanes teichomyceticus comprising five major components (teicoplanin A2-1 through A2-5), a hydrolysis component (teicoplanin A3-1), and four minor components (teicoplanin RS-1 through RS-4). An antibiotic with a similar spectrum of activity to vancomycin, it is used to treat serious Gram-positive bacterial infections, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis.


staphylococcal infection

An infection caused by Staphylococcus.


sugammadex

Sugammadex is a modified gamma cyclodextrin which is a Selective Relaxant Binding Agent. It forms a complex with the neuromuscular blocking agents rocuronium or vecuronium in plasma and thereby reduces the amount of neuromuscular blocking agent available to bind to nicotinic receptors in the neuromuscular junction. This results in the reversal of neuromuscular blockade induced by rocuronium or vecuronium.

An octasaccharide derivative that is gamma-cyclodextrin in which all eight primary hydroxy groups are replaced by 2-(carboxyethyl)sulfanyl groups. Used (as the octasodium salt) for reversal of neuromuscular blockade induced by rocuronium and vecuronium in adults undergoing surgery.


ponatinib

A benzamide obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-3-ylethynyl)-4-methylbenzoic acid with the anilino group of 4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. It is a multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets ABL, SRC, FGFR, and others and was designed to overcome the resistance of BCR-ABL mutation to imatinib, in particular the gatekeeper mutation ABL(T315I).


Ph-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia

A subset of acute lymphoblastic leukemia that results from a reciprocal translocation between the ABL-1 oncogene and a breakpoint cluster region (BCR), resulting in a fusion gene, BCR-ABL, that encodes an oncogenic protein with constitutively active tyrosine kinase activity.


PALIFERMIN

A fibroblast growth factor that is a specific mitogen for EPITHELIAL CELLS. It binds a complex of HEPARAN SULFATE and FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2B.


Mucositis following radiation therapy

Inflammation of the mouth mucosa caused by head and neck radiation therapy.  Signs and symptoms include dry mouth due to lack of saliva, mucosal ulcerations and diffuse erythema of the mouth, taste alteration, and dysphagia.


udenafil

a pyrazolo-pyrimidinone similar to sildenafil; phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor


erectile dysfunction

Persistent or recurrent inability to achieve or to maintain an erection during sexual activity.


tinoridine

proposed anti-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS seach PYRIDINES (75-86)


prasugrel

A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.

A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.


acute coronary syndrome

Signs and symptoms related to acute ischemia of the myocardium secondary to coronary artery disease. The clinical presentation covers a spectrum of heart diseases from unstable angina to myocardial infarction.


parecoxib

Parecoxib is a prodrug of valdecoxib. Valdecoxib is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor within the clinical dose range. Cyclooxygenase is responsible for generation of prostaglandins. Two isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2, have been identified. COX-2 is the isoform of the enzyme that has been shown to be induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli and has been postulated to be primarily responsible for the synthesis of prostanoid mediators of pain, inflammation, and fever.

An N-acylsulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of valdecoxib with propionic acid. It is a prodrug for valdecoxib.


teriflunomide

Teriflunomide, an immunomodulatory agent with anti-inflammatory properties, inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, a mitochondrial enzyme involved in de novo pyrimidine synthesis. The exact mechanism by which teriflunomide exerts its therapeutic effect in multiple sclerosis is unknown but may involve a reduction in the number of activated lymphocytes in CNS.

An  enamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2Z)-2-cyano-3-hydroxybut-2-enoic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. Used for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.


vernakalant

Vernakalant is an antiarrhythmic medicine that acts preferentially in the atria to prolong atrial refractoriness and to rate-dependently slow impulse conduction. These anti-fibrillatory actions on refractoriness and conduction are thought to suppress re-entry, and are potentiated in the atria during atrial fibrillation. The relative selectivity of vernakalant on atrial versus ventricular refractoriness is postulated to result from the block of currents that are expressed in the atria, but not in the ventricles, as well as the unique electrophysiologic condition of the fibrillating atria. However, blockade of cationic currents, including hERG channels and cardiac voltage-dependent sodium channels, which are present in the ventricles has been documented.


miglustat

Miglustat functions as a competitive and reversible inhibitor of the enzyme glucosylceramide synthase, the initial enzyme in a series of reactions which results in the synthesis of most glycosphingolipids. Miglustat helps reduce the rate of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis so that the amount of glycosphingolipid substrate is reduced to a level which allows the residual activity of the deficient glucocerebrosidase enzyme to be more effective (substrate reduction therapy). In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that miglustat can reduce the synthesis of glucosylceramide-based glycosphingolipids.

