Bardet-Biedl syndrome

A ciliopathy with multisystem involvement. It is invariantly characterized by rod-cone dystrophy, and at least three additional non-ocular features such as intellectual disability, obesity, polydactyly, hypogonadism, or renal anomalies as primary manifestations. In the absence of one of these four primary clinical features, the diagnosis of BBS is made when at least two secondary features are observed, including hepatic fibrosis, diabetes mellitus, reproductive and developmental abnormalities, growth retardation, speech delays, or cardiovascular problems


Central neuropathic pain

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon


Chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon


fetal cytomegalovirus syndrome

An infection with the Cytomegalovirus that is present from birth.


Disorder due to type 2 diabetes mellitus


familial hypercholesterolemia

An inheritable form of hyperlipidemia, in which there are excess lipids in the blood.


myeloid neoplasm associated with FGFR1 rearrangement

Hematologic neoplasms characterized by the rearrangement of the FGFR1 gene, resulting in translocations with an 8p11 breakpoint. Patients present with a myeloproliferative neoplasm, acute myeloid leukemia, lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia of T or B-cell lineage, or acute leukemia of mixed phenotype.


High grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia of esophagus


histiocytic sarcoma

An aggressive malignant neoplasm with a poor response to therapy, usually presenting as stage III/IV disease. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic cells with morphologic and immunophenotypic characteristics similar to those seen in mature histiocytes.


History of myocardial infarction due to atherothrombotic coronary artery disease


alkaptonuria

A metabolic disease characterized by the accumulation of homogentisic acid (HGA) and its oxidized product, benzoquinone acetic acid (BQA), in various tissues (e.g. cartilage, connective tissue) and body fluids (urine, sweat), causing urine to darken when exposed to air as well as grey-blue coloration of the sclera and ear helix (ochronosis), and a disabling joint disease involving both the axial and peripheral joints (ochronotic arthropathy).


epilepsy, idiopathic generalized, susceptibility to, 1


Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, extended oligoarthritis


psoriasis-related juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Childhood arthritis typically associated with psoriasis.


Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, Rheumatoid Factor Negative

A category of juvenile idiopathic arthritis defined by the presence of arthritis affecting five or more separate joints during the first six months of disease, with negative serologic testing for rheumatoid factor.


FYTIC ACID

Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.

A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.


Radioisotope scan of lymphatic system

biolink:Procedure biolink:NamedThing biolink:ActivityAndBehavior biolink:Occurrent biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma

A clonal neoplasm of small B-lymphocytes, lymphoplasmacytoid cells, and plasma cells involving the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen. The majority of patients have a serum IgM paraprotein.


pancreatic neoplasm

A benign or malignant neoplasm involving the pancreas.


vulva cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the vulva.


Metastatic Biliary Tract Carcinoma

A biliary tract carcinoma that has spread from the original site of growth to other anatomic sites.


EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor

An EC 1.4.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4).


myotonic syndrome

An inherited or acquired, localized or generalized disorder affecting the muscles. It may be associated with abnormalities in the chloride or sodium channels of the muscles. It is characterized by delayed muscle relaxation following stimulation or contraction. Representative examples include myotonia congenita and myotonic dystrophy.


neonatal diabetes mellitus

Neonatal diabetes mellitus presents as hyperglycemia, failure to thrive and, in some cases, dehydration and ketoacidosis which may be severe with coma, in a child within the first months of life.


otitis media

Inflammation of the anatomical structures of the middle ear, which is most often caused by an infectious process. Symptoms include erythema and edema of the tympanic membrane, pain, and possibly fever.


Substance induction of cytochrome p450 enzyme


plexiform neurofibroma

An elongated and multinodular neurofibroma, formed when the tumor involves either multiple trunks of a plexus or multiple fascicles of a large nerve, such as the sciatic. Some plexiform neurofibromas resemble a bag of worms, others produce a massive ropy enlargement of the nerve. (Adapted from WHO.)


polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis


Localization of sentinel lymph node

biolink:Activity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ActivityAndBehavior biolink:Occurrent biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


vasculitis due to ADA2 deficiency

Vasculitis due to ADA2 deficiency is a rare, genetic, systemic and rheumatologic disease due to adenosine deaminase-2 inactivating mutations, combining variable features of autoinflammation, vasculitis, and a mild immunodeficiency. Variable clinical presentation includes chronic or recurrent systemic inflammation with fever, livedo reticularis or racemosa, early-onset ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes, peripheral neuropathy, abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly, portal hypertension, cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa, variable cytopenia and immunoglobulin deficiency.


Abdominal adhesions

Fibrous bands (i.e., bands of scar-like tissue) that span two or more intra-abdominal organs and/or the inner abdominal wall (i.e. peritoneal membrane).


Sodium Chloride

A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.

An inorganic chloride salt having sodium(1+) as the counterion.


metamizole

A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.

A pyrazole that is antiipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfomethyl)amino group, the sodium salt of which, metamizole sodium, was widely used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic, but withdrawn from many markets from the 1970s due to a risk of causing risk of causing agranulocytosis.


Manganese sulfate monohydrate

A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of manganese(II) sulfate.


dexamethasone phosphate

A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of dexamethasone.


oxygen atom

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.


ATROPINE

An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.

A  racemate composed of equimolar concentrations of (S)- and (R)-atropine . It is obtained from deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and other plants of the family Solanaceae.


estriol

A hydroxylated metabolite of ESTRADIOL or ESTRONE that has a hydroxyl group at C3, 16-alpha, and 17-beta position. Estriol is a major urinary estrogen. During PREGNANCY, a large amount of estriol is produced by the PLACENTA. Isomers with inversion of the hydroxyl group or groups are called epiestriol.

A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol substituted by additional hydroxy groups at positions 16 and 17 (16alpha,17beta-stereoisomer).


phthalylsulfathiazole

minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SULFATHIAZOLES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd

A sulfonamide incorporating 2-carboxybenzamido and 1,3-thiazol-2-yl moieties that is a broad-spectrum antibiotic indicated in the treatment of dysentery, colitis, gastroenteritis and intestinal surgery.


Abdominal distention

Distention of the abdomen.


A glucan that is structurally related to maltodextrin, with more than 85% of its molecules having molecular weights between 1640 and 45 000 Daltons (Da), and a weight-average molecular weight of about 20 000 Da; it is used in dialysis fluids as an alternative to glucose-based solutions, and to reduce adhesions after gynecological or abdominal surgery. It has also been used as a vehicle for drugs given via the peritoneal cavity.


avobenzone

causes allergic or photoallergic contact dermatitis; structure given in first source


2-hydroxybenzoic acid (3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl) ester


sucrose

A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.

A glycosyl glycoside formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose.


fenoterol

A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.

A member of the class  resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.


Bismuth Subnitrate

antacid containing bismuth, sodium & magnesium carbonates, rutin, Khellin & Rhamnus bark powder; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subcitrate


Abdominal mass

An abnormal enlargement or swelling in the abdomen.


titanium dioxide

used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure

A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2.  A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.


3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid [2-(dimethylamino)-2-phenylbutyl] ester

Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.


nimesulide

An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.


AMDINOCILLIN PIVOXIL

Pivaloyloxymethyl ester of amdinocillin that is well absorbed orally, but broken down to amdinocillin in the intestinal mucosa. It is active against gram-negative organisms and used as for amdinocillin.


phloroglucinol

A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.

A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.


drotaverine

Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure


Abdominal rigidity

Involuntary tightening of the abdominal musculature that occurs in response to touching the abdomen to avoid pain. Rigidity can occur in the presence of abdominal inflammation and usually involves only the inflamed area.


Abnormal Weight Loss

Unexplained or unintentional weight loss.


Unspecified abortion incomplete

The uterus is not entirely emptied of products of conception following spontaneous, medical or operative pregnancy termination.


Missed abortion

Retention in uterus of an abortus.


Spontaneous abortion

Fetal loss at less than 20 weeks of gestation.


abscess

An inflammatory process characterized by the accumulation of pus within a newly formed tissue cavity which is the result of a bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection or the presence of a foreign body.


Sterile abscess

An abscess not caused by infection with pyogenic bacteria. Operationally, a sterile abscess is inferred if investigations of an abscess fail to reveal evidence of pathogenic organisms.


Epidermal acanthosis

Diffuse hypertrophy or thickening of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis (prickle cell layer of the skin).


Accident while engaged in work-related activity


nordazepam

An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.

A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.


eye accommodation disease

Disease that disrupts the process by which the vertebrate eye changes optical power to maintain a clear image or focus on an object as its distance varies.


Fracture of acetabulum

A traumatic break in the portion of the pelvic bone that forms the hip socket.


flucloxacillin

A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.


Cystic acne

A severe type of acne characterized by the formation of cysts enclosing a mixture of keratin and sebum.


