(R)-NADHX

A tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide obtained by formal stereo- and regioselective hydration across the 5,6-double bond in the nicotinyl ring of NADH, with the hydroxy group located at position 6, having (R)-configuration.


(S)-NADHX

A tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide obtained by formal stereo- and regioselective hydration across the 5,6-double bond in the nicotinyl ring of NADH, with the hydroxy group located at position 6, having (S)-configuration.


The (R)-enantiomer of flavanone.


A pyranone based on the structure of 4H-pyran-4-one and its substituted derivatives.


liquiritigenin

A dihydroxyflavanone compound having the two hydroxy substituents at the 4'- and 7-positions. Isolated from the root of Glycyrrhizae uralensis, it is a selective agonist for oestrogen receptor beta.


Any flavanone in which the chiral centre at position 2 has S-configuration.


hydroxyflavanone

A member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavanone with one or more hydroxy substituents.


17-oxo steroid

Any  oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.


(R)-ketamine

The R- (less active) enantiomer of ketamine.


cyclopentanones

Any alicyclic ketone that consists of a cyclopentane skeleton substituted by at least one oxo group.


cyclohexenones

Any six-membered alicyclic ketone having one double bond in the ring.


3-oxo steroid

Any oxo steroid where an oxo substituent is located at position 3.


flavanone glycoside

A member of the class of flavanones having one or more glycosyl residues attached at unspecified positions.


Any methoxyflavanone having a methoxy substituent located at position 4'.


cyclohexanones

Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.


flavanones

Members of the class of flavans with a 3,4-dihydro-2-aryl-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


3-oxo-Delta(1) steroid

Any 3-oxo steroid that contains a double bond between positions 1 and 2.


alicyclic ketone

A cyclic ketone in which the carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system.


A member of the class of cyclopentanones that is (4Z)-7-(3-oxocyclopentyl)hept-4-enoic acid in which the cyclopentenone ring is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by morpholin-4-yl and (1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl)methoxy groups respectively.


methoxyflavanone

A member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavanone with one or more methoxy substituents.


Any hydroxyflavanone having a hydroxy substituent located at position 4'.


beta-bitter acid

An alicyclic ketone obtained by prenylation at positions 4, 6 and 6 of any 2-acylphloroglucinol. beta-bitter acids are well known for their contribution to the bitter taste of beer.


A 3-oxo steroid that has alpha configuration at position 5.


Any 3-oxo steroid that has beta- configuration at position 5.


xanthones

Any member of the class of  xanthenes based on a xanthone skeleton.


A 3-oxo-Delta(1) steroid containing an additional double bond between positions 4 and 5.


3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid

A 3-oxo steroid conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.


monomethoxyflavanone

Any methoxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by a methoxy group.


esketamine

The S- (more active) enantiomer of ketamine.


dihydroxyflavanone

Any  hydroxyflavanone carrying two hydroxy substituents.


A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.


The (S)-enantiomer of flavanone.


imide

A dicarboximide that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a p-bromophenyl group.


enamide

An alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid amide of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)NR(4)R(5) in which the amide C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.


cinnamamides

An enamide which is cinnamamide or a derivative of cinnamamide obtained by replacement of one or more of its hydrogens.


acrylamides

An enamide which is acrylamide or a derivative of acrylamide obtained by replacement of one or more of its hydrogens.


(S)-nomifensine

The S enantiomer of nomifensine.


methylbenzene

Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.


hemiacetal

A compound having the general formula RR'C(OH)OR'' (R'' =/= H).


lactol

Cyclic hemiacetals formed by intramolecular addition of a hydroxy group to an aldehydic or ketonic carbonyl group. They are thus 1-oxacycloalkan-2-ols or unsaturated analogues.


cyclic hemiketal

A hemiacetal  having the structure R2C(OH)OR (R =/= H), derived from a ketone by formal addition of an alcohol to the carbonyl group. The term 'cyclic hemiketals', once abandoned by IUPAC, has been reinstated as a subclass of hemiacetals.


hemiketal

A hemiacetal having the structure RR(1)C(OH)OR(2) (R, R(1), R(2) =/= H), derived from a ketone by formal addition of an alcohol to the carbonyl group.


pyridinecarboxamide

A member of the class of pyridines that is a substituted pyridine in which at least one of the substituents is a carboxamide or N-substituted caraboxamide group.


maleimides

Compounds containing a cyclic dicarboximide skeleton in which the two carboacyl groups on nitrogen together with the nitrogen itself form a 1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione structure.


tertiary carboxamide

A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with a secondary amine; formula RC(=O)NHR(1)R(2).


catecholamine

4-(2-Aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution.


(S)-noradrenaline

The S-enantiomer of noradrenaline.


hydroxy fatty acid

Any fatty acid carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.


HODE

Hydroxy-octadecadienoic acids, formed in mammalian cells from the corresponding hydroperoxy compounds (HPODEs).


resolvin

Hydroxy fatty acids that are di- or trihydroxy metabolites of the polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, particularly icosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid.


3-hydroxyoctanoic acid

An 8-carbon, beta-hydroxy fatty acid which may be a marker for primary defects of beta-hydroxy fatty acid metabolism. Repeating unit of poly(3-hydroxyoctanoic acid), a biopolymer used by numerous bacterial species as carbon and energy reserves.


(S)-2-hydroxylauric acid

The (S)-enantiomer of 2-hydroxylauric acid.


(S)-3-hydroxylauric acid

The (S)-enantiomer of 3-hydroxylauric acid.


hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid

Any polyunsaturated fatty acid carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.


(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid

A hydroxy fatty acid that is a straight-chain fatty acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon adjacent to the terminal methyl group (i.e. at the (omega-1) position) is replaced by a hydroxy group.


3-hydroxybutyric acid

A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.


(R)-2-hydroxylauric acid

The (R)-enantiomer of 2-hydroxylauric acid.


2-hydroxy fatty acid

Any fatty acid with a hydroxy functional group in the alpha- or 2-position.


A trienoic fatty acid that consists of heptadeca-5,8,10-trienoic acid bearing an additional 12-hydroxy substituent.


(R)-3-hydroxylauric acid

The (R)-enantiomer of 3-hydroxylauric acid. An intermediate in fatty acid biosynthesis.


3-hydroxy fatty acid

Any fatty acid with a hydroxy functional group in the beta- or 3-position. beta-Hydroxy fatty acids accumulate during cardiac hypoxia, and can also be used as chemical markers of bacterial endotoxins.


A HODE that consists of (10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid with the hydroxy substituent located at position 9.


hydroxybutyric acid

Any compound comprising a butyric acid core carrying at least one hydroxy substituent.


tryptophan

An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.


A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of hydrogenphosphate.


1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-diphosphate

An sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having unspecified acyl groups at the 1- and 2-positions.


adenyl nucleotide

A  nucleotide having adenine as the base.


NADH

A coenzyme found in all living cells; consists of two nucleotides joined through their 5'-phosphate groups, with one nucleotide containing an adenine base and the other containing nicotinamide.


nucleoside 5'-phosphate

A ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivative of a pyrimidine or purine base in which C-5 of the ribose ring is mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-phosphorylated.


O-phosphoserine

A serine derivative that is serine substituted at the oxygen atom by a phosphono group.


nucleoside phosphate

A nucleobase-containing molecular entity that is a nucleoside in which one or more of the sugar hydroxy groups has been converted into a mono- or poly-phosphate. The term includes both nucleotides and non-nucleotide nucleoside phosphates.


An NADP obtained by formal reduction of the 1,2-position in the pyridine ring of beta-NAD.


2-deoxyribose phosphate

A deoxyaldopentose phosphate in which the deoxyaldopentose is 2-deoxyribose.


A ceramide phosphoinositol compound having a 2-hydroxyhexacosanoyl group attached to the ceramide nitrogen.


sphingoid 1-phosphate

A generic class of  phosphosphingolipids, encompassing monophosphorylated derivatives of sphinganine, its homologues and stereoisomers, as well as the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.


NAD(+)

The oxidised form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide found in all living cells. In metabolism, NAD(+) is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another.


deoxyribonucleotide

A nucleotide in which the ribose moiety has one or more of its hydroxy groups substituted by hydrogen.


An NADP obtained by formal reduction of the 1,6-position in the pyridine ring of beta-NAD.


guanyl nucleotide

A nucleotide having guanine as the base.


NAD(P)

A coenzyme that may be NAD or NADP.


adenyl deoxyribonucleotide

A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleotide where the purine is adenine.


nucleotide

A nucleotide is a nucleoside phosphate resulting from the condensation of the 3 or 5 hydroxy group of a nucleoside with phosphoric acid.


phospho sugar

Any monosaccharide containing an alcoholic hydroxy group esterified with phosphoric acid.