A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.


Niemann-Pick disease type C

NPC is a complex lipid storage disease mainly characterized by the accumulation of unesterified cholesterol in the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment.


afatinib

A quinazoline and butenamide derivative that acts as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptors (ERBB RECEPTORS) and is used in the treatment of metastatic NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.

A quinazoline compound having a 3-chloro-4-fluoroanilino group at the 4-position, a 4-dimethylamino-trans-but-2-enamido group at the 6-position, and an (S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy group at the 7-position. Used (as its dimaleate salt) for the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.


Epidermal growth factor receptor positive non-small cell lung cancer


eslicarbazepine acetate

Eslicarbazepine acetate is extensively converted to eslicarbazepine, which is considered to be responsible for therapeutic effects in humans. The precise mechanism(s) by which eslicarbazepine exerts anticonvulsant activity is unknown but is thought to involve inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels.

The acetate ester, with S configuration, of licarbazepine. An anticonvulsant, it is approved for use in Europe and the United States as an adjunctive therapy for epilepsy.


levmetamfetamine

sympathomimetic vasoconstrictor used as nasal decongestant


Irritable bowel syndrome characterized by constipation


prajmalium

A derivative of the rauwolfia alkaloid AJMALINE. It is an anti-arrhythmia agent, but may cause liver damage.


cinnarizine

A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.


central nervous system origin vertigo

An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (ear, inner); vestibular nerve; brainstem; or cerebral cortex. Lesions in the temporal lobe and parietal lobe may be associated with focal seizures that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)


Nausea

A sensation of unease in the stomach together with an urge to vomit.


motion sickness

A sensation of discomfort that results from a discordant relationship between visualized movement and any movement sensed by the vestibular system, which is characterized by dizziness, nausea, and vomiting.


glibornuride

was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS to search GLIBORNURIDE 1975-92; an oral, sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion


dolutegravir

Dolutegravir inhibits HIV integrase by binding to the integrase active site and blocking the strand transfer step of retroviral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) integration which is essential for the HIV replication cycle.

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (4R,12aS)-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12,12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1',2':4,5]pyrazino[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine-9-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2,4-difluorobenzylamine. Used (as its sodium salt) for treatment of HIV-1.


aceclofenac

A monocarboxylic acid that is the carboxymethyl ester of diclofenac. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug related to diclofenac, it is used in the management of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.


frozen shoulder

A painful inflammatory process leads to a mechanical block in active and passive range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder is characterized by functional loss of passive and active shoulder motion. This inflammatory process results in fibroblastic proliferation and extensive scar tissue formation. Fibroblastic proliferation, a late phase of the inflammatory process involved in tissue repair, leads to thickening, fibrosis, and adhesion of the capsule to itself and the humerus.


Back pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the back.


gramicidin S

A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.


bacterial conjunctivitis

Inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by a variety of bacterial agents.


blepharoconjunctivitis

Inflammation of both the eyelids and the conjunctiva.


Sodium picosulfate monohydrate

contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure


Sodium aurothiomalate

A variable mixture of the mono- and disodium salts of gold thiomalic acid used mainly for its anti-inflammatory action in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It is most effective in active progressive rheumatoid arthritis and of little or no value in the presence of extensive deformities or in the treatment of other forms of arthritis.

An organic sodium salt which is the disodium salt of gold thiomalic acid, with a basic unit comprising two sodium cations and a divalent aurothiomalate anion.


Oxprenolol hydrochloride

A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.


anxiety

Apprehension of danger and dread accompanied by restlessness, tension, tachycardia, and dyspnea unattached to a clearly identifiable stimulus.


nifurtoinol

An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.


staphylococcus aureus pneumonia

An pneumonia caused by infection with Staphylococcus aureus.


tacalcitol

A hydroxy seco-steroid that is calciol which carries hydroxy groups at positions 1S and 24R. It is a vitamin D3 analog which is used for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris in adults, especially on the scalp.


succinimide

A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5.


primary hyperoxaluria

A hereditary disorder characterized by excessive oxalate production, leading to hyperoxaluria.


ceruletide

A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.

