glutamate synthase activity

Catalysis of the formation of L-glutamine and 2-oxoglutarate from L-glutamate, using NADH, NADPH or ferredoxin as hydrogen acceptors.


protein-keratan sulfate linkage via keratan sulfate D-glucuronyl-D-galactosyl-D-galactosyl-D-xylosyl-L-threonine

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Keratan sulfate components are covalently linked to a core glycoprotein via O-glycosidic linkages between xylose and threonine residues.


biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: 3,3',4',5,7,8-hexahydroxyflavone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) = 3,3',4',5,7-pentahydroxy-8-methoxyflavone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate = 5-carboxy-2-oxohept-3-enedioate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene + 2 a quinone = 7,7',9,9'-tetra-cis-lycopene + 2 a quinol.


chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the C-C chemokine CCL2 to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


DNA beta-glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a beta-D-glucosyl residue from UDP-glucose to a hydroxymethylcytosine residue in DNA.


regulation of L-dopa decarboxylase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-dopa decarboxylase activity.


1-18:2-2-18:2-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine desaturase activity (SN2-18:3 forming)

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-18:2-2-18:2-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine + O2 + a reduced electron acceptor = 1-18:2-2-18:3-phosphatidylcholine + 2 H2O + an oxidized electron acceptor.


protein dehydration

The removal of a water group from a protein amino acid.


2-naphthoate CoA-transferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-naphthoyl-CoA + OH- = 2-naphthoate + CoASH.


tungsten incorporation into metallo-sulfur cluster

The incorporation of tungsten into a metallo-sulfur cluster.


positive regulation of osteoclast proliferation

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population.


lipid tube assembly involved in organelle fusion

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a macromolecular complex that contains a tube of lipid surrounded by a protein coat involved in membrane shaping of vesicle membranes as organelles fuse.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-35 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


negative regulation of mannotriose transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mannotriose transport.


carbon catabolite repression

A process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to the modulation of the frequency, rate, or extent of the metabolism of other carbon sources.


intermediate-density lipoprotein particle remodeling

The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within an intermediate-density lipoprotein particle.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-hydroxy-2-naphthaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = NADH + H+ + 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate.


head kidney formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the head kidney. The head kidney is a pronephros that consists of fused bilateral lobes located in the anterior part of the kidney.


sulfolactate sulfo-lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-sulfolactate = pyruvate + sulfite.


regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small intestine smooth muscle contraction.


pancreatic D cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic delta cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A delta cell is a cell of the pancreas that produces somatostatin.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + NADP+ = (4S,5S)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,6-dioxohexanoate + H+ + NADPH.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl + O2 = 2-hydroxy-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoic acid.


2,4-dichlorobenzoate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2,4-dichlorobenzoate, a chlorinated aromatic compound which is a key intermediate in the aerobic degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).


dhurrin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dhurrin, a cyanogenic glucoside which functions as a plant defense compound.


DNA synthesis involved in UV-damage excision repair

Any DNA synthesis that is involved in UV-damage excision repair.


chalcone isomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a chalcone = a flavanone.


RNA ligase activity

Catalysis of the formation of a phosphodiester bond between a hydroxyl group at the end of one RNA chain and the 5'-phosphate group at the end of another.


head kidney development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the head kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The head kidney is a pronephros that consists of fused bilateral lobes located in the anterior part of the kidney. It is analogous to the mammalian bone marrow and the primary site of definitive hematopoiesis.


regulation of positive chemotaxis to cAMP by DIF-1

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of directed movement of a motile cell or organism up a concentration gradient of 3',5'-cAMP by the action of DIF-1. DIF-1 is a chlorinated alkylphenone.


negative regulation of membrane permeability

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by a membrane.


all-trans-neoxanthin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of all-trans-neoxanthin.


sulfur:ferric ion oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a perthiol + 4 Fe3+ + 3 H2O = sulfite + a thiol + 4 Fe2+ + 8 H+.


alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta intraepithelial T cell. Intraepithelial T cells are found among epithelial cells in mucosal areas and have distinct phenotypes and developmental pathways.


oxytetracycline metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxytetracycline.


zeatin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving zeatin, 2-methyl-4-(9H-purin-6-ylamino)but-2-en-1-ol.


stevioside glucosyltransferase activity (rebaudioside A forming)

Catalysis of the reaction: stevioside + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = rebaudioside A + UDP + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 7-O-methylmyricetin + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 7,4'-dimethylmyricetin + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


branched-chain dodecylbenzene sulfonate monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: branched-chain dodecylbenzene sulfonate + 1/2 O2 + H+ = sulfurous acid + branched-chain dodecyl-4-hydroxy-benzene + sulfite.


growth plate cartilage chondrocyte division

The process resulting in the oriented physical partitioning and separation of a chondrocytes in the growth plate.


plastid outer membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the outer membrane of a plastid.


G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential

A G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor activity, occurring in the postsynaptic membrane, involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential.


phosphagen metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphagen, any of a group of guanidine phosphates that occur in muscle and can be used to regenerate ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.


positive regulation of vein smooth muscle contraction

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of vein smooth muscle contraction.


regulation of compound eye photoreceptor development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor development.


negative regulation of creatine transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of creatine transmembrane transporter activity.


ATPase-coupled 2-aminoethylphosphonate transporter activity

Enables the directed movement of 2-aminoethylphosphonate from one side of a membrane to the other by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + 2-aminoethylphosphonate(out) = ADP + phosphate + 2-aminoethylphosphonate(in).


glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor production

The regulated release of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor from a cell. Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a small protein that potently promotes the survival of many types of neurons, notably dopaminergic and motor neurons.


T-helper 1 cell chemotaxis

The directed movement of a T-helper 1 cell in response to an external stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine9 in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + N1-methylguanosine9 in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


(+)-thujopsene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = (+)-thujopsene + diphosphoric acid.


3-oxoacid decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + a 3-oxoacid = carbon dioxide + a methylketone.


transcription regulatory region RNA binding

Binding to a RNA region within the transcript that regulates the transcription of a gene, cistron, or operon.


mitochondrial gene expression

The process in which a mitochondrial gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.


regulation of antifungal innate immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an antifungal innate immune response.


trophoblast cell migration

Trophoblast cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. Trophoblast cells line the outside of the blastocyst.


response to oxygen-containing compound

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen-containing compound stimulus.


deoxyhypusine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: [eIF5A-precursor]-lysine + spermidine = [eIF5A-precursor]-deoxyhypusine + propane-1,3-diamine. Four sub-reactions have been identified,in which the intermediates remain tightly associated with the enzyme: spermidine + NAD+ = dehydrospermidine + NADH; dehydrospermidine + [enzyme]-lysine = N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[enzyme]-lysine + propane-1,3-diamine; N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[enzyme]-lysine + [eIF5A-precursor]-lysine = N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[eIF5A-precursor]-lysine + [enzyme]-lysine; N-(4-aminobutylidene)-[eIF5A-precursor]-lysine + NADH + H+ = [eIF5A-precursor]-deoxyhypusine + NAD+.


adenylylsulfatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5'-adenylyl sulfate + H2O = AMP + 2 H+ + sulfate.