AIDS

A syndrome resulting from the acquired deficiency of cellular immunity caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is characterized by the reduction of the Helper T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and the lymph nodes. Symptoms include generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, weight loss, and chronic diarrhea. Patients with AIDS are especially susceptible to opportunistic infections (usually pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections, tuberculosis, candida infections, and cryptococcosis), and the development of malignant neoplasms (usually non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Kaposi sarcoma). The human immunodeficiency virus is transmitted through sexual contact, sharing of contaminated needles, or transfusion of contaminated blood.


skin tag

A small, benign growth that arises from the skin. It is characterized by the presence of fibrovascular tissue lined by epidermis. It may be sessile or pendulous and usually occurs in sites where there is friction.


Activated partial thromboplastin time abnormal


Prolonged partial thromboplastin time

Increased time to coagulation in the partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test, a measure of the intrinsic and common coagulation pathways. Phospholipid, and activator, and calcium are mixed into an anticoagulated plasma sample, and the time is measured until a thrombus forms.


digitoxin

A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665)

A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.


Activated partial thromboplastin time shortened


Acute abdomen

A sudden onset of abdominal pain with associated nausea or vomiting. The acute abdomen may be caused by an infection, inflammation, vascular occlusion, or obstruction.


sweet syndrome

Sweet's syndrome (the eponym for acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis) is characterized by a constellation of clinical symptoms, physical features, and pathologic findings which include fever, neutrophilia, tender erythematous skin lesions (papules, nodules, and plaques), and a diffuse infiltrate consisting predominantly of mature neutrophils that are typically located in the upper dermis.


Bromazepam

One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.


Parageusia

A distortion of the sense of taste, often characterized by the sensation of a metallic taste.


Acute sinusitis

An acute form of sinusitis.


adenocarcinoma

A common cancer characterized by the presence of malignant glandular cells. Morphologically, adenocarcinomas are classified according to the growth pattern (e.g., papillary, alveolar) or according to the secreting product (e.g., mucinous, serous). Representative examples of adenocarcinoma are ductal and lobular breast carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma), colon adenocarcinoma, and prostate adenocarcinoma.


colon adenocarcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from glandular epithelial cells of the colon


adenoid hypertrophy

An upper respiratory tract disease characterized by the unusual growth of the adenoid tonsil; has symptom snoring, has symptom hyponasality, has symptom otitis media with effusion, has symptom mouth breathing.


adenoma

A neoplasm arising from the epithelium. It may be encapsulated or non-encapsulated but non-invasive. The neoplastic epithelial cells may or may not display cellular atypia or dysplasia. In the gastrointestinal tract, when dysplasia becomes severe it is sometimes called carcinoma in situ. Representative examples are pituitary gland adenoma, follicular adenoma of the thyroid gland, and adenomas (or adenomatous polyps) of the gastrointestinal tract.


adrenal cortex adenoma

A benign neoplasm that can arise from any of the adrenal cortical layers. It can be associated with the overproduction of glucocorticoids (Cushing's syndrome), androgenic or estrogenic steroids (adrenogenital syndrome), or mineralocorticoids (Conn's syndrome). (Sternberg Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, 3rd ed.)


adrenal gland disorder

A disease involving the adrenal gland.


Adrenal hemorrhage

Hemorrhage and necrosis of the adrenal gland tissue. Bilateral and extensive hemorrhage may lead to acute adrenal insufficiency, shock, and death.


mood disorder

A cognitive disorder a disturbance in which the person's mood is hypothesized to be the main underlying feature.


A benzamide derivative that is used as a dopamine antagonist.


lormetazepam

A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.


dinitrogen oxide

Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.

A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.


nefopam

Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26)

A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The  hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.


Air Embolism

The presence of bubbles of air in the vascular system; occurrence is related to the entry of air into the venous circulation following trauma or surgery.


carbon dioxide

A solid form of carbon dioxide used as a refrigerant.

A one-carbon compound with formula CO2 in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond. A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, it is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food.


Akinesia

Inability to initiate changes in activity or movement and to perform ordinary volitional movements rapidly and easily.


Elevated circulating alanine aminotransferase concentration

An abnormally high concentration in the circulation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT).


alcohol abuse

The use of alcoholic beverages to excess, either on individual occasions ("binge drinking") or as a regular practice.


Mosapride is a 5-HT4 receptor agonist which increases the release of acetylcholine and stimulates GI motility.

A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methanamine.


teprenone

; RN given refers to isomeric cpd without isomeric designation; mixture of (5E,9E,13E) & (5Z,9E,13E)-isomers

A terpene ketone in which a (9E,13E)-geranylgernayl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone (it is a mixture of 5E- and 5Z-geoisomers in a 3:2 ratio).


glutathione

A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.

A tripeptide compound consisting of glutamic acid attached via its side chain to the N-terminus of cysteinylglycine.


Prothionamide

Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.


Albuminuria

Increased concentration of albumin in the urine.


Alcohol Intolerance

Increased sensitivity to the adverse effects of alcohol, which can include nasal congestion, skin flushes, heart dysrhythmias, nausea, vomiting, indigestion and headaches.


Animal protein allergy

Hypersensitivity in form of an adverse immune reaction against animal proteins.


cortisol 17-butyrate

Cortisol esterified with butyric acid at the 17-hydroxy group.


Elevated circulating alpha-fetoprotein concentration

Concentration of alpha-fetoprotein in the blood circulation above the upper limit of normal.


flunitrazepam

A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.

A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.


pipamperone

A member of the class of  bipiperidines that is 1,4'-bipiperidine which is substituted at the 1' and 4' positions by 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl and carboxamide groups, respectively. A first generation antipsychotic, its properties are generally similar to those of haloperidol.


pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

A rare lung disorder characterized by the filling of the pulmonary alveoli with proteinaceous material which stains positive with periodic acid-Schiff stain. It may be idiopathic or secondary due to hematologic malignancies or the inhalation of mineral dusts. Signs and symptoms include dyspnea, cough and low grade fever.


amaurosis fugax

Transient complete or partial monocular blindness due to retinal ischemia. This may be caused by emboli from the CAROTID ARTERY (usually in association with CAROTID STENOSIS) and other locations that enter the central RETINAL ARTERY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p245)


renal aminoaciduria

A group of inherited kidney disorders characterized by the abnormally elevated levels of amino acids in urine. Genetic mutations of transport proteins result in the defective reabsorption of free amino acids at the proximal renal tubules. Renal aminoaciduria are classified by the specific amino acid or acids involved.


etoricoxib

A sulfone and pyridine derivative that acts as a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. It is used as a NSAID for the treatment of pain associated with RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS. It is also used for the short-term treatment of moderate postoperative dental pain.

A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2,3'-bipyridine which is substituted at the 3, 5, and 6' positions by 4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl, chlorine, and methyl groups, respectively.


canrenoic acid

A synthetic pregnadiene derivative with anti-aldosterone activity.


dimetindene

A histamine H1 antagonist. It is used in hypersensitivity reactions, in rhinitis, for pruritus, and in some common cold remedies.


Ethamsylate

Benzenesulfonate derivative used as a systemic hemostatic.


terizidone

minor descriptor (1975-1984); on-line & Index Medicus search OXAZOLES (1975-1984); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation


canrenone

A synthetic pregnadiene compound with anti-aldosterone activity.


macrocytic anemia

Anemia that is characterized by increased red blood cell volume.


neonatal anemia

The mildest form of erythroblastosis fetalis in which anemia is the chief manifestation.


anemia due to chronic disorder

Anemia due to a disorder that is persistent or long-standing in nature.


Megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B>12< deficiency

Evidence of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia.


anal fistula

A pathologic tract that connects an opening in the anal canal to the perianal skin. In the vast majority of cases there is a history of perianal abscess.


fibroepithelial polyp of the anus

A non-neoplastic polypoid lesion that arises from the anal canal or perianal skin. It is composed of dense fibrous stroma and it is covered by squamous epithelium.


Anal stenosis

Abnormal narrowing of the anal opening.


iohexol

An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.

A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.


iodixanol

dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source

A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.


iopamidol

A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.

A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.


Gadoteridol

nonionic magnetic resonance contrast agent; structure given in first source

A non-ionic gadolinium chelate having a macrocyclic tetraamine framework. It is used as a paramagnetic contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).


sulfur hexafluoride

Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.

A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).


Conferon

A complex of ferric oxyhydroxide with dextrans of 5000 to 7000 daltons in viscous solution containing 50 mg/ml of iron. It is supplied as parenteral preparation and is used as hematinic. (Goodman and Gilmans The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1292)

Please consider adding concept for iron dextran. CAS# 9004-66-4. Thank you.


