pericardial nephrocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a pericardial nephrocyte. A pericardial nephrocyte is an insect renal cell that filters hemolymph and is found with other pericardial nephrocytes in two rows flanking the dorsal vessel. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.


biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: glucosaminyl-phosphatidylinositol + fatty acyl-CoA = glucosaminyl-acyl-phasphotidylinositol + CoA.


phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate biosynthetic process

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate.


negative regulation of aorta morphogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aorta morphogenesis.


Spotty hyperpigmentation

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon


positive regulation of pseudohyphal growth by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pseudohyphal growth by activating or increasing the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.


positive regulation of pseudohyphal growth

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pseudohyphal growth.


smooth muscle endomysium

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Reticular tissue which surrounds a smooth muscle cell.


dense deposit disease

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

Dense deposit disease, a histological subtype of MPGN is an idiopathic chronic progressive kidney disorder distinguished by the presence of intra-membranous dense deposits in addition to immune complex subendothelial deposits in the glomerular capillary walls. This form often has a higher recurrence rate after a kidney transplant and is associated with extra-renal manifestations such as familial drusen.


Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Type 3 (AQ)

Glomerulonephritis similar in appearance under light microscopy to membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) I, but with subepithelial or transmembranous and subendothelial deposits on electron microscopy.


Glomerulonephritis characterized by mesangial proliferation, endocapillary proliferation, and glomerular capillary wall remodeling with immune complex deposits from classical complement pathway activation.


Locally Advanced Lung Small Cell Carcinoma

Lung small cell carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


large B-cell diffuse lymphoma of lacrimal gland

A diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that arises from the lacrimal gland.


tolerance induction in nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue

Tolerance induction taking place in the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT).


intellectual disability, autosomal dominant 39

Any autosomal dominant non-syndromic intellectual disability in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the MYT1L gene.


positive regulation of maltose transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of maltose transport.


16alpha-hydroxy steroid

A 16-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 16 has alpha-configuration.


dextrocardia

A rare congenital abnormality in which the heart is located in the right side of the chest. It is associated with other congenital heart defects.


(R)-(+)-sulpiride

An optically active form of sulpiride having (R)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride.


(S)-(-)-sulpiride

An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).


organic anion

Any organic ion with a net negative charge.


aldonate

A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of an aldonic acid.


pyridoxal 5'-phosphate(2-)

The dianion resulting from the removal of two protons from the phosphate group of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.


salicylates

Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.


pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate(1-)

An organophosphate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate.


carbamate

Any ester of carbamic acid or its N-substituted derivatives.


monocarboxylic acid anion

A carboxylic acid anion formed when the carboxy group of a monocarboxylic acid is deprotonated.


carboxylic acid anion

The conjugate base formed when the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid is deprotonated.


thiamine(1+) triphosphate(4-)

Trianion of thiamine(1+) diphosphate arising from deprotonation of the four OH groups of the triphosphate.


pyridoxine 5'-phosphate(2-)

Dianion of pyridoxine 5'-phosphate.


thiamine(1+) diphosphate(3-)

Dianion of thiamine(1+) diphosphate arising from deprotonation of the three OH groups of the diphosphate.


A pyridoxate that is the conjugate base of 4-pyridoxic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.


thiamine(1+) monophosphate(2-)

An organophosphate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of thiamine(1+) monophosphate(1-), arising from the deprotonation of the phosphate group. Major microspecies at pH 7.3.


negative regulation of postsynaptic membrane organization

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of postsynaptic membrane organization.


negative regulation of AMPA glutamate receptor clustering

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of AMPA glutamate receptor clustering.


positive regulation of AMPA glutamate receptor clustering

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of AMPA glutamate receptor clustering.


positive regulation of cellular alcohol catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular alcohol catabolic process.


positive regulation of ethanol catabolic process by positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter and activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an ethanol catabolic process.


positive regulation of ethanol catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ethanol catabolic process.


peripheral B cell receptor editing

The process that takes place mainly in germinal center B cells in which a large number of mutations are generated in the heavy chain and light chain V-region genes and their immediately surrounding introns in order to increase antibody diversity and contribute to affinity maturation.


isotype switching to IgE isotypes

The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to IgE biosynthesis, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and IgE constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.


immunoglobulin heavy chain V-D-J recombination

The process in which immunoglobulin heavy chain V, D, and J gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS).


isotype switching to IgG isotypes

The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of an IgG isotype, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and one of the IgG constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.


central B cell receptor editing

Receptor editing occurring in B cells in the bone marrow.


interleukin-4-dependent isotype switching to IgE isotypes

The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to IgE biosynthesis, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and IgE constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus, that is dependent on the activity of interleukin 4 (IL-4).


isotype switching to IgA isotypes

The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of an IgA isotype, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and one of the IgA constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.


B cell receptor editing

The process of replacing receptors on B cells, in which RAG gene expression allows continued light-chain gene rearrangement and expression of a new light change which combines with the previous heavy chain to form a new receptor.


immunoglobulin light chain V-J recombination

The process in which immunoglobulin light chain V and J gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS).


isotype switching to IgD isotypes

The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to IgD biosynthesis, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and IgD constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.


bone marrow disorder

Any disease of the bone marrow.


Bone marrow vacuolated lymphocytes

The presence of lymphocytes with multilple vacuoles (a membrane-bound cell organelle) in the bone marrow.


Megakaryocyte dysplasia

The presence of micro-megakaryocytes, hypo-lobed, or non-lobed nuclei in megakaryocytes of all sizes and multiple, widely-separated nuclei.


Increased megakaryocyte colony forming unit count

Increased numbers of megakryocyte precursors (megakaryocyte colony forming units) in the bone marrow.


Abnormal granulocytopoietic cell morphology

An anomaly of cells involved in the formation of a granulocytes, that is, of the granulocytopoietic cell.


Abnormality of multiple cell lineages in the bone marrow


Myeloid maturation arrest

Chornic neutropenia arising from an impaired proliferation and maturation of myeloid progenitor cells in the bone marrow.


Bone marrow eosinophilia

Count of eosinophils in the bone marrow above the upper limit of normal.


Myelokathexis

Impaired egress of mature neutrophils from bone marrow causing neutropenia.


Megaloblastic bone marrow

Abnormal increased number of megaloblasts in the bone marrow.


Bone marrow hypocellularity

A reduced number of hematopoietic cells present in the bone marrow relative to marrow fat.


Bone marrow arrest at the promyelocytic stage

A type of bone marrow maturation arrest characterized by accumulation of neutrophil precursor cells in the bone marrow.


Increased megakaryocyte count

Increased megakaryocyte number, i.e., of platelet precursor cells, present in the bone marrow.


Granulocytic hypoplasia

Decreased number of granulocyte precursors in the bone marrow.


Increased micromegakaryocyte count

The presence of abnormally high numbers of micromegakaryocytes in the bone marrow. Micromegakaryocytes are mononuclear diploid cells, with a nucleus similar in size to that of a myeloblast or promyelocyte with the cell being less than 30 micrometers in diameter.


Bone marrow granuloma

A granuloma (a focal aggregate of immune cells that forms in response to a persistent inflammatory stimulus) localiyed to the bone marrow. A granuloma characteristically demonstrates the compact organization of mature macrophages, which may or may not be associated with other inflammatory cell types.


Megakaryocyte nucleus hypolobulation

The presence of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow whose nuclei are less lobulated than expected for the size of the nucleus.


Bone marrow maturation arrest

Interruption of the procecss of diffferentiation of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow, manifested by an increased proportion of immature cells in the bone marrow.


Abnormal megakaryocyte morphology

Any structural anomaly of megakaryocytes. Mature blood platelets are released from the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes, which are bone-marrow resident cells.


Abnormality of bone marrow stromal cells


Reduced bone-marrow pro-B cell count

A reduction in the numbers of pro-B cells (defined by coexpression of CD34 and CD19). Earlier B-cell precursors are defined by expressing surface CD34 and cytoplasmic TdT in the absence of CD19.


Megakaryocyte nucleus hyperlobulation

The presence of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow whose nuclei are more lobulated than expected for the size of the nucleus.