A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.


Sodium Nitrite

Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.

An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.


Sodium Hypochlorite

It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.


perampanel

a non-competitive AMPA glutamate receptor antagonist indicated as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of seizures

A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2,3'-bipyridin-6'-one substituted at positions 1' and 5' by phenyl and 2-cyanophenyl groups respectively. Used as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients with epilepsy.


brilliant green cation

An iminium ion that is the cationic component of the histological dye 'brilliant green'.


Chloramphenicol succinate

inactive precursor (PRODRUGS) of chloramphenicol; used for parenteral administration of chloramphenicol; RN given refers to (R-(R*,R*))-isomer


salmonellosis

Infections with bacteria of the genus salmonella.


typhoid fever

A bacterial infectious disorder contracted by consumption of food or drink contaminated with Salmonella typhi. This disorder is common in developing countries and can be treated with antibiotics.


Gadobutrol

Gadobutrol is indicated for use with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in adult and pediatric patients (including term neonates) to detect and visualize areas with disrupted blood brain barrier and/or abnormal vascularity of the central nervous system.

A gadolinium coordination entity consisting of a central Gd(III) atom bound to a macrocyclic tetraamine framework. It is used as a paramagnetic contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).


boric acid

A weakly acidic hydrate of boric oxide with mild antiseptic, antifungal, and antiviral properties. The exact mechanism of action of boric acid is unknown; generally cytotoxic to all cells. It is used in the treatment of yeast infections and cold sores


pergolide

A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.

A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.


agomelatine

an antidepressant, it works by stimulating the MT1 and MT2 receptors, which are normally activated by melatonin, and also by blocking the 5-HT2C receptors, which are normally activated by the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine


ZICONOTIDE ACETATE

Ziconotide binds to N-type calcium channels located on the primary nociceptive (A-delta and C) afferent nerves in the superficial layers (Rexed laminae I and II) of the dorsal horn in the spinal cord. Although the mechanism of action of ziconotide has not been established in humans, results in animals suggest that its binding blocks N-type calcium channels, which leads to a blockade of excitatory neurotransmitter release from the primary afferent nerve terminals and antinociception.


ticagrelor

a cyclopentyltriazolopyrimidine, inhibitor of platelet activation and aggregation mediated by the P2Y12 ADP-receptor indicated to reduce the rate of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in patients with acute coronary syndrome or a history of myocardial infarction

A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.


peripheral vascular disease

Any disorder affecting blood flow through the veins or arteries outside of the heart.


tafamidis

may be effective in treating transthyretin amyloid polyneuropathy

A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazole-6-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. Used (as its meglumine salt) for the amelioration of transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis.


amyloidosis

A disorder characterized by the localized or diffuse accumulation of amyloid protein in various anatomic sites. It may be primary, due to clonal plasma cell proliferations; secondary, due to long standing infections, chronic inflammatory disorders, or malignancies; or familial. It may affect the nerves, skin, tongue, joints, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys and adrenal glands.


myeloproliferative neoplasm

A clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder, characterized by proliferation in the bone marrow of one or more of the myeloid (i.e., granulocytic, erythroid, megakaryocytic, and mast cell) lineages. It is primarily a neoplasm of adults. (WHO 2008)


deferiprone

a chelating agent with an affinity for ferric ion (iron III) indicated for the treatment of patients with transfusional iron overload due to thalassemia syndromes

A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.


beta thalassemia

Beta-thalassemia (BT) is characterized by deficiency (Beta+) or absence (Beta0) of synthesis of the beta globin chains of hemoglobin (Hb).


Iron Overload

Accumulation of iron in the tissues. It may be a manifestation of an inherited disorder (e.g., hemochromatosis) or acquired (in patients with repeated blood transfusions). Symptoms include hepatomegaly, arthritis, diabetes mellitus, and bronzed skin. If untreated it has a progressive course and may lead to death.


amitriptyline

Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.

