edoxaban

An orally active inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa (activated factor X) with anticoagulant activity. Edoxaban is administered as edoxaban tosylate. This agent has an elimination half-life of 9-11 hours and undergoes renal excretion.

A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.


mitiglinide

a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source


a pegylated modified oligonucleotide that binds with high specificity and affinity to extracellular Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF165) inhibiting its activity, VEGF is a secreted protein that induces angiogenesis, vascular permeability and inflammation, all of which are thought to contribute to the progression of the neovascular (wet) form of AMD


mozavaptan

Mozavaptan is a benzazepine derivative that antagonizes the binding of arginine vasopressin (AVP) to vasopressin receptors. Mozavaptan can inhibit the antidiuretic action of AVP promoting aquaresis.


Paraneoplastic hyponatremia

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon


landiolol

Landiolol (INN) is a drug which acts as a highly cardioselective, ultra short-acting beta blocker. It is used as an anti-arrhythmic agent.


loxoprofen

A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.


tamibarotene

A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the condensation of one of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid with the amino group of 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine.


levosimendan

A hydrazone and pyridazine derivative; the levo-form is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, calcium-sensitizing agent, and inotropic agent that is used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.


ipriflavone

A member of the class of isoflavones that is isoflavone in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by an isopropoxy group. A synthetic isoflavone, it was formerly used for the treatment of osteoporosis, although a randomised controlled study failed to show any benefit. It is still used to prevent osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.


toloxatone

oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure

A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.


moclobemide

A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A (RIMA) that has antidepressive properties.

A member of the class of  benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.


SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist


tranilast

antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis; structure

An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.


Cicatrix, Hypertrophic

A permanent mark on the skin caused by deposits of excessive amounts of collagen during wound healing. It is elevated and does not extend beyond the original boundaries of the wound; the elevation may stabilize or regress spontaneously.


pilsicainide

A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline with the carboxy group of (tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7a(5H)-yl)acetic acid. It is a sodium channel blocker which is used as an antiarrhythmic drug for the management of atrial tachyarrhythmias in Japan.


olaparib

Olaparib is an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes, including PARP1, PARP2, and PARP3. PARP enzymes are involved in normal cellular homeostasis, such as DNA transcription, cell cycle regulation, and DNA repair. Olaparib has been shown to inhibit growth of select tumor cell lines in vitro and decrease tumor growth in mouse xenograft models of human cancer both as monotherapy or following platinum-based chemotherapy. Increased cytotoxicity and anti-tumor activity following treatment with olaparib were noted in cell lines and mouse tumor models with deficiencies in BRCA. In vitro studies have shown that olaparib-induced cytotoxicity may involve inhibition of PARP enzymatic activity and increased formation of PARP-DNA complex, resulting in disruption of cellular homeostasis and cell death.

A member of the class of N-acylpiperazines obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-fluoro-5-[(4-oxo-3,4-dihydrophthalazin-1-yl)methyl]benzoic acid with the free amino group of N-(cyclpropylcarbonyl)piperazine; used to treat advanced ovarian cancer.


peritoneum cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the peritoneum


ovarian epithelial tumor

A benign, borderline, or malignant tumor that originates from the surface epithelium of the ovary. It is composed of epithelial cells and stroma. Representative examples of benign tumors include serous cystadenoma, mucinous cystadenoma, and benign Brenner tumor. Representative examples of borderline tumors include serous surface papillary tumor, mucinous adenofibroma, and borderline Brenner tumor. Representative examples of malignant tumors include serous adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, endometrioid adenocarcinoma, and malignant Brenner tumor.


tiquizium

antispasmodic; RN refers to bromide (trans)-isomer

A member of the class of quinolizines that is trans-5-methyloctahydro-2H-quinolizinium which is substituted by a di(thiophen-2-yl)methylidene group at position 3. Its bromide salt is used as an antispasmodic drug.


Acotiamide

A prokinetic agent with gastrointestinal (GI) motility-enhancing activity. Although the exact mechanism by which acotiamide exerts its effect has yet to be fully elucidated, this agent appears to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AchE), an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of acetylcholine (Ach). Increased Ach concentrations lead to an improvement of gastric emptying and GI motility and eventually to a reduction of dyspepsia symptoms.


Nonulcer dyspepsia

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon


zofenopril

A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-3-(benzoylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropanoyl group. A prodrug for zofenoprilat.


ximelagatran

A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.


distigmine

A carbamate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of hexane-1,6-diylbis(methylcarbamic acid) with the hydroxy group of 3-hydroxy-1-methylpyridinium.


ALEMTUZUMAB

Alemtuzumab binds to CD52, an antigen present on the surface of B and T lymphocytes, a majority of monocytes, macrophages, NK cells, and a subpopulation of granulocytes. A proportion of bone marrow cells, including some CD34+ cells, express variable levels of CD52. The proposed mechanism of action is antibody-dependent cellular-mediated lysis following cell surface binding of alemtuzumab to the leukemic cells.


Hypertensive emergency

Hypertensive crisis with acute or ongoing end-organ damage.


felypressin

A synthetic analog of LYPRESSIN with a PHENYLALANINE substitution at residue 2. Felypressin is a vasoconstrictor with reduced antidiuretic activity.

A synthetic nonapeptide comprising cysteinyl, phenylalanyl, phenylalanyl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, cysteinyl, prolyl, lysyl, and glycinamide residues in sequence, with a disulfide bridge joining the two cysteine residues. Its antidiuretic effects are less than those of vasopressin. It is used as a vasoconstrictor in local anaesthetic injections for dental use, and is an ingredient of preparations that have been used for treatment of pain and inflammation of the mouth.


aceprometazine

A phenothiazine compound having an acetyl group at the 2-position and a 2-(dimethylamino)-1-propyl group at the 10-position.


A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.


almitrine

A respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation without impairing the quality of sleep.

A triamino-1,3,5-triazine compound having allylamino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and a 4-(bis(p-fluorophenyl)methyl)-1-piperazinyl group at the 6-position.


amisulpride

A benzamide derivative that is used as an antipsychotic agent for the treatment of schizophrenia. It is also used as an antidepressive agent.

A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of 2-(aminomethyl)-1-ethylpyrrolidine. It is a potent, selective dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist. It is an atypical antipsychotic/antischizophrenic agent with limited extrapyrimidal side effects.


dysthymic disorder

A chronic mood disorder in which the symptoms are similar to, though milder than, those diagnosed in depression.


ombitasvir

A dipeptide derivative which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.


dasabuvir

Dasabuvir is a non-nucleoside inhibitor of the HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase encoded by the NS5B gene, which is essential for replication of the viral genome. In a biochemical assay, dasabuvir inhibited a panel of genotype 1a and 1b NS5B polymerases. Based on drug resistance mapping studies of HCV genotypes 1a and 1b, dasabuvir targets the palm domain of the NS5B polymerase, and is therefore referred to as a non-nucleoside NS5B-palm polymerase inhibitor.

A member of the class of pyrimidone, which is (as the monohydrate of its sodium salt) in combination with ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.


Coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents.


RAMUCIRUMAB

Ramucirumab is a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 antagonist that specifically binds VEGF Receptor 2 and blocks binding of VEGFR ligands, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D. As a result, ramucirumab inhibits ligand-stimulated activation of VEGF Receptor 2, thereby inhibiting ligand-induced proliferation, and migration of human endothelial cells. Ramucirumab inhibited angiogenesis in an in vivo animal model.


gastric adenocarcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from glandular epithelial cells of the stomach


A (13)C-modified compound that is urea in which the carbon is present as its (13)C isotope.


Helicobacter pylori breath test

biolink:Procedure biolink:NamedThing biolink:ActivityAndBehavior biolink:Occurrent biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


trans-dothiepin

A tricyclic antidepressant with some tranquilizing action.


lofepramine

A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.


carbutamide

A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)


glisoxepide

oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (75-85); RN given refers to parent cpd


Embolism

The blockage of a blood vessel lumen by air or solid material such as blood clot or other tissues (e.g., adipose tissue, cancer cells) that have migrated from another anatomic site.


primary ovarian failure

Absent or premature cessation of ovarian function due to a pathologic process originating within the ovaries.


BECAPLERMIN

A recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor B-chain dimer used to promote WOUND HEALING by stimulating PHYSIOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS.


Neuropathic ulcer of foot due to diabetes mellitus


sulpiride

A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.


albiglutide

A long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, with antihyperglycemic activity. Albiglutide is composed of a GLP-1 (7-36) dimer fused to recombinant human albumin. Upon subcutaneous administration, this agent has a half-life of 4-7 days and resists degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4).


History of medullary carcinoma of thyroid


Follicle stimulating hormone

A protein extract of human menopausal urine in which LUTEINIZING HORMONE has been partially or completely removed. Urofollitropin represents FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE from the urine.


thyroid stimulating hormone

A highly purified recombinant glycoprotein form of human THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE, produced by recombinant DNA technology comprising two non-covalently linked subunits, an alpha subunit of 92 amino acid residues containing two N-linked glycosylation sites, and a beta subunit of 118 residues containing one N-linked glycosylation site. The amino acid sequence of thyrotropin alfa is identical to that of human pituitary thyroid stimulating hormone.


corticotropin

A hormone made in the pituitary gland. ACTH acts on the outer part of the adrenal gland to control its release of corticosteroid hormones. More ACTH is made during times of stress.

