benzene-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzene, C6H6, a volatile, very inflammable liquid, contained in the naphtha produced by the destructive distillation of coal, from which it is separated by fractional distillation, or any of its derivatives.


forebrain cell migration

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the forebrain.


Peripheral vasoconstriction

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon


regulation of sensory perception

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception, the series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.


positive regulation of viral entry into host cell

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of viral entry into the host cell.


positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.


magnesium ion transport

The directed movement of magnesium (Mg) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.


endonucleolytic cleavage to generate mature 5'-end of SSU-rRNA from (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)

Endonucleolytic cleavage between the 5'-External Transcribed Spacer (5'-ETS) and the 5' end of the SSU-rRNA of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript, to produce the mature end of the SSU-rRNA.


regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


Shoulder pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the shoulder.


DNA exonuclease activity, producing 5'-phosphomonoesters

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 5' phosphomonoesters.


skeletal muscle satellite cell migration

The orderly movement of a skeletal muscle satellite cell from one site to another. Migration of these cells is a key step in the process of growth and repair of skeletal muscle cells.


miglustat

A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.


Myostibin

A D-gluconate adduct of indefinite composition containing between 30 and 34% of antimony(V), calculated with reference to dried and methanol-free substance. It is used as a treatment for leishmaniasis.


ubiquitin-like protein conjugating enzyme activity

Isoenergetic transfer of a ubiquitin-like protein (ULP) from one protein to another molecule, usually another protein, via the reaction X-SCP + Y = Y-SCP + X, where both the X-SCP and Y-SCP linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal amino acid of SCP and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + L-1-glycero-3-phosphocholine = glycerol-3-phosphate + choline.


Delusion

A delusion is a fixed false belief held despite evidence to the contrary. The term delusion broadly encompasses all false judgments that possess the following external characteristics to a significant, albeit unspecified, extent: (1) they are held with an exceptional level of conviction, accompanied by an unparalleled subjective certainty; (2) there is an inability to consider alternative experiences or compelling counter-arguments; (3) the content of the belief is impossible.


negative regulation of axonogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis.


ribonucleoprotein complex localization

Any process in which a ribonucleoprotein complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location within a cell.


cortical actin cytoskeleton

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The portion of the actin cytoskeleton, comprising filamentous actin and associated proteins, that lies just beneath the plasma membrane.


regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.


negative regulation of filopodium assembly

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.


regulation of membrane depolarization

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of membrane depolarization. Membrane depolarization is the process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the resting potential, usually from negative to positive.


regulation of T cell mediated immunity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.


naloxone

A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.


Shivering

Involuntary contraction or twitching of the muscles.


thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is an aggressive and life-threatening form of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) characterized by profound peripheral thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) and organ failure of variable severity and is comprised of congenital TTP and acquired TTP.


cellular response to bacterial lipoprotein

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipoprotein stimulus.


regulation of exosomal secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.


chaperone-mediated protein folding

The process of inhibiting aggregation and assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that is dependent on interaction with a chaperone.


Congenital anomaly of central nervous system


myeloid dendritic cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


diethylpropion

An  aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.


copper ion transmembrane transport

The directed movement of copper cation across a membrane.


positive regulation of leukocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.


ketone biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.


spliceosomal snRNP assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of one or more snRNA and multiple protein components to form a ribonucleoprotein complex that is involved in formation of the spliceosome.


hypertrophy of breast

Excessive enlargement of one or both breasts. Causes include pregnancy, obesity, and penicillamine therapy. It may result in neck, back, and shoulder pain.


T cell chemotaxis

The directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.


proton transmembrane transport

The directed movement of a proton across a membrane.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on peroxide as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the peroxide group acts as a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


positive regulation of triglyceride metabolic process

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.


Oral mucosal blisters

Blisters arising in the mouth.


regulation of heart rate

Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction.


Bloating

Distention of the abdomen associated with a feeling of fullness.


Ischemic stroke

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is defined by the sudden loss of blood flow to an area of the brain with the resulting loss of neurologic function. It is caused by thrombosis or embolism that occludes a cerebral vessel supplying a specific area of the brain. During a vessel occlusion, there is a core area where damage to the brain is irreversible and an area of penumbra where the brain has lost function owing to decreased blood flow but is not irreversibly injured.


heterotypic cell-cell adhesion

The attachment of a cell to a cell of a different type via adhesion molecules.


glycine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine, aminoethanoic acid.


regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development.


copper ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of copper (Cu) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


kanamycin A

Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


adhesion of symbiont to host cell

The attachment of a symbiont to a host cell via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., either directly or indirectly.


RING-like zinc finger domain binding

Binding to a RING-like zinc finger domain domain of a protein. The RING-like domain is a zinc finger domain that is related to the C3HC4 RING finger domain.


regulation of mitochondrial depolarization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the change in the membrane potential of the mitochondria from negative to positive.


regulation of lipid catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.


protein deglycosylation

The removal of sugar residues from a glycosylated protein.


forebrain regionalization

The regionalization process resulting in the creation of areas within the forebrain that will direct the behavior of cell migration in differentiation as the forebrain develops.


regulation of cytoplasmic translation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation.


tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily binding

Binding to a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily.


regulation of telomere capping

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomere capping.


negative regulation of response to food

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a food stimulus.


double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining

The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends. This term covers instances of separate pathways, called classical (or canonical) and alternative nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ and A-NHEJ). These in turn may further branch into sub-pathways, but evidence is still unclear.


negative regulation of cytoskeleton organization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.


positive regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of regulatory T cells.


oxymetazoline

A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.


positive regulation of cell cycle phase transition

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle phase transition.


suprofen

An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.


parkinsonian disorder

A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.


regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.


dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning

The process in which the neural tube is regionalized in the dorsoventral axis.


