Corneal erosion

An erosion or abrasion of the cornea's outermost layer of epithelial cells.


Ischemic hepatitis

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon


Atrial arrhythmia

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

A type of supraventricular tachycardia in which the atria are the principal site of electrophysiologic disturbance.


maturation of SSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.


catenin-TCF7L2 complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A protein complex that contains a catenin and TCF7L2 (TCF4), binds to the TCF DNA motif within a promoter element, and is involved in the regulation of WNT target gene transcription.


tRNA transcription

The synthesis of transfer RNA (tRNA) from a DNA template.


negative regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.


protein K48-linked deubiquitination

A protein deubiquitination process in which a K48-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.


positive regulation of MAPKKK cascade by fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands resulting in an increase in the rate or frequency of a MAPKKK cascade.


cholangiocyte proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of cholangiocytes, resulting in the expansion of the cholangiocyte population. A cholangiocyte is an epithelial cell that is part of the bile duct. Cholangiocytes contribute to bile secretion via net release of bicarbonate and water.


central nervous system cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the central nervous system


ethanol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.


negative regulation of dendrite morphogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.


chemorepulsion of axon

The process in which a neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a repulsive chemical cue.


regulation of ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity.


epicondylitis

Inflammation of the lateral epicondyle.


positive regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading.


response to testosterone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a testosterone stimulus.


paranodal junction

A highly specialized cell-cell junction found in vertebrates, which forms between a neuron and a glial cell, and has structural similarity to Drosophila septate junctions. It flanks the node of Ranvier in myelinated nerve and electrically isolates the myelinated from unmyelinated nerve segments and physically separates the voltage-gated sodium channels at the node from the cluster of potassium channels underneath the myelin sheath.


creatine kinase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + creatine = N-phosphocreatine + ADP + 2 H+.


GINS complex

A heterotetrameric protein complex that associates with replication origins, where it is required for the initiation of DNA replication, and with replication forks.


regulation of osteoclast development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast development.


positive regulation of cell fate commitment

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.


negative regulation of neurotransmitter secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.


regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin.


nucleoside triphosphate diphosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside triphosphate + H2O = a nucleotide + H+ + diphosphate.


regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-rapid eye movement sleep.


Polydipsia

Excessive thirst manifested by excessive fluid intake.


germinal vesicle

The enlarged, fluid filled nucleus of a primary oocyte, the development of which is suspended in prophase I of the first meiotic division between embryohood and sexual maturity.


positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.


cortical endoplasmic reticulum

A cortical network of highly dynamic tubules that are juxtaposed to the plasma membrane and undergo ring closure and tubule-branching movements.


atrioventricular node

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

An area of conducting tissue between the atria and the ventricles of the heart that conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles.


neuronal ribonucleoprotein granule

A ribonucleoprotein complex that is found in the cytoplasm of axons and dendrites, and transports translationally silenced mRNAs to dendritic synapses, where they are released and translated in response to specific exogenous stimuli.


radial artery

Branch of the brachial artery beginning below the elbow and extending down the forearm around the wrist and into the palm.


negative regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.


learned vocalization behavior or vocal learning

Vocalisation behavior that is the result of learning, or the process by which new vocalizations are learned.


protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the telomeric region of a chromosome.


negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator.


energy homeostasis

Any process involved in the balance between food intake (energy input) and energy expenditure.


selenocysteine insertion sequence binding

Binding to a selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS), a regulatory sequence within mRNA which directs incorporation of a selenocysteine at a stop codon (UGA) during translation.


positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.


CCR10 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CCR10 chemokine receptor.


protein desumoylation

The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is cleaved from its target protein.


cochlear nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cochlear nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


laminin binding

Binding to a laminin, a major glycoprotein constituent of the basement membrane of cells.


pyrimidine nucleotide binding

Binding to a pyrimidine nucleotide, a pyrimidine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate.


COPI vesicle coat

One of two multimeric complexes that forms a membrane vesicle coat. The mammalian COPI subunits are called alpha-, beta-, beta'-, gamma-, delta-, epsilon- and zeta-COP. Vesicles with COPI coats are found associated with Golgi membranes at steady state.


negative regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid beta-oxidation.


Sotradecol

An organic sodium salt having tetradecyl sulfate as the counterion. Used in the treatment of small uncomplicated varicose veins of the lower extremities that show simple dilation with competent valves.


urea transport

The directed movement of urea into, out of or within the cell. Urea is the water-soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2.


cell wall macromolecule metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules forming, or destined to form, part of the cell wall. A cell wall is a rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis.


central nervous system myelin maintenance

The process in which the structure and material content of mature central nervous system myelin is kept in a functional state.


positive regulation of phagocytosis, engulfment

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis.


auditory receptor cell stereocilium organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of auditory hair cells.


type 1 angiotensin receptor binding

Binding to a type 1 angiotensin receptor.


ATP-dependent polynucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 5'-dephosphopolynucleotide = ADP + 5'-phosphopolynucleotide. The polynucleotide may be DNA or RNA.


vitamin D metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).


quinolinate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid.


negative regulation of neuron migration

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.


multivesicular body membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a multivesicular body.


negative regulation of hippo signaling

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hippo signaling.


tRNA 3'-end processing

The process in which the 3' end of a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to that of a mature tRNA.


face

A subdivision of the head that has as parts the layers deep to the surface of the anterior surface, including the mouth, eyes, and nose (when present). In vertebrates, this includes the facial skeleton and structures superficial to the facial skeleton (cheeks, mouth, eyeballs, skin of face, etc).


aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

The open-chain form of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.


positive regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrion degradation by autophagy.


positive regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow

A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in the bone marrow.


