chloroplast relocation

The process in which chloroplasts in photosynthetic cells migrate toward illuminated sites to optimize photosynthesis and move away from excessively illuminated areas to protect the photosynthetic machinery.


regulation of neural crest cell differentiation

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Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural crest cell differentiation.


cellular response to chromate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chromate stimulus.


hepatocyte growth factor receptor activity

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Combining with hepatocyte growth factor receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


monodictyphenone biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monodictyphenone.


negative regulation of systemic acquired resistance

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of systemic acquired resistance.


negative regulation of maltohexaose transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of maltohexaose transport.


dentin mineralization

The process in which calcium salts are deposited into the calcareous tooth structure known as dentin.


Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate + NAD(P)+ + H2O = (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + NAD(P)H + H+.


porphobilinogen synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 5-aminolevulinate = 2 H2O + H+ + porphobilinogen.


skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of satellite cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population. Satellite cells are quiescent cells that are located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the muscle fiber, which are the main contributors to postnatal muscle growth. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.


maintenance of plant organ identity

The process in which the identity of a plant organ is maintained. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


microtubule cytoskeleton organization involved in establishment of planar polarity

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins and contributes to the establishment of planar polarity.


negative regulation of plus-end directed microtubule sliding

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of plus-end directed microtubule sliding.


regulation of erythrocyte clearance

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of erythrocyte clearance.


cis-aconitamide amidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cis-aconitamide + H2O = cis-aconitate + HN3.


Catalysis of the reaction: (1S,3R,4S)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylate + NAD+ = (1S,4S)-4-hydroxy-3-oxocyclohexane-1-carboxylate + H+ + NADH.


archaeal-specific GTP cyclohydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = 7,8-dihydro-D-neopterin 2',3'-cyclic phosphate + diphosphate +formate + H+. This activity is part of the biosynthesis of methanopterin in Archaea, and requires Fe2+.


plastid inheritance

The partitioning of plastids between daughter cells at cell division.


symbiont-mediated suppression of host RIG-I signaling pathway

A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupts a RIG-I signaling pathway in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


UDP-glucuronic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a UDP-glucuronic acid from one side of a membrane to the other. UDP-glucuronic acid is a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


selenate adenylyltransferase (ATP) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2SeO4 => diphosphate + adenylylselenate.


3-nitrophenol nitroreductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-nitrophenol + 2 NADH + 2 H+ = 3-hydroxyaminophenol + 2 NAD+ + H2O.


L-arabinofuranose binding

Binding to L-arabinofuranose.


maintenance of pole plasm mRNA location

The process of maintaining mRNA in a specific location in the oocyte pole plasm. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


synaptic signaling by nitric oxide

Cell-cell signaling to or from a synapse, mediated by nitric oxide.


negative regulation of G2/MI transition of meiotic cell cycle

Any signaling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to MI phase of the meiotic cell cycle.


regulation of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission.


endoplasmic reticulum-lipid droplet tether activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a lipid droplet with an endoplasmic reticulum membrane, via membrane lipid binding, to establish membrane contact sites and mediate exchange and communication.


sphingolipid long-chain base 4-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + H+ + a dihydroceramide + NAD(P)H = H2O + a phytoceramide + NAD(P).


isonicotinic acid hydrazide hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: isoniazid + H2O = isonicotinate + hydrazine.


lipoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-lipoyl-5'-AMP + L-lysyl-[lipoyl-carrier protein] = (R)-N6-lipoyl-L-lysyl-[lipoyl-carrier protein] + AMP + 2 H+.


positive regulation of FtsZ-dependent cytokinesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Ftsz-dependent cytokinesis.


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + streptomycin = 3''-adenylylstreptomycin + diphosphate + H+.


rhombomere 6 structural organization

The process that contributes to creating the structural organization of rhombomere 6. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.


U6 snRNA 3'-end binding

Binding to a U6 small nuclear RNA (U6 snRNA) at the 3' end.


maintenance of polarity of larval imaginal disc epithelium

The maintenance of an established polarized larval imaginal disc epithelium.


tryptophanase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + H2O = indole + NH4 + pyruvate.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors, with NAD(P)+ as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a phosphorus- or arsenic-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a NAD(P)+ to NAD(P)H.


Catalysis of the transfer of a glucosyl group from UDP-glucose to the 3'-hydroxy group of a quercetin molecule.


aurachin C monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: aurachin C + O2 + H+ + NAD(P)H <=> aurachin C epoxide + H2O + NAD(P).


neuroendocrine cell differentiation involved in prostate gland acinus development

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquires specialized structural and functions of a neuroendocrine cell of the prostate gland acinus.


response to furfural

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a furfural stimulus.


symbiotic process benefiting host

A process carried out by symbiont gene products that enables a symbiotic interaction with a host organism, that is beneficial to the host organism.


omega-3 fatty acid desaturase activity

Catalysis of the introduction of an omega-3 double bond into the fatty acid hydrocarbon chain.


2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconic acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconic acid.


keto-deoxynonulosonic acid (KDN) cytidylyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + KDN = diphosphate + CMP-KDN.


glossopharyngeal nerve structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the glossopharyngeal nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion.


coniferyl aldehyde 5-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + coniferyl aldehyde + NADPH + O2 <=> 5-hydroxy-coniferaldehyde + NADP + H2O.


Cajal-Retzius cell differentiation

The process in which a neuroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Cajal-Retzius cell, one of a transient population of pioneering neurons in the cerebral cortex. These cells are slender bipolar cells of the developing marginal zone. One feature of these cells in mammals is that they express the Reelin gene.


5-formyluracil DNA N-glycosylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of 5-formyluracil bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the oxidized pyrimidine and the deoxyribose sugar.


Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate = diphosphate + CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate.


negative regulation of galactotriose transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of galactotriose transport.


leading edge cell fate commitment

The commitment of cells to leading edge cell fate and their capacity to differentiate into leading edge cells. Leading edge cells are found at the front of a migrating epithelial sheet.


syncytial embryo cellularization

The separation of a syncytial embryo into individual cells.


Catalysis of the reaction: phloroglucinol + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + 3,5-dihydroxyanisole + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


syringal lignin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving syringal lignin.


cysteine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: O3-acetyl-L-serine + hydrogen sulfide = L-cysteine + acetate.


trans-translation

A translational elongation process in which transfer of a translating ribosome from one mRNA to another RNA template takes place. Trans-translation occurs during tmRNA release of stalled ribosomes.


ochratoxin A catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ochratoxin A.


canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of endothelial cell migration

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The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in the positive regulation of endothelial cell migration.


phialide development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of phialides over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Phialides are specialized cells that bud from the ends of metulae on the conidiophore tip. Chains of conidia, or asexual spores, develop from the phialide tips.


toluene 4-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: toluene + 1/2 O2 = 4-hydroxytoluene.


negative regulation of xylose catabolic process to ethanol

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of xylose catabolic process to ethanol.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxycyclohexanone + A = AH(2) + cyclohexane-1,3-dione.


mannosylphosphate transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a mannosylphosphate group from one compound to another.


lipid tube assembly involved in organelle fission

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a macromolecular complex that contains a tube of lipid surrounded by a protein coat involved in membrane shaping of vesicle membranes as organelles undergo fission.


positive regulation of T-helper 1 cell activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell activation.


mineralocorticoid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.


