negative regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.


corticotropin hormone receptor binding

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binding to a corticotropin hormone receptor.


Radiation esophagitis

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon


Hospital acquired pneumonia

Pneumonia acquired during a hospital stay.


erythropoietin receptor binding

Binding to an erythropoietin receptor.


negative regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation.


glomerular disorder

A disease involving the renal glomerulus.


Fetal Heart Rate

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

The number of fetal cardiac beats per minute.


regulation of twitch skeletal muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of twitch skeletal muscle contraction.


U2-type catalytic step 1 spliceosome

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A spliceosomal complex that is formed by the displacement of the U1 and U4 snRNPs from the precatalytic spliceosome; the U2, U5 and U6 snRNPs remain associated with the mRNA. This complex, sometimes called the activated spliceosome, is the catalytically active form of the spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the U2, and U5 and U6 snRNPs.


regulation of endocannabinoid signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocannabinoid signaling pathway.


ectopic ACTH secretion syndrome

A syndrome characterized by abnormal secretion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone in conjunction with neoplastic growth occurring anywhere in the body. The most common associations are tumors of the bronchus (oat cell or carcinoid), thymic tumors (epithelial or carcinoid), and pancreatic endocrine tumor. (DeVita et al. Cancer, p 1364. 4th edition. Lippincott)


Sebaceous hyperplasia

A common, benign skin condition involving hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands characterized by single or multiple lesions that manifest as yellow, soft, small papules with umbilication. The lesions are located commonly on the central face (specifically, the nose, cheeks and forehead) but may also occur elsewhere, including the chest, mouth, scrotum, foreskin, penile shaft, vulva, and areola.


Thrombosis of renal artery

The formation of a thrombus in the renal artery.


adenoviridae infectious disease

An infectious process caused by adenovirus. The virus may cause respiratory illness, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, and cystitis.


disseminated candidiasis

Systemic candidiasis occurs when Candida yeast enters the bloodstream and may spread (becoming disseminated candidiasis) to other organs, including the central nervous system, kidneys, liver, bones, muscles, joints, spleen, or eyes.


protein-carbohydrate complex subunit organization

Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein-carbohydrate complex.


Vocal cord paresis

Decreased strength of the vocal folds.


Catalysis of the transfer of an alpha-D-glucosyl residue from dolichyl-phosphate D-glucose into a membrane lipid-linked oligosaccharide.


NAD(P)+ transhydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + NAD+ = NADP+ + NADH + H+.


Finger pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the finger.


fourth ventricle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fourth ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fourth ventricle is an irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space.


pyrimidine nucleobase transport

The directed movement of pyrimidine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


varicocele

A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the spermatic cord with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.


Golgi apparatus mannose trimming

Any protein alpha-1,2-demannosylation that takes place in the Golgi apparatus.


synaptic vesicle membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the membrane surrounding a synaptic vesicle.


Abnormal spermatogenesis

Incomplete maturation or aberrant formation of the male gametes.


preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that is characterized by new-onset hypertension with proteinuria presenting after 20 weeks of gestation, and depending on mild or severe forms may initially present with severe headache, visual disturbances, and hyperreflexia.


regulation of exo-alpha-sialidase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exo-alpha-sialidase activity.


Pneumocystis infectious disease

Infections with species in the genus pneumocystis, a fungus causing interstitial plasma cell pneumonia (pneumonia, pneumocystis) and other infections in humans and other mammals. Immunocompromised patients, especially those with aids, are particularly susceptible to these infections. Extrapulmonary sites are rare but seen occasionally.


B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

A neoplasm of lymphoblasts committed to the B-cell lineage, typically composed of small to medium-sized blast cells. When the neoplasm involves predominantly the bone marrow and the peripheral blood, it is called B acute lymphoblastic leukemia. When it involves nodal or extranodal sites, it is called B lymphoblastic lymphoma. (WHO, 2001)


hymen, imperforate

A congenital disorder where the hymen (a membrane that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening) does not have an opening and completely obstructs the vagina.


hydatidiform mole

A gestational trophoblastic disorder characterized by marked enlargement of the chorionic villi, hyperplasia of the villous trophoblastic cells and hydropic changes.


Fractured radius

Traumatic or pathological injury to the radius bone in which the continuity of the bone is broken.


renal fibrosis

A final common manifestation of a wide variety of chronic kidney diseases characterized by glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis.


positive regulation of satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation of satellite cell involved in skeletal muscle regeneration. The activation of satellite cell is the process that initiates satellite cell division by causing it to move from quiescence to the G1 stage of the cell cycle. The cell swells and there are a number of other small changes. The cells then start to divide. Following cell division the cells will differentiate.


Pituitary microadenoma

A pituitary adenoma that is less than 10 mm in diameter.


avascular necrosis of femoral head, primary, 1

Necrotic changes in the bone tissue of the femoral head due to interruption of blood supply.


Transudative pleural effusion

A type of pleural effusion with a transudate (extravascular fluid with low protein content and a low specific gravity). Pleural effusions can be classified as transudates or exudates based on Light's criteria, which classify an effusion as exudate if one or more of the following are present: (1) the ratio of pleural fluid protein to serum protein is greater than 0.5, (2) the ratio of pleural fluid lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) to serum LDH is greater than 0.6, or (3) the pleural fluid LDH level is greater than two thirds of the upper limit of normal for serum LDH.


Increased viscosity of bronchial secretion


Compression fracture

Compression-induced traumatic break, and resulting collapse, of a short bone.


corpora quadrigemina development

The progression of the corpora quadrigemina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The corpora quadrigemina is a part of the midbrain that is made up of the superior and inferior colliculi.


Pancreatic abscess

A circumscribed area of pus or necrotic debris in the parenchyma of the pancreas.


central nervous system morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the central nervous system is generated and organized. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.


nasal disorder

A disease involving the nose.


phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + oxaloacetate = GDP + phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2.


Abnormal skull morphology

An abnormality of the skull, the bony framework of the head which is comprised of the neurocranium (with eight cranial bones) and the viscerocranium (facial skeleton) that comprises fourteen facial bones with the mandible as its largest bone.


negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development.


negative regulation of satellite cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell differentiation.


esophageal varices with bleeding

Bleeding from esophageal varices.


Duodenal perforation

A rupture in the duodenal wall due to traumatic or pathologic processes.


signal peptidase complex

A protein complex that is located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and cleaves the signal sequence from precursor proteins following their transport out of the cytoplasmic space.


histamine production involved in inflammatory response

The synthesis or release of histamine following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


Corneal scarring

Trauma to the cornea of the eye.


coronary stenosis

Narrowing of the coronary artery lumen diameter.


negative regulation of myoblast proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation.


Skin Granuloma

A granuloma located in the skin.


blue light signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing of blue light by photoreceptor molecule, at a wavelength between 400nm and 470nm.


positive regulation of response to drug

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to drug.


regulation of ripoptosome assembly involved in necroptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ripoptosome assembly involved in a necroptotic process.


regulation of heart looping

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart looping.


negative regulation of mitochondrial RNA catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome.


Joint crepitus

A popping, clicking or crackling sound that accompaniees movement of a joint.


TORC2 signaling

A series of intracellular molecular signals mediated by TORC2; TOR (rapamycin-insensitive companion of TOR) in complex with at least Rictor (regulatory-associated protein of TOR), or orthologs of, and other signaling components.


Urinary Tract Pain

Painful sensation in any part of the urinary tract.


Hypocalciuria

An abnormally decreased calcium concentration in the urine.


Chylothorax

Accumulation of excessive amounts of lymphatic fluid (chyle) in the pleural cavity.


