Calcium Gluceptate

The calcium salt of (2xi)-D-gluco-heptonic acid. It is used as a calcium supplement for treatment of hypocalcaemia.


Vasodilation procedure

biolink:Procedure biolink:NamedThing biolink:ActivityAndBehavior biolink:Occurrent biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


RNA catabolic process

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.


positive regulation of protein transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


nuclear speck

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy.


negative regulation of B cell apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.


exocrine pancreas development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the exocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The exocrine pancreas produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells.


positive regulation of protein secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.


negative regulation of mitotic nuclear division

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mitosis. Mitosis is the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother.


Fibrillation

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon


lymphocyte homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


ceramide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid.


dephosphorylation

The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule.


response to decreased oxygen levels

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting a decline in the level of oxygen.


glutathione hydrolase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: glutathione + H2O = L-cysteinylglycine + L-glutamate.


neuron fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.


larynx cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the larynx. The majority are carcinomas.


cytoplasmic stress granule

A dense aggregation in the cytosol composed of proteins and RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress.


myeloid dendritic cell chemotaxis

The movement of a myeloid dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.


Golgi-associated vesicle

Any vesicle associated with the Golgi complex and involved in mediating transport within the Golgi or between the Golgi and other parts of the cell.


cefadroxil

A cephalosporin bearing methyl and  (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.


CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell cytokine production

Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.


regulation of intracellular protein transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.


laminin-1 binding

Binding to laminin-1, a glycoprotein trimer with the subunit composition alpha1, beta1, gamma1.


Gadolinate(2-), (4-carboxy-5,8,11-tris(carboxymethyl)-1-phenyl-2-oxa-5,8,11-triazatridecan-13-oato(5-)-N5,N8,N11,O4,O5,O8,O11,O13)-, dihydrogen, comp. with 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol (1:2)


Arthralgia

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

Joint pain.


lung epithelium development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung epithelium from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung epithelium and ends with the mature structure. The lung epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the inside of the lung.


cellular response to alcohol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus.


ruxolitinib

A pyrazole substituted at position 1 by a 2-cyano-1-cyclopentylethyl group and at position 3 by a pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl group. Used as the phosphate salt for the treatment of patients with intermediate or high-risk myelofibrosis, including primary myelofibrosis, post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis and post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis.


regulation of DNA replication

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.


flavin adenine dinucleotide binding

Binding to FAD, flavin-adenine dinucleotide, the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes, in either the oxidized form, FAD, or the reduced form, FADH2.


double-stranded RNA binding

Binding to double-stranded RNA.


nelfinavir

An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.


synaptic vesicle transport

The directed movement of synaptic vesicles.


D-mannitol

The D-enantiomer of mannitol.


Infestation

Invasion of the body by complex organisms that are typically non-microscopic such as worms and arthropods.


positive regulation of pseudopodium assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia.


nucleoside phosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside phosphate.


U Waves by ECG Finding

An electrocardiographic finding of a small hump following the T wave occurring during the final phase of Purkinje repolarization.


levobupivacaine

The (S)-(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.


pulmonary valve morphogenesis

The process in which the structure of the pulmonary valve is generated and organized.


vitamin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.


cell growth

The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.


regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.


positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.


celecoxib

A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-sulfamoylphenyl, trifluoromethyl and p-tolyl groups, respectively. A cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, it is used in the treatment of arthritis.


zopiclone

A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.


otitis media

Inflammation of the anatomical structures of the middle ear, which is most often caused by an infectious process. Symptoms include erythema and edema of the tympanic membrane, pain, and possibly fever.


cluster of actin-based cell projections

A cell part consisting of multiple, closely packed actin-based cell projections.


fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


phosphatidylinositol phosphate binding

Binding to phosphatidylinositol phosphate.


positive regulation of JUN kinase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.


negative regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition

Any signaling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the cell cycle.


sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by sphingosine-1-phosphate binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


dendritic cell migration

The movement of a dendritic cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


lymphocyte activation

A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


negative regulation of B cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of B cell proliferation.


granulocyte migration

The movement of a granulocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


regulation of transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.


Nocturia

Abnormally increased production of urine during the night leading to an unusually frequent need to urinate.


protein import into peroxisome matrix, translocation

The process in which proteins are moved across the peroxisomal membrane into the matrix. It is likely that the peroxisome targeting sequence receptor remains associated with cargo proteins during translocation.


negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.


response to toxic substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.


metyrapone

An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.


regulation of excretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of excretion, the elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity.


The directed movement of nucleotide-sugars into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Nucleotide-sugars are any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.


Chills

A sudden sensation of feeling cold.


protein deacetylation

The removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.


response to reactive oxygen species

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.