Abnormal number of granulocyte precursors


Bone marrow xanthomatosis

Lipid deposits localized within the bone marrow. Xanthomas are benign but are often an important visible sign of systemic conditions such as familial hypercholesterolemia.


Bone marrow hypercellularity

A larger than normal amount or percentage of hematopoietic cells relative to marrow fat.


Reduced bone-marrow megakaryocyte size

Decreased in average size (diameter) of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. Megakaryocyte diameter can be assessed as using automated cellular imaging systems.


Megakaryocytopenia

A reduced count of megakaryocytes.


Increased bone marrow iron

An increased amount of iron in the bone marrow.


Increased multinucleated megakaryocyte count

The presence of abnormally high numbers of multinucleated megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.


conjunctival vascular disorder

A disorder of the vasculature of the cornea.


RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat S2 kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + RNA polymerase II large subunit CTD heptapeptide repeat (consensus YSPTSPS) = ADP + H+ + RNA polymerase II large subunit phosphoserine (position 2).


RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat S5 kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + RNA polymerase II large subunit CTD heptapeptide repeat (consensus YSPTSPS) = ADP + H+ + RNA polymerase II large subunit phosphoserine (position 5).


RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat S7 kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + RNA polymerase II large subunit CTD heptapeptide repeat (consensus YSPTSPS) = ADP + H+ + RNA polymerase II large subunit phosphoserine (position 7).


RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat Y1 kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + RNA polymerase II large subunit CTD heptapeptide repeat (consensus YSPTSPS) = ADP + H+ + RNA polymerase II large subunit phosphotyrosine (position 1).


RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat T4 kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + RNA polymerase II large subunit CTD heptapeptide repeat (consensus YSPTSPS) = ADP + H+ + RNA polymerase II large subunit phosphothreonine (position 4).


Fatty casts

A type of acellular urinary casts that contain lipid droplets, oval fat bodies or cholesterol crystals, and are often associated with the free forms of these elements. Their identification may require the use of polarised light microscopy, under which fatty particles embedded into the cast matrix appear as Maltese crosses.


infiltrating bladder urothelial carcinoma sarcomatoid variant

An invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder that exhibits spindle cell sarcomatoid features.


infiltrating bladder urothelial carcinoma

An invasive transitional cell carcinoma that arises from the urinary bladder urothelium.


lymphoma-like variant infiltrating bladder urothelial carcinoma


plasmacytoid variant infiltrating bladder urothelial carcinoma

Invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant cells with plasmacytoid features.


microcystic variant infiltrating bladder urothelial carcinoma

Invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma characterized by microcysts formation.


infiltrating bladder urothelial carcinoma, clear cell variant

An invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder characterized by the presence of clear cells.


nested variant infiltrating bladder urothelial carcinoma

Invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma characterized by a nested growth pattern.


micropapillary variant infiltrating bladder urothelial carcinoma

An infiltrating bladder transitional cell carcinoma exhibiting micropapillary growth pattern. -- 2003


infiltrating bladder lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma

Invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma with lymphoepithelioma-like features.


lipid-cell variant infiltrating bladder urothelial carcinoma

Invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma characterized by the presence of lipid laden tumor cells.


Cardiovascular System Signs and Symptoms


Innocent Pulmonary Systolic Murmur

An innocent murmur with a medium pitched, harsh character heard at the left middle and left upper sternal border that disappears with upright position. (ACC/AHA)


Innocent Murmur

A clinical finding in which turbulent flow is noted by auscultation that is not associated with any structural cardiac defects. (ACC/AHA)


Physiologic Pulmonary Artery Stenosis Murmur

An innocent murmur with a medium or high pitched, blowing character heard at the left middle sternal border that can also be heard at the same volume across the precordium and back that does not disappear with maneuvers but is only heard in infants less than six months of age. (ACC/AHA)


Stable angina

Angina pectoris which has not recently changed in frequency, duration or intensity. Stable angina pectoris is relieved by rest or administration or oral, sublingual or transdermal antianginal medications.


Pathologic Murmur

A clinical finding in which turbulent flow is noted by auscultation that is associated with a structural cardiac defect. (ACC/AHA)


Still's Murmur

An innocent murmur with a medium pitched, vibratory character heard at the apex, left lower sternal border, left middle sternal border, and right upper sternal border that disappears or becomes quieter and localizes to the left lower sternal border on upright position. (ACC/AHA)


Cardiovascular Manifestation

Patient complaints (symptoms), physical/laboratory findings(signs) related to the cardiovascular system.


Atypical angina

Angina pectoris which does not have associated classical symptoms of chest pain. Symptoms may include weakness, nausea, or sweating.


Venous Hum

An innocent murmur with a medium pitched, blowing character with diastolic accentuation heard at the right or left upper sternal border that disappears with jugular venous compression or supine position. (ACC/AHA)


Mammary Souffle

An innocent murmur with a medium or high pitched, blowing character with continuous flow with systolic accentuation heard over or above the breasts that disappears with compression of the breast tissue. (ACC/AHA)


Abnormal axonemal organization of respiratory motile cilia

Abnormal arrangement of the structures of the axoneme, which is the cytoskeletal structure that forms the inner core of the motile cilium and displays a canonical 9+2 microtubular pattern of motile cilia studded with dynein arms.


secondary palate development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The secondary palate is the part of the palate formed from the fusion of the two palatine shelves, extensions of the maxillary prominences.


primitive palate development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primitive palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure.


primary palate development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a primary palate over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


Invasive Tubular Urothelial Carcinoma

Invasive urothelial carcinoma characterized by the presence of a tubular growth pattern.


Invasive Bladder Tubular Urothelial Carcinoma

Invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma characterized the presence of a tubular growth pattern.


ligase activity, forming nitrogen-metal bonds

Catalysis of the joining of a metal ion to a molecule via a nitrogen-metal bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.


ligase activity, forming nitrogen-metal bonds, forming coordination complexes

Catalysis of the ligation of two substances via a nitrogen-metal bond, forming a coordination complex.


cobaltochelatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + Co(2+) + H2O + hydrogenobyrinate a,c-diamide = ADP + cob(II)yrinate a,c diamide + 4 H+ + phosphate.


magnesium chelatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + Mg2+ + protoporphyrin IX = ADP + 3 H+ + Mg-protoporphyrin IX + phosphate.


infective endocarditis

Infective endocarditis (IE) is an infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers (endocardium) and valves. This condition is sometimes called 'endocarditis,' although it is important to distinguish it from non-infective endocarditis. IE is caused bybacteria, fungi, or other germs invading the bloodstream and attaching to the heart. IE can damagethe heart and cause serious and sometimes fatal complications. It can develop quickly or slowly depending on what type of germ is causing it and whether there is an underlying heart problem. Common symptoms of IE are fever and other flu-like symptoms, but signs and symptoms can vary. It can also cause problems in many other parts of the body besides the heart. IE is typically treated with antibiotics for several weeks; some individuals may need heart surgery to repair or replace heart valves or remove infected heart tissue.


mycotic endocarditis

An endocarditis (disease) caused by infection with Fungi.


Libman-Sacks endocarditis

An endocarditis that is characterized by Libman-Sacks vegetations, is common in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and is commonly complicated with embolic cerebrovascular disease.


marantic endocarditis

Formation of a non-infectious thrombus, referred to as vegetation, on previously undamaged endocardium. It usually occurs as a complication of connective-tissue diseases and cancers because of the associated hypercoagulable state (see thrombophilia).


bacterial endocarditis

Endocarditis that is caused by an infection with a bacterial agent.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose.


polyp of sphenoidal sinus

A polyp that involves the sphenoidal sinus.


Limited neck extension

Reduced abilty to move the head back towards the ceiling so that one is looking upwards.


Stiff neck

A sensation of tightness in the neck when attempting to move it, especially after a period of inactivity. Neck stiffness often involves soreness and difficulty moving the neck, especially when trying to turn the head to the side.


Limited neck flexion

Reduced abilty to lower the chin towards the chest by bending the neck.