L-tyrosine aminotransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an amino group from L-tyrosine to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxo acid.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine = UDP + D-galactosyl-1,3-beta-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-D-galactosyl-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine.


cytochrome-b5 reductase activity, acting on NADPH

Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + 2 ferricytochrome b(5) = NADP+ + 2 ferrocytochrome b(5).


polarity specification of anterior/posterior axis

Any process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the anterior/posterior axis.


cspyrone B1 catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cspyrone B1.


vitamin B6 transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of any of the vitamin B6 compounds, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate, from one side of a membrane to the other.


cyanophycin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyanophycin, a non-protein, non-ribosomally produced amino acid polymer composed of an aspartic acid backbone and arginine side groups.


acetyl-CoA assimilation pathway

The pathways by which acetyl-CoA is processed and converted into alpha-ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate); methanogenic archaea use these pathways to assimilate acetyl-CoA into the cell.


cellular response to benzoic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a benzoic acid stimulus.


multiple spine synapse organization, single dendrite

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse between a multiple synapse bouton and a single dendrite.


nickel incorporation into metallo-sulfur cluster

The incorporation of nickel into a metallo-sulfur cluster.


hypoglossal nerve maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the hypoglossal nerve to attain its fully functional state. This motor nerve innervates all the intrinsic and all but one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate + O2 = 2-hydroxy-3-(3-oxoprop-1-enyl)but-2-enedioate + H+.


octanol dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-octanol + NAD+ = 1-octanal + H+ + NADH.


positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition.


positive regulation of cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.


kaempferol 3-glucoside 7-O-rhamnosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: kaempferol 3-O-glucoside + UDP-L-rhamnose <=> kaempferol-3-glucoside-7-rhamnoside + UDP.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving (17Z)-protosta-17(20),24-dien-3beta-ol.


(-)-microperfuranone catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of (-)-microperfuranone.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + isoflavone = UDP + isoflavone 7-O-beta-D-glucoside.


neuroblast activation

A change in the morphology or behavior of a neuroblast resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.


lysine 6-dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + NAD+ + L-lysine = NH3 + NADH + allysine.


imidazolone hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-formimidoylglycine => H2O + imidazol-4-one.


ent-kaurenoate oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ent-kaurenoate + NADPH + O2 = ent-7-alpha-hydroxykaurenoate + NADP+ + H2O. This is the first of three successive reactions resulting in the oxidation of ent-kaurenoate (ent-kaurenoic acid) to gibberellin 12 (GA12).


response to endogenous stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism.


'de novo' actin filament nucleation

The actin nucleation process in which actin monomers combine in the absence of any existing actin filaments; elongation of the actin oligomer formed by nucleation leads to the formation of an unbranched filament.


Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-glucose + a plant soluble heteroglycan = a plant soluble heteroglycan + maltose.


Catalysis of the reaction: RNA(n+1) + phosphate <=> RNA(n) + a nucleoside diphosphate.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in amylaceous polysaccharides, to remove successive maltohexaose residues from the non-reducing chain ends.


Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + thiomorpholine-3-carboxylate = NAD(P)H + 3,4-dehydro-1,4-thiomorpholine-3-carboxylate.


peptidyl-cysteine modification to L-cysteine persulfide

The modification of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-L-cysteine persulfide.


macropinosomal membrane permeabilization involved in viral entry into host cell

Induction of macropinosome membrane permeabilization triggered by an interaction between the host membrane and a membrane-penetration protein associated with the capsid. Occurs after internalization of the virus in a macropinosome, and results in release of the viral contents from the macropinosome into the host cell cytoplasm.


citronellol dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: citronellol + NAD+ = citronellal + NADH + H+.


semicircular canal fusion

Creation of the central hole of the semicircular canal by sealing the edges of the pouch that forms during the process of semicircular canal formation.


anterior mesonephric tubule development

The progression of the anterior mesonephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The anterior mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin.


fumarate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of fumarate from one side of a membrane to the other. Fumarate is a key intermediate in metabolism and is formed in the TCA cycle from succinate and converted into malate.


negative regulation of toll-like receptor 8 signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 8 signaling pathway.


positive regulation of microglial cell migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell migration.


juvenile hormone binding

Binding to a juvenile hormone, a sesquiterpenoid derivative that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.


extracellular exosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an extracellular vesicular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Exosomes are defined by their size, which generally ranges from 30 nm to 100 nm.


11alpha-30-dihydroxy beta-amyrin dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 11alpha,30-dihydroxy-beta-amyrin + NADPH + O2 + H+ <=> 30-hydroxy-11-oxo-beta-amyrin + NADP + 2 H2O.


versicolorin reductase activity

Catalysis of the reduction of versicolorin A to sterigmatocystin.


pectin lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a pectin = an oligosaccharide with 4-deoxy-6-O-methyl-alpha-D-galact-4-enuronate end + a pectin. This reaction is the eliminative cleavage of (1->4)-alpha-D-galacturonan methyl ester to give oligosaccharides with 4-deoxy-6-O-methyl-alpha-D-galact-4-enuronosyl groups at their nonreducing ends.


stilbene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving stilbenes, a class of polyketides formed from a molecule of cinnamic acid and three molecules of malonyl-CoA.


defense response by cell wall thickening

A type of cell wall modification, in which the cell wall is reinforced and made thicker, that occurs as part of the defense response of an organism.


patchoulol synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate(3-) <=> seychellene + diphosphoric acid.


exocytic process

The cellular processes that contribute to exocytosis.


endothelin production

The appearance of a endothelin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Endothelins are endothelium-derived vasoactive peptides involved in a variety of biological functions.


cyclic-di-GMP transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of cyclic-di-GMP from one side of a membrane to the other.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress by p53 class mediator

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of osmotic stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the carbon atom of an arginine residue in a protein. This modification has been detected in anaerobic bacteria.


nor-spermidine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nor-spermidine, a compound related to spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.


regulation of ascospore formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ascospore formation. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


intermediate voltage-gated calcium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by an intermediate voltage-gated channel. An intermediate voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on intermediate voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA + H2O = 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate + CoA + H+.


negative regulation of plant epidermal cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of plant epidermal cell differentiation.


positive regulation of slow-twitch skeletal muscle fiber contraction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of slow-twitch skeletal muscle contraction.


embryonic shoot morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic shoot are generated and organized.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + L-aspartate + ATP = (2S)-2-[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-beta-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido]succinate + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.


cellobiose phosphorylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cellobiose + phosphate = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + D-glucose.


lys-arg specific dibasic protein processing

Any protein processing achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond after a lysine-arginine amino acid residue combination within a protein.


gibberellin A34,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: gibberellin A34 + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 <=> H+ + gibberellin A34-catabolite + succinate + carbon dioxide + H2O.


dorsal/ventral axis specification, ovarian follicular epithelium

Polarization of the ovarian follicle cells along the dorsal/ventral axis. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


membrane bone morphogenesis

The process in which bone which forms deep in the organism are generated and organized.


retrotrapezoid nucleus development

The progression of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) over time from it's initial formation to its mature state. The retrotrapezoid nucleus is a group of neurons in the rostral medulla, which are responsible regulating respiration.


Catalysis of the reaction: AH(2) + androst-4-ene-3,17-dione + O2 = A + H2O + testololactone.


cell cycle phase

One of the distinct periods or stages into which the cell cycle is divided. Each phase is characterized by the occurrence of specific biochemical and morphological events.


oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + CoA + NAD+ = succinyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH.


Catalysis of the reaction: cyromazine + H2O = N-cyclopropylammeline + NH3.


larval behavior

Behavior in a larval form of an organism, an immature organism that must undergo metamorphosis to assume adult characteristics.


peptide antibiotic biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptides with antibiotic activity.


R3/R4 cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire the specialized features of R3 and R4 photoreceptors. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


tetrahydrofuran hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: tetrahydrofuran + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = H2O + 2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoisocaproate + NADH + H+ = (R)-2-hydroxyisocaproate + NAD+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + O2 = 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate.


arugosin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arugosin.