Disorder of soft tissue

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the soft tissue.


negative regulation of sterol import

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sterol import.


intestinal pseudo-obstruction

Intestinal pseudo-obstruction is a digestive disorder in whichthe intestinal walls are unable to contract normally (called hypomotility); the conditionresembles a true obstruction, but no actual blockage exists. Signs and symptoms may include abdominal pain; vomiting; diarrhea; constipation; malabsorption of nutrients leading to weight loss and/or failure to thrive ; and other symptoms. It may be classified as neuropathic (from lack of nerve function)or myopathic (from lack of muscle function), depending on the source of the abnormality. The condition is sometimes inherited (in an X-linked recessive or autosomal dominant manner)and may be caused by mutations in the FLNA gene; it may also be acquired after certain illnesses. The goal of treatment is to provide relief from symptoms andensure that nutritional support is adequate.


persistent fetal circulation syndrome

A cardiopulmonary disorder characterized by systemic arterial hypoxemia secondary to pulmonary hypertension and extrapulmonary right to left shunting across the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus.


early endosome lumen

The volume enclosed by the membrane of an early endosome.


negative regulation of mitophagy

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy.


astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma)

A tumor of the brain or spinal cord showing astrocytic differentiation. It includes the following clinicopathological entities: pilocytic astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, and subependymal giant cell astrocytoma.


positive regulation of interleukin-18 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-18 production.


bone sarcoma

A sarcoma that arises from the bone. Representative examples are osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma.


egg coat formation

Construction of an egg coat, a specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the ovum of animals. The egg coat provides structural support and can play an essential role in oogenesis, fertilization and early development.


positive regulation of acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.


tensor tympani

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The larger of the two muscles of the tympanic cavity, is contained in the bony canal above the osseous portion of the auditory tube. Its role is to dampen sounds produced from chewing. It arises from the cartilaginous portion of the auditory tube and the adjoining part of the great wing of the sphenoid, as well as from the osseous canal in which it is contained. Passing backward through the canal, it ends in a slender tendon which enters the tympanic cavity, makes a sharp bend around the extremity of the septum, known as the processus cochleariformis[1], and is inserted into the manubrium of the malleus, near its root[WP].


extracellular matrix constituent secretion

The controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell.


negative regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway.


hemimelia

Hemimelia is a limb malformation characterized by the absence or gross shortening of the lower portion of one or more of the limbs. The condition is designated according to which bone of the distal arm or leg is absent or defective and includes fibular, radial, tibial, or ulnar hemimelia. Hemimelia ranges in severity.


vestibular neuronitis

Idiopathic inflammation of the vestibular nerve, characterized clinically by the acute or subacute onset of vertigo; nausea; and imbalance. The cochlear nerve is typically spared and hearing loss and tinnitus do not usually occur. Symptoms usually resolve over a period of days to weeks. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p304)


Comedo

A clogged cutaneous sebaceous follicle, which is a cutaneous gland that secretes sebum (usually into a hair follicle).


Hemorrhagic Shock

Hypoperfusion of body tissues due to acute blood loss, resulting in cellular injury and vital organ dysfunction.


renal response to blood flow involved in circulatory renin-angiotensin regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure

The physiological response of the kidneys to a decrease in blood flow.


cytomegalovirus pneumonia

Pneumonia caused by cytomegalovirus. Most humans are exposed to cytomegalovirus. Healthy individuals do not develop signs and symptoms of infection. Patients with weakened immune system (e.g., AIDS patients, cancer patients who are being treated with chemotherapy, and patients who have received bone marrow or solid organ transplants) develop signs and symptoms of infection. They include cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, malaise, fever, muscle and joint pain, and excessive sweating.


laminin-2 complex

A laminin complex composed of alpha2, beta1 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.


acanthosis nigricans

A melanotic cutaneous lesion that develops in the axilla and other body folds. It may be idiopathic, drug-induced, or it may be associated with the presence of an endocrine disorder or malignancy.


negative regulation of eosinophil activation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil activation.


positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation.


phenylalanine-tRNA ligase complex

An enzyme complex that catalyzes the ligation of phenylalanine to tRNA(Phe), forming L-phenylalanyl-tRNA(Phe).


choroiditis

An inflammatory process that affects the choroid.


Intraventricular hemorrhage

Bleeding into the ventricles of the brain.


Gallbladder Sludge

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


clubfoot

The most common congenital deformation of the foot, occurring in 1 of 1,000 live births. The most common form is talipes equinovarus, where the deformed foot is turned downward and inward sharply.


Lumbar Puncture Headache

Headache in erect position, after lumbar puncture; due to lowering of intracranial pressure by leakage of cerebrospinal fluid through the needle tract.


Decreased circulating ferritin concentration

Abnormally reduced concentration of ferritin, a ubiquitous intracellular protein that stores iron, in the blood.


maintenance of mitochondrion location

Any process in which a mitochondrion is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.


Pneumopericardium

The presence of air in the pericardial cavity. Causes include chest injury in adults, and respiratory distress syndrome in infants.


Esophageal obstruction

Blockage of the normal flow of the contents in the esophagus.


Erythroid hypoplasia

Decreased count of erythroid precursor cells, that is, erythroid lineage cells in the bone marrow.


acquired hemophilia

Acquired hemophilia is a bleeding disorder that interferes with the body's blood clotting process. Signs and symptoms include prolonged bleeding, frequent nosebleeds, bruising throughout the body, solid swellings of congealed blood (hematomas), hematuria, and gastrointestinal or urologic bleeding. Acquired hemophilia occurs when the body's immune system attacks and disables a certain protein that helps the blood clot. About half of the cases are associated with other conditions, such as pregnancy, autoimmune disease, cancer, skin diseases, or allergic reactions to medications.


Hemorrhage of liver

Bleeding originating from the liver.


cellular response to redox state

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating redox state. Redox state refers to the balance of oxidized versus reduced forms of electron donors and acceptors in an organelle, cell or organ; plastoquinone, glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and nicotinamide nucleotides (NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH) are among the most important.


puerperal disorder

Disorders or diseases associated with puerperium, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after parturition in humans.


Febrile seizure (within the age range of 3 months to 6 years)

A febrile seizure is any type of seizure (most often a generalized tonic-clonic seizure) occurring with fever (at least 38 degrees Celsius) but in the absence of central nervous system infection, severe metabolic disturbance or other alternative precipitant in children between the ages of 3 months and 6 years.


atrophic glossitis

Glossy appearance of the entire tongue surface.


Cerebral artery stenosis

Narrowing or constriction of the inner surface (lumen) of a cerebral artery.


sagittal sinus thrombosis

Formation or presence of a blood clot (thrombus) in the superior sagittal sinus or the inferior sagittal sinus. Sagittal sinus thrombosis can result from infections, hematological disorders, craniocerebral trauma; and neurosurgical procedures. Clinical features are primarily related to the increased intracranial pressure causing headache; nausea; and vomiting. Severe cases can evolve to seizures or coma.


male germ cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of male germ cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


secondary syphilis

The secondary stage of syphilis typically that is characterized by generalized rash (including palms and soles), mucocutaneous lesions, and lymphadenopathy. It usually begins one to two months after the primary stage.


Mycobacterium test

biolink:Procedure biolink:NamedThing biolink:ActivityAndBehavior biolink:Occurrent biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


patent foramen ovale

A persistent opening in the atrial septum after birth. While a normal part of fetal circulation, the foramen ovale should close once the newborn begins breathing and the pressure in the left atrium exceeds that of the right atrium. While a PFO is generally asymptomatic, it can lead to the passage of clots from the venous circulation into the artierial circulation, resulting in paradoxical emboli, and possible strokes.


Fractured vertebra

A partial or complete breakage of the vertebra.


Corneal stromal edema

Abnormal accumulation of fluid and swelling of the stroma of cornea.


negative regulation of ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity.


central retinal vein occlusion

Blockage of the central retinal vein.


syndactyly

A disease characterized by the presence of syndactyly, including syndromic and non-syndromic forms.


