renal system process

A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the renal system. The renal system maintains fluid balance, and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels; in other species, the renal system may comprise related structures (e.g., nephrocytes and malpighian tubules in Drosophila).


monooxygenase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the incorporation of one atom from molecular oxygen into a compound and the reduction of the other atom of oxygen to water.


muscle cancer

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

A malignant neoplasm affecting the skeletal or smooth muscles. Malignant neoplasms arising from the skeletal muscles are called rhabdomyosarcomas. Malignant neoplasms arising from the smooth muscles are called leiomyosarcomas.


Periodontal Abscess

An acute purulent bacterial infection that arises from the tissues that surround and support the teeth.


nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, exonucleolytic

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that occurs when the ends are not protected by the 5'-cap or the 3'-poly(A) tail.


regulation of catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.


BLOC complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any of several protein complexes required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes, platelet dense granules, and other related organelles; acronym for biogenesis of lysosomal-related organelles complex.


formation of primary germ layer

The formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm during gastrulation.


glucose-6-phosphate transport

The directed movement of glucose-6-phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Glucose-6-phosphate is a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.


flumazenil

An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.


Abnormal cry

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

Any anomaly of the vocalizing of an infant's crying, i.e.,the typically loud voice production that is accompanied by tears and agitation.


depressive disorder

A melancholy feeling of sadness and despair.


glial cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a glial cell.


Musculoskeletal Pain

Pain that originates in the bones, muscles, tendons or ligaments.


pyrimidine ribonucleoside catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which a pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.


pyruvate family amino acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.


Bowel incontinence

Involuntary fecal soiling in adults and children who have usually already been toilet trained.


synaptic membrane

A specialized area of membrane on either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic side of a synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.


pigmentation

The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells.


iloperidone

A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.


positive regulation of peptidase activity

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.


carbohydrate derivative catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrate derivative.


proximal/distal pattern formation

The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end).


Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a substrate.


cerebellar cortex formation

The process that gives rise to the cerebellar cortex. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.


SMAD protein signal transduction

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

An intracellular signaling cassette that starts with the activation of a SMAD protein, leading to the formation of a complex with co-SMADs, which translocates to the nucleus and regulates transcription of specific target genes.


cellular response to growth factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.


shelterin complex

A nuclear telomere cap complex that is formed by the association of telomeric ssDNA- and dsDNA-binding proteins with telomeric DNA, and is involved in telomere protection and recruitment of telomerase. The complex is known to contain TERF1, TERF2, POT1, RAP1, TINF2 and ACD in mammalian cells, and Pot1, Tpz1, Rap1, Rif1, Rif2 and Taz1 in Saccharomyces. Taz1 and Rap1 (or their mammalian equivalents) form a dsDNA-binding subcomplex, Pot1 and Tpz1 form an ssDNA-binding subcomplex, and the two subcomplexes are bridged by Poz1, which acts as an effector molecule along with Ccq1.


condensed chromosome, centromeric region

The region of a condensed chromosome that includes the centromere and associated proteins, including the kinetochore. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.


latanoprost

A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.


positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.


positive regulation of viral process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant.


regulation of epidermal cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.


transferase activity, transferring one-carbon groups

Catalysis of the transfer of a one-carbon group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


purine nucleotide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


synapse organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).


chloride transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of chloride ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


doxepin

A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an  antidepressant drug.


Vasodilation

biolink:PhysiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


phosphatase complex

A protein complex which is capable of phosphatase activity.


regulation of Schwann cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.


4-methyl-3-[[1-oxo-2-(propylamino)propyl]amino]-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid methyl ester


Sensory Loss

Any loss of sensation.


proteoglycan binding

Binding to a proteoglycan, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.


Pleural effusion

The presence of an excessive amount of fluid in the pleural cavity.


Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

Attacks of breathlessness that occur at night and may awaken the sleeping patient.


fusidic acid

A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.


regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.


antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.


regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.


aortic valve stenosis

Aortic valve stenosis (AVS) is a condition characterized by narrowing of the heart's aortic valve opening. This narrowing prevents the valve from opening fully, which obstructs blood flow from the heart into the aorta, and onward to the rest of the body. AVS can range from mild to severe. Signs and symptoms typically develop when the narrowing of the opening is severe and may include chest pain (angina) or tightness; shortness of breath or fatigue (especially during exertion); feeling faint or fainting; heart palpitations; and heart murmur. Individuals with less severe congenital AVS (present at birth) may not develop symptoms until adulthood. Individuals with severe cases may faint without warning. AVS can have several causes including abnormal development before birth (such as having 1 or 2 valve leaflets instead of 3); calcium build-up on the valve in adulthood; and rheumatic fever.