An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.


RADIUM RA-223 DICHLORIDE

A radium molecular entity with formula (223)RaCl2. Used as as a radiotherapeutic agent for the treatment of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer, symptomatic bone metastases and no known visceral metastatic disease. An alpha-emitter, radium-223 has a half-life of 11.4 days.


prostate cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the prostate gland. The vast majority are carcinomas.


laropiprant

a potent orally active human prostaglandin D(2) receptor 1 antagonist


Abnormal circulating lipid concentration

Any deviation from the normal concentration of a lipid in the blood circulation.


florbetapir F-18

An aromatic ether consisting of a pyridine ring substituted at position 2 by a 2-{2-[2-((18)F)fluoroethoxy]ethoxy}ethoxy group and at position 5 and a 2-(4-methylaminophenyl)vinyl group. A positron emission tomography imaging ligand for the detection of amyloid aggregation associated with Alzheimer disease.


mifamurtide

Mifamurtide (muramyl tripeptide phosphatidyl ethanolamine, MTP-PE) is a fully synthetic derivative of muramyl dipeptide (MDP), the smallest naturally-occurring immune stimulatory component of cell walls from Mycobacterium sp. It has similar immunostimulatory effects as natural MDP with the additional advantage of a longer half-life in plasma. Mifamurtide liposomal formulation is specifically designed for in vivo targeting to macrophages by intravenous infusion. MTP-PE is a specific ligand of NOD2, a receptor found primarily on monocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages. MTP-PE is a potent activator of monocytes and macrophages. Activation of human macrophages by mifamurtide is associated with production of cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alfa), interleukin-1 (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12 and adhesion molecules, including lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). In vitro-treated human monocytes killed allogeneic and autologous tumour cells (including melanoma, ovarian, colon, and renal carcinoma), but had no toxicity towards normal cells.


bone osteosarcoma

A usually aggressive malignant bone-forming mesenchymal neoplasm arising from the bone. It may arise de novo or from a pre-existing lesion of the bone. Pain and a palpable mass are the most frequent clinical sign and symptom. It may spread to other anatomic sites, particularly the lungs.


noxytiolin

Local antibacterial that probably acts by releasing formaldehyde in aqueous solutions. It is used for THERAPEUTIC IRRIGATION of infected body cavities - bladder, peritoneum, etc. and as a spray for burns.


Infective cystitis

An infectious process affecting the urinary bladder.


n-pentyl nitrite

A vasodilator that is administered by inhalation. It is also used recreationally due to its supposed ability to induce euphoria and act as an aphrodisiac.

A nitrite ester having n-pentyl as the alkyl group.


fumaric acid

see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters

A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.


psoriasis

An autoimmune condition characterized by red, well-delineated plaques with silvery scales that are usually on the extensor surfaces and scalp. They can occasionally present with these manifestations: pustules; erythema and scaling in intertriginous areas, and erythroderma, that are often distributed on extensor surfaces and scalp.


Alcohol analog of NICOTINIC ACID which is a direct-acting peripheral vasodilator that causes flushing and may decrease blood pressure. It is used in vasospasm and threatened GANGRENE.

A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 3 .


Meniere disease

A disease of the inner ear (labyrinth) that is characterized by fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss; tinnitus; episodic vertigo; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.


gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid

A gamma-amino acid comprising 4-aminobutyric acid having a 2-hydroxy substituent.


actinic keratosis

A precancerous lesion of the skin composed of atypical keratinocytes. It is characterized by the presence of thick, scaly patches of skin. Several histologic variants have been described, including atrophic, acantholytic, and hyperkeratotic variants.


omacetaxine mepesuccinate

Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.

A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.


Fidaxomicin

Fidaxomicin is a fermentation product obtained from the Actinomycete Dactylosporangium aurantiacum. In vitro, fidaxomicin is active primarily against species of clostridia, including Clostridium difficile by inhibiting RNA synthesis by RNA polymerases.


epicriptine

a sec-butyl group replaces the isobutyl group of dihydroergocryptine


Dental Plaque

A biofilm that contains numerous microorganisms that adheres to the teeth.


bupranolol

An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic.


glaucoma

Increased pressure in the eyeball due to obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor.


pregabalin

A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.