Any nucleoside monophosphate analogue that consists of a nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate in which the phosphate OH group is replaced by SH.


ribonucleoside bisphosphate

A nucleoside bisphosphate where sugar of the nucleoside is ribose.


pentose phosphate

Any phospho sugar that is the phosphate derivative of pentose.


phospholipid

A lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or di-ester. The term encompasses phosphatidic acids and phosphoglycerides.


nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate

A ribosyl or deoxyribosyl derivative of a pyrimidine or purine base in which C-3 and C-5 of the ribose ring are engaged in formation of a cyclic mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-phosphate.


purine nucleotide

Any nucleotide that has a purine nucleobase.


purine nucleoside bisphosphate

A nucleoside bisphosphate that has a purine nucleobase.


(S)-efonidipine

A 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethyl 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate that has (S)-configuration. It is a blocker of L- and T-type Ca(2+) channels.


thiophenes

Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.


levobupivacaine

The (S)-(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.


ribonucleoside

Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.


pyranone

Any of a class of cyclic chemical compounds that contain an unsaturated six-membered ring with one ring oxygen atom and an oxo substituent.


tetrahydrofuranone

Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.


methylpyridines

Any member of the class of pyridines that carries at least one methyl substituent.


A member of the class of indazoles that is 2H-indazole substituted by 4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl and aminocarbonyl groups at positions 2 and 7, respectively. It is a potent PARP1 inhibitor with IC50 of 3.2 nM.


A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate that has R configuration alpha to the carbonyl group and S configuration at the stereocentre bearing the nitrogen.


pyrrolidines

Any of a class of heterocyclic amines having a saturated five-membered ring.


pyrimidinecarboxylic acid

Any pyrimidine that bears one or more carboxylic acid substituents.


oxanes

Any organic heteromonocyclic compoundthat is oxane or its substituted derivatives.


oxolanes

Any oxacycle having an oxolane (tetrahydrofuran) skeleton.


aminopyridine

Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.


piperidinemonocarboxylic acid

Any member of the class of piperidines in which one of the carbons of the piperidine ring is substituted by a carboxy group.


nucleoside

An N-glycosyl compound that has both a nucleobase, normally adenine, guanine, xanthine, thymine, cytosine or uracil, and either a ribose or deoxyribose as functional parents.


A pyranone based on the structure of 2H-pyran-2-one and its substituted derivatives.


cyanopyridine

Any pyridine carrying at least one cyano substituent.


pyridines

Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a pyridine skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


adenosines

Any purine ribonucleoside that is a derivative of adenosine.


dextrobupivacaine

The (R)-(+)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.


pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside

A deoxyribonucleoside containing a pyrimidine base.


diaminopyridine

Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by two amino groups.


ropivacaine

The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.


diazoline

A five-membered organic heteromonocyclic compound containing two nitrogen atoms and a double bond.


purine ribonucleoside

A ribonucleoside that has a purine moiety as the nucleobase (the R group in the illustration).


(R)-omeprazole

A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has R configuration at the sulfur atom.


(R)-efonidipine

A 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethyl 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate that has (R)-configuration. It is a selective blocker of T-type Ca(2+) channels.


aminopyrimidine

A member of the class of  pyrimidines that is pyrimidine substituted by at least one amino group and its derivatives.


pyrimidone

A pyrimidine carrying one or more oxo substituents.


pyrimidines

Any compound having a pyrimidine as part of its structure.


thiazole

An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains a N atom and one S atom.


imidazoline

An imidazoline compound having the double bond at the 2-position.


nitrofuran antibiotic

A member of the class of furans in which the furan ring is substituted by a nitro group and which also has significant antibiotic properties.


(R)-idazoxan

An idazoxan that has R configuration.


hydroxypyridone antifungal drug

Any pyridone which is substituted on the nitrogen by a hydroxy group and which has been used as an antifungal drug.


A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. It is the inactive enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.


fominoben

Any compound containing morpholine as part of its structure.


timolol

1,2,5-Thiadiazole substituted at the 3 position by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group and at the 4 position by a morpholin-4-yl group. The (S)-(-) enantiomer, also known as timolol, is a beta-adrenergic antagonist and is used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.


chloropyridine

Compounds containing a pyridine nucleus substituted with one or more chlorine atoms.


pyridinemonocarboxylic acid

A monocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is attached to a pyridine (or substituted pyridine) ring.


(S)-iclaprim

A 5-[(2-cyclopropyl-7,8-dimethoxy-2H-chromen-5-yl)methyl]pyrimidine-2,4-diamine in which the chiral centre has S configuration.


furans

Compounds containing at least one furan ring.


A methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate in which the 4-position has (S)-configuration.


A hydroxypiperidine that has three hydroxy groups located at positions 3, 4 and 5 as well as a hydroxymethyl substituent at position 2.


An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (+)-(11R,2'S)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.


A pyrrolidinone in which the oxo group is at position 2 of the pyrrolidine ring.


A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate that has S configuration alpha to the carbonyl group and R configuration at the stereocentre bearing the nitrogen.


purines D-ribonucleoside

A purine ribonucleoside that is a purine derivative attached to a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue at position 9 via a glycosidic (N-glycosyl) linkage.


(S)-goitrin

A 5-ethenyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione that has S-configuration. It is a constituent of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Radix isatidis.


furoic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that consists of a furan ring having a single carboxylic acid group on any ring position and derivatives thereof.


diazines

Any organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring in which two of the C-H fragments have been replaced by isolobal nitrogens (the diazine parent structure).


thiadiazolidine

A organic heteromonocyclic compound that consists of a cylcopentane ring in which two carbon atoms are replaced by a sulfur and nitrogen atom respectively.


barbiturates

Members of the class of pyrimidones consisting of pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (barbituric acid) and its derivatives. Largest group of the synthetic sedative/hypnotics, sharing a characteristic six-membered ring structure.


pyridinedicarboxylic acid

Any member of the class of  pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.


(R)-amlodipine

The (4R)-enantiomer of amlodipine.


monochloropyridine

A chloropyridine in which only one chlorine is attached to the pyridine ring.


organic oxo compound

Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element.


beta-amino acid

A non-proteinogenic amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position beta to the carboxy group.


(R)-malic acid

An optically active form of malic acid having (R)-configuration.


propanals

An aldehyde based on a propanal skeleton and its derivatives.


branched-chain fatty acid

Any fatty acid in which the parent hydrocarbon chain has one or more alkyl substituents; a common component in animal and bacterial lipids. The fatty acyl chain is usually saturated and the substituent a methyl group; however, unsaturated BCFAs are found in marine animals, and branches other than methyl are found in microbial lipids.


oxo monocarboxylic acid

Any monocarboxylic acid having at least one additional oxo functional group.


macrolide

A macrocyclic lactone with a ring of twelve or more members derived from a polyketide.


aromatic ketone

A ketone in which the carbonyl group is attached to an aromatic ring.


N-acylglycine

An N-acyl-amino acid in which amino acid specified is glycine.


pyruvate family amino acid

An L-alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from pyruvate (i.e. alanine, valine, and leucine). A closed class.


aminobenzoic acid

An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.


acetylenic fatty acid

Any  unsaturated fatty acid containing at least one triple bond in the carbon chain framework.


2-methoxyethyl ester

A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between a carboxylic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-methoxyethanol. In contrast to many other water-solubilising esters, the 2-methoxyethyl esters of many amino acids are crystalline, allowing them to be easily purified.


long-chain fatty acid

A fatty acid with a chain length ranging from C13 to C22.


hydroxy-amino acid

A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid bearing one or more hydroxy groups at unspecified positions.


alpha-bromoketone

A bromoketone in which the bromine and oxo substituents are on adjacent carbon atoms.


proteinogenic amino acid

Any of the 23 alpha-amino acids that are precursors to proteins, and are incorporated into proteins during translation. The group includes the 20 amino acids encoded by the nuclear genes of eukaryotes together with selenocysteine, pyrrolysine, and N-formylmethionine. Apart from glycine, which is non-chiral, all have L configuration.


benzaldehydes

Any arenecarbaldehyde that consists of a formyl substituted benzene ring and its substituted derivatives thereof.


enone

An alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.


hydroxycinnamic acid

Any member of the class of  cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.


polyunsaturated fatty acid

Any fatty acid containing more than one double bond. Acids in this group are reported to have cardioprotective effects; and levels are lowered in chronic fatigue syndrome.


heterocyclic fatty acid

Any fatty acid containing a ring composed of atoms including at least one heteroatom.


glutamine

An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.


A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the omega-3 position, i.e., the third bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid.


fatty acid

Any aliphatic monocarboxylic acid derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil or wax. Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of 4 to 28 carbons (usually unbranched and even-numbered), which may be saturated or unsaturated. By extension, the term is sometimes used to embrace all acyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids.


nitrogen-containing fatty acid

Any fatty acid containing nitrogen as either a substituent or a replacement for a methylene carbon.


2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid

Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.


4-coumaric acid

A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.