CD24 biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD24, a CD marker and cell adhesion molecule that occurs on many B-lineage cells and mature granulocytes, and is involved in B cell activation and differentiation as well as T cell co-stimulation.


mesonephric podocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell. A mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the mesonephros.


sorocarp sorus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sorocarp sorus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A sorocarp sorus is the spore containing structure of a sorocarp.


branchiomotor neuron axon guidance in branchial arch mesenchyme

The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone in the branchial arch mesenchyme is directed to a specific target site in the branchial arch mesenchyme. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.


cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to compound eye morphogenesis.


positive regulation of cellular process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4alpha-formyl-ergosta-7,24(241)-dien-3beta-ol + O2 + NADH <=> 4alpha-carboxy-ergosta-7,24(241)-dien-3beta-ol + NAD + H2O.


(S,S)-butanediol dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S,S)-butane-2,3-diol + NAD+ = acetoin + H+ + NADH.


negative regulation of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + cyanidin = H+ + cyanidin 5-O-beta-D-glucoside + UDP.


leptomycin B binding

Binding to leptomycin B.


T2-induced deoxynucleotide kinase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + dGMP = ADP + dGDP, and ATP + dTMP = ADP + dTDP.


bacterial cellulose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cellulose, a linear beta1-4 glucan of molecular mass 50-400 kDa with the pyranose units in the -4C1 conformation, as it occurs in certain types of bacteria, mainly Acetobacter, Sarcina ventriculi and Agrobacteria.


deoxysarpagine hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 10-deoxysarpagine + H+ + NADPH + O2 = H2O + NADP+ + sarpagine.


motor behavior

The specific neuromuscular movement of a single organism in response to external or internal stimuli.


floral organ senescence

The last stage of flower development during which programmed degradation of macromolecules and nutrient recycling take place.


benzoate 4-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: benzoate + H+ + NADPH + O2 = 4-hydroxybenzoate + H2O + NADP+.


small molecule metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.


Catalysis of the reaction: 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene + a quinone = 7,9,9'-tri-cis-neurosporene + a quinol.


analia morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of analia are generated and organized. The analia is the posterior-most vertral appendage that develops from the genital disc. An example of this process is analia morphogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster.


gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of gibberellic acid.


protein carbamoylation

The addition of a carbamoyl group to a protein amino acid. A carbamoyl group is the acyl group -CO-NH2.


fungal-type cell wall organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the fungal-type cell wall.


ureteric peristalsis

A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along the ureter, impelling the contents onwards. The ureter is one of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the urinary bladder.


dihydroneopterin triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dihydroneopterin triphosphate = dihydroneopterin phosphate + diphosphate.


indole-3-acetonitrile nitrile hydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetonitrile + H2O = indole-3-acetamide.


negative regulation of vesicle docking

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle docking.


shell calcification

The precipitation of calcium carbonate onto the organic matrix of a shell, such as a mollusc shell.


alpha-santonin 1,2-reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-dihydrosantonin + NAD(P)+ = alpha-santonin + NAD(P)H + H+.


cell fate determination involved in pattern specification

A process involved in commitment of a cell to a fate in a developmental field. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment.


P-type silver transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Ag+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Ag+(out).


methione N-acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-methionine + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-L-methionine + coenzyme A + H+.


ventral spinal cord interneuron fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a ventral spinal cord interneuron regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses.


chloroplast rRNA processing

Any rRNA processing that takes place in chloroplast.


smooth muscle relaxation of the bladder outlet

A process in which the extent of smooth muscle contraction is reduced in the bladder outlet that contributes to the expulsion of urine from the body.


protochlorophyllide reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: chlorophyllide a + NADP+ = protochlorophyllide + NADPH + H+.


thiazole metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiazole, a five-membered heterocyclic ring structure containing a sulfur in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position.


positive regulation of nematode male tail tip morphogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nematode male tail tip morphogenesis.


retinol dehydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + retinol = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + anhydroretinol.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-alpha-methyl-L-histidine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-alpha,N-alpha-dimethyl-L-histidine.


regulation of cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.


positive regulation of hemocyte proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of hemocyte proliferation. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) that are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


negative regulation of adaptive immune effector response

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adaptive immune effector response.


negative regulation of sensory perception of sweet taste

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of sweet taste.


epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development

The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.


negative regulation of spindle checkpoint

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the spindle checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.


S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione dehydrogenase NAD activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione + NAD+ = S-formylglutathione + NADH + H+.


positive regulation of biological process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.


phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + oxaloacetate = ADP + CO2 + H+ + phosphoenolpyruvate.


positive regulation of response to butan-1-ol

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to butan-1-ol.


negative regulation of filamentous growth

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which a multicellular organism or a group of unicellular organisms grow in a threadlike, filamentous shape.


depolarization of postsynaptic membrane

A process that depolarizes a postsynaptic membrane relative to its resting potential. This has an excitatory effect on the post-synaptic cell, moving the membrane potential towards the firing threshold.


Catalysis of the reaction: keto-phenylpyruvate + L-tryptophan = 3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvate + L-phenylalanine.


positive regulation of RNA import into nucleus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of movement of RNA from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.


neutrophil dispersal

The movement of a neutrophil away from the site of wound or infection following its initial migration to the site.


trimethylamine-oxide aldolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + trimethylamine N-oxide = dimethylamine + formaldehyde.


selenate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 e(-) + 2 H+ + selenate = H2O + selenite.


positive regulation of hepatic stellate cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell proliferation.


2-aminomuconate deaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-aminomuconate + H2O + H+ = (Z)-5-oxohex-2-enedioate + NH4.


protein maturation by nickel ion transfer

A process that contributes to the delivery of nickel ions to a target protein to facilitate its maturation.


positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis.


regulation of response to DNA damage checkpoint signaling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to DNA damage checkpoint signaling.


viral replication complex formation and maintenance

The process of organizing and assembling viral replication proteins in preparation for viral replication.


Catalysis of the reaction: keto-phenylpyruvate + L-tyrosine = L-phenylalanine + 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate.


anthranilate 3-monooxygenase (deaminating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: anthranilate + 2 H+ + NADPH + O2 = 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate + NADP+ + NH4.


gibberellin A51,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: gibberellin A51 + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 <=> H+ + gibberellin A51-catabolite + succinate + carbon dioxide + H2O.


phagosome-lysosome docking involved in apoptotic cell clearance

The initial attachment of a phagosome membrane to a lysosome membrane that occurs as a part of apoptotic cell clearance. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere.


lactate aldolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-lactate = acetaldehyde + formate.


fungal-type cell wall disassembly involved in conjugation with cellular fusion

Any fungal-type cell wall disassembly that is involved in conjugation with cellular fusion.


regulation of L-proline import across plasma membrane

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-proline import across plasma membrane.


negative regulation of Hulle cell development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Hulle cell development, a process that leads to the formation of Hulle cells. Hulle cells are specialized multinucleate cells that originate from a nest-like aggregation of hyphae during sexual development and serve as nurse cells to the developing cleistothecium, or fruiting body.


fluorothreonine transaldolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonine + fluoroacetaldehyde = acetaldehyde + 4-fluoro-L-threonine.


low-density lipoprotein particle disassembly

The disaggregation of a low-density lipoprotein particle into its constituent components.


deacetylipecoside synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: deacetylipecoside + H2O = dopamine + secologanin.


ferric-chelate reductase (NADH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Fe3+-siderophore + NAD+ + H+ -> 2 Fe2+-siderophore + NADH.


response to rotenone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a rotenone stimulus.


negative regulation of adenosine receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the adenosine receptor signaling pathway. The adenosine receptor pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate + O2 = 5-formyl-2-hydroxyhepta-2,4-dienedioate + H+.


RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain O-GlcNAc transferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + RNA polymerase II large subunit CTD heptapeptide repeat (YSPTSPS) = UDP + RNA polymerase II large subunit CTD heptapeptide repeat 3-O-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-serine.


echinenone 3-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: echinenone + a reduced electron acceptor + oxygen = 3-hydroxyechinenone + an oxidized electron acceptor + H2O.


hepatocyte cell migration

The orderly movement of a hepatocyte during the development of the liver. Hepatocytes emerge from the hepatic epithelium, populating the septum transversum and lateral mesenchymal areas of the hepatic lobes.


tri-n-butyltin dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: tri-n-butyltin + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = H2O + beta-hydroxybutyldibutyltin.