Gadopentetate Dimeglumine

A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)


iopromide

A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.


dexketoprofen

a water-soluble tromethamine salt of the racemic ketoprofen, rac(+-)-ketoprofen

A monocarboxylic acid that is (S)-hydratropic acid substituted at position 3 on the phenyl ring by a benzoyl group. A cyclooxygenase inhibitor, it is used to relieve short-term pain, such as muscular pain, dental pain and dysmenorrhoea.


phenethicillin

pheneticillin (feneticillin) is an oral acid resistant penicillin analogous to penicillin V with a range of antimicrob activity similar to penicillin G

A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.


anencephaly 1

Anencephaly is a neural tube defect. This malformation is characterized by the total or partial absence of the cranial vault and the covering skin, the brain being missing or reduced to a small mass. Most cases are stillborn, although some infants have been reported to survive for a few hours or even a few days.


Ferric hydroxide

additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9


extranodal nasal NK/T cell lymphoma

Extranodal nasal NK/T cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is a rare, malignant neoplasm mainly affecting men in the fifth decade of life, that usually arises in the nose, paranasal sinuses, orbits or upper airway, and that can present with a nasal mass, nasal bleeding, nasal obstruction, palate perforation (i.e. midline perforation of the hard palate), and mid-facial and/or upper airway destructive lesions. In advanced disease stages, which are associated with a poor prognosis, NKTCL may disseminate to other organs. A few cases of NKTCL presenting primarily in the lymph nodes have also been described.


angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma

A mature T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, characterized by systemic disease and a polymorphous infiltrate involving lymph nodes and extranodal sites. The clinical course is typically aggressive.


angiosarcoma

A malignant tumor arising from the endothelial cells of the blood vessels. Microscopically, it is characterized by frequently open vascular anastomosing and branching channels. The malignant cells that line the vascular channels are spindle or epithelioid and often display hyperchromatic nuclei. Angiosarcomas most frequently occur in the skin and breast. Patients with long-standing lymphedema are at increased risk of developing angiosarcoma.


Metastatic angiosarcoma

An angiosarcoma that has spread to another anatomical site.


Anhedonia

Inability to experience pleasurable activities usually found enjoyable.


anhidrosis

Lack of sweating or the ability to sweat when provoked by the appropriate stimulus.


Anisocytosis

Abnormally increased variability in the size of erythrocytes.


Fractured ankle

A fracture or multiple fractures of one or more of three bones in the ankle joint: the tibia (shinbone), the fibula (outer ankle bone), and the talus (which is the bone that connects your leg to your foot).


Anorgasmia

Inability of individual to reach orgasm.


anosmia

Loss of or impaired ability to smell. This may be caused by olfactory nerve diseases; paranasal sinus diseases; viral respiratory tract infections; craniocerebral trauma; smoking; and other conditions.


anterograde amnesia

Loss of the ability to form new memories beyond a certain point in time. This condition may be organic or psychogenic in origin. Organically induced anterograde amnesia may follow craniocerebral trauma; seizures; anoxia; and other conditions which adversely affect neural structures associated with memory formation (e.g., the hippocampus; fornix (brain); mammillary bodies; and anterior thalamic nuclei). (From Memory 1997 Jan-Mar;5(1-2):49-71)


Antimicrobial susceptibility test resistant


antiphospholipid syndrome

A disorder caused by the presence of autoantibodies directed against phospholipids, causing a hypercoaguable state, which may result in blood clots, stroke, heart attack, and in women, significant pregnancy-related complications, including miscarriage and still birth. The syndrome is often associated with other autoimmune disorders, most commonly lupus erythematosus, and infections, including syphilis and Lyme disease.


aortic aneurysm

A ruptured aneurysm located in the wall of the proximal portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta.


Aortic dissection

Aortic dissection refers to a tear in the intimal layer of the aorta causing a separation between the intima and the medial layers of the aorta.


aortic valve insufficiency

Dysfunction of the aortic valve characterized by incomplete valve closure.


aortitis

Inflammation of the aorta. Causes include trauma, infectious disorders, and connective tissue disorders.


Low APGAR score

An Apgar score less than seven.


aphasia

A language disorder that involves an acquired impairment of any laguage modality such as producting or comprehending spoken or written language.


Loss of voice

A term referring to the inability to speak. It may result from injuries to the vocal cords or may be functional (psychogenic).


pure red-cell aplasia

A disease characterized by normocytic, normochromic anemia, low hematocrit, reticulocytopenia, and selective erythroid hypoplasia.


beta-maltose

A dextrodisaccharide from malt and starch. It is used as a sweetening agent and fermentable intermediate in brewing. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A maltose that has beta-configuration at the reducing end anomeric centre.


agnosia

A rare disorder characterized by the lack of ability to recognize individuals, objects, shapes, sounds, or smells. There is no loss of memory. It is caused by neurological damage in the brain, specifically in the occipital or parietal lobes.


arachnoiditis

Arachnoiditis (ARC) is a chronic inflammation of the arachnoid layer of the meninges, of which adhesive arachnoiditis is the most severe form, characterized by debilitating, intractable neurogenic back and limb pain and a range of other neurological problems.


Areflexia

Absence of neurologic reflexes such as the knee-jerk reaction.


chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase


Chiari malformation

A rare genetic brain malformation characterized by displacement of the brain stem and cerebellum through the foramen magnum. It may result in hydrocephalus.


Arterial Injury

Damage to an artery from traumatic or pathologic processes.


Arterial rupture

Sudden breakage of an artery leading to leakage of blood from the circulation.


Arteriovenous fistula thrombosis

Partial or complete occlusion of the lumen within an arteriovenous fistula by a thrombus.


congenital arteriovenous fistula

An abnormal, epithelial-lined connection between an artery and vein that is present at the time of birth.


arteritis

An inflammatory process affecting an artery.


Enteropathic arthritis

A form of chronic arthritis that is found in some patients with inflammatory bowel disease.


reactive arthritis

Reactive arthritis (ReA) is an autoimmune disorder belonging to the group of seronegative spondyloarthropathies and is characterized by the classic triad of arthritis, urethritis and conjunctivitis.


Thimerosal

An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.

An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.


Elevated circulating aspartate aminotransferase concentration

An abnormally high concentration in the circulation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST).


Asphyxia

A state of general hypoxia and hypercapnea, resulting in acidosis, which affects all tissues in the body.


Aspiration

Inspiration of a foreign object into the airway.


Barium Sulfate

A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.

A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.


Asterixis

A clinical sign indicating a lapse of posture and is usually manifest by a bilateral flapping tremor at the wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and hip joints.


asthenopia

Term generally used to describe complaints related to refractive error, ocular muscle imbalance, including pain or aching around the eyes, burning and itchiness of the eyelids, ocular fatigue, and headaches.


Exercise-induced asthma

Asthma attacks following exercise.


astigmatism

Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)


Atelectasis

Collapse of part of a lung associated with absence of inflation (air) of that part.


Athetosis

A slow, continuous, involuntary writhing movement that prevents maintenance of a stable posture. Athetosis involves continuous smooth movements that appear random and are not composed of recognizable sub-movements or movement fragments. In contrast to chorea, in athetosis, the same regions of the body are repeatedly involved. Athetosis may worsen with attempts at movement of posture, but athetosis can also occur at rest.


atopic IgE-mediated allergic disorder

A genetic predisposition to form IgE antibodies in response to exposure to allergens and therefore, for the development of immediate (type I) hypersensitivity and atopic conditions, such as allergic rhinitis; bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy. Mutations of specific alleles on the long arm of chromosome 5 have been associated with higher levels of IL-4 and IgE and are known as IL-4 promoter polymorphisms.


atrial septal defect

Interauricular communication is a congenital malformation characterized by a communication between the atrial chambers of the heart.


atrial tachycardia

A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of an organized, regular atrial rhythm with atrial rate between 101 and 240 beats per minute. The P wave morphology must be distinct from the sinus P wave morphology. (CDISC)


first-degree atrioventricular block

A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of prolonged PR interval for a specific population. For adults one common threshold is a PR interval greater than 0.20 seconds.


Atypical pneumonia

Historical term that references a form of pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, or Legionella species.


Focal sensory seizure

A focal sensory seizure is a type seizure beginning with a subjective sensation.


axonal neuropathy

Any nerve disorder affecting the axon of a nerve.


azoospermia

A male infertility disease characterized by the absence of any measurable level of sperm in semen.


B-cell lymphoma recurrent

The reemergence of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma after a period of remission.


B-cell lymphoma refractory

B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is resistant to treatment.


bacillary angiomatosis

A condition that is caused by infection with Bartonella, and which is characterized by vascular proliferation, usually in immunocompromised individuals.


Back Injuries

Trauma to the posterior trunk.


bacteriuria

The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the urinary tract and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.