A polypeptide hormone produced and secreted by the pituitary gland comprising 39 amino acid residues coupled in a linear sequence. The N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Corticotropin stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland and boosts the synthesis of corticosteroids, mainly glucocorticoids but also sex steroids (androgens). It is used in the treatment of certain neurological disorders such as infantile spasms and multiple sclerosis, and diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.


IMIGLUCERASE

A glycosidase that hydrolyzes a glucosylceramide to yield free ceramide plus glucose. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to abnormally high concentrations of glucosylceramide in the brain in GAUCHER DISEASE. EC 3.2.1.45.


SECUKINUMAB

Secukinumab is a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to the interleukin-17A (IL-17A) cytokine and inhibits its interaction with the IL-17 receptor. IL-17A is a naturally occurring cytokine that is involved in normal inflammatory and immune responses. Secukinumab inhibits the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines.


carindacillin

acid stable indanyl ester of carbenicillin for oral use; same side-effects as carbenicillin; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search CARBENICILLIN/AA (75-86); RN given refers to (mono-Na salt(2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer)


PALIVIZUMAB

A humanized monoclonal antibody and ANTIVIRAL AGENT  that is used to prevent RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTIONS in high risk pediatric patients.


CID 129631922

A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.


alectinib

Alectinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets ALK and RET. In nonclinical studies, alectinib inhibited ALK phosphorylation and ALK-mediated activation of the downstream signaling proteins STAT3 and AKT, and decreased tumor cell viability in multiple cell lines harboring ALK fusions, amplifications, or activating mutations. The major active metabolite of alectinib, M4, showed similar in vitro potency and activity.

An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 6,6-dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[b]carbazol-11-one carrying additional cyano, 4-(morpholin-4-yl)piperidin-1-yl and ethyl substituents at positions 3, 8 and 9 respectively. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.


ripasudil

Rho-associated kinase inhibitor for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension


inhibits hepatitis C virus NS3/4a protease


BASILIXIMAB

Basiliximab functions as an IL-2 receptor antagonist by binding with high affinity to the alpha chain of the high affinity IL-2 receptor complex and inhibiting IL-2 binding. Basiliximab is specifically targeted against IL-2Ralpha, which is selectively expressed on the surface of activated T-lymphocytes. This specific high affinity binding of basiliximab to IL-2Ralpha competitively inhibits IL-2-mediated activation of lymphocytes, a critical pathway in the cellular immune response involved in allograft rejection.


binge eating disorder

Recurrent episodes of over-eating.


dextromoramide

An opioid analgesic structurally related to METHADONE and used in the treatment of severe pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1070)

An N-acylpyrrolidine arising by formal condensation of pyrrolidine with (3S)-3-methyl-4-(morpholin-4-yl)-2,2-diphenylbutanoic acid. An opioid analgesic that is structurally related to methadone, it is more poweful than morphine but shorter acting. It has been used (particularly as the hydrogen tartrate salt) for the treatment of severe pain, but was discontinued in the UK in 2004.


peritonsillar abscess

An abscess that develops in the space surrounding one or both palatine tonsils.


DINUTUXIMAB

a human-mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against disialoganglioside (GD2); used for treatment of refractory neuroblastoma & osteosarcoma


BELIMUMAB

monoclonal antibody directed against human BLyS protein (B lymphocyte stimulator) for treatment of autoimmune diseases


ABCIXIMAB

A Fab fragment of the chimeric monoclonal antibody 7E3 that binds to the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa receptor of human platelets, and blocks PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX, potently inhibiting PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used in treatment of refractory unstable angina, and for prevention of ischemic complications in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary procedures such as ANGIOPLASTY; ATHERECTOMY; or stenting.


dimethyl ether

Ofatumumab is a human monoclonal antibody (IgG1) that binds specifically to a distinct epitope encompassing both the small and large extracellular loops of the CD20 molecule. The CD20 molecule is a transmembrane phosphoprotein expressed on B lymphocytes from the pre-B to mature B lymphocyte stage and on B cell tumours. The binding of ofatumumab to the membrane-proximal epitope of the CD20 molecule induces recruitment and activation of the complement pathway at the cell surface, leading to complement dependent cytotoxicity and resultant lysis of tumour cells. Ofatumumab has been shown to induce appreciable lysis of cells with high expression levels of complement defence molecules.

An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to two methyl groups.


sebaceous adenoma

A benign, well circumscribed neoplasm arising from the sebaceous glands. It usually presents as a small yellowish tumor in the sun exposed skin of head and neck. It is characterized by the presence of sebaceous cells aggregates with a peripheral rim of basaloid cells.


CANAKINUMAB

a human anti-interleukin-1beta monoclonal antibody for treatment of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome


systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis is marked by the severity of the extra-articular manifestations (fever, cutaneous eruptions) and by an equal sex ratio.


malignant hypertension

Severe hypertension that is characterized by rapid onset of extremely high blood pressure.


cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is an anomaly of bile acid synthesis characterized by neonatal cholestasis, childhood-onset cataract, adolescent to young adult-onset tendon xanthomata, and brain xanthomata with adult-onset neurologic dysfunction.


DACLIZUMAB

An anti-TAC (INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT) humanized monoclonal antibody (immunoglobulin G1 disulfide with human-mouse monoclonal clone 1H4 light chain, dimer) that is used in the treatment of ACUTE RELAPSING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.


Methyl 4,7,10,13,16-docosapentaenoate

A chimeric monoclonal antibody that functions as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT through its binding to the EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR, where it prevents the binding and signaling action of cell growth and survival factors.


oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma arising from the oral cavity. It affects predominantly adults in their fifth and sixth decades of life and is associated with alcohol and tobacco use. Human papillomavirus is present in approximately half of the cases. It is characterized by a tendency to metastasize early to the lymph nodes. When the tumor is small, patients are often asymptomatic. Physical examination may reveal erythematous or white lesions or plaques. The majority of patients present with signs and symptoms of locally advanced disease including mucosal ulceration, pain, difficulty with speaking, chewing, and swallowing, bleeding, weight loss, and neck swelling. Patients may also present with swollen neck lymph nodes without any symptoms from the oropharyngeal tumor. The most significant prognostic factors are the size of the tumor and the lymph nodes status.


pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the pharynx.


laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the larynx. It is the most common histologic type of laryngeal carcinoma. It can arise from the glottis, supraglottic area, or it can be transglottic. Glottic squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequent laryngeal carcinoma in the United States. The symptoms, clinical behavior and the prognosis depend on the site of origin within the larynx.


tiocarlide

major descriptor (68-85); on-line search PHENYLTHIOUREA/AA (68-85); Index Medicus search THIOCARLIDE (68-85); Antitubercular Agent


tiaprofenic acid

An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.


PANITUMUMAB

Recombinant human monoclonal antibody that binds to and inhibits the function of the EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of EGFR-expressing metastatic colorectal cancer that expresses wild-type ras gene (see GENES, RAS).


metastatic malignant neoplasm in the colon

The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the colon. This may be from a primary large intestine malignant neoplasm, or from a malignant neoplasm at a distant site.


BEVACIZUMAB

An anti-VEGF humanized murine monoclonal antibody. It inhibits VEGF RECEPTORS and helps to prevent PATHOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS.


Nonsquamous nonsmall cell neoplasm of lung


glioblastoma

The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade IV). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and it is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. It may develop from diffuse astrocytoma WHO grade II or anaplastic astrocytoma (secondary glioblastoma, IDH-mutant), but more frequently, it manifests after a short clinical history de novo, without evidence of a less malignant precursor lesion (primary glioblastoma, IDH- wildtype). (Adapted from WHO)


cervical carcinoma

A carcinoma arising from either the exocervical squamous epithelium or the endocervical glandular epithelium. The major histologic types of cervical carcinoma are: squamous carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma.


fallopian tube cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the fallopian tube. Representative examples include carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma.


PERTUZUMAB

a humanized HER-2 monoclonal antibody; prevents ERBB2 receptor protein from binding (dimerizing) to other receptors in the HER family


IPILIMUMAB

An anti-CTLA-4 ANTIGEN monoclonal antibody initially indicated for the treatment of certain types of metastatic MELANOMA. Its mode of actions may include blocking of CTLA-4 mediated inhibition of CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES, allowing for more efficient destruction of target tumor cells.


EFALIZUMAB

a humanized anti-CD11anti-adhesion monoclonal antibody


CID 118984462

insulin degludec is a long-acting basal human insulin analog for subcutaneous injection, differs from human insulin in that the amino acid threonine in position B30 has been omitted and a side-chain consisting of glutamic acid and a C16 fatty acid has been attached


RAXIBACUMAB

is a human IgG1lambda monoclonal antibody directed against protective antigen, a component of the anthrax toxin.