A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.


generalized anxiety disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by excessive and difficult-to-control worry about a number of life situations. The worry is accompanied by restlessness, fatigue, inability to concentrate, irritability, muscle tension, and/or sleep disturbance and lasts for at least 6 months.


Accidental poisoning by lead and its compounds and fumes


alogliptin

a selective, orally bioavailable inhibitor of the enzymatic activity of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) that slows the inactivation of the incretin hormones, thereby increasing their bloodstream concentrations and reducing fasting and postprandial glucose concentrations in a glucose-dependent manner in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

A piperidine that is 3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine carrying additional 2-cyanobenzyl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used in the form of its benzoate salt for treatment of type 2 diabetes.


thiamylal

A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919)

A member of the class of  barbiturates that is 2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by a pentan-2-yl and prop-2-en-1-yl group at position 5.


TECHNETIUM TC-99M TILMANOCEPT

Tilmanocept is a receptor-targeted radiopharmaceutical that is designed to rapidly transit lymphatic vessels; it biotargets, accumulates, and is retained in primary, key predictive, draining lymph nodes (sentinel lymphnodes). The drug substance, tilmanocept, specifically binds to mannose binding receptor proteins (CD206) that reside on the surface of macrophages and dendritic cells. Macrophages are present in high concentrations in lymph nodes.


alcohol dependence

Physical and psychological dependence on alcohol.


ganirelix

Ganirelix is a GnRH antagonist, which modulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis by competitive binding to the GnRH receptors in the pituitary gland. As result a rapid, profound,reversible suppression of endogenous gonadotropins occurs, without initial stimulation as induced by GnRH agonists.


Gadoterate Meglumine

An organoammonium salt obtained by reaction of gadoteric acid with one equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol (meglumine). It is used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in brain (intracranial), spine and associated tissues of patients ages 2 years and older, to detect and visualise areas with disruption of the blood brain barrier and/or abnormal vascularity of the central nervous system.


dimethyl fumarate

A fumarate derivative that is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of PSORIASIS and SKIN DISEASES. It also may be used as an IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.

An enoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of fumaric acid with methanol. Used for treatment of adults with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis.


canagliflozin

A glucoside-derived SODIUM-GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2 inhibitor that stimulates urinary excretion of glucose by suppressing renal glucose reabsorption. It is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE levels in patients with TYPE 2 DIABETES.

A C-glycosyl compound that is used (in its hemihydrate form) for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.


dapagliflozin

an Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, SGLT2 expressed in the proximal renal tubules, is responsible for the majority of the reabsorption of filtered glucose from the tubular lumen, by inhibiting SGLT2, dapagliflozin reduces reabsorption of filtered glucose and lowers the renal threshold for glucose, and thereby increases urinary glucose excretion

A C-glycosyl comprising beta-D-glucose in which the anomeric hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-chloro-3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)phenyl group. Used (in the form of its propanediol monohydrate) to improve glycemic control, along with diet and exercise, in adults with type 2 diabetes.


plerixafor

Plerixafor is an inhibitor of the CXCR4 chemokine receptor and blocks binding of its cognate ligand, stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha).  SDF-1alpha and CXCR4 are recognized to play a role in the trafficking and homing of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to the marrow compartment. Once in the marrow, stem cell CXCR4 can act to help anchor these cells to the marrow matrix, either directly via SDF-1α or through the induction of other adhesion molecules. Treatment with plerixafor resulted in leukocytosis and elevations in circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells in mice, dogs and humans.  CD34+ cells mobilized by plerixafor were capable of engraftment with long-term repopulating capacity up to one year in canine transplantation models.

