learning

Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience.


Nasal dryness

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

A lack of humidification of the nasal mucosa.


ankyrin binding

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binding to ankyrin, a 200 kDa cytoskeletal protein that attaches other cytoskeletal proteins to integral membrane proteins.


regulation of acute inflammatory response

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.


steroid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification.


Lomitapide

A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 9-[4-(4-aminopiperidin-1-yl)butyl]-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-9H-fluorene-9-carboxamide. Used (as its mesylate salt) as a complement to a low-fat diet and other lipid-lowering treatments in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.


regulation of amine metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform amines.


regulation of phosphatase activity

Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.


parathyroid gland

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The parathyroid gland is an endocrine gland for secretion of parathyroid hormone, usually found as a pair, embedded in the connective tissue capsule on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Parathyroid regulates calcium and phosphorous metabolism.


cystitis

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

Inflammation of the urinary bladder.


regulation of protein kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.


Methylphenidate

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.


respirasome

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The protein complexes that form the electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with a cell membrane, usually the plasma membrane (in prokaryotes) or the inner mitochondrial membrane (on eukaryotes). The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.


respiratory system development

The progression of the respiratory system over time from its formation to its mature structure. The respiratory system carries out respiratory gaseous exchange.


chiasma assembly

The cell cycle process in which a connection between chromatids assembles, indicating where an exchange of homologous segments has taken place by the crossing-over of non-sister chromatids.


peptidyl-lysine modification

The modification of peptidyl-lysine.


Hydroxyurea

A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. An antineoplastic used in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia as well as for sickle-cell disease.


chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive

A chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the expression of the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene. It presents with neutrophilic leukocytosis. It can appear at any age, but it mostly affects middle aged and older individuals. Patients usually present with fatigue, weight loss, anemia, night sweats, and splenomegaly. If untreated, it follows a biphasic or triphasic natural course; an initial indolent chronic phase which is followed by an accelerated phase, a blast phase, or both. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation and tyrosine kinase inhibitors delay disease progression and prolong overall survival.


Levothyroxine

The L-enantiomer of thyroxine.


ribonucleoside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.


clathrin-coated vesicle

A vesicle with a coat formed of clathrin connected to the membrane via one of the clathrin adaptor complexes.


RNA endonuclease activity, producing 3'-phosphomonoesters

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 3'-phosphomonoesters.


regulation of body fluid levels

Any process that modulates the levels of body fluids.


nicotine dependence

Physical and psychological dependence on nicotine.


detoxification

Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of a toxic substance. These may include transport of the toxic substance away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance.


Gabapentin

A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.


aromatic compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring.


Bortezomib

L-Phenylalaninamide substituted at the amide nitrogen by a 1-(dihydroxyboranyl)-3-methylbutyl group and at N(alpha) by a pyrazin-2-ylcarbonyl group. It is a dipeptidyl boronic acid that reversibly inhibits the 26S proteasome.


Contusions

Injury of the soft tissues or bone without breaking the skin that is characterized by blood leakage into the surrounding area.


positive regulation of neurogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system.


actin binding

Binding to monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments.


Vandetanib

A quinazoline that is 7-[(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methoxy]quinazoline bearing additional methoxy and 4-bromo-2-fluorophenylamino substituents at positions 6 and 4 respectively. Used for the treatment of symptomatic or progressive medullary thyroid cancer in patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic disease.


nail disorder

A disease involving the nail.


positive regulation of translation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.


male gamete generation

Generation of the male gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a female gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.


Cephalexin

A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.


Cefpiramide

A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (R)-2-{[(4-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity.


embryonic heart tube development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryonic heart tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart tube forms as the heart rudiment from the heart field.


ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-ethanolamine + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CMP + a phosphatidylethanolamine.


sodium channel regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a sodium channel.


positive regulation of ceramide biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ceramide biosynthetic process.


response to metal ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus.


systemic lupus erythematosus

An autoimmune multi-organ disease typically associated with vasculopathy and autoantibody production. Most patients have antinuclear antibodies (ANA). The presence of anti-dsDNA or anti-Smith antibodies are highly-specific.


manual digit

A digit that is part of a manus (hand).


response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.


regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide.


COPI-coated vesicle

A vesicle with a coat formed of the COPI coat complex proteins. COPI-coated vesicles are found associated with Golgi membranes at steady state, are involved in Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum (retrograde) vesicle transport, and possibly also in intra-Golgi transport.


regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading.