(R)-bambuterol

The (R)-enantiomer of bambuterol.


oxo carboxylic acid

Any compound that has an aldehydic or ketonic group as well as a carboxylic acid group in the same molecule.


epoxy fatty acid

A heterocyclic fatty acid containing an epoxide ring as part of its structure.


succinate ester

A carboxylic ester resulting from the esterification of one or both of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. (Succinate ester in which only one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid has been esterified are known as hemisuccinates.)


pivalate ester

A carboxylic ester of pivalic acid.


glutamic acid

An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.


decanoate ester

A fatty acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of decanoic acid (capric acid) with the hydroxy group of an alcohol or phenol.


aromatic carboxylic acid

Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.


ketone

A compound in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R2C=O (neither R may be H).


haloketone

A ketone containing a halo group.


octadec-9-enoic acid

An octadecenoic acid with a double bond at C-9.


N-acyl-L-amino acid

Any N-acylamino acid having L-configuration.


(S)-bambuterol

The (S)-enantiomer of bambuterol.


glutamine family amino acid

An L-alpha-amino acid which is L-glutamic acid or any of the essential amino acids biosynthesised from it (glutamine, proline and arginine). A closed class.


aldehyde

A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.


unsaturated fatty acid

Any fatty acid containing at least one C=C or C#C bond.


oxo dicarboxylic acid

Any dicarboxylic acid carrying one or more oxo groups.


4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid

A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid which has a hydroxy group located gamma to the carboxy group.


naphthoic acid

An aromatic carboxylic acid that consists of a naphthalene skeleton substituted by one or more carboxy groups.


citrulline

The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.


histidine

An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.


2-oxo aldehyde

Any aldehyde having an oxo substituent at the 2-position.


(S)-esmolol

A methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate that has S configuration. The drug esmolol is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both the R and the S enantiomer contribute to lowering blood pressure.


3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid

A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that has a hydroxy group beta to the carboxy group.


20-oxo steroid

An oxo steroid carrying an oxo group at position 20.


lactone

Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.


dopa

A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.


non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid

Any  alpha-amino acid which is not a member of the group of 23 proteinogenic amino acids.


fluoroamino acid

An organofluorine compound that consists of an amino acid substituted by a fluoro group.


cyanoamino acid

A non-proteinogenic amino acid modified by the addition of a cyano group.


diamino acid

Any amino acid carrying two amino groups.


(S)-malic acid

An optically active form of malic acid having (S)-configuration.


tricarboxylic acid

An oxoacid containing three carboxy groups.


dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives

A class of carbonyl compound encompassing dicarboxylic acids and any derivatives obtained by substitution of either one or both of the carboxy hydrogens.


amino aldehyde

Any aldehyde which contains an amino group.


macrocyclic lactone

Any lactone in which the cyclic carboxylic ester group forms a part of a cyclic macromolecule.


secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone

An alpha-hydroxy ketone in which the carbonyl group and the hydroxy group are linked by a carbon bearing one hydrogen and one organyl group. Secondary alpha-hydroxy ketones are also known as acyloins, and are formally derived from reductive coupling of two carboxylic acid groups.


delta-lactone

A lactone having a six-membered lactone ring.


docosahexaenoic acid

Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.


beta-diketone

A diketone in which the two keto groups are separated by a single carbon atom.


(2S)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid

A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the carbon at position 2 has (S)-configuration.


alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester

A carboxylic ester of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)OR(4) (R(4) =/= H) or R(1)C#C-C(=O)OR(2) (R(2) =/= H) in which the ester C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.


benzoate ester

Esters of benzoic acid or substituted benzoic acids.


(R)-methocarbamol

A 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate that has R configuration. Both (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol have muscle relaxant properties, with the (R)-enantiomer being more active than the (S)-enantiomer.


A lactam that is 2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one in which positions 2 and 3 are substituted by 4-methoxyphenyl and acetoxy, respectively, while the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group.


chlorocarboxylic acid

A carboxylic acid containing at least one chloro group.


erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid

An L-alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate (i.e. phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan). A closed class.


acetate ester

Any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.


methyl ester

Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxy group with methanol.


2-methylbut-2-enoic acid

A branched-chain fatty acid consisting of 2-butenoic acid having a methyl group at position 2.


aromatic amino acid

An amino acid whose structure includes an aromatic ring.


alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone

A ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) or R(1)C#C-C(=O)R(2) (R(2) =/= H) in which the ketonic C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.


hydroxy carboxylic acid

Any carboxylic acid with at least one hydroxy group.


anthroic acid

Any aromatic carboxylic acid that is anthracene substituted by a carboxy group at unspecified position.


methyl ketone

A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).


polar amino acid

Any amino acid whose side chain is capable of forming one or more hydrogen bonds.


nitrobenzoic acid

Any member of the class of benzoic acids with at least one nitro substituent attached to the benzene ring.


monocarboxylic acid

An oxoacid containing a single carboxy group.


trienoic fatty acid

Any polyunsaturated fatty acid that contains three double bonds.


quinic acid

A cyclitol carboxylic acid.


fatty acid 22:6

Any polyunsaturated fatty acid containing 22 carbons and 6 double bonds.


dicarboxylic acid monoester

A monoester of a dicarboxylic acid.


ornithine

An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.


alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde

An aldehyde of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-CH=O or RC#C-CH=O in which the aldehydic C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.


aspartate family amino acid

An L-alpha-amino acid which is L-aspartic acid or any of the essential amino acids biosynthesised from it (asparagine, lysine, methionine, threonine and isoleucine). A closed class.


diketone

A compound that contains two ketone functionalities.


epsilon-amino acid

An amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position epsilon to the carboxy group.


N-acyl-L-glutamic acid

Any optically active N-acylglutamic acid having L-configuration.


octanoate ester

Any fatty acid ester in which the carboxylic acid component is octanoic acid (caprylic acid).


amino acid

A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups.


haloamino acid

Any non-proteinogenic amino acid carrying at least one halo group.


non-proteinogenic amino acid

Any amino-acid that is not naturally encoded in the genetic code of any organism.


C4-dicarboxylic acid

Any dicarboxylic acid that contains four carbon atoms.


quinolinemonocarboxylic acid

Any aromatic carboxylic acid that contains a quinoline moiety that is substituted by one carboxy substituent.


A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.


beta-amino acid ester

An amino acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of a beta-amino acid with the hydroxy group of an alcohol or phenol.


lysine

A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.


tert-butyl ester

A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with tert-butanol.


phenyl acetates

An acetate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetic acid with the hydroxy group of any phenol.


ethyl ester

Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid with ethanol.


oxyketone

A compound with the general formula R2C=O (R=/=H) where one or more of the R groups contains an oxy (-O-) group.


11-oxo steroid

Any oxo steroid that has an oxo substituent at position 11.


(R)-esmolol

A methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate that has R configuration. The drug esmolol is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both the R and the S enantiomer contribute to lowering blood pressure.


L-alpha-amino acid

Any alpha-amino acid having L-configuration at the alpha-carbon.


A monocarboxylic acid in which the carbon of the carboxy group is directly attached to a C=C or C#C bond.


alpha-oxyketone

An oxyketone with the general formula R2C(=O) (R=/=H) where one or more of the R groups contains an oxy (-O-) group and the oxy and carbonyl groups are bonded to the same carbon atom.


oxo fatty acid

Any fatty acid containing at least one aldehydic or ketonic group in addition to the carboxylic acid group.


A member of the class of chalcones that is chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2', 3, 4, 4', and 6'.


3-hydroxy carboxylic acid

Any hydroxy carboxylic acid which contains a hydroxy group located beta- to the carboxylic acid group.


hydroperoxy fatty acid

Any fatty acid carrying one or more hydroperoxy substituents.


hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid

Any polyunsaturated fatty acid carrying one or more hydroperoxy substituents.


thioester

A compound of general formula RC(=O)SR'. Compare with thionoester, RC(=S)OR'.


tetradecanoate ester

A fatty acid ester obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of tetradecanoic acid (also known as myristic acid) with a hydroxy group of an alcohol or phenol.


isopropyl ester

Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of propan-2-ol.


hydroxy monocarboxylic acid

Any monocarboxylic acid which also contains a separate (alcoholic or phenolic) hydroxy substituent.


benzophenones

Any aromatic ketone in which the carbonyl group is bonded to 2 phenyl groups.


N-acyl-L-alpha-amino acid

Any L-alpha-amino acid carrying an N-acyl substituent.


butyrate ester

Any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is butyric acid.


tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone

An alpha-hydroxy ketone in which the carbonyl group and the hydroxy group are linked by a carbon bearing two organyl groups.


alpha-hydroxy ketone

An alpha-oxyketone that has a hydroxy group as the alpha-oxy moiety.


arginine

An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.


methyl-branched fatty acid

Any branched-chain fatty acid containing methyl branches only.


fatty acid 4:0

Any saturated fatty acid containing 4 carbons.


amino acid ester

Any  carboxylic ester derivative of an amino acid.


A C21-steroid that is  pregnane substituted by an oxo group at position 20 and a hydroxy group at position 3.


cinnamic acids

Any alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid based on the cinnamic acid skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid

Any L-alpha-amino acid which is not a member of the group of 23 proteinogenic amino acids.


3-phenyllactic acid

A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.


serine

An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.


coumaric acid

A monohydroxycinnamic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a hydroxyphenyl group at position 3.


cyclopropanecarboxylate ester

A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of an alcohol or phenol with the carboxy group of cyclopropanecarboxylic acid or its substituted derivatives.


benzimidazolecarboxylic acid

A member of the class of  benzimidazoles carrying a carboxy group at unspecified position.