Wnt-Frizzled-LRP5/6 complex

A protein complex containing a secreted Wnt protein associated with its receptor, Frizzled (Fz), and co-receptor low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) or LRP6.


immunoglobulin production involved in immunoglobulin-mediated immune response

The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus during an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.


isoprenoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.


chenodeoxycholic acid

A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.


establishment of synaptic vesicle localization

The directed movement of a synaptic vesicle or vesicles to a specific location.


luteolysis

The lysis or structural demise of the corpus luteum. During normal luteolysis, two closely related events occur. First, there is loss of the capacity to synthesize and secrete progesterone (functional luteolysis) followed by loss of the cells that comprise the corpus luteum (structural luteolysis). Preventing luteolysis is crucial to maintain pregnancy.


proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process

The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein as part of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by individual cells.


retinoid binding

Binding to a retinoid, a class of isoprenoids that contain or are derived from four prenyl groups linked head-to-tail. Retinoids include retinol and retinal and structurally similar natural derivatives or synthetic compounds, but need not have vitamin A activity.


nuclear replisome

A multi-component enzymatic machine at the nuclear replication fork, which mediates DNA replication. Includes DNA primase, one or more DNA polymerases, DNA helicases, and other proteins.


negative regulation of blood vessel morphogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel morphogenesis.


aminoglycan catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.


gated channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a specific stimulus.


positive regulation of cytoskeleton organization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.


pigment granule maturation

Steps required to form a membrane-bounded organelle into a pigment granule containing pigment. Maturation is a developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell or structure to attain its fully functional state.


glycosylceramide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.


citalopram

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer,  escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.


oxalate transport

The directed movement of oxalate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oxalate, or ethanedioic acid, occurs in many plants and is highly toxic to animals.


nucleus organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.


eletriptan

An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.


regulation of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus.


ion channel inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of an ion channel.


dichotomous subdivision of terminal units involved in lung branching

The process in which a lung bud bifurcates.


actin-mediated cell contraction

The actin filament-based process in which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in contraction of all or part of the cell body.


DNA geometric change

The process in which a transformation is induced in the geometry of a DNA double helix, resulting in a change in twist, writhe, or both, but with no change in linking number. Includes the unwinding of double-stranded DNA by helicases.


urethritis

Inflammation of the urethra.


copper ion binding

Binding to a copper (Cu) ion.


negative regulation of glycogen metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.


regulation of exocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.


regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.


diclofenamide

A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.


phosphotransferase activity, phosphate group as acceptor

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to a phosphate group (acceptor).


cardiac rhythm disease

Any variation from the normal rate or rhythm (which may include the origin of the impulse and/or its subsequent propagation) in the heart.


sour taste receptor activity

Combining with soluble sour compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of sour taste.


positive regulation of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus.


vesicle targeting, to, from or within Golgi

The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes during transport to, from or within the Golgi apparatus; mediated by the addition of specific coat proteins, including COPI and COPII proteins and clathrin, to the membrane during vesicle formation.


multiple sclerosis

A progressive autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system resulting in demyelination. Patients develop physical and cognitive impairments that correspond with the affected nerve fibers.


reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen.


Crystamine

A complex cob(III)alamin in which cobalt is positioned in the centre of a planar corrin tetrapyrrole ring and bound axially to a 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole moiety and a cyano group. It is one of several forms of the vitamin known as vitamin B12.


Swelling

Enlargement; expansion in size; sign of inflammation


positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription, elongation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.


positive regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.


cysteine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.


purine-containing compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.


ovulation cycle

The type of sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.


citrate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate. Citrate is widely distributed in nature and is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.


90S preribosome

A large ribonucleoprotein complex considered to be the earliest preribosomal complex. In S. cerevisiae, it has a size of 90S and consists of the 35S pre-rRNA, early-associating ribosomal proteins most of which are part of the small ribosomal subunit, the U3 snoRNA and associated proteins.


early endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an early endosome.


telbivudine

A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside that is the L-enantiomer of thymine. A synthetic thymidine nucleoside analogue with activity against HBV DNA polymerase.


RNA modification

The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule to produce an RNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.


tumor necrosis factor receptor binding

Binding to a tumor necrosis factor receptor.


regulation of actin filament bundle assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.


cellular response to superoxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a superoxide stimulus. Superoxide is the anion, oxygen-, formed by addition of one electron to dioxygen (O2) or any compound containing the superoxide anion.


dicarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of dicarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A dicarboxylic acid is an organic acid with two COOH groups.


6-aminohexanoic acid

An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.


stem cell division

The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types.


phosphotransferase activity, alcohol group as acceptor

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to an alcohol group (acceptor).


endosome to lysosome transport

The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes.


protein export from nucleus

The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.


negative regulation of catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.


cardiac muscle cell action potential

An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell.