Adcetris

a CD30-directed antibody-drug conjugate consisting of three components: the chimeric IgG1 antibody cAC10, specific for human CD30, the microtubule disrupting agent MMAE, and a protease-cleavable linker that covalently attaches MMAE to cAC10


Anaplastic large T-cell systemic malignant lymphoma


DENOSUMAB

A humanized monoclonal antibody and an inhibitor of the RANK LIGAND, which regulates OSTEOCLAST differentiation and bone remodeling. It is used as a BONE DENSITY CONSERVATION AGENT in the treatment of OSTEOPOROSIS.


USTEKINUMAB

A humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to IL-12 and IL-23 and is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of patients with plaque PSORIASIS who have not responded to other therapies.


GOLIMUMAB

Golimumab plus MTX effectively reduces the signs and symptoms of RA and is generally well tolerated in patients with an inadequate response to MTX.


allergic urticaria

A urticaria with a basis in a pathological type I hypersensitivity reaction.


3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid 4-[ethyl-[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]butyl ester


CERTOLIZUMAB PEGOL

A polyethylene-glycolated Fab' fragment of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR antibody that binds specifically to TNF-ALPHA and neutralises it in a dose-dependent manner. It also inhibits the production of lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-ALPHA and IL-1 BETA and is used to treat RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.


ECULIZUMAB

a recombinant humanized monoclonal IgG2/4k antibody produced by murine myeloma cell culture, specifically binds to the complement protein C5 with high affinity, thereby inhibiting its cleavage to C5a and C5b and preventing the generation of the terminal complement complex C5b-9


ketanserin

A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.

A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.


NATALIZUMAB

A humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin G4 antibody to human INTEGRIN ALPHA4 that binds to the alpha4 subunit of INTEGRIN ALPHA4BETA1 and integrin alpha4beta7. It is used as an IMMUNOLOGIC FACTOR in the treatment of RELAPSING-REMITTING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS and CROHN'S DISEASE.


RANIBIZUMAB

A recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody fragment that binds VEGF-A to prevent its binding to VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 receptors. This activity reduces vessel permeability and angiogenesis in the treatment of neovascular age-related MACULAR DEGENERATION.


OMALIZUMAB

An anti-IgE, recombinant, humanized monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to the C epsilon3 domain of IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, the site of high-affinity IgE receptor binding. It inhibits the binding of IgE to MAST CELLS and BASOPHILS to reduce the severity of the allergic response and is used in the management of persistent allergic ASTHMA.


chidamide

An orally bioavailable benzamide-type inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC) isoenzymes 1, 2, 3 and 10, with potential antineoplastic activity. Chidamide binds to and inhibits HDACs, leading to an increase of acetylation levels of histone proteins. This agent also inhibits the expression of kinases in the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Ras signaling pathways and may result in cell cycle arrest and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. This may inhibit tumor cell proliferation in susceptible tumor cells. HDACs, a class of enzymes that deacetylate chromatin histone proteins, are upregulated in many tumor types and play key roles in gene expression. Compared to some other benzamide-type HDAC inhibitors, chidamide is more stable, more resistant to degradation and has a longer half-life.


efonidipine

A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-efonidipine. It is a antihypertensive drug and a dual T-type and L-type calcium channel blocker.


INFLIXIMAB

Infliximab products neutralize the biological activity of TNF-alpha by binding with high affinity to the soluble and transmembrane forms of TNF-alpha and inhibit binding of TNF-alpha with its receptors. Infliximab products do not neutralize TNF-beta (lymphotoxin-alpha), a related cytokine that utilizes the same receptors as TNF-alpha. Biological activities attributed to TNF-alpha include: induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukins (IL) 1 and 6, enhancement of leukocyte migration by increasing endothelial layer permeability and expression of adhesion molecules by endothelial cells and leukocytes, activation of neutrophil and eosinophil functional activity, induction of acute phase reactants and other liver proteins, as well as tissue degrading enzymes produced by synoviocytes and/or chondrocytes. Cells expressing transmembrane TNF-alpha bound by infliximab products can be lysed in vitro or in vivo. Infliximab products inhibit the functional activity of TNF-alpha in a wide variety of in vitro bioassays utilizing human fibroblasts, endothelial cells, neutrophils, B and T-lymphocytes and epithelial cells. The relationship of these biological response markers to the mechanism(s) by which infliximab products exert their clinical effects is unknown. Anti-TNF-alpha antibodies reduce disease activity in the cotton-top tamarin colitis model, and decrease synovitis and joint erosions in a murine model of collagen-induced arthritis. Infliximab products prevent disease in transgenic mice that develop polyarthritis as a result of constitutive expression of human TNF-alpha, and when administered after disease onset, allow eroded joints to heal.


RITUXIMAB

A murine-derived monoclonal antibody and ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT that binds specifically to the CD20 ANTIGEN and is used in the treatment of LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOMA and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to stomach

A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the stomach from another organ or system, or from another primary gastric tumor. The primary gastric tumor is not in continuity with the metastatic lesion.  Representative examples of metastatic malignant neoplasms to the stomach include breast, lung, and esophageal metastatic carcinomas and melanomas.


Mylotarg

Immunotoxin that consists of an anti-CD33 (CD33 ANTIGEN) monoclonal antibody conjugated to CALICHEAMICIN. It is used for the treatment of ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.


Novolog mix 70/30

Insulin that has been modified to contain an ASPARTIC ACID instead of a PROLINE at position 38 of the B-chain.


VEDOLIZUMAB

a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets the 4beta7 integrin exclusively, and modulates inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract


Gibberellin A101

anti-CD20 mAb for treating B-cell lymphoid cancers


90Y-labeled anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody for radioimmunotherapy for patients with relapsed B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma


Levemir

A recombinant long-acting insulin and hypoglycemic agent in which a MYRISTIC ACID is conjugated to a LYSINE at position B29. It is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE levels in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.


vonoprazan

Vonoprazan is a potassium-competitive proton pump blocker which was approved in Japan for the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer. FDA approved a  co-packaged combination of vonoprazan and antibiotics (amoxicillin and clarithromycin) to eradicate Helicobacter pyroli. Its potential to combat cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in patients with severely ill COVID-19 was investigated. Accordingly, it is recommended to use tocilizumabin combination with dexamethasone (or another corticosteroid at an equivalent dose) in certain hospitalized patients who are exhibiting rapid respiratory decompensation caused by COVID-19.


eluxadoline

Eluxadoline is a mu-opioid receptor agonist; eluxadoline is also a delta opioid receptor antagonist and a kappa opioid receptor agonist. The binding affinities (Ki) of eluxadoline for the human mu and delta opioid receptors are 1.8 nM and 430 nM, respectively. The binding affinity (Ki) of eluxadoline for the human kappa opioid receptor has not been determined; however, the Ki for guinea pig cerebellum kappa opioid receptor is 55 nM. In animals, eluxadoline interacts with opioid receptors in the gut.

An amino acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-L-phenylalanine with the secondary amino group of 2-methoxy-5-({[(1S)-1-(4-phenylimidazol-2-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid. It has mixed opioid receptor activity and is used for treatment of  irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea.


Insulin lispro (5.97 MG)

Insulin that has been modified so that the B-chain contains a LYSINE at position 28 instead of a PROLINE and a PROLINE at position 29 instead of a LYSINE. It is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE levels in patients with TYPE 2 DIABETES.


lung lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Lymphangiomyomatosis involving the lungs and local lymph nodes. Patients usually present with chylous pleural effusion. The clinical course is variable. Patients with resectable lesions usually have a favorable clinical outcome. Patients with diffuse lesions usually have a progressive clinical course.


insulin (human)

Insulin (51 aa, ~6 kDa) is encoded by the human INS gene. This protein is involved in the direct regulation of glucose metabolism.

An insulin that is produced in the pancreas and involved in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates (particularly glucose) and fats. Commonly thought of as a protein, it consists of two peptide chains, one containing 21 amino acid residues and the other containing 30; the chains are joined together by 2 disulfide bonds. Recombinant insulin is identical to human insulin, but is synthesised by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, which then produces insulin for human use. It is used in the treatment of type I and type II diabetes.


Rebamipide

Rebamipide is a mucosal protective agent and is postulated to increase gastric blood flow, prostaglandin biosynthesis and decrease free oxygen radicals.


Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Organ or tissue damage due to diabetes mellitus. It includes heart disease and stroke, renal disease and renal failure, retinopathy, neuropathies, and erectile dysfunction.


azosemide

A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by chlorine, (2-thienylmethyl)amino and 1H-tetrazol-5-yl groups, respectively. It is a diuretic that has been used in the management of oedema and hypertension.


A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.


eledoisin

A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)


cangrelor

Cangrelor is a direct P2Y12 platelet receptor inhibitor that blocks ADP-induced platelet activation and aggregation. Cangrelor binds selectively and reversibly to the P2Y12 receptor to prevent further signaling and platelet activation.

A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.


buformin

An oral hypoglycemic agent that inhibits gluconeogenesis, increases glycolysis, and decreases glucose oxidation.