A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.


fatty aldehyde

An aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxylic acid group of its corresponding fatty acid, having a carbonyl group at one end of the carbon chain.


dihydrochalcones

Any ketone that is 1,3-diphenylpropanone and its derivatives obtained by substitution.


alpha-amino acid ester

The amino acid ester derivative obtained the formal condensation of an alpha-amino acid with an alcohol.


(R)-warfarin

A 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one that has (R)-configuration (the racemate is warfarin, an anticoagulant drug and rodenticide).


cardiac glycoside

Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.


carboxylic ester

An ester of a carboxylic acid, R(1)C(=O)OR(2), where R(1) = H or organyl and R(2) = organyl.


steroid aldehyde

Any steroid substituted by a formyl group.


phosphonoacetic acid

A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.


octadecenoic acid

Any member of the group of C18 monounsaturated fatty acids with the double bond located at any position in the chain.


arenecarbaldehyde

Any aldehyde in which the carbonyl group is attached to an aromatic moiety.


propanoate ester

Any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is  propionic acid.


olefinic fatty acid

Any fatty acid containing at least one C=C double bond.


essential fatty acid

Any member of the sub-set of polyunsaturated fatty acid for which there is an absolute dietary requirement.


aristolochic acids

Organic heterotetracyclic compounds which are a group of nitro phenanthrene organic acids, naturally found in many kinds of plants, such as Aristolochia and Asarum, and widely cultivated in Asia.They are identified as a class 1 human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer owing to their carcinogenicity and nephrotoxicity and can pose a significant hazard to food safety and human health.


fatty acid 20:4

Any polyunsaturated fatty acid containing 20 carbons and 4 double bonds.


4-hydroxy carboxylic acid

Any hydroxy carboxylic acid which contains a hydroxy substituent gamma to a carboxy group.


naphthyl ketone

An aromatic ketone in which the keto unit is bound to at least one naphthyl group.


nitro fatty acid

Any nitrogen-containing fatty acid that is fatty acid containing at least one nitro group.


dicarboxylic acid

Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.


epoxy monocarboxylic acid

Monocarboxylic acids containing at least one epoxy group.


macrolide lactam

A macrolide in which the macrocyclic lactone ring includes an amide group.


N-acyl-amino acid

A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with the amino group of an amino acid.


indole-3-acetic acids

An  indol-3-yl carboxylic acid in which the carboxylic acid specified is acetic acid.


aspartic acid

An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent


gamma-amino acid

A non-proteinogenic amino-acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position gamma to the carboxy group.


alpha-amino acid

An amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position alpha to the carboxy group.


(S)-methocarbamol

A 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate that has S configuration.  Both (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol have muscle relaxant properties, with the (R)-enantiomer being more active than the (S)-enantiomer.


macrolide antibiotic

A macrocyclic lactone with a ring of twelve or more members which exhibits antibiotic activity.


omega-6 fatty acid

A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the n-6 position, i.e., the sixth bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid.


A deuterated compound that is is an isotopologue of glycine in which all five hydrogen atoms have been replaced by deuterium.


chalcones

A ketone that is 1,3-diphenylpropenone (benzylideneacetophenone), ArCH=CH(=O)Ar, and its derivatives formed by substitution.


cyclic fatty acid

Any fatty acid containing anywhere in its structure a ring of atoms.


carboxybiphenyl

Any member of the class of biphenyls that has one or more carboxy groups attached to the biphenyl skeleton.


ynone

An alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone of general formula R(1)C#C-C(=O)R(2) (R(2) =/= H) in which the aldehydic C=O function is conjugated to a C#C triple bond at the alpha,beta position.


short-chain fatty acid

An aliphatic monocarboxylic acid with a chain length of less than C6. If any non-hydrocarbon substituent is present, the compound is not normally regarded as a short-chain fatty acid.


hydroxytryptophan

A hydroxy-amino acid that is tryptophan substituted by at least one hydroxy group at unspecified position.


monounsaturated fatty acid

Any fatty acid with one double or triple bond in the fatty acid chain and singly bonded carbon atoms in the rest of the chain. MUFAs have positive effects on the cardiovascular system, and in diabetes treatment.


chlorobenzoic acid

Any member of the class of benzoic acids in which the benzene ring is substituted by at least one chloro group.


ketone body

A carbonyl compound produced as a water-soluble byproduct when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver. There are three endogenous ketone bodies: acetone, acetoacetic acid, and (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid; others may be produced as a result of the metabolism of synthetic triglycerides.


2-hydroxypropanoic acid

A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.


erythromycin

Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).


enoate ester

An alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)OR(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the ester C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.


medium-chain fatty acid

Any fatty acid with a chain length of between C6 and C12.


beta-hydroxy ketone

A ketone containing a hydroxy group on the beta-carbon relative to the C=O group.


primary alpha-hydroxy ketone

An alpha-hydroxy ketone in which the carbonyl group and the hydroxy group are linked by a -CH2 (methylene) group.


carbonyl compound

Any compound containing the carbonyl group, C=O. The term is commonly used in the restricted sense of aldehydes and ketones, although it actually includes carboxylic acids and derivatives.


enal

An alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-CH=O in which the aldehydic C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.


bromoketone

A ketone containing a bromo substituent.


fatty acid 18:3

Any trienoic fatty acid containing 18 carbons.


fatty acid ester

A carboxylic ester in which the carboxylic acid component can be any fatty acid.


octadecanoid

Unsaturated C18 fatty acids and skeletally related compounds.


roxithromycin

Semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin A.


carboxylic acid

A carbon oxoacid acid carrying at least one -C(=O)OH group and having the structure RC(=O)OH, where R is any any monovalent functional group. Carboxylic acids are the most common type of organic acid.


cyclodepsipeptide

A depsipeptide in which the amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues are connected in a ring.


benzoic acids

Any aromatic carboxylic acid that consists of benzene in which at least a single hydrogen has been substituted by a carboxy group.


(S)-warfarin

A 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one that has (S)-configuration (the racemate is warfarin, an anticoagulant drug and rodenticide).


alpha-haloketone

A haloketone in which the halogen and oxo substituents are on adjacent carbon atoms.


hydroperoxy unsaturated fatty acid

Any unsaturated fatty acid carrying one or more hydroperoxy substituents.


serine family amino acid

An L-alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from 3-phosphoglycerate (i.e. serine, glycine, cysteine and homocysteine). A closed class.


indol-3-yl carboxylic acid

Any indolyl carboxylic acid carrying an indol-3-yl or substituted indol-3-yl group.


aliphatic aldehyde

An aldehyde derived from an aliphatic compound


dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid

Any  hydroxy monocarboxylic acid carrying at least two hydroxy groups.


methoxybenzoic acid

Any benzoic acid carrying one or more methoxy substituents.


ketoaldehyde

Any compound that has an aldehydic and ketonic group in the same molecule.


chlorine molecular entity

A halogen molecular entity containing one or more atoms of chlorine.


trichlorobenzene

Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying three chloro substituents at unspecified positions.


A member of the class of indoles that is 6-chloro-5-fluoroindole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 2-aminopropyl group.


chloromethanes

A halomethane that is methane in which one or more hydrogens has been replaced by chlorine.


monochlorobenzenes

Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring in which only one substituent is chlorine.


organochlorine pesticide

Any organochlorine compound that has been used as a pesticide.


An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole bearing methyl and chloro substituents at positions 2 and 5 respectively.


chloride

A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.


chlorinated steroid

A steroid which is substituted with one or more chlorine atoms in any position.


organochlorine compound

An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond.


(S)-azelastine

The (S)-enantiomer of azelastine.


(R)-azelastine

The (R)-enantiomer of azelastine.


chloroalkane

Any haloalkane that consists of an alkane substituted by at least one chloro group.


hydrochloride

A salt formally resulting from the reaction of hydrochloric acid with an organic base.


chlorobenzenes

Any organochlorine compound containing a benzene ring which is substituted by one or more chlorines.


monosaccharide derivative

A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a monosaccharide.


UDP-sugar

A pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar having UDP as the nucleotide component attached to an unspecified sugar via an anomeric diphosphate linkage.


UDP-D-glucuronic acid

A UDP-sugar having D-glucopyranuronic acid as the sugar component.


UDP-D-glucose

A UDP-sugar having D-glucose as the sugar component.


UDP-D-galactose

A UDP-sugar having D-galactose as the sugar component.


hexose derivative

A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a hexose.


pyrimidine nucleotide-sugar

A nucleotide-sugar whose nucleobase is a pyrimidine.


tannin

Any of a group of astringent polyphenolic vegetable principles or compounds, chiefly complex glucosides of catechol and pyrogallol.


pentose derivative

A monosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a pentose.


ketohexose derivative

A hexose derivative that is formally obtained from a ketohexose.


corticosteroid hormone

Any of a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex.


mineralocorticoid

Mineralocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that regulate water and electrolyte metabolism.


glucocorticoid

Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that regulate a variety of physiological processes, in particular control of the concentration of glucose in blood.


leucine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of leucine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of leucine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing leucine residues.