An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.


pixantrone

an immunosuppressant; structure given in first source


non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Distinct from Hodgkin lymphoma both morphologically and biologically, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is characterized by the absence of Reed-Sternberg cells, can occur at any age, and usually presents as a localized or generalized lymphadenopathy associated with fever and weight loss. The clinical course varies according to the morphologic type. NHL is clinically classified as indolent, aggressive, or having a variable clinical course. NHL can be of B-or T-/NK-cell lineage.


a somatostatin analog with pharmacologic properties mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin binds and activates the SSTRs resulting in inhibition of ACTH secretion, which leads to decreased cortisol secretion


adrenal gland hyperfunction

Excess production of adrenal cortex hormones.


a SERM whose biological actions are largely mediated through binding to estrogen receptors, this binding results in the activation of some estrogenic pathways and a blockade of others, Lasofoxifene produces tissue and cell-specific effects in estrogen-responsive tissues


melatonin

A biogenic amine that is found in animals and plants. In mammals, melatonin is produced by the PINEAL GLAND. Its secretion increases in darkness and decreases during exposure to light. Melatonin is implicated in the regulation of SLEEP, mood, and REPRODUCTION. Melatonin is also an effective antioxidant.

A member of the class of  acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen atom is replaced by a 2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl group. It is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in humans.


urea cycle disorder

A genetic inborn error of metabolism characterized by the deficiency of one of the enzymes necessary for the urea cycle. It results in accumulation of ammonia in the body.


4-phenylbutyric acid

Approved in combination with taurursodiol, as relyvrio, for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in adults.The mechanism by which relyvrio exerts its therapeutic effects in patients with ALS is unknown.

A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4.  It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.


pomalidomide

an immunomodulator with antineoplastic and angiogenesis inhibitor activity

An aromatic amine that is thalidomide substituted at position 4 on the isoindole ring system by an amino group. Used for the treatment of multiple myeloma in patients who failed to respond to previous therapies.


carfilzomib

epoxomicin derivative proteasome inhibitor with antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on primary human acute myeloid leukaemia cells

A synthetic tetrapeptide consisting of morpholin-4-acetyl, L-2-amino-4-phenylbutanoyl, L-leucyl and L-phenylalanyl residues joined in sequence with the C-terminus connected to the amino group of (2S)-2-amino-4-methyl-1-[(2R)-2-methyloxiran-2-yl]-1-oxopentan-1-one via an amide linkage. Used for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma


CID 44564107

an antisense oligonucleotide that binds apolipoprotein B mRNA and inhibits expression of apoB


vildagliptin

A pyrrolidine-carbonitrile derivative and potent inhibitor of DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE 4 that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.


PEGINESATIDE

A heterodetic cyclic peptide composed of two identical 21-amino acid cyclic peptide units covalently bonded via a linker derived from iminodiacetic acid and beta-alanine to a lysine-branched poly(ethylene glycol) chain. Used for the treatment of anemia due to chronic kidney disease in patients on dialysis.


ospemifene

an estrogen agonist/antagonist with tissue selective effects, its biological actions are mediated through binding to estrogen receptors, this binding results in activation of estrogenic pathways in some tissues (agonism) and blockade of estrogenic pathways in others (antagonism)

An organochlorine compound that is a selective estrogen receptor modulator; used for treatment of dyspareunia.


Sneeze

A sudden violent, spasmodic, audible expiration of breath through the nose and mouth.


Hodgkins lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a heterogeneous group of malignant lymphoid neoplasms of B-cell origin characterized histologically by the presence of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells in the vast majority of cases. There are two distinct subtypes: nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma involves primarily lymph nodes.


has been used for eczema, skin irritations; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure

A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is hexadecane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.


used in the treatment of unilateral pulmonary interstitial emphysema; component of Exosurf

A phosphatidylcholine 32:0 in which the 1- and 2-acyl groups are specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl). A synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of pulmonary surfactants.


Macrocyclon

non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8

A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.


FOMIVIRSEN

an antisense compound; used to treat CMV retinitis in patients with AIDS; RN refers to eicosasodium salt


cytomegalovirus retinitis

Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in aids patients and can cause blindness.


benzocaine

A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.

A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.


appendicitis

Acute inflammation of the vermiform appendix.


bortezomib

A pyrazine and boronic acid derivative that functions as a reversible PROTEASOME INHIBITOR. It is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT in the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA and MANTLE CELL LYMPHOMA.