Hyperreflexia

Hyperreflexia is the presence of hyperactive stretch reflexes of the muscles.


adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation or inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).


mucositis

Inflammation of the mucous membranes.


positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.


DNA modification

The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotide sites in DNA, resulting in a change in its properties.


Amantadine

A member of the class of  adamantanes that is used as an antiviral and  antiparkinson drug.


protein phosphorylation

The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.


Erlotinib

A quinazoline compound having a (3-ethynylphenyl)amino group at the 4-position and two 2-methoxyethoxy groups at the 6- and 7-positions.


Oxybutynin

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.


Flatulence

Passage of excessive amounts of gas and the feeling of abdominal fullness and bloating.


Chloramphenicol

An organochlorine compound that is dichloro-substituted acetamide containing a nitrobenzene ring, an amide bond and two alcohol functions.


hematopoietic and lymphoid system neoplasm

Neoplasms of the hematopoietic system, including hematopoietic cell neoplasms (e.g. leukemias, lymphomas) and non-hematopoietic cell neoplasms that can affect the hematopoietic system (e.g. lymph node and splenic sarcomas). --2003


blood coagulation

The sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers.


hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride.


GAIT complex

A protein complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes. The complex binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements in the 3'-UTR of diverse inflammatory mRNAs and suppresses their translation by blocking the recruitment of the 43S ribosomal complex to m7G cap-bound eIF4G. In humans it includes RPL13A, EPRS, SYNCRIP and GAPDH; mouse complexes lack SYNCRIP.


epidermal cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis.


response to nutrient levels

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients.


RNA transport

The directed movement of RNA, ribonucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


mitotic cell cycle process

A process that is part of the mitotic cell cycle.


protein-RNA complex organization

Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a ribonucleoprotein complex.


regulation of interferon-alpha production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production.


purine nucleobase metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.


basal plasma membrane

The region of the plasma membrane located at the basal end of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.


regulation of cell shape

Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell.


DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest

A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the stopping or reduction in rate of the cell cycle.


mitochondrial translational termination

The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome in a mitochondrion, usually in response to a termination codon (note that mitochondria use variants of the universal genetic code that differ between different taxa).


positive regulation of cell motility

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.


transcription factor binding

Binding to a transcription factor, a protein required to initiate or regulate transcription.


microtubule-based process

Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.


Betahistine

An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.


positive regulation of MAPK cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade.


inorganic cation transmembrane transport

A process in which an inorganic cation is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


response to dsRNA

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a double-stranded RNA stimulus.


ncRNA processing

Any process that results in the conversion of one or more primary non-coding RNA (ncRNA) transcripts into one or more mature ncRNA molecules.


Haloperidol

A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.


meiotic spindle organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.


Cidofovir

Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.


receptor clustering

The receptor metabolic process that results in grouping of a set of receptors at a cellular location, often to amplify the sensitivity of a signaling response.


heterocycle catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings).


cellular defense response

A defense response that is mediated by cells.


response to transition metal nanoparticle

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transition metal nanoparticle.


positive regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol

Any process that increases the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.


regulation of striated muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.


protein kinase binding

Binding to a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate.


regulation of protein secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.


peptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid.


response to amine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amine stimulus. An amine is a compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.


amino acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Amino acids are organic molecules that contain an amino group and a carboxyl group.


positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.


response to lipopolysaccharide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.


mesenchymal stem cell maintenance involved in nephron morphogenesis

The process in which an organism retains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that contributes to the shaping of a nephron. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.


regulation of Ral protein signal transduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Ral protein signal transduction.


regulation of cytokinesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells.


potassium ion transmembrane transport

A process in which a potassium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other.


embryonic heart tube morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic heart tube are generated and organized. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.


Nausea

A sensation of unease in the stomach together with an urge to vomit.


Famciclovir

2-Amino-9H-purine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-3-(acetoxymethyl)but-1-yl group. A prodrug of the antiviral penciclovir, it is used for the treatment of acute herpes zoster (shingles), for the treatment or suppression of recurrent genital herpes in immunocompetent patients and for the treatment of recurrent mucocutaneous herpes simplex infections in HIV infected patients.


mitochondrial matrix

The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation.


microtubule cytoskeleton organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.


regulation of epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.


plasma membrane region

A membrane that is a (regional) part of the plasma membrane.


negative regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.


purine nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


carcinoma

A malignant tumor arising from epithelial cells. Carcinomas that arise from glandular epithelium are called adenocarcinomas, those that arise from squamous epithelium are called squamous cell carcinomas, and those that arise from transitional epithelium are called transitional cell carcinomas. Morphologically, the malignant epithelial cells may display abnormal mitotic figures, anaplasia, and necrosis. Carcinomas are graded by the degree of cellular differentiation as well, moderately, or poorly differentiated. Carcinomas invade the surrounding tissues and tend to metastasize to other anatomic sites. Lung carcinoma, skin carcinoma, breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma, and prostate carcinoma are the most frequently seen carcinomas.


positive regulation of exocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.