Barrett esophagus

Esophageal lesion lined with columnar metaplastic epithelium which is flat or villiform. Barrett epithelium is characterized by two different types of cells: goblet cells and columnar cells. The symptomatology of Barrett esophagus is that of gastro-esophageal reflux. It is the precursor of most esophageal adenocarcinomas. (WHO)


nitrendipine

A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.

A  dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.


Increased basophil count

An abnormally increased count of basophils per volume in the blood circulation.


Atypical behavior

Atypical behavior is an abnormality in a person's actions, which can be controlled or modulated by the will of the individual. While abnormal behaviors can be difficult to control, they are distinct from other abnormal actions that cannot be affected by the individual's will.


breast benign neoplasm

A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the breast parenchyma.


aortic valve disease 1

Any aortic valve disease in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the NOTCH1 gene.


bile duct carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the bile duct


Biliary Colic

Painful sensation in the gallbladder region.


bite injury

A wound inflicted by the teeth or fangs of an individual or animal.


Bladder cancer recurrent

The reemergence of bladder carcinoma after a period of remission.


Bladder cancer stage I, with cancer in situ


Stage II Bladder Cancer AJCC v6 and v7

Stage II includes: (T2a, N0, M0); (T2b, N0, M0).  T2a: Tumor invades superficial muscle (inner half).  T2b: Tumor invades deep muscle (outer half).  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th and 7th Eds.)


Stage III Bladder Cancer AJCC v6 and v7

Stage III includes: (T3a, N0, M0); (T3b, N0, M0); (T4a, N0, M0).  T3a: Tumor microscopically invades perivesical tissue.  T3b: Tumor macroscopically invades perivesical tissue (extravesical mass).  T4a: Tumor invades prostatic stroma, uterus, vagina.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


Bladder cancer stage IV

A carcinoma that arises from the bladder and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


Dilatation of the bladder

The presence of a dilated urinary bladder.


urinary bladder neoplasm

A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm of the bladder. - 2003


bladder neck obstruction

Blockage of the opening between the bladder and the urethra resulting in the reduction or prevention of the urine flow from the bladder into the urethra.


bladder transitional cell carcinoma

The most common morphologic subtype of urinary bladder carcinoma (over 90% of cases). It arises from the transitional epithelium. It most often affects males in their sixth and seventh decades of life. Hematuria is the most common symptom at presentation. Pathologic stage is the strongest predictor of survival.


Prolonged bleeding time

Prolongation of the time taken for a standardized skin cut of fixed depth and length to stop bleeding.


hyperpigmentation of eyelid

Over-production of pigment in the eyelid.


benign essential blepharospasm

Involuntary twitching of the eyelid.


blindness (disorder)

The lack of vision. It is caused by neurological or physiological factors.


cortical blindness

Visual impairment due to visual cortex dysfunction.


Bulla

A large (greater than 5-10 mm) intraepidermal/subepidermal cavity filled with clear, serosanguineous or cloudy fluid.


prednisolone succinate

A hemisuccinate resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group prednisolone with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. It is used to treat mild to moderate non-infectious eye allergies and inflammation, including damage caused by chemical and thermal burns.


Cetrimonium Bromide

The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.


Blood bicarbonate level decreased below normal


Blood Bicarbonate Increased

Higher than normal levels of bicarbonate in the blood.


Blood Corticotrophin Decreased

A laboratory test result which indicates decreased levels of corticotrophin in the blood.


creatine phosphokinase, elevated serum

A laboratory test result which indicates increased levels of creatine phosphokinase in a biological specimen.


Blood creatine phosphokinase MB increased


Positive Blood Culture

A laboratory test result demonstrating the presence of a specific organism in a blood sample after culture.


Blood follicle stimulating hormone increased


Abnormal blood gas level

An abnormality of the partial pressure of oxygen or carbon dioxide in the arterial blood.


Decreased circulating IgE

An abnormally decreased level of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in blood.


Hyperinsulinemia

Abnormally high levels of insulin in the blood.


Decreased diastolic blood pressure

Abnormal decrease in diastolic blood pressure.


Decreased systolic blood pressure

Abnormal decrease in systolic blood pressure.


Abnormal Blood Prolactin

A laboratory test result which indicates abnormal levels of prolactin hormone in the blood.


Blood thyroid stimulating hormone abnormal


bone cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the bone or articular cartilage.


Blood thyroid stimulating hormone decreased


Blood thyroid stimulating hormone increased


Blood thyroid stimulating hormone normal


Abnormal blood urea nitrogen concentration

Any deviation from the normal concentration of urea nitrogen in the blood.


Increased blood urea nitrogen

An increased amount of nitrogen in the form of urea in the blood.


Emotional blunting

Inability to feel positive or negative emotions, feelings of detachment, or reduced emotional responsiveness.


Increased body mass index

Abnormally increased weight-to-height squared ratio, calculated by dividing the individual's weight in kilograms by the square of the individual's height in meters and used as an indicator of overweight compared to averages.


solitary bone cyst

A solitary bone cyst is a benign non-epithelial bone cavity that is asymptomatic and that is found most commonly in the second decade of life by chance. The long bones are most often affected, but cases involving the jaw bone have been reported.


bone giant cell tumor

A benign but locally aggressive tumor that arises from the bone and is composed of mononuclear cells admixed with macrophages and osteoclast-like giant cells. It usually arises from the ends of long bones or the vertebrae. Clinical presentation includes pain, edema, and decreased range of motion in the affected joint.


Bowen disease of the skin

A form of squamous cell carcinoma in situ. It is a distinct clinicopathological entity and arises from the skin or the mucocutaneous junction. It affects predominantly white males in their 6-8th decades of life. Exposed and non-exposed skin sites are equally affected. UV damage and ingestion of inorganic arsenic may play a role in the development of the disease. On the skin surface, it presents as a single or multiple erythematous, scaly, keratotic patches or plaques. The clinical entity of erythroplasia of Queyrat is regarded as Bowen disease of the penis and it presents as an asymptomatic, red, circumscribed plaque. Morphologically, Bowen disease is characterized by the presence of hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, dyskeratosis, and acanthosis. The keratotic squamous cells are atypical and display hyperchromatism and abnormal mitotic figures. The dermoepidermal basement membrane is intact. Complete surgical removal of the lesion may be curative.


metildigoxin

A semisynthetic digitalis glycoside with the general properties of DIGOXIN but more rapid onset of action. Its cardiotonic action is prolonged by its demethylation to DIGOXIN in the liver. It has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).


valpromide

A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.


Fetal bradycardia

A fetal heart rate below 110 bpm that is sustained for longer than 10 minutes.


Bradykinesia

Bradykinesia literally means slow movement, and is used clinically to denote a slowness in the execution of movement (in contrast to hypokinesia, which is used to refer to slowness in the initiation of movement).


Bradypnea

Bradypnea is referring to breathing that is abnormally slow.


brain stem glioma

A neuroglial tumor that arises from the brain stem.


brain stem infarction

Infarctions that occur in the brain stem which is comprised of the midbrain; pons; and medulla oblongata. There are several named syndromes characterized by their distinctive clinical manifestations and specific sites of ischemic injury.


breast abscess

A breast disease characterized by a collection of pus in the breast.


breast carcinoma in situ

A in situ carcinoma that involves the breast.


Breast cancer recurrent

The reemergence of carcinoma in the breast after a period of remission.


Carcinoma breast stage I

Stage 1 includes T1, NO, MO.  T1: Tumor 2.0 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T1mic: Microinvasion 0.1 cm or less in greatest dimension.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th Ed.)-2003


breast cyst

A cystic lesion located in breast tissue.


Nipple Discharge

The flow of fluid from the nipple of the breast.


hypertrophy of breast

Excessive enlargement of one or both breasts. Causes include pregnancy, obesity, and penicillamine therapy. It may result in neck, back, and shoulder pain.


breast neoplasm

A benign or malignant neoplasm of the breast parenchyma. It can originate from the ducts, lobules or the breast adipose tissue. Breast neoplasms are much more common in females than males.


Breast Swelling

Enlargement of the breast due to  increased fluid volume.


Halitosis

Noticeably unpleasant odors exhaled in breathing.


Breech presentation

A position of the fetus at delivery in which the fetus enters the birth canal with the buttocks or feet first.


bronchogenic carcinoma

A lung carcinoma arising from the bronchial epithelium.


Bronchial Fistula

An abnormal communication between the bronchus and another organ or anatomic site.


Bronchial Obstruction

Blockage of a bronchus passage most often by bronchial secretions and exudates.


pulmonary aspergilloma

A aspergillosis that involves the lung.


bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a chronic respiratory disease that results from complications related to lung injury during the treatment of infant acute respiratory distress syndrome in low-birth-weight premature infants or from abnormal lung development in older infants. Clinical signs are tachypnea, tachycardia and signs of respiratory distress such as intercostal recession, grunting and nasal flaring.


