climbing fiber

The axon of inferior olive neuron that projects to the cerebellar cortex, largely via the inferior cerebellar peduncle. They range in diameter from 1-3 um and are myelinated until they enter the granule cell layer. They give off collaterals to the deep cerebellar nuclei. They synapse extensively with the dendrites of Purkinje cells in the molecular layer, where each fiber branches repeatedly to climb along the Purkinje cell dendritic tree. Each Purkinje cell is innervated by only a single climbing fiber.


spine synapse

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A type of synapse occurring between an axon and a dendritic spine.


cholinergic enteric nerve

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Nerve fibers that utilize acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter to the intestinal system.


eyelid nerve

A nerve that innervates an eyelid.


upper arm nerve

A nerve that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition].


communicating branch of spinal nerve

Rami communicans (plural rami communicantes) is the term used for a nerve which connects two other nerves. When used without further definition, it almost always refers to a communicating branch between a spinal nerve and the sympathetic trunk. More specifically, it usually refers to one of the following: Gray ramus communicans White ramus communicans.


lower eyelid nerve

A nerve that innervates a lower eyelid.


brainstem nucleus

A nucleus of brain that is part of a brainstem.


nerve to quadratus femoris

The nerve to quadratus femoris is a nerve that provides innervation to the quadratus femoris and gemellus inferior muscles.


ventral ramus of spinal nerve

Branch of spinal nerve that innervates the hypaxial muscles.


nuclear complex of neuraxis

Gray matter of the central nervous system which is a collection of clustered nuclei.


palmar branch of median nerve

The palmar branch of the median nerve is a branch of the median nerve which arises at the lower part of the forearm and innervates skin of proximal central palm and thenar eminence.


efferent nerve

A nerve that transmits nerve impulses from the central nervous system to effectors such as muscles or glands.


abdomen nerve

A nerve that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition].


accessory XI nerve spinal component

The spinal root of accessory nerve (or part) is firm in texture, and its fibers arise from the motor cells in the lateral part of the anterior column of the gray substance of the medulla spinalis as low as the fifth cervical nerve. Passing through the lateral funiculus of the medulla spinalis, they emerge on its surface and unite to form a single trunk, which ascends between the ligamentum denticulatum and the posterior roots of the spinal nerves; enters the skull through the foramen magnum, and is then directed to the jugular foramen, through which it passes, lying in the same sheath of dura mater as the vagus, but separated from it by a fold of the arachnoid. In the jugular foramen, it receives one or two filaments from the cranial part of the nerve, or else joins it for a short distance and then separates from it again. As its exit from the jugular foramen, it runs backward in front of the internal jugular vein in 66.6 per cent. of cases, and behind in it 33.3 per cent. The nerve then descends obliquely behind the Digastricus and Stylohyoideus to the upper part of the Sternocleidomastoideus; it pierces this muscle, and courses obliquely across the posterior triangle of the neck, to end in the deep surface of the Trapezius. As it traverses the Sternocleidomastoideus it gives several filaments to the muscle, and joins with branches from the second cervical nerve. In the posterior triangle it unites with the second and third cervical nerves, while beneath the Trapezius it forms a plexus with the third and fourth cervical nerves, and from this plexus fibers are distributed to the muscle.


digit nerve of manus

A nerve that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition].


thoracic nerve

The twelve spinal nerves on each side of the thorax. They include eleven INTERCOSTAL NERVES and one subcostal nerve. Both sensory and motor, they supply the muscles and skin of the thoracic and abdominal walls.


mylohyoid nerve

A nerve that innervates the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric muscle.


limb nerve

A nerve that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition].


perineal nerve

A nerve arising from the pudendal nerve that supplies the perineum.


neck nerve

A nerve that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition].


musculocutaneous nerve

A large branch of the brachial plexus supplying various parts of the upper arm (as flexor muscles) and forearm (as the skin).


pudendal nerve

The pudendal nerve is a somatic nerve in the pelvic region that innervates the external genitalia of both sexes, as well as sphincters for the bladder and the rectum. It originates in Onuf's nucleus in the sacral region of the spinal cord.


arm nerve

A nerve that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition].


short microvillus layer

A layer of microvilli covering lymphocytes.


manus nerve

A nerve that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition].


laryngeal nerve

Any nerve that innervates the larynx.


forelimb nerve

A nerve that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition].


white matter of forebrain

A white matter that is part of the forebrain.


central nervous system cell part cluster

A multi cell part structure that is part of a central nervous system.


proximal convoluted tubule brush border

A brush border layer that is part of a proximal tubule in the kidney.


cranial neuron projection bundle

Any of the cranial nerves, or their central nervous system analogs (the optic tract, the epiphyseal tract). These analogs are not true nerves, and are instead evaginated sensory afferents emanating from the brain.


lower arm nerve

A nerve that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition].


nerve of penis

Any nerve that innervates the penis.


dorsal nerve of penis

The deep terminal division of the pudendal nerve that runs along the dorsum of the penis and innervates the the corpus cavernosum penis, the prepuce and the glans penis.


enteric nerve

The neurons that innervate the esophagus, stomach, small and large bowel.


upper eyelid nerve

A nerve that innervates an upper eyelid.


host cell mitochondrial membrane

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the host cell mitochondrion and form the host cell mitochondrial envelope.