16S rRNA (guanine(1516)-N(2))-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanosine(1516) in 16S rRNA = N(2)-methylguanosine(1516) in 16S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


phytyl-P kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phytyl phosphate(2-) + a nucleoside triphosphate <=> (E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl diphosphate + a nucleoside diphosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + CDP-diacylglycerol = 3-(3-sn-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol 1-phosphate + CMP + H+.


regulation of cell morphogenesis involved in phenotypic switching

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing a phenotypic switch. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells, such as the opaque cells of C. albicans, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.


cement gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cement gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cement gland is a simple mucus-secreting organ positioned at the anterior of amphibious embryos. The cement gland attaches the newly hatched embryo to a support before the hatchling can swim well or feed.


regulation of interleukin-18-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-18-mediated signaling pathway.


camalexin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of camalexin, an indole phytoalexin.


plasma membrane raft localization

Any process in which plasma membrane rafts are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


mercury (II) reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + Hg + NADP+ = Hg2+ + NADPH.


positive regulation of aggregate size involved in sorocarp development

Any process that increases the size of the aggregate formed during sorocarp formation.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-methyl-beta-alanine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + N,N-dimethyl-beta-alanine + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + UDP-D-galactose = 1,2-diacyl-3-beta-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol + H+ + UDP.


mammary gland cord formation

The process in which the mammary gland cord forms by elongation of the mammary bud. The cord is formed once the elongating bud breaks through the mesenchyme and reaches the fat pad.


positive regulation of muscle filament sliding

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle filament sliding.


polarity specification of adaxial/abaxial axis

The process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the adaxial/abaxial axis. Adaxial refers to being situated toward an axis of an anatomical structure. Abaxial refers to being situated away from an axis of an anatomical structure.


natural killer cell progenitor differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell progenitor.


synaptic transmission, serotonergic

The vesicular release of serotonin from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of serotonin receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


(deoxy)nucleoside phosphate kinase activity, dTTP as phosphate donor

Catalysis of the reaction: a 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-phosphate + dTTP = a 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate + dTDP.


Catalysis of the reaction: a 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + an acyl-CoA = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + CoA.


cellular response to beta-carotene

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a beta-carotene stimulus.


positive regulation of ribosomal subunit export from nucleus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ribosomal subunit export from nucleus.


2,3-dihydroxydiphenyl ether dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-dihydroxydiphenyl ether + O2 + H2O = 2-hydroxymuconate + phenol.


pteridine reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin + 2 NADP+ = biopterin + 2 H+ + 2 NADPH.


Catalysis of the reaction: quercetin 4'-O-glucoside + UDP-alpha-D-glucose(2-) <=> quercetin 3,4'-O-diglucoside + UDP(3-).


1,1,1-trichloroethane reductive dehalogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1,1,1-trichloroethane + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 1,1-dichloroethane + HCl.


otic placode development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an otic placode over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


oscillatory cAMP signaling

Fluctuation in the extracellular cAMP levels due to the alternate activation of adenylate cyclase, which produces cAMP, and phosphodiesterase, which degrades it. Occurs in Dictyostelium during early sorocarp development. Oscillation in signaling result is directional chemotaxis of cells towards the center of the aggregate.


RNA guanosine-uridine insertion

The modification of an RNA molecule by insertion of an guanosine-uridine insertion dinucleotide.


follicular fluid formation in ovarian follicle antrum

The menstrual cycle process that results in the formation of one central cavity separating the oocyte/cumulus complex from mural granulosa and theca cells during the various stages of oogenesis.


lipoxin B4 metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoxin B4. Lipoxin B4 is a C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (14R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (6E)- (8Z)-, (10E)- and (12E)-double bonds.


anterior/posterior pattern specification involved in pronephros development

The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the pronephros along the anterior/posterior axis to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.


regulation of proline transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proline transport.


L-aspartate oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + O2 = iminosuccinate + hydrogen peroxide.


sulfathiazole transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of sulfathiazole from one side of a membrane to the other. Sulfathiazole is an antibacterial agent of the sulfonamide group.


positive regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process.


response to cyclodiene

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cyclodiene stimulus. A cyclodiene is any organic insecticide (as dieldrin or chlordane) with a chlorinated methylene group forming a bridge across a 6-membered carbon ring.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-3-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)glutaryl-CoA = 3-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)pent-2-enedioyl-CoA + H2O.


secondary piRNA processing

A process leading to the generation of a functional secondary piRNA, involving a self-perpetuating piRNA loop, often called the ping-pong cycle, in which piRNAs are amplified by pairing with complementary transcripts (for example the transposable element mRNA target). In Drosophila, the processing involves the piwi proteins aubergine and Argonaute 3 and in mice, the piwi proteins Piwil2 and Piwil4.


establishment of left/right asymmetry

The initial formation of the type asymmetry in an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves.


ent-isokaurene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-isokaurene + diphosphate.


proteolysis associated with antigen processing and presentation

The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein contributing to antigen processing and presentation.


Catalysis of the reaction: propionyl-CoA + glyoxylate = L-erythro-3-methylmalyl-CoA.


cichorine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cichorine, a secondary metabolite found in some species of fungi.


taste bud formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the taste bud from unspecified parts. The taste bud is a specialized area of the tongue that contains taste receptors.


response to nitrate starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of nitrate.


vestibular receptor cell morphogenesis

Any process that alters the size or shape of a vestibular receptor cell.


regulation of plant-type cell wall cellulose catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plant-type cell wall cellulose catabolic process.


alcohol oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a primary alcohol + O2 = an aldehyde + H2O2.


high-affinity fructose transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of fructose from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


facioacoustic ganglion morphogenesis

The developmental process by which an acoustico-facial VII-VIII ganglion complex is generated and organized.


orcinol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving orcinol (5-methyl-1,3-benzenediol), an aromatic compound derived from the fermentation of lichen, and synthesized, probably as a fungicide, by some higher plants.


aflatoxin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aflatoxin, a fungal metabolite found as a contaminant in moldy grains that induces liver cancer. Aflatoxin induces a G to T transversion at codon 249 of p53, leading to its inactivation. Aflatoxin is converted to a chemical carcinogen by P450.


protein deglutathionylation

The protein modification process in which a glutathione molecule is removed from a protein amino acid by breaking a disulfide linkage.


2-coumarate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate + NAD+ = trans-2-coumarate + H+ + NADH.


pentacyclic triterpenoid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units and 5 carbon rings.


L-lysine catabolic process to acetate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine into other compounds, including acetate.


response to phylloquinone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a phylloquinone (vitamin K1) stimulus.


peptidyl-S-geranylgeranyl-L-cysteine biosynthetic process from peptidyl-cysteine

The modification of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-geranylgeranylcysteine; formation of S-geranylgeranyl-L-cysteine may be coupled with subsequent cleavage of a carboxy-terminal tripeptide for the CAAX motif and methyl esterification of the geranylgeranylated cysteine; methyl esterification but not cleavage occurs for the CXC motif. For the type II geranylgeranyltransferase the residue may be found at the first and final positions in the sequence motif C-X-C* or at the final position in the sequence motif C-C*. These motifs are necessary but not sufficient for modification.


aldose-6-phosphate reductase (NADPH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucitol 6-phosphate + NADP+ = D-glucose 6-phosphate + H+ + NADPH.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving any 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, the compounds most commonly designated lecithin.


positive regulation of cellular response to alcohol

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to alcohol.


myrcene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate = diphosphate + myrcene.


riboflavin reductase (NADPH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: reduced riboflavin + NADP+ = riboflavin + NADPH + 2 H+.


regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-glutamate + H2O + O2 = 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + H2O2, and D-aspartate + H2O + O2 = oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2.