NLRP3 inflammasome complex

An inflammasome complex that consists of three components, NLRP3 (NALP3), PYCARD and caspase-1. It is activated upon exposure to whole pathogens, as well as a number of structurally diverse pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs) and environmental irritants. Whole pathogens demonstrated to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome complex include the fungi Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, bacteria that produce pore-forming toxins, including Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, and viruses such as Sendai virus, adenovirus, and influenza virus.


bleb

A cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Blebs are formed during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + L-methionine.


regulation of platelet-derived growth factor production

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the appearance of any platelet-derived growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


iodide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of iodide ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


xenobiotic glucuronidation

The modification of a xenobiotic substance by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The resultant glucuronosides are often much more water-soluble than the xenobiotic precursor, enabling efficient excretion.


carbuncle

An infection of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue that consists of a cluster of boils. Commonly, the causative agent is staphylococcus aureus. Carbuncles produce fever, leukocytosis, extreme pain, and prostration.


protein localization to membrane raft

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a membrane raft.


P granule

A small cytoplasmic, non-membranous RNA/protein complex aggregate in the primordial germ cells of many higher eukaryotes.


mitochondrial protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a mitochondrial protein. This process is necessary to maintain the healthy state of mitochondria and is thought to occur via the induction of an intramitochondrial lysosome-like organelle that acts to eliminate the damaged oxidised mitochondrial proteins without destroying the mitochondrial structure.


regulation of mineralocorticoid secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mineralocorticoid secretion.


Vitreous hemorrhage

Bleeding within the vitreous compartment of the eye.


oligodendrocyte development

The process aimed at the progression of an oligodendrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons in the central nervous system.


acetylcholine receptor activity

Combining with an acetylcholine receptor ligand and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.


cell wall organization or biogenesis

A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell wall.


postsynaptic membrane assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynaptic membrane, a specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft).


ciliary receptor clustering involved in smoothened signaling pathway

Grouping of smoothened or patched receptors in a cilium, contributing to the smoothened signaling pathway.


iron deficiency anemia

Anemia caused by low iron intake, inefficient iron absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, or chronic blood loss.


CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment

The process in which an immature T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.


nonsyndromic congenital nail disorder 9

Deformity or discoloration of a fingernail or toenail.


interleukin-4 production

The appearance of interleukin-4 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity

A process that modulates long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers.


Hyperemia

The presence of an increased amount of blood in a part or organ; engorgement.


regulation of collateral sprouting

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting.


SA node cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell communication

The process that mediates interactions between an SA node cardiomyocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the SA node cardiomyocyte communicating with an atrial cardiomyocyte in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.


cerebellar Purkinje cell layer structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.


microtubule end

Any end of a microtubule. Microtubule ends differ in that the so-called microtubule plus-end is the one that preferentially grows by polymerization, with respect to the minus-end.


third ventricle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the third ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The third ventricle is the narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma, and it communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina.


Knee pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the knee.


Arthralgia of the hip

Joint pain affecting the hip.


integrin alpha8-beta1 complex

An integrin complex that comprises one alpha8 subunit and one beta1 subunit.


outer dynein arm

Outer arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes. Outer dynein arms contain 2-3 heavy chains, two or more intermediate chains and a cluster of 4-8 light chains. Inner and outer dynein arms have different functions in the generation of microtubule-based motility.


cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction

The process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels and contributes to the process of cardiac conduction.


purine deoxyribonucleoside metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: neurotransmitter(out) + Na+(out) = neurotransmitter(in) + Na+(in).


negative regulation of digestive system process

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.


fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group.


D-cycloserine

A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and  D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).


ferroxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4 Fe2+ + 4 H+ + O2 = 4 Fe3+ + 2 H2O.


Granuloma

A compact, organized collection of mature mononuclear phagocytes, which may be but is not necessarily accompanied by accessory features such as necrosis.


platelet aggregation

The adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.


superoxide anion generation

The enzymatic generation of superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species, by a cell in response to environmental stress, thereby mediating the activation of various stress-inducible signaling pathways.


CCR2 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CCR2 chemokine receptor.


positive regulation of protein localization to Cajal body

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to Cajal body.


DNA clamp loader activity

Facilitating the opening of the ring structure of the PCNA complex, or any of the related sliding clamp complexes, and their closing around the DNA duplex, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


heme a metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving heme a, a derivative of heme found in cytochrome aa3.


hereditary fructose intolerance

Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) is an autosomal recessive disorder of fructose metabolism, resulting from a deficiency of hepatic fructose-1-phosphate aldolase activity and leading to gastrointestinal disorders and postprandial hypoglycemia following fructose ingestion. HFI is a benign condition when treated, but it is life-threatening and potentially fatal if left untreated.


negative regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress.


apoptotic process involved in development

Any apoptotic process that is involved in anatomical structure development.


negative regulation of sprouting angiogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting angiogenesis.


Lyme disease

Lyme disease (named after the towns in the USA where the disease was first identified) is a bacterial infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi.


retinopathy of prematurity

A bilateral retinopathy characterized by neovascularization, scarring, retinal detachment, and eventually blindness. It may be mild or severe. It occurs in babies born prematurely. Causes include oxygen toxicity and hypoxia.


ionotropic glutamate receptor binding

Binding to an ionotropic glutamate receptor. Ionotropic glutamate receptors bind glutamate and exert an effect through the regulation of ion channels.


hepatic vein

Vein that carries blood away from the liver[ZFA].