(S)-3-O-geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate synthase activity

Catalysis of the alkylation of the primary hydroxyl group in (S)-glyceryl phosphate by geranylgeranyl diphosphate to form (S)-3-O-geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate.


xanthosine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xanthosine.


Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-butyrate + UDP-D-glucose = indole-3-butyryl-beta-1-D-glucose + UDP.


neural crest cell fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neural crest cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


specification of plant organ identity

The regionalization process in which the identity of a plant organ primordium is specified. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


dUTP diphosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dUTP + H2O = dUMP + H+ + diphosphate.


negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in neural crest cell differentiation

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin involved in neural crest cell differentiation. The Wnt signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.


UTP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate.


nitric oxide reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + 2 ferricytochrome c + nitrous oxide = 2 H+ + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 nitric oxide.


styrene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving styrene, an aromatic hydrocarbon liquid soluble in ether and alcohol. When heated, exposed to light or added to a peroxide catalyst, it undergoes polymerization to form polystyrene, a versatile material used in the manufacture of plastics, synthetic rubber, thermal insulation, and packaging. Styrene is a classified mutagen and a suspected carcinogen.


carnosine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the dipeptide beta-alanyl-L-histidine (carnosine).


cell migration involved in metanephros development

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the metanephric kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ.


response to palmitoleic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a palmitoleic acid stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: 10-hydroxydecanoate + NAD+ = 10-oxodecanoate + H+ + NADH.


orlandin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of orlandin.


hypothalamus gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neuron fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a hypothalamus neuron that releases gonadotrophin-releasing hormone.


[heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 2 activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfate; modifies selected glucosamine residues preceded by GlcA2S.


neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to oxidative stress

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a neuron. The pathway is induced in response to oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


cholesterol ester hydrolysis involved in cholesterol transport

The cholesterol metabolic process in which cholesterol esters are hydrolyzed into free fatty acids and cholesterol in the lysosome that contributes to intracellular cholesterol transport.


proprioception involved in equilibrioception

The series of events contributing to equilibrioception by which an organism senses the position, location, orientation, and movement of the body and its parts. Proprioception plays an important role in the ability of an organism to perceive its orientation with respect to gravity.


Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl phosphate + sulfite = phosphate + sulfoacetaldehyde.


organic substance biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-(R)-hydroxypropyl-coenzyme M + NAD+ = 2-oxopropyl-coenzyme M + H+ + NADH.


Sertoli cell barrier remodeling

The tissue remodeling process by which the Sertoli cell barrier is temporarily disrupted and reorganized to accommodate the transit of preleptotene spermatocytes at stage VIII of the epithelial cycle.


glycerol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase [NADP+] activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + sn-glycerol 1-phosphate = dihydroxyacetone phosphate + H+ + NADPH.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acyl-CoA = 1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CoA.


N-methylalanine dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-methyl-L-alanine + H2O + NADP+ = H+ + methylammonium + NADPH + pyruvate.


vancomycin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving vancomycin, (3S,6R,7R,11R,23S,26S,30aS,36R,38aR)-44-[2-O-(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-3-C-methyl-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy]-3-(carbamoylmethyl)-10,19-dichloro-2,3,4,5,6,7,23,25,26,36,37,38,38a-tetradecahydro-7,22,28,30,32-pentahydroxy-6-(N-methyl-D-leucyl)-2,5,24,38,39-pentaoxo-1H,22H-23,36-(epiminomethano)-8,11:18,21-dietheno-13,16:31,35-di(metheno)[1,6,9]oxadiazacyclohexadecino[4,5-m][10,2,16]benzoxadiazacyclotetracosine-26-carboxylic acid, a complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis that inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in Gram-positive bacteria.


gamma-tocopherol cyclase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-dimethyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinone = gamma-tocopherol.


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin + apo-(acetyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP forming)) = AMP + diphosphate + (acetyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP forming)).


negative regulation by virus of host cell division

Any process where an infecting virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of its host's cell division.


positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.


polytene chromosome puffing

The decondensing (loosening) and swelling of the chromosomal sites of target genes on polytene chromosomes following response to a stimulus, to facilitate sudden bursts of transcriptional activity in response to transient environmental signals.


Catalysis of the reaction: farnesylfarnesylgeranyl diphosphate + p-hydroxybenzoate = 3-octaprenyl-4-hydroxybenzoate + diphosphate.


histone H3S57 kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3-serine (position 57) + ATP = histone H3-phosphoserine (position 57) + ADP. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to the serine residue at position 57 of histone H3.


Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->6)-alpha-D-mannosidic linkages in unbranched (1->6)-mannans.


anterior lateral line neuromast primordium migration

The migration of a cluster of a relatively undifferentiated cell along the developing anterior lateral line, originating from cranial ectodermal placodes situated between the eye and the ear. The neuromast primordium deposits proneuromasts along the lateral line, from which the neuromasts will develop.


patched ligand maturation

The posttranslational modification of members of the Hedgehog family of signaling proteins in order for Hedgehog to exert its biological activity. These modifications include cleavage of its signal sequence, autocatalytic protein cleavage and the attachment of sterol groups.


hippocampal pyramidal neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hippocampal pyramidal neuron, a pyramidal cell of the hippocampus.


4-coumaroyl 2'-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-coumaryl-CoA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 2,4-dihydroxycinnamoyl-CoA + succinate + carbon dioxide.


difructose-anhydride synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + bis-D-fructose 2',1:2,1'-dianhydride = inulobiose.


regulation of hypoxanthine transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of hypoxanthine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


fumarate hydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate = fumarate + H2O.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6-beta-D-(N-acetyl-B-glucosaminyl-1,2)-beta-D-mannosyl-R + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6-beta-D-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-beta)-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,4-beta)-D-mannosyl-R + UDP.


N-glycan fucosylation

The process of transferring a fucosyl group to an N-glycan. An N-glycan is the carbohydrate portion of an N-glycoprotein when attached to a nitrogen from asparagine or arginine side-chains.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-18:2-2-16:2-monogalactosyldiacylglycerol + O2 + a reduced electron acceptor = 1-18:3-2-16:2-monogalactosyldiacylglycerol + 2 H2O + an oxidized electron acceptor.


rubredoxin-NAD+ reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: reduced rubredoxin + NAD+ = oxidized rubredoxin + NADH + H+.


molybdenum cofactor sulfurtransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 H+ + MoO2-molybdopterin cofactor(2-) + L-cysteine = thio-molybdenum cofactor + L-alanine + H2O.


selenocysteine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of selenocysteine, an essential component of glutathione peroxidase and some other proteins.


medium-chain fatty acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a medium-chain fatty acid. A medium-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing 6 to 12 carbons.


regulation of host-seeking behavior

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any behavior associated with finding a host organism.


alternate splicing of immunoglobulin genes

The generation of alternate transcripts of immunoglobulin genes through alternate splicing of exons.


Catalysis of the reaction: alanyl-poly(glycerolphosphate) + D-alanine + ATP = D-alanyl-alanyl-poly(glycerolphosphate) + phosphate + ADP.


ent-cassa-12,15-diene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-cassa-12,15-diene + diphosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-2-aminoadipate 6-semialdehyde + NADP+ + H2O = L-2-aminoadipate + NADPH + H+.