D-glutaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + L-glutamine = NH3 + D-glutamate.


methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase NADPH activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate + NADP + = 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NADPH + H+.


molybdenum incorporation via L-selenocysteinyl molybdenum bis(molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide)

The incorporation of molybdenum into a protein via L-selenocysteinyl molybdenum bis(molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide).


DNA repair-dependent chromatin remodeling

A chromatin remodeling process that allows DNA repair enzyme to access genomic DNA and repair DNA lesions.


ectoderm and mesoderm interaction

A cell-cell signaling process occurring between the two gastrulation-generated layers of the ectoderm and the mesoderm.


histone H3K9me/H3K9me2 demethylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a di or a monomethyl-lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-2,4-diaminobutyrate + pyruvate = L-alanine + L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde.


deoxycytidine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxycytidine, 2-deoxyribosylcytosine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.


regulation of SREBP signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the SREBP signaling pathway.


positive regulation of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion via fibronectin

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion via fibronectin.


Catalysis of the reaction: glucomannan(n) + GDP-mannose = glucomannan(n+1) + GDP.


IDP phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: IDP + H2O = IMP + H+ + phosphate.


pollen adhesion

The process in which pollen deposited on the stigma adheres to cells of the stigma.


response to phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate stimulus.


maleylacetoacetate isomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-maleylacetoacetate = 4-fumarylacetoacetate.


regulation of rhamnose catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of rhamnose, the hexose 6-deoxy-L-mannose.


regulation of filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms in response to heat

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms in response to heat.


sulfate assimilation, phosphoadenylyl sulfate reduction by phosphoadenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin)

The pathway by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds, where the phosphoadenylyl sulfate reduction step is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoadenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin) (EC:1.8.4.8).


endothelial cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor

The directed movement of an endothelial cell in response to the presence of fibroblast growth factor (FGF).


box C/D RNA 3'-end processing

Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a box C/D RNA molecule.


prostaglandin production involved in inflammatory response

The synthesis or release of any prostaglandin following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


D-xylose 1-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-xylose + NADP+ = D-xylono-1,5-lactone + H+ + NADPH.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-seryl-[protein] + NAD+ = H+ + nicotinamide + O-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-seryl-[protein].


Catalysis of the reaction: (1->6)-alpha-D-mannosyloligosaccharide + beta-D-mannosylphosphodecaprenol = (1->6)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-mannosyl-oligosaccharide + decaprenol phosphate.


negative regulation of cell motility involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration

The intracellular signaling pathway that results in the cessation of cell movement involved in lamination of the cerebral cortex.


green leaf volatile biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of volatile molecules emitted from green plants, such as hexenal, hexenol and hexenyl acetate, from linoleic acid or linolenic acid.


negative regulation of lens fiber cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lens fiber cell differentiation.


2-methylguanosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2-methylguanosine.


phenylacetaldehyde synthase activity

Catalyzes the reaction: L-phenylalanine + O2 + H2O -> phenylacetaldehyde + ammonia + hydrogen peroxide + CO2.


apoptotic process involved in mammary gland involution

Any apoptotic process that triggers the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle the mammary epithelial cells resulting in their programmed cell death.


protoperithecium formation

The process of producing fruiting body precursors, called protoperithecia. Protoperitheicium is a spherical structure that is formed in the sexual phase of ascomycetous fungi such as Neurospora crassa and Sordaria macrospora. Protoperithecium is formed by the enveloping of ascogonia cells by sterile hyphae and it develops into perithecium.


regulation of dense core granule transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dense core granule transport.


Notch signaling pathway involved in arterial endothelial cell fate commitment

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell and contributing to the commitment of a cell to an arterial endothelial cell fate.


molybdenum incorporation via L-cysteinyl molybdopterin

The incorporation of molybdenum into a protein via L-cysteinyl molybdopterin.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-18:3-2-16:0-phosphatidylglycerol + O2 + a reduced electron acceptor <=> 1-18:3-2-trans-16:1-phosphatidylglycerol + 2 H2O + an oxidized electron acceptor.


UDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-D-glucose = H2O + UDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose.


Catalysis of the reaction: N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine + H2O = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + L-asparagine.


establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a plasma membrane.


trihydroxyferuloyl spermidine:S-adenosyl-L-methionine O-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the oxygen atom of a trihydroxyferuloyl spermidine molecule.


histoblast morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the histoblast disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of histoblast cells into adult structures during pupal metamorphosis. Histoblast cells are cells founded in the embryo that are the progenitors to the adult abdomen.


anaerobic respiration

The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which uses compounds other than oxygen (e.g. nitrate, sulfate) as the terminal electron acceptor.


mono-butyltin dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: butyltin + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = H2O + beta-hydroxybutyltin.


positive regulation of erythrocyte clearance

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of erythrocyte clearance.


2,3-dimethylmalate lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (2R,3S)-2,3-dimethylmalate = propanoate + pyruvate.


reproductive process

A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.


lysine biosynthetic process via diaminopimelate, dehydrogenase pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, via the intermediate diaminopimelate; in this pathway tetrahydrodipicolinate is converted to meso-diaminopimelate in a single enzymatic step.


Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + L-serine = nicotinamide + N2-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-serine.


negative regulation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process in which oskar mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm.


positive regulation of maltohexaose transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of maltohexaose transport.


actin filament bundle retrograde transport

A process of actin filament bundle distribution that results in the arrangement of actin filament bundles from the periphery toward the interior of the cell.


fibroblast chemotaxis

The directed movement of a fibroblast guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).


flavin-dependent halogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: R-CH + a halogen + FADH2 + O2 = R-C-halogen + FAD + H2O.


oleate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of oleate from one side of a membrane to the other.


positive regulation of lactation by mesenchymal-epithelial cell signaling

The process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of lactation as a result of the secretion of a signal from the mammary fat and its reception by a mammary epithelial cell.


positive regulation of SREBP signaling pathway in response to decreased oxygen levels

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the SREBP signaling pathway in response to a decrease in oxygen levels.


delamination involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second

The splitting or migration of one epithelial sheet into two involved in the process of deuterostomic gastrulation.


procyclogenesis

The morphological, biochemical and genetic changes that induce the differentiation of bloodstream form trypomastigotes into procyclic trypomastigotes in some of the Trypanosomatidae species such as Trypanosoma brucei. This process occurs inside the midgut of the tsetse fly vectors in T. brucei.


fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in spinal cord anterior/posterior pattern formation

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that results in the spatial identity of regions along the anterior-posterior axis of the spinal cord.


cytochrome P450 dependent beta-amyrin 12,13beta-epoxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: beta-amyrin + O2 + H+ + NAD(P)H <=> 12,13beta-epoxy-beta-amyrin + H2O + NAD(P).


positive regulation of sensory perception of bitter taste

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of bitter taste.


mannosamine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannosomine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose; the D-isomer is a constituent of neuraminic acids as well as mucolipids and mucoproteins.


acetylornithine deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N2-acetyl-L-ornithine + H2O = acetate + L-ornithine.


small RNA binding translational repressor activity

A translational repressor activity that binds to a single-stranded small regulatory RNA (either a miRNA or a siRNA) to guide it to its target mRNA.


wobble position uridine ribose methylation

The process in which the ribose of uridine at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally methylated at the 2'-O position.


histone H2A methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a histone H2 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a methylated histone H2A. Histone methylation generally occurs on either an arginine or a lysine residue.