Hypoplasia of teeth

Developmental hypoplasia of teeth.


malleus bone

The malleus or hammer is a hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle ear which connects with the incus and is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum. The word is Latin for hammer. It transmits the sound vibrations from the eardrum to the incus. The malleus is unique to mammals, and evolved from a lower jaw bone in basal amniotes called the articular, which still forms part of the jaw joint in reptiles. Embryologically it is derived from the first pharyngeal arch along with the rest of the bones of mastication, such as the maxilla and mandible. [WP,unvetted].


regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of mesenchymal stem cell death by apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the nephron in the metanephros.


tumor of parathyroid gland

A neoplasm (disease) that involves the parathyroid gland.


Intestinal Mass

An abnormal growth in the small or large intestine.


Claustrophobia

An abnormal fear of being in a closed or narrow space with no escape is called claustrophobia.


Abdominal Infection

Infection in the abdominal cavity resulting from injury, acute intestinal inflammation (e.g., acute appendicitis), intestinal perforation, or complication of abdominal surgery.


Urate tophus

Intradermal urate crystal deposits appeared as small, superficial, pustule-like, whitish lesions. The lesions may be the focus of inflammatory episodes with increasing pain, swelling, and erythema of the intradermal tophi.


Serum Bicarbonate Decreased

A laboratory test result which indicates decreased levels of bicarbonate in the serum.


Axillary lymphadenopathy

Enlarged lymph node located in the axillary region (armpit).


heart septal defect

A congenital disorder characterized by the presence of an abnormal communication between the atria or the ventricles of the heart due to defects in the cardiac septum.


Abnormal systemic arterial morphology

An abnormality of the systemic arterial tree, which consists of the aorta and other systemic arteries.


Bronchial hemorrhage

Bronchial hemorrhage is a focal bleeding located in the bronchial system. It can be diagnosed by tracheobronchoscopy.


positive regulation of protein K48-linked ubiquitination

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein K48-linked ubiquitination.


acromegaly

Acromegaly is an acquired disorder related to excessive production of growth hormone (GH) and characterized by progressive somatic disfigurement (mainly involving the face and extremities) and systemic manifestations.


Thin nail

Nail that appears thin when viewed on end.


Myocardial hypertrophy

Thickening of the myocardium often due to chronic pressure overload.


paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by corpuscular hemolytic anemia, bone marrow failure and frequent thrombotic events.


Cicatrix, Hypertrophic

A permanent mark on the skin caused by deposits of excessive amounts of collagen during wound healing. It is elevated and does not extend beyond the original boundaries of the wound; the elevation may stabilize or regress spontaneously.


Neonatal sepsis

Systemic inflammatory response to infection in newborn babies.


Degeneration of uterine fibroid

A morphologic variant of uterine corpus leiomyoma characterized by the presence of hyalinized or myxoid stroma, edema, cystic changes, hemorrhage, and calcifications.


glioma

A benign or malignant brain and spinal cord tumor that arises from glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells). Tumors that arise from astrocytes are called astrocytic tumors or astrocytomas. Tumors that arise from oligodendrocytes are called oligodendroglial tumors. Tumors that arise from ependymal cells are called ependymomas.


familial long QT syndrome

A hereditary cardiac disease characterized by a prolongation of the QT interval at basal ECG and by a high risk of life-threatening arrhythmias.


pyelitis

Inflammation of the renal pelvis.


papillomatosis

Glandular or squamous cell neoplastic proliferations characterized by the formation of multiple papillary structures diffusely involving a specific anatomic site.


dermoid cyst of ovary

A cystic teratoma that arises from the ovary. It presents as a cystic mass that contains sebaceous material admixed with hairs. In a minority of cases it is bilateral.


Euthyroid goiter

A goiter that is not associated with functional thyroid abnormalities.


malignant renal pelvis neoplasm

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the renal pelvis.


inferior myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction in which the inferior wall of the heart is involved. It is often caused by occlusion of the right coronary artery.


Leukemic infiltration of skin

Cutaneous involvement by an acute or chronic leukemia.


Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia

A type of hemolytic anemia in which the Coombs test is positive.


Genu valgum

The legs angle inward, such that the knees are close together and the ankles far apart.


iris disorder

A disease involving the iris.


vestibular aqueduct

At the hinder part of the medial wall of the vestibule is the orifice of the vestibular aqueduct, which extends to the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. It transmits a small vein, and contains a tubular prolongation of the membranous labyrinth, the ductus endolymphaticus, which ends in a cul-de-sac between the layers of the dura mater within the cranial cavity. [WP,unvetted].


Abnormal platelet count

Abnormal number of platelets per volume of blood. In a healthy adult, a normal platelet count is between 150,000 and 450,000 per microliter of blood.


Budd-Chiari syndrome

Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is caused by obstruction of hepatic venous outflow involving either the hepatic veins or the terminal segment of the inferior vena cava.


Cytomegaloviral gastritis

Inflammation of stomach that is associated with cytomegalovirus.


blastomycosis

Blastomycosis is a rare infection that may develop when people inhale a fungus called Blastomyces dermatitidis, a fungus that is found in moist soil, particularly where there is rotting vegetation. The fungus enters the body through the lungs, infecting them. The fungus then spreads to other areas of the body.The infection may affect the skin, bones and joints, and other areas. The disease usually affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV or who have had an organ transplant.


histiocytosis

A morphologic finding indicating tissue infiltration by non-neoplastic or neoplastic histiocytes.


coagulation protein disease

Congenital or acquired deficiency of one of the coagulation factors. It results in bleeding.


Increased RBC distribution width

Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a simple parameter of the standard full blood count and a measure of heterogeneity in the size of circulating erythrocytes. It is provided by automated hematology analyzers and it reflects the range of the red cell size. It is calculated by dividing the standard deviation of erythrocyte volume by the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and multiplied by 100 to convert to a percentage.


endometrial cancer

Primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the endometrium (mucous membrane that lines the endometrial cavity).


polyhydramnios

An excess quantity of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac as compared to normal values. Typically associated with an amniotic fluid index (AFI) of greater than or equal to 25 cm or a single maximum vertical pocket (MVP) of greater than 8 cm.


L-ascorbic acid transmembrane transport

The process in which L-ascorbic acid is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. L-ascorbate, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate, is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species.


Chemical peritonitis

A non-infectious inflammation of the peritoneum.


bladder diverticulum

A pouch or sac-like protrusion in the bladder wall.


lacrimal duct obstruction

Blockage of the tear duct.


Abnormal Mammogram

A radiologic finding indicating the presence of abnormalities in the breast parenchyma identified in a mammogram performed for screening or diagnostic purposes.  These abnormalities include calcifications, breast tissue distortion, presence of areas of density, and presence of benign or malignant tumors.


hepatoblastoma

Hepatoblastoma (HB) is a malignant hepatic tumor and is the most common pediatric liver cancer. It is characterized by anorexia, weight loss and an enlarged abdomen. HB is more common in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), and can occur in patients with other pre-existing liver conditions. About 5% of HB cases are associated with genetic factors, especially overgrowth syndromes, such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) or hemihypertrophy.


fetal alcohol syndrome

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a rare malformation syndrome caused by excessive maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. It is characterized by prenatal and/or postnatal growth deficiency (weight and/or height <10th percentile), a unique cluster of minor facial anomalies (short palpebral fissures, flat and smooth philtrum, and thin upper lip) and severe central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities including microcephaly, and cognitive and behavioral impairment (intellectual disability, deficit in general cognition, learning and language, executive function, visual-spatial processing, memory, and attention).


negative regulation of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway.


temporal arteritis

A large vessel vasculitis predominantly involving the arteries originating from the aortic arch and especially the extracranial branches of the carotid arteries.


Sinus Rhythm

An electrocardiographic finding of an atrial rhythm which originates from the sinoatrial node that is considered normal for the population. (CDISC)


cyanidin 3-O-glucoside 2-O''-xylosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside betaine + UDP-alpha-D-xylose = cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-sambubioside + UDP.


CTP reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dCTP + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = CTP + thioredoxin. Thioredoxin disulfide is the oxidized form of thioredoxin.


TTP reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dTTP + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = TTP + thioredoxin. Thioredoxin disulfide is the oxidized form of thioredoxin.


ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase activity, glutaredoxin disulfide as acceptor

Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate + glutaredoxin disulfide + H2O -> ribonucleoside diphosphate + glutaredoxin.


vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-insensitive) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O = 2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol.


UDP reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dUDP + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = UDP + thioredoxin.


ADP reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dADP + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = ADP + thioredoxin.


CDP reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dCDP + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = CDP + thioredoxin.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = ribonucleoside triphosphate + thioredoxin.


Obstructive Ureterocele

A ureterocele with a small, obstructive orifice.


ureterocele

A cystic and dysplastic dilation of the distal ureter within the bladder that may extend into the bladder neck and urethra.


Orthotopic ureterocele

A ureterocele that is located entirely within the bladder, and which may be associated with a single system, with the upper pole ureter of a completely duplicated system, or rarely associated with a lower pole ureter. (Adapted from Glassberg KI, Braren V, Duckett JW, Jacobs EC, King LR, Lebowitz RL et al. Suggested terminology for duplex systems, ectopic ureters and ureteroceles. J Urol 1984; 132(6):1153-1154.)


Sphincteric Ureterocele

A ureterocele in which the orifice is distal to the external urinary sphincter.


Cecoureterocele

A ureterocele in which the orifice is located in the bladder, with the ureterocele pouch extending submucosally into the urethra.


Ectopic ureterocele

A ureterocele in which some portion of the ureterocele is situated permanently at the bladder neck or in the urethra. The orifice may be situated in the bladder, at the bladder neck, or in the urethra. (Adapted from Glassberg KI, Braren V, Duckett JW, Jacobs EC, King LR, Lebowitz RL et al. Suggested terminology for duplex systems, ectopic ureters and ureteroceles. J Urol 1984; 132(6):1153-1154.)


taurodontism

Taurodontism is a dental anomaly characterized by an elongated pulp chamber, displaced toward the apical floor of the tooth with no constriction at the level of the cemento-enamel junction, and short roots. It most frequently affects permanent molar teeth. Taurodontism increases the risk of pulp exposure. It can be isolated or associated with certain syndromes such as Down syndrome, amelogenesis imperfecta, and Klinefelter syndrome.


myasthenic syndrome, congenital, 23, presynaptic


nephrolithiasis susceptibility caused by SLC26A1


negative regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA dehydrogenase.


Postsurgical Stage II Hepatoblastoma

No metastases, tumor grossly resected with microscopic residual disease (i.e., positive margins); or tumor rupture, or tumor spill at the time of surgery. (from PDQ 2004)


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate + H+ = 4-guanidinobutanal + CO2.


primary ciliary dyskinesia 4

A primary ciliary dyskinesia that is characterized by partial absence of the inner dynein arms with variable occurrence of situs inversus and has material basis in variation in the chromosome region 15q13.1-q15.1.


infantile diarrhea

Diarrhea occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.


Ulnar deviation of the 4th finger

Displacement of the 4th finger towards the ulnar side (i.e., towards the 5th finger).


Radial deviation of the 4th finger

Displacement of the 4th finger towards the radial side (i.e., towards the thumb).


Radial deviation of the 2nd finger

Displacement of the 2nd finger towards the radial side.


Ulnar deviation of thumb

Bending or curvature of a thumb towards the ulnar side (towards the ring finger).


Deviation of the 2nd finger

Displacement of the 2nd finger from its normal position.


Distally placed thumb

Insertion of thumb at a more distal location than normal.


Ulnar deviation of the 5th finger

Displacement of the 5th finger towards the ulnar side.


Radial deviation of the 3rd finger

Displacement of the 3rd finger towards the radial side (i.e., towards the thumb).


Ulnar deviation of the 2nd finger

Displacement of the 2nd (index) finger towards the ulnar side.


Hitchhiker thumb

With the hand relaxed and the thumb in the plane of the palm, the axis of the thumb forms an angle of at least 90 degrees with the long axis of the hand.


Ulnar deviation of finger

Bending or curvature of a finger toward the ulnar side (i.e., away from the thumb). The deviation is at the metacarpal-phalangeal joint, and this finding is distinct from clinodactyly.


Clinodactyly of the 5th finger

Clinodactyly refers to a bending or curvature of the fifth finger in the radial direction (i.e., towards the 4th finger).


Deviation of the 5th finger

Displacement of the 5th finger from its normal position.


Overlapping fingers

A finger resting on the dorsal surface of an adjacent digit when the hand is at rest.


Fifth finger distal phalanx clinodactyly

Bending or curvature of the distal phalanx of little finger in the radial direction (i.e., towards the 4th finger).


Proximal placement of thumb

Proximal mislocalization of the thumb.


Ulnar deviation of the 3rd finger

Displacement of the 3rd finger towards the ulnar side (i.e., towards the ring finger).


Radial deviation of finger

Bending or curvature of a finger toward the radial side (i.e., towards the thumb). The deviation is at the metacarpal-phalangeal joint, and this finding is distinct from clinodactyly.


Deviation of the thumb

Displacement of the thumb from its normal position.


Deviation of the 4th finger

Displacement of the 4th finger from its normal position.


Deviation of the 3rd finger

Displacement of the 3rd finger from its normal position.


tRNA transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of tRNA, transfer ribonucleic acid, from one side of a membrane to the other.


Premature birth following premature rupture of fetal membranes


Wormian bones

The presence of extra bones within a cranial suture. Wormian bones are irregular isolated bones which appear in addition to the usual centers of ossification of the cranium.


Elevated circulating 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid concentration

The concentration of 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid in the blood circulation is above the upper limit of normal.


tentorial sinus

An unpaired venous dural sinus that receives blood from the superior cerebellar veins and inferior sagittal sinus and drains into the confluence of sinuses.


atrioventricular septal defect 4

Any atrioventricular septal defect in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the GATA4 gene.


structural congenital heart disease, multiple types - GATA4

Any congenital heart disease in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the GATA4 gene.


ventricular septal defect 1

Any ventricular septal defect in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the GATA4 gene.


atrial septal defect 2

Any atrial heart septal defect in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the GATA4 gene.


B-1 B cell lineage commitment

The process in which an immature B cell becomes committed to become a B-1 B cell.


indole catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of indole (2,3-benzopyrrole), the basis of many biologically active substances (e.g. serotonin, tryptophan).


indole metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving indole (2,3-benzopyrrole), the basis of many biologically active substances (e.g. serotonin, tryptophan).


indole biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole (2,3-benzopyrrole), the basis of many biologically active substances (e.g. serotonin, tryptophan).


severe combined immunodeficiency, autosomal recessive, T cell-negative, B cell-negative, NK cell-negative, due to adenosine deaminase deficiency

A form of SCID characterized by profound lymphopenia and very low immunoglobulin levels of all isotypes resulting in severe and recurrent opportunistic infections.


specification of animal organ axis polarity

The process in which the polarity of an animal organ axis is specified.


reactive arthritis

Reactive arthritis (ReA) is an autoimmune disorder belonging to the group of seronegative spondyloarthropathies and is characterized by the classic triad of arthritis, urethritis and conjunctivitis.


Stage IVC Laryngeal Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


head and neck carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the head and neck region. Representative examples include oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and salivary gland carcinoma.


Localized Parathyroid Gland Carcinoma

A parathyroid gland carcinoma that has not spread to other anatomic sites.


Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition.


Stage I Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v6

Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0.  T1: Tumor limited to one subsite of the hypopharynx and 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th ed.)


Refractory Thyroid Gland Oncocytic Carcinoma

Thyroid gland oncocytic carcinoma that is resistant to treatment.


Stage II Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage II includes: Under 45 years: Any T, Any N, M1.  45 years and older: T2, N0, M0.  T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M1: Distant metastasis.  M0: No evidence of distant metastasis.  (from AJCC 7th Ed.)


Oropharyngeal (p16-Negative) Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of p16-negative oropharyngeal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.


Thyroid Gland Sclerosing Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma with Eosinophilia

A rare type of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the thyroid gland, usually associated with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis.  It exhibits a unique morphologic appearance consisting of a squamoid, nested growth pattern, dense fibrosis, and mucinous differentiation.  The histogenesis of this unusual carcinoma has been debated, and it is unclear if it arises from remnants of the ultimobranchial body or from the follicular epithelial cells.