Limited head rotation

Reduced range of motion turning the head side to side.


Limited lateral neck flexion

Reduced range of motion resulting in decreased ability to move the ear toward the top of the shoulder.


vitamin D-dependent rickets, type 1

Hypocalcemic vitamin D-dependent rickets (VDDR-I) is an early-onset hereditary vitamin D metabolism disorder characterized by severe hypocalcemia leading to osteomalacia and rachitic bone deformations, and moderate hypophosphatemia.


Decreased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

A reduction from the normal range of the average amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell (27 to 31 picograms/cell). A reduced mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) may indicate a hypochromic anemia, but the MCH may be normal if both the total hemoglobin and the red blood cell count are reduced.


Oxycephaly

Oxycephaly (from Greek oxus, sharp, and kephalos, head) refers to a conical or pointed shape of the skull.


autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease type 1 with tuberous sclerosis

Polycystic kidney disease with tuberous sclerosis (PKD-TSC) is characterized by early-onset and severe polycystic kidney disease with various manifestations of tuberous sclerosis (multiple angiomyolipomas, lymphangioleiomyomatosis and periventricular calcifications of the central nervous system).


Periodic hypokalemic paresis

Episodes of muscle weakness associated with reduced levels of potassium in the blood.


periodic paralysis

Episodes of muscle weakness.


hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HyperPP) is a muscle disorder characterized by episodic attacks of muscle weakness associated with an increase in serum potassium concentration.


hypotrichosis 3

Any hypotrichosis in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the KRT74 gene.


toll-like receptor 8 signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 8.


B cell receptor apoptotic signaling pathway

An extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.


toll-like receptor 12 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 12.


endosomal pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand to an intracellular vesicle pattern recognition receptor (PRR). PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species.


peptidoglycan recognition protein signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of peptidoglycan to a receptor and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process. The main outcome of the Imd signaling is the production of antimicrobial peptides.


toll-like receptor 15 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 15.


TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like 4 receptor where the TRIF adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 4 receptors are pattern recognition receptors that bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response.


endolysosomal toll-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to an endolysosomal pattern recognition receptor (PRR) of the toll-like family. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species.


induced systemic resistance, ethylene mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene) involved in induced systemic resistance.


MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like 4 receptor, where the MyD88 adaptor molecule mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 4 receptors bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response.


TIRAP-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor 4 where the TIRAP/MAL adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 4 receptors are pattern recognition receptors that bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response.


inflammasome-mediated signaling pathway

An intracellular signal transduction pathway that starts with a ligand binding to a pattern recognition receptor (PRR), assembly of the inflammasome complex, leading to the activation of CASP1 and inducing an inflammatory response. In some cases, inflammasome-mediated signal transduction can lead to programmed cell death, such as pyroptosis.


TIRAP-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor where the TIRAP/MAL adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.


induced systemic resistance, jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid involved in induced systemic resistance.


toll-like receptor 21 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 21.


toll-like receptor 11 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 11.


pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding of a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) to activate a plant innate immune response. PAMP-triggered immunity PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species.


MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like 2 receptor where the MyD88 adaptor molecule mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 2 receptors are pattern recognition receptors that bind microbial pattern motifs to initiate an innate immune response.


cGAS/STING signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a double-stranded DNA or RNA from another organism to cytosolic cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) that activates innate immune responses through production of the second messenger cGAMP, which activates the adaptor STING.


activation of membrane attack complex

The activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade which can result in death of a target cell through cytolysis.


complement component C5a signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a C5a component of the complement pathway binding to a complement receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process. C5a is a peptide derived from the C5 complement factor.


toll-like receptor 13 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 13.


toll-like receptor 1 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 1.


positive regulation of mast cell activation by Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway

An Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway that results in the change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors.


toll-like receptor 6 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 6.


cell surface toll-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a cell surface pattern recognition receptor (PRR) of the toll-like family.


stimulatory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor capable of cellular activation.


acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis

Acute conjunctivitis that is characterized by bleeding into the conjunctiva.


viral conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis resulting from viral infection.


epidemic keratoconjunctivitis

Keratoconjunctivitis resulting from infection by adenoviruses.


cardiac blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a blood vessel endothelial cell of the heart. Blood vessel endothelial cells are thin flattened cells that line the inside surfaces of blood vessels.


venous endothelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of a venous endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of veins.


congenital/infantile spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma with VGLL2/NCOA2/CITED2 rearrangements

Congenital/infantile spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma characterized by the presence of gene fusions involving the VGLL2, SRF, TEAD1, NCOA2, and CITED2 genes.


spindle cell sarcoma

A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm composed of spindle-shaped cells. This is a morphologic term which can be applied to a wide range of sarcomas.


spindle cell synovial sarcoma

A synovial sarcoma characterized by the presence of a spindle cell component only.


intimal sarcoma

A malignant neoplasm arising from the large blood vessels. It is characterized by the presence of tumor cells that grow within the lumen of the blood vessels. The intraluminal tumor growth may result in vascular obstruction and spread of tumor emboli to peripheral organs. The prognosis is usually poor.


childhood spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma

A spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma occurring in children.


spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma

An uncommon variant of rhabdomyosarcoma characterized by the presence of whorls of spindle cells forming a storiform pattern. In children it usually arises in the paratesticular region. In adults it usually arises from the deep soft tissues in the head and neck.


intraosseous spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma with TFCP2/NCOA2 rearrangements

Intraosseous spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma characterized by the fusion of the EWSR1 or FUS gene with the TFCP2 gene, or the MEIS1 gene with the NCOA2 gene.


spindle cell liposarcoma

A morphologic variant of well differentiated liposarcoma characterized by the presence of bland spindle cells and lipoblasts within a myxoid or fibrous stroma.


negative regulation of pre-miRNA processing

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pre-microRNA processing.


allene oxide synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 13(S)-hydroperoxylinolenate = 12,13(S)-epoxylinolenate + H2O.


Abnormal alveolar ridge morphology

Any abnormality of the alveolar ridges (on the upper or lower jaws). The alveolar ridges contain the sockets (alveoli) of the teeth.


Alveolar process hypoplasia

Underdevelopment of the alveolar process (also known as alveolar bone).


Bilateral alveolar cleft of maxilla

Nonmidline alveolar cleft of the maxilla.


Complete cleft maxillary alveolar ridge

Cleft maxillary alveolar ridge in which the cleft goes through the entire length of the maxillary alveolar ridge.


Incomplete cleft maxillary alveolar ridge

Cleft maxillary alveolar ridge in which the cleft does not go through the entire length of the maxillary alveolar ridge.


Fibrous syngnathia

Complete or nearly complete soft tissue fusion of the alveolar ridges.


Cleft maxillary alveolar ridge

A gap (cleft) affecting one of the alveolar ridges, which are the protuberances in the mouth that contain the sockets (alveoli) of the teeth. An alveolar cleft can affect all structures of the alveolar ridge, including the gingiva, other mucosa, periosteum, alveolar bone, and teeth. Alveolar cleft occurs in response to divergence from normal development during frontonasal prominence growth, contact, and fusion. The most common alveolar portion of the cleft is located between the lateral incisor and the canine.


Alveolar ridge overgrowth

Increased width of the alveolar ridges.


Unilateral alveolar cleft of maxilla

One sided alveolar cleft of the maxilla.


cervical fibroepithelial polyp

A usually solitary polypoid lesion that arises from the cervix. It usually affects women in their reproductive years. It is characterized by the presence of a connective tissue core and overlying epithelium.


lathosterolosis

Lathosterolosis is an extremely rare inborn error of sterol biosynthesis characterized by facial dysmorphism, congenital anomalies (including limb and kidney anomalies), failure to thrive, developmental delay and liver disease.


sterol biosynthesis disorder

An inherited metabolic disease that is has its basis in the disruption of sterol biosynthetic process.


desmosterolosis

Desmosterolosis is a very rare sterol biosynthesis disorder characterized by multiple congenital anomalies, failure to thrive, and intellectual disability, with elevated levels of desmosterol.


mevalonic aciduria

Mevalonic aciduria (MVA) is a rare, very severe form of mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD) characterized by dysmorphic features, failure to thrive, psychomotor delay, ocular involvement, hypotonia, progressive ataxia, myopathy, and recurrent inflammatory episodes.