Aminohippuric acid

An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.


positive regulation of adaptive immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.


excitement emotion

biolink:Behavior biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ActivityAndBehavior biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


cytoskeleton organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.


organelle envelope lumen

The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope.


polymeric cytoskeletal fiber

A component of the cytoskeleton consisting of a homo or heteropolymeric fiber constructed from an indeterminate number of protein subunits.


striated muscle tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. Skeletal muscle myoblasts fuse to form myotubes and eventually multinucleated muscle fibers. The fusion of cardiac cells is very rare and can only form binucleate cells.


Acetaminophen

A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.


positive regulation of fatty acid metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.


second-messenger-mediated signaling

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via a second messenger; a small molecule or ion that can be quickly generated or released from intracellular stores, and can diffuse within the cell. Second-messenger signaling includes production or release of the second messenger, and effectors downstream of the second messenger that further transmit the signal within the cell.


toll-like receptor 10 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 10.


amine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.


lytic vacuole organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lytic vacuole.


mRNA methylation

The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in an mRNA molecule.


vasculature development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism.


purine ribonucleotide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


cell cycle checkpoint signaling

A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression by monitoring the integrity of specific cell cycle events. A cell cycle checkpoint begins with detection of deficiencies or defects and ends with signal transduction.


nucleoside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


aplastic anemia

Anemia resulting from bone marrow failure (aplastic or hypoplastic bone marrow). The production of erythroblasts and red cells is markedly decreased, and it may be associated with decreased production of granulocytes (granulocytopenia) and platelets (thrombocytopenia) as well. Aplastic anemia may be idiopathic or secondary due to bone marrow damage by toxins, radiation, or immunologic factors.


growth

The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell.


endomembrane system organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endomembrane system.


detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception

The series of events involved in sensory perception in which a sensory stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


Nitrendipine

A  dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.


regulation of BMP signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any BMP receptor signaling pathway.


Efavirenz

1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.


Alcohol Intolerance

Increased sensitivity to the adverse effects of alcohol, which can include nasal congestion, skin flushes, heart dysrhythmias, nausea, vomiting, indigestion and headaches.


cardiac endothelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac endothelial cell.


Methadone

A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.


anaphylaxis

An acute hypersensitivity reaction that occurs from exposure to an allergen. It results from the release of histamine and histamine-like substances from mast cells, and can present with breathing difficulty due to narrowed airways, dizziness and hypotension, skin rash, weak pulse, nausea and vomiting.


cell-cell signaling involved in mammary gland development

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the mammary gland, from its initial state to the mature structure.


positive regulation of myotube differentiation

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.


regulation of cytoskeleton organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.


nerve development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


Canagliflozin

A C-glycosyl compound that is used (in its hemihydrate form) for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.


Pustular rash

A rash composed of pustular lesions. A pustule is defined as a vesicle or bulla containing purulent material. It varies in size and may occur at different levels within the epidermis: subcorneal, intraepidermal, or basement membrane zones. The pustules may or may not be sterile and are normally filled with neutrophils.


angiogenesis

Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.


Amoxapine

A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.


regulation of positive chemotaxis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.


cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity

Cyclin-dependent catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.


regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.


membrane lipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.


lymphocyte activation involved in immune response

A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


phosphatidylcholine binding

Binding to a phosphatidylcholine, a glycophospholipid in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.


negative regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.


metanephros development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.


Dasatinib

An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).


Vaginal Hemorrhage

Bleeding originating from the vagina.


negative regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT.


negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.


sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding

Binding to double-stranded DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA, e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding.


establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion

The directed movement of a protein to the mitochondrion or a part of the mitochondrion.


response to radiation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.


behavioral defense response

A behavioral response seeking to protect an organism from an a perceived external threat to that organism.


positive regulation of cell activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation.


tracheobronchitis

Inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree.


insulin-like growth factor binding protein complex

A complex of proteins which includes the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and a number of IGF-binding proteins. The complex plays a role in growth and development.