A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide substituted by a butyl group at position 1. It is an antidiabetic drug with potential antitumor effect.


idebenone

A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3, by a methyl group at positions 5, and by a 10-hydroxydecyl group at positions 6. Initially developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, benefits were modest; it was subsequently found to be of benefit for the symptomatic treatment of Friedreich's ataxia.


sonidegib

A member of the classo of biphenyls that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-methyl-4'-(trifluoromethoxy)[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 6-(2,6-dimethylmorpholin-4-yl)pyridin-3-amine. Used (as its phosphate salt) for treatment of locally advanced basal cell carcinoma.


MECASERMIN

Recombinant form of endogenous Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 exhibiting mitogenic activity. Clinical Use: Diabetes Mellitus and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.


amineptine

used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure

A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.


deoxycholic acid

A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.

A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.


OCRIPLASMIN

consists or two polypeptide chains connected by disulfide bonds; one chain is the B chain of plasmin consisting of 230 amino acids, the other peptide is the COOH-terminal portion of the A chain of plasmin consisting of 31 amino acid residues; MW 28.635kDa


lumacaftor

Lumacaftor improves the conformational stability of F508del-CFTR, resulting in increased processing and trafficking of mature protein to the cell surface.

An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid with the aromatic amino group of 3-(6-amino-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.


ivacaftor

Ivacaftor is a potentiator of the CFTR protein. The CFTR protein is a chloride channel present at the surface of epithelial cells in multiple organs. Ivacaftor facilitates increased chloride transport by potentiating the channel-open probability (or gating) of the CFTR protein.

An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.


ALDESLEUKIN

a recombinant human IL-2, marketed for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma; BAY 50-4798 is a variant


A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.


TROPISETRON

An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.

An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.


a recombinant form of human lysosomal acid lipase (rhLAL)


Wolman disease

Wolman disease represents the most severe manifestation of lysosomal acid lipase deficiency. Milder phenotypes as a whole are referred to as cholesterol ester storage disease. The acid lipase enzyme plays an essential role in lysosomal hydrolysis of both esterified cholesterol and triglycerides of lipoproteic origin. In Wolman disease, the rarest form of acid lipase deficiency, these lipids accumulate in most tissues.


orotic aciduria

An extremely rare autosomal recessive inherited disorder caused by mutations in the UMPS gene. It is characterized by deficiency of the activity of the pyrimidine pathway enzyme uridine 5'-monophosphate (UMP) synthase. Clinical manifestations include growth retardation, anemia, and increased excretion of orotic acid in the urine.


ALGLUCOSIDASE ALFA

Defects in the gene for this protein cause glycogen storage disease II, also known as Pompe disease, RefSeq NM_000152


Generalized glycogen storage disease of infants


MOGAMULIZUMAB

a defucosylated humanized anti-CCR4 antibody under phase I clinical trials (2010)


used in combination with glafenine and meprobamate to tranquilize patients undergoing hysterosalpingography; structure


Hyaluronoglucosaminidase

An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.


PROTAMINE SULFATE

A group of simple proteins that yield basic amino acids on hydrolysis and that occur combined with nucleic acid in the sperm of fish. Protamines contain very few kinds of amino acids. Protamine sulfate combines with heparin to form a stable inactive complex; it is used to neutralize the anticoagulant action of heparin in the treatment of heparin overdose. (From Merck Index, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p692)


Dihydroergotoxine mesilate

A mixture of the mesylates (methane sulfonates) of DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and the alpha- and beta-isomers of DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. The substance produces a generalized peripheral vasodilation and a fall in arterial pressure and has been used to treat symptoms of mild to moderate impairment of mental function in the elderly.

A mixture of hydrogenated ergot alkaloids consisting of the methanesulfonic acid salts of dihydroergocornine (R = CHMe2), dihydroergocristine (R = CH2Ph), and alpha- and beta-dihydroergocryptine (R = CH2CHMe2 and CH(Me)Et, respectively). It is used for the symptomatic treatment of mild to moderate dementia in the elderly, although its value is not established.


CARIPRAZINE

The efficacy of cariprazine could be mediated through a combination of partial agonist activity at central dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT1A receptors and antagonist activity at serotonin 5-HT2A receptors.

An N-alkylpiperazine that is N,N-dimethyl-N'-{trans-4-[2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}urea substituted at position 4 on the piperazine ring by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.


NOFETUMOMAB

a Fab fragment of the murine pancarcinoma antibody NR-LU-10 labeled with Tc-99m; used as a diagnostic imaging agent in staging patients with lung cancer


Chymotrypsin Substrate I, Colorimetric

A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.


was MH (1997-2002), demoted; an analog of the synthetic human growth hormone (human somatropin) in which a methionyl amino-acid residue is added. It may be produced in bacteria from recombinant DNA. It is used in therapy for growth hormone deficiency. Do not confuse somatrem with sometribove (methionyl bovine somatotropin).


SACROSIDASE

A glycoside hydrolase found primarily in PLANTS and YEASTS. It has specificity for beta-D-fructofuranosides such as SUCROSE.


A disorder of carbohydrate absorption and transport caused by autosomal recessive mutation of the SI gene, characterized by malabsorption of sucrose and maltose.


neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus

Hereditary central diabetes insipidus is a rare genetic subtype of central diabetes insipidus (CDI) characterized by polyuria and polydipsia due to a deficiency in vasopressin (AVP) synthesis.


RETEPLASE

mutant form of tissue plasminogen activator used in treatment of myocardial infarct


aripiprazole lauroxil

prodrug of aripiprazole, following intramuscular injection is converted by enzyme-mediated hydrolysis to N-hydroxymethyl aripiprazole which is then hydrolyzed to aripiprazole

A dodecanoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of dodecanoic acid with the hydroxy group of 7-{4-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]butoxy}-2-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl]methanol. A prodrug for aripiprazole, it is used for treatment of schizophrenia.


terodiline

Terodiline relaxes the smooth muscle and used to reduce bladder tone in treatment of urinary frequency and incontinence. Muscle relaxation caused by terodiline, is probably due to its anticholinergic and calcium antagonist activity


mandelic acid

A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which two of the methyl hydrogens are substituted by phenyl and hydroxyl groups.


glymidine

was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONAMIDES 1975-90); GLIDIAZINE & GLYCODIAZINE were see GLYMIDINE 1975-92; use SULFONAMIDES to search GLYMIDINE 1975-92; a sulfonamide hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion

A sulfonamide that is N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at position 5 of the pyrimidine ring by a 2-methoxyethoxy group. It is a hypoglycemic drug used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.


IDARUCIZUMAB

an anticoagulant reversal agent that targets dabigatran


Drug-induced coagulation inhibitor disorder


Apidra

Insulin glulisine [rDNA origin] is a rapid-acting human insulin analog used to lower blood glucose. Insulin glulisine is produced by recombinant DNA technology utilizing a non-pathogenic laboratory strain of Escherichia coli (K12). Insulin glulisine differs from human insulin in that the amino acid asparagine at position B3 is replaced by lysine and the lysine in position B29 is replaced by glutamic acid.


MEPOLIZUMAB

Mepolizumab is an interleukin-5 antagonist (IgG1 kappa). IL-5 is the major cytokine responsible for the growth and differentiation, recruitment, activation, and survival of eosinophils. Mepolizumab binds to IL-5 with a dissociation constant of 100 pM, inhibiting the bioactivity of IL-5 by blocking its binding to the alpha chain of the IL-5 receptor complex expressed on the eosinophil cell surface.


Vinpocetine

whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation


osimertinib

Osimertinib is a kinase inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which binds irreversibly to certain mutant forms of EGFR (T790M, L858R, and exon 19 deletion) at approximately 9-fold lower concentrations than wild-type. In cultured cells and animal tumor implantation models, osimertinib exhibited anti-tumor activity against NSCLC lines harboring EGFR-mutations (T790M/L858R, L858R, T790M/exon 19 deletion, and exon 19 deletion) and, to a lesser extent, wild-type EGFR amplifications.

A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.


hexamidine

A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of hexane-1,6-diol.


Acanthamoeba keratitis

Keratitis due to infection by acanthamoeba; it is usually associated with soft contact lens wear, particularly overnight wear.


bencyclane

A vasodilator agent found to be effective in a variety of peripheral circulation disorders. It has various other potentially useful pharmacological effects. Its mechanism may involve block of calcium channels.


A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.


dichloroacetic acid

A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains two CHLORINE atoms attached to its methyl group.

An organochlorine compound comprising acetic acid carrying two chloro substituents at the 2-position. It occurs in nature in seaweed, Asparagopsis taxiformis.


PATIROMER

binds potassium ions in the gastrointestinal tract to lower serum potassium levels


alcoholic hepatitis

Acute hepatitis resulting from ingestion of alcohol.


leiomyosarcoma

An uncommon, aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, usually occurring in post-menopausal women. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells. Morphologic variants include epithelioid, granular cell, inflammatory and myxoid leimyosarcomas.