K63-linked polyubiquitin modification-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein upon poly-ubiquitination formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 in the target protein.


vigabatrin

A gamma-amino acid having a gamma-vinyl GABA structure. It is an irreversible inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric 664 acid transaminase


negative regulation of endopeptidase activity

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.


positive regulation of peptide secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.


syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion

The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.


appendage development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an appendage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.


secobarbital

A member of the class of  barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.


mitoxantrone

A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.


acute promyelocytic leukemia

An aggressive form of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), characterized by arrest of leukocyte differentiation at the promyelocyte stage, due to a specific chromosomal translocation t(15;17) in myeloid cells. APL manifests with easy bruising, hemorrhagic diathesis and fatigue.


Urethral Pain

A painful sensation in the urethra.


long-chain fatty acid import into cell

The directed movement of a long-chain fatty acid from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis. A long-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing 13 to 22 carbons.


Sneeze

A sudden violent, spasmodic, audible expiration of breath through the nose and mouth.


organic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.


cell junction assembly

A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a cell junction.


positive regulation of peptidyl-lysine acetylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-lysine acetylation.


positive regulation of response to nutrient levels

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels.


fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway in which the initial step of each oxidation cycle, which converts an acyl-CoA to a trans-2-enoyl-CoA, is catalyzed by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; the electrons removed by oxidation pass through the respiratory chain to oxygen and leave H2O as the product. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).


positive regulation of interferon-beta production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.


acetic acid [2-[[(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)amino]-oxomethyl]phenyl] ester


chromosomal region

Any subdivision of a chromosome along its length.


glossopharyngeal nerve

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Cranial nerve that branches into the ramus communicans (to the skin), the pretrematic (to the walls of the pharynx and mouth, viscero-sensory fibers), and the larval post-trematic branch (lost in the adult).


embryonic digit morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the digit are generated and organized. A digit is one of the terminal divisions of an appendage, such as a finger or toe.


deferiprone

A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.


regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.


Cul3-RING ubiquitin ligase complex

A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul3 subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by a BTB-domain-containing protein.


intramolecular oxidoreductase activity, transposing S-S bonds

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the hydrogen donor and acceptor are the same molecule, one or more sulfur-sulfur bonds in the molecule are rearranged, and no oxidized product appears.


linezolid

An organofluorine compound that consists of 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one bearing an N-3-fluoro-4-(morpholin-4-yl)phenyl group as well as an acetamidomethyl group at position 5. A synthetic antibacterial agent that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to a site on 23S ribosomal RNA of the 50S subunit and prevents further formation of a functional 70S initiation complex.


positive regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate.


clarithromycin

The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.


4-aminosalicylic acid

An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.


rilpivirine

An aminopyrimidine that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine in which the amino groups at positions 2 and 4 are substituted by 4-cyanophenyl and 4-[(E)-2-cyanovinyl]-2,6-dimethylphenyl groups respectively. Used for treatment of HIV.


regulation of NK T cell activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation.


submandibular gland

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Either of the paired compound tubuloalveolar (aka tubuloacinar) major salivary glands composed of both serous and mucous secretory cells and situated beneath the mandible.


negative regulation of protein modification process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.


phosphatidylinositol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which a sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.


granulocyte chemotaxis

The movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.


folic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) from one side of a membrane to the other. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.


intracellular glucose homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of glucose within a cell.


carboxylic ester hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.


ischemic disease

Lack of blood supply to an area of the body, resulting in impairment of tissue oxygenation.


keratinocyte proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Keratinocytes are epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo a characteristic change as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin.


nucleoside triphosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


organic anion transport

The directed movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.


resolution of meiotic recombination intermediates

The cleavage and rejoining of intermediates, such as Holliday junctions, formed during meiotic recombination to produce two intact molecules in which genetic material has been exchanged.


T cell proliferation

The expansion of a T cell population by cell division. Follows T cell activation.


emedastine

1-Methyl-1,4-diazepane in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 4 is substituted by a 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl group. A relatively selective histamine H1 antagonist, it is used as the difumatate salt for allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and pruritic skin disorders, and in eyedrops for the symptomatic relief of allergic conjuntivitis.


asthenopia

Term generally used to describe complaints related to refractive error, ocular muscle imbalance, including pain or aching around the eyes, burning and itchiness of the eyelids, ocular fatigue, and headaches.


diethylstilbestrol

An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.


regulation of receptor internalization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.


nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay

A major pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of ordered steps that includes poly(A) tail shortening and that can regulate mRNA stability.


ATP-dependent activity, acting on DNA

Catalytic activity that acts to modify DNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


DNA biosynthetic process

The biosynthetic process resulting in the formation of DNA.


neural tube closure

The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline.


gliogenesis

The process that results in the generation of glial cells. This includes the production of glial progenitors and their differentiation into mature glia.


mitochondrial transport

Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion.