D-valine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-valine.


cytochrome-c peroxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 ferrocytochrome c + hydrogen peroxide = 2 ferricytochrome c + 2 H2O.


gap filling involved in double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining

Repair of the gaps in the DNA helix using a discontinuous template during double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining.


O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxycinnamoyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.


kaempferol O-glucoside metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving O-glucosylated derivatives of kaempferol.


arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: arachidonate + O2 = (6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-(5S)-5-hydroperoxycosa-6,8,11,14-tetraenoate.


D-cysteine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-cysteine, (S)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, which occurs naturally in firefly luciferin.


specification of segmental identity, trunk

The specification of the characteristic structures of trunk segments, following establishment of segment boundaries. In Drosophila, the trunk segments include thoracic segments and abdominal segments A1 to A8. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


response to tropane

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tropane stimulus. Tropane is a nitrogenous bicyclic organic compound mainly known for a group of alkaloids derived from it (called tropane alkaloids), which include, among others, atropine and cocaine.


generation of neurons

The process in which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons.


pore formation in membrane of another organism

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components by an organism to form a pore complex in a membrane of another organism.


regulation of ribosomal large subunit export from nucleus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ribosomal large subunit export from nucleus.


fusome organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the fusome, a large intracellular spectrin-rich structure found in insect germline cells and mammalian hematopoietic cells.


positive regulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion.


negative regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.


DNA-3-methylbase glycosylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: DNA containing 3-methylbase + H2O = DNA with abasic site + 3-methylbase. This reaction is the hydrolysis of DNA by cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA 3-methylpurine or 3-methylpyrimidine base and the deoxyribose sugar to remove the methylated base, leaving an apurinic or apyrimidinic site.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (-)-microperfuranone.


maintenance of protease location in mast cell secretory granule

A process in which a protease is maintained in a secretory granule in a mast cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.


mesonephric mesenchyme morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Mesonephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros.


interneuron sorting involved in substrate-independent cerebral cortex tangential migration

The establishment and response to guidance cues that distribute interneurons to different cerebral cortex structures.


N-acyl-D-aspartate deacylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-acyl-D-aspartate + H2O = D-aspartate + a carboxylate.


adenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + sulfite + thioredoxin disulfide = 5'-adenylyl sulfate + thioredoxin.


sinapoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a sinapoyl group to an acceptor molecule.


regulation of interleukin-27-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of an interleukin-27-mediated signaling pathway.


intracellular glutamate homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of glutamate within a cell.


chloramphenicol transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of chloramphenicol, a broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis, from one side of a membrane to the other.


rolling circle single-stranded viral DNA replication

A rolling circle viral DNA replication that begins with a single-stranded viral DNA genome.


response to iloperidone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iloperidone stimulus.


UDP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP, uridine (5'-)diphosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-5-dehydro-2-deoxy-D-gluconate = 3-oxopropanoate + glycerone phosphate.


zoospore formation

The process in which a diploid cell undergoes meiosis, and the meiotic products acquire specialized features of asexual motile mononucleate flagellated spores called zoospores.


fumarate reductase (NADH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + succinate = fumarate + H+ + NADH.


embryonic medial fin morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the medial fin are generated and organized. Medial fins are unpaired fins of fish, usually located dorsomedially or ventromedially and primarily used for stability while swimming.


regulation of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, a natural product found in plant tissues. It is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of ethylene (ethene), a fruit-ripening hormone in plants.


arugosin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arugosin.


nucleic acid-protein covalent cross-linking

The formation of a covalent cross-link between a nucleic acid and a protein.


vagus nerve structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the vagus nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis.


negative regulation of mammary gland development in males by androgen receptor signaling pathway

Any process that decreases the rate or extent of mammary gland development in the male by an androgen binding to its receptor, causing a change in state or activity of a cell.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-glucarate = pyruvate + tartronate semialdehyde.


malolactic fermentation

The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of L-malate to L-lactate and carbon dioxide, yielding energy in the form of ATP.


protein localization to presynaptic membrane

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a presynaptic membrane.


Catalysis of the reaction: thiophene-2-carboxylate + ATP + CoASH = thiophene-2-carboxyl-CoA + AMP + PPi.


mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in mammary gland development

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mammary gland mesenchymal cell. Mammary gland mesenchymal cells form a loosely connected network of cells that surround the mammary ducts.


detoxification of cobalt ion

Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of cobalt ion. These include transport of cobalt away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of cobalt ion.


ornithine carbamoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: carbamoyl phosphate + L-ornithine = phosphate + L-citrulline.


p-cumate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of p-cumate.


glycosinolate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosinolates, substituted thioglycosides found in rapeseed products and related cruciferae.


short tract gene conversion

A gene conversion process in which a segment of about 50-200 base pairs is transferred from the donor to the acceptor.


termination of Roundabout signal transduction

The signaling process in which signaling from the receptor ROBO is brought to an end, rather than being reversibly modulated.


Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + L-pipecolate = NADPH + delta1-piperideine-2-carboxylate.


dihydrolipoamide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dihydrolipoamide, the reduced form of lipoamide, produced as an intermediate in the reactions in which lipoamide acts as a cofactor.


nuclear protein quality control by the ubiquitin-proteasome system

A protein quality control pathway that results in the breakdown of misfolded, damaged or unassembled proteins via a mechanism in which the proteins are ubiquitinated, and then targeted to nuclear proteasomes for degradation.


trehalose synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an NDP-alpha-D-glucose + D-glucopyranose = alpha,alpha-trehalose + H+ + a nucleoside diphosphate.


rhombomere cell migration

The movement of a cell within a rhombomere. This process is known to occur as an early step in the generation of anatomical structure from a rhombomere.


vesicle targeting, trans-Golgi to periciliary membrane compartment

The process in which vesicles formed at the trans-Golgi network are directed to the plasma membrane surrounding the base of the cilium, including the ciliary pocket, mediated by molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-methionine + pyruvate = 4-methylthio-2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine.


isonicotinate dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: isonicotinate + acceptor + H2O = 2-hydroxyisonicotinate + reduced acceptor.


protein-phosphoribosyl dephospho-coenzyme A linkage

The linkage of phosphoribosyl dephospho-coenzyme A to protein via peptidyl-serine, to form O-(phosphoribosyl dephospho-coenzyme A)-L-serine; it is uncertain whether the phosphoribosyl glycosidic attachment to the dephospho-coenzyme A is alpha or beta, and through the 2' or the 3' position.


negative regulation of establishment of cell polarity regulating cell shape

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of cell polarity regulating cell shape.


regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis by extracellular matrix-epithelial cell signaling

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of salivary gland branching as a result of the transfer of information from the extracellular matrix to the epithelium of the salivary gland.


alpha-glucan, water dikinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + alpha-glucan + H2O = AMP + phospho-alpha-glucan + phosphate.


cellular response to borneol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a borneol stimulus.


DNA replication-dependent chromatin disassembly

The disruption of nucleosomes during DNA replication to allow the replication machinery to access the DNA.


ethylene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.


N-terminal protein amino acid N-linked glycosylation

Addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit via a nitrogen (N) atom of the N-terminal amino acid of a protein.