Ferric Maltol

potential use as an oral therapy for iron deficiency anemia


selexipag

an oral prostacyclin receptor (IP receptor) agonist that is structurally distinct from prostacyclin, indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension, selexipag is hydrolyzed by carboxylesterase 1 to yield its active metabolite, which is approximately 37-fold as potent as selexipag, selexipag and the active metabolite are selective for the IP receptor versus other prostanoid receptors (EP1-4, DP, FP and TP)

A member of the class of pyrazines that is N-(methanesulfonyl)-2-{4-[(propan-2-yl)(pyrazin-2-yl)amino]butoxy}acetamide carrying two additional phenyl substituents at positions 5 and 6 on the pyrazine ring. An orphan drug used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. It is a prodrug for ACT-333679 (the free carboxylic acid).


primary myelofibrosis

Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia is a myeloproliferative disease with annual incidence of approximately 1 case per 100,000 individuals and age at diagnosis around 60 (an increased prevalence is noted in Ashkenazi Jews). Clinical manifestations depend on the type of blood cell affected and may include anemia, pallor, splenomegaly, hypermetabolic state, petechiae, ecchymosis, bleeding, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, portal hypertension.


lobeglitazone

putative antidiabetic agent for type 2 diabetes


Community acquired pneumonia

Pneumonia that is not acquired in a hospital or long-term care facility setting.


A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE. The mechanism of action of viloxazine in the treatment of ADHD is unclear; however, it is thought to be through inhibiting the reuptake of norepinephrine.


proglumetacin

A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indometacin with the hydroxy group of 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutaminate. Used (as its dimaleate salt) to control pain and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. Following oral administration, it is metabolised to indometacin and proglumide, a drug with antisecretory effects that helps prevent injury to the stomach lining.


BELATACEPT

Belatacept, a selective T-cell (lymphocyte) costimulation blocker, binds to CD80 and CD86 on antigen-presenting cells thereby blocking CD28 mediated costimulation of T lymphocytes. In vitro, belatacept inhibits T lymphocyte proliferation and the production of the cytokines interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, interleukin-4, and TNF-alfa. Activated T lymphocytes are the predominant mediators of immunologic rejection


beta-D-glucose

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.


Defibrotide

Single-stranded polydeoxyribonucleotide extracted from mammalian organs and used in the treatment of HEPATIC VENO-OCCLUSIVE DISEASE in patients with kidney or lung abnormalities following HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION. The compound is a sodium salt.


hepatic veno-occlusive disease

Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (hepatic VOD) is a condition resulting from toxic injury to the hepatic sinusoidal capillaries that leads to obstruction of the small hepatic veins.


OBILTOXAXIMAB

A monoclonal antibody that neutralizes toxins produced by BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It is used to treat inhalational ANTHRAX.


((201)Tl)thallium monochloride

non-pyrogenic diagnostic radiopharmaceutical for intravenous administration


RESLIZUMAB

Reslizumab is an interleukin-5 antagonist (IgG4, kappa). IL-5 is the major cytokine responsible for the growth and differentiation, recruitment, activation, and survival of eosinophils. Reslizumab binds to IL-5 with a dissociation constant of 81 pM, inhibiting the bioactivity of IL-5 by blocking its binding to the alpha chain of the IL-5 receptor complex expressed on the eosinophil surface. Inflammation is an important component in the pathogenesis of asthma. Multiple cell types (e.g., mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes) and mediators (e.g., histamine, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, cytokines) are involved in inflammation. Reslizumab, by inhibiting IL-5 signaling, reduces the production and survival of eosinophils; however, the mechanism of reslizumab action in asthma has not been definitively established.


Octocog alfa

Octocog alfa (human coagulation factor VIII), is a substance that helps the blood to clot. Patients with haemophilia A lack factor VIII, and this causes blood clotting problems, such as bleeding in the joints, muscles or internal organs. Advate is used to correct the factor VIII deficiency by replacing the missing factor VIII, giving temporary control of the bleeding disorder. Octocog alfa is made by a method known as ‘recombinant DNA technology’, it is made by cells into which a gene (DNA) has been introduced that makes them able to produce it.


GALSULFASE

a recombinant form of N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase


mucopolysaccharidosis type 6

Mucopolysaccharidosis type 6 (MPS 6) is a lysosomal storage disease with progressive multisystem involvement, associated with a deficiency of arylsulfatase B (ASB) leading to the accumulation of dermatan sulfate.


SUTILAINS

used in treatment of burns; derived from filtration of cultures of a strain of Bacillus subtilis


Acrisorcin

A topical anti-fungal agent. Acrisorcin is comprised of two active ingredients, 9-aminoacridine and 4-hexylresorcinol, but its clinical use has been discontinued.


RILONACEPT

an anti-arthritis agent derived from IL-1R and IL-1RAcP


tergitol NP-9

Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Nonoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide, formulated primarily as a component of vaginal foams and creams.

A tergitol polymer consisting of nonylbenzene with a nine-membered poly(ethylene glycol) moiety attached at position 4.


BERACTANT

a bovine lung extract that contains mostly phospholipids; modified by the addition of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, palmitic acid, and tripalmitin


UROKINASE

A proteolytic enzyme that converts PLASMINOGEN to FIBRINOLYSIN where the preferential cleavage is between ARGININE and VALINE. It was isolated originally from human URINE, but is found in most tissues of most VERTEBRATES.


migalastat

Migalastat is a pharmacological chaperone that is designed to selectively and reversibly bind with high affinity to the active sites of certain mutant forms of alpha-Gal A, the genotypes of which are referred to as amenable mutations. Migalastat binding stabilizes these mutant forms of alpha-Gal A in the endoplasmic reticulum and facilitates their proper trafficking to lysosomes where dissociation of migalastat restores alpha-Gal A activity, leading to the catabolism of GL-3 and related substrates.


HEMIN

It is used as a prescription medication to relieve repeated attacks of acute intermittent porphyria related to the menstrual cycle in affected women.


Technetium Tc-99m Medronate

A radiopharmaceutical containing methylene diphosphonate (medronate; MDP) complexed with the gamma-emitting radionuclide technetium Tc 99m with radioisotopic activity and hydroxyapatite affinity. Upon intravenous administration, skeletal uptake of technetium Tc 99m methylene diphosphonate occurs as a function of skeletal blood flow and osteogenic activity. The MDP moiety of this agent has affinity for hydroxyapatite crystals in bone with abnormal accumulation at sites with increased osteoid mineralization; labeling of MDP with Tc 99m allows scintigraphic imaging of areas of abnormal osteogenesis associated with malignant bone lesions.


Sucroferric oxyhydroxide

an oral phosphate binder for treatment of hyperphosphatemia

An iron oxide of nanoparticulate size and poor crystallinity. It is a mineral commonly found in soil and freshwater environments and forms a core structural component in the Fe-buffering ferritin protein. It is also used in the sequestration of heavy element contaminants, and is a precursor of haematite and goethite.


Cardiolite (TN)

A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.


Omega-3 carboxylic acid

Fish oil-derived free fatty acids including multiple omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA] being the most abundant. The mechanism of action of omega-3-carboxylic acids is not completely understood. Potential mechanisms of action include inhibition of acyl-CoA:1,2-diacylglycerol acyltransferase, increased mitochondrial and peroxisomal beta-oxidation in the liver, decreased lipogenesis in the liver, and increased plasma lipoprotein lipase activity. Omega-3-carboxylic acids may reduce the synthesis of triglycerides in the liver because EPA and DHA are poor substrates for the enzymes responsible for TG synthesis, and EPA and DHA inhibit esterification of other fatty acids.


Injectafer

effective for treatment of postpartum anemia


diloxanide furoate

A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of furan-2-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2,2-dichloro-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N-methylacetamide. It is a drug used for the treatment of asymptomatic amebiasis.


ALGLUCERASE

modified form of human placental glucocerebrosidase; oligosaccharide units of glucocerebrosidase are sequentially deglycosylated to yield a mannose-terminated preparation which is targeted to the mannose lectin on the macrophage plasma membrane


ATEZOLIZUMAB

A monoclonal antibody that targets programmed death-ligand 1 (CD274 ANTIGEN) and is used to treat urothelial carcinoma, the most common type of bladder cancer.


CONESTAT ALFA

recombinant human complement component 1 (C1) esterase inhibitor (rhC1INH), is an analogue of human C1INH and is obtained from the milk of rabbits expressing the gene encoding for human C1INH, the amino acid sequence of conestat alfa is identical to that of endogenous C1INH


hereditary angioedema type 1

Hereditary angioedema type 1 (HAE 1) is a form of hereditary angioedema characterized by acute edema in subcutaneous tissues, viscera and/or the upper airway.


FLUCICLOVINE F-18

a radiotracer containing a synthetic amino acid analogue of L-leucine radiolabeled with fluorine F 18 with diagnostic imaging use

A member of the class of cyclobutanes that is cyclobutane which carries a carboxy, amino and ((18)F)fluoro groups at positions 1, 1 and 3, respectively (the 1r,3r-stereoisomer). It is a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer for visualizing prostate cancer.


velpatasvir

pan-genotypic NS5A inhibitor for the treatment of chronic genotype 1-6 hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection

A complex organic heteropentacyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the brand name Epclusa) for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C of all six major genotypes.