L-leucine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-leucine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-leucine by a heteroatom.


(R)-betaxolol

The (R)-enantiomer of betaxolol.


arsine oxides

H3As=O and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.


nitrile

A compound having the structure RC#N; thus a C-substituted derivative of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N. In systematic nomenclature, the suffix nitrile denotes the triply bound #N atom, not the carbon atom attached to it.


(R)-citalopram

A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has R-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the inactive enantiomer of citalopram.


(S)-verapamil

A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has S configuration.


dexverapamil

A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has R configuration. It competitively inhibits the multidrug resistance efflux pump P-glycoprotein (MDR-1, EC 3.6.3.44), thereby potentially increasing the effectiveness of a wide range of antineoplastic drugs which are inactivated by MDR-1 mechanisms. Dexverapamil exhibits lower calcium antagonistic activity and toxicity than racemic verapamil.


(S)-bicalutamide

A N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide that is the (S)-enantiomer of bicalutamide.


(R)-bicalutamide

A N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide that is the (R)-enantiomer of bicalutamide.


aliphatic nitrile

Any nitrile derived from an aliphatic compound.


(S,R)-labetolol

A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1S,2R-configuration.


salicylamide

The simplest member of the class of salicylamides derived from salicylic acid.


(R,R)-labetalol

A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2R-configuration.


(R,S)-labetolol

A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2S-configuration.


salicylanilides

The compound salicylanilide and its derivatives.


(S,S)-labetalol

A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1S,2S-configuration.


indolocarbazole

Compounds based upon an indolo[2,3-a]carbazole skeleton.


3-hydroxy steroid

Any hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 3.


3alpha-hydroxy steroid

A 3-hydroxy steroid in which the 3-hydroxy substituent is in the alpha-position.


sterol

Any 3-hydroxy steroid whose skeleton is closely related to cholestan-3-ol (additional carbon atoms may be present in the side chain).


Any 3beta-hydroxy-steroid that contains a double bond between positions 5 and 6.


An oxysterol that is cholesterol which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 7alpha and 26 positions.


3beta-hydroxy steroid

A 3-hydroxy steroid in which the 3-hydroxy substituent is in the  beta-position.


A sterol in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has beta- configuration.


An oxysterol that is cholesterol substituted at position 26 by a hydroxy group.


oxysterol

An oxygenated derivative of cholesterol


macromolecule

A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


polypeptide

A peptide containing ten or more amino acid residues.


insulin

A peptide hormone which consists of two polypeptide chains, A- and B- chains which are linked together by disulfide bonds. The amino acid sequence of insulin varies across species and certain segments of the molecule are highly conserved. In most species, the A chain consists of 21 amino acids and the B chain consists of 30 amino acids. In mammals, insulin is synthesised in the pancreas within the beta cells whereas in certain species of fish, the insulin-producing tissue is uniquely located in separate structures called Brockmann bodies.


glycosaminoglycan

Any polysaccharide containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues.


polysaccharide derivative

A carbohydrate derivative that is any derivative of a polysaccharide.


biomacromolecule

A macromolecule formed by a living organism.


mucopolysaccharide

Any of the group of polysaccharides composed of alternating units from uronic acids and glycosamines, and commonly partially esterified with sulfuric acid.


anabolic androgenic steroid

A steroid hormone related to the hormone testosterone. It increases protein synthesis within cells, which results in the buildup of cellular tissue (anabolism), especially in muscles. It also has androgenic and virilizing properties.


imidazopyridazine

An organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of an imidazole ring ortho-fused to a pyridazine ring.


(S)-fluoxetine

An N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine that has S configuration. [The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine].


monocarboxylic acid amide

A carboxamide derived from a monocarboxylic acid.


An N-acylethanolamine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of any polyunsaturated fatty acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.


N-(fatty acyl)-ethanolamine

an N-acyl-ethanolamine where the acyl group is a fatty acyl chain with composition not specified, major species at pH 7.3.


fatty amide

A monocarboxylic acid amide derived from a fatty acid.


N-(fatty acyl)-dopamine

A fatty acid conjugated to dopamine


(R)-atenolol

The (R)-enantiomer of atenolol.


N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine

Any N-acylethanolamine in which the acyl group has a chain length of C12 or greater.


naphthalenecarboxamide

Any member of the class of naphthalenes in which the naphthalene ring is directly attached to the carbonyl carbon of a carboxamide group.


N-acylethanolamine 20:4

A N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine in which the acyl group contains 20 carbons and 4 double bonds.


N-acylethanolamine 18:0

A N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine in which the acyl group contains 18 carbons and is fully saturated.


primary fatty amide

A primary carboxamide RC(=O)NH2 resultng from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of a fatty acid with ammonia.


N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine

Any N-acylethanolamine in which the acyl group is derived from a saturated fatty acid.


arenecarboxamide

A monocarboxylic acid amide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an arene ring system.


esatenolol

The (S)-enantiomer of atenolol.


naphthols

Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.


primary carboxamide

A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.


monohydroxyquinoline

A hydroxyquinoline carrying a single hydroxy substituent.


primary amino compound

A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by an organyl group.


An aminoalcohol that is benzene substituted by a 3-amino-3-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methoxybutyl group at position 1 and an octyl group at position 4.


17beta-hydroxy steroid

A 17-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 17 has a beta-configuration.


catechols

Any compound containing an o-diphenol component.


tertiary amino compound

A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.


(S,S)-tramadol

A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have S-configuration; the (S,S)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold lower analgesic potency than the (R,R)-enantiomer.


volatile organic compound

Any organic compound having an initial boiling point less than or equal to 250 degreeC (482 degreeF) measured at a standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa.


octanol

A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of eight carbon atoms.


(R)-fenfluramine

The R-enantiomer of fenfluramine.


quaternary ammonium salt

Derivatives of ammonium compounds, (NH4(+))Y(-), in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent (usually organyl) groups.


monomethoxybenzene

Compounds containing a benzene skeleton substituted with one methoxy group.


steroid saponin

Any saponin derived from a hydroxysteroid.


spirostanyl glycoside

Any steroid saponin that consists of a spirostan and its substituted derivatives  as the aglycone moiety.


bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid

A type of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid whose structures are built up of two benzylisoquinoline units linked by ether bridges. Various structural patterns resulting from additional bridging between the two units by direct carbon-carbon bridging or by methylenedioxy groups are common.


Any aminopurine that has amino substituents at positions 2 and 6, and their substituted derivatives.


polyatomic anion

An anion consisting of more than one atom.


nitrate

A nitrogen oxoanion formed by loss of a proton from nitric acid. Principal species present at pH 7.3.


oxoanion

An oxoanion is an anion derived from an oxoacid by loss of hydron(s) bound to oxygen.


thiochromane

Any organic heterobicyclic compound consisting of a benzene ring fused to a thiopyran.


dibenzopyran

Any organic heteropolycyclic compound based on a skeleton consisting of a pyran ring fused with two benzene rings.


naphthalenes

Any benzenoid aromatic compound having a skeleton composed of two ortho-fused benzene rings.


adamantanes

Compounds containing an adamantane skeleton.


hydroxyflavan

A member of the class of flavans in which one or more ring hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy groups.


isoquinolines

A class of organic heteropolycyclic compound consisting of isoquinoline and its substitution derivatives.


Indoles

Any compound containing an indole skeleton.


An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.


benzodioxine

Any organic heterobicyclic compound containing ortho-fused benzene and dioxine rings.


17alpha-hydroxy steroid

The alpha-stereoisomer of 17-hydroxy steroid.


phenanthrenes

Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.


A steroid that has a structure based on a 21-carbon (pregnane) skeleton. Note that individual examples may have ring substituents at other positions and/or contain double bonds, aromatic A-rings, expanded/contracted rings etc., so the formula and mass may vary from that given for the generic structure.


(R,S,S,S)-nebivolol

A 2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] that has (1S,1'S,2R,2'S)-configuration.


Any aminopurine having the amino substituent at the 2-position.


(S)-talarozole

An N-{4-[2-ethyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butyl]phenyl}-1,3-benzothiazol-2-amine that is the (S)-enantiomer of talarozole. The racemate is used for the treatment of keratinization disorders, psoriasis and acne.


anthracenes

Compounds containing an anthracene skeleton.


R-epinastine

An epinastine that has R configuration at the chiral centre.


flavonolignan

Any lignan condensed with a 2-aryl-1-benzopyran skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


spiroketal

A cyclic ketal in which the ketal carbon is the only common atom of two rings.


benzisoxazole

Compounds based on a fused 1,2-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.


alkyloxynaphthalene

Naphthalenes in which one or more alkyloxy groups are bonded to a naphthalene ring system.


5beta steroid

Any steroid that has beta-configuration at position 5.