O-glycan processing

The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form a core O-glycan structure.


frizzled binding

Binding to a frizzled (fz) receptor.


mitochondrial RNA processing

The conversion of a primary RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome into one or more mature RNA molecules; occurs in the mitochondrion.


neuropeptide signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a neuropeptide binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.


peptidyl-proline hydroxylation

The hydroxylation of peptidyl-proline to form peptidyl-hydroxyproline.


regulation of coagulation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation, the process in which a fluid solution, or part of it, changes into a solid or semisolid mass.


glucose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.


necroptotic process

A programmed necrotic cell death process which begins when a cell receives a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a death receptor or to a Toll-like receptor), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathways), characterized by activation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 and/or 3 (RIPK1/3, also called RIP1/3) and by critical dependence on mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL), and which typically lead to common morphological features of necrotic cell death. The process ends when the cell has died. The process is divided into a signaling phase, and an execution phase, which is triggered by the former.


regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway activity.


positive regulation of muscle tissue development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.


endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol transport

The directed movement of substances from endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol.


acrosomal membrane

The membrane that surrounds the acrosomal lumen. The acrosome is a special type of lysosome in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization.


regulation of cell killing

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing, the process in which a cell brings about the death of another cell, either in the same or a different organism.


positive regulation of ATP-dependent activity

Any process that activates or increases the rate of an ATP-dependent activity.


regulation of epinephrine secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of epinephrine.


post-fertilization epigenetic regulation of gene expression

A epigenetic process that happens during embryonic development that modulates gene expression potential at later stages of development of the organism, including the adult. Epigenetic regulation takes place via chromatin remodeling either by modifying higher order chromatin fiber structure, nucleosomal histones, or cytosine DNA methylation.


digestive system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive system is the entire structure in which digestion takes place. Digestion is all of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.


intracellular protein transmembrane transport

The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced iron-sulfur protein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced iron-sulfur protein and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.


The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex is composed of eIF4E, eIF4A and eIF4G; it is involved in the recognition of the mRNA cap, ATP-dependent unwinding of the 5'-terminal secondary structure and recruitment of the mRNA to the ribosome.


labyrinthine layer development

The process in which the labyrinthine layer of the placenta progresses, from its formation to its mature state.


P-type sodium:potassium-exchanging transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out) + K+(in).


positive regulation of reproductive process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.


positive regulation of cell fate specification

Any process that activates or enables a cell to adopt a specific fate.


coreceptor activity

Combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger, and in cooperation with a nearby primary receptor, initiating a change in cell activity.


crotamiton

An enamide resulting from the formal condensation of crotonic acid with N-ethyl-2-methylaniline. A colourless or pale yellow oily liquid, it is used in the treatment of pruritus (itching) by producing a counter-irritation: as it evaporates from the skin, it produces a cooling effect that diverts attention away from the itching. It has also been used as an acaricide in the treatment of scabies, though more effective drugs are usually preferred.


catalase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 hydrogen peroxide = O2 + 2 H2O.


acylglycerol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.


cell division site

The eventual plane of cell division (also known as cell cleavage or cytokinesis) in a dividing cell. In Eukaryotes, the cleavage apparatus, composed of septin structures and the actomyosin contractile ring, forms along this plane, and the mitotic, or meiotic, spindle is aligned perpendicular to the division plane. In bacteria, the cell division site is generally located at mid-cell and is the site at which the cytoskeletal structure, the Z-ring, assembles.


negative regulation of cell-matrix adhesion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix.


Sudden death

Rapid and unexpected death.


potassium channel activity

Enables the facilitated diffusion of a potassium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


growth factor activity

The function that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate. Most growth factors have other actions besides the induction of cell growth or proliferation.


regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.


phenformin

A member of the class of biguanides that is  biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of  lactic acidosis.


inositol trisphosphate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: inositol trisphosphate + ATP = inositol tetrakisphosphate + ADP + H+.


pseudoephedrine

A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.


infective vaginitis

An infectious process affecting the vagina. Symptoms include pain and purulent discharge.


membrane disassembly

The controlled breakdown of any cell membrane in the context of a normal process such as autophagy.


G protein-coupled adenosine receptor activity

Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


sodium channel complex

An ion channel complex through which sodium ions pass.


positive regulation of cholesterol storage

Any process that increases the rate or extent of cholesterol storage. Cholesterol storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.


regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity

A process that modulates neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.


regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay.


Recurrent lower respiratory tract infections

An increased susceptibility to lower respiratory tract infections as manifested by a history of recurrent lower respiratory tract infections.


extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand

The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with withdrawal of a ligand from a cell surface receptor, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


spherical high-density lipoprotein particle

A mature high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle, converted from discoidal HDL particles following the esterification of cholesterol in the particle by phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase (lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase; LCAT).


calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction.


retinal ganglion cell axon guidance

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


synaptic vesicle cycle

A biological process in which synaptic vesicles are loaded with neurotransmitters, move to the active zone, exocytose and are then recycled via endocytosis, ultimately leading to reloading with neurotransmitters.


positive regulation of fear response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fear response.


insulin secretion

The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin. In vertebrates, insulin is secreted from B granules in the B cells of the vertebrate pancreas and from insulin-producing cells in insects.


spindle localization

Any process in which is the spindle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.