Right bundle branch block

A conduction block of the right branch of the bundle of His. This manifests as a prolongation of the QRS complex (greater than 0.12 s) with delayed activation of the right ventricle and terminal delay on the EKG.


Burning Sensation

A sensation of stinging or heat, not necessarily accompanied by redness or physical signs of irritation.


Partial thickness burn

An injury that includes the entire epidermis and upper layers of the dermis due to a chemical, friction, radiation or thermal exposure. The affected area appears as moist red or white skin that does not blanch. Often it is painful with the presence of blisters.


Elevated circulating C-reactive protein concentration

An abnormal elevation of the C-reactive protein level in the blood circulation.


Cachexia

Severe weight loss, wasting of muscle, loss of appetite, and general debility related to a chronic disease.


An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.

A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.


calcinosis

Deposition of calcium in the tissues. It may be the result of a metabolic disorder or long-standing infection, or it may be associated with the presence of cancer.


carcinoid tumor

A slow growing neuroendocrine tumor, composed of uniform, round, or polygonal cells having monotonous, centrally located nuclei and small nucleoli, infrequent mitoses, and no necrosis. The tumor may show a variety of patterns, such as solid, trabecular, and acinar. Electron microscopy shows small secretory granules. Immunohistochemical studies reveal NSE, as well as chromogranin immunoreactivity. Malignant histology (cellular pleomorphism, hyperchromatic nuclei, prominent nucleoli, necrosis, and mitoses) can occasionally be seen. Such cases may have an aggressive clinical course. Gastrointestinal tract and lung are common sites of involvement.


skin carcinoma in situ

A in situ carcinoma that involves the zone of skin.


heart aneurysm

A localized bulging or dilatation in the muscle wall of a heart (myocardium), usually in the left ventricle. Blood-filled aneurysms are dangerous because they may burst. Fibrous aneurysms interfere with the heart function through the loss of contractility. True aneurysm is bound by the vessel wall or cardiac wall. False aneurysms are hematoma caused by myocardial rupture.


cilnidipine

has excitatory & inhibitory action on the Ca+ channels in the rabbit basilar artery; structure given in first source; RN given is for (+-) isomer

A diesterified 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium channel blocker, it is used as an antihypertensive.


pimobendan

produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source


Heart murmur

An extra or unusual sound heard during a heartbeat caused vibrations resulting from the flow of blood through the heart.


Decreased cardiac output

A decreased volume of blood pumped by the left and right ventricle, per unit time. Cardiac output (CO) is the product of the heart rate (HR), i.e. the number of heartbeats per minute (bpm), and the stroke volume (SV), which is the volume of blood pumped from the ventricle per beat.


Increased cardiac output

An increased volume of blood pumped by the left and right ventricle, per unit time. Cardiac output (CO) is the product of the heart rate (HR), i.e. the number of heartbeats per minute (bpm), and the stroke volume (SV), which is the volume of blood pumped from the ventricle per beat.


Cardiorespiratory arrest

Cessation of breathing and/or cardiac function.


carotid artery thrombosis

Blood clot formation in any part of the carotid arteries. This may produce carotid stenosis or occlusion of the vessel, leading to transient ischemic attack; cerebral infarction; or amaurosis fugax.


carpal tunnel syndrome

Entrapment of the median nerve in the wrist that is characterized by numbness, tingling and painful movement.


Cartilage injury

Trauma to cartilage.


cat-scratch disease

Cat scratch disease is an infectious illness caused by the bacteria bartonella (Bartonella henselae). It is believed to be transmitted by cat scratches, bites, or exposure to cat saliva. This self-limiting infectious diseaseis characterized by a bump or blister at the site of the bite or scratch and swelling and pain in the lymph nodes. Other features may include fatigue, headache, achiness, and fever. Although cat-scratch disease usually subsides without treatment, antibiotic and/or antimicrobial therapy may help speed recovery.


cataract

Partial or complete opacity of the crystalline lens of one or both eyes that decreases visual acuity and eventually results in blindness. Some cataracts appear in infancy or in childhood, but most develop in older individuals. (Sternberg Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, 3rd ed.)


nuclear cataract

A cataract (disease) that involves the lens nucleus.


Subcapsular cataract

A cataract that affects the region of the lens directly beneath the capsule of the lens.


catatonia

A psychiatric disorder featuring stupor, posturing, and echophenomena.


Abnormal cardiac catheterization

Abnormal results from the diagnostic tests resulting from cardiac catheterization.


cauda equina syndrome

Cauda equina syndrome refers to a group of symptoms that occur when some of the nerves in the cauda equina (the bundle of nerves that spread out from the bottom of the spinal cord) become compressed and/or damaged. Signs and symptoms of this condition include pain, numbness, or tingling in the lower back and/or legs; ' foot drop '; problems with bowel and/or bladder control; and sexual dysfunction. Cauda equina syndrome may be caused by a herniated disk, tumor, infection, fracture, or spinal stenosis. Treatment usually targets the underlying cause of the condition and often includes surgery to remove the material that is pressing on the nerves. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and/or other services may be required if symptoms persist following surgery.


CD4 Lymphocytes Decreased

A laboratory test result which indicates decreased levels of CD4 lymphocytes in a biospecimen.


Decreased CD4:CD8 ratio

An abnormal reduction of the relative proportion of CD4+ to CD8+ T cells.


orbital cellulitis

Inflammation of the eye tissues posterior to the orbital septum, and generally secondary to an infection spread from adjacent sinuses. Signs and symptoms of the affected eye include sudden loss of vision, erythema, edema, decreased eye movement, and pain. Treatment is conducted via intravenous antibiotics, observation, and surgical intervention when necessary.


Cellulitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus


cerebellar ataxia

A neurological syndrome characterized by clumsy and uncoordinated movement of the limbs, trunk, and cranial muscles. It results from pathology in the cerebellum and its connections, or in the proprioceptive sensory pathways.


cerebellar degeneration

Degeneration of the cerebellum. It may be an inherited condition, a paraneoplastic syndrome, or secondary to autoimmune disorders.


Cerebellar hemorrhage

Hemorrhage into the parenchyma of the cerebellum.


cerebellar disorder

Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia.


Cerebral atrophy

Atrophy (wasting, decrease in size of cells or tissue) affecting the cerebrum.


Cerebral venous thrombosis

Formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a cerebral vein, causing the obstruction of blood flow.


cerebrospinal fluid leak

Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through a hole through the skull bone most commonly draining from the nose (CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA) or the ear (CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OTORRHEA).


Cervical cord compression

Compression of the spinal cord in the cervical region, generally manifested by paresthesias and numbness, weakness, difficulty walking, abnormalities of coordination, and neck pain or stiffness.


dysplasia of cervix

Abnormal development of immature squamous epithelial cells of the uterine cervix, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical epithelium. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial basement membrane.


cervical incompetence

A clinical diagnosis presenting with painless cervical dilatation and spontaneous mid-trimester birth in recurrent pregnancies in the absence of spontaneous membrane rupture, bleeding or clinical chorioamnionitis.


cervical polyp

A polyp that arises from the surface of the cervix.


spinal stenosis

Narrowing of the spinal canal.


Cervix carcinoma recurrent

The reemergence of cervical carcinoma after a period of remission.


cervix disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the cervix. Representative examples include cervicitis, endocervical polyp, and carcinoma.


chalazion

An eyelid cyst caused by the blockage of a meibomian gland.


cheilitis

An inflammatory process affecting the lip.


Chemical Burns

A burn caused by exposure to chemical substances.


Chest pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the chest.


Abnormal Chest Radiograph

A history of having had an abnormal chest radiograph.


Chills

A sudden sensation of feeling cold.


dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine

A synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers for the study of biological membranes.

A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).


myeloid sarcoma

A tumor mass composed of myeloblasts or immature myeloid cells. It occurs in extramedullary sites or the bone. (WHO, 2001)


Choking

Interference with respiration by compression or obstruction of the larynx or trachea.


acute cholangitis

Cholangitis that is both sudden in onset and of a relatively short duration.


acute cholecystitis

Acute inflammation of the gallbladder.


pristinamycin IA

An antibiotic mixture originally isolated from Streptomyces pristinaspiralis. It is a mixture of compounds from STREPTOGRAMIN GROUP A: pristinamycin IIA and IIB and from STREPTOGRAMIN GROUP B: pristinamycin IA, pristinamycin IB, pristinamycin IC.

A cyclodepsipeptide that is (together with pristinamycin IIA) a component of pristinamycin, an oral streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. Pristinamycin exhibits bactericidal activity against Gram positive organisms including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.


Choreoathetosis

Involuntary movements characterized by both athetosis (inability to sustain muscles in a fixed position) and chorea (widespread jerky arrhythmic movements).


central areolar choroidal dystrophy

A hereditary macular disorder, usually presenting between the ages of 30-60, characterized by a large area of atrophy in the center of the macula and the loss or absence of photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris in this area, resulting in a progressive decrease in visual acuity.