AV node cell to bundle of His cell communication

The process that mediates interactions between an AV node cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the AV node cell communicating with a bundle of His cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.


ischemic bowel disorder

Disease of the large or small intestine that is caused by inadequate blood supply.


response to hydrogen peroxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus.


monocarboxylic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).


primaquine

An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.


protein methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group (CH3-) to a protein.


nuclear RNA export factor complex

A protein complex that contains two proteins (know in several organisms, including Drosophila, as NXF1 and NXF2) and is required for the export of the majority of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; localized in the nucleoplasm and at both the nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic faces of the nuclear pore complex; shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.


ciliary membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cilium.


ulcerative colitis

An inflammatory bowel disease involving the mucosal surface of the large intestine and rectum. It may present with an acute or slow onset and follows an intermittent or continuous course. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, weight loss, and intestinal hemorrhage.


protein transmembrane transport

The process in which a protein is transported across a membrane.


Neck pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the neck.


telmisartan

A member of the class of  benzimidazoles  used widely in the treatment of hypertension.


negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.


binding of sperm to zona pellucida

The process in which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place.


regulation of membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.


microbody membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a microbody.


kinetochore assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the kinetochore, a multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.


cytokine production

The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


alveolus of lung

Spherical outcropping of the respiratory bronchioles and primary site of gas exchange with the blood. Alveoli are particular to mammalian lungs. Different structures are involved in gas exchange in other vertebrates[WP].


regulation of ATP metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.


positive regulation of cell growth

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.


positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.


synaptonemal complex

A proteinaceous scaffold found between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. It consists of 2 lateral elements and a central element, all running parallel to each other. Transverse filaments connect the lateral elements to the central element.


response to carbohydrate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus.


leukocyte activation involved in immune response

A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


tetracycline

A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.


TIGECYCLINE

Tetracycline in which the hydroxy group at position 5 and the methyl group at position 6 are replaced by hydrogen, and with a dimethylamino substituent and an (N-tert-butylglycyl)amino substituent at positions 7 and 9, respectively. A glycylcycline antibiotic, it has activity against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including tetracycline-resistant organisms. It is used for the intravenous treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by susceptible organisms.


deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


tendinitis

Inflammation of a tendon, usually resulting from an overuse injury. It is characterized by swelling of the tendon, tenderness around the inflamed tendon, and pain while moving the affected area of the body.


nerve

An enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system originating in a nerve root in the central nervous system (or a condensed nervous structure) connecting with peripheral structures.


protein destabilization

Any process that decreases the stability of a protein, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes or aggregation.


lysine N-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue.


regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.


ribose phosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ribose phosphate, any phosphorylated ribose sugar.


morphogenesis of an epithelial fold

The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis.


negative regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading.


Incontinence

Involuntary passage of stool or urine from the body.


fluorescein (lactone form)

A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.


entrainment of circadian clock

The synchronization of a circadian rhythm to environmental time cues such as light.


inhibition of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

Any process that prevents the activation of an inactive cysteine-type endopeptidase.


microtubule-based movement

A microtubule-based process that results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules.


cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.


myeloid leukocyte migration

The movement of a myeloid leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


prilocaine

An  amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.


embryonic limb morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping.


Fanconi anaemia nuclear complex

A protein complex composed of the Fanconi anaemia (FA) proteins including A, C, E, G and F (FANCA-F). Functions in the activation of the downstream protein FANCD2 by monoubiquitylation, and is essential for protection against chromosome breakage.


acute coronary syndrome

Signs and symptoms related to acute ischemia of the myocardium secondary to coronary artery disease. The clinical presentation covers a spectrum of heart diseases from unstable angina to myocardial infarction.


guanosine-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving guanosine-containing compounds (guanosines).


IgG4-related retroperitoneal fibrosis

Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is characterized by the development of a fibrotic mass surrounding retroperitoneal structures, such as aorta, vena cava, ureters and psoas muscle.


meiosis I

The first meiotic nuclear division in which homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two haploid daughter nuclei.


brain stem glioma

A neuroglial tumor that arises from the brain stem.


lysosomal membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm.


positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.


mRNA transport

The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


endocardium morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardium is generated and organized. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.


regulation of synaptic plasticity

A process that modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.


sulfamethizole

A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.


cell maturation

The cellular developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a specific cell to attain its fully functional state.


myocardial infarction

Gross necrosis of the myocardium, as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area, as in coronary thrombosis.


prostaglandin receptor activity

Combining with a prostaglandin (PG) to initiate a change in cell activity.


profenamine

A member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)propyl group. An antimuscarinic, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.


negative regulation of protein depolymerization

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.


pharynx cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the pharynx.


sudden sensorineural hearing loss

Sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days. It varies in severity from mild to total deafness. Sudden deafness can be due to head trauma, vascular diseases, infections, or can appear without obvious cause or warning.


glycosaminoglycan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.


striated muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a striated muscle cell; striated muscle fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and voluntary muscle are types of striated muscle.


carbon catabolite repression of transcription

A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources. Carbon catabolite repression is a mechanism of genetic regulation which the accumulation of catabolites of one substance in the cell represses the formation of enzymes that contribute to the catabolism of other substances.