Greenberg dysplasia

A very rare lethal skeletal dysplasia characterized by fetal hydrops, short limbs and abnormal chondro-osseous calcification. The disease is characterized by early in utero lethality and affected fetuses are considered as nonviable.


X-linked chondrodysplasia punctata 2

A rare genodermatosis with great phenotypic variation and characterized most commonly by ichthyosis, chondrodysplasia punctata (CDP), asymmetric shortening of the limbs, cataracts and short stature.


X-linked chondrodysplasia punctata

X-linked form of chondrodysplasia punctata.


CHILD syndrome

CHILD syndrome (Congenital Hemidysplasia with Ichthyosiform nevus and Limb Defects, CS) is an X-linked dominant genodermatosis characterized by unilateral inflammatory and scaling skin lesions with ipsilateral visceral and limb anomalies.


microcephaly-congenital cataract-psoriasiform dermatitis syndrome


X-linked chondrodysplasia punctata 1

Brachytelephalangic chondrodysplasia punctata (BCDP) is a form of nonrhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata, a primary bone dysplasia, characterized by hypoplasia of the distal phalanges of the fingers, nasal hypoplasia, epiphyseal stippling appearing in the first year of life, and mild and nonrhizomelic shortness of the long bones.


Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is characterized by multiple congenital anomalies, intellectual deficit, and behavioral problems.


cholesterol biosynthetic process disease

A disease that has its basis in the disruption of cholesterol biosynthetic process.


hyperimmunoglobulinemia D with periodic fever

Hyperimmunoglobinemia D with periodic fever (HIDS) is a rare autoinflammatory disease characterized by periodic attacks of fever and a systemic inflammatory reaction (cervical lymphadenopathy, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, arthralgias and skin signs).


apical ectoplasmic specialization

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Testis-specific junction between mature spermatids and Sertoli cells at the luminal end of the Sertoli cell.


primary plasmodesma

A plasmodesma that consists of a simple, single channel; found predominantly in young tissue and formed as a function of cell plate formation during cytokinesis.


nephrocyte diaphragm

A specialized cell-cell junction found between nephrocytes of the insect kidney, which is adapted for filtration of hemolymph. The insect nephrocyte is anatomically and functionally similar to the glomerular podocyte of vertebrates.


host-symbiont bicellular tight junction

An occluding cell-cell junction formed between the membranes of the apical end of an invading cell (e.g. a merozoite in Plasmodium) and a host target cell (e.g. erythrocyte for Plasmodium infection). The junction is a stable yet dynamic structure that moves around the symbiont cell during invasion, enclosing it in a vacuole surrounded by a membrane.


peg and socket contact

A cell-cell contact zone that consists of membrane invaginations extending from either cell, which contain tight-, gap-, and adherens junctions. Peg and socket contacts form between endothelial cells and pericytes, and between lens fiber cells.


spot adherens junction

A small cell-cell adherens junction assembled during the cellularization stage of insect embyrogenesis; spot adherens junctions later fuse to form the zonula adherens.


smooth septate junction

A septate junction that lacks the regular arrays of electron-dense septae found in pleated septate junctions.


septate junction

A cell-cell junction that forms a continuous band around each cell in an epithelium; within the septate junction the membranes of adjacent cells maintain a constant distance of approximately 15 nm; found in arthropods.


secondary plasmodesma

A plasmodesma with a branched structure, often with many channels leading into a larger central cavity; found in older tissues and usually derived from preexisting primary plasmodesmata.


pleated septate junction

A septate junction in which regular arrays of electron-dense septae span the intermembrane space.


basal ectoplasmic specialization

Testis-specific junction between mature Sertoli cells involved in establishing the blood-testis barrier of the Sertoli cell.


puncta adhaerentia

A small version of the zonula adherens type junction, characterized by a symmetrical adherent point between two cells.


plasmodesma

A fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell.


flagellum attachment zone

A network of cytoskeletal and membranous connections responsible for the lateral attachment of the cilium to the cell body in some trypanosomatid species.


caffeate 3,4-dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: trans-caffeate + O2 = 3-(2-carboxyethenyl)-cis,cis-muconate + 2 H+.


angiogenic sprout fusion

The connection of an angiogenic sprout to another vessel or sprout during the formation of vascular networks by sprouting angiogenesis.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxo-2H-pyran-4,6-dicarboxylate + H2O = 4-carboxy-2-hydroxyhexa-2,4-dienedioate + H+.


Recurrent Oligodendroglioma, IDH-Mutant and 1p/19q-Codeleted

The reemergence of oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted after a period of remission.


xeroderma pigmentosum, autosomal dominant, mild


Other Anatomic Concept

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sagittal sinus

Either the inferior or superior sagittal sinus.


Papilla

A small protruding portion of tissue.


cell layer

Portion of tissue, that consists of single layer of cells connected to each other by cell junctions. Examples: layer of glial cells; epithelium.


fast muscle tissue

The paler-colored muscle tissue of some mammals, composed of fast twitch muscle fibers.


superior sagittal sinus

The superior sagittal sinus (also known as the superior longitudinal sinus), within a human cranium, is an area above/behind the brain, which allows blood veins to span the area, from the top of the head towards the back. It is believed that the cerebrospinal fluid drains through the arachnoid granulations into the dural venous sinuses of the superior sagittal sinus. [WP,unvetted].


Claw

The curved, pointed appendage on the distal end of a digit, composed of keratin.


venous dural sinus

A venous channel found between layers of dura mater in the brain. Receives blood from internal and external veins of the brain, receive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space, and ultimately empty into the internal jugular vein.


viscus

An organ that is located within the body cavity (or in its extension, in the scrotum); it consists of organ parts that are embryologically derived from endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm or intermediate mesoderm; together with other organs, the viscus constitutes the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive and immune systems, or is the central organ of the cardiovascular system. Examples: heart, lung, esophagus, kidney, ovary, spleen.


venous sinus

A large vein or channel for the circulation of venous blood.


neural decussation

Nerve fibers crossing the midline of the neuraxis relative to their point of origin, on a course to from one level of the nervous system to another. (CUMBO, Heimer, L. The Human Brain, 2nd ed., 1995, pg 6).


cavernous sinus

The cavernous sinus (or lateral sellar compartment), within the human head, is a large collection of thin-walled veins creating a cavity bordered by the temporal bone of the skull and the sphenoid bone, lateral to the sella turcica.


anatomical space

Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures.


Adnexa

An appendage or accessory structure of an adjacent or related organ.


multicellular organism

Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell.


anatomical projection

A projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body or organ.


inferior sagittal sinus

An intracranial venous sinus that lies in a midline location along the lower free border of the falx cerebri of the brain. The sinus receives blood from the great cerebral vein and joins the superior sagittal sinus posteriorly.


slow muscle tissue

The darker-colored muscle tissue of some mammals, composed of slow twitch muscle fibers.


intestinal villus

The tiny hair-like projections that protrude from the inside of the small intestine that contain blood vessels that capture digested nutrients that are absorbed through the intestinal wall; the villi increase the absorptive surface area of the small intestine by approximately 30-fold.


mesenchymal stem cell maintenance involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis

The process in which an organism retains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that contributes to the shaping of a nephron in the metanephros. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.


mesenchymal stem cell maintenance involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis

The process in which an organism retains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that contributes to the shaping of a nephron in the mesonephros. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.


skeletal muscle satellite stem cell maintenance involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

Any process by which the number of skeletal muscle satellite stem cells in a skeletal muscle is maintained during skeletal muscle regeneration. There are at least two mechanisms by which this is achieved. Skeletal muscle satellite stem cell asymmetric division ensures satellite stem cell numbers are kept constant. Symmetric division of these cells amplifies the number of skeletal muscle satellite stem cells.


neuronopathy, distal hereditary motor, type 5A


Pfeiffer syndrome type 3

Pfeiffer syndrome type 3 (PS3) is a severe type of Pfeiffer syndrome (PS), characterized by bicoronal craniosynostosis, severe associated functional disorders, and hand, foot and elbow abnormalities.