host cell mitochondrial inner membrane

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the host cell mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae.


vessel

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A tubular structure that contains, conveys body fluid, such as blood or lymph.


foramen of skull

Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone of the skull.


multicellular anatomical structure

An anatomical structure that has more than one cell as a part.


brain ventricle/choroid plexus

The brain ventricles or their associated choroid plexuses.


orifice

Anatomical conduit that connects two adjacent body spaces (or a body space with the space surrounding the organism)[FMA,modified].


multi-tissue structure

Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types.


anatomical conduit

Any tube, opening or passage that connects two distinct anatomical spaces.


bone foramen

Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone, usually for passage of blood vessels or nerves.


noradrenergic cell groups

Collections of neurons in the central nervous system that have been demonstrated by histochemical fluorescence to contain the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (noradrenalin).


cell cluster

A cluster of cells, largely surrounded by a morphological boundary.


microcirculatory vessel

A vessel of the microcirculature, lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries (blood and lymphatic), metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses.


roof of mouth

A multi-tissue structure consisting of bone and soft tissue that forms a part of the roof of the oral cavity. In mammals this is the combination of the primary palate (premaxilla) and the secondary palate. In early tetrapods it consists of the vomer, pterygoid, parasphenoid, palatine and ectopterygoid bones.


circumventricular organ

Any of any of the secretory or sensory organs located in the brain region around or in relation to the ventricular system that are characterized by extensive vasculature and a lack of a normal blood brain barrier (BBB) and allow for the linkage between the central nervous system and peripheral blood flow.


free sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane

The part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane that contains calcium pumps and is devoted to calcium uptake. The free sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane consists of the longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane and the non-junctional region of the terminal cisterna membrane.


radical

A molecular entity possessing an unpaired electron.


cation

A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the proton.


monovalent inorganic cation

An atom or small molecule with a positive charge that does not contain carbon in covalent linkage, with a valency of one.


p-block molecular entity

A main group molecular entity that contains one or more atoms of a p-block element.


chalcogen molecular entity

Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen.


LYSP100-associated nuclear domain

A nuclear body that is enriched in the lymphoid cell-specific protein LYSp100B; LANDs are globular, electron-dense structures and are morphologically distinct from the annular structures characteristic of PML bodies.


omega speckle

A nucleoplasmic speckle distributed in the interchromatin space of cells in close proximity to chromatin. Omega speckles are distinct from interchromatin granules and contain heterogeneous nuclear RNA-binding proteins (hnRNPs).


nuclear dicing body

A small round nuclear body, measuring 0.2-0.8 microns in diameter that is diffusely distributed throughout the nucleoplasm. Several proteins known to be involved in miRNA processing have been localized to these structures. D-bodies are thought to be involved in primary-miRNA processing and/or storage/assembly of miRNA processing complexes.


sphere organelle

A nuclear body that is found in the germinal vesicles of amphibian oocytes, and consist of three major parts: a remarkably spherical body about 5-10 pm in diameter, smaller spherical or nearly spherical granules on the surface, and inclusions of various sizes that strongly resemble the surface granules. The parts of the sphere organelle have distinct compositions, including splicing snRNAs and proteins.


nuclear exosome focus

An nuclear body involved in nuclear mRNA surveilllance. Contains at least Mmi1, or an ortholog of it, and the nuclear exosome.


apical proximal dendrite

The dendrite of the dendritic tree, which emerges near the apical pole of a neuron, and which is the closest to the cell body of the neuron (the soma).


right anterior flagellum

A cilium (also called flagellum) found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It originates at the right anterior basal body, extends laterally through the cytoplasm, crosses the left anterior axoneme, and exits as a membrane-bound flagellum on the anterior right side of the cell.


germline ring canal

Germline specific intercellular bridge. During cyst formation in insects, ring canals interconnect the cells of the cyst, facilitating the passage of cytoplasmic components between cells.


female germline ring canal

An intercellular bridge that connects the germline cells of a female cyst.


male germline ring canal

An intercellular bridge that connects the germline cells of a male cyst.


vestibular calyx terminal

The giant, cup-shaped axon terminal of a vestibular afferent neuron, serving as a post-synaptic contact to a type I hair cell.


calyx of Held

The terminal specialization of a calyciferous axon which forms large synapses in the mammalian auditory central nervous system.


Herring body

The dilated terminal portions of neurosecretory axons constituting the hypothalamohypophyseal tract, found in close proximity to sinusoidal capillaries in the posterior pituitary. Herring bodies consist of aggregates of membrane-bound neurosecretory vesicles where oxytocin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are stored prior to release. Each Herring body also contains ATP and either neurophysin I or neurophysin II which bind to oxytocin and ADH, respectively.