The process of coupling histidine to histidyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by histidyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors, cytochrome as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a cytochrome.


response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulus. TRH increases the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-18:1-2-18:1-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine + O2 + a reduced electron acceptor = 1-18:2-2-18:1-phosphatidylcholine + 2 H2O + an oxidized electron acceptor.


nucleate erythrocyte maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a nucleate erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state. A nucleate erythrocyte is an erythrocyte with a nucleus.


oxalate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oxalate, the organic acid ethanedioate.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-mannosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl sequence of glycoprotein to alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)-D-mannose and beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-N-acetylglucosaminyl sequences.


semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway involved in regulation of photoreceptor cell axon guidance

Any semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway that is involved in regulation of photoreceptor cell axon guidance.


Catalysis of the reaction: jasmonoyl-isoleucine + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 12-hydroxy-jasmonoyl-isoleucine + NADP+ + H2O.


indole-3-acetate carboxyl methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = methyl (indol-3-yl)acetate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


positive regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


synapse pruning

A cellular process that results in the controlled breakdown of synapse. After it starts the process is continuous until the synapse has disappeared.


G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration

A G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor activity occurring in the postsynaptic membrane, that is involved in regulating the cytosolic concentration of calcium ions in the postsynapse.


voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel across the plasma membrane of a cardiac muscle cell that contributes to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


Catalysis of the reaction: an 11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H+ + O2 = an (11Z)-delta-11-fatty acyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O.


negative regulation of kidney smooth muscle cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of kidney smooth muscle cell differentiation.


response to mitotic cell cycle checkpoint signaling

A process that occurs in response to signals generated as a result of mitotic cell cycle checkpoint signaling.


entry of bacterium into host cell

The process in which a bacterium enters a host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


intracellular nucleotide homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of nucleotides within a cell.


regulation of root morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of root morphogenesis.


plant-type secondary cell wall biogenesis

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of inextensible cellulose- and pectin-containing cell walls that are formed between the plasma membrane and primary cell wall after cell expansion is complete. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


virion attachment to host cell flagellum

The process by which a virion attaches to a the host cell flagellum. Some DNA bacterial viruses use flagella to attach to the host cell. This contact with the flagellum facilitates concentration of phage particles around the entry receptor on the bacterial cell surface.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-18:2-2-16:3-monogalactosyldiacylglycerol + O2 + a reduced electron acceptor = 1-18:3-2-16:3-monogalactosyldiacylglycerol + 2 H2O + an oxidized electron acceptor.


cellular response to low light intensity stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a low light intensity stimulus. Low light intensity is defined as a level of electromagnetic radiation at or below 0.1 micromols/m2.


pantothenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-pantothenate + H2O = (R)-pantoate + beta-alanine.


trans-feruloyl-CoA hydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: trans-feruloyl-CoA + H2O = 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl-beta-hydroxypropionyl-CoA.


regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by ischemic conditions

The process that modulates blood pressure by the detection of carbon dioxide levels in the brain stem. Increased levels activate the sympathetic vasoconstrictor mechanism increasing the force with which blood flows through the circulatory system.


negative regulation of hematopoietic stem cell migration

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell migration.


arabinose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arabinose, arabino-pentose.


proximal convoluted tubule segment 1 development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the S1 portion of the proximal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The S1 portion is the initial portion of the proximal convoluted tubule and is responsible for avid reabsorption of water and solutes.


allantois development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an allantois over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


embryo sac egg cell differentiation

The process in which an uncellularized embryo sac nucleus cellularizes and acquires the specialized features of an egg cell. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


mannosylglycerate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-alpha-D-mannose + D-glycerate = H+ + 2-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-D-glycerate + GDP.


phenanthrene catabolic process via trans-9(S),10(S)-dihydrodiolphenanthrene

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenanthrene, a tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, where trans-9(S),10(S)-dihydrodiolphenanthrene is the principal intermediate metabolite.


tRNA wobble adenosine to inosine editing

The process in which an adenosine in position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally converted to inosine.


somitomeric trunk muscle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the somitomeric trunk muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The somitomeric trunk muscle is derived from somitomeric mesoderm. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.


ribitol phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ribitol phosphates, any phosphorylated form of ribitol, the pentitol derived formally by reduction of the -CHO group of either D- or L-ribose.


modulation of transmission of nerve impulse in another organism

The process in which an organism effects a change in the transmission of a nerve impulse in another organism.


homocysteine desulfhydrase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-homocysteine + H2O = sulfide + NH3 + 2-oxobutanoate.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA(4-).


negative regulation of dense core granule transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dense core granule transport.


lifelong otolith mineralization

The formation and growth of otoliths throughout the life of the organism. Otoliths are the large extracellular ear-stones of the fish inner ear, produced by precipitation of specific crystal forms of calcium carbonate on organic matrices. The otolith enlarges throughout the life of the fish, as layers of calcium carbonate are added.


poly(A) RNA polymerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n)-3'-adenine ribonucleotide. The primer may be an RNA or DNA fragment, or oligo(A) bearing a 3'-OH terminal group.


gamma-delta T cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic cell acquires specialized features of a gamma-delta T cell. A gamma-delta T cell is a T cell that expresses a gamma-delta T cell receptor complex.


negative regulation of cyclodextrin catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclodextrin catabolic process.


localization

Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported, tethered to or otherwise maintained in a specific location. In the case of substances, localization may also be achieved via selective degradation.


6-aminohexanoate transaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 6-aminohexanoate + alpha-ketoglutarate = glutamate + 6-oxohexanoate.


response to gold(3+)

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gold(3+) stimulus.


regulation of seed development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of seed development.


regulation of neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neutrophil mediated killing of a target cell, the directed killing of a target cell by a neutrophil.


galactose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactose + NADP+ = D-galactonolactone + NADPH.


sodium-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ADP + phosphate + Na+(out) => ATP + H2O + Na+(in), by a rotational mechanism.


transcription elongation-coupled chromatin remodeling

A chromatin remodeling process that reestablishes the chromatin structure following the passage of RNA polymerase II during transcription elongation, thus preventing cryptic transcription initiation.


piRNA transcription

The cellular synthesis of Piwi-interacting RNA piRNAs, a class of 24- to 30-nucleotide RNA derived from repeat or complex DNA sequence elements and processed by a Dicer-independent mechanism.


butyrate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + butanoate = ADP + butanoyl phosphate + H+.


isoprene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of isoprene, C5H8.