AMPA glutamate receptor complex

An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. The AMPA receptors mediate fast synaptic transmission in the CNS and are composed of subunits GluR1-4, products from separate genes. These subunits have an extracellular N-terminus and an intracellular C-terminus.


negative regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.


regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process

Any regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in apoptotic process.


methicillin

A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.


regulation of miRNA metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA metabolic process.


enoxacin

A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.


intramolecular oxidoreductase activity, transposing C=C bonds

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor are the same molecule, one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the molecule are rearranged, and no oxidized product appears.


infertility disorder

Inability to conceive for at least one year after trying and having unprotected sex. Causes of female infertility include endometriosis, fallopian tubes obstruction, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Causes of male infertility include abnormal sperm production or function, blockage of the epididymis, blockage of the ejaculatory ducts, hypospadias, exposure to pesticides, and health related issues.


Herpesviridae infectious disease

Virus diseases caused by the herpesviridae.


negative regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


blood vessel endothelial cell migration

The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels during angiogenesis.


cellular response to nitric oxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitric oxide stimulus.


deslanoside

A cardenolide glycoside that is lanatoside C with the acetoxy group replaced by a hydroxy group.


positive regulation of dendritic spine morphogenesis

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.


phosphatase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a phosphatase.


negative regulation of lipid biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.


cell proliferation involved in metanephros development

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the metanephros.


regulation of T cell cytokine production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.


keratosis pilaris

A form of dry skin characterized by hair follicles plugged by scale.


regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.


negative regulation of cyclase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a cyclase.


endocytic vesicle lumen

The volume enclosed by the membrane of an endocytic vesicle.


mitochondrial membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrial membrane, either of the lipid bilayer surrounding a mitochondrion.


negative regulation of insulin secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.


regulation of oocyte development

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


Photopsia

Perceived flashes of light.


positive regulation of cellular extravasation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.


theophylline

A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 3. It is structurally similar to caffeine and is found in green and black tea.


paromomycin

An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.


attachment of GPI anchor to protein

A transamidation reaction that results in the cleavage of the polypeptide chain and the concomitant transfer of the GPI anchor to the newly formed carboxy-terminal amino acid of the anchored protein. The cleaved C-terminal contains the C-terminal GPI signal sequence of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain.


positive regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure

The process that increases the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system.


negative regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade.


site of double-strand break

A region of a chromosome at which a DNA double-strand break has occurred. DNA damage signaling and repair proteins accumulate at the lesion to respond to the damage and repair the DNA to form a continuous DNA helix.


tenosynovitis

Inflammation of the synovial lining of a tendon sheath. Causes include trauma, tendon stress, bacterial disease (gonorrhea, tuberculosis), rheumatic disease, and gout. Common sites are the hand, wrist, shoulder capsule, hip capsule, hamstring muscles, and Achilles tendon. The tendon sheaths become inflamed and painful, and accumulate fluid. Joint mobility is usually reduced.


sno(s)RNA 3'-end processing

Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a snoRNA family molecule, also referred to as an sRNA in Archaea.


lymphangitis

Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels.


mastitis

Inflammation of breast tissue during lactation or postpartum due to an obstructed duct or infection. Mastitis can also occur in non-breastfeeding women, and rarely in men.


regulation of fever generation

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of fever generation.


Irregular Heart Beat

A clinical finding in which the rhythm of the heart is noted to be abnormal. (ACC/AHA)


mRNA stabilization

Prevention of degradation of mRNA molecules. In the absence of compensating changes in other processes, the slowing of mRNA degradation can result in an overall increase in the population of active mRNA molecules.


mitochondrial respiratory chain complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex.


Apnea

Lack of breathing with no movement of the respiratory muscles and no exchange of air in the lungs. This term refers to a disposition to have recurrent episodes of apnea rather than to a single event.


muscle of neck

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any muscle that is part of the cervical (neck) region.


hypersensitivity vasculitis

A small vessel vasculitis affecting the skin and/or internal organs. It is characterized by the presence of neutrophils and fibrinoid necrosis in small arteries and venules. It may be idiopathic or the result of drug treatment, infections, food intake, collagen vascular disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, or cancer.


regulation of establishment of planar polarity

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the establishment of planar polarity, the coordinated organization of groups of cells in a tissue, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.


floor plate morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the floor plate is generated and organized.


positive regulation of lipase activity

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.


lumenal side of membrane

Any side (leaflet) of a membrane that faces the lumen of an organelle.


receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT

Any process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) and JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) proteins convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT begins with activation of a receptor and proceeeds through STAT protein activation by members of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases. STAT proteins dimerize and subsequently translocate to the nucleus. The pathway ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins.


thrombin-activated receptor activity

A G protein-coupled receptor activity that is activated by cleavage by thrombin, which exposes a tethered ligand corresponding to the new N-terminus, which binds to the receptor and activates it.


cellular response to iron ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron ion stimulus.


transcription coregulator binding

Binding to a transcription coregulator, a protein involved in regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other transcription regulatory proteins. Cofactors do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between regulatory transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.


negative regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.


negative regulation of immune effector process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.


sphingosine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingosine (sphing-4-enine), trans-D-erytho-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol, a long chain amino diol sphingoid base that occurs in most sphingolipids in animal tissues.