P2 peroxisome

A subform of peroxisome that corresponds to an intermediate in a peroxisome assembly pathway, which operates by conversion of peroxisomal subforms in the direction P1, P2 -> P3 -> P4 -> P5 -> P6. P2 peroxisomes are distinguished from the other subforms on the bases of buoyant density and protein content; they are the least dense of the subforms observed.


uropod membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a uropod.


fungal-type vacuole

A vacuole that has both lytic and storage functions. The fungal vacuole is a large, membrane-bounded organelle that functions as a reservoir for the storage of small molecules (including polyphosphate, amino acids, several divalent cations (e.g. calcium), other ions, and other small molecules) as well as being the primary compartment for degradation. It is an acidic compartment, containing an ensemble of acid hydrolases. At least in S. cerevisiae, there are indications that the morphology of the vacuole is variable and correlated with the cell cycle, with logarithmically growing cells having a multilobed, reticulated vacuole, while stationary phase cells contain a single large structure.


reservosome

A large membrane-bound endocytic organelle present only in members of the Schizotrypanum subgenus of the Trypanosoma genus and is defined as the site of storage of endocytosed macromolecules and lysosomal enzymes. It is found at the posterior end of epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi, but absent in amastigotes and trypomastigotes.


left ventral flagellum

A cilium (also called flagellum) found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is nucleated by the left ventral basal body and exits the cell body proximally and dorsal to the ventral disc.


plasma membrane bounded cell projection

A prolongation or process extending from a cell and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon.


9+0 non-motile cilium

A non-motile cilium where the axoneme has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets but no central microtubules (and is therefore called a 9+0 axoneme).


distal dendrite

The dendrite of the dendritic tree that is farthest away from the neuronal cell body (the soma).


dendritic tree

The entire complement of dendrites for a neuron, consisting of each primary dendrite and all its branches.


rod spherule

A specialized neuron projection which is the site of synaptic transmission produced by retinal rod cells. Rod spherules are small round enlargements of the axon (3-5 micrometers diameter) or even extensions of the cell body.


right posteriolateral flagellum

A cilium (also called flagellum) found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is nucleated by the right posteriolateral basal body and extends cytoplasmically toward the cell posterior, marking the right anterior boundary of the lateral shield and the right lateral region of the funis before exiting at the right lateral region of the cell body.


hippocampal mossy fiber

An axon of a hippocampal granule cell, including dentate gyrus granule cell and CA3 granule cell, characterized by expansions (mossy fiber expansions) giving the fibers a mossy appearance. These unmyelinated axons were first described by Ramon y Cajal.


giant axon

Extremely large, unmyelinated axon found in invertebrates. Has high conduction speeds and is usually involved in panic or escape responses.


rod telodendria

Rod telodendria are projections that originate from the rod pedicle and form gap junctions with other photoreceptors within the outer plexiform layer of the retina.


accessory outer segment

A cilium-like cell projection emanating from the inner segment and running alongside the outer segment of photoreceptors.


9+0 motile cilium

A motile cilium where the axoneme has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets but no central microtubules (and is therefore called a 9+0 axoneme).


9+2 motile cilium

A motile cilium where the axoneme has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets plus two central microtubules (and is therefore called a 9+2 axoneme).


non-motile cilium

A cilium which may have a variable array of axonemal microtubules but does not contain molecular motors.


cone telodendria

Cone telodendria are projections that originate from the cone pedicle and form gap junctions with other photoreceptors within the outer plexiform layer of the retina.


right ventral flagellum

A cilium (also called flagellum) found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is nucleated by the right ventral basal body and exits the cell body proximally and dorsal to the ventral disc.


right caudal flagellum

A cilium (also called flagellum) found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is nucleated by the right caudal basal body, extending cytoplasmically and exiting at the posterior end of the cell body.


primary dendrite

A dendrite emerging from the cell body (the soma) of a neuron.


parallel fiber

A parallel fiber results from the bifurcation of a cerebellar granule cell axon in the molecular layer into two diametrically opposed branches, that are oriented parallel to the long axis of the folium.


left anterior flagellum

A cilium (also called flagellum) found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It originates at the left anterior basal body, extends laterally through the cytoplasm, crosses the right anterior axoneme, and exits as a membrane-bound flagellum on the anterior left side of the cell.


gemmule

Spine-like process found on some neurons, e.g., periglomerular cells of olfactory cortex.


photoreceptor cell cilium

A specialised 9+0 non-motile cilium found in photoreceptor cells. A ciliary transition zone called 'photoreceptor connecting cilium' links the photoreceptor outer segment to the inner segment.


proximal neuron projection

The portion of an axon or dendrite that is close to the neuronal cell body.


rhabdomere microvillus

Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a rhabdomere.


left caudal flagellum

A cilium (also called flagellum) found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is nucleated by the left caudal basal body, extending cytoplasmically and exiting at the posterior end of the cell body.


longitudinal flagellum

A motile cilium found in dinoflagellates. It trails the cell and acts as a steering rudder. It is often partially contained in a furrow called the sulcus, and emerges from a flagellar pore located in the sulcus.


telodendria

Telodendria are projections that originate from the axon pedicle and form gap junctions with other neurons.


apical distal dendrite

Any dendrite in a dendritic tree that emerges near the apical pole of a neuron, and which is farthest away from the neuronal cell body (the soma).


dentate gyrus mossy fiber

Hippocampal mossy fiber produced by dentate gyrus granule cells.


dendritic filopodium

A small, membranous protrusion found primarily on dendritic stretches of developing neurons. May receive synaptic input, and can develop into dendritic spines.


basal proximal dendrite

Any dendrite in a dendritic tree that emerges near the basal pole of a neuron (e.g. in bipolar neurons, basal dendrites are either on the same side of the soma as the axon, or project toward the axon), and which is the closest to the cell body of the neuron (the soma).


egg chorion

A protective, noncellular membrane that surrounds the eggs of various animals including insects and fish.