Joint stiffness

Joint stiffness is a perceived sensation of tightness in a joint or joints when attempting to move them after a period of inactivity. Joint stiffness typically subsides over time.


regulation of superoxide anion generation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell.


negative regulation of leukocyte activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.


regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle phase transition.


regulation of enamel mineralization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of enamel mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth enamel.


negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.


negative regulation of motor neuron apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process.


oxaprozin

A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is  non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.


ribose phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ribose phosphate, any phosphorylated ribose sugar.


regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle.


cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane

The leaflet the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.


cerebral cortex tangential migration

The migration of cells in the cerebral cortex in which cells move orthogonally to the direction of radial migration and do not use radial glial cell processes as substrates for migration.


regulation of cell-cell adhesion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell.


calcium-dependent cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism using a cysteine residue at the enzyme active center, and requiring the presence of calcium.


cytoplasmic sequestering of protein

The selective interaction of a protein with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its transport into other areas of the cell.


DNA-templated transcription initiation

The initial step of transcription, consisting of the assembly of the RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at a gene promoter, as well as the formation of the first few bonds of the RNA transcript. Transcription initiation includes abortive initiation events, which occur when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released, and ends when promoter clearance takes place.


GTP-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein or protein complex when at least one of the interacting partners is in the GTP-bound state.


convergent extension

The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis.


positive regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis

Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.


4-hydroxybutyric acid

A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.


Leg Cramp

An involuntary contraction of a muscle supporting the femur.


low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling

The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters from LDL to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride to LDL.


internal carotid artery

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A terminal branch of the left or right common carotid artery which supplies oxygenated blood to the brain and eyes[MP].


acrosome reaction

The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following the sperm's attachment to the zona pellucida of the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the exocytosis of the acrosomal contents into the zona pellucida.


manus

Distal segment of the fore limb, including carpal region, metacarpal region and digits.


regulation of hormone levels

Any process that modulates the levels of hormone within an organism or a tissue. A hormone is any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action.


Vasovagal syncope

A condition in which neurally-mediated syncope occurs due to a specific circumstance, such as micturition, defecation, coughing, or traction of the hair. (ACC/AHA)


5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid

A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.


positive regulation of monoatomic anion transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anion transport.


regulation of fibrinolysis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots.


regulation of lipoprotein oxidation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipoprotein oxidation.


positive regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle

Any signaling pathway that increases or activates a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.


regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.


melphalan

A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.


dermatitis, atopic

Atopic dermatitis (AD) or atopic eczema is an itchy, inflammatory skin condition with a predilection for the skin flexures. It is characterized by poorly defined erythema with edema, vesicles, and weeping in the acute stage and skin thickening (lichenification) in the chronic stage.


regulation of cell size

Any process that modulates the size of a cell.


Golgi stack

The set of thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments, called cisternae, that form the central portion of the Golgi complex. The stack usually comprises cis, medial, and trans cisternae; the cis- and trans-Golgi networks are not considered part of the stack.


intervertebral disk degenerative disorder

Any disease of a degenerative nature that affects the intervertebral disk.


proteasome core complex

A multisubunit barrel shaped endoprotease complex, which is the core of the proteasome complex.


positive regulation of phospholipase activity

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.


plasma lipoprotein particle organization

A protein-lipid complex subunit organization process that results in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a plasma lipoprotein particle. A plasma lipoprotein particle is a spherical particle with a hydrophobic core of triglycerides and/or cholesterol esters, surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol and apolipoproteins.


electron transfer activity

A molecular function representing the directed movement of electrons from one molecular entity to another, typically mediated by electron carriers or acceptors, resulting in the transfer of energy and/or the reduction-oxidation (redox) transformation of chemical species. This activity is fundamental to various biological processes, including cellular respiration and photosynthesis, as well as numerous enzymatic reactions involved in metabolic pathways.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of an intracellular signal (e.g. DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress etc.), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. The intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway is crucially regulated by permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOMP).


terpenoid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure and including derivatives with various functional groups.


regulation of actin filament depolymerization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the disassembly of actin filaments by the removal of actin monomers from a filament.


pyrimidine nucleoside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


peptidyl-serine phosphorylation

The phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine.


proton motive force-driven ATP synthesis

The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis.


mesonephric tubule development

The progression of a mesonephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros.


digestive tract development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.


response to tumor necrosis factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus.


positive regulation of exit from mitosis

Any process that activates or increases the rate of progression from anaphase/telophase (high mitotic CDK activity) to G1 (low mitotic CDK activity).


regulation of protein localization to cell surface

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to the cell surface.


regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling.


mitochondrial DNA repair

The process of restoring mitochondrial DNA after damage.


heart valve development

The progression of a heart valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A heart valve is a structure that restricts the flow of blood to different regions of the heart and forms from an endocardial cushion.


ornithine decarboxylase activator activity

Binds to and increases ornithine decarboxylase activity.


monocarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of monocarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A monocarboxylic acid is an organic acid with one COOH group.


potassium ion transport

The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


establishment of organelle localization

The directed movement of an organelle to a specific location.


positive regulation of substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate.


ritonavir

An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.


positive regulation of macrophage activation

Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of macrophage activation.


regulation of gliogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.


agraphia

An acquired writing disorder causing a loss in the ability to communicate through writing, either due to some motor dysfunction or the inability to spell.


neutrophil chemotaxis

The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.