Tearfulness

A feeling of sadness characterized by episodes of crying that can occur suddenly and are not easily controlled in social situations.


amenorrhea

The absence of menses in a woman who has achieved reproductive age.


maturation of 5.8S rRNA

Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 5.8S rRNA molecule.


regulation of inclusion body assembly

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of inclusion body assembly. Inclusion body assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inclusion body.


growth hormone receptor binding

Binding to a growth hormone receptor.


spindle assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.


regulation of ribosome biogenesis

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits.


response to activity

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an activity stimulus.


response to mycotoxin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mycotoxin stimulus. A mycotoxin is a toxic chemical substance produced by fungi.


protein K63-linked deubiquitination

A protein deubiquitination process in which a K63-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.


hexachlorophene

An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.


spindle organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during DNA segregation and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.


K48-linked polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 in the target protein.


trans-Golgi network transport vesicle

A vesicle that mediates transport between the trans-Golgi network and other parts of the cell.


lymphocyte apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a lymphocyte, a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.


protein-lipid complex

A macromolecular complex containing separate protein and lipid molecules. Separate in this context means not covalently bound to each other.


Emotional blunting

Inability to feel positive or negative emotions, feelings of detachment, or reduced emotional responsiveness.


positive regulation of translational initiation in response to starvation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of deprivation of nourishment.


MHC class II protein complex

A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC class II alpha and MHC class II beta chain, and with or without a bound peptide or polysaccharide antigen.


positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.


calcium-release channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion from intracellular stores by a channel that opens when a specific intracellular ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


digestive system process

A physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.


Golgi to vacuole transport

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the vacuole.


glutamate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.


growth hormone receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand.


positive regulation of apoptotic process in another organism

Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death by apoptosis in a second organism.


vitamin D2

A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.


negative regulation of autophagy

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.


MutLalpha complex

A heterodimer involved in the recognition of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MLH1 and PMS2.


cysteine-type endopeptidase regulator activity involved in apoptotic process

Binds to and modulates the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.


positive regulation of protein localization to cell periphery

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery.


torasemide

An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.


pre-mRNA intronic binding

Binding to an intronic sequence of a pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA).


glucocorticoid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.


regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the non-canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade.


cellular response to interferon-beta

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-beta stimulus. Interferon-beta is a type I interferon.


peptidyl-lysine dimethylation

The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysine.


canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction

An intracellular signaling cassette characterized by the I-kappaB-kinase (IKK)-dependent activation of NF-kappaB, also known as the canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade. The cascade begins with activation of a trimeric IKK complex (consisting of catalytic kinase subunits IKKalpha and/or IKKbeta, and the regulatory scaffold protein NEMO) and ends with the regulation of transcription of target genes by NF-kappaB. In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription. The canonical NF-kappaB pathway is mainly stimulated by proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, antigen ligands, and toll-like receptors (TLRs).


Tendon rupture

Breakage (tear) of a tendon.


regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.


icosanoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, NAD(P) as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP.


neuropeptide hormone activity

The action characteristic of a neuropeptide hormone, any peptide hormone that acts in the central nervous system. A neuropeptide is any of several types of molecules found in brain tissue, composed of short chains of amino acids; they include endorphins, enkephalins, vasopressin, and others. They are often localized in axon terminals at synapses and are classified as putative neurotransmitters, although some are also hormones.


spindle pole centrosome

A centrosome from which one pole of a mitotic or meiotic spindle is organized.


lipoprotein localization

Any process in which a lipoprotein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.


poly(A)-specific ribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage of poly(A) to 5'-AMP.


L-leucine

The L-enantiomer of leucine.


response to ischemia

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a inadequate blood supply.


sarcomere

The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.


vesicle docking involved in exocytosis

The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, that contributes to exocytosis.


positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.


catecholamine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.


atrial cardiac muscle cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an atrial cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The atrium is the part of the heart that receives blood into the organ.


primary amino compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving primary amino compound.


connective tissue development

The progression of a connective tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


negative regulation of blood circulation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.


Toxic nephropathy

Toxicity that impairs or damages the kidney. This condition is often caused by the administration of a pharmaceutical agent that causes damage to the kidney.


solute:monoatomic cation symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + cation(out) = solute(in) + cation(in).


vascular associated smooth muscle contraction

A process, occurring in the vascular tissue, whereby actin/myosin complex activity generates force through ATP hydrolysis resulting in a change in smooth muscle geometry. This process is always coupled to chemo-mechanical energy conversion.


celiac disease

An autoimmune genetic disorder with an unknown pattern of inheritance that primarily affects the digestive tract. It is caused by intolerance to dietary gluten. Consumption of gluten protein triggers an immune response which damages small intestinal villi and prevents adequate absorption of nutrients. Clinical signs include abdominal cramping, diarrhea or constipation and weight loss. If untreated, the clinical course may progress to malnutrition, anemia, osteoporosis and an increased risk of intestinal malignancies. However, the prognosis is favorable with successful avoidance of gluten in the diet.


hydroxyzine

A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.


carboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of carboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).


semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a semaphorin receptor (composed of a plexin and a neurophilin) binding to a semaphorin ligand.


metipranolol

3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.


receptor transactivation

The process in which a receptor is activated by another receptor. Receptor transactivation can occur through different mechanisms and includes cross-talk between signaling pathways where one receptor activates a receptor for a different ligand, and also activation of subunits within a receptor oligomer.


transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase binding

Binding to a receptor that spans a cell membrane and possesses protein serine/threonine kinase activity.


glucokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-glucose = ADP + D-glucose-6-phosphate.


positive regulation of sequestering of triglyceride

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.


dihydrotachysterol

A hydroxy seco-steroid that is 9,10-secoergosta-5,7,22-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. A synthetic analogue of vitamin D that acts a bone density conservation agent.


pigment metabolic process involved in pigmentation

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, resulting in the deposition or aggregation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell.


regulation of pro-B cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pro-B cell differentiation.


anosmia

Loss of or impaired ability to smell. This may be caused by olfactory nerve diseases; paranasal sinus diseases; viral respiratory tract infections; craniocerebral trauma; smoking; and other conditions.


folic acid binding

Binding to folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.


pleurisy

Inflammation of the pleura. It is usually caused by infections. Chest pain while breathing or coughing is the presenting symptom.


nucleobase-containing compound transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids from one side of a membrane to the other.


plasma membrane phospholipid scrambling

The movement of a population of phospholipid molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet, resulting in loss of lipid asymmetry and surface exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE).


regulation of glycolytic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.


positive regulation of dendritic cell apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process.


female gamete generation

Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.


regulation of glucan biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of glucan biosynthesis. Glucan biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.


organellar ribosome

A ribosome contained within a subcellular membrane-bounded organelle.


pattern specification involved in kidney development

Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the kidney to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.


nuclear localization sequence binding

Binding to a nuclear localization sequence, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the nucleus.


glycerolipid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone.


positive regulation of protein localization to nucleolus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus.


Muscle weakness

Reduced strength of muscles.


linagliptin

A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.


platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand to a beta-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFbeta) on the surface of a signal-receiving cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell extravasation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell extravasation.


Subdural hemorrhage

Hemorrhage occurring between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.


methohexital

A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.


Post-Operative Pain

A sensation of discomfort secondary to surgery.


intestinal absorption

Any process in which nutrients are taken up from the contents of the intestine.


acute kidney tubular necrosis

Acute renal failure caused by the cell death of the renal tubules. Causes include nephrotoxins, cytotoxic drugs, and antibiotics.


de novo centriole assembly involved in multi-ciliated epithelial cell differentiation

Centriole assembly in which a centriole arises de novo by a process involving an electron-dense structure known as a deuterosome, rather than by duplication of an existing centriole, and occurring as part of multi-ciliated epithelial cell differentiation.


S100 protein binding

Binding to a S100 protein. S100 is a small calcium and zinc binding protein produced in astrocytes that is implicated in Alzheimer's disease, Down Syndrome and ALS.


glucose intolerance

The inability to regulate blood glucose levels resulting in hyperglycemia.


voltage-gated monoatomic anion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an anion by a voltage-gated channel. An anion is a negatively charged ion. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


methoxyflurane

An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.


diagonal band of Broca

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A white fibre bundle descending in the precommissural septum toward the base of the forebrain, immediately rostral to the lamina terminalis; at the base, the bundle turns in the caudolateral direction; traveling through the ventral substantia innominata alongside the optic tract, it fades before reaching the amygdala.


Psychotic episodes

Periods of time during which an individual experiences significant disturbances in their thoughts, perceptions, emotions, and behavior, resulting in a loss of touch with reality. These episodes are hallmark features of psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and certain forms of bipolar disorder.


purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular purine nucleotide binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


negative regulation of type II interferon production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.


peptide YY receptor activity

Combining with gut peptide YY to initiate a change in cell activity.


endoderm formation

The formation of the endoderm during gastrulation.


isotype switching

The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of other isotypes of immunoglobulin, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion involving switch regions that reside 5' of each constant region gene segment in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.


late endosome to vacuole transport

The directed movement of substances from late endosomes to the vacuole. In yeast, after transport to the prevacuolar compartment, endocytic content is delivered to the late endosome and on to the vacuole. This pathway is analogous to endosome to lysosome transport.


Choroidal nevus

A benign, flat or slightly elevated melanocytic lesions of the posterior uveawith clearly defined margins. Choroidal nevi tend they remain stable in size, and to display features such as overlying drusen as well as retinal pigment epithelial atrophy, hyperplasia or fibrous metaplasia.


conduct disorder

A disorder diagnosed in childhood or adolescence age group characterized by aggressive behavior, deceitfulness, destruction of property or violation of rules that is persistent and repetitive, and within a one year period.


regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase III

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA ploymerase III.


monosaccharide binding

Binding to a monosaccharide. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates; they are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H[CHOH]nC(=O)[CHOH]mH with three or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.


alcohol binding

Binding to an alcohol, any of a class of alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group.


protein-disulfide reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a protein with reduced sulfide groups = a protein with oxidized disulfide bonds.


peptidyl-histidine modification

The modification of peptidyl-histidine.


activation of GTPase activity

Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase through the replacement of GDP by GTP.


forelimb morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal, e.g. the arms of a human.