non-membrane-bounded organelle

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes.


cellular anatomical entity

A part of a cellular organism that is either an immaterial entity or a material entity with granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system. Or, a substance produced by a cellular organism with granularity above the level of a protein complex.


pollen tube tip

The region at growing end of the pollen tube cell, where polarized growth occurs.


somatic portion of tanycyte

Portion of a tanycyte that lies within the ependyma and contains the nucleus. A tanycyte is a specialized elongated ventricular ependymal cell that has processes that extend to the outer, or pial, surface of the CNS.


yeast-form cell wall

The wall surrounding a cell of a dimorphic fungus growing in the single-cell budding yeast form, in contrast to the filamentous or hyphal form.


host cell plasmodesma

A fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one host cell to that of an adjacent host cell.


extrahaustorial membrane

The membrane surrounding the symbiont haustorium during symbiosis, derived from the host plasma membrane.


actin tubule

A cellular structure, approximately 13 nm in diameter, consisting of three actin filaments bundled together.


old cell pole

The cell pole distal from the most recent cell division.


new cell pole

The cell pole proximal to the most recent cell division.


A membrane-bounded flattened sac that is formed during micropexophagy between the membrane tips of an engulfing vacuole, completing the engulfment and sequestration of peroxisomes from the cytosol, and forming a micropexophagic body within the lumen of the vacuole.


P6 peroxisome

A subform of peroxisome that corresponds to an intermediate in a peroxisome assembly pathway, which operates by conversion of peroxisomal subforms in the direction P1, P2 -> P3 -> P4 -> P5 -> P6. P6 peroxisomes are distinguished from the other subforms on the bases of buoyant density and protein content, and are equivalent to mature peroxisomes.


perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum lumen

The volume enclosed by the membranes of the perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum.


polyadic synapse

A synapse consisting of a single presynapse and multiple postsynapses. These postsynapses may come from the same cell of from different cells. Polyadic synapses are common in arthropod and nematode central nervous systems.


mating projection membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a mating projection, the projection formed by unicellular fungi in response to mating pheromone.


rod photoreceptor outer segment

The outer segment of a vertebrate rod photoreceptor that contains sealed membrane discs that are not connected to the ciliary membrane and containing rhodopsin photoreceptor proteins.


lytic vacuole within protein storage vacuole

A membrane-bounded compartment containing crystals of phytic acid and proteins characteristic of a lytic vacuole, found within a storage vacuole.


host extracellular space

The space within a host but external to the plasma membrane of host cells, e.g. within host bloodstream.


mitotic actomyosin contractile ring

A cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments, myosin, and myosin-associated proteins that forms beneath the plasma membrane of many cells, including animal cells and yeast cells, in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the mitotic spindle, i.e. the cell division plane. Ring contraction is associated with centripetal growth of the membrane that divides the cytoplasm of the two future daughter cells. In animal cells, the mitotic contractile ring is located inside the plasma membrane at the location of the cleavage furrow. In budding fungal cells, e.g. mitotic S. cerevisiae cells, the mitotic contractile ring forms beneath the plasma membrane at the mother-bud neck before mitosis.


multiple synapse bouton

A single axon terminal bouton making contact onto two or more dendritic spines protruding either from a single dendrite or from multiple dendrites.


intracellular organelle lumen

An organelle lumen that is part of an intracellular organelle.


host cell wall

The rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the host cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis. In plants it is made of cellulose and, often, lignin; in fungi it is composed largely of polysaccharides; in bacteria it is composed of peptidoglycan.


plastid intermembrane space

The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the plastid envelope.


mating projection tip membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a mating projection tip.


mitotic spindle pole body attachment site

A region of the nuclear envelope to which a spindle pole body (SPB) attaches; protein complexes embedded in the nuclear envelope mediate direct or indirect linkages between the microtubule cytoskeleton and the nuclear envelope.


rhabdomere microvillus membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a microvillus of a rhabdomere.


Gram-positive-bacterium-type cell wall

A layer of peptidoglycan found outside of the cytoplasmic membrane. The peptidoglycan is relatively thick (20-80nm) and retains the primary stain of the Gram procedure, thus cells appear blue after Gram stain. The cell walls often contain teichoic acids (acidic anionic polysaccharides) bound to the peptidoglycan. Examples of this component are found in Gram-positive bacteria.


type I terminal bouton

Terminal inflated portion of the axon of a glutamatergic neuron, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters that will induce the contraction of muscle. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.


fungal-type cell wall

A rigid yet dynamic structure surrounding the plasma membrane that affords protection from stresses and contributes to cell morphogenesis, consisting of extensively cross-linked glycoproteins and carbohydrates. The glycoproteins may be modified with N- or O-linked carbohydrates, or glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors; the polysaccharides are primarily branched glucans, including beta-linked and alpha-linked glucans, and may also include chitin and other carbohydrate polymers, but not cellulose or pectin. Enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis are also found in the cell wall. Note that some forms of fungi develop a capsule outside of the cell wall under certain circumstances; this is considered a separate structure.


multiple synapse bouton, contacting multiple dendrites

A single axon terminal bouton making contact onto two or more dendritic spines protruding from multiple dendrites.


host cell membrane pore complex

Any small opening in a host cell membrane that allows the passage of gases and/or liquids, composed of host proteins.