AMP binding

Binding to AMP, adenosine monophosphate.


metabolic disease

A congenital disorder (due to inherited enzyme abnormality) or acquired (due to failure of a metabolically important organ) disorder resulting from an abnormal metabolic process.


cytoskeletal calyx

A large cytoskeletal structure located at the posterior end of the perinuclear theca of a mammalian sperm head. The nucleus is tightly associated with the calyx, which contains calicin and basic cylicin proteins.


protein exit from endoplasmic reticulum

The directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.


postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome

A condition characterized by development of symptoms while standing. It is an autonomic nervous system disorder and the symptoms are relieved once the person sits back down. Symptoms include heart.


osteoblast fate commitment

The commitment of mesenchymal cells to the specific cell fate of an osteoblast. An osteoblast is a bone-forming cell which secretes an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.


Fasciculations

Fasciculations are observed as small, local, involuntary muscle contractions (twitching) visible under the skin. Fasciculations result from increased irritability of an axon (which in turn is often a manifestation of disease of a motor neuron). This leads to sporadic discharges of all the muscle fibers controlled by the axon in isolation from other motor units.


megaloblastic anemia

Anemia characterized by the presence of unusually large erythroblasts in the bone marrow called megaloblasts. It is usually caused by vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency. Other causes include toxins and drugs.


ferritin complex

A protein complex that binds iron and acts as a major iron storage system. Intracellular and extracellular ferritin complexes have different ratios of two types of ferritin monomer, the L (light) chain and H (heavy) chain.


response to epinephrine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epinephrine stimulus. Epinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C9H13NO3; it is secreted by the adrenal medulla to act as a hormone, and released by certain neurons to act as a neurotransmitter active in the central nervous system.


regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation.


negative regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + L-glutamate.


macular retinal edema

Accumulation of intraretinal fluid and protein in the macula, which may result in swelling and decreased central vision.


positive regulation of endothelial cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.


ephrin receptor activity

Combining with an ephrin receptor ligand to initiate a change in cell activity.


sequestering of triglyceride

The process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.


aminoglycoside antibiotic metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving an aminoglycoside antibiotic, any member of a group of broad spectrum antibiotics, of similar toxicity and pharmacology, that contain an aminodeoxysugar, an amino- or guanidino-substituted inositol ring, and one or more residues of other sugars. The group includes streptomycin, neomycin, framycetin, kanamycin, paromomycin, and gentamicin.


pyrimidine nucleoside transport

The directed movement of a pyrimidine nucleoside, a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


cytolytic granule

A specialized secretory lysosome that is present in cells with cytolytic capability such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Cytolytic granules mediate the storage and regulated excretion of lytic molecules for killing of target cells.


quaternary ammonium group transport

The directed movement into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore of quaternary ammonium compounds, any compound that can be regarded as derived from ammonium hydroxide or an ammonium salt by replacement of all four hydrogen atoms of the NH4+ ion by organic groups.


hereditary angioedema

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a genetic disease characterized by the occurrence of transitory and recurrent subcutaneous and/or submucosal edemas resulting in swelling and/or abdominal pain.


positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxia

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to hypoxia (lowered oxygen tension). Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. The pathway ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have S and R configuration, respectively.


tonic smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within tonic smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the tonic smooth muscle, the muscle contraction occurs without an ordered sarcomeric structure. Tonic smooth muscle contraction occurs as a sustained continuous contraction.


intestinal D-glucose absorption

Uptake of D-glucose into the blood by absorption from the small intestine.


RNA localization to Cajal body

A process in which an RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a Cajal body.


metanephric mesenchyme morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros.


malabsorption syndrome

A syndrome resulting from the inadequate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea.


positive regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response.


Premature skin wrinkling

The presence of an increased degree of wrinkling (irregular folds and indentations) of the skin as compared with age-related norms.


maintenance of Golgi location

Any process in which the Golgi is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.


U2-type prespliceosome

A spliceosomal complex that is formed by association of the 5' splice site with the U1 snRNP, while the branch point sequence is recognized by the U2 snRNP. The prespliceosome includes many proteins in addition to those found in the U1 and U2 snRNPs. Commitment to a given pair of 5' and 3' splice sites occurs at the time of prespliceosome formation.


UDP-N-acetylglucosamine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine from one side of a membrane to the other. N-acetylglucosamine is a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


Nasal ulcer

An open sore of the nasal mucosa.


negative regulation of cholesterol transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


Visual hallucination

Visual perception in the absence of a visual stimulus.


angiotensin maturation

The process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of angiotensin by conversion of angiotensinogen into mature angiotensin in the blood.


sulfisoxazole

A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.


cefmenoxime

A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, bearing a 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino group at the 7beta-position and a [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the 3-position.


negative regulation of DNA repair

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair.


acute pyelonephritis

Sudden onset pyelonephritis.


disaccharide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any disaccharide, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.


negative regulation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway.


corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 binding

Binding to a corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1). CRHR1 is the major subtype in the pituitary corticotroph, and mediates the stimulatory actions of corticotropin-releasing hormone on corticotropin hormone secretion. CRHR1 are also located in cortical areas of the brain, cerebellum and limbic system.


peptide antigen assembly with MHC protein complex

The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC protein complex.


thalamus development

The process in which the thalamus changes over time, from its initial formation to its mature state.


regulation of hematopoietic stem cell migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell migration.


response to dopamine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dopamine stimulus.


positive regulation of miRNA catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA catabolic process.


urinary tract smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary tract. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary tract consists of organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.


steroid delta-isomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-oxo-delta(5)-steroid = a 3-oxo-delta(4)-steroid.


regulation of cardiac muscle cell contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell contraction.


substrate-dependent cerebral cortex tangential migration

The process where neuronal precursors migrate tangentially in the cerebral cortex, primarily guided through physical cell-cell interactions.


negative regulation of protein glycosylation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the glycosylation of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. Protein glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.