Stage I Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage I includes: Under 55 years: Any T, Any N, M0. 55 years and older: (T1, N0/NX, M0); (T2, N0/NX, M0).  T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. N0: No evidence of locoregional lymph node metastasis. NX: Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Unresectable Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Nonkeratinizing Carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal nonkeratinizing carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.


Metastatic Thyroid Gland Anaplastic Carcinoma

Thyroid gland anaplastic carcinoma that has spread from the original site of growth to another anatomic site.


Hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma stage III

Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0).  T3: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm in greatest dimension or with fixation of hemilarynx or extension to esophagus.  T1: Tumor limited to one subsite of hypopharynx and/or 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T2: Tumor invades more than one subsite of the hypopharynx or an adjacent site, or measures more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest diameter without fixation of hemilarynx.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Spindle Cell Variant Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma

Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland with focal areas of spindle cell metaplasia.


Locally Advanced Laryngeal Carcinoma

Laryngeal carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Carcinoma of pyriform fossa

A carcinoma that arises from the pyriform sinus.  Patients usually present with advanced stage disease and the prognosis is poor.


Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma

Differentiated thyroid gland carcinoma that is resistant to treatment.


Stage I Laryngeal Cancer AJCC v6 and v7

Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0.  T1: (Supraglottis) Tumor limited to one subsite of supraglottis with normal vocal cord mobility. (Glottis) Tumor limited to the vocal cord(s) (may involve anterior or posterior commissure) with normal mobility.  (Subglottis) Tumor limited to the subglottis.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


Laryngeal Cancer by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of laryngeal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.


Pathologic Stage I HPV-Mediated (p16-Positive) Oropharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage I includes: (T0, N0, M0); (T0, N1, M0); (T1, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N0, M0); (T2, N1, M0). T0: No primary identified. T1: Tumor 2 cm or smaller in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor larger than 2 cm but not larger than 4 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Tumor with metastasis in four or fewer lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage IVB Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IVB includes: T4b, Any N, M0. T4b: Very advanced disease; tumor of any size with extension towards the spine or into nearby large blood vessels, invading the prevertebral fascia, or encasing the carotid artery or mediastinal vessels. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Stage IVC Laryngeal Verrucous Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1.  M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma with Fibromatosis/Fasciitis-Like/Desmoid-Type Stroma

A rare morphologic variant of papillary thyroid gland carcinoma characterized by the presence of abundant and cellular stroma resembling nodular fasciitis, fibromatosis, or other proliferative myofibroblastic processes. (WHO)


Stage I Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma Under 55 Years AJCC v8

Stage I includes: Any T, Any N, M0. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Stage II Laryngeal Cancer AJCC v8

Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Supraglottis: Tumor invades the mucosa of more than one adjacent subsite of supraglottis or glottis or region outside the supraglottis (e.g., mucosa of base of the tongue, vallecula, medial wall of pyriform sinus) without fixation of the larynx. Glottis: Tumor extends to supraglottis and/or subglottis, and/or with impaired vocal cord mobility. Subglottis: Tumor extends to vocal cord(s) with normal or impaired mobility. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Laryngeal verrucous carcinoma stage IV

Stage IV includes: IVA: (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB: (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); IVC: (Any T, Any N, M1).  T4a: Supraglottis: Moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor invades through the thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscle of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus).  Glottis: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor invades through the outer cortex of the thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscles of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus).  Subglottis: Moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor invades cricoid or thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscles of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus).  T4b: Supraglottis, Glottis, and Subglottis: Very advanced local disease.  Tumor invades prevertebral space, encases carotid artery, or invades mediastinal structures.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3cm or less in greatest dimension.  N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension.  N3: Metastasis in a lymph node, more than 6 cm in greatest dimension.  M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage III Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage III includes: (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N0, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T3, N2, M0). T1: Nasopharyngeal cancer with tumor confined to the nasopharynx, or tumor extending to oropharynx and/or nasal cavity without parapharyngeal extension.  Parapharyngeal extension denotes posterolateral infiltration of tumor. T2: Nasopharyngeal cancer with parapharyngeal extension.  Parapharyngeal extension denotes posterolateral infiltration of tumor.  T3: Nasopharyngeal cancer with tumor involving bony structures of skull base and/or paranasal sinuses.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Nasopharyngeal cancer with unilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa, and/or unilateral or bilateral, retropharyngeal lymph nodes, 6 cm or less in greatest dimension.  Midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes.  N2: Nasopharyngeal cancer with bilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa.  Midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage IVA Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IVA includes: 55 years and older: T4b, Any N, M0. T4b: Gross extrathyroidal extension invading prevertebral fascia or encasing the carotid artery or mediastinal vessels from a tumor of any size. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Stage IVC Oropharyngeal (p16-Negative) Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Metastatic Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma

A follicular carcinoma that arises from the thyroid gland and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


hypopharynx squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma that involves the hypopharynx.


Stage IVA Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IVA includes: (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0); (T4, N2, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); T4: Tumor with intracranial extension, involvement of cranial nerves, hypopharynx, orbit, parotid gland, and/or extensive soft tissue infiltration beyond the lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid muscle.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Tumor with unilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), and/or unilateral or bilateral metastasis in retropharyngeal lymph node(s), 6 cm or smaller in greatest dimension, above the caudal border of cricoid cartilage. N2: Tumor with bilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or smaller in greatest dimension, above the caudal border of cricoid cartilage. N3: Tumor with unilateral or bilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension, and/or extension below the caudal border of cricoid cartilage. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage IVA Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma AJCC v8


Stage IV Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v6

Stage IV includes: IVA (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1).  T4a: Tumor invades thyroid/cricoid cartilage, hyoid bone, thyroid gland, esophagus, or central compartment soft tissue.  T4b: Tumor invades prevertebral fascia, encases carotid artery, or involves mediastinal structures.  N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3cm but not more than 6cm in greatest dimension, or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension.  N2a: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension.  N2b: Metastasis in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N2c: Metastasis in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension.  N3: Metastasis in a lymph node more than 6 cm in greatest dimension.  M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)


Clinical Stage IV HPV-Mediated (p16-Positive) Oropharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IV includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Unresectable Nasopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Stage IV Oropharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IV includes: IVA (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a: Tumor with moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor invades the larynx, extrinsic muscle of tongue, medial pterygoid, hard palate, or mandible.  Mucosal extension to lingual surface of epiglottis from primary tumors of the base of the tongue and vallecula does not constitute invasion of larynx. T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension.  T3: Tumor measuring more than 4 centimeters in greatest dimension or extension to lingual surface of epiglottis.  T4b: Tumor with very advanced local disease.  Tumor invades lateral pterygoid muscle, pterygoid plates, lateral nasopharynx, or skull base or encases carotid artery. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. N2: Tumor with metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N3: Tumor with metastasis in a lymph node more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis.  M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Metastatic Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the hypopharynx and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


Stage II Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage II includes: Under 55 years: Any T, Any N, M1; 55 years and older: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3a/T3b, Any N, M0). T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3a: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3b: Gross extrathyroidal extension invading only strap muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, or omohyoid muscles) from a tumor of any size. N1: Metastasis to regional nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Stage IVB Oropharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVB includes: (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0). T4b: Tumor with very advanced local disease.  Tumor invades lateral pterygoid muscle, pterygoid plates, lateral nasopharynx, or skull base or encases carotid artery. N3: Tumor with metastasis in a lymph node more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


pharynx carcinoma in situ

Stage 0 carcinoma of the pharynx according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th, 7th, and 8th editions.


Stage IVC Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Unresectable Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Stage IVB Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVB includes: T4b, Any N, M0. T4b: Very advanced disease.  Tumor invades prevertebral fascia or encases carotid artery or mediastinal vessels.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Recurrent Thyroid Carcinoma

The reemergence of thyroid gland carcinoma after a period of remission.


carcinoma in situ of nasopharynx

A in situ carcinoma that involves the nasopharynx.