pellicular membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the pellicle, a structure enclosing some parasite cells such as certain apicomplexa and Euglenozoa. These membranes are associated with an infrastructure of microtubules, microfilaments, and other organelles.


leading edge of lamellipodium

That part of the lamellipodium which represents the distal part of the structure.


right ventral basal body

Any ciliary basal body that is part of a right ventral flagellum found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage).


intracellular organelle

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.


chloroplast inner membrane

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the chloroplast envelope; also faces the chloroplast stroma.


envelope

A multilayered structure surrounding all or part of a cell; encompasses one or more lipid bilayers, and may include a cell wall layer; also includes the space between layers.


plant-type cell wall

A more or less rigid stucture lying outside the cell membrane of a cell and composed of cellulose and pectin and other organic and inorganic substances.


terminal cisterna lumen

The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the terminal cisterna envelope. This space is enriched in calsequestrin.


glycosome

A membrane-bounded organelle found in organisms from the order Kinetoplastida that houses the enzymes of glycolysis.


type II terminal bouton

Terminal inflated portion of the axon of a non-glutamatergic neuron, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters at a regulatory synapse. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.


periarbuscular membrane

A host-derived membrane surrounding the symbiont arbuscule during symbiosis.


symbiont-containing vacuole membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a symbiont-containing vacuole, derived from both the host and symbiont.


symmetric, GABA-ergic, inhibitory synapse

A neuron to neuron synapse that lacks an electron dense postsynaptic specialization, uses GABA as a neurotransmitter and whose activity results in inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.


P3 peroxisome

A subform of peroxisome that corresponds to an intermediate in a peroxisome assembly pathway, which operates by conversion of peroxisomal subforms in the direction P1, P2 -> P3 -> P4 -> P5 -> P6. P3 peroxisomes are formed by fusion of P1 and P2 peroxisomes, and are distinguished from the other subforms on the bases of buoyant density and protein content.


host cell endomembrane system

A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the host cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


extrinsic component of periplasmic side of cell outer membrane

The component of the cell outer membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to periplasmic surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


nucleus

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent.


dendritic knob

The terminal swelling of an apical dendrite of a ciliated olfactory receptor neuron. Each knob gives rise to 5 to 20 long delicate nonmotile cilia, which extend into the mucus covering the sensory epithelium.


sperm glycocalyx

The carbohydrate rich layer at the outermost periphery of a sperm cell.


cortical endoplasmic reticulum lumen

The volume enclosed by the membranes of the cortical endoplasmic reticulum.


spindle pole body

The microtubule organizing center in fungi; functionally homologous to the animal cell centrosome.


meiotic spindle pole

Either of the ends of a meiotic spindle, a spindle that forms as part of meiosis, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules.


primary cell wall

A plant cell wall that is still able to expand, permitting cell growth. Primary cell walls contain more pectin than secondary walls and no lignin is present.


S-layer

A crystalline protein layer surrounding some bacteria.


kinociliary basal body

A ciliary basal body that is part of a kinocilium.


endoplasmic reticulum cisternal network

A subcompartment of the endoplasmic reticulum consisting of flattened, disc-shaped domains known as cisternae. These are typically found close to the nucleus and are generally more prominent in secretory cells.


host cell junction

A plasma membrane part that forms a specialized region of connection between two host cells or between a host cell and the host extracellular matrix. At a host cell junction, anchoring proteins extend through the host plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells or to proteins in the extracellular matrix.


mossy fiber rosette

A synapse of a mossy fiber onto the dendrite of a granule cell; each mossy fiber can have up to 50 rosettes.


host cell late endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a host cell late endosome.


endoplasmic reticulum tubular network membrane

The membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum tubular network.


autolysosome lumen

The volume that is enclosed within the autolysosome single-membrane.


vesicle

Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane.


organelle

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane.


cofilin-actin rod

A cellular structure consisting of parallel, hexagonally arranged actin tubules, comprising filamentous actin and disulfide cross-linked cofilin multimers.


bounding membrane of organelle

The lipid bilayer that forms the outer-most layer of an organelle.


type Is terminal bouton

Terminal inflated portion of the axon of a glutamatergic neuron, containing the specialized apparatus necessary for the phasic release neurotransmitters that will induce the contraction of muscle. Type Is terminal boutons are smaller than type Ib terminal boutons.


host cell rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the host cell rough endoplasmic reticulum.


host cell endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a host cell endosome.


cyanelle intermembrane space

The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the cyanelle envelope; includes the peptidoglycan layer.


lysosomal glycocalyx

The polysaccharide-based coating on the inner side of a lysosomal membrane. It may be involved in protecting the membrane from digestion by lysosomal enzymes.


host cell postsynaptic membrane

A postsynaptic membrane that is part of a host cell. A postsynaptic membrane is a specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters transmit the signal across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic membrane.


mating projection tip

The apex of the mating projection in unicellular fungi exposed to mating pheromone; site of polarized growth.


non-growing cell tip

A cell tip at which no growth takes place. For example, in fission yeast the cell end newly formed by cell division does not grow immediately upon its formation, and lacks actin cytoskeletal structures.


host cell smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the host cell smooth endoplasmic reticulum.


perforant pathway to dendrate granule cell synapse

A neuron to neuron synapse of a pyramidal neuron in the entorhinal cortex onto a granule cell in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.