GABA receptor complex

A protein complex which is capable of GABA receptor activity. Upon binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) it transmits the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Major inhibitory receptor in vertebrate brain. Also found in other vertebrate tissues, invertebrates and possibly in plants. Effective benzodiazepine receptor.


alcoholic hepatitis

Acute hepatitis resulting from ingestion of alcohol.


prostate glandular acinus morphogenesis

The process in which the prostate glandular acini are generated and organized. The glandular acini are the saclike structures of the gland.


natamycin

A macrolide antibiotic that has formula C33H47NO13, produced by several Streptomyces species including Streptomyces natalensis. It exhibits broad spectrum antifungal activity and used in eye drops, and as a food preservative, and also as a postharvest biofungicide for citrus and other fruit crops.


A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.


regulation of mitotic centrosome separation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the separation of duplicated centrosome components at the beginning of mitosis.


lung morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the lung are generated and organized.


cloaca development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cloaca over time, from it's formation to the mature structure. The cloaca is the common chamber into which intestinal, genital and urinary canals open in vertebrates.


peroxisome fission

The division of a mature peroxisome within a cell to form two or more separate peroxisome compartments.


tic disorder

Disorders characterized by recurrent TICS that may interfere with speech and other activities. Tics are sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations which may be exacerbated by stress and are generally attenuated during absorbing activities. Tic disorders are distinguished from conditions which feature other types of abnormal movements that may accompany another another condition. (From DSM-IV, 1994)


regulation of endodeoxyribonuclease activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.


aconitate hydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: citrate = isocitrate. The reaction occurs in two steps: (1) citrate = cis-aconitate + H2O, (2) cis-aconitate + H2O = isocitrate. This reaction is the interconversion of citrate and isocitrate via the labile, enzyme-bound intermediate cis-aconitate. Water is removed from one part of the citrate molecule and added back to a different atom to form isocitrate.


regulation of B cell chemotaxis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell chemotaxis.


Epidermal necrosis

Death of keratinocytes in the epidermis layer of the skin, which generally manifests as extensive exfoliation (separation of the epidermis from the underlying dermis).


deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


L-amino acid transport

The directed movement of L-enantiomer amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


embryonic retina morphogenesis in camera-type eye

The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized in a camera-type eye during the embryonic life stage.


nitrogen utilization

A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary nitrogen source, usually ammonia, and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary nitrogen source and to transport and metabolize alternative nitrogen sources. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects nitrogen levels, includes the activation of genes whose products detect, transport or metabolize nitrogen-containing substances, and ends when nitrogen is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism.


cytomegalovirus infection

A herpesvirus infection caused by Cytomegalovirus. Healthy individuals generally do not produce symptoms. However, the infection may be life-threatening in affected immunocompromised patients. The virus may cause retinitis, esophagitis, gastritis, and colitis. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies.


lateral mesoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


knee joint

The knee joint joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two articulations: one between the femur and tibia, and one between the femur and patella. It is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body. The knee is a mobile trocho-ginglymus (i.e. a pivotal hinge joint), which permits flexion and extension as well as a slight medial and lateral rotation[WP,unvetted].


heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, enzymatic modification

The modification, often by sulfation, of sugars incorporated into heparan sulfate after polymerization.


pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


glycogen binding

Binding to glycogen.


balanitis

An infectious or non-infectious inflammatory process that affects the glans penis. Symptoms include redness and pain of the glans penis and foreskin and discharge.


transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase.


nuclear mRNA surveillance

A process that identifies and degrades defective or aberrant mRNAs within the nucleus.


amlexanox

A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.


sodium ion export across plasma membrane

The directed movement of sodium ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.


regulation of ubiquitin protein ligase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin protein ligase activity.


regulation of eye pigmentation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of a pattern of pigment in the eye of an organism.


positive regulation of cell communication by chemical coupling

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via chemical coupling. Cell communication by chemical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by the transfer of small, water-soluble molecules or metabolites between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.


dinucleotide phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a dinucleotide + H2O = 2 mononucleotides.


methylglyoxal metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, the aldehyde of pyruvic acid.


H4 histone acetyltransferase complex

A protein complex which is capable of H4 histone acetyltransferase activity.


autoimmune hepatitis type 1

Autoimmune hepatitis characterized by the presence of antinuclear antibody (ANA) and antismooth-muscle antibody (ASMA).


cephalocele

A congenital neural tube closure defect resulting in the protrusion of the brain through a skull opening. When the protrusion includes the meninges, the term encephalomeningocele is used.


RNA-templated DNA biosynthetic process

A DNA biosynthetic process that uses RNA as a template for RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (e.g. reverse transcriptase) that synthesize the new strand.


sublingual gland

The small mucin-producing salivary glands in the floor of the mouth beneath the tongue, anterior to the submandibular gland.


neuroendocrine cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a neuroendocrine cell. A neuroendocrine cell is a cell that receives input form a neuron which controls the secretion of an endocrine substance.


positive regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway.


starch binding

Binding to starch.


regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.


response to peptidoglycan

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptidoglycan stimulus. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule.


positive regulation of penile erection

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of penile erection. Penile erection is the hardening, enlarging and rising of the penis which often occurs in the sexually aroused male and enables sexual intercourse. Achieved by increased inflow of blood into the vessels of erectile tissue, and decreased outflow.


snRNA binding

Binding to a small nuclear RNA (snRNA).


glutathione binding

Binding to glutathione; a tripeptide composed of the three amino acids cysteine, glutamic acid and glycine.


uridine phosphorylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: uridine + phosphate = uracil + alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate.


lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages.


embryonic hindlimb morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the hindlimbs are generated and organized. The hindlimbs are the posterior limbs of an animal.


adjustment disorder

A category of psychiatric disorders which are characterized by emotional or behavioral symptoms that develop within 3 months of a stressor and do not persist for more than an additional 6 months after the stressor is no longer present.