A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.


calmodulin binding

Binding to calmodulin, a calcium-binding protein with many roles, both in the calcium-bound and calcium-free states.


lupus erythematosus

An autoimmune, connective tissue chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, heart, and the peripheral blood cells. It is more commonly seen in women than men. Variants include discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus.


mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone

The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation.


carpal region

A mesopodium that is part of a manus. Includes as parts the carpal skeleton and associated tissues[cjm]. The anatomical region surrounding the carpus including the distal parts of the bones of the forearm and the proximal parts of the metacarpus or five metacarpal bones and the series of joints between these bones, thus referred to as wrist joints. This region also includes the carpal tunnel, the anatomical snuff box, the flexor retinaculum, and the extensor retinaculum[WP,unvetted].


nuclear matrix

The dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane.


nucleosome

A complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures.


peptide secretion

The controlled release of a peptide from a cell or a tissue.


positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.


naltrexone

An  organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.


positive regulation of stress fiber assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts.


sarcoplasm

The cytoplasm of a muscle cell; includes the sarcoplasmic reticulum.


norethisterone

A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.


response to xenobiotic stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


regulation of synapse assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.


ubiquitin-like protein ligase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like protein (ULP) to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ULP + S = X + S-ULP, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ULP linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ULP linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ULP and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.


glutamine family amino acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.


negative regulation of JUN kinase activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.


negative regulation of hemopoiesis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.


C21-steroid hormone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.


calcium-activated cation channel activity

Enables the calcium concentration-regulatable energy-independent passage of cations across a lipid bilayer down a concentration gradient.


translational initiation

The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.


A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.


obsessive-compulsive disorder

A disorder characterized by the presence of persistent and recurrent irrational thoughts (obsessions), resulting in marked anxiety and repetitive excessive behaviors (compulsions) as a way to try to decrease that anxiety.


regulation of cellular component size

A process that modulates the size of a cellular component.


travoprost

The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.


scotoma

A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of eye diseases (e.g., retinal diseases and glaucoma); optic nerve diseases, and other conditions.


regorafenib

A pyridinecarboxamide obtained by condensation of 4-[4-({[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}amino)-3-fluorophenoxy]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid with methylamine. Used for for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer in patients who have previously received chemotherapy, anti-EGFR or anti-VEGF therapy.


ulcer disease

A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.


regulation of mitotic cell cycle

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle.


response to magnesium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a magnesium ion stimulus.


cyclic-nucleotide-mediated signaling

An intracellular signaling cassette that starts with production or release of the cyclic nucleotide, and ends with the activation of downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.


protein-hormone receptor activity

Combining with a protein hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.


synaptic receptor adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that provides a physical support bridging a synaptic signaling receptor and a downstream signaling molecule.


paralytic ileus

An ileus caused by abdominal or pelvic surgery, infections, disorders that affect the muscles and nerves, and medications. Signs and symptoms include those of intestinal obstruction.


spindle pole

Either of the ends of a spindle, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules.


DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that activates or increases transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II.


positive regulation of proteoglycan biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.


papilloma

A benign epithelial neoplasm that projects above the surrounding epithelial surface and consists of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma.


pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine deoxynucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


alpha-methyl-L-dopa

A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.


organophosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the biosynthesis of deoxyribose phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 2-deoxy-erythro-pentose.


pre-miRNA processing

A process involved in the conversion of a pre-microRNA transcript into a mature microRNA molecule.


synaptic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a synaptic vesicle.


serine hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a substrate by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).


positive regulation of JNK cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.


nephric duct morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephric duct are generated and organized. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.


receptor signaling pathway via STAT

An intracellular signal transduction process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The STAT cascade begins with receptor activation followed by activation of STAT proteins by kinases. It proceeds through STA dimerization and subsequent nuclear translocation of STAT proteins, and ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins.


progressive external ophthalmoplegia

A mitochondrial myopathy characterized by slowly progressive paralysis of the levator palpebrae, orbicularis oculi, and extraocular muscles. Ragged-red fibers and atrophy are found on muscle biopsy. Familial and sporadic forms may occur. Disease onset is usually in the first or second decade of life, and the illness slowly progresses until usually all ocular motility is lost. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1422)


clathrin binding

Binding to a clathrin heavy or light chain, the main components of the coat of coated vesicles and coated pits, and which also occurs in synaptic vesicles.