Terguride

pronounced antifertility agent in rats; lactation suppressor in other species; serotonin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure


Dotatate gallium Ga-68

A radioactive diagnostic agent used for POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) imaging of SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR positive neuroendocrine tumors and malignant abdominal paraganglioma.


Carbenoxolone

An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.


mebhydrolin

see also record for mebhydroline, RN: 524-81-2


An opioid analgesic used similarly to MORPHINE in the control of moderate to severe pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1097)

An amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of cyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylic acid in which the cyclohexane ring is substituted at positions 1 and 2 by phenyl and dimethylamino groups, respectively. It has four possible diastereoisomers; the opioid analgesic drug tilidine is a racemate comprising the two trans diastereoisomers.


neltenexine

elastase inhibitor; may be useful for preventing pulmonary emphysema


mosapramine

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mosapramine. It is a second-generation antipsychotic used for the treatment of schizophrenia.


obeticholic acid

obeticholic acid is an agonist for FXR, a nuclear receptor expressed in the liver and intestine

A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.


2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)anilino]benzoic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl ester


spiperone

A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.

An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.


lonidamine

A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.


azidocillin

antibiotic similir to ampicillin; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search PENICILLIN G/AA (75-86); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*))-isomer)


butriptyline

a tricyclic antianxiety and antidepressive agent similar to, but with less side effects than amitriptyline; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search DIBENZOCYCLOHEPTENES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd


BUTYLSCOPOLAMINE

Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.

A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S)-3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoic acid with the hydroxy group of (2R,4S,5S,7s)-9-butyl-7-hydroxy-9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane.


ethanol

A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.

A primary alcohol that is ethane in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group.


methylpentynol

a tertiary hexanol with hypnotic/sedative and anticonvulsant effects, was used for the treatment of insomnia


choline

A basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism.

A choline that is the parent compound of the cholines class, consisting of ethanolamine having three methyl substituents attached to the amino function.


betazole

A histamine H2 agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.

Pyrazole in which a hydrogen adjacent to one of the nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group. It is a histamine H2-receptor agonist used clinically to test gastric secretory function.


An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.


A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.


epoetin beta

A recombinant therapeutic agent that is chemically identical to or similar to the endogenous cytokine human erythropoietin (EPO). Produced primarily by cells of the peritubular capillary endothelium of the kidney in response to hypoxia, circulating EPO binds to EPO receptors on the surface of committed erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow resulting in their replication and maturation into functional erythrocytes.


Endothal-disodium

A standardized enzyme concentrate containing the pancreatic enzymes, lipase, protease and amylase used in enzyme substitution therapy. Lipase, protease and amylase break down fat, protein, and starches, respectively in the small intestine, thereby promoting digestion. Pancrelipase is used to reduce malabsorption when the pancreas is unable to secrete sufficient amounts of these enzymes.


NADROPARIN CALCIUM

A low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) composed of a heterogeneous mixture of sulfated polysaccharide glycosaminoglycan chains obtained by depolymerisation of porcine mucosal sodium heparin, extraction/purification and conversion to the calcium salt. Nadroparin binds to antithrombin III (ATIII) and inhibits the activity of activated factor X (factor Xa), thereby inhibiting the final common pathway of the coagulation cascade and preventing the formation of a cross-linked fibrin clot


PEGINTERFERON ALFA-2B

A covalent conjugate of recombinant interferon alpha, subtype 2b, and polyethylene glycol (PEG), used as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. The biological activity of this agent is derived from its interferon alpha-2b protein moiety. Interferons alfa bind to specific cell-surface receptors, leading to the transcription and translation of genes whose protein products mediate antiviral, antiproliferative, anticancer, and immune-modulating effects. The PEG moiety lowers the clearance of interferon alpha-2b, thereby extending the duration of its therapeutic effects, but may also reduce the interferon-mediated stimulation of an immune response


METHOXY POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL-EPOETIN BETA

A pegylated form of recombinant human erythropoietin, a glycosylated protein naturally produced in the kidney that stimulates erythrocyte production in the bone marrow. Methoxypolyethylene glycol epoetin beta may reverse anemias induced by cancer therapy


MOROCTOCOG ALFA

Human coagulation factor VIII produced by recombinant DNA technology in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Moroctocog alfa is a glycoprotein with 1438 amino acids with a sequence that is comparable to the 90 + 80 kDa form of factor VIII (i.e. B-domain deleted) and similar post-translational modifications to those of the plasma-derived molecule


LENOGRASTIM

A glycosylated form of a recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to an endogenous human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Produced endogenously by monocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, G-CSF binds to and activates specific cell surface receptors, stimulating neutrophil progenitor proliferation and differentiation and selected neutrophil functions.


an analog of vitamin D for the treatment of osteoporosis

A hydroxycalciol that is calcitriol with a 3-hydroxypropoxy group at position 2.


epoetin zeta

a copy of human erythropoietin and works in exactly the same way as the natural hormone to stimulate red blood cell production


nimetazepam

A nitrazepam which is substituted at positions 1 by a methyl group. It is used as an anticonvulsant and as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia.


alfacalcidol

A member of the class of D3 vitamins that is calciol in which the hydrogen at the 1alpha position is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is an active metabolite of cholecalciferol, which performs important functions in regulation of the calcium balance and the bone metabolism.


ALIPOGENE TIPARVOVEC

gene therapy product, contains the human lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene variant LPLS447X in a vector comprised of a protein shell derived from adeno-associated virus serotype 1 (AAV1), the Cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, a woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element and AAV2 derived inverted terminal repeats


familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency

Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency is a rare genetic disorder is which a person lacks the enzyme lipoprotein lipase, a protein needed to break down fat molecules. Deficiency of this enzyme prevents affected individuals from properly digesting certain fats. This results in the accumulation of fatty droplets called chylomicrons in the blood and an increase in the blood concentration of triglycerides. Symptoms include episodes of abdominal pain, recurrent inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), abnormal enlargement of the liver and/or spleen (hepatosplenomegaly), and the development of skin lesions known as erruptive xanthomas. Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency is caused by changes (mutations) in the LPL gene. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Treatment aims to control symptoms and blood triglyceride levels with a very low-fat diet. Treatment for individual symptoms (i.e. pancreatitis) involves following established treatment guidelines.


clopenthixol

A thioxanthene with therapeutic actions similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. It is an antagonist at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.

A thioxanthene derivative having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and an alkylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.


egualen

a stable azulene derivative, antiulcer agent

A member of the class of azulenes carrying sulfo, ethyl and isopropyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 7 respectively. Used (in the form of its sodium salt) for treatment of gastric ulcers.


Calcium Dobesilate

A drug used to reduce hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy.


cyclophosphamide

Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer.

A phosphorodiamide that is 1,3,2-oxazaphosphinan-2-amine 2-oxide substituted by two 2-chloroethyl groups at the amino nitrogen atom.


retinoblastoma

A malignant tumor that originates in the nuclear layer of the retina. As the most common primary tumor of the eye in children, retinoblastoma is still relatively uncommon, accounting for only 1% of all malignant tumors in pediatric patients. Approximately 95% of cases are diagnosed before age 5. These tumors may be multifocal, bilateral, congenital, inherited, or acquired. Seventy-five percent of retinoblastomas are unilateral; 60% occur sporadically. A predisposition to retinoblastoma has been associated with 13q14 cytogenetic abnormalities. Patients with the inherited form also appear to be at increased risk for secondary nonocular malignancies such as osteosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and fibrosarcoma.


Desacetylvinblastine amide

Vinblastine derivative with antineoplastic activity against CANCER. Major side effects are myelosuppression and neurotoxicity. Vindesine is used extensively in chemotherapy protocols (ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS).


dimethicone macromolecule

A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base.

A polydimethylsiloxane macromolecule, composed of dimethylsiloxane repeating units.


bendazol

has a hypotensive, vasodilator, antispasmodic action


VONICOG ALFA

a purified recombinant von Willebrand factor (rVWF) expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, acts to promote hemostasis by mediating platelet adhesion to damaged vascular sub-endothelial matrix and platelet aggregation and as a carrier protein for factor VIII, protecting it from rapid proteolysis


fenproporex

an anorectic drug used in the treatment of obesity


benzoic acid 2-[1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propan-2-ylamino]ethyl ester


Mizolastine

a long-acting H1-antihistamine indicated for the symptomatic relief of seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (hay fever), perennial allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and urticaria


Gadodiamide

for intravenous administration with MRI in adult patients for contrast enhancement of CNS lesions

The hydrate of gadodiamide.


taurine

A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids.

An amino sulfonic acid that is the 2-amino derivative of ethanesulfonic acid. It is a naturally occurring amino acid derived from  methionine and cysteine metabolism. An abundant component of fish- and meat-based foods, it has been used as an oral supplement in the treatment of disorders such as cystic fibrosis and hypertension.


N-acetyl-L-tyrosine

An N-acetyltyrosine in which the chiral centre has L configuration.


phosphoric acid

A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.