L-Phenylalaninamide substituted at the amide nitrogen by a 1-(dihydroxyboranyl)-3-methylbutyl group and at N(alpha) by a pyrazin-2-ylcarbonyl group. It is a dipeptidyl boronic acid that reversibly inhibits the 26S proteasome.


pneumonia

An acute, acute and chronic, or chronic inflammation focally or diffusely affecting the lung parenchyma, caused by an infection in one or both of the lungs (by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or mycoplasma.). Symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, fevers, chills, chest pain, headache, sweating, and weakness.


betamethasone acetate

A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)


hyperglycemia

Abnormally high level of glucose in the blood.


exanthem

Any change in the skin which affects its appearance or texture. A rash may be localized to one part of the body, or affect all the skin. Rashes may cause the skin to change color, itch, become warm, bumpy, dry, cracked or blistered, swell and may be painful.


measles

A highly contagious viral infection caused by the measles virus. Symptoms appear 8-12 days after exposure and include a rash, cough, fever and muscle pains that can last 4-7 days. Measles vaccines are available to provide prophylaxis, usually combined with mumps and rubella vaccines (MMR).


herpes simplex virus keratitis

A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (keratitis, dendritic). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)


betaxolol

A cardioselective beta-1-adrenergic antagonist with no partial agonist activity.

A  propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydoxy is substituted by a 4-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl]phenyl group and one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group is substituted by isopropyl. It is a selective  beta1-receptor blocker and is used in the treatment of glaucoma as well as hypertension, arrhythmias, and coronary heart disease. It is also used to reduce non-fatal cardiac events in patients with heart failure.


pheochromocytoma

Pheochromocytomas (also known as chromaffin tumors) produce, store, and secrete catecholamines. Pheochromocytomas usually originate from the adrenal medulla but may also develop from chromaffin cells in or about sympathetic ganglia. A common symptom of pheochromocytoma is hypertension owing to release of catecholamines.


brompheniramine

Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.

Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.


urethral stricture

Narrowing of any part of the urethra. It is characterized by decreased urinary stream and often other obstructive voiding symptoms.


bupivacaine

A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.


bupropion

A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.

An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.


butalbital

management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd

A member of the class of  barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.


Brain Lesion

A localized pathological or traumatic structural change, damage, deformity, or discontinuity of the brain.


carbamazepine

A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.

A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.


calcitriol

The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (CALCIFEDIOL). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption.

A hydroxycalciol that is calcidiol in which the pro-S hydrogen of calcidiol is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the active form of vitamin D3, produced fom calciol via hydoxylation in the liver to form calcidiol, which is subsequently oxidised in the kidney to give calcitriol.


vitamin D deficiency

Abnormally low level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the blood.


capecitabine

A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.

A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.


stomatitis

Inflammation of the oral mucosa due to local or systemic factors.


1-phenyl-1-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid 2-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]ethyl ester


cardiac rhythm disease

Any variation from the normal rate or rhythm (which may include the origin of the impulse and/or its subsequent propagation) in the heart.


carbenicillin

Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.

A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.


prostatitis

An infectious or non-infectious inflammatory process affecting the prostate gland.


carboprost

A nonsteroidal abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of PREGNANCY.

Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydrogen at position 15 is substituted by methyl (S configuration). It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.


carisoprodol

A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202)

A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol  interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.


hypothyroidism

Abnormally low levels of thyroid hormone.


cefotaxime

A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.


cefixime

A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.

A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.


Acute otitis media

Acute otitis media is a short and generally painful infection of the middle ear.


Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis


Upper Respiratory Infections

An infectious process affecting the upper respiratory tract (nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, or trachea). Symptoms include congestion, sneezing, coughing, fever, and sore throat.


cefazolin

A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.

A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.


arthropathy

Any disorder of the joints.


cefamandole

Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.

A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.


Bacterial peritonitis

Peritonitis that is caused by a bacterial infection.


Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial derived from CEPHALORIDINE and used especially for Pseudomonas and other gram-negative infections in debilitated patients.


cefoxitin

A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.

A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.


cefpodoxime proxetil

The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.


ceftriaxone

A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.

A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.


ceftizoxime

A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic which can be administered intravenously or by suppository. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It has few side effects and is reported to be safe and effective in aged patients and in patients with hematologic disorders.

A parenteral third-generation cephalosporin, bearing a 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino group at the 7beta-position.