ABC-type oligosaccharide transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + oligosaccharide(out) = ADP + phosphate + oligosaccharide(in).


butane monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: butane + O2 + NAD(P)H + H+ = butanol + NAD(P)+ + H2O.


leukocyte activation involved in inflammatory response

A change in the morphology or behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an inflammatory response.


tryptophan synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + (1S,2R)-1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol 3-phosphate = L-tryptophan + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + H2O.


ribokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-ribose = ADP + D-ribose 5-phosphate.


positive regulation of chylomicron remnant clearance

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of chylomicron remnant clearance. Chylomicron clearance is the process in which a chylomicron remnant is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis into liver cells and its constituent parts degraded.


maintenance of bipolar cell polarity regulating cell shape

The maintenance of established bipolar anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns that results in the shaping of a cell.


phenylethylamine biosynthetic process involved in synaptic transmission

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phenylethylamine that contribute to synaptic transmission.


corticospinal neuron axon guidance through the internal capsule

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a pyramidal cell that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed after exiting the cerebral cortex through the internal capsule in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


convergent extension involved in notochord morphogenesis

Any convergent extension that is involved in notochord morphogenesis.


ubiquinone biosynthetic process from tyrosine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, beginning with the conversion of tyrosine to 4-hydroxybenzoate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabinonate = glycolaldehyde + pyruvate.


ascorbate homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ascorbate at the level of a cell.


regulation of embryo sac egg cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryo sac egg cell differentiation.


chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the chemokine CXCL12 to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


propionate catabolic process, 2-methylcitrate cycle

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of propionate that occurs in the 2-methylcitrate cycle.


negative regulation of tube lumen cavitation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tube lumen cavitation.


regulation of meristem growth

Any process involved in maintaining the size and shape of a meristem.


negative regulation of brood size

Any process that decreases brood size. Brood size is the number of progeny that survive embryogenesis and are cared for at one time.


methylglyoxal reductase (NADPH-dependent) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: lactaldehyde + NADP+ = methylglyoxal + NADPH + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-8-methylchromene-2-carboxylate = 2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzalpyruvate.


cellulose microfibril organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellulose microfibril, any of the cellulose structures laid down in orthogonal layers in a plant cell wall.


benzoate 1,2-dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: benzoate + NADH + H+ + O2 = catechol + CO2 + NAD+.


trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse mediated by a peptide ligand crossing the synaptic cleft.


electron transporter, transferring electrons within the cyclic electron transport pathway of photosynthesis activity

Enables the directed movement of electrons within the cyclic electron transport pathway of photosynthesis.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybenzoate + NADPH + H+ + O2 = protocatechuate + NADP+ + H2O.


formate-dihydrofolate ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-dihydrofolate + ATP + formate = 10-formyldihydrofolate + ADP + H+ + phosphate.


fatty acid beta-oxidation, unsaturated, even number, reductase/isomerase pathway

A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway by which fatty acids having cis-double bonds on even-numbered carbons are degraded. In this pathway, the intermediate 2,4-dienoyl-CoA is converted to trans-2-enoyl-CoA by 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase and delta3-delta2-enoyl-CoA isomerase; trans-2-enoyl-CoA returns to the core beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).


regulation of ectodermal cell fate specification

Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into an ectoderm cell.


low-affinity glucose:proton symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose(out) + H(out)+ = glucose(in) + H(in)+. In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations. Symporter activity enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported together in the same direction in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.


symbiont-mediated perturbation of host actin cytoskeleton via actin polymerization

The process in which an organism effects a change that impairs the structure or function of the host actin cytoskeleton by polymerizing the host filamentous actin. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


bradykinin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the peptide hormone bradykinin.


quercetin 3-rhamnoside 7-O-rhamnosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside + UDP-L-rhamnose = quercetin-3-rhamnoside-7-rhamnoside + UDP.


cholesterol 24-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cholesterol + H+ + NADPH + O2 = (24S)-24-hydroxycholesterol + H2O + NADP+.


endocardial cell fate commitment

The commitment of a cell to an endocardial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an endocardial cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxo-6-methylthiohexanoate + a standard alpha amino acid = dihomomethionine + a 2-oxo carboxylate.


pyruvyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a pyruvyl (oxopropanoyl) group from one compound to another.


lipopolysaccharide-mediated virion attachment to host cell

The process by which a virion attaches to a host cell by binding to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the host cell surface.


G protein-coupled cytokinin receptor activity

Combining with cytokinin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


nucleoside phosphate binding

Binding to nucleoside phosphate.


CCA tRNA nucleotidyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a tRNA precursor + ATP + 2 CTP = a tRNA with a 3' CCA end + 3 diphosphate.


regulation of amoeboid sperm motility

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amoeboid sperm motility.


2-aminobenzenesulfonate desulfonation

The removal of the sulfonate group from 2-aminobenzenesulfonate, an aromatic sulfonate used in organic synthesis and in the manufacture of various dyes and medicines.


metanephric glomerular basement membrane development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric glomerular basement membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric glomerular basement membrane is the basal laminal portion of the metanephric glomerulus which performs the actual filtration.


mesonephric glomerular epithelial cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a mesonephric glomerular epithelial cell. Mesonephric glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the mesonephric glomerulus; there are two types, mesonephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells and mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cells.


negative regulation of pentasaccharide transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pentasaccharide transport.


cardiac neural crest cell delamination involved in outflow tract morphogenesis

Any cardiac neural crest cell delamination that is involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.


synergid death

Synergid cells undergo degeneration and death in response to penetration by the pollen tube. It is an active process that involves a dramatic decrease in cell volume, collapse of the vacuoles, and complete disintegration of the plasma membrane and most organelles.


(R)-citramalate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (R)-citramalate + CoA.


mandelate racemase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-mandelate = (R)-mandelate.


Catalysis of the reaction: a hydroxyanthraquinone + UDP-D-glucose = a glucosyloxyanthraquinone + UDP.


dihydroneopterin monophosphate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dihydroneopterin monophosphate = dihydroneopterin + phosphate.


eclosion

The emergence of an adult insect from a pupa case.


conidiophore stalk development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the conidiophore stalk over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The conidiophore stalk is part of a specialized hypha that extends aerially from the growth substrate and supports structures from which conidia, or asexual spores, develop.


short neuropeptide F receptor activity

Combining with a short neuropeptide F and transmitting the signal within the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. Short neuropeptide F is an arthropod peptide of less than 28 residues (as small as 8-10 residues in some species) with a C-terminal RFamide or LRFamide.


astrocyte activation involved in immune response

A change in the morphology or behavior of an astrocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione = formaldehyde + glutathione.


retrotransposition

A type of transposition in which a transposable element (transposon) copies and pastes itself into a different genomic location by transcription and convertsion of the transcribed RNA back into DNA through reverse transcription.


octadecanal decarbonylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: octadecanal = heptadecane + CO.


nematode male tail tip morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the adult male tail tip is generated and organized. In some species of rhabitid nematodes, the male tail tip undergoes a morphological change such that the most posterior hypodermal cells in the tail (hyp8-11 in C. elegans) fuse and retract anteriorly, changing the shape of the tail from a pointed, tapered cone, or spike, to a rounded, blunt dome.


type I pilus assembly

The assembly from its constituent parts of a type I pilus.


ferulate 5-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ferulic acid + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 5-hydroxyferulic acid + H2O + NADP+.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 1,4-N1-D-glucooligosaccharide = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + oligosaccharide containing 6-methyl-D-glucose units.


mastication

The process of biting and mashing food with the teeth prior to swallowing.


aldaric acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aldaric acid, any dicarboxylic acid formed by oxidation of by the terminal groups of an aldose to carboxyl group.


symbiont-mediated suppression of host JAK-STAT cascade via inhibition of host IRF9 activity

A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupt a JAK-STAT signal cascade in the host organism by reducing the activity of host IRF9 (interferon regulatory factor-9), a transcription factor involved in the innate immune response. For example, viral infection triggers binding of IRF9 to phosphorylated STAT1 and STAT2, forming the ISGF3 complex. The ISGF3 complex migrates to the nucleus and activates transcription of IFN-responsive genes.


isovaleryl-CoA(4-) biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isovaleryl-CoA(4-).


symbiont-mediated activation of host signal transduction pathway via agonism of host cell surface receptor

A process in which a symbiont subverts a signal transduction pathway in the host organism by binding to and enhancing the activation of the receptor of the pathway. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


gamma-delta T cell differentiation involved in immune response

The process in which an antigenically naive gamma-delta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell and contributes to an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.


dimethyl sulfoxide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO (C2H6OS), an alkyl sulfoxide that is practically odorless in its purified form. As a highly polar organic liquid, it is a powerful solvent. Its biological activities include the ability to penetrate plant and animal tissues and to preserve living cells during freezing.


cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein that consist of a core-protein backbone O-glycosylated by one or more complex carbohydrates.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-isopropylphenol + O2 + NADH + H+ = 3-isopropylcatechol + H2O + NAD.