Pfeiffer syndrome

Pfeiffer syndrome (PS) is a common form of acrocephalosyndactyly, a group of inherited congenital malformation disorders, characterized by variable degrees of bicoronal craniosynostosis, variable hand and foot malformations and various other associated manifestations.


Pfeiffer syndrome type 2

Pfeiffer syndrome type 2 (PS2) is a frequent and severe type of Pfeiffer syndrome (PS), characterized by cloverleaf skull, severe associated functional disorders, and hand/foot and elbow/knee abnormalities.


Pfeiffer syndrome type 1

Pfeiffer syndrome type 1 (PS1) is a mild to moderately severe type of Pfeiffer syndrome (PS), characterized by bicoronal craniosynostosis, variable finger and toe malformations, and in most cases, normal intellectual development.


3p- syndrome

Distal monosomy 3p is a rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome, resulting from a partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 3, with a highly variable phenotype typically characterized by pre- and post-natal growth retardation, intellectual disability, developmental delay and craniofacial dysmorphism (microcephaly, trigonocephaly, downslanting palpebral fissures, telecanthus, ptosis, micrognathia). Postaxial polydactyly, hypotonia, renal anomalies and congenital heart defects (e.g. atrioventricular septal defect) may be associated.


partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 3


3p25.3 microdeletion syndrome

A rare chromosomal anomaly characterized by intellectual disability, epilepsy or EEG abnormalities, poor speech, ataxia, and stereotypic hand movements.


Increased lymphocyte apoptosis

A elevation in the rate of apoptosis in lymphocytes.


Reduced CD95-induced lymphocyte apoptosis

Reduced amount of programmed cell death in peripheral blood lymphocytes following exposure to CD95 (APO-1/Fas), which is a member of the death receptor family, a subfamily of the TNF-R superfamily. Crosslinking of CD95 with its natural ligand CD95L (CD178) or with agonistic antibodies such as anti-APO-1 induces apoptosis in sensitive cells.


Abnormal lymphocyte apoptosis

A anomaly in the rate of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in lymphocytes.


Decreased lymphocyte apoptosis

A reduction in the rate of apoptosis in lymphocytes.


Small intestinal lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate

Infiltration of the wall of the small intestine by lymphocytes and mature plasma cells.


medial plantar nerve

A plantar nerve that supplies the medial side of the plantar part of the foot, including pedal digit 1.


plantar nerve

A nerve that innervates the sole of the foot. Planar nerves arise from the posterior branch of the tibial nerve.


lateral plantar nerve

A plantar nerve that supplies the lateral side of the plantar part of the foot, including pedal digit 5.


severe X-linked mitochondrial encephalomyopathy

Severe X-linked mitochondrial encephalomyopathy is an extremely rare mitochondrial respiratory chain disease resulting in a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by psychomotor delay, hypotonia, areflexia, muscle weakness and wasting in the two patients reported to date.


Heberden's node

Osteophytes that most commonly develop on the distal interphalangeal joints, often in the setting of osteoarthritis.


Multiple exostoses

Presence of more than one exostosis. An exostosis is a benign growth the projects outward from the bone surface. It is capped by cartilage, and arises from a bone that develops from cartilage.


regulation of trans-synaptic signaling by BDNF, modulating synaptic transmission

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trans-synaptic signaling by BDNF, modulating synaptic transmission.


bilateral acute depigmentation of the iris

Bilateral acute depigmentation of the iris (BADI) is characterized by acute onset of bilateral iris depigmentation, pigment dispersion in the anterior chamber, and heavy pigment deposition in the anterior chamber angle. Patients typically present with acute and usually severe photophobia, blurred vision, red eye, and ocular discomfort or pain with a usually self-limiting clinical course. Cases often occur after a flu-like illness, upper respiratory tract infection, and after the use of oral moxifloxacin. When associated with iris epithelial depigmentation, iris transillumination defects and atonic/mydriatic pupil, the condition is referred to as bilateral acute iris transillumination (BAIT) which has an increased risk of severe intractable rise in intraocular pressure.


(S)-citramalyl-CoA lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (3S)-citramalyl-CoA = acetyl-CoA + pyruvate.


nephrotic syndrome, type 12

Any familial nephrotic syndrome in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the NUP93 gene.


Childhood Small Intestinal Carcinoma

A small intestinal carcinoma occurring in childhood.


Childhood Malignant Small Intestinal Neoplasm

A rare malignant small intestinal neoplasm that occurs during childhood.


Childhood Small Intestinal Leiomyosarcoma

A small intestinal leiomyosarcoma occurring in childhood.


articular capsule of glenohumeral joint

An articular capsule that is part of the glenohumeral joint.


Absence of subcutaneous fat

Lack of subcutaneous adipose tissue.


Loss of truncal subcutaneous adipose tissue

Loss (reduction of previously present) of subcutaneous adipose tissue in the region of the trunk.


host-seeking behavior

The specific behavior of an organism that are associated with finding a host organism; may include behavioral responses to light, temperature, or chemical emanations from the prospective host.


combined oxidative phosphorylation defect type 9

Combined oxidative phosphorylation defect type 9 is a rare mitochondrial disease due to a defect in mitochondrial protein synthesis characterized by initially normal growth and development followed by the infantile-onset of failure to thrive, psychomotor delay, poor feeding, dyspnea, severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and hepatomegaly. Laboratory studies report increased plasma lactate and alanine, abnormal liver enzymes and decreased activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, III, IV, and V.


Hyperinsulinism in the Infant of a Diabetic Mother

Transient hypoglycemia that occurs in the infant of a diabetic mother due to increased postnatal insulin release as a result of in utero exposure to maternal hyperglycemia.


RNA polymerase V complex

RNA polymerase V is a multisubunit RNA polymerase complex found in the nucleus of plants and involved in accumulation of siRNAs and in DNA methylation-dependent silencing of endogenous repeated sequences. Pol V is composed of subunits that are paralogous or identical to the 12 subunits of Pol II. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The second largest subunit is also found in RNA polymerase IVa, while the largest subunit is found only in the IVa complex and contains an extended C-terminal domain (CTD) that includes multiple repeats of a 16 amino-acid consensus sequence as well as other sequences. The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits.


Congenital autosomal recessive sideroblastic anemia (ARSA) is a non-syndromic, microcytic/hypochromic sideroblastic anemia, present from early infancy and characterized by severe microcytic anemia, which is not pyridoxine responsive, and increased serum ferritin.


ABC-type molybdate transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + molybdate(out) = ADP + phosphate + molybdate(in).


molybdate ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of molybdate (MoO4 2-) ions from one side of a membrane to the other. Molybdate is the bivalent anion derived from molybdic acid.


prostaglandin binding

Binding to prostaglandin.


spermidine import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of spermidine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


transport

The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or a transporter complex, a pore or a motor protein.


oligosaccharide transport

The directed movement of oligosaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oligosaccharides are molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.


cortisol secretion

The regulated release of cortisol, a steroid hormone that in humans is the major circulating hormone of the cortex, or outer layer, of the adrenal gland.


(+)-abscisic acid D-glucopyranosyl ester transmembrane transport

The process in which (+)-abscisic acid D-glucopyranosyl este is transported across a membrane.


L-valine transmembrane transport

The directed movement of L-valine across a membrane.


glutathione transport

The directed movement of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


neurotransmitter receptor transport postsynaptic membrane to endosome

Vesicle-mediated transport of a neurotransmitter receptor complex from the postsynaptic membrane to the postsynaptic early endosome.


acyl carnitine transport

The directed movement of acyl carnitine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane.


intestinal phytosterol absorption

Any process in which phytosterols are taken up from the contents of the intestine.


extracellular amino acid transport

The directed extracellular movement of amino acids.


maltodextrin transmembrane transport

The directed movement of maltodextrin, any polysaccharide of glucose residues in beta-(1,4) linkage, across a membrane.


anterograde axonal transport of mitochondrion

The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in axons away from the cell body and towards the presynapse.


pantothenate import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of pantothenate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


siderophore transmembrane transport

The directed movement of siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances, from one side of a membrane to the other, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


zinc ion import into zymogen granule

The directed import of zinc(2+) from the cytosol, across an organelle membrane, into a zymogen granule.


nicotinamide mononucleotide transport

The directed movement of nicotinamide mononucleotide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Nicotinamide mononucleotide is a ribonucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-n-glycosidic linkage with the c-1 position of D-ribose. It is a constituent of NAD and NADP.


mitochondrial manganese ion transmembrane transport

The process in which a manganese ion is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.