U4atac snRNA binding

Binding to a U4atac small nuclear RNA (U4atac snRNA).


HLH domain binding

Binding to a Helix Loop Helix domain, a domain of 40-50 residues that occurs in specific DNA-binding proteins that act as transcription factors. The domain is formed of two amphipathic helices joined by a variable length linker region that can form a loop and it mediates protein dimerization.


protein localization to lysosome

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a lysosome.


male mating behavior

The specific behavior of a male organism that is associated with reproduction.


isoprenaline

A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.


basic amino acid transmembrane transport

The directed movement of basic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other.


urea metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving urea, the water soluble compound O=C-(NH2)2.


cutaneous pseudolymphoma

A pseudolymphoma of the skin.


extracellular matrix structural constituent conferring tensile strength

A constituent of the extracellular matrix that enables the matrix to resist longitudinal stress.


pentose-phosphate shunt, non-oxidative branch

The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which does not involve oxidation reactions. It comprises a series of sugar phosphate interconversions, starting with ribulose 5-P and producing fructose 6-P and glyceraldehyde 3-P.


antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.


regulation of hair cycle

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair.


establishment of endothelial blood-brain barrier

Establishment of the endothelial barrier between the blood and the brain. The endothelial cells in the brain capillaries are packed tightly together preventing the passage of most molecules from the blood into the brain. Only lipid soluble molecules or those that are actively transported can pass through the blood-brain barrier.


goiter

Enlargement of the thyroid gland usually caused by lack of iodine in the diet, hyperthyroidism, or thyroid nodules. Symptoms include difficulty in breathing and swallowing.


type 3 metabotropic glutamate receptor binding

Binding to a type 3 metabotropic glutamate receptor.


diacylglycerol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.


negative regulation of lymphocyte chemotaxis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte chemotaxis.


nucleobase biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid.


jaw skeleton

Subdivision of skeleton which includes upper and lower jaw skeletons.


2-oxoglutarate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxoglutarate, the dianion of 2-oxoglutaric acid. It is a key constituent of the TCA cycle and a key intermediate in amino-acid metabolism.


bile acid:sodium symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: bile acid(out) + Na+(out) = bile acid(in) + Na+(in).


Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

Episodes of atrial fibrillation that typically last for several hours up to one day and terminate spontaneously.


cellular response to histamine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a histamine stimulus. Histamine, the biogenic amine 2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethanamine, is involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.


negative regulation of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion.


negative regulation of chronic inflammatory response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response.


proline catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


RNA import into mitochondrion

The process in which a rRNA, ribosomal ribonucleic acid, is transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix.


cellular response to sterol depletion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating deprivation of sterols. Sterols are a group of steroids characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.


regulation of protein deubiquitination

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein deubiquitination. Protein deubiquitination is the removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein.


tamibarotene

A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the condensation of one of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid with the amino group of 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.


protein binding involved in heterotypic cell-cell adhesion

Binding to a protein or protein complex contributing to the adhesion of two different types of cells.


cellular response to lithium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus.


ciliary body

The thickened portion of the vascular tunic, which lies between the choroid and the iris, composed of ciliary muscle and ciliary processes.


endocardium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.


positive regulation of neurotransmitter secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.


Generalized-onset seizure

A generalized-onset seizure is a type of seizure originating at some point within, and rapidly engaging, bilaterally distributed networks. The networks may include cortical and subcortical structures but not necessarily the entire cortex.


catechol-containing compound biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.


Ventricular Dysfunction

Impairment of the ventricle to either fill or eject adequately.


regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a ventricular cardiac muscle cell contributing to the regulation of its contraction. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.


pyridoxal phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal phosphorylated at the hydroxymethyl group of C-5, the active form of vitamin B6.


Cerebral venous thrombosis

Formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a cerebral vein, causing the obstruction of blood flow.


indole-containing compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.


replicative senescence

A cell aging process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to telomere shortening and/or cellular aging.


response to host

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of the symbiont or its cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


Protruding tongue

Tongue extending beyond the alveolar ridges or teeth at rest.


response to oleic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oleic acid stimulus.


platelet activating factor biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of platelet activating factor, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine, where alkyl = hexadecyl or octadecyl. Platelet activating factor is an inflammatory mediator released from a variety of cells in response to various stimuli.


positive regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.


Congenital anomaly of gastrointestinal tract


N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase D activity

Catalysis of the release of N-acylethanolamine from N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) to generate N-acylethanolamine (NAE).


egg activation

The process in which the egg becomes metabolically active, initiates protein and DNA synthesis and undergoes structural changes to its cortex and/or cytoplasm.


Derealization

A feeling of altered reality characterized by a feeling of unreality, or being unreal.


epoxide hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an epoxide + H2O = a glycol.


bendroflumethiazide

A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.


mammalian oogenesis stage

A reproductive process that is a step in the formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell.


Fractured lower leg

Bone fracture anywhere in the tibia, fibula, or ankle.


negative regulation of ERAD pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ERAD pathway.


orbit of skull

Subdivision of skeleton that is an anterolateral part of the cranium and structurally supports the eye. Includes bones formed and located in sclerotic layer of eyeball.


E-box binding

Binding to an E-box, a DNA motif with the consensus sequence CANNTG that is found in the promoters of a wide array of genes expressed in neurons, muscle and other tissues.


positive regulation of T cell apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell death by apoptotic process.


negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of natural killer mediated cytotoxicity.


Catalysis of the reaction: isopentenyl diphosphate = dimethylallyl diphosphate.


regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process.


negative regulation of pinocytosis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is the process in which cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes.