Catalysis of the reaction: toluene-4-sulfonate + 1/2 O2 + H+ = HSO3(-) + 4-hydroxytoluene.


ABC-type taurine transporter transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + taurine(out) = ADP + phosphate + taurine(in).


glycolaldehyde dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: glycolaldehyde + H2O + NAD(+) = glycolate + 2 H+ + NADH.


cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase activity (reducing end)

Catalysis of the reaction: n H2O + a cellodextrin = n beta-cellobiose, releasing cellobiose from the reducing ends of the chains.


negative regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.


negative regulation of cardioblast cell fate specification

Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


sesquiterpene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sesquiterpenes, any of a class of terpenes of the formula C15H24 or a derivative of such a terpene.


O-linoleoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a linoleoyl ((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl) group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.


mRNA 5'-diphosphatase activity

Catalysis of the removal of a 5' terminal diphosphate from the 5'-triphosphate end of an mRNA, leaving a 5'-monophosphate end.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N1-methylguanine.


inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate = ADP + inositol bisdiphosphate trisphosphate.


miltiradiene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-copalyl diphosphate = diphosphate + miltiradiene.


Catalysis of the reaction: gallate + UDP-D-glucose = 1-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose + UDP.


regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.


intracellular cysteine homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of cysteine within a cell.


mycothiol synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol-2-(L-cysteinylamido)-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside + acetyl-CoA = mycothiol + coA + H+. Mycothiol is also known as AcCys-GlcN-Ins and 1-D-myo-inosityl-2-L-cysteinylamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside as Cys-GlcN-Ins or desacetylmycothiol.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, iron-sulfur protein as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an iron-sulfur protein.


metaplastic ossification

Direct ossification in which bone formation occurs as result of the direct transformation of non-bone cells into bone cells without cell division.


cystathionine gamma-lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-cystathionine + H2O = 2-oxobutanoate + L-cysteine + NH4+.


positive regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation.


carbohydrate utilization

A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary carbohydrate sources,usually glucose, and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary carbohydrate source and to transport and metabolize alternate carbohydrate sources. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects carbohydrate levels, includes the activation of genes whose products detect, transport or metabolize carbohydrates, and ends when the carbohydrate is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism.


terpenoid biosynthetic process, mevalonate-dependent

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenoids via isopentenyl diphosphate, synthesized by the mevalonate pathway. Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) is the fundamental unit in terpenoid biosynthesis, and in mevalonate-dependent terpenoid biosynthesis, acetate, in the form of acetyl-CoA, is converted to isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) through a series of mevalonate intermediates.


L-cysteine catabolic process via cystine, using glutathione-cystine transhydrogenase

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown, via the compound cystine, of L-cysteine, catalyzed by the enzyme glutathione-cystine transhydrogenase.


cardiac neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron of the heart.


endothelial tube lumen extension involved in blood vessel lumen ensheathment

Any endothelial tube lumen extension that is involved in blood vessel lumen ensheathment.


chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by chemokine CCL5 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


embryo sac cellularization

The process in which the eight-nucleate single celled female gametophyte develops into the seven-celled female gametophyte. This mature structure contains two synergid cells and an egg cell at the micropylar end, and three antipodal cells at the other end. A binucleate endosperm mother cell is formed at the center. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


aryl-acylamidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: anilide + H2O = a carboxylate + aniline + H+.


perichondral bone morphogenesis

The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial connective tissue surrounding cartilage into bone.


D-amino acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-amino acids, the D-enantiomers of amino acids.


linoleate isomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: linoleate = 9-cis,11-trans-octadecadienoate.


mandelate 4-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-mandelate + 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + O2 = (S)-4-hydroxymandelate + 7,8-dihydrobiopterin + H2O. (S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate is also known as S-mandelate.


A process which occurs as part of viral mRNA translation which allows expression of a downstream open reading frame (ORF) in a dicistronic mRNA. In this process, ribosomes translate the upstream ORF but following termination, a proportion of 40S subunits remain tethered to the mRNA and go on to re-initiate translation at the start codon of the downstream ORF.


negative regulation of hemicellulose catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemicellulose catabolic process.


detection of tumor cell

The series of events in which a stimulus from a tumor cell is received and converted into a molecular signal.


octaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + 5 isopentenyl diphosphate = 5 diphosphate + all-trans-octaprenyl diphosphate.


meiotic metaphase I

The cell cycle phase, following prophase I, during which chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell as part of meiosis I.


nitroglycerin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitroglycerin, a well-known nitrate ester and an important component of dynamite and other propellants. Toxic to algae, invertebrate, and vertebrates.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4-dihydroxy-6-(N'-ethyl)amino-1,3,5-triazine + H2O = CH3CH2NH2 + cyanuric acid.


apical constriction involved in gastrulation

The actin-mediated process that results in the contraction of the apical end of a polarized columnar epithelial cell, contributing to the process of gastrulation.


peptidoglycan transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of peptidoglycans, a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls, from one side of a membrane to the other.


mevaldate reductase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-mevalonate + NAD+ = H+ + mevaldate + NADH.


cresol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cresol, a mixture of the aromatic alcohol isoforms o-, p-, and m-cresol, which is obtained from coal tar or petroleum. The isomers are used as disinfectants, textile scouring agents, surfactants and as intermediates in the manufacture of salicylaldehyde, coumarin, and herbicides as well as being a major component of creosote.


cell surface receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


cell migration involved in coronary angiogenesis

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of new blood vessels in the heart from pre-existing blood vessels.


mRNA base-pairing translational repressor activity

A translation repressor activity that acts by base-pairing with an mRNA. The binding can result in targeting the mRNA for degradation or interfering with mRNA translation, hence resulting in posttranscriptional gene silencing.


L-amino acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving an L-amino acid.


phosphatidylglycerol transfer activity

Directly binding to phosphatidylglycerol and delivering it either to an acceptor molecule or to a specific location.


dermonecrosis in another organism

The disruption of the skin of another organism, leading to damage or temporary subversion of the skin.


regulation of tongue muscle cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tongue muscle cell differentiation.


ribonuclease G activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of single-stranded RNA that is monophosphorylated at its 5'-end; cleavage occurs predominantly at positions 5 and 6 nucleotides from the 5'-end and in A + U-rich regions, and is blocked by the presence of a 5'-triphosphate group.