N-glutamylanilide hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N5-phenyl-L-glutamine + H2O = L-glutamate + aniline + H+.


positive regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction.


kaempferol O-glucoside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of O-glucosylated derivatives of kaempferol.


omega-6 fatty acid desaturase activity

Catalysis of the introduction of an omega-6 double bond into the fatty acid hydrocarbon chain.


renal capsule morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the renal capsule are generated and organized. The renal capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. During development, it comprises a single layer of flattened cells that lie just above the cortical stroma and the condensed mesenchyme of the nephrogenic zone. It is in this region that the early stages of nephron induction and formation of new generations ureteric bud branches occur, as the kidney expands.


lobar bronchus mesenchyme development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lobar bronchus mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lobar bronchus mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. The lobar bronchus mesenchyme is the mass of tissue composed of mesenchymal cells in the lobar bronchus.


(25S)-Delta(7)-dafachronate binding

Binding to (25S)-Delta(7)-dafachronate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxo-7-methylthioheptanoate + acetyl-CoA + H2O <=> H+ + 2-(5'-methylthio)pentylmalate + coenzyme A.


NAD+ synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deamido-NAD+ + NH3 = AMP + diphosphate + NAD+.


stomatal complex development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stomatal complex over time from its formation to the mature structure. The stomatal complex is the stomatal guard cells and their associated epidermal cells.


antisense RNA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving antisense RNA, an RNA molecule complementary in sequence to another RNA or DNA molecule, which, by binding the latter, acts to inhibit its function and/or completion of synthesis.


menaquinone-dependent protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protoporphyrinogen IX + menaquinone = protoporphyrin IX + reduced menaquinone.


olfactory nerve structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the oculomotor nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The olfactory nerve is a collection of sensory nerve rootlets that extend down from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. This nerve conducts odor information to the brainstem.


pentose catabolic process to acetate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pentose to acetate.


regulation of retinal cone cell fate specification

Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into a retinal cone cell.


leptin receptor activity

Combining with the fat-cell specific hormone leptin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


20-hydroxy-leukotriene B4 omega oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 20-hydroxy-leukotriene B4 + O2 + reduced [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] = 20-oxo-leukotriene B4 + H+ + 2 H2O + oxidized [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase].


tergite morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the tergite are generated and organized. The tergite is the primary plate or sclerite forming the dorsal surface of any insect body segment.


chromosome, subtelomeric region

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A region of the chromosome, adjacent to the telomere (on the centromeric side) that contains repetitive DNA and sometimes genes. This region is usually heterochromatin.


polytene chromosome puff

A swelling at a site along the length of a polytene chromosome, thought to be the site of active transcription.


chromosome, telomeric repeat region

A complex of DNA and protein that seals the end of a chromosome. The telomeric repeat DNA consists of simple tandemly repeated sequences specific for each species. Typically one strand is G-rich and the other C-rich. The G-rich strand forms a 3'-terminal overhang, the length of which varies with species. The single strand overhang is bound by a variety of proteins, including telomere capping proteins that bind to the single-stranded DNA and seal the telomeric loop.


polytene chromosome band

A stretch of densely packed chromatin along the polytene chromosome, visible as a morphologically distinct band.


polytene chromosome interband

A stretch of less tightly packed chromatin along the polytene chromosome, found between bands.


chromosome, centromeric core domain

The innermost portion of the centromeric region of a chromosome, encompassing the core region of a chromosome centromere and the proteins that bind to it.


medial saphenous vein

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


Bilateral Synchronous Sporadic Renal Cell Carcinoma

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

Non-hereditary renal cell carcinoma arising from a kidney and detected in the other kidney within six months of the first primary. The majority are clear cell renal cell carcinomas.


Kidney Germ Cell Tumor

A rare benign or malignant germ cell tumor that arises from the kidney.


Arteriovenous graft thrombosis

Partial or complete occlusion of the lumen of an arteriovenous graft by a thrombus.


primitive mesonephric nephron

Anatomical cluster which give rise to mature mesonephric nephrons. Zebrafish continously generate new mesonephric nephrons.


host bacteroid-containing symbiosome

A symbiosome containing any of various structurally modified bacteria, such as those occurring on the root nodules of leguminous plants, of a host cell.


Refractory Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia that occurs in childhood and does not respond to treatment.


Childhood Acute Basophilic Leukemia

An acute basophilic leukemia occurring in children.


Sinonasal Solitary Fibrous Tumor

A solitary fibrous tumor that arises from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.


growth hormone receptor complex

A receptor complex that consists of two identical subunits and binds growth hormone.


Supernumerary Hemivertebra

More than the usual or expected number of hemivertebra.


Malignant neoplasm of hypopharynx recurrent

The reemergence of a hypopharyngeal malignant neoplasm after a period of remission.


Benign neoplasm of pyriform sinus

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the pyriform sinus.


Neoplasm of pyriform sinus

A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the pyriform sinus.


COVID-19-Associated Anosmia

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

Anosmia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).


esophageal artery

Any of several arteries that arise from the aorta and supply blood to the esophagus.


Tentorial tear due to birth trauma

Pertaining to tears involving the tentorium of the cerebellum.


median artery

An artery found in the forearm, between the radial artery and ulnar artery. It runs with the median nerve and supplies the same structures as that nerve. It may be unilateral or bilater.


artery of lip

Either of two arteries (inferior or superior) that supply the lips.


left subclavian artery

The subclavian artery that supplies the left pectoral appendage.


Straight Artery of the Endometrium

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A small artery that originates from the radial artery and supplies the basal layer of the endometrium.


Mid-Left Anterior Descending Artery

The segment of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery between the first and third diagonal branches.


dorsalis pedis artery

A blood vessel of the lower limb that carries oxygenated blood to the dorsal surface of the foot. It arises at the anterior aspect of the ankle joint and is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery. It terminates at the proximal part of the first intermetatarsal space, where it divides into two branches, the first dorsal metatarsal artery and the deep plantar artery. Along its course, it is accompanied by a deep vein, the dorsalis pedis vein. [WP,unvetted].


auricular artery

An artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the ear.


Second left marginal artery

The second artery arising from the left circumflex artery that supplies the lateral wall, when counted from proximal to distal.


Inferior External Articular Artery

A blood vessel arising from the popliteal artery that supplies blood to the head of the fibula and the front of the knee joint.


Structure of tarsal artery

An artery arising from the dorsalis pedis artery at the navicular bone that supplies the articulations of the tarsus and the extensor brevis digitorum muscle.


Lateral Third Obtuse Marginal Branch Artery

The lateral branch distal to a bifurcation of the third obtuse marginal artery.


Branch of thoracic aorta

Any artery arising from the thoracic aorta.


Inferior Internal Articular Artery

A blood vessel arising from the popliteal artery that supplies blood to the head of the tibia and the knee joint.


Left Atrioventricular Artery

The first posterolateral branch originating from the posterior atrioventricular left circumflex artery in left dominant and mixed circulations.


Lateral Third Diagonal Branch Artery

The lateral branch distal to a bifurcation of the third diagonal artery.


Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery

A blood vessel arising from the external iliac artery with three branches, cremasteric, muscular and pubic, which supply oxygenated blood to the lower abdomen.


First Right Posterolateral Artery

In an individual with a right-dominant heart, this is the first branch that arises from the right coronary artery distal to the right posterior descending artery, when counted from proximal to distal.


lacrimal artery

The lacrimal artery arises close to the optic foramen, and is one of the largest branches derived from the ophthalmic artery: not infrequently it is given off before the artery enters the orbit. It accompanies the lacrimal nerve along the upper border of the Lateral Rectus, supplies the lacrimal gland. [WP,unvetted].


Common interosseous artery

Either of three arteries including the common interosseous artery which arises from the ulnar artery and bifurcates into the anterior and posterior interosseous arteries.


External Circumflex Artery

A blood vessel arising from the profunda artery supplying the muscles on the front of the thigh and divides into ascending, descending and transverse branches.


Anterior descending branch of left coronary artery

A left coronary artery branch that descends on the anterior portion of the heart through the anterior interventricular groove.