Woronin body

Peroxisome-derived dense-core vesicle that seals septal pores upon hyphal lysis to prevent excessive cytoplasmic loss. It is specific to several genera of filamentous ascomycetes.


meiotic spindle pole body

The microtubule organizing center that forms as part of the meiotic cell cycle; functionally homologous to the animal cell centrosome.


plasma membrane respirasome

A respiratory chain located in the plasma membrane of a cell; made up of the protein complexes that form the electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with the plasma membrane. The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.


left posteriolateral basal body

Any ciliary basal body that is part of a left posteriolateral flagellum found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage).


dendriole

Small dendrites that makes up a brush structure found as the terminal specialization of a dendrite of a unipolar brush cell (UBC).


plasma membrane of growing cell tip

Any plasma membrane part that is part of a growing cell tip.


Golgi stack lumen

The volume enclosed by any of the membranes of the thin, flattened cisternae that form the central portion of the Golgi complex.


pollen wall

The wall surrounding a mature pollen grain; a multilayered structure consisting of a pectocellulosic intine surrounded by a sporopollenin-based exine, which itself contains two layers, the inner nexine and the outer sexine.


host cell part

Any constituent part of a host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


cellular bud tip

The end of a cellular bud distal to the site of attachment to the mother cell.


slime layer

A slime layer is an easily removed, diffuse, unorganized layer of extracellular material that surrounds a cell. Specifically this consists mostly of exopolysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.


host cell envelope

An envelope that surrounds a bacterial host cell and includes the host cytoplasmic membrane and everything external, encompassing the host periplasmic space, host cell wall, and host outer membrane if present.


cell junction

A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells, or between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or between two membrane-bound components of a cell, such as flagella.


sperm head plasma membrane

The plasma membrane that is part of the head section of a sperm cell.


rod bipolar cell terminal bouton

A specialized region of the axon terminus portion of a rod bipolar axon. A rod bipolar cell is a neuron found in the retina and having connections with rod photoreceptor cells and neurons in the inner plexiform layer.


vascular endothelial glycocalyx

The carbohydrate-rich layer lining the vascular endothelium connected to the endothelium through a variety of molecules, mainly proteoglycans and glycoproteins. These form a network in which soluble molecules, either plasma- or endothelium-derived, are incorporated.


host cell membrane

Double layer of lipid molecules as it encloses host cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


capsule

A protective structure surrounding some fungi and bacteria, attached externally to the cell wall and composed primarily of polysaccharides. Capsules are highly organized structures that adhere strongly to cells and cannot be easily removed. Capsules play important roles in pathogenicity, preventing phagocytosis by other cells, adherance, and resistance to dessication.


C bouton

Synaptic bouton found in spinal cord on the soma and proximal dendrites of motor neurons.


membrane-bounded organelle

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.


meiotic actomyosin contractile ring

A cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments, myosin, and myosin-associated proteins that forms beneath the plasma membrane of many cells, including animal cells and yeast cells, in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the meiotic spindle, i.e. the cell division plane. Ring contraction is associated with centripetal growth of the membrane that divides the cytoplasm of the two future daughter cells. In animal cells, the meiotic contractile ring is located inside the plasma membrane at the location of the cleavage furrow. In fungal cells, the meiotic contractile ring forms beneath the plasma membrane of the prospore envelope in preparation for completing cytokinesis.


peptidoglycan-based cell wall

A protective structure outside the cytoplasmic membrane composed of peptidoglycan (also known as murein), a molecule made up of a glycan (sugar) backbone of repetitively alternating N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid with short, attached, cross-linked peptide chains containing unusual amino acids. An example of this component is found in Escherichia coli.


cell projection

A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.


intracellular anatomical structure

A component of a cell contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.


organelle lumen

The internal volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle; includes the volume enclosed by a single organelle membrane, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the volume enclosed by the innermost of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope, e.g. nuclear lumen.


presynaptic endocytic zone membrane

The region of the presynaptic membrane that is part of the presynaptic endocytic zone - where synaptic vesicles are endocytosed and recycled following release.


glyoxysome

A specialized form of peroxisome that contains the enzymes of the glyoxylate pathway. The glyoxysome is found in some plant cells, notably the cells of germinating seeds.


membrane

A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it and attached to it.


hyphal membrane

A host-derived membrane surrounding the symbiont hypha during infection.


glutamatergic synapse

A synapse that uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter.


cellularization cleavage furrow

A plasma membrane invagination at the site of separation of a multi-nucleate cell or syncytium into individual cells.


postsynaptic endocytic zone membrane

The region of the postsynaptic membrane that is part of the postsynaptic endocytic zone. This region of membrane is associated with stable clathrin puncta.


organelle membrane

A membrane that is one of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope or the outermost membrane of single membrane bound organelle.


hyphal cell wall

The cell wall surrounding a fungal hypha.


Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse

A synapse between the Schaffer collateral axon of a CA3 pyramidal cell and a CA1 pyramidal cell.


stereocilium coat

A glycocalyx on the the endolymphatic surface of a cochlear hair cell that coats the external surface of each stereocilium and maintains a small distance between adjacent stereocilia in the bundle.


neuron to neuron synapse

A synapse in which pre and post-synaptic cells are neurons.


hinge region between urothelial plaques of apical plasma membrane

A narrow rim of non-thickened membrane in between urothelial plaques in apical plasma membrane.


plant-type vacuole lumen

The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane of a vacuole that retains the same shape regardless of cell cycle phase. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


basal pole of outer hair cell

The end of the outer hair cell which receives and transmits neural signals.


host peribacteroid fluid

The soluble material inside the peribacteroid membrane, but outside of the bacteroid, within a bacteroid-containing symbiosome of a host cell.


plasma membrane of cell tip

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the cell tip.


serotonergic synapse

A synapse that uses serotonin as a neurotransmitter.


Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.


host cell endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the host cell endoplasmic reticulum.


right anterior basal body

Any ciliary basal body that is part of a right anterior flagellum found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage).


extrinsic component of cell outer membrane

The component of the cell outer membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


right posteriolateral basal body

Any ciliary basal body that is part of a right posteriolateral flagellum found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage).


protein storage vacuole lumen

The volume enclosed by the protein storage vacuole membrane.


cone photoreceptor outer segment

The outer segment of a vertebrate cone photoreceptor that contains membrane discs that are contiguous with the ciliary membrane and containing opsin photoreceptor proteins.


autophagosome lumen

The volume enclosed within the autophagosome double-membrane.


smooth endoplasmic reticulum lumen

The volume enclosed by the membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.


dopaminergic synapse

A synapse that uses dopamine as a neurotransmitter.


noradrenergic synapse

A synapse that uses noradrenaline as a neurotransmitter.


postsynaptic specialization of symmetric synapse

A network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of a symmetric synapse, consisting of anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components that spatially and functionally organize the neurotransmitter receptors at the synapse. This structure is not as thick or electron dense as the postsynaptic densities found in asymmetric synapses.


chromoplast intermembrane space

The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of a chromoplast envelope.


basal pole of neuron

Portion of a neuron cell soma closest to the point where the basilar dendrite emerges.


fungal-type vacuole lumen

The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane of a vacuole, the shape of which correlates with cell cycle phase. An example of this structure is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


apical pole of neuron

Portion of a neuron cell soma closest to the point where the apical dendrite emerges.


host cell presynaptic membrane

A specialized area of membrane of the host axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the host neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many host synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane.


somatic ring canal

A stable intercellular bridge between somatic cells. Examples include the intercellular bridges between ovarian follicle cells in insects and between imaginal disc cells in insects.


type III terminal bouton

Terminal inflated portion of the axon of a non-glutamatergic neuron, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters at a regulatory synapse. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it. Type III terminal boutons are larger than type II ones.


muscle cell postsynaptic specialization

A postsynaptic specialization that is part of a neuromuscular junction.


meiotic spindle midzone

The area in the center of the meiotic spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap.


actin rod

A cellular structure consisting of parallel, hexagonally arranged actin tubules, comprising filamentous actin and associated proteins. Actin rod structures are found in diverse organisms, having been observed in spores of Dictyostelium discoideum, Drosophila melanogaster oocytes, as well as in numerous animal cells under stress conditions.


plastid inner membrane

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the plastid envelope; also faces the plastid stroma.


plant-type vacuole membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vacuole that retains the same shape regardless of cell cycle phase. The membrane separates its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


prospore contractile ring

A contractile ring, i.e. a cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin, that forms beneath the plasma membrane of the prospore envelope in meiotic cells in preparation for completing cytokinesis.


extrinsic component of thylakoid membrane

The component of a thylakoid membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


membrane-enclosed lumen

The enclosed volume within a sealed membrane or between two sealed membranes. Encompasses the volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the space between the two lipid bilayers of a double membrane surrounding an organelle, e.g. nuclear envelope lumen.


cyst wall

The specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a cyst. A cyst is a resting or dormant stage of a microorganism, usually a bacterium or a protist or rarely an invertebrate animal, that helps the organism to survive in unfavorable environmental conditions. In protists such as protozoan parasites alternating cystic- and non-cystic stages, the cyst wall is usually composed of carbohydrates and proteins.


host cell periplasmic space

The region between the inner (cytoplasmic) and outer host membrane (Gram-negative Bacteria) or inner host membrane and host cell wall (Fungi).


root hair tip

The tip portion of an outgrowth of a root epidermal cell.


P4 peroxisome

A subform of peroxisome that corresponds to an intermediate in a peroxisome assembly pathway, which operates by conversion of peroxisomal subforms in the direction P1, P2 -> P3 -> P4 -> P5 -> P6. P4 peroxisomes are distinguished from the other subforms on the bases of buoyant density and protein content.


host caveola

A small pit, depression, or invagination, such as any of the minute pits or incuppings of the host cell membrane formed during pinocytosis, that communicates with the outside of a host cell and extends inward, indenting the host cytoplasm and the host cell membrane. Such caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the host cytoplasm. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


organelle envelope

A double membrane structure enclosing an organelle, including two lipid bilayers and the region between them. In some cases, an organelle envelope may have more than two membranes.


synaptonemal structure

A proteinaceous scaffold found between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.


old growing cell tip

A cell tip which has existed for at least one complete cell cycle, and at which polarized growth occurs. For example, in fission yeast the cell end that existed prior to cell division grows immediately after division, and contains a distinctive complement of proteins including actin cytoskeletal structures.


cellular bud neck

The constriction between the mother cell and daughter cell (bud) in an organism that reproduces by budding.