Catalyzes the reaction: L-Tryptophan + Oxygen + NADPH + H+ = N-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan + NADP+ + H2O.


symbiont-mediated migration through host transepithelium

A process in which a symbiont moves from one side of an epithelium to the other within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


establishment of B cell polarity

The directed orientation of B cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient of a contact point with an antigen displaying cell.


benzoate catabolic process via hydroxylation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of benzoate, by its hydroxylation to cis-1,2-dihydroxybenzoate followed by dehydrogenation to catechol.


establishment or maintenance of monopolar cell polarity regulating cell shape

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a monopolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns that regulate the shape of a cell.


positive regulation of antifungal innate immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an antifungal innate immune response.


chlorophyllide-a:geranyl-geranyl diphosphate geranyl-geranyl transferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + chlorophyllide a(1-) + 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate(3-) = geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll a + diphosphoric acid.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2 sucrose = D-glucose + 1F-beta-D-fructosylsucrose.


regulation of testosterone secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone secretion.


aeciospore formation

The process in which a dikaryotic spore of typically a rust fungus is produced in an aecium; in heteroecious rusts, the aeciospore is a spore stage that infects the alternate host.


response to carbon starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of a carbon source.


23S rRNA (guanine(1835)-N(2))-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanosine(1835) in 23S rRNA = N(2)-methylguanosine(1835) in 23S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


positive regulation of seed dormancy process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of seed dormancy process.


neuroblast fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuroblast in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


anaerobic benzoate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzoate, the anion of benzoic acid (benzenecarboxylic acid) that occur in the absence of oxygen.


kanamycin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving kanamycin.


cell swimming

Cell motility that results in the smooth movement of a cell through a liquid medium.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-hexose + acyl phosphate = D-hexose phosphate + an acid.


propylene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving propylene, an alkene produced by catalytic or thermal cracking of hydrocarbons or as a by-product of petroleum refining. It is used mainly in the preparation of alkylates for gasoline and in the production of polypropylene, acrylonitrile, propylene oxide and a number of other industrial chemicals.


positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis.


regulation of paraxial mesodermal cell fate specification

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of paraxial mesoderm cell fate specification.


Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-5-epi-aristolochene + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + 2 O2 = capsidiol + 2 NADP + 2 H2O.


mating projection actin fusion focus assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an actin fusion focus.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + NAD+ + 3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholestan-26-al = NADH + 3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholestanate.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + fumarate = alpha-iminosuccinate + succinate.


homoserine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of homoserine from one side of a membrane to the other. Homoserine is alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cystathionine, threonine and methionine.


cellular response to bismuth

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bismuth (Bi) stimulus.


male pronuclear envelope synthesis

Assembly of a nuclear envelope containing nuclear pores and a lamina around the male pronucleus, the final step in sperm pronuclear formation.


response to amyloid-beta

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a amyloid-beta stimulus.


quorum sensing

The cell-cell signaling process in which single-celled organisms carry out coordinated responses by monitoring their own population density, and often also that of other microbes, by producing small, diffusible, signal molecules, detecting the concentration of these molecules, and triggering a signal transduction pathway when a certain threshold is reached. Quorum sensing can occur amongst microbial communities in the environment or within host organisms.


palmitoyl-CoA 9-desaturase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + AH2 + O2 = palmitoleic acid (16:1delta9) + A + 2 H2O.


cytochrome c-heme linkage via heme-L-cysteine

The linkage of cytochromes and other heme proteins to heme via heme-L-cysteine.


Catalysis of the reaction: dATP + depurinated DNA = ribose triphosphate + DNA.


positive regulation of toll-like receptor 6 signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 6 signaling pathway.


negative regulation of acinar cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of acinar cell proliferation.


K antigen biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a K antigen, a capsular polysaccharide antigen carried on the surface of bacterial capsules that masks somatic (O) antigens.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4,4-trimethyl-3-hydroxypentanoyl-CoA = 2,4,4-trimethyl-3-oxopentanoyl-CoA + 2 H+ + 2 e-.


cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds, as carried out by individual cells.


S-adenosyl-L-methionine binding

Binding to S-adenosyl-L-methionine.


avenasterol-desaturase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: avenasterol + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 5-dehydroavenasterol + 2 H2O + NADP.


Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + 2-methylbutyronitrile + NADPH + O2 = H2O + NADP + 2-hydroxy-2-methylbutyronitrile.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-D-(1->2)-(4-O-methyl)glucuronosyl links in the main chain of hardwood xylans.


caprolactam metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving caprolactam, hexahydro-2h-azepin-2-one, a cyclic amide of caproic acid used in manufacture of synthetic fibers of the polyamide type. It can cause local irritation.


membrane tubulation

A membrane organization process resulting in the formation of a tubular projection. This may face inwardly (as in tubular membrane invaginations) or outwardly (as in endosomal tubules).


adenylylselenate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + adenylylselenate => ADP + 3'-phosphoadenylylselenate.


The process of coupling threonine to threonyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by threonyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-(3-hydroxy)phenylpropionate, a hydroxylated derivative of phenylpropionate.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + betanidin = H+ + betanin + UDP.


tricyclic triterpenoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tricyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with 6 isoprene units and 3 carbon rings.


reuteran metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving reuteran, a soluble glucan polymer with mainly alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkages and significant amounts of alpha-(1->6) and alpha-(1->4,6) glucosidic linkages.


trimethylamine dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: trimethylamine + H2O + electron-transferring flavoprotein = dimethylamine + formaldehyde + reduced electron-transferring flavoprotein.


ABC-type doxorubicin transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + doxorubicin(in) = ADP + phosphate + doxorubicin(out).


macrophomate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a 2-pyrone + oxalacetate = macrophomate.


Catalysis of the reaction: queuosine34 in tRNA + UDP-alpha-D-galactose = H+ + O-5''-beta-D-galactosylqueuosine34 in tRNATyr + UDP. Substrates include tRNA(Tyr) and tRNA(Asp).


negative regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation.


Catalysis of the reaction: sulfonatoacetaldehyde + H2O + NAD = sulfonatoacetate + NADH + 2 H+.


bile-salt sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + taurolithocholate = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + taurolithocholate sulfate.


ecdysteroid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ecdysteroids, a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids ubiquitous in insects and other arthropods, in which they initiate post-embryonic development, including the metamorphosis of immature forms and the development of the reproductive system and the maturation of oocytes in adult females.


proteasome complex disassembly

The disaggregation of a proteasome complex into its constituent components.


cellular response to type III interferon

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a type III interferon stimulus. Interferon lambda is the only member of the type III interferon found so far.


CoA-dependent peptidyl-lysine N6-palmitoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl-[protein] + hexadecanoyl-CoA = CoA + H+ + N(6)-hexadecanoyl-L-lysyl-[protein].


positive regulation of phialide development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phialide development, a process that leads to the formation of phialides. Phialides are specialized cells that bud from the ends of metulae on the conidiophore tip.


farnesyl diphosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of farnesyl diphosphate.


response to melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a melanocyte-stimulating hormone stimulus. The binding of any one of three melanocyte-stimulating hormones causes dispersal of melanosomes in melanophores of poikilothermic vertebrates.


positive regulation of toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway.


trans-synaptic signaling by soluble gas

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse mediated by a soluble gas ligand crossing the synaptic cleft.


chanoclavine-I aldehyde metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving chanoclavine-I aldehyde.


cellular response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine stimulus.


cardiac neural crest cell delamination

The negative regulation of cell adhesion process in which a cardiac neural crest cell physically separates from the rest of the neural tube.


behavioral response to nutrient

Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a nutrient stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-beta-L-arabinofuranose + a [protein]-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline = a protein-O-(beta-L-arabinofuranose)-trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline + UDP + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-beta-D-heptose-1-phosphate + ATP = ADP-D-glycero-D-manno-heptose.


conjugant formation

During conjugation without cellular fusion, the process that results in pairing complementary mating types. Localized morphological, cytological, and cytoskeletal changes connect the mating types without cytoplasmic mixing.


phosphagen catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphagen, any of a group of guanidine phosphates that occur in muscle and can be used to regenerate ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.


regulation of toll-like receptor 13 signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 13 signaling pathway.