The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell, in which the norepinephrine acts as a neurotransmitter.


intracellular transport

The directed movement of substances within a cell.


MAPK phosphatase export from nucleus, leptomycin B sensitive

Leptomycin B-sensitive movement of a MAPK phosphatase from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.


fructose import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of fructose substance from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


exocytic insertion of neurotransmitter receptor to postsynaptic membrane

The exocytic fusion of neurotransmitter receptor containing vesicles with the postsynaptic membrane resulting in the integration of NT receptors, enabling them to participate in neurotransmitter reception. This process includes tethering and docking steps that prepare vesicles for fusion.


dendritic transport of mitochondrion

The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in nerve cell dendrites.


leukotriene transport

The directed movement of leukotrienes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Leukotrienes are linear C20 endogenous metabolites of arachidonic acid (icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid) containing a terminal carboxy function and four or more double bonds (three or more of which are conjugated) as well as other functional groups.


milk ejection reflex

A reflex that occurs in response to suckling, beginning with a nerve impulse from a receptor in the mammary gland and ending with the ejection of milk from the gland. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness.


glycine import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of glycine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


octopamine secretion

The controlled release of octopamine by a cell.


thiamine import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of thiamine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


L-arginine transmembrane import into vacuole

The directed movement of L-arginine into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane.


UDP-galactose transmembrane import into Golgi lumen

The directed movement of UDP-galactose into the Golgi lumen across the Golgi membrane.


positive regulation of signal transduction by receptor internalization

Any process in which the internalization of a signaling receptor activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. Receptor internalization can enhance signaling by concentrating signaling molecules in one location, or by moving a ligand-activated receptor to the location of downstream signaling proteins. Endosomes for example can serve as important intracellular signaling platforms.


B cell receptor transport into immunological synapse

The directed movement of a B cell receptor into an immunological synapse.


methylammonium transmembrane transport

The process in which methylammonium is transported across a membrane.


arabinotriose transport

The directed movement of an arabinotrioseacetate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


cGMP transport

The directed movement of cyclic GMP (cGMP), into, out of or within a cell.


The regulated release of acetylcholine by a cell. The acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter that acts in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS).


microtubule-based transport

A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules.


nuclear migration involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange

The net movement of nuclei towards one another, leading to the bilateral transfer of genetic material in organisms undergoing conjugation without cellular fusion.


follicle-stimulating hormone secretion

The regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone, a gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary.


isopentenyl pyrophosphate import into mitochondrion

The process in which isopentenyl pyrophosphate is transported across a membrane into the mitochondrion.


spermidine transmembrane transport

The process in which spermidine is transported across a membrane.


L-histidine transmembrane export from vacuole

The directed movement of L-histidine out of the vacuole, across the vacuolar membrane.


xenobiotic transport across blood-nerve barrier

The directed movement of a xenobiotic through the blood-nerve barrier.


guanine nucleotide transmembrane transport

The process in which a guanyl nucleotide is transported across a membrane.


glutamine secretion

The controlled release of glutamine by a cell.


positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway by insulin receptor internalization

Any process in which internalization of an insulin receptor activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the insulin receptor signaling pathway. Endocytosis of activated receptors can concentrate receptors within endosomes and allow the insulin receptor to phosphorylate substrates that are spatially distinct from those accessible at the plasma membrane.


aminophospholipid translocation

The movement of an aminophospholipid molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet.


L-glutamate import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of L-glutamate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


ceramide translocation

The movement of a ceramide molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet.


protein transport along microtubule to mitotic spindle pole body

The directed movement of a protein along a microtubule to the mitotic spindle pole body, mediated by motor proteins.


methylgalactoside transport

The directed movement of methylgalactoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Methylgalactoside is a compound in which the H of the OH group on carbon-1 of galactose is replaced by a methyl group.


copper ion transport across blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier

The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions passing through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.


phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system

The uptake and phosphorylation of specific carbohydrates from the extracellular environment; uptake and phosphorylation are coupled, making the PTS a link between the uptake and metabolism of sugars; phosphoenolpyruvate is the original phosphate donor; phosphoenolpyruvate passes the phosphate via a signal transduction pathway, to enzyme 1 (E1), which in turn passes it on to the histidine protein, HPr; the next step in the system involves sugar-specific membrane-bound complex, enzyme 2 (EII), which transports the sugar into the cell; it includes the sugar permease, which catalyzes the transport reactions; EII is usually divided into three different domains, EIIA, EIIB, and EIIC.


bicyclomycin transmembrane transport

The directed movement of bicyclomycin across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. Bicyclomycin (or bicozamycin) is an antibacterial drug often used as a livestock feed additive.


renin secretion into blood stream

The regulated release of renin into the blood stream by juxtoglomerular cells.


glutathione transmembrane import into vacuole

The directed movement of glutathione into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane.


The process in which glycerol-2-phosphate is transported across a membrane. Glycerol-2-phosphate is a phosphoric monoester of glycerol.


cysteine transmembrane transport

The directed movement of cysteine across a membrane.


epinephrine uptake

The directed movement of epinephrine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Epinephrine is a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.


beta-glucan transport

The directed movement of beta-glucans into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Beta-glucans are compounds composed of glucose residues linked by beta-glucosidic bonds.


zinc ion export from vacuole

The directed movement of zinc ions from inside the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane and into the cytosol.


vitamin B6 transport

The directed movement of any of the vitamin B6 compounds -- pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate -- into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate transmembrane transport

The process in which alpha-ketoglutarate is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.


evoked neurotransmitter secretion

Neurotransmitter secretion that occurs in the presence of the action of a secretagogue or a presynaptic action potential.


juvenile hormone secretion

The regulated release of juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.


intermembrane phospholipid transfer

The transport of phospholipids between membranes in which a phospholipid molecule is transported through an aqueous phase from the outer leaflet of a donor membrane to the outer leaflet of an acceptor membrane.


D-glucuronate transmembrane transport

The process in which D-glucuronate, the D-enantiomer of glucuronate, is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.


mitochondrial rRNA export from mitochondrion

The process in which a rRNA, ribosomal ribonucleic acid, is transported from the mitochondrial matrix into the cytosol.


thiosulfate transport

The directed movement of thiosulfate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


export from cell

The directed movement of some substance from a cell, into the extracellular region. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via exocytosis.


quinolinic acid transmembrane transport

The process in which quinolinic acid is transported across a membrane.


The process in which phosphoglycerate is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.


aspartate secretion, neurotransmission

The regulated release of aspartate by a cell in which the aspartate acts as a neurotransmitter.


N-acetylglucosamine transport

The directed movement of N-acetylglucosamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


glycolate transport

The directed movement of a glycolate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


macropinocytosis involved in viral entry into host cell

Any macropinocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell.


hydroxycinnamic acid transport

The directed movement of a hydroxycinnamic acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


arabinitol transmembrane transport

The process in which arabitol is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. Arabitol is the pentitol derived from arabinose or lyxose by reduction of the aldehyde group. The D enantiomer is present in lichens and mushrooms.


misfolded protein transport

The directed movement of misfolded proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell.


basement membrane constituent secretion

The controlled release of molecules that form the basement membrane, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell.


endocytic heme import into cell

The directed movement into cell of externally available heme by receptor-mediated endocytosis.


threonine transport

The directed movement of threonine, (2R*,3S*)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


surfactant secretion

The regulated release of surfactant by a cell or tissue.


phytochelatin transmembrane transport

The process in which a phytochelatin is transported across a membrane. Phytochelatins are a group of peptides that bind metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg) in thiolate coordination complexes.