A (13)N-modified compound that is ammonia that has a (13)N isotope as the nitrogen atom. (13)N decays with a half-life of ten minutes to (13)C, emitting a positron. Used in diagnostic Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging.


PEGINTERFERON ALFA-2A

interferon alfa‑2a attached to polyethylene glycol


omoconazole

an imidazole antifungal which inhibits the cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes, resulting in impairment of ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell membranes


dermatophytosis

A common fungal infection of the stratum corneum of the skin, hair, or nails by a dermatophyte. It is characterized by itching, inflammation, redness of the skin, small papular vesicles, central clearing, fissures, scaling, and/or hair loss in the affected area.


Nandrolone decanoate

Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.


hydrogen peroxide

A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.

An inorganic peroxide consisting of two hydroxy groups joined by a covalent oxygen-oxygen single bond.


Vinyl ether

a clear, nearly colorless, volatile liquid which was used as an inhalation anesthetic


Ebastine

non-sedating second generation antihistamine which is used for allergic disorders


An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.

A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.


Sodium gluconate

An organic sodium salt having D-gluconate as the counterion.


cycrimine

A member of the class of piperidines that is 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol in which one of the hydrogen atoms at the 1-position is substituted by cyclopentyl, and the other is substituted by phenyl. A central anticholinergic, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the management and treatment of Parkinson's disease.


mycetoma

Mycetomas are subcutaneous inflammatory pseudotumors containing fungal or actinomycetic (bacteria with branched filaments) granules or grains.


a murine monoclonal antibody to the CD3 antigen of human T cells which functions as an immunosuppressant


eptacog alfa activated

Eptacog alfa (activated) is recombinant coagulation factor VIIa (rFVIIa) with a molecular mass of approximately 50,000 Daltons produced in baby hamster kidney cells (BHK Cells) by recombinant DNA technology


Glanzmann thrombasthenia 1

A bleeding syndrome characterized by spontaneous mucocutaneous bleeding and an exaggerated response to trauma due to a constitutional thrombocytopenia


factor VII deficiency

A coagulation disorder characterized by the partial or complete absence of factor VII activity in the blood.


EFMOROCTOCOG ALFA

consists of factor VIII fused to the Fc domain of IgG1; for treatment of hemophilia A


TALIMOGENE LAHERPAREPVEC

Talimogene laherparepvec is a live, attenuated HSV-1 that has been genetically modified to express huGM-CSF. Talimogene laherparepvec has been genetically modified to replicate within tumors and to produce the immune stimulatory protein GM-CSF and causes lysis of tumors, followed by release of tumor-derived antigens, which together with virally derived GM-CSF may promote an antitumor immune response.


etelcalcetide

Etelcalcetide is a synthetic peptide calcimimetic agent which reduces parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion through binding and activation of the calcium-sensing receptor. The reduction in PTH is associated with a concomitant decrease in serum calcium and phosphate levels.


secondary hyperparathyroidism

Overproduction of parathyroid hormone in response to influence external to the parathyroid glands.


ETEPLIRSEN

Eteplirsen is designed to bind to exon 51 of dystrophin pre-mRNA, resulting in exclusion of this exon during mRNA processing in patients with genetic mutations that are amenable to exon 51 skipping. Exon skipping is intended to allow for production of an internally truncated dystrophin protein.


mevalonic aciduria

Mevalonic aciduria (MVA) is a rare, very severe form of mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD) characterized by dysmorphic features, failure to thrive, psychomotor delay, ocular involvement, hypotonia, progressive ataxia, myopathy, and recurrent inflammatory episodes.


autosomal dominant familial periodic fever

Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) is a periodic fever syndrome, characterized by recurrent fever, arthralgia, myalgia and tender skin lesions lasting for 1 to 3 weeks, associated with skin, joint, ocular and serosal inflammation and complicated by secondary amyloidosis.


Rubidium Chloride Rb-82

Rb-82 is analogous to potassium ion (K+) in its biochemical behavior and is rapidly extracted by the myocardium proportional to the blood flow. Rb+ participates in the sodium-potassium (Na+/K+) ion exchange pumps that are present in cell membranes. The intracellular uptake of Rb-82 requires maintenance of ionic gradient across cell membranes. Rb-82 radioactivity is increased in viable myocardium reflecting intracellular retention, while the tracer is cleared rapidly from necrotic or infarcted tissue.


Apatinib is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved in China for the treatment of patients with advanced metastatic gastric cancer.


deflazacort

Deflazacort is a corticosteroid prodrug, whose active metabolite, 21-desDFZ, acts through the glucocorticoid receptor to exert anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. The precise mechanism by which deflazacort exerts its therapeutic effects in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy is unknown.


TASONERMIN

Tasonermin, is a copy of the human protein tumour necrosis factor alfa-1a (TNF-alfa). The exact way that TNF-alfa works against certain types of cancer is not fully understood, but it is thought that it can kill tumour cells directly, as well as destroy the blood vessels supplying tumours and stimulate the immune system to attack them. This leads to the tumour dying back and getting smaller, particularly when the medicine is combined with other cytotoxic (cell-killing) medicines and raised temperature.


BRODALUMAB

Brodalumab is a human monoclonal IgG2 antibody that selectively binds to human IL-17RA and inhibits its interactions with cytokines IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-17C, IL-17A/F heterodimer and IL-25. IL-17RA is a protein expressed on the cell surface and is a required component of receptor complexes utilized by multiple IL-17 family cytokines. Blocking IL17RA inhibits IL-17 cytokine-induced responses including the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.


SULESOMAB

Sulesomab recognizes an antigenic structure shared by a surface glycoprotein (NCA-90) of granulocytes and the tumour marker, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Sulesomab is indicated for diagnostic imaging for determining the location and extent of infection/inflammation in bone in patients with suspected osteomyelitis, including patients with diabetic foot ulcers.


Telotristat Ethyl

Telotristat, the active metabolite of telotristat ethyl, is an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, which mediates the rate limiting step in serotonin biosynthesis. The in vitro inhibitory potency of telotristat towards tryptophan hydroxylase is 29 times higher than that of telotristat ethyl. Serotonin plays a role in mediating secretion, motility, inflammation, and sensation of the gastrointestinal tract, and is over-produced in patients with carcinoid syndrome. Through inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase, telotristat and telotristat ethyl reduce the production of peripheral serotonin, and the frequency of carcinoid syndrome diarrhea.


ASPARAGINASE ERWINIA CHRYSANTHEMI

Asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi catalyzes the deamidation of asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonia, resulting in a reduction in circulating levels of asparagine. The mechanism of action of ERWINAZE is thought to be based on the inability of leukemic cells to synthesize asparagine due to lack of asparagine synthetase activity, resulting in cytotoxicity specific for leukemic cells that depend on an exogenous source of amino acid asparagine for their protein metabolism and survival.


sivelestat

inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source


acute lung injury

A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (pulmonary edema) rich in neutrophils, and in the absence of clinical heart failure. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).


limaprost

Limaprost exerts potent effects on vasodilation, increase of blood flow and inhibition of platelet aggregation, and thereby has proven clinical effects on various ischemic symptoms such as ulcer, pain and feeling of coldness associated with thromboangiitis obliterans.


A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)


zuclopenthixol

Zuclopenthixol is a potent neuroleptic of the thioxanthene series with a piperazine side-chain. The antipsychotic effect of neuroleptics is related to their dopamine receptor blocking effect. The thioxanthenes have a high affinity for both the adenylate cyclase coupled dopamine D1 receptors and for the dopamine D2 receptors; in the phenothiazine group the affinity for D1 receptors is much lower than that for D2 receptors, whereas butyrophenones, diphenylbutylpiperidines and benzamides only have affinity for D2 receptors.

The (Z)-isomer of clopenthixol.


Flutoprazepam

Flunitrazepam is a short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam.


cytisine

RN given refers to (R)-isomer; structure

An organic heterotricyclic compound that is the toxic principle in Laburnum seeds and is found in many members of the Fabaceae (legume, pea or bean) family. An acetylcholine agonist, it is widely used throughout Eastern Europe as an aid to giving up smoking.


Ribociclib

Ribociclib is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 and 6. These kinases are activated upon binding to D-cyclins and play a crucial role in signaling pathways which lead to cell cycle progression and cellular proliferation. The cyclin D-CDK4/6 complex regulates cell cycle progression through phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb). In vitro, ribociclib decreased pRb phosphorylation leading to arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and reduced cell proliferation in breast cancer cell lines. In vivo, treatment with single agent ribociclib in a rat xenograft model with human tumor cells led to decreased tumor volumes, which correlated with inhibition of pRb phosphorylation. In studies using patient-derived estrogen receptor positive breast cancer xenograft models, combination of ribociclib and antiestrogen (e.g. letrozole) resulted in increased tumor growth inhibition compared to each drug alone.


TRAFERMIN

used for treatment of stroke and coronary heart disease; RN amino acid sequence in first source


Naldemedine

Naldemedine is an opioid antagonist with binding affinities for mu-, delta-, and kappa-opioid receptors. Naldemedine functions as a peripherally-acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist in tissues such as the gastrointestinal tract, thereby decreasing the constipating effects of opioids.