Acamprosate

An  organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.


duodenal ulcer

An ulcer in the duodenal wall.


regulation of amide metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.


chromosome

A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.


embryonic morphogenesis

The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants.


cellular modified amino acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.


Agitation

A state of extreme restlessness and excessive motor activity is associated with mental distress or a feeling of inner tension.


cell-cell recognition

Cell recognition between cells. May involve the formation of specialized cell junctions.


cellular response to carbohydrate stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus.


Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a limited form of toxic epidermal necrolysis characterized by destruction and detachment of the skin epithelium and mucous membranes involving less than 10% of the body surface area.


respiratory chain complex I

Respiratory chain complex I is an enzyme of the respiratory chain. It consists of several polypeptide chains and is L-shaped, with a horizontal arm lying in the membrane and a vertical arm that projects into the matrix. The electrons of NADH enter the chain at this complex.


actin filament

A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane.


phosphoprotein phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate. Together with protein kinases, these enzymes control the state of phosphorylation of cellular proteins and thereby provide an important mechanism for regulating cellular activity.


urogenital system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urogenital system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


cytokine-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


regulation of intracellular transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.


Ephedrine

A  phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.


Losartan

A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position


chordate embryonic development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through a stage including a notochord and neural tube until birth or egg hatching.


positive regulation of nervous system development

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.


stomatitis

Inflammation of the oral mucosa due to local or systemic factors.


Anagrelide

A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.


Prednisone

A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.


Cefepime

A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.


chondrocyte differentiation

The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.


negative regulation of protein maturation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein maturation.


biomineral tissue development

Formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds, and also contain a small amounts of organic matrices that are believed to play important roles in their formation.


cardiac left ventricle morphogenesis

The process in which the left cardiac ventricle is generated and organized.


Atypical behavior

Atypical behavior is an abnormality in a person's actions, which can be controlled or modulated by the will of the individual. While abnormal behaviors can be difficult to control, they are distinct from other abnormal actions that cannot be affected by the individual's will.


regulation of cell motility

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.


Rivaroxaban

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.


positive regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase.


Bupropion

An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.


sebaceous gland disorder

A disease involving the sebaceous gland.


glycogen metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha-(1->6) glycosidic linkages.


generation of precursor metabolites and energy

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.


inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of inorganic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.


oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate, such as a molecule of dolichol-P-man or dolicol-P-Glc used in N-linked glycosylation.


sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of sodium ions (Na+) from one side of a membrane to the other.


branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tube

The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in an epithelial tube are generated and organized. A tube is a long hollow cylinder.


G protein-coupled nucleotide receptor activity

Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


Imatinib

A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]benzoic acid with the primary aromatic amino group of 4-methyl-N(3)-[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]benzene-1,3-diamine. Used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.


Elevated LDH

An indication that the concentration of lactate dehydrogenase found in a sample is higher than previous noted or above the normal range.


exocrine system development

Progression of the exocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The exocrine system is a system of hormones and glands, where the glands secrete straight to a target site via ducts or tubes. The human exocrine system includes the salivary glands, sweat glands and many glands of the digestive system.


thioester biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a thioester, a compound of general formula RC(=O)SR' in which the linking oxygen in an ester is replaced by a sulfur atom. They are the product of esterification between a carboxylic acid and a thiol.


Nitrazepam

A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).


Hypothermia

Reduced body temperature due to failed thermoregulation.


transcription cis-regulatory region binding

Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls transcription of that section of the DNA. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.


Propylthiouracil

A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.


acute kidney failure

Sudden and sustained deterioration of the kidney function characterized by decreased glomerular filtration rate, increased serum creatinine or oliguria.


positive regulation of cell population proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.


cell migration

The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues.


Verapamil

A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.


prostaglandin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities.


Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine to an oligosaccharide.


adaptive immune response

An immune response mediated by cells expressing specific receptors for antigens produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for an enhanced secondary response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory).


Timolol

The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.


regulation of cytoplasmic transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic transport.


phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.


regulation of glutamate metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate metabolic process.


glycerolipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone.


negative regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinase binding to its physiological ligand.


behavior

The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity.


psoriatic arthritis

Joint inflammation associated with psoriasis.


cirrhosis of liver

A disorder characterized by replacement of the liver parenchyma with fibrous tissue and regenerative nodules. It is usually caused by alcoholism, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. Complications include the development of ascites, esophageal varices, bleeding, and hepatic encephalopathy.


trachea development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trachea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.