Any C21-steroid carrying a hydroxy substituent at the 17alpha-position. Note that individual examples may have ring substituents at other positions and/or contain double bonds, aromatic A-rings, expanded/contracted rings etc., so the formula and mass may vary from that given for the generic structure.


phthalimides

A dicarboximide that is phthalimide or derivatives obtained from it by the formal replacement of one or more hydrogens.


benzoxaborole

Any organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of an oxoborole ring that is ortho-fused to a benzene ring.


S-epinastine

An epinastine that has S configuration at the chiral centre.


N-acylindole

A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with the nitrogen of an indole.


azatetracycloalkane

Any organic heterotetracyclic compound where at least one of the specified hetero atoms is nitrogen.


thienopyrimidine

A class of aromatic heterobicyclic compounds each of which contains a pyrimidine ring ortho fused to a 5-membered thiophene ring.


steroid hormone

Any steroid that acts as hormone.


fluorinated steroid

A steroid which is substituted with one or more fluorine atoms in any position.


hydroxycoumarin

Any coumarin carrying at least one hydroxy substituent.


corticosteroid

A natural or synthetic analogue of the hormones secreted by the adrenal gland.


cholestanoid

Any steroid based on a cholestane skeleton and its derivatives.


7alpha-hydroxy steroid

A 7-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 7 has an alpha-configuration.


Any compound having 6-aminopurine (adenine) as part of its structure.


1,8-naphthyridine derivative

Any naphthyridine derivative that is a derivative of 1,8-naphthyridine.


(R)-nomifensine

The R enantiomer of nomifensine.


pyrrolotriazine

Any organic heterobicyclic compound containing ortho-fused pyrrolidine and triazine rings.


epoxy steroid

Any steroid whose structure includes an epoxy group.


aza-steroid

An aza-steroid is a steroid where in the carbon skeleton a carbon atom is replaced by nitrogen.


hydroxynaphthalene

Any member of the class of  naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.


benzophenanthridine alkaloid

A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.


coumestans

Members of the class of benzofurochromene with a 6H-[1]benzofuro[3,2-c]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. They are the 3,4-didehydroderivatives of pterocarpans.


tetracyclic antidepressant

An antidepressant whose molecular structure consists of four ring-like structures in a T-shape.


ortho-fused compound

A polycyclic compound in which two rings have two, and only two, atoms in common. Such compounds have n common faces and 2n common atoms.


pyridopyrimidine

Any organic heterobicyclic compound consisting of a pyridine ring ortho-fused at any position to a pyrimidine ring.


Compounds based on a fused 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.


steroid

Any of naturally occurring compounds and synthetic analogues, based on the cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene carbon skeleton, partially or completely hydrogenated; there are usually methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, and often an alkyl group at C-17. By extension, one or more bond scissions, ring expansions and/or ring contractions of the skeleton may have occurred. Natural steroids are derived biogenetically from squalene which is a triterpene.


spiro compound

A compound having one atom as the only common member of two rings.


14beta-hydroxy steroid

A 14-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group has a beta-configuration.


7-hydroxy steroid

A hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 7.


benzimidazoles

An organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring fused to an imidazole ring.


benzazepine

A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to an azepine ring.


flavonoid oligomer

A phenylpropanoid obtained by the coupling of two or more units of aryl-substituted benzopyran units and their substituted derivatives.


An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene which is substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and a methyl group at position 11.


(R)-talarozole

An N-{4-[2-ethyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butyl]phenyl}-1,3-benzothiazol-2-amine that is the (R)-enantiomer of talarozole. The racemate is used for the treatment of keratinization disorders, psoriasis and acne.


benzodiazepine

A group of heterocyclic compounds with a core structure containing a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring.


hexahydronaphthalenes

Any carbobycyclic compound that is an hexahydronaphthalene or a compound obtained from an hexahydronaphthalene by formal substitution of one or more hydrogens.


azaspiro compound

An azaspiro compound is a spiro compound in which at least one of the cyclic components is a nitrogen heterocyle.


pyrimidopyrimidine

An organic heterobicyclic compound with a skeleton consisting of two pyrimidine rings that are ortho-fused to each other at any position.


naphthyridine derivative

Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound that is a derivative of a naphthyridine.


indolobenzazepine

An organic heterotetracyclic compound that consists of an indole moiety ortho-fused to any benzazepine.


26-hydroxy steroid

Any hydroxy steroid in which a hydroxy group is located at position 26.


biflavonoid

A flavonoid oligomer that is obtained by the oxidative coupling of at least two units of aryl-substituted benzopyran rings or its substituted derivatives, resulting in the two ring systems being joined together by a single atom or bond.


A hydroxyflavan  that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by hydroxy groups, and at position 2 by a 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl group.


tryptamines

Tryptamine and its substitution derivatives.


oxaspiro compound

A spiro compound in which at least one of the cyclic components is an oxygen heterocyle.


thienopyridine

Any organic heterobicyclic compound whose skeleton results from the formal ortho-fusion of any bond of a pyridine with any bond of a thiophene.


7beta-hydroxy steroid

A 7-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 7 has beta-configuration.


aminopurine

Any purine having at least one amino substituent.


carbobicyclic compound

A bicyclic compound in which all the ring atoms are carbon.


steroid acid

Any steroid substituted by at least one carboxy group.


furofuran

Organic heterobicyclic compounds containing a two furan rings ortho-fused to each other.


carbotricyclic compound

A carbopolyclic compound comprising of three carbocyclic rings.


pyrimidopyridazine

Any organic heterobicyclic compound containing ortho-fused pyrimidine and pyridazine rings.


chromones

A chromenone that consists of a 1,4-benzopyrone skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.


dihydronaphthalenes

Any carbobycyclic compound that is a dihydronaphthalene or a compound obtained from a dihydronaphthalene by formal substitution of one or more hydrogens.


carbopolycyclic compound

A polyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms.


bridged compound

A polycyclic compound in which two rings have two or more atoms in common.


11beta-hydroxy steroid

Any 11-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has beta- configuration.


(S,R,R,R)-nebivolol

A 2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] that has (1R,1'R,2R,2'S)-configuration.


oxatetracycloalkane

Any organic heterotetracyclic compound where at least one of the specified hetero atoms is oxygen.


flavans

Any flavonoid with a 3,4-dihydro-2-aryl-2H-1-benzopyran skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


methoxynaphthalene

Any alkyloxynaphthalene bearing one or more methoxy substituents.


C21-steroid hormone

A steroid compound with a structure based on a 21-carbon (pregnane) skeleton that acts as a hormone.


17-hydroxy steroid

A hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 17.


benzofurochromene

An organic heteropolycyclic compound whose skeleton consists of a chromene ring fused onto a 1-benzofuran ring, together with their substituted derivatives.


anthrapyrazole

Any organic heterotetracyclic compound consisting of a pyrazole ring ortho-fused to an anthracene.


heteropolycyclic compound

A polycyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one non-carbon atom.


methylindole

Any member of the class of indoles carrying one or more methyl substituents.


xanthene dye

A dye derived by condensation of phthalic anhydride with resorcinol (and derivatives) or m-aminophenol (and derivatives).


purines

A class of imidazopyrimidines that consists of purine and its substituted derivatives.


oxindoles

Any member of the class of indolones whose structure is based on an oxindole (2-indolone) skeleton.


catechin

Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


chromenol

Any chromene carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.


Compounds based on a fused 1,2-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton, with the O atom positioned adjacent to one of the positions of ring fusion.


16-hydroxy steroid

Any hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 16.


tetralins

Compounds containing a tetralin skeleton.


cephalosporin

A class of beta-lactam antibiotics differing from the penicillins in having a 6-membered, rather than a 5-membered, side ring.  Although cephalosporins are among the most commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of routine infections, and their use is increasing over time, they can cause a range of hypersensitivity reactions, from mild, delayed-onset cutaneous reactions to life-threatening anaphylaxis in patients with immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy.


furopyran

Any organic heterobicyclic compound containing ortho-fused furan and pyran rings.


A benzothiazole consisting of a benzene ring fused to an isothiazole.


anthracycline antibiotic

An organic compound that has a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine and which exhibits antibiotic activity.


aspartic acid derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of aspartic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of aspartic acid by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing aspartic acid residues.


D-aspartic acid derivative

A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from the formal reaction of D-aspartic acid at the amino group or either carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-aspartic acid by a heteroatom.


organic heterocyclic compound

A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of carbon and at least of one other element.


delta-lactam

A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a six-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.


aminoquinoline

Any member of the class of quinolines in which the quinoline skeleton is substituted by one or more amino or substituted-amino groups.


bipyridines

Compounds containing a bipyridine group.


benzocycloheptathiophene

benzocycloheptathiophenes


quinolines

A class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds each of which contains a benzene ring ortho fused to carbons 2 and 3 of a pyridine ring.


biphenylyltetrazole

A member of the class of biphenyls that consists of a biphenyl ring system substituted by a tetrazole ring at an unspecified position.


triazoles

An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.