Mydriasis

Abnormal dilatation of the iris.


blood microparticle

A phospholipid microvesicle that is derived from any of several cell types, such as platelets, blood cells, endothelial cells, or others, and contains membrane receptors as well as other proteins characteristic of the parental cell. Microparticles are heterogeneous in size, and are characterized as microvesicles free of nucleic acids.


single strand break repair

The repair of single strand breaks in DNA. Repair of such breaks is mediated by the same enzyme systems as are used in base excision repair.


hair follicle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hair follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A hair follicle is a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open.


histone mRNA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving an mRNA encoding a histone.


viral budding

A viral process by which enveloped viruses acquire a host-derived membrane enriched in viral proteins to form their external envelope. The process starts when nucleocapsids, assembled or in the process of being built, induce formation of a membrane curvature in the host plasma or organelle membrane and wrap up in the forming bud. The process ends when the bud is eventually pinched off by membrane scission to release the enveloped particle into the lumenal or extracellular space.


cellular ketone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.


regulation of cholesterol transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


apoptotic process involved in heart morphogenesis

Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the heart.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + phosphate.


detoxification of inorganic compound

Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of inorganic compounds. These include transport of such compounds away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of inorganic compounds.


regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.


positive regulation of circadian rhythm

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior.


negative regulation of DNA replication

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.


nucleoside phosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside phosphate.


positive regulation of lamellipodium assembly

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.


carboxylic acid binding

Binding to a carboxylic acid, an organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).


amphotericin B

A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.


regulation of nucleotide metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.


galanthamine

A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.


preganglionic parasympathetic fiber development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a preganglionic parasympathetic fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A preganglionic parasympathetic fiber is a cholinergic axonal fiber projecting from the CNS to a parasympathetic ganglion.


development of primary sexual characteristics

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary sexual characteristics are the testes in males and the ovaries in females and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.


inositol phosphate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: inositol phosphate(n) + H2O = inositol phosphate(n-1) + phosphate. This reaction is the removal of a phosphate group from an inositol phosphate.


cuticle development

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cuticle, the outer layer of some animals and plants, which acts to prevent water loss.


striated muscle cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle cells contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle.


negative regulation of ubiquitin protein ligase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin protein ligase activity.


pyruvate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate.


pes

Distal portion of the hind limb, including tarsal region, metatarsal region and digits.


adrenal gland hyperfunction

Excess production of adrenal cortex hormones.


basolateral plasma membrane

The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.


Azotemia

An increased concentration of nitrogen compounds in the blood.


appendix cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the vermiform appendix


cellular response to gamma radiation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.


aromatase activity

Catalysis of the reduction of an aliphatic ring to yield an aromatic ring.


disopyramide

A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a  anti-arrhythmia drug.


viral protein processing

Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a viral protein.


glipizide

An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.


cell cortex region

The complete extent of cell cortex that underlies some some region of the plasma membrane.


lomustine

An N-nitrosourea that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a 2-chloroethyl group and by a nitroso group, while the other nitrogen is substituted by a cyclohexyl group. An alkylating antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of brain tumours, lung cancer, malignant melanoma and other solid tumours.


furosemide

A  chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.


cinacalcet

A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.


regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates.


methyl-CpG binding

Binding to a methylated cytosine/guanine dinucleotide.


positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.


oxacillin

A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.


plasma lipoprotein particle clearance

The process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.


regulation of heart contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.


Tingling

A sensation as of repetitive pin pricks, caused by cold or by striking a nerve, or as a result of various diseases of the central or peripheral nervous system.


negative regulation of dephosphorylation

Any process the stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule.


presynaptic membrane

A specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane.


Tenesmus

A repeated, painful urge to defecate without excreting stool.


detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter taste

The series of events required for a bitter taste stimulus to be received and converted to a molecular signal.


Gastric hemorrhage

Bleeding from the gastric wall.


phagocytosis

A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.


antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell.


MHC class I protein complex

A transmembrane protein complex composed of a MHC class I alpha chain and an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide antigen. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.


negative regulation of epithelial cell migration

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.


multicellular organism growth

The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth.