VCP-NPL4-UFD1 AAA ATPase complex

A multiprotein ATPase complex required for the efficient dislocation of ER-lumenal degradation substrates, and their subsequent proteolysis by the proteasome. In budding yeast, this complex includes Cdc48p, Npl4p and Ufd1p proteins. In mammals, this complex includes a hexamer of VCP/p97 (a cytosolic ATPase) and trimers of each of its cofactors UFD1L and NPL4 (NPLOC4) (e.g. a 6:3:3 stoichiometry).


regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.


alpha-linolenic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving alpha-linolenic acid, an unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid that has the molecular formula C18H32O2.


guanyl ribonucleotide binding

Binding to a guanyl ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of guanosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.


cGMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.


hormone activity

The action characteristic of a hormone, any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. The term was originally applied to agents with a stimulatory physiological action in vertebrate animals (as opposed to a chalone, which has a depressant action). Usage is now extended to regulatory compounds in lower animals and plants, and to synthetic substances having comparable effects; all bind receptors and trigger some biological process.


regulation of cell junction assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.


positive regulation of secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.


lipid transport

The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.


phagocytosis, recognition

The initial step in phagocytosis involving adhesion to bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter, or an apoptotic cell and based on recognition of factors such as bacterial cell wall components, opsonins like complement and antibody or protein receptors and lipids like phosphatidyl serine, and leading to intracellular signaling in the phagocytosing cell.


complement activation, alternative pathway

Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes.


organic acid transport

The directed movement of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


glycoside metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosides, compounds in which a glycosyl group is substituted into a hydroxyl, thiol or selenol group in another compound.


regulation of membrane permeability

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by a membrane.


steroid dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which one substrate is a sterol derivative.


rDNA heterochromatin formation

The formation of heterochromatin at ribosomal DNA, characterized by the modified histone H3K9me3.


axon development

The progression of an axon over time. Covers axonogenesis (de novo generation of an axon) and axon regeneration (regrowth), as well as processes pertaining to the progression of the axon over time (fasciculation and defasciculation).


amitriptyline

An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.


(R)-adrenaline

The R-enantiomer of adrenaline. It is a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands resulting in the 'fight-or-flight' response.


Hallucinations

Perceptions in a conscious and awake state that, in the absence of external stimuli, have qualities of real perception. These perceptions are vivid, substantial, and located in external objective space.


regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.


cellular response to light stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.


positive regulation of phagocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.


detection of chemical stimulus

The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine.


bacterial urinary tract infection

A bacterial infectious process affecting any part of the urinary tract, most commonly the bladder and the urethra. Symptoms include urinary urgency and frequency, burning sensation during urination, lower abdominal discomfort, and cloudy urine.


negative regulation of protein import

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein import.


desipramine

A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.


vacuolar lumen

The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane.


imiquimod

An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.


vulvar disease

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the vulva. Representative examples include infection, Bartholin gland adenoma, and vulvar carcinoma.


transferrin receptor binding

Binding to a transferrin receptor.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from one donor, and molecular oxygen is incorporated into a donor.


flucloxacillin

A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.


positive regulation of MAP kinase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.


regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.


miconazole

A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.


adrenergic receptor activity

Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


positive regulation of protein binding

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.


transmembrane receptor protein phosphatase activity

Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate.


Decreased Forced Expiratory Volume

A decrease in the fraction of the forced vital capacity that is exhaled in a specific number of seconds.


regulation of growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development.


CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.


gingival overgrowth

Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (gingival hypertrophy) or by an increase in their number (gingival hyperplasia). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)


negative regulation of fertilization

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).


calcium-ion regulated exocytosis

The release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell, induced by a rise in cytosolic calcium-ion levels.


nuclear polyadenylation-dependent tRNA catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways occurring in the nucleus and resulting in the breakdown of an aberrant or incorrectly modified transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end the target tRNA.


boceprevir

A synthetic tripeptide consisting of N-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)-3-methyl-L-valyl, a cyclopropyl-fused prolyl and 3-amino-4-cyclobutyl-2-oxobutanamide residues joined in sequence. Used for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection.


cheilitis

An inflammatory process affecting the lip.


exocytosis

A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle. Exocytosis can occur either by full fusion, when the vesicle collapses into the plasma membrane, or by a kiss-and-run mechanism that involves the formation of a transient contact, a pore, between a granule (for exemple of chromaffin cells) and the plasma membrane. The latter process most of the time leads to only partial secretion of the granule content. Exocytosis begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when molecules are secreted from the cell.


tRNA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving tRNA, transfer RNA, a class of relatively small RNA molecules responsible for mediating the insertion of amino acids into the sequence of nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis. Transfer RNA is characterized by the presence of many unusual minor bases, the function of which has not been completely established.


urethral disorder

A disease involving the urethra.


biological process involved in intraspecies interaction between organisms

Any process in which an organism has an effect on an organism of the same species.


sensory perception of pain

The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances. This is a neurological process.


ventricular tachycardia

A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of three or more consecutive complexes of ventricular origin with a rate greater than a certain threshold (100 or 120 beats per minute are commonly used). The QRS complexes are wide and have an abnormal morphology. (CDISC)


chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a chemokine receptor.


leukocyte migration

The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


tenofovir disoproxil

An organic phosphonate that is the disoproxil ester of tenofovir. A prodrug for tenofovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, tenofovir disoproxil is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.


modified amino acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of modified amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other.


double-strand break repair via homologous recombination

The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule.


calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity

Calmodulin-dependent catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; and ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.


negative regulation of zinc ion transmembrane transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of zinc ions (Zn2+) from one side of a membrane to the other.


oxycodone

A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine.  It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.


embryonic placenta development

The embryonically driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.


snRNA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving snRNA, small nuclear RNA, any of various low-molecular-mass RNA molecules found in the eukaryotic nucleus as components of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein.


establishment of vesicle localization

The directed movement of a vesicle to a specific location.