Milrinone

A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2-pyridone which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 6 by cyano, pyrid-4-yl, and methyl groups, respectively. It is used (particularly intravenously, as the lactate) for the short-term management of severe heart failure.


potassium deficiency disease

Any disorder caused by an insufficient amount or availability of potassium, which generally manifests with myalgia, tetany, hypotension, polyuria, and polydipsia.


positive regulation of establishment of protein localization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization.


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of an endoplasmic reticulum stress.


peptidyl-arginine methylation

The addition of a methyl group to an arginine residue in a protein.


regulation of corticosterone secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of corticosterone secretion.


Clenbuterol

A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.


organophosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organophosphates, any phosphate-containing organic compound.


hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in linear amides

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a linear amide.


platelet-derived growth factor binding

Binding to platelet-derived growth factor.


cell-cell junction

A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells of an organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic intercellular bridges, such as ring canals in insects.


amino acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.


endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation.


Cilostazol

A lactam that is 3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 4-(1-cyclohexyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group.


influenza

An acute viral infection of the respiratory tract, occurring in isolated cases, in epidemics, or in pandemics; it is caused by serologically different strains of viruses (influenzaviruses) designated A, B, and C, has a 3-day incubation period, and usually lasts for 3 to 10 days. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, pharynx, and conjunctiva; headache; myalgia; often fever, chills, and prostration; and occasionally involvement of the myocardium or central nervous system.


toxic substance binding

Binding to a toxic substance, a poisonous substance that causes damage to biological systems.


tetrapyrrole binding

Binding to a tetrapyrrole, a compound containing four pyrrole nuclei variously substituted and linked to each other through carbons at the alpha position.


regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process.


anchoring junction

A cell junction that mechanically attaches a cell (and its cytoskeleton) to neighboring cells or to the extracellular matrix.


Amisulpride

A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of 2-(aminomethyl)-1-ethylpyrrolidine. It is a potent, selective dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist. It is an atypical antipsychotic/antischizophrenic agent with limited extrapyrimidal side effects.


Pregnancy

biolink:PhysiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


placenta development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.


Moxifloxacin

A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.


pharyngitis

Inflammation of the throat most often caused by viral and bacterial infections. Other causes include allergens, chemical substances, and trauma.


microtubule organizing center organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microtubule organizing center, a structure from which microtubules grow.


synaptic signaling

Cell-cell signaling to, from or within a synapse.


regulation of B cell mediated immunity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.


Clobazam

7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.


spermatid differentiation

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


regulation of leukocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.


Ponatinib

A benzamide obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-3-ylethynyl)-4-methylbenzoic acid with the anilino group of 4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. It is a multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets ABL, SRC, FGFR, and others and was designed to overcome the resistance of BCR-ABL mutation to imatinib, in particular the gatekeeper mutation ABL(T315I).


Wound Discharge

The material exuded from a wound, either surgical or traumatic.


SH3 domain binding

Binding to a SH3 domain (Src homology 3) of a protein, small protein modules containing approximately 50 amino acid residues found in a great variety of intracellular or membrane-associated proteins.


Accidental Injuries

Unintentional trauma to the body.


locomotor rhythm

The rhythm of the locomotor activity of an organism during its 24 hour activity cycle.


conjunctivitis

Inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye.


histone arginine methylation

The modification of a histone by addition of a methyl group to an arginine residue.


Etoricoxib

A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2,3'-bipyridine which is substituted at the 3, 5, and 6' positions by 4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl, chlorine, and methyl groups, respectively.


skin basal cell carcinoma

The most frequently seen skin cancer. It arises from basal cells of the epidermis and pilosebaceous units. Clinically it is divided into the following types: nodular, ulcerative, superficial, multicentric, erythematous, and sclerosing or morphea-like. More than 95% of these carcinomas occur in patients over 40. They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck and the remaining 15% on the trunk and extremities. Basal cell carcinoma usually grows in a slow and indolent fashion. However, if untreated, the tumor may invade the subcutaneous fat, skeletal muscle and bone. Distant metastases are rare. Excision, curettage and irradiation cure most basal cell carcinomas.


inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

An inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus, which can be include any number of T cell or B cell epitopes.


myeloid cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages.


negative regulation of necroptotic process

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a necroptotic process, a necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.


DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II.