AVELUMAB

Avelumab is a programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) blocking antibody. Avelumab is a human IgG1 lambda monoclonal antibody that has a molecular weight of approximately 147 kDa. PD-L1 may be expressed on tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells and can contribute to the inhibition of the anti-tumor immune response in the tumor microenvironment. Binding of PD-L1 to the PD-1 and B7.1 receptors found on T cells and antigen presenting cells suppresses cytotoxic T-cell activity, T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Avelumab binds PD-L1 and blocks the interaction between PD-L1 and its receptors PD-1 and B7.1. This interaction releases the inhibitory effects of PD-L1 on the immune response resulting in the restoration of immune responses, including anti-tumor immune responses. Avelumab has also been shown to induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in vitro.


cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma

Cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma is a primary cutaneous cancer arising from a subset of skin neuroendocrine cells (Merkel cells, giving the name Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC)).


niraparib

Niraparib is an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes, PARP-1 and PARP-2, which play a role in DNA repair. In vitro studies have shown that niraparib-induced cytotoxicity may involve inhibition of PARP enzymatic activity and increased formation of PARP-DNA complexes resulting in DNA damage, apoptosis and cell death. Increased niraparib-induced cytotoxicity was observed in tumor cell lines with or without deficiencies in BRCA1/2. Niraparib decreased tumor growth in mouse xenograft models of human cancer cell lines with deficiencies in BRCA1/2 and in human patient-derived xenograft tumor models with homologous recombination deficiency that had either mutated or wild type BRCA1/2.

A 2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide that has S-configuration. It is a potent inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 3.8 and 2.1 nM, respectively) and approved as a first-line maintenance treatment for women with advanced ovarian cancer after responding to platinum-based chemotherapy.


Carcinoma in situ of fallopian tube

Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0.  Tis: Carcinoma in situ (limited to tubal mucosa). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. FIGO no longer includes stage 0. (AJCC 7th ed.)


OCRELIZUMAB

The precise mechanism by which ocrelizumab exerts its therapeutic effects in multiple sclerosis is unknown, but is presumed to involve binding to CD20, a cell surface antigen present on pre-B and mature B lymphocytes. Following cell surface binding to B lymphocytes, ocrelizumab results in antibody-dependent cellular cytolysis and complement-mediated lysis.


primary progressive multiple sclerosis

A multiple sclerosis that is characterized by steady worsening of neurologic functioning, without any distinct relapses or periods of remission. The rate of progression may vary over time, with occasional plateaus or temporary improvements, but the progression is continuous.


DUPILUMAB

Dupilumab is a human monoclonal IgG4 antibody that inhibits interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) signaling by specifically binding to the IL-4Rα subunit shared by the IL-4 and IL-13 receptor complexes. Dupilumab inhibits IL-4 signaling via the Type I receptor and both IL-4 and IL-13 signaling through the Type II receptor. Blocking IL-4Rα with dupilumab inhibits IL-4 and IL-13 cytokine-induced responses, including the release of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and IgE.


Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate

Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate selectively binds potassium in exchange for hydrogen and sodium cations throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and reduces the concentration of free potassium in the GI lumen. This lowers serum potassium levels by drawing potassium into the GI tract and increasing faecal potassium excretion to resolve hyperkalaemia.


Valbenazine

The mechanism of action of valbenazine in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia is unknown, but is thought to be mediated through the reversible inhibition of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), a transporter that regulates monoamine uptake from the cytoplasm to the synaptic vesicle for storage and release.


SIMOCTOCOG ALFA

Simoctocog alfa (human coagulation factor VIII (rDNA)) is a purified protein that has 1440 amino acids. The amino acid sequence is comparable to the 90 + 80 kDa form of human plasma factor VIII (i.e. B-domain deleted). Simoctocog alfa is produced by recombinant DNA technology in genetical human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293F cells.


eperisone

A racemate that is an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-eperisone. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a muscle relaxant for the symptomatic treatment of muscle spasm and spasticity.


Hyperkinetic movements

Motor hyperactivity with excessive movement of muscles of the body as a whole.


CORIFOLLITROPIN ALFA

Corifollitropin alfa is designed as a sustained follicle stimulant with the same pharmacodynamic profile as (rec)FSH, but with a markedly prolonged duration of FSH activity. Due to its ability to initiate and sustain multiple follicular growth for an entire week, a single subcutaneous injection of the recommended dose of Corifollitropin alfa may replace the first seven injections of any daily (rec)FSH preparation in a COS treatment cycle. The long duration of FSH activity was achieved by adding the carboxy-terminal peptide of the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to the beta-chain of human FSH. Corifollitropin alfa does not display any intrinsic LH/hCG activity.


GUSELKUMAB

Guselkumab is a human monoclonal IgG1-lambda antibody that selectively binds to the p19 subunit of interleukin 23 (IL-23) and inhibits its interaction with the IL-23 receptor. IL-23 is a naturally occurring cytokine that is involved in normal inflammatory and immune responses. Guselkumab inhibits the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines.


INOTUZUMAB OZOGAMICIN

Inotuzumab ozogamicin is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of a CD22-directed monoclonal antibody that is covalently linked to N-acetyl-gamma-calicheamicin dimethylhydrazide. Inotuzumab is a humanised immunoglobulin class G subtype 4 (IgG4) antibody that specifically recognises human CD22. The small molecule, N-acetyl-gamma-calicheamicin, is a cytotoxic product. N-acetyl-gamma-calicheamicin is covalently attached to the antibody via an acid-cleavable linker. Nonclinical data suggest that the anticancer activity of Inotuzumab ozogamicin is due to the binding of the ADC to CD22-expressing tumour cells, followed by internalisation of the ADC-CD22 complex, and the intracellular release of N-acetyl-gamma-calicheamicin dimethylhydrazide via hydrolytic cleavage of the linker. Activation of N-acetyl-gamma-calicheamicin dimethylhydrazide induces double-stranded DNA breaks, subsequently inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death.


pemafibrate

Pemafibrate is a selective PPAR-alpha modulator (SPPARM-alpha) that has antihyperlipidaemic activity.

A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-amine in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by 3-[(1R)-1-carboxypropoxy]benzyl and 3-(4-methoxyphenoxy)propyl groups. It is a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha agonist that is used for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.


acute cystitis

An acute infection of the bladder. It is usually caused by bacteria. Signs and symptoms include increased frequency of urination, pain or burning during urination, fever, cloudy or bloody urine, and suprapubic pain.


Zabofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with enhanced in-vitro activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, including strains resistant to other antibiotics. The spectrum of activity of Zabofloxacin includes those bacterial strains that are responsible for most community-acquired respiratory infections.


Acute infective exacerbation of chronic obstructive airways disease


Imrecoxib

Imrecoxib is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor indicated for treatment of osteoarthritis.


enasidenib

Enasidenib is a small molecule inhibitor of the isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) enzyme. Enasidenib targets the mutant IDH2 variants R140Q, R172S, and R172K at approximately 40-fold lower concentrations than the wild-type enzyme in vitro. Inhibition of the mutant IDH2 enzyme by enasidenib led to decreased 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) levels and induced myeloid differentiation in vitro and in vivo in mouse xenograft models of IDH2 mutated AML. In blood samples from patients with AML with mutated IDH2, enasidenib decreased 2-HG levels, reduced blast counts and increased percentages of mature myeloid cells.

A 1,3,5-triazine which is substituted by (2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)nitrilo, 6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl and [2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-4-yl]nitrilo groups at positions 2,4 and 6, respectively. It is an isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 (IDH2) inhibitor which has been approved for the treatment of adults with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukaemia (AML).


neratinib

Neratinib is a kinase inhibitor that irreversibly binds to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2), and HER4. In vitro, neratinib reduces EGFR and HER2 autophosphorylation, downstream MAPK and AKT signaling pathways, and showed antitumor activity in EGFR and/or HER2 expressing carcinoma cell lines. Neratinib human metabolites M3, M6, M7 and M11 inhibited the activity of EGFR, HER2 and HER4 in vitro. In vivo, oral administration of neratinib inhibited tumor growth in mouse xenograft models with tumor cell lines expressing HER2 and EGFR.

A quinoline compound having a cyano group at the 3-position, a 3-chloro-4-(2-pyridylmethoxy)anilino group at the 4-position, a 4-dimethylamino-trans-but-2-enoylamido group at the 6-position, and an ethoxy group at the 7-position.


chronic graft versus host disease

Chronic graft versus host disease (GVHD) is a complication that can occur after a stem cell or bone marrow transplant in which the newly transplanted donor cells attack the transplant recipient's body. Symptoms may include skin rash, mouth sores, dry eyes, liver inflammation, development of scar tissue in the skin and joints, and damage to the lungs. The exact cause of chronic GVHD is unknown.It likely results from a complex immune-mediated interaction between the donor and recipient cells.Chronic GVHD is treated with prednisone or other similar anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive medications.


Macimorelin stimulates GH release by activating growth hormone secretagogue receptors present in the pituitary and hypothalamus.