Opportunistic infection

An infection that is caused by a pathogen that would generally not be able to cause an infection in a host with a normal immune system. Such pathogens take advantage of the opportunity, so to speak, that is provided by a weakened immune system.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-8 binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


regulation of dendritic spine morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.


ketoconazole

A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-ketoconazole.


Elevated circulating aspartate aminotransferase concentration

An abnormally high concentration in the circulation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST).


nephron morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephron are generated and organized. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.


alpha-beta T cell activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


enzyme activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of an enzyme.


NADP binding

Binding to nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; binding may be to either the oxidized form, NADP+, or the reduced form, NADPH.


sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a sulfate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to the hydroxyl group of an acceptor, producing the sulfated derivative and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate.


phenylephrine

A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.


peptidyl-glutamic acid carboxylation

The gamma-carboxylation of peptidyl-glutamic acid; catalyzed by the vitamin K dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylase.


acetyl-CoA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated; it is a metabolite derived from several pathways (e.g. glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino-acid catabolism) and is further metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is a key intermediate in lipid and terpenoid biosynthesis.


chondroitin sulfate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate. They usually occur linked to a protein to form proteoglycans. Two subgroups exist, one in which the sulfate is on the 4-position (chondroitin sulfate A) and the second in which it is in the 6-position (chondroitin sulfate C). They often are polydisperse and often differ in the degree of sulfation from tissue to tissue. The chains of repeating disaccharide are covalently linked to the side chains of serine residues in the polypeptide backbone of a protein by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide unit galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl. Chondroitin sulfate B is more usually known as dermatan sulfate.


Visual loss

Loss of visual acuity (implying that vision was better at a certain time point in life). Otherwise the term reduced visual acuity should be used (or a subclass of that).


ventral spinal cord interneuron differentiation

The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of ventral spinal cord interneurons. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


endosomal transport

The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.


cellular response to biotic stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism.


secretory granule lumen

The volume enclosed by the membrane of a secretory granule.


An aromatic amine that is pyridine bearing a single amino substituent at position 4. An orphan drug in the US, it is used to improve walking in adults with multiple sclerosis.


regulation of interleukin-12 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production.


spinal cord disorder

A disease involving the spinal cord.


growth factor receptor binding

Binding to a growth factor receptor.


acyl-CoA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group.


neutrophil mediated immunity

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a neutrophil.


cellular process involved in reproduction in multicellular organism

A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a multicellular organism.


apical plasma membrane

The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell.


maintenance of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum

Any process in which a protein is maintained in the endoplasmic reticulum and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration within the endoplasmic reticulum, protein stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that escape the endoplasmic reticulum.


salivary gland morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the salivary gland are generated and organized.


fosfomycin

A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.


regulation of type III interferon production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type III interferon production. Interferon lambda is the only member of the type III interferon found so far.


muscle organ morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle are generated and organized.


7-methylguanosine RNA capping

The sequence of enzymatic reactions by which the 5' cap structure, an inverted 7-methylguanosine linked via a 5'-5' triphosphate bridge (m7G(5')ppp(5')X) to the first transcribed residue, is added to a nascent transcript.


regulation of cellular response to drug

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to drug.


endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endosome.


positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide.


Hepatotoxicity

Toxicity that impairs or damages the liver.


xenophagy

The selective degradation of intracellular pathogen or some part of an intracellular pathogen (e.g. viral capsid) by macroautophagy.


paranode region of axon

An axon part that is located adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier and surrounded by lateral loop portions of myelin sheath.


regulation of endocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.


regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.


Hyperkalemia

An abnormally increased potassium concentration in the blood.


dicarboxylic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).


positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.


thioridazine

A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.