Nasopharyngeal lymphoepithelioma stage II

Stage II includes: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N0, M0); (T2, N1, M0).  T1: Nasopharyngeal cancer with tumor confined to the nasopharynx, or tumor extending to oropharynx and/or nasal cavity without parapharyngeal extension.  Parapharyngeal extension denotes posterolateral infiltration of tumor. T2: Nasopharyngeal cancer with parapharyngeal extension.  Parapharyngeal extension denotes posterolateral infiltration of tumor.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Nasopharyngeal cancer with unilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa, and/or unilateral or bilateral, retropharyngeal lymph nodes, 6 cm or less in greatest dimension.  Midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


papillary squamous cell carcinoma of larynx

A variant of squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the larynx.  It is characterized by an exophytic and papillary growth usually in the supraglottic area.  The prognosis is favorable.


Locally Recurrent Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

The reemergence of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma after a period of remission, at or adjacent to the site of the original tumor.


Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma recurrent

Reemergence of squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx after a period of remission.


Hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma recurrent

Reemergence of squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx after a period of remission.


Metastatic Thyroid Gland Oncocytic Carcinoma

Thyroid gland oncocytic carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.


carcinoma in situ of epiglottis

A in situ carcinoma that involves the epiglottis.


Pharyngeal Carcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of pharyngeal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition.


Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of thyroid gland medullary carcinoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.


mixed medullary-follicular thyroid carcinoma

A primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland containing a medullary carcinoma component that is immunohistochemically positive for calcitonin, and follicular carcinoma component that is immunohistochemically positive for thyroglobulin.


tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the mucosal lining of the tonsil and tends to metastasize early to the lymph nodes. It predominantly affects middle aged and elderly patients who have a history of alcohol and tobacco use. Patients may present with tonsillar swelling, sore throat, pain radiating to the ipsilateral ear, or a neck mass.


Stage III Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage III includes: 55 years and older: T4a, Any N, M0. T4a: Gross extrathyroidal extension invading subcutaneous soft tissues, larynx, trachea, esophagus, or recurrent laryngeal nerve from a tumor of any size. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Advanced Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Stage II Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage II includes: Under 45 years: Any T, Any N, M1.  45 years and older: T2, N0, M0.  T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M1: Distant metastasis.  M0: No evidence of distant metastasis.  (from AJCC 7th Ed.)


Laryngeal verrucous carcinoma recurrent

The reemergence of verrucous carcinoma of the larynx after a period of remission.


Oropharyngeal Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma

A high-grade carcinoma that arises from the oropharynx. It is characterized by the presence of malignant cells which bear minimal resemblance to the cells from which they arose.


laryngeal carcinoma

Carcinoma that arises from the laryngeal epithelium. More than 90% of laryngeal carcinomas are squamous cell carcinomas. The remainder are adenoid cystic carcinomas, mucoepidermoid carcinomas and carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation.


Stage III Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1a, M0); (T2, N1a, M0); (T3, N1a, M0). T3: Tumor greater than 4 cm in greatest dimension and limited to the thyroid gland, or tumor of any size with minimal extrathyroid extension (e.g., extension to sternothyroid muscle or perithyroid soft tissues).  T1: Tumor size 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland.  T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1a: Metastasis to pretracheal, paratracheal or prelaryngeal/Delphian lymph nodes (Level VI lymph nodes).  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage IVC Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Locally Recurrent Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

The reemergence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma after a period of remission, at or adjacent to the site of the original tumor.


Stage IVC Pharyngeal Carcinoma

Stage IVC carcinoma of the pharynx according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th, 7th, and 8th editions.


papillary thyroid Microcarcinoma

A papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland measuring 10mm or less in diameter. The survival rates of patients with this type of carcinoma are the same with those of the normal population.


Stage 0 Nasopharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma AJCC v6, v7, and v8

Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0.  Tis: Carcinoma in situ. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th, 7th, and 8th eds.)


Stage IVB Oropharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVB includes: (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0). T4b: Tumor with very advanced local disease.  Tumor invades lateral pterygoid muscle, pterygoid plates, lateral nasopharynx, or skull base or encases carotid artery. N3: Tumor with metastasis in a lymph node more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage III Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma AJCC v7


Epiglottic Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx that arises from the epiglottis.


Stage IVB Thyroid Gland Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IVB includes: (T1-T3a, N1, M0); (T3b, Any N, M0); (T4, Any N, M0). T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3a: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3b: Gross extrathyroidal extension invading only strap muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, or omohyoid muscles) from a tumor of any size. T4: Tumor of any size with gross extrathyroidal extension. N1: Metastasis to regional nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Stage II Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma Under 55 Years AJCC v8

Stage II includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Stage IVB Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7


Stage IV Nasopharyngeal Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IV includes: IVA: (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0); (T4, N2, M0); IVB (Any T, N3, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1). T4: Nasopharyngeal cancer with intracranial extension and/or involvement of cranial nerves, hypopharynx, orbit, or with extension to the infratemporal fossa/masticator space.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Nasopharyngeal cancer with unilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa, and/or unilateral or bilateral, retropharyngeal lymph nodes, 6 cm or less in greatest dimension.  Midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes.  N2: Nasopharyngeal cancer with bilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa.  Midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes. N3: Nasopharyngeal cancer with metastasis in a lymph node (s) more than 6 cm in greatest dimension and/or to supraclavicular fossa.  Supraclavicular zone or fossa is relevant to the staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and is the triangular region originally described by Ho.  It is defined by three points: (1) the superior margin of the sternal end of the clavicle, (2) the superior margin of the lateral end of the clavicle, (3) the point where the neck meets the shoulder.  This would include caudal portions of levels IV and VB.  All cases with lymph nodes (whole or part) in the fossa are considered N3b.  M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Refractory Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma that is resistant to treatment.


Pathologic Stage IV HPV-Mediated (p16-Positive) Oropharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IV includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage III Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0).  T3: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm in greatest dimension or with fixation of hemilarynx or extension to esophagus.  T1: Tumor limited to one subsite of hypopharynx and/or 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T2: Tumor invades more than one subsite of the hypopharynx or an adjacent site, or measures more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest diameter without fixation of hemilarynx.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Locally Advanced Thyroid Gland Oncocytic Carcinoma

Thyroid gland oncocytic carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Stage IVB Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVB includes: (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0).  T4b: Supraglottis: Very advanced local disease.  Tumor invades prevertebral space, encases carotid artery, or invades mediastinal structures. Glottis: Very advanced local disease.  Tumor invades prevertebral space, encases carotid artery, or invades mediastinal structures. Subglottis: Very advanced local disease.  Tumor invades prevertebral space, encases carotid artery, or invades mediastinal structures.  N3: Metastasis in a lymph node, more than 6 cm in greatest dimension.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Advanced Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Clinical Stage I HPV-Mediated (p16-Positive) Oropharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage I includes: (T0, N0, M0); (T0, N1, M0); (T1, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N0, M0); (T2, N1, M0). T0: No primary identified. T1: Tumor 2 cm or smaller in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor larger than 2 cm but not larger than 4 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Tumor with metastasis in one or more ipsilateral lymph nodes, none larger than 6 cm. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Unresectable Thyroid Gland Oncocytic Carcinoma

Thyroid gland oncocytic carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Stage II Oropharyngeal (p16-Negative) Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Tumor larger than 2 cm but not larger than 4 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx stage IV

A squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx that has spread from the original site of growth to another anatomic site.


Stage II Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma 55 Years and Older AJCC v8

Stage II includes: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3a/T3b, Any N, M0). T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3a: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3b: Gross extrathyroidal extension invading only strap muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, or omohyoid muscles) from a tumor of any size. N1: Metastasis to regional nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Oncocytic Variant Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma

A morphologic variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland characterized by the presence of papillary or follicular structures, containing malignant follicular cells with abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm. These cells have the nuclear features that characterize the papillary carcinomas of the thyroid gland.