Fondaparinux

A synthetic pentasaccharide which, apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, consists of monomeric sugar units which are identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate.


heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a drug-induced, immune-mediated prothrombotic disorder associated with thrombocytopenia and venous and/or arterial thrombosis.


cardiocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual.


Dipyridamole

A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.


Perineal Pain

Painful sensation in the perineal area.


cholestasis

Impairment of the bile flow caused by obstruction within the liver, or outside the liver in the bile duct system.


actin filament-based transport

The transport of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along actin filaments.


nucleolus

A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.


negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.


Exemestane

A 17-oxo steroid that is androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione in which the hydrogens at position 6 are replaced by a double bond to a methylene group. A selective inhibitor of the aromatase (oestrogen synthase) system, it is used in the treatment of advanced breast cancer.


thrombocytopenia

A laboratory test result indicating that there is an abnormally small number of platelets in the circulating blood.


myeloid leukocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage.


sphingolipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).


positive regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.


regulation of protein ubiquitination

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.


pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a pattern recognition receptor (PRR), and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.


magnesium ion binding

Binding to a magnesium (Mg) ion.


Calcipotriol

A seco-cholestane that is 26,27-cyclo-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10,22-tetraene carrying additional hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 3 and 24. It is used (as its hydrate) in combination with betamethasone dipropionate, a corticosteroid, for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adult patients.


sexual reproduction

A type of reproduction that combines the genetic material of two gametes (such as a sperm or egg cell or fungal spores). The gametes have an haploid genome (with a single set of chromosomes, the product of a meiotic division) and combines with one another to produce a zygote (diploid).


glycerol ether biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol.


Calcitriol

A hydroxycalciol that is calcidiol in which the pro-S hydrogen of calcidiol is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the active form of vitamin D3, produced fom calciol via hydoxylation in the liver to form calcidiol, which is subsequently oxidised in the kidney to give calcitriol.


chronic kidney disease

Impairment of the renal function secondary to chronic kidney damage persisting for three or more months.


carbohydrate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.


neutral L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of neutral L-amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Neutral amino acids have side chains with no charge at pH 7.3.


regulation of tissue remodeling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.


response to pain

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli.


regulation of lipid biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.


positive regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.


positive regulation of ossification

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.


latent tuberculosis infection

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection that does not induce infectious expression of the disease in the affected person, although it can cause continuous immune response generated towards TB antigens; person having LTBI are asymptomatic and acting as a reservoir of active tuberculosis tuberculosis cases and Mycobacterium tuberculosis and run a 5-10% risk of reactivating tuberculosis throughout their lives.


phospholipid efflux

The directed movement of a phospholipid out of a cell or organelle.


Perflutren

A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.


enzyme regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of an enzyme.


male meiotic nuclear division

A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline.


Midazolam

An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.


Cefoxitin

A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.


interstitial nephritis

Inflammation of the renal tubules and supporting tissues of the kidney.


columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.


response to interleukin-2

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-2 stimulus.


ubiquitin protein ligase binding

Binding to a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins.


ubiquitin binding

Binding to ubiquitin, a protein that when covalently bound to other cellular proteins marks them for proteolytic degradation.


quinone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving quinone.


Salmeterol

A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.


chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex, mediated by chaperone molecules that do not form part of the finished complex.


meiotic nuclear membrane microtubule tethering complex

A nuclear membrane protein complex which connects the nuclear outer and inner membranes together, and links links the nuclear lumen to cytoplasmic microtubules during meiosis.


positive regulation of glucokinase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucokinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a glucose molecule.


purine nucleoside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any purine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


brain development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).


response to organophosphorus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organophosphorus stimulus. Organophosphorus is a compound containing phosphorus bound to an organic molecule; several organophosphorus compounds are used as insecticides, and they are highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitors.


gingival recession

A loss of gum tissue resulting in an exposure of the roots of the teeth.


organic cyclic compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic cyclic compound.


regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.


polycystic ovary syndrome

A disorder that manifests as multiple cysts on the ovaries. It results in hormonal imbalances and leads to irregular and abnormal menstrual periods, excess growth of hair, acne eruptions and obesity.


racemase and epimerase activity, acting on carbohydrates and derivatives

Catalysis of a reaction that alters the configuration of one or more chiral centers in a carbohydrate molecule.


ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac ventricle muscle is generated and organized.


Jaundice

Yellow pigmentation of the skin due to bilirubin, which in turn is the result of increased bilirubin concentration in the bloodstream.


ganglion

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies.