G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation or inhibition of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide.


epinastine

A benzazepine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine in which the azepine ring is fused to the e side of 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine.


serine-tRNA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-serine + tRNA(Ser) = AMP + diphosphate + L-seryl-tRNA(Ser).


trabecular meshwork development

The progression of the trabecular meshwork over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trabecular meshwork is a fenestrated endothelial-like tissue situated at the intersection of the cornea and the iris. The trabecular meshwork provides drainage for the aqueous humor.


fluorometholone

A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.


glycolipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolipids, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide). Some substances classified as bacterial glycolipids have the sugar group acylated by one or more fatty acids and the glycerol group may be absent.


aromatic amino acid family catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).


regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport.


regulation of protein oligomerization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization.


regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport.


nortriptyline

An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of  amitriptyline.


negative regulation of signal transduction in absence of ligand

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction in absence of ligand.


regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.


nuclear retinoic acid receptor binding

Binding to a nuclear retinoic acid receptor, a ligand-regulated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily.


response to increased oxygen levels

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting an increase in the level of oxygen.


leukocyte aggregation

The adhesion of one leukocyte to one or more other leukocytes via adhesion molecules.


erectile dysfunction

Persistent or recurrent inability to achieve or to maintain an erection during sexual activity.


Abdominal distention

Distention of the abdomen.


hepaticobiliary system development

The progression of the hepaticobiliary system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins.


organelle subcompartment

A compartment that consists of a lumen and an enclosing membrane, and is part of an organelle.


maintenance of protein location

Any process in which a protein is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration, stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that do move away.


regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nitric-oxide synthase enzyme.


protein processing

Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. Protein maturation is the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.


synaptic vesicle docking

The initial (indirect) attachment of a synaptic vesicle membrane to the presynaptic active zone membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane and proteins of the presynaptic active zone cytoplasmic component. Synaptic vesicle tethering is the first step in this process.


muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell.


adult locomotory behavior

Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.


estrone 3-sulfate

A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfate of estrone.


dementia

Loss of intellectual abilities interfering with an individual's social and occupational functions. Causes include Alzheimer's disease, brain injuries, brain tumors, and vascular disorders.


defense response to virus

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a virus that act to protect the cell or organism.


negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription, elongation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.


Substance-induced psychotic disorder

A psychotic disorder characterized by prominent hallucinations or delusions that have been determined to be etiologically linked to substance use, intoxication or withdrawal.


positive regulation of cation transmembrane transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport.


startle response

An action or movement due to the application of a sudden unexpected stimulus.


bone trabecula formation

The process of creating a trabecula in the bone. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.


regulation of protein export from nucleus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.


hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in linear amidines

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a linear amidine, a compound of the form R-C(=NH)-NH2.


fomepizole

A member of the class of  pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.


monoatomic ion channel activity

Enables the facilitated diffusion of a monoatomic ion (by an energy-independent process) by passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism. May be either selective (it enables passage of a specific ion only) or non-selective (it enables passage of two or more ions of same charge but different size).


response to ethanol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.


purine ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


regulation of testosterone biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone biosynthetic process.


regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction

Any process that modulates the canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade.


modulation of process of another organism

The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of another organism.


RNAi effector complex

Any protein complex that mediates the effects of small interfering RNAs on gene expression. Most known examples contain one or more members of the Argonaute family of proteins.


positive regulation of cytokine production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of production of a cytokine.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP.


thymus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thymus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thymus is a symmetric bi-lobed organ involved primarily in the differentiation of immature to mature T cells, with unique vascular, nervous, epithelial, and lymphoid cell components.


regulation of sphingolipid biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).


crizotinib

A  3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)


Drug-Induced Liver Disease

Damage to the liver tissue due to drug overdose.


regulation of chromosome segregation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.


Onychomadesis

Complete shedding (separation) of the nail from the proximal matrix. Onychomadesis is the proximal separation of the nail plate from the nail matrix due to a temporary cessation of nail growth.


The nucleotide-excision repair process that carries out preferential repair of DNA lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex. In addition, the transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair pathway is required for the recognition and repair of a small subset of lesions that are not recognized by the global genome nucleotide excision repair pathway.


regulation of interleukin-1 beta production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.


enteritis

Inflammation of the small intestine.


antigen processing and presentation of exogenous antigen

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.


skeletal muscle satellite cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a satellite cell.


regulation of cellular response to heat

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to heat.


positive regulation of calcium-mediated signaling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling.


oligodendrocyte cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an oligodendrocyte in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


HULC complex

A ubiquitin ligase complex that contains two RING finger proteins, which have ubiquitin ligase activity, in addition to a protein with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme activity; catalyzes the ubiquitination of histone H2B at lysine 119 (or the equivalent residue). In Schizosaccharomyces the subunits are Rhp6, Shf1, Brl2/Rfp1 and Brl1/Rfp2.


carvedilol

A member of the class of carbazoles that is an adrenergic antagonist with non-selective beta- and alpha-1 receptor blocking properties which helps in the management of congestive heart failure.