Recurrent Hereditary Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma

The reemergence of hereditary thyroid gland medullary carcinoma after a period of remission.


thyroid gland squamous cell carcinoma

A rapidly growing primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland composed of malignant squamous cells. The clinical course is usually aggressive.


Advanced Pharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Stage IVB Nasopharyngeal Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVB includes: Any T, N3, M0.  N3: Nasopharyngeal cancer with metastasis in a lymph node (s) more than 6 cm in greatest dimension and/or to supraclavicular fossa.  Supraclavicular zone or fossa is relevant to the staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and is the triangular region originally described by Ho.  It is defined by three points: (1) the superior margin of the sternal end of the clavicle, (2) the superior margin of the lateral end of the clavicle, (3) the point where the neck meets the shoulder.  This would include caudal portions of levels IV and VB.  All cases with lymph nodes (whole or part) in the fossa are considered N3b.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Childhood Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma

A follicular thyroid gland carcinoma occurring in childhood.


Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma stage I

Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0.  T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


Stage I Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor confined to the nasopharynx, or tumor extending to oropharynx and/or nasal cavity without parapharyngeal involvement. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage IV Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v6

Stage IV includes: IVA: (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0); (T4, N2, M0); IVB (Any T, N3, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1). T4: Tumor with intracranial extension and/or involvement of cranial nerves, infratemporal fossa, hypopharynx, orbit, or masticator space.  N3: Metastasis in a lymph node(s).  N3a: greater than 6 cm in dimension.  N3b: extension to the supraclavicular fossa.  M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)


Thyroid Gland Anaplastic Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of thyroid gland anaplastic carcinoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system.


Tonsillar Undifferentiated Carcinoma

A non-keratinizing carcinoma arising from the tonsil.  It is characterized by the presence of large malignant cells with vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli, syncytial growth pattern, and a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate.


Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of follicular thyroid gland carcinoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.


Stage III Laryngeal Cancer AJCC v6 and v7

Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0).  T1: Supraglottis: Tumor limited to one subsite of supraglottis with normal vocal cord mobility. Glottis: Tumor limited to the vocal cord(s) (may involve anterior or posterior commissure) with normal mobility.  Subglottis: Tumor limited to the subglottis.  T2: Supraglottis: Tumor invades mucosa of more than one adjacent subsite of supraglottis or glottis or region outside the supraglottis (e.g., mucosa of base of tongue, vallecula, medial wall of pyriform sinus) without fixation of the larynx.  Glottis: Tumor extends to supraglottis and/or subglottis, and/or with impaired vocal cord mobility.  Subglottis: Tumor extends to vocal cord(s) with normal or impaired mobility. T3: Supraglottis: Tumor limited to larynx with vocal cord fixation and/or invades any of the following: postcricoid area, pre-epiglottic tissues, paraglottic space, and/or inner cortex of thyroid cartilage.  Glottis: Tumor limited to the larynx with vocal cord fixation and/or invasion of paraglottic space, and/or inner cortex of the thyroid cartilage.  Subglottis: Tumor limited to larynx with vocal cord fixation.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3cm or less in greatest dimension.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


Alcohol-Related Laryngeal Carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the larynx and is caused by alcohol abuse.


Stage IVC Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage II Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage II includes: Under 55 years: Any T, Any N, M1; 55 years and older: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3a/T3b, Any N, M0). T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3a: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3b: Gross extrathyroidal extension invading only strap muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, or omohyoid muscles) from a tumor of any size. N1: Metastasis to regional nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Stage 0 Laryngeal Verrucous Carcinoma AJCC v6, v7, and v8

Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0.  Tis: Carcinoma in situ.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th, 7th, and 8th eds.)


Pharyngeal cancer stage I

Stage I carcinoma of the pharynx according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th, 7th, and 8th editions.


Stage I Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma 55 Years and Older AJCC v8

Stage I includes: (T1, N0/NX, M0); (T2, N0/NX, M0).  T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. N0: No evidence of locoregional lymph node metastasis. NX: Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Stage IV Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the nasopharynx and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


Advanced Nasopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma of the nasopharynx that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Metastatic Tonsillar Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.


HPV-Mediated (p16-Positive) Oropharyngeal Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of HPV-mediated (p16-positive) oropharyngeal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.


Locally Advanced Parathyroid Gland Carcinoma

A parathyroid gland carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Unresectable Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Unresectable Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Stage III Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0). T3: Tumor larger than 4 cm in greatest dimension or with fixation of hemilarynx or extension to esophagus. T1: Tumor limited to one subsite of hypopharynx and/or 2 cm or smaller in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor invading more than one subsite of hypopharynx or an adjacent site, or measuring more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension without fixation of hemilarynx. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Tumor with metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or smaller in greatest dimension and ENE (-). M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Unresectable Thyroid Gland Anaplastic Carcinoma

Thyroid gland anaplastic carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Stage II Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage II includes: (T1, N1, M0); (T0, N1, M0); (T2, N0, M0); (T2, N1, M0). T1: Tumor confined to the nasopharynx, or tumor extending to oropharynx and/or nasal cavity without parapharyngeal involvement. T0: No tumor identified, but EBV-positive cervical node(s) involvement is present. T2: Tumor with extension to parapharyngeal space, and/or adjacent soft tissue involvement (medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, prevertebral muscles). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Tumor with unilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), and/or unilateral or bilateral metastasis in retropharyngeal lymph node(s), 6 cm or smaller in greatest dimension, above the caudal border of cricoid cartilage. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage IVC Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma AJCC v7


Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of hypopharyngeal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.


Nasopharyngeal Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the nasopharynx and is characterized by prominent production of keratin.


Laryngeal Basaloid Carcinoma

An aggressive variant of squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the pyriform sinus or supraglottic area.  It is characterized by the presence of small malignant cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and scant amount of cytoplasm forming lobules with peripheral palisading.  Comedonecrosis may be present.  An in situ or invasive keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma component is always present.  Signs and symptoms include hoarseness, dysphagia, pain, and neck mass.


Pharyngeal Carcinoma by AJCC v6 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of pharyngeal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th edition.


thyroid gland adenocarcinoma

An adenocarcinoma arising from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. According to the degree of differentiation, it is classified either as differentiated carcinoma (extensive evidence of follicular cell differentiation), or poorly differentiated carcinoma (limited evidence of follicular cell differentiation).


Stage IVA Laryngeal Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IVA includes: (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); T4a: Supraglottis: Moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor invades through the thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscle of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus). Glottis: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor invades through the outer cortex of the thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscles of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus). Subglottis: Moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor invades cricoid or thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscles of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus).  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension.  N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


medullary thyroid gland carcinoma

A neuroendocrine carcinoma arising from the C-cells of the thyroid gland. It is closely associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes. Approximately 10% to 20% of medullary thyroid carcinomas are familial. Patients usually present with a thyroid nodule that is painless and firm. In the majority of cases nodal involvement is present at diagnosis. Surgery is the preferred treatment for both primary lesions and recurrences. This carcinoma is generally not very sensitive to radiation and almost unresponsive to chemotherapy.


Stage II Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma Under 45 Years AJCC v7

Stage II includes: Any T, Any N, M1.  M1: Distant metastasis.  (from AJCC 7th Ed.)


Stage II Laryngeal Cancer AJCC v6 and v7

Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: (Supraglottis) Tumor invades mucosa of more than one adjacent subsite of supraglottis or glottis or region outside the supraglottis (e.g., mucosa of base of tongue, vallecula, medial wall of pyriform sinus) without fixation of the larynx.  (Glottis) Tumor extends to supraglottis and/or subglottis, and/or with impaired vocal cord mobility.  (Subglottis) Tumor extends to vocal cord(s) with normal or impaired mobility. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


Classic Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma

A thyroid gland papillary carcinoma characterized by the presence of thin cores of fibrovascular tissue lined by one or occasionally several layers of malignant cells with distinct nuclear features that include nuclear pseudoinclusions, nuclear grooves, and ground glass nuclear inclusions.


supraglottis squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx that arises from the supraglottic area. Signs and symptoms include dysphagia, a sensation of foreign body in the throat, and hemoptysis. It spreads to the space anterior to the epiglottis, pyriform sinus, and base of the tongue.