Nicotine

A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.


congestive heart failure

Failure of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to meet the needs of the body tissues, resulting in tissue congestion and edema. Signs and symptoms include shortness of breath, pitting edema, enlarged tender liver, engorged neck veins, and pulmonary rales.


branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis

The process in which the branching structure of the salivary gland is generated and organized.


regulation of inflammatory response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents.


nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process

The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.


regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.


A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.


Bladder pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the urinary bladder. Bladder pain may be more pronounced with a full bladder and relieved upon urination, but this is not always the case.


Ketoprofen

An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.


immune response-activating signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated by a ligand binding to its receptor that lead to the activation or perpetuation of an immune response.


extracellular matrix structural constituent

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix.


enzyme inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an enzyme.


hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride which contains phosphorus.


active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.


Laryngeal edema

An abnormal accumulation of fluid and swelling in the tissues of the larynx.


type B pancreatic cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a type B pancreatic cell. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.


Paroxetine

A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.


regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition

Any signaling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the cell cycle.


Ouabain

A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.


taxis

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to an external stimulus.


positive regulation of glucose metabolic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.


regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via a stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.


myelination

The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.


response to interleukin-12

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-12 stimulus.


endopeptidase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an endopeptidase.


negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.


Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylcholine, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylcholine containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.


mucopolysaccharide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving mucopolysaccharide.


vesicle cytoskeletal trafficking

The directed movement of a vesicle along a cytoskeletal fiber such as a microtubule or and actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.


Morphine

A morphinane alkaloid that is a highly potent opiate analgesic psychoactive drug. Morphine acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to relieve pain but has a high potential for addiction, with tolerance and both physical and psychological dependence developing rapidly. Morphine is the most abundant opiate found in Papaver somniferum (the opium poppy).


Pulmonary Function Test Decreased

A decrease in any of the parameters used to measure the mechanical function of the lungs and upper airway.


regulation of interferon-beta production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.


immune response-regulating signaling pathway

The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to the activation, perpetuation, or inhibition of an immune response.


cranial skeletal system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial skeletal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial skeletal system is the skeletal subdivision of the head, and includes the skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus.


negative regulation of protein import into nucleus

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.


mRNA catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.


regulation of bone resorption

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone tissue loss (resorption).


negative regulation of transferase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.


endothelium

A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body[MESH]. Simple squamous epithelium which lines blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart[FMA].


positive regulation of wound healing

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.


Salbutamol

A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).


regulation of angiogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.


cellular response to epinephrine stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epinephrine stimulus. Epinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C9H13NO3; it is secreted by the adrenal medulla to act as a hormone, and released by certain neurons to act as a neurotransmitter active in the central nervous system.


Dinoprostone

Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.


asthma

A bronchial disease that is characterized by chronic inflammation and narrowing of the airways, which is caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors resulting in recurring periods of wheezing (a whistling sound while breathing), chest tightness, shortness of breath, mucus production and coughing. The symptoms appear due to a variety of triggers such as allergens, irritants, respiratory infections, weather changes, exercise, stress, reflux disease, medications, foods and emotional anxiety.


Succimer

A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.


rhinitis

An inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the nose, usually associated with nasal discharge.


response to bacterium

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium.


RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II.


response to topologically incorrect protein

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a protein that is not folded in its correct three-dimensional structure.


nuclear envelope

The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space).


Urinary retention

Inability to completely empty the urinary bladder during the process of urination.


lateral plasma membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane at the lateral side of the cell. In epithelial cells, lateral plasma membranes are on the sides of cells which lie at the interface of adjacent cells.


centriole

A cellular organelle, found close to the nucleus in many eukaryotic cells, consisting of a small cylinder with microtubular walls, 300-500 nm long and 150-250 nm in diameter. It contains nine short, parallel, peripheral microtubular fibrils, each fibril consisting of one complete microtubule fused to two incomplete microtubules. Cells usually have two centrioles, lying at right angles to each other. At division, each pair of centrioles generates another pair and the twin pairs form the pole of the mitotic spindle.


negative regulation of establishment of protein localization

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


NAD-retinol dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: retinol + NAD+ = retinal + NADH + H+.


response to arsenic-containing substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides.


carboxypeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single C-terminal amino acid residue from a polypeptide chain.


Increased Creatinine

A laboratory test result demonstrating an increased concentration of creatinine in a biological specimen.