L-histidine import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of L-histidine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


uracil transport

The directed movement of uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


The directed movement of peptidoglycan peptides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Peptidoglycan peptides are the oligopeptides found in peptidoglycan networks which cross-link the polysaccharide chains.


peroxisome transport along microtubule

The directed movement of a peroxisome along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.


fast, calcium ion-dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitter

The fast, initial phase of calcium ion-induced neurotransmitter release, via exocytosis, into the synaptic cleft. This depends on low affinity calcium sensors and typically begins a fraction of a millisecond after Ca2+ influx, and decays rapidly (1-10ms) with a decay constant of around 5-10ms. The underlying molecular mechanisms of this process are distinct from those of the later, slow phase of release.


renal sodium ion absorption involved in negative regulation of renal sodium excretion

Any process where sodium ions are taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron, which contributes to decreasing the amount of sodium that is excreted in urine per unit time.


proteasome core complex import into nucleus

The directed movement of the proteasome core complex (AKA core particle (CP)) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.


postsynaptic endocytosis

A vesicle-mediated transport process in which the postsynapse take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.


acetylcholine-induced gastric acid secretion

The regulated release of gastric acid by parietal cells in response to acetylcholine.


release of sequestered calcium ion into postsynaptic cytosol

The process in which calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus or mitochondria are released into the postsynaptic cytosol.


serotonin secretion by mast cell

The regulated release of serotonin by a mast cell or group of mast cells.


establishment of protease localization to T cell secretory granule

The directed movement of a protease to a location within a secretory granule in a T cell.


nicotinamide riboside transport

The directed movement of a nicotinamide riboside, which is a pyridine-3-carboxamide covalently bonded to a ribose sugar, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


BMP secretion

The controlled release of a member of the BMP family of proteins from a cell.


citric acid secretion

The controlled release of citric acid, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, by a cell or a tissue.


histamine secretion mediated by immunoglobulin

Histamine release triggered by the binding of an antigen to an immunoglobulin bound to the cell surface.


dehydroepiandrosterone secretion

The regulated release of dehydroepiandrosterone (3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one) into the circulatory system.


acetyl-CoA transmembrane transport

The process in which acetyl-CoA is transported across a membrane. Acetyl-CoA is a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated; it is a metabolite derived from several pathways (e.g. glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino-acid catabolism) and is further metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is a key intermediate in lipid and terpenoid biosynthesis.


biotin transport

The directed movement of biotin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Biotin is cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid; the (+) enantiomer is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.


phloem loading

The process of loading solutes into the sieve tube or companion cell of the phloem for long distance transport from source to sink.


triose phosphate transport

The directed movement of triose phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


homoserine transport

The directed movement of homoserine, alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cystathionine, threonine and methionine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


anterograde neuronal dense core vesicle transport

The directed movement of substances in neuronal dense core vesicles along axonal microtubules towards the presynapse.


adenosine transport

The directed movement of adenosine, adenine riboside, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


isoleucine transmembrane transport

The directed movement of isoleucine across a membrane.


vascular transport

The directed movement of substances, into, out of or within a cell, either in a vascular tissue or in the vascular membrane.


mineralocorticoid secretion

The regulated release of any mineralocorticoid into the circulatory system. Mineralocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that regulate water and electrolyte metabolism.


lipid transport across blood-brain barrier

The directed movement of lipid molecules passing through the blood-brain barrier.


heme import into cell

The directed movement of a heme from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.


protein transport out of membrane raft

The directed movement of a protein out of a membrane raft. Membrane rafts are small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes.


S-methylmethionine transport

The directed movement of S-methylmethionine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


nuclear cortical migration

The symmetric outward movement of the syncytial nuclei from their positions in the ellipsoid toward the periphery of the embryo, during mitotic cycles 8 and 9. This movement results in the placement of nuclei in a uniform monolayer at the cortex of the developing embryo.


5'-adenylyl sulfate transmembrane transport

The process in which 5'-adenylyl sulfate is transported across a membrane.


heme export

The directed movement of heme out of a cell or organelle.


transepithelial water transport

The directed movement of water (H2O) from one side of an epithelium to the other.


adenine import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of adenine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


establishment of granzyme B localization to T cell secretory granule

The directed movement of the protease granzyme B to a location within a secretory granule in a T cell.


silver ion transmembrane transport

The directed movement of silver ion across a membrane.


microtubule polymerization based protein transport

The transport of a protein driven by polymerization of a microtubule to which it is attached.


calcitonin secretion

The regulated release of calcitonin, a peptide hormone that participates in calcium and phosphorus metabolism, from a cell.


purine nucleotide import into lysosome

The directed import of purine nucleotide from the cytosol, across the lysosomal membrane, into the lysosome.


chromaffin granule amine transport

The directed movement of amines into, out of or within chromaffin granules.


nitrate transmembrane transport

The directed movement of nitrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


protein secretion by the type IV secretion system

The process in which proteins are transferred into the extracellular milieu or directly into host cells, via the type IV protein secretion system.


arsenite transport

The directed movement of arsenite into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


UDP-glucuronic acid transmembrane transport

The directed movement of UDP-glucuronic acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. UDP-glucuronic acid is a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


protein secretion by the type VIII secretion system

Protein secretion through the outer membrane via the mechanism used for the secretion of curli subunits.


dendritic transport of ribonucleoprotein complex

The directed movement of a ribonucleoprotein complex along microtubules in nerve cell dendrites.


mitochondrial citrate transmembrane transport

The directed movement of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, into or out of a mitochondrial matrix.


A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the internalization of a neurotransmitter receptor.


pancreatic amylase secretion

The controlled release of amylase from a cell of the pancreas.


propanoate transmembrane transport

The directed movement of propionate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


clathrin-dependent extracellular exosome endocytosis

The clathrin-mediated endocytosis of an extracellular exosome.


L-ornithine import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of L-ornithine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


cytokinin transport

The directed movement of cytokinins, a class of adenine-derived compounds that can function in plants as growth regulators, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


postsynaptic dense core vesicle exocytosis

The secretion of molecules (e.g. neuropeptides, insulin-related peptides or neuromodulators such as serotonin and dopamine) contained within a postsynaptic dense core vesicle by fusion of the granule with the plasma membrane of the postsynapse in response to increased cytosolic calcium levels.


insulin receptor internalization

A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of an insulin receptor from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell.


enterobactin transport

The directed movement of the siderochrome enterobactin, a cyclic trimer of 2, 3 dihydroxybenzoylserine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


L-alanine transmembrane transport

The directed movement of L-alanine across a membrane.


fumarate transport

The directed movement of fumarate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


siderophore-dependent iron import into cell

A process in which iron (Fe3+) is solubilized by ferric iron-specific chelators, known as siderophores, excreted by a cell; the iron-siderophore complex is then transported into the cell by specific cell surface receptors.


The directed movement of phosphoenolpytuvate across a membrane.


establishment of protease localization to mast cell secretory granule

The directed movement of a protease to a location within a secretory granule in a mast cell.


uracil transmembrane transport

The process in which uracil is transported across a membrane.


aminotriazole transport

The directed movement of aminotriazole into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Aminotriazole is an effective weed killer that also possesses some antithyroid activity.


cadaverine transport

The directed movement of cadaverine, 1,5-pentanediamine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


microtubule-based protein transport

A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of proteins.


tripeptide import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of a tripeptide from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


folate transmembrane transport

The process in which a folic acid, or one of its derivatives (dihydrofolate, tetrahydrofolate, methylene-tetrahydrofolate or methyl-tetrahydrofolate) is transported across a membrane.


neutral amino acid transmembrane import into vacuole

The directed movement of neutral amino acids into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane.


fast endocytic recycling

The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from peripheral endocytic compartments back to the plasma membrane where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.


histamine uptake

The directed movement of histamine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.


endosome to lysosome transport of low-density lipoprotein particle

The directed movement of low-density lipoprotein particle from endosomes to lysosomes.


p-coumaryl alcohol transport

The directed movement of a p-coumaryl alcohol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


tetraterpenoid transport

The directed movement of tetraterpenoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Tetraterpenoids are terpenoids with eight isoprene units.