Choroid hemorrhage

Hemorrhage from the vessels of the choroid.


myalgic encephalomeyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

A medical condition characterized by long-term fatigue and other symptoms that limit a person's ability to carry out ordinary daily activities.


Claustrophobia

An abnormal fear of being in a closed or narrow space with no escape is called claustrophobia.


respiratory failure

The significant impairment of gas exchange within the lungs resulting in hypoxia, hypercarbia, or both, to the extent that organ tissue perfusion is severely compromised. Causes include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, emphysema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pneumothorax, and congestive heart failure. Treatment requires intubation and mechanical ventilation until the time the lungs recover sufficient function.


oxybenzone

A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.


Copper oxide (CuO)

see also Copper(I) oxide (cuprous oxide, Cu2O)


alcoholic liver cirrhosis

A disorder of the liver characterized by the presence of fibrotic scar tissue instead of healthy liver tissue. This condition is attributed to excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages.


Fracture of clavicle

A traumatic or pathologic injury to the clavicle in which the continuity of the clavicle is broken.


cleft lip

A congenital abnormality consisting of one or more clefts (splits) in the upper lip, which may be accompanied by a cleft palate; it is the result of the failure of the embryonic parts of the lip to fuse.


cleft lip/palate

Cleft lip and palate is a fissure type embryopathy extending across the upper lip, nasal base, alveolar ridge and the hard and soft palate.


cleft palate

Cleft palate is a fissure type embryopathy that affects the soft and hard palate to varying degrees.


Clonus

A series of rhythmic and involuntary muscle contractions (at a frequency of about 5 to 7 Hz) that occur in response to an abruptly applied and sustained stretch.


Clubbing

Broadening of the soft tissues (non-edematous swelling of soft tissues) of the digital tips in all dimensions associated with an increased longitudinal and lateral curvature of the nails.


Clumsiness

Lack of physical coordination resulting in an abnormal tendency to drop items or bump into objects.


Prolonged whole-blood clotting time

An abnormal prolongation (delay) in the time required by whole blood to produce a visible clot.


Cogwheel rigidity

A type of rigidity in which a muscle responds with cogwheellike jerks to the use of constant force in bending the limb (i.e., it gives way in little, repeated jerks when the muscle is passively stretched).


coloboma

An abnormality in which a part of a structure in one or both eyes is missing.


Colon cancer recurrent

The reemergence of colon carcinoma after a period of remission.


Stage II Colon Cancer

Stage II includes: IIA (T3, N0, M0); IIB (T4, N0, M0).  T3: Tumor invades through the muscularis propria or into non-peritonealized pericolic or perirectal tissues.  T4: Tumor directly invades other organs or structures, and/or perforates visceral peritoneum.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)


Stage III Colon Cancer

Stage III includes: IIIA (T1-T2, N1, M0); IIIB (T3-T4, N1, M0); IIIC (Any T, N2, M0). N1: Metastasis in 1 to 3 regional lymph nodes.  N2: Metastasis in 4 or more regional lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)


Colonic fistula

An abnormal communication between the large intestine and another organ or cavity.


bromhexine

A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744)

A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).


creatine

An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as CREATININE in the urine.

A glycine derivative having methyl and amidino groups attached to the nitrogen.


compartment syndrome

Elevated pressure in a confined space enclosed by fascia or eschar, which may lead to vascular compromise and subsequent ischemic injury to the tissue within the space.


The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.


Complications of bone marrow transplant

A sequela of bone marrow transplantation.


Complications of transplanted heart

A disease or disorder that is associated with a transplanted heart.


Disorder of transplanted kidney

A disease or disorder that is associated with a transplanted kidney.


Brain Concussion

A violent jar or shock, or the condition which results from such an injury.


Complication of transplanted liver

A disease or disorder that is associated with a transplanted liver.


Complication of transplanted lung

A disease or disorder that is associated with a transplanted lung.


Compression fracture

Compression-induced traumatic break, and resulting collapse, of a short bone.


Confusion

Lack of clarity and coherence of thought, perception, understanding, or action.


Fetal anomaly

Structural or functional abnormalities of the fetus. Note that this section comprises terms that describe abnormalities that are specific to the fetus or differ from the corresponding general terms. A term from anywhere in the Human Phenotype Ontology can be applied to a fetus if appropriate.


congenital aortic valve stenosis

Aortic valve stenosis that is present at birth.


Congenital anomaly of central nervous system


polycystic kidney disease

A usually autosomal dominant and less frequently autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by the presence of numerous cysts in the kidneys leading to end-stage renal failure. The autosomal dominant trait is associated with abnormalities on the short arm of chromosome 16. Symptoms in patients with the autosomal dominant trait usually appear at middle age and include abdominal pain, hematuria, and high blood pressure. Patients may develop brain aneurysms and liver cysts. Patients with the autosomal recessive trait present with progressive renal failure early in life and symptoms resulting from hepatic fibrosis. The autosomal recessive trait is associated with abnormalities of chromosome 6. Polycystic kidney disease may also result as a side effect in patients on renal dialysis.


congenital diaphragmatic hernia

A posterolateral defect of the diaphragm that allows passage of abdominal viscera into the thorax, leading to respiratory insufficiency and persistent pulmonary hypertension with high mortality.


displacement of cardia through esophageal hiatus


congenital hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus that is present at birth.


congenital nystagmus

Nystagmus present at birth or caused by lesions sustained in utero or at the time of birth. It is usually pendular, and is associated with albinism and conditions characterized by early loss of central vision. Inheritance patterns may be X-linked, autosomal dominant, or recessive. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p275)


Umbilical hernia

Protrusion of abdominal contents through a defect in the abdominal wall musculature around the umbilicus. Skin and subcutaneous tissue overlie the defect.


Conjunctival hemorrhage

A hemorrhage occurring in the conjunctiva of the eye.


Potassium bitartrate

An organic potassium salt of L-tartaric acid. It is a by-product of winemaking and occurs naturally in grapes, the major fruit used to produce wine.


Medical Contraindication

A symptom or medical condition that makes a particular treatment or procedure inadvisable because a person is likely to have a bad reaction.


conversion disorder

Conversion disorder is a disorder in which a person experiences blindness, paralysis, or other symptoms affecting the nervous system that cannot be explained solely by a physical illness or injury. Symptoms usually begin suddenly after a period of emotional or physical distress or psychological conflict. Conversion disorder is thought to be caused by the bodys reaction to a stressful physical or emotional event. Some research has identified potential neurological changes that may be related to symptoms of the disorder. Diagnosis of conversion disorder is based on identifying particular signs that are common among people with the disorder, as well as performing tests to rule out other causes of the symptoms. Treatment may include psychotherapy, hypnosis, and stress management training to help reduce symptoms. Treatment of any underlying psychological disorder is also recommended. The affected body part may require physical or occupational therapy until symptoms resolve.


Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia

A type of hemolytic anemia in which the Coombs test is positive.


acute cor pulmonale

A form of acute right heart failure produced by a sudden increase in resistance to blood flow in the pulmonary circulation.


Infiltrate of cornea

Discrete, small lesions present in the cornea as a result of corneal inflammation and, in some cases, after soft contact lens wear especially extended-wear lenses.


corneal edema

Hazy, swollen cornea.


FMN

A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.

A flavin mononucleotide that is riboflavin (vitamin B2) in which the primary hydroxy group has been converted to its dihydrogen phosphate ester.


coronary aneurysm

Abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of coronary vessels. Most coronary aneurysms are due to coronary atherosclerosis, and the rest are due to inflammatory diseases, such as kawasaki disease.


coronary stenosis

Narrowing of the coronary artery lumen diameter.


coronary thrombosis

Coagulation of blood in any of the coronary vessels. The presence of a blood clot (thrombus) often leads to myocardial infarction.


craniopharyngioma

A benign, partly cystic, epithelial tumor of the sellar region, presumably derived from Rathke pouch epithelium. It affects mainly children and young adults. There are two clinicopathological forms: adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The most significant factor associated with recurrence is the extent of surgical resection, with lesions greater than 5 cm in diameter carrying a markedly worse prognosis. (Adapted from WHO)


Decreased Creatinine Clearance

A laboratory test finding that indicates decreased creatinine clearance.


Crackles

Crackles are discontinuous, explosive, and nonmusical adventitious lung sounds normally heard in inspiration and sometimes during expiration. Crackles are usually classified as fine and coarse crackles based on their duration, loudness, pitch, timing in the respiratory cycle, and relationship to coughing and changing body position.


Increased CSF protein concentration

Increased concentration of protein in the cerebrospinal fluid.