SAGA-type complex

A histone acetyltransferase complex that acetylates nucleosomal histones H2B, H3, or H4 and is required for the expression of a subset of Pol II-transcribed genes. This complex includes the acetyltransferases GCN5/KAT2A or PCAF/KAT2B, several proteins of the ADA, SGF and SPT families, and several TBP-associate proteins (TAFs).


lipid transporter activity

Enables the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells.


positive regulation of amide metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.


bromfenac

Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.


reactive oxygen species metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.


gonad development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonad is an animal organ that produces gametes; in some species it also produces hormones.


signaling receptor complex adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that provides a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein receptor signaling complex.


protein homotetramerization

The formation of a protein homotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical subunits.


Ventricular bigeminy

An electrocardiographic finding of a normal QRS followed by a premature ventricular contraction; a rhythmic pairing of normal and atypical beats originating in the ventricles in a 1-1 ratio such that an ectopic ventricular beat follows each regular heartbeat.


pyruvate transmembrane transport

The directed movement of pyruvate across a membrane.


diflunisal

An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.


leukotriene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.


anaphase-promoting complex

A ubiquitin ligase complex that degrades mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitory protein, thereby triggering sister chromatid separation and exit from mitosis. Substrate recognition by APC occurs through degradation signals, the most common of which is termed the Dbox degradation motif, originally discovered in cyclin B.


TRAPP complex

A large complex that acts as a tethering factor involved in transporting vesicles from the ER through the Golgi to the plasma membrane. A TRAPP (transport protein particle) complex has a core set of proteins which are joined by specific subunits depending on the cellular component where a given TRAPP complex is active.


transient ischemic attack

A brief attack (from a few minutes to an hour) of cerebral dysfunction of vascular origin, with no persistent neurological deficit.


structural constituent of muscle

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a muscle fiber.


Biliary Colic

Painful sensation in the gallbladder region.


regulation of lipid storage

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.


positive regulation of CREB transcription factor activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor CREB.


organic hydroxy compound biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic hydroxy compound.


exonuclease activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end.


somatic diversification of immune receptors via germline recombination within a single locus

The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through recombination of the germline genetic elements within a single genetic locus.


organic anion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of organic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.


membrane protein proteolysis

The proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein leading to the release of its intracellular or ecto-domains.


vesicle fusion

Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane.


Cyanosis

Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosa due to poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of arterial or capillary blood.


negative regulation of adaptive immune response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.


microtubule polymerization or depolymerization

Assembly or disassembly of microtubules by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule.


organic acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.


Ocular pruritus

Pruritus is an itch or a sensation that makes a person want to scratch. This term refers to an abnormally increased sensation of itching in the region of the eye.


substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading

The morphogenetic process that results in flattening of a cell as a consequence of its adhesion to a substrate.


pyrimidine ribonucleoside metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.


DNA helicase complex

A protein complex that possesses DNA helicase activity.


cellular response to interleukin-3

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-3 stimulus.


gefitinib

A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline which is substituted by a (3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)nitrilo group, 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propoxy group and a methoxy group at positions 4,6 and 7, respectively. An EGFR kinase inhibitor used for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.


hypothyroidism

Abnormally low levels of thyroid hormone.


regulation of interleukin-6 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.


neuromuscular process

Any process pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism.


Nightmare

A disturbing dream that occurs during rapid eye movement sleep and results in feelings of strong terror, fear, distress, or anxiety.


Dry skin

Skin characterized by the lack of natural or normal moisture.


agnosia

A rare disorder characterized by the lack of ability to recognize individuals, objects, shapes, sounds, or smells. There is no loss of memory. It is caused by neurological damage in the brain, specifically in the occipital or parietal lobes.


response to cAMP

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus.


cell migration involved in kidney development

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ.


quaternary ammonium group transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of quaternary ammonium groups from one side of a membrane to the other. Quaternary ammonium groups are any compound that can be regarded as derived from ammonium hydroxide or an ammonium salt by replacement of all four hydrogen atoms of the NH4+ ion by organic groups.


regulation of ossification

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.


inorganic anion transport

The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.


bezafibrate

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-chlorobenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-[4-(2-aminoethyl)phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid. Benafibrate is used for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.


Muscle spasm

Sudden and involuntary contractions of one or more muscles.


RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions

Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions.


facial paralysis

Severe or complete loss of facial muscle motor function. This condition may result from central or peripheral lesions. Damage to CNS motor pathways from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei in the pons leads to facial weakness that generally spares the forehead muscles. facial nerve diseases generally results in generalized hemifacial weakness. neuromuscular junction diseases and muscular diseases may also cause facial paralysis or paresis.


acylglycerol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.


positive regulation of sister chromatid cohesion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion.


myotube cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a myotube cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R.


response to starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of nourishment.


positive regulation of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway activity.


cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase complex

Any ubiquitin ligase complex in which the catalytic core consists of a member of the cullin family and a RING domain protein; the core is associated with one or more additional proteins that confer substrate specificity.


maintenance of location

Any process in which a cell, substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere.