L-leucine import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of L-leucine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


sophorose transport

The directed movement of a sophoroseacetate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


L-idonate transmembrane transport

The process in which L-idonate is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. L-idonate is an aldonic acid derived from L-idose, an aldohexose which is epimeric with D-glucose.


L-aspartate import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of L-aspartate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


protein import into chloroplast stroma

The targeting and import of proteins into the chloroplast stroma. Import depends on ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by stromal chaperones. Chloroplast stromal proteins, such as the S subunit of rubisco, have a N-terminal stromal-import sequence of about 44 amino acids which is cleaved from the protein precursor after import.


minus-end-directed vesicle transport along microtubule

The directed movement of a vesicle towards the minus end of a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination.


basophil degranulation

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine, serotonin, and neutral proteases by a basophil.


dopamine secretion

The regulated release of dopamine by a cell. Dopamine is a catecholamine and a precursor of adrenaline and noradrenaline. It acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system but it is also produced peripherally and acts as a hormone.


galacturonate transmembrane transport

The process in which galacturonate is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.


pancreatic polypeptide secretion

The regulated release of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) from a cell. Pancreatic polypeptide is a 36 amino acid polypeptide secreted by islets of Langerhans cells in the pancreas.


aldosterone secretion

The regulated release of aldosterone into the circulatory system. Aldosterone is a pregnane-based steroid hormone produced by the outer-section (zona glomerulosa) of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland, and acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney to cause the conservation of sodium, secretion of potassium, increased water retention, and increased blood pressure. The overall effect of aldosterone is to increase reabsorption of ions and water in the kidney.


endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol auxin transport

The directed movement of auxins from endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol.


glucuronate transmembrane transport

The process in which glucuronate is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.


The directed movement of CMP-N-acetylneuraminate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


dense core granule exocytosis

The secretion of molecules (e.g. neuropeptides, insulin-related peptides or neuromodulators such as serotonin and dopamine) contained within a membrane-bounced dense core granule by fusion of the granule with the plasma membrane of a cell in response to increased cytosolic calcium levels.


mitochondrion to lysosome vesicle-mediated transport

Vesicle-mediated transport of cargo from the mitochondrion to the lysosome, mediated by a mitochondrion-derived vesicle.


lithium ion export across the plasma membrane

The directed movement of lithium ion out of a cell or organelle.


protein transport along microtubule to spindle pole body

The directed movement of a protein along a microtubule to the spindle pole body, mediated by motor proteins.


L-glutamate transmembrane export from vacuole

The directed movement of L-glutamate out of the vacuole, across the vacuolar membrane.


lipid droplet transport along microtubule

The directed movement of a lipid droplet along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.


retrograde axonal protein transport

The directed movement of proteins along microtubules from the cell periphery toward the cell body in nerve cell axons.


corticosterone secretion

The regulated release of corticosterone into the circulatory system. Corticosterone is a 21-carbon steroid hormone of the corticosteroid type produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands.


The process in which 5-amino-1-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide is transported across a membrane.


fluoride transmembrane transport

The process in which fluoride is transported across a membrane.


sodium-dependent organic anion transport

The directed, sodium-dependent, movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


acetylcholine uptake

The directed movement of acetylcholine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.


neutral amino acid transmembrane export from vacuole

The directed movement of neutral amino acids out of the vacuole, across the vacuolar membrane.


sucrose transmembrane transport

The process in which sucrose is transported across a membrane.


sodium-independent icosanoid transport

The directed, sodium-independent, movement of icosanoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Icosanoids are unsaturated C20 fatty acids and skeletally related compounds.


sperm entry

An endocytosis process that results in penetration of the egg shell through the micropyle (a specialized anterior opening in the vitelline envelope) and entry of the entire sperm, including the surrounding plasma membrane and the sperm tail, into the egg cytoplasm. This step in fertilization is seen in Drosophila, where a plasma membrane fusion event between the sperm and the egg does not occur.


The process in which a glycerophosphodiester is transported across a membrane. Glycerophosphodiesters are small molecules composed of glycerol-3-phosphate and an alcohol, for example, glycerophosphoinositol.


tripeptide transmembrane transport

The directed movement of a tripeptide across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A tripeptide is a compound containing three amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.


tricarboxylic acid transmembrane transport

The process in which a tricarboxylic acid is transported across a membrane.


matrix metallopeptidase secretion

The regulated release of matrix metallopeptidases, a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that can degrade extracellular matrix proteins and process other types of proteins.


tartrate transmembrane transport

The process in which tartrate is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.


pyridoxamine transport

The directed movement of pyridoxamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Pyridoxamine, 4-(aminomethyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol, is one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate.


spontaneous exocytosis of neurotransmitter

The release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft, where the release step is independent of the presence of calcium ions (Ca2+). The neurotransmitter is contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle, and is released by fusion of the vesicle with the presynaptic plasma membrane of a nerve cell.


mannitol transmembrane transport

The directed movement of mannitol across a membrane. Mannitol is the alditol derived from D-mannose by reduction of the aldehyde group.


plastid to vacuole vesicle-mediated transport

The vesicle-mediated and directed movement of substances from plastid to vacuole.


ghrelin secretion

The regulated release of ghrelin from a cell. Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid hunger-stimulating peptide hormone.


heptasaccharide transport

The directed movement of a heptasaccharideacetate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


cholesterol transport involved in cholesterol storage

The directed movement of cholesterol into cells that is part of their accumulation and maintenance.


copper ion import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of copper ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


D-glucarate transmembrane transport

The process in which D-glucarate, the D-enantiomer of glucarate, is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.


mitochondrial magnesium ion transmembrane transport

The process in which a magnesium ion (Mg2+) is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.


zinc ion import into lysosome

The directed import of zinc(2+) from the cytosol, across an organelle membrane, into a lysosome.


mitochondrial oxaloacetate transmembrane transport

The process in which oxaloacetate is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.


D-alanine transport

The directed movement of D-alanine, the D-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


mitocytosis

A migrasome-mediated selective removal of damaged mitochondria process that maintains mitochondrion homeostasis in migrating cells.


trehalose transport in response to desiccation

The directed movement of trehalose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore, that occurs as a result of a desiccation stimulus. A desiccation stimulus signals extreme dryness resulting from the prolonged deprivation of water.


phloem nitrate loading

The process of loading nitrate into the sieve tube or companion cell of the phloem for long distance transport from source to sink.


L-tryptophan import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of L-tryptophan from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


neurotransmitter receptor cycle

The process during which neurotransmitter receptors, anchored in some region of the synaptic membrane, are recycled via the endosome. This cycle includes release from anchoring, diffusion in the synaptic membrane to an endocytic region, endocytosis, transport to the endosome, recycling in the endosome, transport back the synaptic membrane and subsequent anchoring (trapping).


oxaloacetate transport

The directed movement of oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


mitochondrial 2-oxoadipate transmembrane transport

The process in which 2-oxoadipate is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.


glycine secretion, neurotransmission

The controlled release of glycine by a cell, in which glycine acts as a neurotransmitter.


clathrin-coated vesicle cargo loading, AP-1-mediated

Formation of a macromolecular complex between proteins of the AP-1 adaptor complex and proteins and/or lipoproteins that are going to be transported by a clathrin-coated vesicle. The AP-1 adaptor protein complex is a component of the cytoplasmic coat found on clathrin-coated vesicles, and binds to sorting signals of cargo to facilitate their trafficking.


intramanchette transport

The movement of vesicles and protein complexes carried out by molecular motors, kinesins and dynein, along the microtubule tracks within the manchette and by myosin along actin filaments.


retrograde dendritic transport of mitochondrion

The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in dendrites towards the cell body and away from the postsynapse.


pyridoxine transport

The directed movement of pyridoxine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Pyridoxine, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine, is one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate.


purine nucleotide-sugar transmembrane transport

The process in which a purine nucleotide-sugar is transported across a membrane. Purine nucleotide-sugars are purine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.