[2Fe-2S] cluster assembly

The incorporation of two iron atoms and two sulfur atoms into an iron-sulfur cluster.


cytidine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cytidine, cytosine riboside, a widely distributed nucleoside.


positive regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of an ion transporter.


eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex

A complex of several polypeptides that plays at least two important roles in protein synthesis: First, eIF3 binds to the 40S ribosome and facilitates loading of the Met-tRNA/eIF2.GTP ternary complex to form the 43S preinitiation complex. Subsequently, eIF3 apparently assists eIF4 in recruiting mRNAs to the 43S complex. The eIF3 complex contains five conserved core subunits, and may contain several additional proteins; the non-core subunits are thought to mediate association of the complex with specific sets of mRNAs.


monobenzone

The monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone.  It is used as a topical drug for medical depigmentation.


regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase (AC) activity that is an integral part of a G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.


axon choice point recognition

The recognition of molecules at a choice point by an axon growth cone; at a choice point the growth cone determines the direction of its future growth.


hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in cyclic amidines

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amidine, a compound of the form R-C(=NH)-NH2.


endodermal digestive tract morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the endodermal digestive tract are generated and organized. The endodermal digestive tract includes those portions of the digestive tract that are derived from endoderm.


regulation of multicellular organism growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size.


regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development.


positive regulation of interleukin-8 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production.


sulfanilamide

A sulfonamide in which the sulfamoyl functional group is attached to aniline at the 4-position.


postsynaptic membrane organization

A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynaptic membrane, the specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft).


Increased red blood cell count

An abnormal elevation above the normal number of red blood cells per volume in the circulation.


regulation of locomotor rhythm

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotor rhythm.


negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.


SMAD protein complex

A protein complex that consists of only SMAD proteins; may be homomeric or heteromeric. Heteromeric complexes act as transcription factors while homomeric complexes exist but are transcriptionally inactive. Hetero- versus homotrimerization is largely enthalpy driven.


intracellular zinc ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of zinc ions within a cell.


regulation of cilium-dependent cell motility

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility.


sphenoidal sinus

One of the paired paranasal sinuses, located in the body of the sphenoid bone and communicating with the highest meatus of the nasal cavity on the same side[MESH]. The sphenoidal sinuses (or sphenoid) contained within the body of the sphenoid vary in size and shape; owing to the lateral displacement of the intervening septum they are rarely symmetrical. The following are their average measurements: vertical height, 2.2 cm. ; transverse breadth, 2 cm. ; antero-posterior depth, 2.2 cm. [WP,unvetted].


external encapsulating structure

A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell or cells. This does not include the periplasmic space.


HMG box domain binding

Binding to an HMG box domain, a protein domain that consists of three helices in an irregular array. HMG-box domains are found in one or more copies in HMG-box proteins, which form a large, diverse family involved in the regulation of DNA-dependent processes such as transcription, replication, and strand repair, all of which require the bending and unwinding of chromatin.


microtubule binding

Binding to a microtubule, a filament composed of tubulin monomers.


epithelium migration

The process in which the population of cells that make up an epithelium undergo directed movement.


sensory perception of light stimulus

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory light stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance

The process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.


regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


hyaluronan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.


scavenger receptor activity

Combining with any modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or other polyanionic ligand and delivering the ligand into the cell via endocytosis. Ligands include acetylated and oxidized LDL, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, apoptotic cells, amyloid-beta fibrils, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs).


Pulmonary toxicity

Toxicity that impairs or damages the lung(s). This condition is often caused by the administration of a pharmaceutical agent that causes damage to the lungs.


positive regulation of defense response to virus by host

Any host process that results in the promotion of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby limiting viral replication.


peroxisomal matrix

The volume contained within the membranes of a peroxisome; in many cells the matrix contains a crystalloid core largely composed of urate oxidase.


cellular response to vitamin D

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin D stimulus.


operant conditioning

Learning to anticipate future events on the basis of past experience with the consequences of one's own behavior.


bicarbonate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of bicarbonate from one side of a membrane to the other. Bicarbonate is the hydrogencarbonate ion, HCO3-.


papilledema

Swelling around the optic disk, usually due to increased intracranial pressure or pressure on the optic nerve by a tumor.


Acute hepatitis

Acute hepatic injury resulting from inflammation typically accompanied by increased serum alanine transaminase activity. Etiologies include viral hepatitis, drugs, toxins, and autoimmune disorders.


negative regulation of TOR signaling

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling.


xylosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a xylosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.


killing of cells of another organism

Any process in an organism that results in the killing of cells of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.


cellular response to staurosporine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a staurosporine stimulus.


pyrimidine nucleobase metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases.


inward rectifying potassium channel

A protein complex that comprises four pore-forming (Kir6.x) and four regulatory sulphonylurea receptor (SURx) subunits and forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass. The opening and closing of the channel is regulated by ATP: binding of ATP to the Kir6.x subunit inhibits channel activity, whereas binding of Mg2+-complexed ATP or ADP to the SURx subunit stimulates channel activity.


camera-type eye photoreceptor cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell in a camera-type eye.


enucleate erythrocyte differentiation

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specialized features of an erythrocyte without a nucleus. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.


cetrorelix

A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.


regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.


cellular response to sterol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sterol stimulus.


regulatory ncRNA processing

A process leading to the generation of a functional regulatory non-coding RNA.


detection of external biotic stimulus

The series of events in which an external biotic stimulus is detected and converted into a molecular signal. An external biotic stimulus is defined as one caused or produced by a living organism other than the one being stimulated.


glucan catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.


Dyskinesia

A movement disorder which consists of effects including diminished voluntary movements and the presence of involuntary movements.


stutter disorder

A speech disorder characterized by frequent sound or syllable repetitions, sound prolongations, or other dysfluencies that are inappropriate for the individual's age.


positive regulation of bone remodeling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling.


negative regulation of catecholamine secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine.