sprouting angiogenesis

The extension of new blood vessels from existing vessels into avascular tissues, this process includes the specialization of endothelial cells into leading tip and stalk cells, proliferation and migration of the endothelial cells and cell adhesion resulting in angiogenic sprout fusion or lumen formation.


nuclear export

The directed movement of substances out of the nucleus.


amino acid transport

The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


T cell costimulation

The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the T cell receptor to augment T cell activation.


protein acetyltransferase complex

A complex that catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group to a protein acceptor molecule.


signal transduction in absence of ligand

The series of molecular signals initiated by the absence of a ligand or the withdrawal of a ligand from a receptor.


odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentin-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentin-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and is composed mainly of dentin, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel.


arginine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.


positive regulation of DNA metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.


glial cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a glial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


response to UV

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.


vaginal cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the vagina. Representative examples include carcinomas and sarcomas.


endocrine system

Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity.


protection from non-homologous end joining at telomere

A process that prevents non-homologous end joining at telomere, thereby ensuring that telomeres do not fuse.


nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


response to water

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of water.


propofol

A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.


SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane

The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is dependent upon two key components, the signal-recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor. SRP is a cytosolic particle that transiently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in a nascent protein, to the large ribosomal unit, and to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane.


virus receptor activity

Combining with a virus component and mediating entry of the virus into the cell.


calcium channel inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a calcium channel.


regulation of humoral immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.


stem cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stem cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to its specific fate.


regulation of DNA recombination

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, a DNA metabolic process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents.


cis-Golgi network

The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the convex side of the Golgi apparatus, which abuts the endoplasmic reticulum.


positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep

Any process that activates or increases the duration or quality of sleep, a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.


ameboidal-type cell migration

Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.


positive regulation of fever generation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of fever generation.


morphogenesis of an endothelium

The process in which the anatomical structure of an endothelium is generated and organized. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.


estramustine

A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.


pigment metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.


Blurred vision

Lack of sharpness of vision resulting in the inability to see fine detail.


proximal/distal pattern formation involved in nephron development

The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis of a nephron. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from the center of the kidney (proximal end) outward (distal end).


RNA polymerase core enzyme binding

Binding to an RNA polymerase core enzyme, containing a specific subunit composition defined as the core enzyme.


Left ventricular ejection fraction decreased


cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth

An endolymph filled cavity inside the cochlea, located in between the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli, separated by the basilar membrane and Reissner's membrane (the vestibular membrane) respectively. Houses the organ of Corti[WP].


axon terminus

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal button is a specialized region of it.


negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.


chemorepellent activity

Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of that signal.


hormone receptor binding

Binding to a receptor for a hormone.


acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a 2,3-saturated acyl-CoA + H+ oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = a (2E)-enoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein].


Pedal edema

An abnormal accumulation of excess fluid in the lower extremity resulting in swelling of the feet and extending upward to the lower leg.


platelet alpha granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet alpha granule.


conivaptan

The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).


atorvastatin

A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is a member of the drug class known as statins, used primarily for lowering blood cholesterol and for preventing cardiovascular diseases.


negative regulation of lymphocyte activation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.


sterol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.


negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.


phospholipid transporter activity

Enables the directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells. Phospholipids are a class of lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


terbinafine

A tertiary amine that is N-methyl-1-naphthalenemethylamine in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3-(tertbutylethynyl)allyl group. An antifungal agent administered orally (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of skin and nail infections.


postsynaptic membrane

A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.


angioedema

Swelling involving the deep dermis, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized edema. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.


nitrofurantoin

An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.


cerebellum development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.


catecholamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission

The uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters by neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.


posaconazole

An N-arylpiperazine that consists of piperazine carrying two 4-substituted phenyl groups at positions 1 and 4. A triazole antifungal drug.


Bloody diarrhea

Passage of many stools containing blood.


negative regulation of response to external stimulus

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus.


monosaccharide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms.


monoatomic cation homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monoatomic cations within an organism or cell. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are cations consisting of exactly one atom.


tinidazole

1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group.  It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.


transcription regulator complex

A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription.


leukocyte mediated immunity

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte.


branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis

The process of coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system.


serine-type peptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).


epithelial cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an epithelial cell.


chlorinated hydrocarbon metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving chlorinated hydrocarbons, compounds derived from hydrocarbons by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with chlorine atoms.


fibronectin binding

Binding to a fibronectin, a group of related adhesive glycoproteins of high molecular weight found on the surface of animal cells, connective tissue matrices, and in extracellular fluids.


regulation of mRNA processing

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing, those processes involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into a mature mRNA prior to its translation into polypeptide.


transforming growth factor beta receptor binding

Binding to a transforming growth factor beta receptor.


regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway.