Gagging

The sudden, coordinated, involuntary contraction of pharyngeal muscles in an attempt to prevent any matter from passing into the posterior pharynx; it is stimulated by touching the posterior palate, tongue, or pharynx, or by psychic stimuli.


hyaluronan synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-D-glucuronate + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = [beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)](n) + 2n UDP.


positive regulation of phospholipid catabolic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of phospholipid catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


regulation of CD40 signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the CD40 signaling pathway.


xenobiotic catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


temporalis muscle

Pharyngeal arch 1 muscle that is innervated by the deep temporal branches of the trigeminal nerve and attaches to the wall of the braincase (including the cranial vault) and mandible.


pancreatic polypeptide receptor activity

Combining with pancreatic polypeptide PP to initiate a change in cell activity.


regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5.


permethrin

A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester in which the esterifying alcohol is 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol and the cyclopropane ring is substituted with a 2,2-dichlorovinyl group and with gem-dimethyl groups.


mammary gland formation

The process pertaining to the initial formation of the mammary gland from unspecified parts. The process begins with formation of the mammary line and ends when the solid mammary bud invades the primary mammary mesenchyme.


positive regulation of stem cell population maintenance

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance.


negative regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.


positive regulation of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell.


meiotic chromosome separation

The process in which chromosomes are physically detached from each other during meiosis.


single-stranded DNA exodeoxyribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' or 3' terminus of a single-stranded DNA molecule.


dTDP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dTDP, deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate.


pinocytosis

An endocytosis process that results in the uptake of liquid material by cells from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, called pinosomes, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane.


acid phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an acid pH optimum.


positive regulation of steroid metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.


sickle cell anemia

Sickle cell anemias are chronic hemolytic diseases that may induce three types of acute accidents: severe anemia, severe bacterial infections, and ischemic vasoocclusive accidents (VOA) caused by sickle-shaped red blood cells obstructing small blood vessels and capillaries. Many diverse complications can occur.


regulation of intestinal absorption

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal absorption.


cellular hypotonic response

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hypotonic environment, i.e. an environment with a lower concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.


voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of an atrial cardiomyocyte contributing to the repolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


regulation of ovarian follicle development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ovarian follicle development.


signaling receptor inhibitor activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a signaling receptor.


intermediate filament binding

Binding to an intermediate filament, a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of higher eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space.


Hyperextension

A finding indicating that joints, muscles, and/or tendons can extend beyond their normal limit.


inhibition of neuroepithelial cell differentiation

Any process that prevents the activation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation. Neuroepithelial cell differentiation is the process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.


L-histidine transmembrane transport

The directed movement of L-histidine across a membrane.


cerebellar Purkinje cell layer formation

The process that gives rise to the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.


phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase binding

Binding to a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring.


endocarditis

Inflammation of the endocardium.


exosome (RNase complex)

A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime exoribonuclease activity and possibly endoribonuclease activity, producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured.


protein localization to cell junction

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell junction.


amine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of amines, including polyamines, from one side of a membrane to the other. Amines are organic compounds that are weakly basic in character and contain an amino (-NH2) or substituted amino group.


omegasome membrane

Any membrane that is part of an omegasome.


nuclear origin of replication recognition complex

A multisubunit complex that is located at the replication origins of a chromosome in the nucleus.


pericentriolar material

A network of small fibers that surrounds the centrioles in cells; contains the microtubule nucleating activity of the centrosome.


ESCRT-0 complex

A protein complex required for the recycling of Golgi proteins, formation of lumenal membranes and sorting of ubiquitinated proteins into those membranes. This complex includes Vps1p and Hse1p in yeast and the Hrs and STAM proteins in mammals.


phenol

An organic hydroxy compound that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxy substituent. The parent of the class of phenols.


prostate gland growth

The increase in size or mass of the prostate gland where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the gland, from its formation to its mature state.


glucose 6-phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose 6-phosphate, a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.


superior cervical ganglion

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Trunk ganglion which is bilaterally paired and located at the anterior end of the sympathetic ganglion chain.


positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane protein ectodomain peptidolysis.


nonassociative learning

A simple form of learning whereby the repeated presence of a stimulus leads to a change in the probability or strength of the response to that stimulus. There is no association of one type of stimulus with another, rather it is a generalized response to the environment.


regulation of PERK-mediated unfolded protein response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the PERK-mediated unfolded protein response.


negative regulation of glycogen (starch) synthase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen (starch) synthase activity.


response to granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.


negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts.


positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.


microautophagy

A type of autophagy where cytosolic components are ingested by late endosomes, lysosomes or yeast-type lytic vacuoles by direct invagination of the compartment membrane without prior sequestration into an autophagosome. The engulfing membranes fuse, resulting in the lysosomal delivery of the cargo wrapped in a single membrane derived from the invaginated lysosomal membrane.


plasma membrane bounded cell projection cytoplasm

All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection.


temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome

A common disorder noted with jaw movement. It may be caused by malocclusion, repetitive use injury, trauma or arthritis. It is more prevalent among females between their second and fourth decades. Clinical signs include preauricular pain, temporomandibular joint clicking (as the mandibular condyle slips from the articulation made with the capsular disk and temporal bone) and restriction of jaw motion. Clinical course is typically benign but may progress to associated headaches, ear and neck pain, tinnitus and dislocation of temporomandibular joint. Prognosis is favorable as a majority of cases will respond to conservative management.


median nerve

A nerve of the arm that originates from the brachial plexus and is formed from parts of the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus, and continues down the arm to enter the forearm with the brachial artery. It originates from the brachial plexus with roots from C5, C6, C7, C8 & T1.


interleukin-6 binding

Binding to interleukin-6.


thymine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base.


response to redox state

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating redox state. Redox state refers to the balance of oxidized versus reduced forms of electron donors and acceptors in an organelle, cell or organ; plastoquinone, glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and nicotinamide nucleotides (NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH) are among the most important.


irritant dermatitis

An inflammatory skin condition caused by direct contact between the skin and an irritating substance. It is typically manifested by erythema, mild edema, and scaling at the affected site.