An N-glycosyl compound that consists of any triazole having a glycosyl residue attached at position 1.


morphinane-like compound

Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a morphinan skeleton. These are synthetic or semi-synthetic compounds that resemble the  morphinane (opioid) alkaloids in their pharmacological effects.


beta-lactam antibiotic

An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic that contains a beta-lactam ring.


azole

Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.


fluoroquinolone antibiotic

An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic containing a quinolone (or quinolone-like) moiety and which have a fluorine atom attached to the central ring system.


nucleobase-containing molecular entity

Any compound that has a nucleobase as a part.


tetrazoles

An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains four N atoms and one C atom.


oxazole

An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.


crown compound

A macrocyclic polydentate compound, usually uncharged, in which three or more coordinating ring atoms are or may become suitably close for easy formation of chelate complexes with metal ions or other cationic species.


beta-lactam

A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.


cyclic acetal

An acetal in the molecule of which the acetal carbon and one or both oxygen atoms thereon are members of a ring.


cyclic hydroxamic acid

A lactam having a hydroxy substituent on the amide nitrogen.


epoxide

Any cyclic ether in which the oxygen atom forms part of a 3-membered ring.


quinolone antibiotic

An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.


imidazole antifungal drug

Any imidazole antifungal agent that has been used for the treatment of fungal infections in humans or animals.


thiazide

Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.


oxetanes

Any oxacycle that is oxetane or its substituted derivatives.


heteroarene

A heterocyclic compound formally derived from an arene by replacement of one or more methine (-C=) and/or vinylene (-CH=CH-) groups by trivalent or divalent heteroatoms, respectively, in such a way as to maintain the continuous pi-electron system characteristic of aromatic systems and a number of out-of-plane pi-electrons corresponding to the Hueckel rule (4n+2).


lactam

Cyclic amides of amino carboxylic acids, having a 1-azacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.


cyclic ether

Any ether in which the oxygen atom forms part of a ring.


imidazole antifungal agent

A compound that has significant antifungal properties whose structure contains an imidazole moiety.


bisoxazole

Any ring assembly that is a compound with a structure based on two oxazole rings connected by a single bond.


conazole antifungal drug

Any conazole antifungal agent that has been used for the treatment of fungal infections in animals or humans.


organonitrogen heterocyclic compound

Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms.


conazole antifungal agent

A compound that has a structure that is related to miconazole, contains an azole (imidazole or triazole) moiety, and has significant systemic antifungal properties.  They inhibit cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes (particularly C14-demethylase) involved in the biosynthesis of ergosterol, which is required for fungal cell membrane structure and function.


A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thione and its derivatives by substitution.


cyclic ketal

A ketal in the molecule of which the ketal carbon and one or both oxygen atoms thereon are members of a ring.


imidazoles

A five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.


beta-lactam antibiotic allergen

Any beta-lactam antibiotic which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.


oxacycle

Any organic heterocyclic compound containing at least one ring oxygen atom.


benzothiadiazine

Heterocyclic compound of a ring with sulfur and two nitrogen atoms fused to a benzene ring. Members inhibit sodium-potassium-chloride symporters and are used as diuretics.


ansamycin

A class of macrocyclic lactams that consist of an aromatic (phenyl or naphthyl) or quinonoid (benzoquinone or naphthoquinone) moiety that is bridged by an aliphatic chain.


diazole

An azole that is either one of a pair of heterocyclic organic compounds comprising three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms arranged in a ring.


crown amine

Crown compounds containing only nitrogen as coordinating atom.


gamma-lactam

A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a five-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.


Any flavonol carrying a 7-hydroxy substituent.


ketoxime

Oximes of ketones R2C=NOH (where R =/= H).


mixture

A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind.


racemate

A racemate is an equimolar mixture of a pair of enantiomers.


diastereoisomeric mixture

A mixture composed of two or more diastereoisomers (stereoisomers not related as mirror images).


difluorobenzene

Any member of the class of fluorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring carrying two fluorine atoms.


hydroxamic acid

A compound, RkE(=O)lNHOH, derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH) (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH with -NHOH, and derivatives thereof. Specific examples of hydroxamic acids are preferably named as N-hydroxy amides.


tripeptide

Any oligopeptide that consists of three amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.


disaccharide

A compound in which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond.


lysine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of lysine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of lysine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing lysine residues.


L-lysine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-lysine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-lysine by a heteroatom.


azamacrocycle

A cyclic macromolecule containing one or more nitrogen atoms in place of carbon either as the divalent group NH for the group CH2 or a single trivalent nitrogen atom for the group CH.


N-acetylarylamine

An acetamide where at at least one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by an aryl group. RNHAc where R is an aryl group.


organofluorine compound

An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.


monofluorobenzenes

Any member of the class of fluorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring carrying a single fluorine substitutent.


(R)-fluoxetine

An N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine that has R configuration. [The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine].


trifluorobenzene

Any member of the class of fluorobenzenes carrying three fluorine substituents at unspecified positions.


fluorobiphenyl

Any member of the class of  biphenyls that is a mono or poly-substituted biphenyl having fluro group as one of the substituents.


(trifluoromethyl)benzenes

An organofluorine compound that is (trifluoromethyl)benzene and derivatives arising from substitution of one or more of the phenyl hydrogens.


heteroatomic molecular entity

A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements.


aromatic primary alcohol

Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.


organic fundamental parent

An organic fundamental parent is a structure used as a basis for substitutive names in organic nomenclature, containing, in addition to one or more hydrogen atoms, a single atom of an element, a number of atoms (alike or different) linked together to form an unbranched chain, a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, or a ring assembly or ring/chain system.


dihydroxyflavone

Any hydroxyflavone in which two ring hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy substituents.


pentahydroxyflavone

A hydroxyflavone substituted by five hydroxy groups.


cyclopentanols

An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclopentane skeleton.


trihydroxyflavone

Any  hydroxyflavone carrying three hydroxy groups at unspecified positions.


aliphatic alcohol

An  alcohol derived from an aliphatic compound.


sulfates

Salts and esters of sulfuric acid


alcohol

A compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom.


ketone hydrate

A 1,1-diol resulting from the formal addition of water to the carbonyl group of a ketone.


ethanols

Any primary alcohol based on an ethanol skeleton.


boronic acids

Compounds having the structure RB(OH)2.


diarylheptanoid

A family of plant metabolites with a common 1,7-diphenylheptane structural skeleton, carrying various substituents. They are mainly distributed in the roots, rhizomes and bark of Alpinia, Zingiber, Curcuma and Alnus species.


sulfamic acids

H2NS(=O)2OH (sulfamic acid) and its N-hydrocarbyl derivatives.


benzyl bromides

Compounds containing a (bromomethyl)benzene skeleton.


phenols

Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring.


polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and related compounds

Organochlorine compounds that are polychlorinated dibenzodioxines and structurally related entities that are persistant organic pollutants. These include polychlorinated dibenzofurans as well as polychlorinated and polybrominated biphenyls  They vary widely in their toxicity, but their toxic mode of action is through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.


tyramines

Aralkylamino compounds which contain a tyramine skeleton.


organobromine compound

A compound containing at least one carbon-bromine bond.


Nitrophenols

Any member of the class of  phenols or substituted phenols carrying  at least 1 nitro group.


diol

A compound that contains two hydroxy groups, generally assumed to be, but not necessarily, alcoholic. Aliphatic diols are also called glycols.


amino alcohol

An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.


halide

Any heteroatomic molecular entity that is a chemical compound of halogen with other chemical elements.


alkylbenzene

A  monocyclic arene that is benzene substituted with one or more alkyl groups.


glycol

A diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent.


alkyl alcohol

An aliphatic alcohol in which the aliphatic alkane chain is substituted by a hydroxy group at unspecified position.


sulfamides

Compounds where two amino groups are bound to an SO2 unit.


oxoacid

A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).


lipid hydroperoxide

Any lipid carrying one or more hydroperoxy substituents.


allylic alcohol

An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).


phenylethanolamines

An ethanolamine compound having a phenyl (substituted or unsubstituted) group on the carbon bearing the hydroxy substituent.


medium-chain fatty alcohol

Any fatty alcohol with a chain length between C6 and C12.


resorcinols

Any benzenediol in which the two hydroxy groups are meta to one another.


organic sulfate

Compounds of the general formula SO3HOR where R is an organyl group


hydrides

Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements.


organosulfonic acid

An organic derivative of sulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked directly to carbon.


halohydrocarbon

A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing a hydrogen atom with a halogen atom.


enol

Alkenols; the term refers specifically to vinylic alcohols, which have the structure HOCR'=CR2. Enols are tautomeric with aldehydes (R' = H) or ketones (R' =/= H).


hydroxyflavone

Any flavone in which one or more ring hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy groups.


organic hydroxy compound

An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom.


tertiary allylic alcohol

An allylic alcohol in which the carbon atom that links the double bond to the hydroxy group is also attached to two other carbons (R4,R5 =/= H).


(S)-betaxolol

The (S)-enantiomer of betaxolol.


tertiary alcohol

A tertiary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has three other carbon atoms attached to it.


resveratrol

A stilbenol that is stilbene in which the phenyl groups are substituted at positions 3, 5, and 4' by hydroxy groups.


cyclohexanols

An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.


haloalkane

A halohydrocarbon that is an alkane in which at least one hydrogen atom has been replaced by with a halogen atom.


hydroxyether

Any ether carrying a hydroxy group at unspecified position.


hydrocarbon

A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.