RAGE receptor binding

Binding to a RAGE receptor, the receptor for advanced glycation end-products.


methotrimeprazine

A member of the class of  phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.


latrotoxin receptor activity

Combining with alpha-latrotoxin, a potent presynaptic neurotoxin, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production.


U2 snRNP

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U2, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U2 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U2 snRNA both while the U2 snRNP is free or assembled into a series of spliceosomal complexes.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucuronyl-N-acetyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosaminylproteoglycan + UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine = N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-1,4-beta-D-glucuronyl-N-acetyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosaminylproteoglycan + UDP.


Fractured facial bone

A partial or complete breakage of the facial bone.


fibromyalgia

A chronic disorder of unknown etiology characterized by pain, stiffness, and tenderness in the muscles of neck, shoulders, back, hips, arms, and legs. Other signs and symptoms include headaches, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and painful menstruation.


calcium channel complex

An ion channel complex through which calcium ions pass.


positive regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of hexokinase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hexokinase activity.


josamycin

A macrolide antibiotic produced by certain strains of Streptomyces narbonensis var. josamyceticus.


streptomycin

A amino cyclitol glycoside that consists of streptidine having a disaccharyl moiety attached at the 4-position. The parent of the streptomycin class


phosphate ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of phosphate (PO4 3-) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


negative regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.


activation of protein kinase B activity

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase B.


regulation of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion.


very-low-density lipoprotein particle assembly

The non-covalent aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids in the liver to form a very-low-density lipoprotein particle.


polysaccharide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.


Sickness

A state of ill health, bodily malfunction, or discomfort.


positive regulation of cell junction assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.


neuronal cell body membrane

The plasma membrane of a neuron cell body - excludes the plasma membrane of cell projections such as axons and dendrites.


positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.


cerebellar ataxia

A neurological syndrome characterized by clumsy and uncoordinated movement of the limbs, trunk, and cranial muscles. It results from pathology in the cerebellum and its connections, or in the proprioceptive sensory pathways.


natural killer cell activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell resulting from exposure a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


positive regulation of protein dephosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.


negative regulation of actin filament bundle assembly

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.


Abnormal Urine Test Result

A laboratory test result indicating a finding outside the parameters of normal urine measurements.


negative regulation of monooxygenase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a monooxygenase.


maintenance of protein localization in organelle

Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location a specific location on or in an organelle, and is prevented from moving elsewhere. Encompasses establishment of localization in the membrane or lumen of a membrane-bounded organelle.


regulation of purine nucleotide biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of purine nucleotide biosynthetic processes.


thioester metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a thioester, a compound of general formula RC(=O)SR' in which the linking oxygen in an ester is replaced by a sulfur atom. They are the product of esterification between a carboxylic acid and a thiol.


chloride channel inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a chloride channel.


nuclear inner membrane

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope.


pyridine nucleotide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base.


Thermal burn

A burn injury caused by heat or fire.


positive regulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential

Any process that enhances the establishment or increases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.


metalloaminopeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single N-terminal amino acid residue from a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + phosphatidylinositol = UDP + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol.


positive regulation of vacuole organization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.


type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by type I interferon binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


nephrocalcinosis

Nephrocalcinosis is a disorder that occurs when too much calcium is deposited in the kidneys. It commonly occurs in premature infants. Individuals may not have symptoms or may have symptoms related to thecondition causing nephrocalcinosis. If kidney stones are present, symptoms may include blood in the urine, fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, and severe pain in the belly area, sides of the back (flank), groin, or testicles. Later symptoms may be associated with chronic kidney failure. It may be caused by use of certain medications or supplements, infection, or any condition that leads to high levels of calcium in the blood or urine including hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis, Alport syndrome, Bartter syndrome,and a variety of other conditions. Some of the underlying disorders that can cause nephrocalcinosis are genetic, with the inheritance pattern depending on the specific disorder. Treatment differs depending on the cause of nephrocalcinosis and often aims to prevent more calcium from being deposited in the kidneys.


entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod

The synchronization of a circadian rhythm to photoperiod, the intermittent cycle of light (day) and dark (night).


activation of store-operated calcium channel activity

A process that initiates the activity of an inactive store-operated calcium channel.


cyclooxygenase pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways by which prostaglandins are formed from arachidonic acid, and in which prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (cyclooxygenase) catalyzes the committed step in the conversion of arachidonic acid to the prostaglandin-endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2.


positive regulation of natural killer cell chemotaxis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell chemotaxis.


ATPase-coupled monoatomic cation transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + cation(out) = ADP + phosphate + cation(in).


racemase and epimerase activity

Catalysis of a reaction that alters the configuration of one or more chiral centers in a molecule.


diterpenoid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving diterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with four isoprene units.


response to BMP

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) stimulus.


miRNA processing

A process leading to the generation of a functional miRNA. Includes the cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein, or by increasing the degradation of non-protein-coding RNA transcripts.


dapsone

A  sulfone that is diphenylsulfone in which the hydrogen atom at the 4 position of each of the phenyl groups is substituted by an amino group. It is active against a wide  range of bacteria, but is mainly employed for its actions against Mycobacterium leprae, being used as part of multidrug regimens in the treatment of all forms of leprosy.


skin cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the zone of skin


regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.