Catalysis of the reaction: N5,N10-methenyltetrahydromethanopterin + H2 = N5,N10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin.


plant-type cell wall modification involved in multidimensional cell growth

The series of events that occur during cell growth that result in chemical or structural changes to existing cell walls of the type composed chiefly of cellulose and pectin. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


glucosamine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin.


2-oxoadipate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxyadipate + NAD+ = 2-oxoadipate + H+ + NADH.


medulla oblongata maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the medulla oblongata to attain its fully functional state. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate.


negative regulation of neutrophil aggregation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil aggregation.


positive regulation of flower development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.


cellular response to molecule of oomycetes origin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of oomycetes origin.


regulation of apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process.


viral genome integration into host DNA

The insertion into a host genome of viral DNA, usually by the action of an integrase enzyme. Once integrated, the provirus persists in the host cell and serves as a template for the transcription of viral genes and replication of the viral genome, leading to the production of new viruses.


diaphragm morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the diaphragm are generated and organized.


cinnamic acid ester metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ester derivatives of cinnamic acid, phenylpropenoic acid.


positive regulation of adult chitin-containing cuticle pigmentation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of the adult pattern of pigmentation in the cuticle of an organism.


tyrosine catabolic process to fumarate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tyrosine into other compounds, including fumarate.


fumonisin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fumonisin.


deep nuclear neuron precursor proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to deep nuclear neurons.


luteolin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of luteolin, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one.


regulation of epithelial cell migration, open tracheal system

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration, open tracheal system.


biotin synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + dethiobiotin + S(2-) = 2 5'-deoxyadenosine + 2 L-methionine + biotin + H+.


primary metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism.


positive regulation of establishment of Sertoli cell barrier

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of Sertoli cell barrier.


cellular response to chlorate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chlorate stimulus.


homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate + homogentisate + H+ = diphosphoric acid + 2-methyl-6-geranylgeranyl-1,4-benzoquinol + carbon dioxide.


styrene-oxide isomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: styrene oxide = phenylacetaldehyde.


bacterial-type flagellum assembly

The assembly of a bacterial-type flagellum, a motor complex composed of an extracellular helical protein filament coupled to a rotary motor embedded in the cell envelope which functions in cell motility.


membrane depolarization during AV node cell action potential

The process in which AV node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.


mitochondrion inheritance

The distribution of mitochondria, including the mitochondrial genome, into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between mitochondria and the cytoskeleton.


acireductone dioxygenase (Ni2+-requiring) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + O2 = 3-(methylthio)propanoate + CO + formate.


exit of virus from host cell nucleus by nuclear egress

The directed movement of an assembled viral particle out of the host cell nucleus by budding and fusion through the nuclear membranes. In this process, enveloped viral particles are formed by budding through the inner nuclear membrane. These perinuclear enveloped particles then fuse with the outer nuclear membrane to deliver a naked capsid into the host cytoplasm.


positive regulation of lactation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lactation.


indolepyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (indol-3-yl)pyruvate + CoA + oxidized ferredoxin = S-2-(indol-3-yl)acetyl-CoA + CO2 + reduced ferredoxin.


positive regulation of membrane permeability

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by a membrane.


insulin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of insulin.


macrophage migration

The orderly movement of a macrophage from one site to another.


regulation of platelet formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of platelet formation.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxypyridine + O2 + H+ + NADPH = pyridine-3,4-diol + H2O + NADP+.


(S)-cheilanthifoline synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-scoulerine + [reduced NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = (S)-cheilanthifoline + [oxidized NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] + 2 H2O.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-acyl-glycerone 3-phosphate + a long-chain alcohol = 1-alkyl-glycerone 3-phosphate + a long-chain acid anion.


cytoplasmic U snRNP body assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic U snRNP body.


intermediate mesoderm formation

The process that gives rise to the intermediate mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.


7-deoxyloganetic acid glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + 7-deoxyloganetate = H+ + 7-deoxyloganate + UDP.


pyoverdine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the siderochrome pyoverdine.


hydroxylamine reductase (NADH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NH3 + NAD+ + H2O = hydroxylamine + NADH + H+.


L-galactonolactone oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-galactono-1,4-lactone + O2 = L-ascorbate + H2O2 + H+.


toxin export channel activity

Enables the energy independent passage of toxins, sized less than 1000 Da, across a membrane towards the outside of the cell. The transmembrane portions of porins consist exclusively of beta-strands which form a beta-barrel. They are found in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, plastids and possibly acid-fast Gram-positive bacteria.


single-celled organism vegetative growth phase

A phase of population growth during which single celled organisms reproduce by budding, fission, or other asexual methods.


spore-bearing structure development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore-bearing structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A spore-bearing structure is an anatomical structure that produces new spores.


positive regulation of filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms in response to pH

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms in response to pH.


maintenance of DNA trinucleotide repeats

Any process involved in sustaining the fidelity and copy number of DNA trinucleotide repeats. DNA trinucleotide repeats are naturally occurring runs of three base-pairs.


saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, L-lysine-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-saccharopine + H2O + NADP+ = 2-oxoglutarate + L-lysine + H+ + NADPH.


4-AD 9alpha-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 9alpha-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione + H2O.


Catalysis of the reaction: trans-4-(1'-hydroxynaphth-2'-yl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate + H2O = pyruvate + 1-hydroxy-2-naphthaldehyde.


cellular response to glial cell derived neurotrophic factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glial cell derived neurotrophic factor stimulus.


intermediate mesodermal cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an intermediate mesoderm cell.


violaceol I metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving violaceol I.


squalene cyclase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: squalene = triterpene.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-1-guanidino-3-amino-1,3-dideoxy-scyllo-inositol + pyruvate = 1D-1-guanidino-1-deoxy-3-dehydro-scyllo-inositol + L-alanine.


oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + CoA + NADP+ = CO2 + NADPH + succinyl-CoA.


RNA binding

Binding to an RNA molecule or a portion thereof.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-acyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H+ + NADH + O2 = 1-acyl-2-[(S)-12-hydroxyoleoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O + NAD+.


alpha-D-xyloside xylohydrolase

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-D-xylose residues with release of alpha-D-xylose.


cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with cellular fusion

The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during sexual reproduction in order to facilitate direct contact between the compatible mating types in organisms that undergo conjugation cellular fusion.


viral budding from endoplasmic reticulum membrane

A viral budding that starts with formation of a membrane curvature in the host ER membrane.


violaceol II metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving violaceol II.


protein localization to chloroplast

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a chloroplast.