Popliteal Artery Below the Knee

The segment of the popliteal artery that is located below the knee.


Circumflex Artery AV Groove Continuation Artery

The segment of the left circumflex artery that is distal to the third marginal branch, located in the atrioventricular groove.


Branch of superior mesenteric artery

Any artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery.


Septal Perforator Artery

The arteries arising from the right posterior descending artery that supply the interventricular septum.


Diagonal Branch of the Anterior Descending Artery

One of the arteries arising from the left anterior descending (LAD) artery that supply the anterolateral wall.


sigmoid artery

The sigmoid arteries, two or three in number, run obliquely downward and to the left behind the peritoneum and in front of the Psoas major, ureter, and internal spermatic vessels. Their branches supply the lower part of the descending colon, the iliac colon, and the sigmoid or pelvic colon; anastomosing above with the left colic, and below with the superior hemorrhoidal artery.


interlobular artery

The branches of the arcuate arteries of the kidney that radiate outward throught the renal columns and supply the glomeruli[MP]. The first set of renal bloodvessels, the interlobular arteries (or cortical radiate arteries, or cortical radial arteries), are given off at right angles from the side of the arcuate arteries looking toward the cortical substance, and pass directly outward between the medullary rays to reach the fibrous tunic, where they end in the capillary network of this part. These vessels do not anastomose with each other, but form what are called end-arteries. In their outward course they give off lateral branches; these are the afferent vessels for the renal corpuscles; they enter the capsule, and end in the glomerulus. From each tuft the corresponding efferent vessel arises, and, having made its egress from the capsule near to the point where the afferent vessel enters, breaks up into a number of branches, which form a dense plexus within Bowman's capsule.


right common carotid artery plus branches

The rightmost of the two common carotid arteries, originating from in the neck from the brachiocephalic trunk.


uterine artery

The branch of the internal iliac artery that supplies the uterus and the upper part of the vagina.


common palmar digital artery

Three common palmar digital arteries arise from the convexity of the superficial palmar arch and proceed distally on the second, third, and fourth lumbricales muscles.


facial artery

A branch of the external carotid artery that supplies structures of the face. [WP,unvetted].


External Malleolar Artery

An artery on the lateral side of the ankle arising from the anterior tibial artery.


Mid-Distal Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery and All Diagonal Coronary Branches

All of the arterial branches distal to the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery.


Digital artery structure

A type of artery that supplies blood to the fingers and toes. In the hand, the digital arteries include the common palmar digital arteries that arise from the superficial palmar arch, the proper palmar digital arteries that are branches of the common palmar digital arteries and occasionally have dorsal branches distal to the proximal interphalangeal joints, and the dorsal digital arteries that are branches of the dorsal metacarpal arteries. In the foot, the digital arteries include the plantar digital arteries that arise from the plantar arch and the dorsal digital arteries that are branches of the dorsal metatarsal arteries.


Distal Circumflex Artery

The segment of the left circumflex artery that is between the second and third obtuse marginal branches.


spleen trabecular artery

One of the branches of the splenic artery[MP].


sublingual artery

A branch of the lingual artery that supplies the sublingual gland.


tibial artery

The anterior and posterior arteries created at the bifurcation of the popliteal artery. The anterior tibial artery begins at the lower border of the popliteus muscle and lies along the tibia at the distal part of the leg to surface superficially anterior to the ankle joint. Its branches are distributed throughout the leg, ankle, and pes. The posterior tibial artery begins at the lower border of the popliteus muscle, lies behind the tibia in the lower part of its course, and is found situated between the medial malleolus and the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity. Its branches are distributed throughout the leg and foot.


external iliac artery

The external iliac artery is a large artery in the pelvic region that carries blood to the lower limb. The external iliac artery is a paired artery, meaning there is one on each side of the body: a right external iliac artery and left external iliac artery. The external iliac artery is accompanied by the external iliac vein, which is located posterior to the artery. [WP,unvetted].


medial plantar artery

The medial plantar artery (internal plantar artery), much smaller than the lateral, passes forward along the medial side of the foot. It is at first situated above the Abductor hallucis, and then between it and the Flexor digitorum brevis, both of which it supplies. At the base of the first metatarsal bone, where it is much diminished in size, it passes along the medial border of the first toe, anastomosing with the first dorsal metatarsal artery. Small superficial digital branches accompany the digital branches of the medial plantar nerve and join the plantar metatarsal arteries of the first three spaces. [WP,unvetted].


Ramus Intermedius Artery

An artery that arises from the left main coronary artery and is positioned between the left anterior descending coronary artery and the circumflex artery.


alveolar artery

A branch of the maxillary artery that is found in the gingiva, premolars, and molars.


Right Coronary Artery and its Branches

The right coronary artery and all of its branches, including the right posterior descending, right posterolateral and acute marginal branches.


Posterior Carpal Artery

Either of two arteries that arise from the ulnar artery or the radial artery that anastomose to form the posterior carpal arch of the hand.


superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

The superior pancreaticoduodenal artery is an artery that supplies blood to the duodenum and pancreas. It is a branch of the gastroduodenal artery, which comes from the common hepatic artery of the celiac trunk. The common hepatic itself becomes the proper hepatic after giving off the gastroduodenal artery and goes on to supply the right and left lobes of the liver. The term superior distinguishes the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery from the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, which a branch of the superior mesenteric artery. These arteries, together with the pancreatic branches of the splenic artery, form connections or anastomoses with one another, allowing blood to perfuse the pancreas and duodenum through multiple channels. The artery splits into two branches: the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery supplies the anterior margins of the duodenum and pancreas the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery supplies the posterior margins of these organs [WP,unvetted].


Radial Artery of the Upper Extremity

An artery arising from the brachial artery just below the bend of the elbow with numerous branches in the forearm, wrist and hand.


Internal Malleolar Artery

A blood vessel arising from the anterior tibial artery that runs along the medial side of the ankle to supply the ankle joint.


ileocolic artery

The Ileocolic Artery is the lowest branch arising from the concavity of the superior mesenteric artery. It passes downward and to the right behind the peritoneum toward the right iliac fossa, where it divides into a superior and an inferior branch; the inferior anastomoses with the end of the superior mesenteric artery, the superior with the right colic artery. Supplies the cecum, ileum, and appendix. [WP,unvetted].


posterior tibial artery

The posterior tibial artery of the lower limb carries blood to the posterior compartment of the leg and plantar surface of the foot, from the popliteal artery. It is accompanied by a deep vein, the posterior tibial vein, along its course. [WP,unvetted].


Branch of inferior mesenteric artery

Either of three branches (colica sinistra, sigmoid artery, or superior hemorrhoidal artery) arising from the inferior mesenteric artery.


Mid-Circumflex Artery

The segment of the left circumflex artery between the first and second marginal branches.


Branch of popliteal artery

Any artery arising from the popliteal artery.


anterior spinal artery

A blood vessel that supplies the anterior portion of the spinal cord. It arises from branches of the vertebral arteries and is supplied by the anterior segmental medullary arteries, including the artery of Adamkiewicz, and courses along the anterior aspect of the spinal cord.


transverse facial artery

The transverse facial artery is an artery that branches from the superficial temporal artery and runs across the face. [WP,unvetted].


superior thoracic artery

The superior thoracic artery (highest thoracic artery) is a small vessel normally arising from the first division of the axillary artery, but may arise from the thoracoacromial artery, itself a branch of the second division of the axillary artery. Running forward and medialward along the upper border of the pectoralis minor, the superior thoracic artery passes between it and the pectoralis major to the side of the chest. It supplies branches to the first and second intercostal spaces as well as to the superior portion of serratus anterior. It anastomoses with the internal mammary and intercostal arteries.


Left Posterolateral Descending Artery

In an individual with a left-dominant heart, this branch arises from the circumflex artery atrioventricular groove continuation and supplies the inferior apex of the heart.