Cushing syndrome

Cushing's syndrome (CS) encompasses a group of hormonal disorders caused by prolonged and high exposure levels to glucocorticoids that can be of either endogenous (adrenal cortex production) or exogenous (iatrogenic) origin.


lichen amyloidosis

Lichen amyloidosis is a rare chronic form of cutaneous amyloidosis, a skin disease characterized by the accumulation of amyloid deposits in the dermis, clinically characterized by the development of pruritic, often pigmented, hyperkeratotic papules on trunk and extremities, especially on the shins, and histologically by the deposition of amyloid or amyloid-like proteins in the papillary dermis.


skin sarcoidosis

Formation of non-necrotizing granulomas in the skin. It may be a manifestation of systemic sarcoidosis or may also arise in isolation.


cutis laxa

Cutis laxa (CL) is an inherited or acquired connective tissue disorder characterized by wrinkled, redundant and sagging inelastic skin associated with skeletal and developmental anomalies and, in some cases, with severe systemic involvement. Several different forms of inherited CL have been described, differentiated on the basis of the mode of inheritance and differences in the extent of internal organ involvement, associated anomalies and disease severity.


Cyanosis

Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosa due to poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of arterial or capillary blood.


Cyst

A sac-like closed membranous structure that may be empty or contain fluid or amorphous material.


hemorrhagic cystitis

Inflammation of the bladder resulting in bloody urine.


Cytomegalovirus hepatitis

Hepatitis secondary to viral infection with cytomegalovirus.


Mizoribine

imidazole nucleoside with immunosuppressive activity isolated from culture filtrate of Eupenicillium brefeldianum; structure


seborrheic infantile dermatitis

Excessive shedding of dry scaly material from the scalp in humans.


Sodium Carbonate

used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure


Neonatal death

Death within the first 28 days of life.


Hypokinesia

Abnormally diminished motor activity. In contrast to paralysis, hypokinesia is not characterized by a lack of motor strength, but rather by a poverty of movement. The typical habitual movements (e.g., folding the arms, crossing the legs) are reduced in frequency.


decubitus ulcer

Death of tissue due to external pressure.


Bowel urgency

A sudden, irresistible need to have a bowel movement.


Delusion

A delusion is a fixed false belief held despite evidence to the contrary. The term delusion broadly encompasses all false judgments that possess the following external characteristics to a significant, albeit unspecified, extent: (1) they are held with an exceptional level of conviction, accompanied by an unparalleled subjective certainty; (2) there is an inability to consider alternative experiences or compelling counter-arguments; (3) the content of the belief is impossible.


Delusional disorder, unspecified type

A subtype of delusional disorder applied when the dominant delusional theme cannot be clearly determined.


dengue disease

Dengue fever (DF), caused by dengue virus, is an arboviral disease characterized by an initial non-specific febrile illness that can sometimes progress to more severe forms manifesting capillary leakage and hemorrhage (dengue hemorrhagic fever, or DHF) and shock (dengue shock syndrome, or DSS).


dental caries

The decay of a tooth, in which it becomes softened, discolored, and/or porous.


dental pulp necrosis

Death of pulp tissue with or without bacterial invasion. When the necrosis is due to ischemia with superimposed bacterial infection, it is referred to as pulp gangrene. When the necrosis is non-bacterial in origin, it is called pulp mummification.


substance dependence

The psychological or physiological need to take a substance in order to experience its effects or to avoid the effects of its absence.


Depressed Level Of Consciousness

A neurologic state characterized by decreased ability to perceive and respond.


Derealization

A feeling of altered reality characterized by a feeling of unreality, or being unreal.


Cutaneous cyst

A hollow mass located in the skin that is surrounded by an epithelium-lined wall and is well demarcated from the adjacent tissue. Cysts are often said to be sac-like and may contain serous liquid or semisolid material.


acneiform dermatitis

Cutaneous eruptions resembling acne, characterized by the presence of papulonodules, pustules, comedones, or cysts in the face, trunk, and extremities. Causes include infections and the use of certain medications (e.g., antibiotics and steroids).


autoimmune bullous skin disease

An autoimmune disease characterized by blisters on the skin.


dermoid cyst

A mature teratoma characterized by the presence of a cyst which is lined by mature tissue resembling the epidermis and the epidermal appendages. It occurs in the ovary, testis, and extragonadal sites including central nervous system and skin.


developmental coordination disorder

A disorder characterized by an impairment in the development of an individual's motor coordination skills; this impairment in motor development is not due to a medical condition.


Developmental delay

Failure to meet, or late achievement of developmental milestones.


congenital glaucoma

A developmental glaucoma that results from the abnormal development of the aqueous drainage structure, characterized by an elevated intra-ocular pressure, enlargement of globe (buphthalmos), corneal edema and optic nerve cupping, and presenting clinically with the characteristic triad of epiphora, photophobia and blepharospasm.


Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma


Diabetic ketoacidotic hyperglycemic coma


respiratory paralysis

Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with motor neuron diseases; peripheral nerve diseases; neuromuscular junction diseases; spinal cord diseases; injury to the phrenic nerve; and other disorders.


Silver Nitrate

A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.


Differential white blood cell count abnormal


Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma recurrent

The reemergence of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma after a period of remission.


Stage IV Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Ann Arbor Classification: Stage IV: Diffuse or disseminated involvement of one or more extralymphatic organs, with or without associated lymph node involvement; or isolated extralymphatic organ involvement in the absence of adjacent regional lymph node involvement, but in conjunction with disease in distant site(s); or any involvement of the liver or bone marrow, lungs (other than by direct extension from another site), or cerebrospinal fluid.


Diplegia

Paralysis affecting corresponding parts on both sides of the body.


Discomfort

A feeling of mental or physical uneasiness, pain, or distress.


Disinhibition

Reduced ability to control, or a failure to resist a temptation, urge, or impulse. Examples include disregard for social conventions, general impulsivity, and poor risk assessment.


prothipendyl

a neuroleptic azaphenothiazine; RN given refers to parent cpd


dissociative disorder

A category of psychiatric disorders which are characterized by a disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, and/or perception of the environment.


diverticulitis

An infection that develops in the diverticula of the intestinal tract. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis.


Diverticulum

A pouch formed at a weakened area of wall in a hollow organ structure.


A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.


(S)-(-)-sulpiride

An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).


phencyclidine

A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.

A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group.  Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.


lysergic acid diethylamide

Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.

An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.


clenbuterol

A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.

A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.


Methandrostenolone

A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)


Drug Eruptions

An eruption in the skin due to exposure to a pharmacologic substance.


drug allergy

Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.


tetrofosmin

Tetrofosmin is a diagnostic agent used to assess areas of reversible myocardial ischemia in the presence or absence of infracted myocardium and is also used to assess ventricular function.


pyridoxal 5'-phosphate

This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).

The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.


flunarizine

Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.


CDP-choline

Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.

A member of the class of  phosphocholines that is the chloine ester of CDP. It is an intermediate obtained in the biosynthetic pathway of structural phospholipids in cell membranes.


(E)-roxithromycin

Semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is concentrated by human phagocytes and is bioactive intracellularly. While the drug is active against a wide spectrum of pathogens, it is particularly effective in the treatment of respiratory and genital tract infections.

A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.


benserazide

An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.

A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.


Brivudine

anti-herpes agent; (Z)-isomer much less active against herpes simplex virus type 1 & somewhat less active against herpes simplex virus type 2 than is the (E)-isomer; both isomers show similar activity against vaccinia virus; RN given refers to (E)-trans-isomer; structure


Decreased Drug Level

A reduction in the expected therapeutic effect of a drug due to increased clearance.


Increased Drug Level

A laboratory test result demonstrating an increased concentration of a specific drug.


Duodenal perforation

A rupture in the duodenal wall due to traumatic or pathologic processes.


Duodenal ulcer with hemorrhage

Bleeding from a ruptured blood vessel in a duodenal ulcer.


Dysesthesia

Painful sensations elicited by a nonpainful cutaneous stimulus such as a light touch or gentle stroking over affected areas of the body. Sometimes referred to as hyperpathia or hyperalgesia. Often perceived as an intense burning, dyesthesias may outlast the stimulus by several seconds.


Dysarthria

Dysarthric speech is a general description referring to a neurological speech disorder characterized by poor articulation. Depending on the involved neurological structures, dysarthria may be further classified as spastic, flaccid, ataxic, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic, or mixed.


Dyschromatopsia

A form of colorblindness in which only two of the three fundamental colors can be distinguished due to a lack of one of the retinal cone pigments.


dyshidrosis

A recurrent eczematous reaction characterized by the development of vesicular eruptions on the palms and soles, particularly along the sides and between the digits. It is accompanied by pruritus, a burning sensation, and hyperhidrosis. The disease is self-limiting, lasting only a few weeks. (Dorland, 27th ed)


reading disorder

A learning disability involving difficulty reading resulting primarily from neurological factors which affect any part of the reading process.