UMP salvage

Any process which produces UMP, uridine monophosphate, from derivatives of it (e.g. cytidine, uridine, cytosine) without de novo synthesis.


proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex, catalytic domain

A protein complex that forms part of a proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex and catalyzes ATP hydrolysis or synthesis. The catalytic domain (F1, V1, or A1) comprises a hexameric catalytic core and a central stalk, and is peripherally associated with the membrane when the two-sector ATPase is assembled.


determination of heart left/right asymmetry

Determination of the asymmetric location of the heart with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.


carbohydrate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.


positive regulation of hair follicle development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.


heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules

The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell.


regulation of centriole elongation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of centriole elongation.


cellular response to lipoteichoic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoteichoic acid stimulus; lipoteichoic acid is a major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria and typically consists of a chain of glycerol-phosphate repeating units linked to a glycolipid anchor.


catalytic step 2 spliceosome

A spliceosomal complex that contains three snRNPs, including U5, bound to a splicing intermediate in which the first catalytic cleavage of the 5' splice site has occurred. The precise subunit composition differs significantly from that of the catalytic step 1, or activated, spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the associated snRNPs.


sugar-phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: sugar phosphate + H2O = sugar + phosphate.


postreplication repair

The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication. Includes pathways that remove replication-blocking lesions in conjunction with DNA replication.


enoyl-CoA hydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-hydroxy-fatty acyl-CoA = a enoyl-CoA + H2O. This reaction usually occurs in the reverse direction, leading to the reduction of the double bound of enoyl-CoA in position 2 or 3. Specific reactions catalyzed include: a 4-saturated-(3S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA = a (3E)-enoyl-CoA + H2O and a (3S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA = a (2E)-enoyl-CoA + H2O.


mitotic nuclear membrane reassembly

The mitotic cell cycle process involving ESCRTIII that results in reformation of the nuclear envelope after mitotic nuclear division. In organisms undergoing closed mitosis this involves resealing or 'repair' of the nuclear envelope in the nuclear bridge.


alverine

A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.


positive regulation of amino acid metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with oxidation of a pair of donors resulting in the reduction of molecular oxygen to two molecules of water

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced to two molecules of water.


Graves disease

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism).It is caused by an abnormal immune system response that causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormones. Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism andoccurs mostoften in women over age 20. However, the disorder may occur at any age and may affect males as well.Treatmentmayinclude radioiodine therapy, antithyroid drugs, and/or thyroid surgery.


regulation of natural killer cell differentiation involved in immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation as part of an immune response.


cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand from another organism to a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR). PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species.


hindbrain maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the hindbrain to attain its fully functional state. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.


DNA catabolic process

The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one.


cholelithiasis

The presence of calculi in the gallbladder.


transcription factor TFIID complex

A complex composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and TBP associated factors (TAFs); the total mass is typically about 800 kDa. Most of the TAFs are conserved across species. In TATA-containing promoters for RNA polymerase II (Pol II), TFIID is believed to recognize at least two distinct elements, the TATA element and a downstream promoter element. TFIID is also involved in recognition of TATA-less Pol II promoters. Binding of TFIID to DNA is necessary but not sufficient for transcription initiation from most RNA polymerase II promoters.


response to UV-B

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 280 to 315 nm.


Nerve injury

Injury to nervous tissue.


response to osmotic stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.


nucleoside bisphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.


membrane protein intracellular domain proteolysis

The proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein leading to the release of an intracellular domain.


positive regulation of nuclear division

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.


WASH complex

A protein complex that localizes at the surface of endosomes, where it recruits and activates the Arp2/3 complex to induce actin polymerization. In human, the WASH complex is composed of F-actin-capping protein subunits alpha and beta, WASH1, FAM21, KIAA1033, KIAA0196 and CCDC53.


regulation of sterol transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


contractile ring

A cytoskeletal structure composed of filamentous protein that forms beneath the membrane of many cells or organelles, in the plane of cell or organelle division. Ring contraction is associated with centripetal growth of the membrane that divides the cytoplasm of the two daughter cells or organelles.


cellular response to ammonium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ammonium stimulus.


Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) is characterized by severe peptic disease (ulcers/esophageal disease) caused by hypergastrinemia secondary to a gastrinoma resulting in increased gastric acid secretion.


regulation of extracellular matrix organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.


positive regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a vitamin D biosynthetic process. Vitamin D biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).


sensory perception of temperature stimulus

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


complex of collagen trimers

A complex of collagen trimers such as a fibril or collagen network.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate = oxaloacetate + L-glutamate.


negative regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.


protein heterotrimerization

The formation of a protein heterotrimer, a macromolecular structure consisting of three noncovalently associated subunits, of which not all are identical.


QRS Complex

An electrocardiographic finding that represents depolarization of the ventricular myocardium. Normally the ventricles are activated simultaneously.


negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I.


semaphorin receptor activity

Combining with a semaphorin, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


regulation of cholesterol storage

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of cholesterol storage. Cholesterol storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.


tunica intima

The innermost layer of a blood vessel which is a lining of endothelial cells facing the lumen[Kardong].


fucose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fucose (6-deoxygalactose).


ethmoid sinus

The evaginations of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity into the ethmoidal bony labyrinth, forming multiple small paranasal sinuses.


regulation of timing of cell differentiation

The process controlling the activation and/or rate at which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized features. Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the XXX at a consistent predetermined time point during its development.


negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.