Second Left Posterolateral Branch Artery

In an individual with a left-dominant heart, this is the second branch that arises from the circumflex artery atrioventricular groove continuation when counted from proximal to distal. It supplies the posterolateral wall.


branch of left coronary artery

Any artery arising from the left coronary artery.


subcostal artery

An artery that runs along the bottom of the lowest rib. They constitute the lowest pair of branches derived from the thoracic aorta, and are in series with the intercostal arteries. Each passes along the lower border of the twelfth rib behind the kidney and in front of the Quadratus lumborum muscle, and is accompanied by the twelfth thoracic nerve. It then pierces the posterior aponeurosis of the Transversus abdominis, and, passing forward between this muscle and the Obliquus internus, anastomoses with the superior epigastric, lower intercostal, and lumbar arteries. Each subcostal artery gives off a posterior branch which has a similar distribution to the posterior ramus of an intercostal artery. [WP,unvetted].


Branch of internal iliac artery

Any artery arising from the internal iliac artery.


Hand Digit 4 Artery

An artery that supplies blood to the ring finger, either the ulnar or radial proper digital artery.


branch of ulnar artery

Any artery arising from the ulnar artery.


carotid artery segment

One of: the common carotid artery, or its branches, the external and internal carotid arteries.


buccal artery

The buccal artery (buccinator artery) is small and runs obliquely forward, between the Pterygoideus internus and the insertion of the Temporalis, to the outer surface of the Buccinator, to which it is distributed, anastomosing with branches of the external maxillary and with the infraorbital. [WP,unvetted].


Innominate Artery Branch

One of two arteries (right common carotid and right subclavian) that branch off of the innominate artery.


Aortic Arch Branch

An artery originating from the aortic arch.


Common Femoral Artery

An artery arising from the external iliac artery at the inguinal ligament which bifurcates forming the deep and superficial femoral arteries.


superficial palmar arch

The superficial palmar arch is formed predominantly by the ulnar artery, with a contribution from the superficial palmar branch of the radial artery. However, in some individuals the contribution from the radial artery might be absent, and instead anastomoses with either the princeps pollicis artery, the radialis indicis artery, or the median artery, the former two of which are branches from the radial artery. Alternative names for this arterial arch are: superficial volar arch, superficial ulnar arch, arcus palmaris superficialis, or arcus volaris superficialis. The arch passes across the palm in a curve with its convexity downward. If one were to fully extend the thumb, the superficial palmar arch would lie approximately at the level of a line drawn from the distal border of the thumb across the palm. The superficial palmar arch is more distal than the deep palmar arch. Three common palmar digital arteries arise from the arch, proceeding down on the second, third, and fourth lumbrical muscles, respectively. They each receive a contribution from a palmar metacarpal artery. Near the level of the metacarpophalangeal joints, each common palmar digital artery divides into two proper palmar digital arteries.


Internal Circumflex Artery

A blood vessel arising from the profunda artery with one branch supplying the hip joint and two other branches supplying the adductor muscles in the upper inner thigh.


Hand Digit 1 Artery

An artery that supplies blood to the thumb; either the ulnopalmar, radiopalmar, ulnodorsal, or radiodorsal digital artery to the thumb, or the princeps pollicis artery.


Circumflex Artery and its Branches

The left circumflex coronary artery and all of its branches, including the obtuse marginals, left posterolateral and left posterior descending artery branches.


occipital artery

The occipital artery arises opposite the facial artery, its path is below the posterior belly of digastric to the occipital region. This artery supplies blood to the back of the scalp and sterno-mastoid muscles. Other muscles it supplies are deep muscles in the back and neck. [WP,unvetted].


Structure of sciatic artery

An artery that is one of the terminal branches of the internal iliac artery that also accompanies the sciatic nerve with numerous branches within and outside the pelvis.


Superior External Articular Artery

A blood vessel arising from the popliteal artery that divides into deep and superficial branches. The deep branch supplies blood to the lower portion of the femur and knee joint while the superficial branch supplies the vastus externus.


Branch of external iliac artery

Any artery arising from the external iliac artery.


Superior Internal Articular Artery

A blood vessel arising from the popliteal artery that supplies blood to the hamstring muscles.


Structure of medial circumflex femoral artery

An artery arising from the profunda femoris artery with ascending and descending branches that supply the thigh muscles and hip joint.


right pulmonary artery

The pulmonary artery that supplies the right lung.


deep femoral artery

The profunda femoris artery (also known as the deep femoral artery, or the deep artery of the thigh) is a branch of the femoral artery that, as its name suggests, travels more deeply (posteriorly) than the rest of the femoral artery. [WP,unvetted].


branch of brachial artery

Any artery arising from the brachial artery.


Third Diagonal Branch Artery

The third artery arising from the left anterior descending (LAD) artery that supplies the anterolateral wall, when counted from proximal to distal.


peroneal artery

An artery that supplies blood to the lateral compartment of the leg and is typically a branch of posterior tibial artery. [WP,unvetted].


Right Posterior Descending Artery

In an individual with a right-dominant heart, the arterial branch that arises from the distal right coronary artery between the acute marginal artery and the first right posterolateral segment. It supplies the inferior apex of the heart.


iliac circumflex artery

One of two (deep circumflex and superficial circumflex) iliac arteries that supply the lower abdomen, inguinal lymph nodes, sartorius, and tensor fasciae latae.


branch of posterior tibial artery

Any artery arising from the posterior tibial artery.


Right Posterior Atrioventricular Artery

The arterial branch between the right posterior descending artery segment and the first right posterolateral segment.


superficial circumflex iliac artery

The superficial iliac circumflex artery (or superficial circumflex iliac), the smallest of the cutaneous branches of the femoral artery, arises close to the superficial epigastric artery, and, piercing the fascia lata, runs lateralward, parallel with the inguinal ligament, as far as the crest of the ilium. It divides into branches which supply the integument of the groin, the superficial fascia, and the superficial subinguinal lymph glands, anastomosing with the deep iliac circumflex, the superior gluteal and lateral femoral circumflex arteries.


inferior epigastric artery

The artery that arises from the external iliac artery and anastomoses with the superior epigastric artery.


First Diagonal Branch Artery

The first artery arising from the left anterior descending (LAD) artery that supplies the anterolateral wall, when counted from proximal to distal.


circumflex branch of left coronary artery

Branch of left coronary artery which runs perpendicular to the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery on the left side of the interventricular sulcus and supplies the left side of the heart.


medial tarsal artery

The medial tarsal arteries are two or three small branches which ramify on the medial border of the foot and join the medial malleolar net-work.


Palmar Digital Artery

A type of artery that supplies blood to the fingers and includes the common palmar digital arteries, the dorsal digital arteries of the hand, and the proper palmar digital arteries.


cervical artery

An artery of the neck.


Proximal Left Anterior Descending Artery

The section of the left anterior descending coronary artery that arises from the left main coronary artery and extends to the first diagonal branch.


thoracic cavity artery

An artery that is part of a thoracic cavity[cjm].


coronary artery

An artery that supplies the myocardium.


Mid-Right Coronary Artery Conduit

The section of the right coronary artery between the right ventricular artery and the acute marginal artery.


Second Right Posterolateral Artery

In an individual with a right-dominant heart, this is the second branch that arises from the right coronary artery distal to the right posterior descending artery, when counted from proximal to distal.


epigastric artery

An external iliac artery branch that supplies blood to the anterior abdominal wall.


Posterior Mediastinal Artery

The many arteries arising from the thoracic aorta that supply the lymph nodes and pleura of the posterior mediastinum.


thoracodorsal artery

The thoracodorsal artery is a branch of the subscapular artery. It travels inferiorly with the thoracodorsal nerve and supplies the latissimus dorsi. [WP,unvetted].


inferior vesical artery

An artery that supplies blood to the lower urinary bladder.


Metatarsal artery

Any of the four dorsal or four plantar arteries that arise from the dorsalis pedis artery that extend over the metatarsal bones.