GABA-ergic synapse

A synapse that uses GABA as a neurotransmitter. These synapses are typically inhibitory.


symbiont-containing vacuolar space

The space between a symbiont plasma membrane and the symbiont-containing vacuole membrane.


extrinsic component of external side of cell outer membrane

The component of a cell outer membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its external surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


aortico-pulmonary spiral septum

The spiral septum that separates the truncus arteriosus into a ventral pulmonary trunk and the dorsal aorta[MP]. The aorticopulmonary septum is developmentally formed from neural crest, specifically the cardiac neural crest, and actively separates the aorta and pulmonary arteries and fuses with the interventricular septum within the heart during development. The actual mechanism of septation of the outflow tract is poorly understood, but is recognized as a dynamic process with contributions from contractile, hemodynamic, and extracellular matrix interactions.


ion

A molecular entity having a net electric charge.


anion

A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the electron.


polyatomic ion

An ion consisting of more than one atom.


pedal ganglion

The pedal ganglia mainly are necessary for coordination of locomotion of a snail.


neural crest-derived structure

An anatomical structure that develops from the neural crest.


ventricular septum intermedium

Endocardial cushions project into the atrial canal, and, meeting in the middle line, unite to form the septum intermedium which divides the canal into two channels, the future right and left atrioventricular orifices[Gray's via WP].


lumbar dorsal root ganglion

The group of nerve cell bodies located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column at the level of the lumbar vertebrae.


profundal part of trigeminal ganglion complex


atrioventricular septum

The wall of the heart that separates the right atrium and left ventricle; and is located just above the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve.


maxillomandibular part of trigeminal ganglion complex


inherited disease susceptibility

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.


muscle structure

Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms[GO].


ectoderm-derived structure

An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the ectoderm.


outflow tract septum

The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract.


structure with developmental contribution from neural crest

An anatomical structure that has some part that develops from the neural crest.


lateral structure

Any structure that is placed on one side of the left-right axis of a bilaterian.


parietal ganglion

A lateral ganglion that innervates pallial cavity, gills and skin of a snail[BTO,modified].


septum

A wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones[WP].


mesoderm-derived structure

An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the mesoderm.


abdominal ganglion of visceral hump

An unpaired knot of nerves in The visceral sacs that innervates the pallial organs as well as the inner organs.


excretory system

An anatomical system that eliminates waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity.


An anatomical structure that develops from the endoderm and the mesoderm.


endoderm-derived structure

An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the endoderm.


atrial septum intermedium

Missing definition for term UBERON:0004159. Please replace it using linked reference.


gastropod cerebral ganglion

The cerebral ganglia are primarily sensual centres, that compute information from the eyes as well as from the tactile and position sensors (statocystes). Besides coordination they also serve the locational memory of a snail.


aromatic compound

A cyclically conjugated molecular entity with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure (e.g. Kekule structure) is said to possess aromatic character.


macrocycle

A cyclic compound containing nine or more atoms as part of the cyclic system.


chemical entity

A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances.


main group molecular entity

A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table.


cyclic compound

Any molecule that consists of a series of atoms joined together to form a ring.


chemical substance

A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types.


heterocyclic compound

A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements.


polyatomic entity

Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom.


mineral

In general, a mineral is a chemical substance that is normally crystalline formed and has been formed as a result of geological processes. The term also includes metamict substances (naturally occurring, formerly crystalline substances whose crystallinity has been destroyed by ionising radiation) and can include naturally occurring amorphous substances that have never been crystalline ('mineraloids') such as georgite and calciouranoite as well as substances formed by the action of geological processes on bigenic compounds ('biogenic minerals').


inorganic molecular entity

A molecular entity that contains no carbon.


alkali metal molecular entity

A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkali metal.


isotopically modified compound

Any molecular entity in which the isotopic ratio of nuclides for at least one element deviates measurably from that occurring in nature. The term includes both isotopically substituted compounds (in which essentially all the molecules of the compound have only the indicated nuclide(s) at each designated position) and isotopically labeled compounds (a formal mixture of an isotopically unmodified compound with one or more analogous isotopically substituted compound(s).


ring assembly

Two or more cyclic systems (single rings or fused systems) which are directly joined to each other by double or single bonds are named ring assemblies when the number of such direct ring junctions is one less than the number of cyclic systems involved.


mineral nutrient

A mineral that is an inorganic nutrient which must be ingested and absorbed in adequate amounts to satisfy a wide range of essential metabolic and/or structural functions in the human body.


bicyclic compound

A molecule that features two fused rings.


A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine. There are three types of cellular components described in the gene ontology: (1) the cellular anatomical entity where a gene product carries out a molecular function (e.g., plasma membrane, cytoskeleton) or membrane-enclosed compartments (e.g., mitochondrion); (2) virion components, where viral proteins act, and (3) the stable macromolecular complexes of which gene product are parts (e.g., the clathrin complex).


molecule

Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom.


heterobicyclic compound

A bicyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one skeletal heteroatom.


s-block molecular entity

An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element.


alkaline earth molecular entity

An alkaline earth molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkaline earth metal.


homocyclic compound

A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of the same element only.


molecular entity

Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity.


virion component

Any constituent part of a virion, a complete fully infectious extracellular virus particle.


disease susceptibility

A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.