5'-3' exonuclease activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 5' end.


monosaccharide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a monosaccharide from one side of a membrane to the other.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


alkaline phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.


cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin

The attachment of one cell to another cell via an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits.


U4 snRNP

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U4, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U4 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U4 snRNA both while the U4 snRNP is free or assembled into the U4/U6 snRNP or into a series of spliceosomal complexes.


positive regulation of protein homodimerization activity

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer.


positive regulation of late endosome to lysosome transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of late endosome to lysosome transport.


synaptic cleft

The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes, into which neurotransmitter is released.


G protein-coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor activity

Combining with a purine nucleotide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage

Bleeding originating in the retroperitoneal area.


endodermal cell fate commitment

The cell differentiation process that results in commitment of a cell to become part of the endoderm.


purine ribonucleotide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


regulation of vacuolar transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport.


homoserine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving homoserine, alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cystathionine, threonine and methionine.


positive regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.


cardiac conduction defect

The heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating resulting in death within a short time period (generally within 1 h of symptom onset).


cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulator activity

Modulation of the activity of the enzyme cAMP-dependent protein kinase.


anterior commissure morphogenesis

Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in one half of the cerebral cortex towards target cells in the contralateral half. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the anterior commissure, a small midline fiber tract that lies at the anterior end of the corpus callosum.


tropomyosin binding

Binding to tropomyosin, a protein associated with actin filaments both in cytoplasm and, in association with troponin, in the thin filament of striated muscle.


diacylglycerol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.


negative regulation of inner ear auditory receptor cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of auditory hair cell differentiation.


alpha-1,4-glucosidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-(1->4)-linked alpha-D-glucose residues with release of alpha-D-glucose.


Hypopnea

Hypopnea is referring to breathing that is abnormally shallow.


negative regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide biosynthetic processes.


septin cytoskeleton organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising septin complexes and their associated proteins.


formamide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving formamide, the simplest amide, HCONH2, derived from formic acid.


dopamine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.


positive regulation of transcription by glucose

Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription.


myosin light chain binding

Binding to a light chain of a myosin complex.


nucleoside kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nucleoside = ADP + nucleoside monophosphate.


Asphyxia

A state of general hypoxia and hypercapnea, resulting in acidosis, which affects all tissues in the body.


positive regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity

A process that increases long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers.


response to morphine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a morphine stimulus. Morphine is an opioid alkaloid, isolated from opium, with a complex ring structure.


positive regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated DNA replication.


viral respiratory tract infection

A respiratory tract infection caused by a virus. Viruses represent the most common causes of upper and lower respiratory tract infections and include rhinoviruses, influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, and respiratory syncytial virus.


purine ribonucleoside salvage

Any process which produces a purine nucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


sympathetic ganglion development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sympathetic ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


response to alkaline pH

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH > 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.


U2-type post-mRNA release spliceosomal complex

A spliceosomal complex that is formed following the release of the spliced product from the post-spliceosomal complex and contains the excised intron and the U2, U5 and U6 snRNPs.


positive regulation of protein kinase C signaling

Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.


Notch receptor processing

The series of successive proteolytic cleavages of the Notch protein, which result in an active form of the receptor.


cGMP binding

Binding to cGMP, the nucleotide cyclic GMP (guanosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).


positive regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.


negative regulation of gluconeogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis.


regulation of mononuclear cell migration

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


regulation of AMPA receptor activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of AMPA selective glutamate receptor activity.


Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylserine + H2O = 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine + fatty acid.


positive regulation of neuron migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.


Tooth Infection

An infectious process affecting a tooth.


gastric juice

The digestive secretions of the gastric glands in the stomach, consisting mainly of pepsin, hydrochloric acid, rennin, and mucin.


hyaluronan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.


negative regulation of T cell cytokine production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.


negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.


Decreased Breath Sounds

Diminished breath sounds noted during auscultation.


cellular response to prostaglandin D stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin D stimulus.


regulation of endocrine process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an endocrine process, a process involving the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.


positive regulation of protein oxidation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein oxidation.


MHC class I peptide loading complex

A large, multisubunit complex which consists of the MHC class I-beta 2 microglobulin dimer, the transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP), tapasin (an MHC-encoded membrane protein), the chaperone calreticulin and the thiol oxidoreductase ERp57. Functions in the assembly of peptides with newly synthesized MHC class I molecules.


keratoacanthoma

A dome-shaped, rapidly growing skin lesion composed of well differentiated squamous cells. It represents a proliferation of the infundibular epithelium of the hair follicle and its morphologic distinction from a well differentiated carcinoma may be difficult or impossible. Keratoacanthomas affect males more frequently than females and the majority tend to regress spontaneously. It has been suggested that keratoacanthoma represents a distinct subtype of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.


negative regulation of macrophage differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.


regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3',5'-cyclic GMP + H2O = GMP + H+.


epoxygenase P450 pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways by which arachidonic acid is converted to other compounds including epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids.


mitochondrial DNA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving mitochondrial DNA.


TBP-class protein binding

Binding to a member of the class of TATA-binding proteins (TBP), including any of the TBP-related factors (TRFs).


Prolonged bleeding time

Prolongation of the time taken for a standardized skin cut of fixed depth and length to stop bleeding.


IMP dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: inosine 5'-phosphate + NAD+ + H2O = xanthosine 5'-phosphate + NADH + H+.


regulation of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death.


positive regulation of oxidoreductase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered.


ethanol

A primary alcohol that is ethane in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group.