Didanosine

A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.


nucleosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.


inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of inorganic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.


ATP-dependent activity, acting on RNA

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction requires the presence of RNA, and it drives another reaction.


rhythmic process

Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism.


centrosome

A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle.


Bicalutamide

A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.


dendrite development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


transmembrane transporter binding

Binding to a transmembrane transporter, a protein or protein complex that enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.


positive regulation of cell projection organization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.


Sitagliptin

A  triazolopyrazine that exhibits  hypoglycemic activity.


Retching

Involuntary spasms of the stomach and esophagus resulting in vomiting or dry heaving.


limbic system development

The progression of the limbic system over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The limbic system is a collection of structures in the brain involved in emotion, motivation and emotional aspects of memory.


small molecule biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.


homologous recombination

A DNA recombination process that results in the exchange of an equal amount of genetic material between highly homologous DNA molecules.


regulation of kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.


regulation of isotype switching

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.


positive regulation of lipid storage

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.


negative regulation of cell migration

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.


vagus nerve

Cranial nerve that branches into the lateral (to body sense organs) and the intestino-accessorial (to the skin, muscles of shoulder, hyoid, larynx, gut, lungs, and heart).


Progesterone

A C21-steroid hormone in which a pregnane skeleton carries oxo substituents at positions 3 and 20 and is unsaturated at C(4)-C(5). As a hormone, it is involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy and embryogenesis of humans and other species.


sinusitis

An acute or chronic inflammatory process affecting the mucous membranes of any sinus cavity.


alpha-amino acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alpha-amino acid.


vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell.


protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.


phototransduction

The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal.


MHC class II receptor activity

Combining with an MHC class II protein complex and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


canonical Wnt signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.


glycosaminoglycan binding

Binding to a glycan (polysaccharide) containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues.


plasma membrane protein complex

Any protein complex that is part of the plasma membrane.


WD40-repeat domain binding

Binding to a WD40 repeat domain of a protein. The WD40 repeat is a short structural motif of approximately 40 amino acids, often terminating in a tryptophan-aspartic acid (W-D) dipeptide. Several of these repeats are combined to form a type of protein domain called the WD domain.


focal adhesion

A cell-substrate junction that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. In insects focal adhesion has also been referred to as hemi-adherens junction (HAJ).


negative regulation of cell division

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.


methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule.


metallo-sulfur cluster assembly

The incorporation of a metal and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster.


UDP-glycosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from a UDP-sugar to a small hydrophobic molecule.


immunoglobulin mediated immune response

An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution.


amide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.


regulation of cartilage development

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.


chromatin

The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome.


ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activity

Primary active transporter of a solute across a membrane, via the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to directly drive the transport of a substance across a membrane. The transport protein may be transiently phosphorylated (P-type transporters), or not (ABC-type transporters and other families of transporters). Primary active transport occurs up the solute's concentration gradient and is driven by a primary energy source.


protein-DNA complex organization

Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein-DNA complex.


protein lipidation

The covalent attachment of lipid groups to an amino acid in a protein.


termination of RNA polymerase III transcription

A transcription termination process that completes the production of a primary RNA polymerase II transcript. RNA polymerase III has an intrinsic ability to terminate transcription upon incorporation of at least 4 contiguous U residues.


macromolecule glycosylation

The covalent attachment of a glycosyl residue to one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule.


Gemifloxacin

A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.


connective tissue disorder

A disease involving the connective tissue.


morphogenesis of a branching structure

The process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. Examples in animals would include blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and other endothelial or epithelial tubes.


Cefotiam

A cephalosporin with ({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)methyl and (2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. A third generation beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic, it is active against a broad spectrum of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.


Cephapirin

A cephalosporin with  acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.


vocalization behavior

The behavior in which an organism produces sounds by a mechanism involving its respiratory system.


positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.


skin development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.


Azithromycin

A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.


trophoblast giant cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a trophoblast giant cell of the placenta. Trophoblast giant cells are the cell of the placenta that line the maternal decidua.


synovial membrane of synovial joint

Soft tissue that lines the non-cartilaginous surfaces within joints with cavities (synovial joints).


amino acid transmembrane transport

The process in which an amino acid is transported across a membrane.


negative regulation of protein ubiquitination

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.


Digoxin

A  cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.


canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in osteoblast differentiation

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in osteoblast differentiation.


carboxylic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups.


Ramipril

A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.


limb development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. Examples include legs, arms or some types of fin.