ATROPINE

A  racemate composed of equimolar concentrations of (S)- and (R)-atropine . It is obtained from deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and other plants of the family Solanaceae.


double-strand break repair

The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix.


protein-DNA complex disassembly

The disaggregation of a protein-DNA complex into its constituent components.


trans-Golgi network

The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination.


amnestic disorder

Systematic and extensive loss of memory caused by organic or psychological factors. The loss may be temporary or permanent, and may involve old or recent memories.


glomerular mesangium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular mesangium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus.


photoperiodism

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a period of light or dark of a given length, measured relative to a particular duration known as the 'critical day length'. The critical day length varies between species.


nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs in eukaryotic cells.


olfactory nerve

Nerve that carries information from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb[Butler and Hodos].


opsonin binding

Binding to an opsonin, such as a complement component or antibody, deposited on the surface of a bacteria, virus, immune complex, or other particulate material.


nucleosome organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of one or more nucleosomes.


spinal cord motor neuron differentiation

The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of motor neurons. Motor neurons innervate an effector (muscle or glandular) tissue and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


mesenchyme development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesenchymal tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells.


cellular aldehyde metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells.


organic hydroxy compound transport

The directed movement of an organic hydroxy compound (organic alcohol) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic hydroxy compound is an organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom.


blastocyst development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm.


leukocyte cell-cell adhesion

The attachment of a leukocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules.


nephron tubule development

The progression of a nephron tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.


angle-closure glaucoma

The sudden increase of intraocular pressure, resulting in pain and an abrupt decrease in visual acuity.


glycosylceramide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.


positive regulation of T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.


transcription repressor complex

A protein complex that possesses activity that prevents or downregulates transcription.


4 iron, 4 sulfur cluster binding

Binding to a 4 iron, 4 sulfur (4Fe-4S) cluster; this cluster consists of four iron atoms, with the inorganic sulfur atoms found between the irons and acting as bridging ligands.


floxuridine

A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.


regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.


Sodium dodecyl sulfate

An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.


negative regulation of endothelial cell migration

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.


Emotional Distress

Disturbed mental state characterized by moodiness, irritability, agitation, anxiety, and/or depression resulting from physical or mental stress.


carboxylic acid transport

The directed movement of carboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).


Epistaxis

Epistaxis, or nosebleed, refers to a hemorrhage localized in the nose.


tubulin binding

Binding to monomeric or multimeric forms of tubulin, including microtubules.


cromoglycic acid

A  dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer.


Hemoptysis

Coughing up (expectoration) of blood or blood-streaked sputum from the larynx, trachea, bronchi, or lungs.


mitral valve morphogenesis

The process in which the structure of the mitral valve is generated and organized.


morphogenesis of an epithelial sheet

The process in which the anatomical structures of an epithelial sheet are generated and organized. An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells.


chlorhexidine

A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.


DNA demethylation

The removal of a methyl group from one or more nucleotides within an DNA molecule.


phagophore assembly site

Punctate structures proximal to the endoplasmic reticulum which are the sites where the Atg machinery assembles upon autophagy induction.


oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.


ethotoin

An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.


primidone

A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an  anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.


post-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles.


bHLH transcription factor binding

Binding to a basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) superfamily of transcription factors, important regulatory components in transcriptional networks of many developmental pathways.


transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity

Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.


myenteric nerve plexus

One of two ganglionated neural networks which together form the enteric nervous system. The myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gut. Its neurons project to the circular muscle, to other myenteric ganglia, to submucosal ganglia, or directly to the epithelium, and play an important role in regulating and patterning gut motility.


response to calcium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus.


(R)-carnitine

The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.


protein O-linked mannosylation

The transfer of mannose from dolichyl activated mannose to the hydroxyl group of a seryl or threonyl residue of a protein acceptor molecule, to form an O-linked protein-sugar linkage.


lamellipodium

A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a migrating cell or extending cell process; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.


glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity

Combining with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


primary miRNA binding

Binding to a primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) transcript, an RNA molecule that is processed into a short hairpin-shaped structure called a pre-miRNA and finally into a functional miRNA. Both double-stranded and single-stranded regions of a pri-miRNA are required for binding.


regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II.


negative regulation of protein-containing complex assembly

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.


regulation of animal organ morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis.


cartilage condensation

The condensation of mesenchymal cells that have been committed to differentiate into chondrocytes.


low-density lipoprotein particle binding

Binding to a low-density lipoprotein particle, a lipoprotein particle that is rich in cholesterol esters and low in triglycerides, is typically composed of APOB100 and APOE, and has a density of 1.02-1.06 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-25 nm.


JUN kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: JUN + ATP = JUN phosphate + ADP. This reaction is the phosphorylation and activation of members of the JUN family, a gene family that encodes nuclear transcription factors.


negative regulation of interleukin-2 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production.


striatum development

The progression of the striatum over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The striatum is a region of the forebrain consisting of the caudate nucleus, putamen and fundus striati.