Peptostreptococcus infectious disease

A disease caused by infection with Peptostreptococcus.


cefalotin

A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.


cephapirin

Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.

A cephalosporin with  acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.


cefuroxime

Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.

A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.


cetirizine

A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.

A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.


Drowsiness

Abnormal feeling of sleepiness or difficulty staying awake.


clofedanol

A diarylmethane that is 2-chlorophenyl(phenyl)methane substituted on the methane carbon by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. Used in the treatment of dry cough, it suppresses the cough reflex by a direct effect on the cough centre in the medulla of the brain.


Hypoxemia

An abnormally low level of blood oxygen.


chlorothiazide

A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812)

4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.


Hypovolemia

An decrease in the amount of intravascular fluid, particularly in the volume of the circulating blood.


myasthenia gravis

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare, clinically heterogeneous, autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction characterized by fatigable weakness of voluntary muscles.


chlorhexidine

A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.

A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.


canker sore

A type of stomatitis that is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval, lasting for 7-14 days and healing without scarring. It is a recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology.


chlorphenamine

A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.

A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.


gallbladder disorder

A disease involving the gall bladder.


chlorotrianisene

A powerful synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen.


coronary artery disorder

Narrowing of the coronary arteries due to fatty deposits inside the arterial walls. The diagnostic criteria may include documented history of any of the following: documented coronary artery stenosis greater than or equal to 50% (by cardiac catheterization or other modality of direct imaging of the coronary arteries); previous coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG); previous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); previous myocardial infarction. (ACC)


chlorthalidone

A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.


cerebrovascular disorder

A disorder resulting from inadequate blood flow in the vessels that supply the brain. Representative examples include cerebrovascular ischemia, cerebral embolism, and cerebral infarction.


anaphylaxis

An acute hypersensitivity reaction that occurs from exposure to an allergen. It results from the release of histamine and histamine-like substances from mast cells, and can present with breathing difficulty due to narrowed airways, dizziness and hypotension, skin rash, weak pulse, nausea and vomiting.


chlorpromazine

The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.

A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.


ciprofloxacin

A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.

A  quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.


otitis externa

Inflammation of the anatomical structures of the outer ear and ear canal secondary to an infectious process. Bacterial etiology is most common, but fungal infection is also possible. Symptoms include erythema, edema, and pain.


cimetidine

A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.

A member of the class of  guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a  H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.


duodenal ulcer

An ulcer in the duodenal wall.


cinacalcet

Cinacalcet is a calcimimetic agent that increases the sensitivity of the calcium-sensing receptor to activation by extracellular calcium. It directly lowers PTH levels by increasing the sensitivity of the calcium sensing receptor to extracellular calcium. The reduction in PTH is associated with a concomitant decrease in serum calcium levels.

A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.


A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.

A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.


active peptic ulcer disease

Bleeding originating from any part of the gastrointestinal tract.


anus cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the anus


methoxsalen

A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.

A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.


skin basal cell carcinoma

The most frequently seen skin cancer. It arises from basal cells of the epidermis and pilosebaceous units. Clinically it is divided into the following types: nodular, ulcerative, superficial, multicentric, erythematous, and sclerosing or morphea-like. More than 95% of these carcinomas occur in patients over 40. They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck and the remaining 15% on the trunk and extremities. Basal cell carcinoma usually grows in a slow and indolent fashion. However, if untreated, the tumor may invade the subcutaneous fat, skeletal muscle and bone. Distant metastases are rare. Excision, curettage and irradiation cure most basal cell carcinomas.


acebutolol

A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.

An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.


sick sinus syndrome

A constellation of signs and symptoms which may include syncope, fatigue, dizziness, and alternating periods of bradycardia and atrial tachycardia, which is caused by sinoatrial node dysfunction.


abacavir

a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity; structure given in first source

A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.


all-trans-acitretin

An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.


hypoalphalipoproteinemia

A metabolic disorder characterized by deficiency of high density (alpha) lipoprotein in the blood.


adenosine

A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.

A ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.


third-degree atrioventricular block

A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of complete failure of atrial electrical impulse conduction to the ventricles. This is manifested on the ECG by disassociation of atrial and ventricular rhythms. The atrial rate must be faster than the ventricular rate. (CDISC)