Stage IV Oropharyngeal Carcinoma

Stage IV includes: IVA (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB (T4b, Any N, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a: Tumor invades the larynx, deep/extrinsic muscle of tongue, medial pterygoid, hard palate, or mandible. T4b: Tumor invades lateral pterygoid muscle, pterygoid plates lateral nasopharynx, or skull base or encases carotid artery. M1: Distant Metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)


laryngeal adenoid cystic carcinoma

A rare adenoid cystic carcinoma of the larynx. It usually arises from the supraglottic or subglottic area. It is characterized by slow progression and late distant metastases.


Stage 0 Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6, v7, and v8

Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0.  Tis: Carcinoma in situ.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th, 7th, and 8th eds.)


differentiated thyroid carcinoma

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), also known as papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma, is a slow-growing malignancy usually presenting in adults as an asymptomatic thyroid mass.


Stage IVC Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1.  M1: Distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Laryngeal Acantholytic Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the larynx.  It is characterized by acantholysis of the tumor cells that results in the formation of pseudolumina that resemble glandular structures.


A nasopharyngeal carcinoma characterized by the lack of keratinization and the presence of a dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate.  It is subdivided into undifferentiated and differentiated types, based on the cytologic features of the malignant cells.  The undifferentiated type is characterized by the presence of cells with large vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli and a syncytial pattern of growth.  The differentiated type is characterized by the presence of smaller cells and cellular stratification reminiscent of transitional cell carcinoma.  While morphologically distinct, both types have similar clinical presentation and prognosis.


larynx carcinoma in situ

A in situ carcinoma that involves the larynx.


Nasopharyngeal Basaloid Carcinoma

An aggressive variant of squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the nasopharynx.  It is characterized by the presence of small malignant cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and scant amount of cytoplasm forming lobules with peripheral palisading.  Comedonecrosis may be present.


Stage IVA Nasopharyngeal Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IVA includes: (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0); (T4, N2, M0). T4: Nasopharyngeal cancer with intracranial extension and/or involvement of cranial nerves, hypopharynx, orbit, or with extension to the infratemporal fossa/masticator space.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Nasopharyngeal cancer with unilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa, and/or unilateral or bilateral, retropharyngeal lymph nodes, 6 cm or less in greatest dimension.  Midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes.  N2: Nasopharyngeal cancer with bilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa.  Midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Sporadic Thyroid Gland Micromedullary Carcinoma

A sporadic thyroid gland medullary carcinoma measuring less than 10mm in diameter.


Stage IV Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IV includes: IVA: (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0); (T4, N2, M0); IVB (Any T, N3, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1). T4: Nasopharyngeal cancer with intracranial extension and/or involvement of cranial nerves, hypopharynx, orbit, or with extension to the infratemporal fossa/masticator space.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Nasopharyngeal cancer with unilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa, and/or unilateral or bilateral, retropharyngeal lymph nodes, 6 cm or less in greatest dimension.  Midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes.  N2: Nasopharyngeal cancer with bilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa.  Midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes. N3: Nasopharyngeal cancer with metastasis in a lymph node (s) more than 6 cm in greatest dimension and/or to supraclavicular fossa.  Supraclavicular zone or fossa is relevant to the staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and is the triangular region originally described by Ho.  It is defined by three points: (1) the superior margin of the sternal end of the clavicle, (2) the superior margin of the lateral end of the clavicle, (3) the point where the neck meets the shoulder.  This would include caudal portions of levels IV and VB.  All cases with lymph nodes (whole or part) in the fossa are considered N3b.  M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Recurrent Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma

The reemergence of differentiated thyroid gland carcinoma after a period of remission.


Stage IV Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IV includes: IVA: (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB: (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); IVC: (Any T, Any N, M1).  T4a: Tumor with moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor invades the thyroid/cricoid cartilage, hyoid bone, thyroid gland, or central compartment soft tissue.  Central compartment soft tissue includes prelaryngeal strap muscles and subcutaneous fat.  T1: Tumor limited to one subsite of hypopharynx and/or 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T2: Tumor invades more than one subsite of the hypopharynx or an adjacent site, or measures more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest diameter without fixation of hemilarynx.  T3: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm in greatest dimension or tumor with fixation of hemilarynx or extension to esophagus.  T4b: Tumor with very advanced local disease.  Tumor invades prevertebral fascia, encases carotid artery, or involves mediastinal structures.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. N2: Tumor with metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N3: Metastasis in a lymph node more than 6 cm in greatest dimension.  M0: No distant metastasis.  M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage IVB Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IVB includes: 55 years and older: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Pathologic Stage II HPV-Mediated (p16-Positive) Oropharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage II includes: (T0, N2, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N0, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0). T0: No primary identified. T1: Tumor 2 cm or smaller in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor larger than 2 cm but not larger than 4 cm in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor larger than 4 cm in greatest dimension or extension to lingual surface of epiglottis. T4: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor invades the larynx, extrinsic muscle of tongue, medial pterygoid, hard palate, or mandible or beyond. Mucosal extension to lingual surface of epiglottis from primary tumors of the base of the tongue and vallecula does not constitute invasion of the larynx. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Tumor with metastasis in four or fewer lymph nodes.  N2: Tumor with metastasis in more than four lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage I Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage I includes: Under 55 years: Any T, Any N, M0. 55 years and older: (T1, N0/NX, M0); (T2, N0/NX, M0).  T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. N0: No evidence of locoregional lymph node metastasis. NX: Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Stage IVA Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IVA includes: (T4a, Any N, M0); (T1-3, N1b, M0). T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but less than 4 cm in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3: Tumor measuring 4 cm or more in greatest dimension or with extrathyroidal extension. T4a: Moderately advanced disease; tumor of any size with gross extrathyroidal extension into the nearby tissues of the neck, including subcutaneous soft tissue, larynx, trachea, esophagus, or recurrent laryngeal nerve. N1b: Metastasis to unilateral, bilateral, or contralateral lateral neck lymph nodes levels I, II, III, IV, or V or retropharyngeal lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Stage IVC Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Laryngeal Giant Cell Carcinoma

A rare undifferentiated carcinoma that arises from the larynx.  It is characterized by the presence of multiple bizarre multinucleated giant cells.  The prognosis is poor.


Stage 0 Nasopharyngeal Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6, v7, and v8

Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0.  Tis: Carcinoma in situ. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th, 7th, and 8th eds.)


HPV positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the oropharynx and is associated with human papillomavirus type 16 infection.


Refractory Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma that does not respond to treatment.


Stage I Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma 55 Years and Older AJCC v8

Stage I includes: (T1, N0/NX, M0); (T2, N0/NX, M0).  T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. N0: No evidence of locoregional lymph node metastasis. NX: Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Unresectable Thyroid Gland Carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the thyroid gland and is not amenable to surgical resection.


laryngeal small cell carcinoma

A rare carcinoma that arises from the larynx. It is characterized by the presence of small neuroendocrine cells. It metastasizes early and has an aggressive clinical course.


Nasopharyngeal cancer recurrent

The reemergence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma after a period of remission.


Stage IV Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IV includes: IVA: (T4a, Any N, M0); (T1-3, N1b, M0); IVB: (T4b, Any N, M0); IVC: (Any T, Any N, M1). T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but less than 4 cm in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3: Tumor measuring 4 cm or more in greatest dimension or with extrathyroidal extension. T4a: Moderately advanced disease; tumor of any size with gross extrathyroidal extension into the nearby tissues of the neck, including subcutaneous soft tissue, larynx, trachea, esophagus, or recurrent laryngeal nerve. T4b: Very advanced disease; tumor of any size with extension towards the spine or into nearby large blood vessels, invading the prevertebral fascia, or encasing the carotid artery or mediastinal vessels. N1b: Metastasis to unilateral, bilateral, or contralateral lateral neck lymph nodes levels I, II, III, IV, or V or retropharyngeal lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)