N-acylethanolamine

An ethanolamine substituted at nitrogen by an acyl group.


A mononitrophenol that is 2-nitrophenol and its derivatives resulting from substitution of one or more of the hydrogens attached to the benzene ring by a non-nitro group.


oligosaccharide sulfate

Any  carbohydrate sulfate that is an oligosaccharide carrying at least one O-sulfo substituent.


secondary alcohol

A secondary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has two other carbon atoms attached to it.


mononitrophenol

A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.


polyol

A compound that contains two or more hydroxy groups.


peroxol

Monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide HOOH, having the skeleton ROOH, in which R is any organyl group.


dibromobenzene

Any member of the class of bromobenzenes that consists of a benzene or a substituted benzene ring carrying two bromo groups at unspecified positions.


primary allylic alcohol

An allylic alcohol in which the carbon atom that links the double bond to the hydroxy group is also attached to two hydrogens.


phosphorus oxoacid

A pnictogen oxoacid which contains phosphorus and oxygen, at least one hydrogen atom bound to oxygen, and forms an ion by the loss of one or more protons.


C-terminal boronic acid peptide

A member of the class of boronic acids that is any peptide in which the carboxy group at the C-terminus has been replaced by a borono (-B(OH)2) group.


halomethane

A haloalkane that is methane in which one (or more) of the hydrogens have been replaced by a halogen atom/halogen atoms.


coordination entity

An assembly consisting of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms (ligands).


sulfuric ester

An ester of an alcohol and sulfuric acid.


hydroxides

Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)).


aromatic alcohol

Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.


organohalogen compound

A compound containing at least one carbon-halogen bond (where X is a halogen atom).


bisphenol

By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.


fatty alcohol

An aliphatic alcohol consisting of a chain of 3 to greater than 27 carbon atoms. Fatty alcohols may be saturated or unsaturated and may be branched or unbranched.


oxide

An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements.


N-sulfonylurea

A urea in which one of the hydrogens attached to a nitrogen of the urea group is replaced by a sulfonyl group. The N-sulfonylurea moiety is a key group in various herbicides, as well as in a number of antidiabetic drugs used in the management of type 2 diabetis mellitus.


sulfonamide

An amide of a sulfonic acid RS(=O)2NR'2.


triol

A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.


stilbenol

Any  stilbenoid with at least one phenolic group.


heteroaryl hydroxy compound

Any organic aromatic compound having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a heteroarene ring.


monocyclic arene

A monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.


bromobenzenes

A member of the class of benzenes that is benzene substituted by at least one bromo group.


arene

Any monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.


primary alcohol

A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.


polyphenol

Members of the class of phenols that contain 2 or more benzene rings each of which is substituted by at least one hydroxy group.


flavonols

Any hydroxyflavone in which is the ring hydrogen at position 3 of the heterocyclic ring is replaced by a hydroxy group.


Any alcohol in which two hydroxy groups are bonded to the same atom.


organosulfonate salt

Any organic salt prepared using an organosulfonic acid as the acid component.


Any hydroxyflavone with a hydroxy substituent at position 3'.


A halophenol in which the halogen atom is bonded to the carbon atom adjacent to the C-OH group.


secondary allylic alcohol

An allylic alcohol in which the carbon atom that links the double bond to the hydroxy group is also attached to one other carbon and one hydrogen.


hydroperoxide

A monosubstitution product of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH.


tetrahydroxyflavone

Any hydroxyflavone carrying four hydroxy substituents.


benzyl halide

Any compound containing a (halomethyl)benzene skeleton.


sulfonamide antibiotic

A class of sulfonamides whose members generally have bacteriostatic antibiotic properties.


salt

A salt is an assembly of cations and anions.


alkaloid

Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is  exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids.


indole alkaloid

An alkaloid containing an indole skeleton.


isoquinoline alkaloid

Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.


cinchona alkaloid

An alkaloid based on a cinchonan skeleton.


monoterpenoid indole alkaloid

A terpenoid indole alkaloid which is biosynthesised from L-tryptophan and diisoprenoid (usually secolaganin) building blocks.


alkaloid antibiotic

Any alkaloid that has significant antibiotic properties.


hemiterpenoid indole alkaloid

A terpenoid indole alkaloid which is biosynthesised from L-tryptophan and monoisoprenoid (usually dimethylallyl pyrophosphate or isopentenyl pyrophosphate) building blocks


morphinane alkaloid

An  isoquinoline alkaloid based on a morphinan skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


benzylisoquinoline alkaloid

Any isoquinoline alkaloid based on a benzylisoquinoline skeleton.


vinca alkaloid

A group of indole-indoline dimers which are alkaloids obtained from the Vinca genus of plants, together with semi-synthetic and fully synthetic analogues.


ergoline alkaloid

One of a class of naturally occurring alkaloids with a structure based on that of ergoline.


terpenoid indole alkaloid

An indole alkaloid which is biosynthesised from L-tryptophan and isoprenoid building blocks.


aporphine alkaloid

Any benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that has a structure based on 4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline or its 3-methyl derivative.


anthracycline

Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.


ether lipid

A lipid similar in structure to a glycerolipid but in which one or more of the carbon atoms on glycerol is bonded to an alkyl chain via an ether linkage, as opposed to the usual ester linkage.


A monoalkylglycerol that is a derivative of glycerol in which the hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted to an ether.


monoalkylglycerol

An ether lipid that is glycerol carrying a single alkyl substituent in an unspecified position.


organothiophosphorus compound

An organothiophosphorus compound is an organophosphorus compound which contains a phosphorus-sulfur bond.


thiocarboxylic ester

An ester in which one or both oxygens of an ester group have been replaced by divalent sulfur.


organosulfur compound

An organosulfur compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-sulfur bond.


methanesulfonates

Esters or salts of methanesulfonic acid.


glutathione derivative

Any organonitrogen compound derived from the Glu-Cys-Gly tripeptide glutathione.


thioureas

Compounds of general formula RR'NC(=S)NR''R'''.


S-glycosyl compound

A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and a S atom bound to a carbon atom, thus creating a C-S bond.


thiocarbonyl compound

Any compound containing the thiocarbonyl group, C=S.


organic sulfide

Compounds having the structure RSR (R =/= H). Such compounds were once called thioethers.


alkanethiol

An alkanethiol is a compound in which a sulfanyl group, -SH, is attached to an alkyl group.


methionine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of methionine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of methionine  by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing methionine residues.


aryl sulfide

Any organic sulfide in which the sulfur is attached to at least one aromatic group.


sulfide

Any sulfur molecular entity that involves either covalently bonded or anionic sulfur.


dithioacetal

A thioacetal having the structure R2C(SR')2. The term includes dithioketals (R =/= H, R' =/= H) as a subclass.


sulfone

An organosulfur compound having the structure RS(=O)2R (R =/= H).


methyl sulfide

Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.


isothiocyanate

An organosulfur compound with the general formula R-N=C=S.


sulfoxide

An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H).


thioacetal

The sulfur analogue of 'acetal'.  The term includes monothioacetals having the structure R2C(OR')(SR') (subclass monothioketals, R =/= H); and dithioacetals having the structure R2C(SR')2 (subclass dithioketals, R =/= H, R' =/= H).


thiol

An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.


thiosugar

A carbohydrate derivative in which one or more of the oxygens or hydroxy groups of the parent carbohydrate is replaced by sulfur or -SR, where R can be hydrogen or any group.


monothioacetal

A thioacetal having the structure R2C(OR')(SR'). The term includes monothioketals, R =/= H, as a subclass.


dithioketal

A dithioacetal of formula R2C(SR')2, R =/= H, R' =/= H.


lipopeptide

A compound consisting of a peptide with attached lipid.


formamides

Amides with the general formula R(1)R(2)NCHO (R(1) and R(2) can be H).


pnictogen molecular entity

A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen.


oxime

Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.


glycine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of glycine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.


peptide

Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc.


L-tryptophan derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-tryptophan at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-tryptophan by a heteroatom.


triazene derivative

A nitrogen molecular entity resulting from the formal substitution of one or more of the hydrogens of triazene.


L-tyrosine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-tyrosine by a heteroatom.


Any carbohydrate derivative that consists of glycan moieties covalently attached to the side chains of the amino acid residues that constitute the peptide.


depsipeptide

A natural or synthetic compound having a sequence of amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues (usually alpha-amino and alpha-hydroxy acids), commonly but not necessarily regularly alternating.


hydroxylamines

Hydroxylamine, H2N-OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.


amino acid derivative

Any derivative of an amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing amino acid residues.


polyamine

Any organic amino compound that contains two or more amino groups.


L-phenylalanine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-phenylalanine  at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-phenylalanine  by a heteroatom.


ammonium compound

Compounds (NH4(+))Y(-) and derivatives, in which one or more of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent groups.