Dysmetria

A type of ataxia characterized by the inability to carry out movements with the correct range and motion across the plane of more than one joint related to incorrect estimation of the distances required for targeted movements.


Dysphonia

Difficulty in speaking due to a physical disorder of the mouth, tongue, throat, or vocal cords. Associated with a known physical or neurological cause.


Dysphoria

A state of feeling very unhappy, uneasy, or dissatisfied.


Eucalyptol

A monoterpene and cyclohexanol derivative that is the major component of EUCALYPTUS OIL. It is used in mouthwash, insect repellent, and as a cough suppressant, and also is widely used as a flavoring agent and solvent. It has antimicrobial properties.


Rest dyspnea

A perception of shortness of breath that occurs independently of exertion.


Exertional dyspnea

Perceived difficulty to breathe that occurs with exercise or exertion and improves with rest.


Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Attacks of breathlessness that occur at night and may awaken the sleeping patient.


dystonic disorder

A movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions, resulting in abnormal movements and/or postures.


disorder of ear

A disease that involves the ear.


ear malformation

An abnormality of the ear.


eating disorder

A broad group of psychological disorders with abnormal eating behaviors leading to physiological effects from overeating or insufficient food intake.


Bruising susceptibility

An ecchymosis (bruise) refers to the skin discoloration caused by the escape of blood into the tissues from ruptured blood vessels. This term refers to an abnormally increased susceptibility to bruising. The corresponding phenotypic abnormality is generally elicited on medical history as a report of frequent ecchymoses or bruising without adequate trauma.


echolalia

A symptom of neurologic or psychiatric dysfunction in which the individual involuntarily and meaninglessly repeats a recently heard word, series of words, or a song.


Disorder of ejaculation

A disorder referring to problems related to ejaculation. This category includes premature, delayed, retrograde, and painful ejaculation.


Anejaculation

Inability to ejaculate.


Shock from electric current

A brief, unintentional exposure to an electric current, which may result in local tissue damage due to thermal injury or in a cardiac dysrhythmia.


Abnormal EKG

Abnormal rhythm of the heart.


Prolonged QRS complex

Increased time for the complex comprised of the Q wave, R wave, and S wave as measured by the electrocardiogram (EKG).. In adults, normal values are 0.06 - 0.10 sec.


ST segment depression

An electrocardiographic anomaly in which the ST segment is observed to be located inferior to the isoelectric line.


ST segment elevation

An electrocardiographic anomaly in which the ST segment is observed to be located superior to the isoelectric line.


T-wave inversion

An inversion of the T-wave (which is normally positive).


EEG abnormality

Abnormality observed by electroencephalogram (EEG), which is used to record of the brain's spontaneous electrical activity from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp.


Electrolyte imbalance

Higher or lower than normal values for the serum electrolytes; usually affecting NA, K, CHL, CO2, glucose, bun.


Arterial embolism

The passage of an embolus from its site of formation in the arterial system to another location within the circulatory system.


Venous embolism

The passage of an embolus from its site of formation to another location within the venous system.


empyema

An accumulation of pus in a body cavity, usually the pleural space.


Enanthema

A sudden eruption (rash) of the surface of a mucous membrane of the mouth or pharynx.


viral encephalitis

Encephalitis resulting from viral infection.


cephalocele

A congenital neural tube closure defect resulting in the protrusion of the brain through a skull opening. When the protrusion includes the meninges, the term encephalomeningocele is used.


endocarditis

Inflammation of the endocardium.


endocrine system disorder

A disease involving the endocrine system.


endometrium adenocarcinoma

An adenocarcinoma arising from the uterine body cavity. This is the most frequent malignant tumor affecting the uterine body, and is linked to estrogen therapy. Most patients present with uterine bleeding and are over age 40 at the time of diagnosis. The prognosis depends on the stage of the tumor, the depth of the uterine wall invasion, and the histologic subtype. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma is the most frequently seen morphologic variant of endometrial adenocarcinoma.


Clitoral hypertrophy

Hypertrophy of the clitoris.


enteritis

Inflammation of the small intestine.


enterovirus infectious disease

An disease caused by infection with Enterovirus.


enthesopathy

A disorder involving the attachment of a tendon or ligament to a bone


enuresis

An elimination disorder characterized by urinary incontinence, whether involuntary or intentional, which is not due to a medical condition and which occurs at or beyond an age at which continence is expected (usually 5 years).


Decreased eosinophil count

Abnormal reduction in the count of eosinophils in the blood per volume.


hypereosinophilic syndrome

Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) constitutes a rare and heterogeneous group of disorders, defined as persistent and marked blood eosinophilia and/or tissue eosinophilia associated with a wide range of clinical manifestations reflecting eosinophil-induced tissue/organ damage.


iomeprol

A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a glycoloyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.


iobitridol

a nonionic monomeric low-osmolality contrast medium; structure given in second source

A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a 3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propanimido at position 5.


eosinophilic fasciitis

Eosinophilic fasciitis is a rare connective tissue disease that is characterized by inflammation and thickening of the fascia, usually associated with peripheral eosinophilia. It presents during adulthood with symmetrical and painful swelling of mainly the extremities that progressively become indurated. Fatigue, disabling cutaneous fibrosis, myositis and arthritis may also be observed.


spermatocele

A benign testicular cyst that is located in the epididymis, and which contains serous fluid, lymphocytes, spermatozoa, and debris.


epididymitis

Inflammation of the epididymis. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen scrotum; pain; pyuria; and fever. It is usually related to infections in the urinary tract, which likely spread to the epididymis through either the vas deferens or the lymphatics of the spermatic cord.


Epiphyses, Slipped

Abnormal separation of an epiphysis from the shaft of a bone.


Episcleritis

Inflammation of the episclera, a thin layer of tissue covering the white part (sclera) of the eye.


Epstein-Barr virus infection

An infection that is caused by Epstein-Barr virus.


Eructation

To belch, the casting of upwind from the stomach.


Erythema

Redness of the skin, caused by hyperemia of the capillaries in the lower layers of the skin.


betamethasone phosphate

phosphate ester of betamethasone; RN given refers to the di-Na salt (11beta,16beta)-isomer; structure in Negwer,5th ed, 4975

A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of betamethasone.


erythema infectiosum

A self-limited viral infectious disorder caused by the human parvovirus B19. It affects predominantly children and is characterized by the development of a bright red skin eruption in the cheeks. It is followed by a maculopapular skin eruption in the extremities which eventually fades into a lacey pattern.


erythema nodosum

A panniculitis that is characterized by sudden onset of painful, erythematous, subcutaneous nodules mainly localized to the pretibial areas. Lesions are usually bilateral and symmetrical, ranging from 1 to 5 cm in diameter.


Eyelid erythema

Redness of the skin of the eyelids, caused by hyperemia of the capillaries in the lower layers of the skin.


essential tremor

A relatively common disorder characterized by a fairly specific pattern of tremors which are most prominent in the upper extremities and neck, inducing titubations of the head. The tremor is usually mild, but when severe may be disabling. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance may occur in some families (i.e., familial tremor). (Mov Disord 1988;13(1):5-10)


eustachian tube disorder

A disease involving the pharyngotympanic tube.


exophthalmos

The anterior displacement of the eye within the orbit, giving a bulging appearance.


exostosis

Non-neoplastic overgrowth of bone.


Babinski sign

Upturning of the big toe (and sometimes fanning of the other toes) in response to stimulation of the sole of the foot. If the Babinski sign is present it can indicate damage to the corticospinal tract.


Epidural hemorrhage

Hemorrhage occurring between the dura mater and the skull.


Premature Cardiac Complex

A cardiac beat originating from an abnormal site.


Eye Discharge

Liquid exudate from the eye.


Hemorrhage of the eye

Bleeding from vessels of the various tissues of the eye.


ocular toxoplasmosis

Ocular toxoplasmosis is an infection in the eye caused by the parasite, Toxoplasm a gondii. Toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of eye inflammation in the world. Toxoplamosis can beacquired or present at birth (congenital), having crossed the placenta from a newly infected mother to her fetus. Most humans acquire toxoplasmosis by eating raw or undercooked meat, vegetables or milk products, or by coming into contact with infected cat litterbox or sandboxes.In humans,the infectionusually causes no symptoms, and resolves without treatment in a few months. In individuals with compromised immune systems, Toxoplasm a gondii can reactivate to cause disease. Reactivation of a congenital infection was traditionally thought to be the most common cause ofocular toxoplasmosis, but an acquired infection is now considered to be more common. A toxoplasmosis infection that affects the eye usually attacks the retina andinitially resolves without symptoms. However,the inactive parasite maylaterreactivate causing eyepain, blurred vision, and possibly permanent damage, including blindness. Although most cases of toxoplasmosis resolve on their own,for some,inflammation can be treated with antibiotics and steroids.