UDP phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP + H2O = UMP + phosphate.


cervicitis

An acute or chronic inflammatory process that affects the cervix. Causes include sexually transmitted diseases and bacterial infections. Clinical manifestations include abnormal vaginal bleeding and vaginal discharge.


cellular response to glucocorticoid stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.


protein kinase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a protein kinase.


diverticulitis

An infection that develops in the diverticula of the intestinal tract. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis.


Prolonged QT interval

Increased time between the start of the Q wave and the end of the T wave as measured by the electrocardiogram (EKG).


fatty liver disease

A reversible condition wherein large vacuoles of triglyceride fat accumulate in liver cells via the process of steatosis.


mitochondrial outer membrane

The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope.


droperidol

An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.


Dyssynergia

A type of ataxia characterized by the impairment of the ability to smoothly perform the elements of a voluntary movement in the appropriate order and speed. With dyssynergia, a voluntary movement appears broken down into its component parts.


trabectedin

A tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid obtained from a Caribbean tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata. Used for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma and relapsed ovarian cancer.


neutropenia

A decrease in the number of neutrophils found in the blood.


negative regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.


positive regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.


positive regulation of mast cell activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation.


cerebral infarction

An ischemic condition of the brain, producing a persistent focal neurological deficit in the area of distribution of the cerebral arteries.


positive regulation of telomerase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1).


positive regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.


iodixanol

A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.


hydroxyapatite binding

Binding to hydroxyapatite, the calcium phosphate mineral of formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 found both in rocks of nonorganic origin and as a component of bone and dentin.


regulation of interleukin-13 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production.


L-dopa

An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease


synaptic vesicle

A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.


fascia adherens

A cell-cell junction that contains the transmembrane protein N-cadherin, which interacts with identical molecules from neighbouring cells to form a tight mechanical intercellular link; forms a large portion of the intercalated disc, the structure at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes.


regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across the mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.


slit diaphragm

A specialized cell-cell junction found between the interdigitating foot processes of the glomerular epithelium (the podocytes) in the vertebrate kidney, which is adapted for facilitating glomerular filtration.


phosphonoformic acid

Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol.


polycythemia

Abnormally high mass or concentration of red blood cells in the blood, either due to an increase in erythropoiesis or a decrease in plasma volume.


protein polyufmylation

Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein UFM1 to a protein, forming an UFM1 chain.


extracellular matrix structural constituent conferring compression resistance

A constituent of the extracellular matrix that enables the matrix to resist compressive forces; often a proteoglycan.


osteoclast differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of an osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.


camera-type eye development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.


regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.


Drug Eruptions

An eruption in the skin due to exposure to a pharmacologic substance.


Photophobia

Excessive sensitivity to light with the sensation of discomfort or pain in the eyes due to exposure to bright light.


endothelium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.


spinal cord patterning

The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth and establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the spinal cord.


anxiety disorder

A category of psychiatric disorders which are characterized by anxious feelings or fear often accompanied by physical symptoms associated with anxiety.


fat-soluble vitamin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.


cysteine-type peptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.


mismatch repair complex

Any complex formed of proteins that act in mismatch repair.


single-stranded RNA binding

Binding to single-stranded RNA.


extrinsic component of plasma membrane

The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


phototoxic dermatitis

Dermatitis caused or precipitated by exposure to ultraviolet sunlight, or by mediating phototoxic or photoallergic material in response to ultraviolet sunlight.


Notch binding

Binding to a Notch (N) protein, a surface receptor.


embryonic appendage morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the appendage are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.


ovarian cyst

A cyst that arises from the ovary. Representative examples include simple, complex, corpus luteum, and endometrioid cysts. Symptoms include pelvic and abdominal pain and irregular periods.


glucosylceramide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group.


regulation of cell division

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells.


asparagine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.


Hypercholesterolemia

An increased concentration of cholesterol in the blood.


cardiac conduction

Transfer of an organized electrical impulse across the heart to coordinate the contraction of cardiac muscles. The process begins with generation of an action potential (in the sinoatrial node (SA) in humans) and ends with a change in the rate, frequency, or extent of the contraction of the heart muscles.


positive regulation of intracellular transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.


cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase.


hyperpigmentation of the skin

Darkening of the skin due to excessive melanin deposition. Causes include skin injuries, pregnancy, eczema, and Addison disease.


serine phosphorylation of STAT protein

The process of introducing a phosphate group to a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


C-fiber

The axon of a dorsal root ganglion cell that are responsive to pain and temperature. C-fibers are small in diameter (0.2-1.5 um) and unmyelinated.


fluconazole

A member of the class of  triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.


Female sexual dysfunction

A problem occurring during any phase of the female sexual response cycle that prevents the individual from experiencing satisfaction from the sexual activity


positive regulation of calcium ion transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.