Labile affect

Emotional instability characterized by rapid and dramatic mood swings. (ACC/AHA)


positive regulation of interleukin-6 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.


allergic rhinitis

Inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes caused by an IgE-mediated response to external allergens. The inflammation may also involve the mucous membranes of the sinuses, eyes, middle ear, and pharynx. Symptoms include sneezing, nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, and itching. It may lead to fatigue, drowsiness, and malaise thus causing impairment of the quality of life.


succinate dehydrogenase complex (ubiquinone)

The enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of succinate and ubiquinone to fumarate and ubiquinol; involved in aerobic respiration, repressed in anaerobic respiration.


methoxsalen

A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.


negative regulation of endocytosis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.


internal peptidyl-lysine acetylation

The addition of an acetyl group to a non-terminal lysine residue in a protein.


Skin erosion

A discontinuity of the skin exhibiting incomplete loss of the epidermis, a lesion that is moist, circumscribed, and usually depressed.


long-chain fatty acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a long-chain fatty acid. A long-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing 13 to 22 carbons.


riboflavin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of riboflavin from one side of a membrane to the other. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin, converted in the cell to FMN and FAD, cofactors required for the function of flavoproteins.


collagen metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).


thyroid cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the thyroid gland


tolerance induction

A process that directly activates any of the steps required for tolerance, a physiologic state in which the immune system does not react destructively against the components of an organism that harbors it or against antigens that are introduced to it.


Wheezing

A high-pitched whistling sound associated with labored breathing.


vaginal discharge

Normal or abnormal secretions from the vagina. Mucus produced by the cervical glands is discharged from the vagina naturally, especially during the childbearing years. Causes of abnormal vaginal discharge include infectious agents (e.g., Neisseria gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas, and Candida albicans), the presence of foreign bodies, and cervical or vaginal cancer.


intracellular cGMP-activated cation channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when intracellular cGMP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


aminoacyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an amino-acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


cellular response to lipid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus.


regulation of nucleoside metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleosides.


Stridor

Stridor is a high pitched sound resulting from turbulent air flow in the upper airway.


positive regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.


toll-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor of a target cell. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.


endonuclease activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by creating internal breaks.


negative regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.


extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane

The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its cytoplasmic surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


very-low-density lipoprotein particle

A triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle that is typically composed of APOB100, APOE and APOCs and has a density of about 1.006 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-80 nm. It is found in blood and transports endogenous products (newly synthesized cholesterol and triglycerides) from the liver.


regulation of cholesterol metabolic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.


regulation of stem cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.


nucleosome binding

Binding to a nucleosome, a complex comprised of DNA wound around a multisubunit core and associated proteins, which forms the primary packing unit of DNA into higher order structures.


blastoderm segmentation

The hierarchical steps resulting in the progressive subdivision of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo.


regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.


neuron spine

A small membranous protrusion, often ending in a bulbous head and attached to the neuron by a narrow stalk or neck.


NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + ubiquinone + 5 H+(in) = NAD+ + ubiquinol + 4 H+(out).


mupirocin

An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.


bronchial disorder

A disease involving the bronchus.


negative regulation of muscle organ development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development.


regulation of saliva secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva from a cell or a tissue.


ligase activity

Catalysis of the joining of two molecules, or two groups within a single molecule, using the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP, a similar triphosphate, or a pH gradient.


metalloendopeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.


chlorphenamine

A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.


positive regulation of stem cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.


substantia nigra development

The progression of the substantia nigra over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The substantia nigra is the layer of gray substance that separates the posterior parts of the cerebral peduncles (tegmentum mesencephali) from the anterior parts; it normally includes a posterior compact part with many pigmented cells (pars compacta) and an anterior reticular part whose cells contain little pigment (pars reticularis).


striated muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope.


potassium channel complex

An ion channel complex through which potassium ions pass.


ticlopidine

A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.


L-aspartate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-aspartate from one side of a membrane to the other. L-aspartate is the anion derived from aspartic acid.


negative regulation of amide metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.


fructose 6-phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 6-phosphate, also known as F6P. The D-enantiomer is an important intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fructose metabolism.


phospholipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phospholipid, a lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


Suicidal ideation

Frequent thoughts about or preoccupation with killing oneself.


cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase.


female mating behavior

The specific behavior of a female organism that is associated with reproduction.


Pollakisuria

Increased frequency of urination.


positive regulation of microtubule polymerization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.


cellular response to oxidative stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.


late endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a late endosome.


Supraventricular tachycardia

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is an abnormally increased heart rate (over 100 beats per minute at rest) with origin above the level of the ventricles.


ciliary tip

Part of the cilium where the axoneme ends. The ciliary tip has been implicated in ciliary assembly and disassembly, as well as signal transduction.


regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA processing body assembly

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.


systemic sclerosis

A chronic disorder, possibly autoimmune, marked by excessive production of collagen which results in hardening and thickening of body tissues. The two types of systemic scleroderma, limited cutaneous and diffuse cutaneous are classified with focus on the extent of affected skin. A relationship exists between the extent of skin area affected and degree of internal organ/system involvement. Systemic scleroderma can manifest itself in pulmonary fibrosis, Raynaud's syndrome, digestive system telangiectasias, renal hypertension and/or pulmonary hypertension.