Multiple congenital anomalies

The presence of multiple congenital malformations in a patient.


calcitriol biosynthetic process from calciol

Conversion of vitamin D3 from its largely inactive form (calciol, also called cholecalciferol) into a hormonally active form (calcitriol). Conversion requires 25-hydroxylation of calciol in the liver to form calcidiol, and subsequent 1,alpha-hydroxylation of calcidiol in the kidney to form calcitriol.


Pulmonary mass

A mass in the lung seen on chest imaging is defined as an opacity greater than 3 cm in diameter (without regard to contour, border, or density characteristics).


phosphatidylinositol phosphate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol phosphate(n) + H2O = phosphatidylinositol phosphate(n-1) + phosphate. This reaction is the removal of a phosphate group from a phosphatidylinositol phosphate.


observational learning

Learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others.


positive regulation of meiotic nuclear division

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis.


junctional membrane complex

Complex formed in muscle cells between the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and invaginations of the plasma membrane (T-tubules).


glycerol transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of glycerol from one side of a membrane to the other. Glycerol is 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.


regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development.


NADPH oxidation

A metabolic process that results in the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADPH, to the oxidized form, NADP.


positive regulation of B cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.


slipped femoral capital epiphyses

A developmental deformity in which the metaphysis of the femur moves proximally and anteriorly away from femur head (epiphysis) at the upper growth plate. It is most common in male adolescents and is associated with a greater risk of early osteoarthritis of the hip.


Fear (Mental Process)

biolink:Behavior biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ActivityAndBehavior biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


peptide-methionine (S)-S-oxide reductase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: peptide-L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = peptide-L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + thioredoxin, and L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + thioredoxin. Can act on oxidized methionine in peptide linkage with specificity for the S enantiomer. Thioredoxin disulfide is the oxidized form of thioredoxin.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-proline + NADP+ = 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate + NADPH + H+.


positive regulation of lamellipodium organization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium organization.


chorio-allantoic fusion

The cell-cell adhesion process in which the cells of the chorion fuse to the cells of the allantois.


negative regulation of cilium assembly

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly.


Catalysis of the reaction: dolichyl phosphate D-mannose + protein = dolichyl phosphate + O-D-mannosylprotein.


Cardiovascular insufficiency

Circulatory dysfunction and/or insufficiency due to a decrease in the force of the cardiac contractions and/or the tone of the vascular walls.


meiotic DNA recombinase assembly

During meiosis, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form higher order oligomers on single-stranded DNA.


ether lipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ether lipids, lipids that contain (normally) one lipid alcohol in ether linkage to one of the carbon atoms (normally C-1) of glycerol.


Cul5-RING ubiquitin ligase complex

A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul5 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by an elongin-BC adaptor and a SOCS/BC box protein.


response to misfolded protein

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a misfolded protein stimulus.


TOLERANCE DEVELOPMENT

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Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3' and 4' positions.


Bleeding from anus

Bleeding originating from the anal area.


negative regulation of purine nucleotide catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleotides.


regulation of complement-dependent cytotoxicity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of complement-dependent cytotoxicity.


regulation of establishment of protein localization to chromosome

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome.


choline transport

The directed movement of choline into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.


response to stimulus involved in regulation of muscle adaptation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.


endometrial carcinoma

A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium that lines the cavity of the uterine body. The vast majority of endometrial carcinomas are adenocarcinomas; squamous cell and adenosquamous carcinomas represent a minority of the cases. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma is the most frequently seen variant of endometrial adenocarcinoma. Uterine bleeding is an initial clinical sign. The prognosis depends on the stage of the tumor, the depth of myometrial wall invasion, and the degree of differentiation.


adenohypophysis development

The progression of the adenohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus.


symmetric synapse

A synapse that lacks an electron dense postsynaptic specialization. In vertebtrates, these occur primarily on dendrite shafts and neuronal cell bodies and involve persynapses containing clusters of predominantly flattened or elongated vesicles and are typcially inhibitory.


regulation of protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region.


Cutaneous cyst

A hollow mass located in the skin that is surrounded by an epithelium-lined wall and is well demarcated from the adjacent tissue. Cysts are often said to be sac-like and may contain serous liquid or semisolid material.


vacuole fusion

Merging of two or more vacuoles, or of vacuoles and vesicles within a cell to form a single larger vacuole.


prefoldin complex

A multisubunit chaperone that is capable of delivering unfolded proteins to cytosolic chaperonin, which it acts as a cofactor for. In humans, the complex is a heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha and four PFD-beta type subunits. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it also acts in the nucleus to regulate the rate of elongation by RNA polymerase II via a direct effect on histone dynamics.


autophagy of peroxisome

The process in which peroxisomes are delivered to a type of vacuole and degraded in response to changing nutrient conditions.


Mre11 complex

Trimeric protein complex that possesses endonuclease activity; involved in meiotic recombination, DNA repair and checkpoint signaling. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the complex comprises Mre11p, Rad50p, and Xrs2p; complexes identified in other species generally contain proteins orthologous to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins.


positive regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.


sulfasalazine

An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.


regulation of vasculogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.


nucleolar ribonuclease P complex

A ribonuclease P complex located in the nucleolus of a eukaryotic cell, where it catalyzes the 5' endonucleolytic cleavage of precursor tRNAs to yield mature tRNAs. Eukaryotic nucleolar ribonuclease P complexes generally contain a single RNA molecule that is necessary but not sufficient for catalysis, and several protein molecules.


Obstipation

Obstipation is the inability to pass either stool or flatus (gas).


negative regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.


histone acetyltransferase regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of histone acetyltransferase.