primary biliary cholangitis

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic and slowly progressive cholestatic liver disease of autoimmune etiology characterized by injury of the intrahepatic bile ducts that may eventually lead to liver failure.


leukocyte proliferation

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The expansion of a leukocyte population by cell division.


RNA splicing

The process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.


pulmonary embolism

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

The obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by an embolus, sometimes associated with infarction of the lung.


Increased insulin requirement

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panic disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by multiple unexpected panic attacks with persistent concern of recurring attacks. Panic disorder may or may not be accompanied by agoraphobia.


DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.


regulation of ERAD pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ERAD pathway.


triglyceride biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.


peptidase inhibitor activity

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Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds.


animal organ formation

The process pertaining to the initial formation of an animal organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. Organs are a natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole. The heart and lungs are organs of animals, and the petal and leaf are organs of plants. In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ.


Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid

An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.


liver development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes.


neurofilament

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A type of intermediate filament found in the core of neuronal axons. Neurofilaments are heteropolymers composed of three type IV polypeptides: NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H (for low, middle, and high molecular weight). Neurofilaments are responsible for the radial growth of an axon and determine axonal diameter.


Carbimazole

A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.


lateral loop

Non-compact myelin located adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier in a myelin segment. These non-compact regions include cytoplasm from the cell responsible for synthesizing the myelin. Lateral loops are found in the paranodal region adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier, while Schmidt-Lantermann clefts are analogous structures found within the compact myelin internode.


G protein-coupled peptide receptor activity

Combining with a peptide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


Abiraterone

A 3beta-sterol that is androsta-5,16-dien-3beta-ol substituted at position 17 by a 3-pyridyl group. Administered as the O-acetate, it is used for treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.


mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of mammary gland epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Mammary gland epithelial cells make up the covering of surfaces of the mammary gland. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.


negative regulation of leukocyte proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.


positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


negative regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.


glucose transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of the hexose monosaccharide glucose from one side of a membrane to the other.


stem cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.


Pioglitazone

A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.


double-strand break repair via synthesis-dependent strand annealing

SDSA is a major mechanism of double-strand break repair in mitosis which allows for the error-free repair of a double-strand break without the exchange of adjacent sequences. The broken DNA searches for and base pairs with a homologous region in an intact chromosome. DNA synthesis initiates from the 3' end of the invading DNA strand, using the intact chromosome as the template. Newly synthesized DNA is then displaced from the template and anneal with its complement on the other side of the double-strand break.


positive regulation of glomerulus development

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of glomerulus development, the progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney.


glutamate receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of glutamate to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


Multiple Gestation

A pregnancy involving twins or higher-order multiple fetuses (e.g., triplets, quadruplets).


orchitis

Inflammation of one or both testes due to viral or bacterial infections. Signs and symptoms include enlargement or tenderness of the affected testis, inguinal lymphadenopathy, blood in the semen, and pain during urination, intercourse, or ejaculation.


negative regulation of focal adhesion assembly

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of focal adhesion assembly, the establishment and maturation of focal adhesions.


14-3-3 protein binding

Binding to a 14-3-3 protein. A 14-3-3 protein is any of a large family of approximately 30kDa acidic proteins which exist primarily as homo- and heterodimers within all eukaryotic cells, and have been implicated in the modulation of distinct biological processes by binding to specific phosphorylated sites on diverse target proteins, thereby forcing conformational changes or influencing interactions between their targets and other molecules. Each 14-3-3 protein sequence can be roughly divided into three sections: a divergent amino terminus, the conserved core region and a divergent carboxy-terminus. The conserved middle core region of the 14-3-3s encodes an amphipathic groove that forms the main functional domain, a cradle for interacting with client proteins.


positive regulation of inflammatory response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.


positive regulation of leukocyte proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.


positive regulation of leukocyte activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.


negative regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process.


lactic acidosis

Metabolic acidosis characterized by the accumulation of lactate in the body. It is caused by tissue hypoxia.


positive regulation of endopeptidase activity

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.


regulation of receptor binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.


cyclic nucleotide binding

Binding to a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.


acetylcholine-gated channel complex

A homo- or hetero-pentameric protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass in response to acetylcholine binding.


Tranylcypromine

A member of the class of cyclopropanes carrying amino and phenyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 respectively.


Hypertensive crisis

A severe, acute increase in blood pressure that may result in stroke or myocardial ischemia.


Hyperesthesia

Increased sensitivity to stimulation, excluding the special senses, which may refer to various modes of cutaneous sensibility including touch and thermal sensation without pain, as well as to pain.


regulation of sensory perception of pain

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.


regulation of cellular ketone metabolic process

Any process that modulates the chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.


purine nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


histone H4-K12 acetylation

The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 12 of the histone.


positive regulation of interleukin-23 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-23 production.


positive regulation of monocyte aggregation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte aggregation.


epiboly involved in wound healing

The expansion of one cell sheet over other cells involved in wound healing.


U12-type spliceosomal complex

Any spliceosomal complex that forms during the splicing of a messenger RNA primary transcript to excise an intron; the series of U12-type spliceosomal complexes is involved in the splicing of the majority of introns that contain atypical AT-AC terminal dinucleotides, as well as other non-canonical introns. The entire splice site signal, not just the terminal dinucleotides, is involved in determining which spliceosome utilizes the site.


regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sleep; a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.


Folic Acid

An N-acyl-amino acid that is a form of the water-soluble vitamin B9. Its biologically active forms (tetrahydrofolate and others) are essential for nucleotide biosynthesis and homocysteine remethylation.


hair cycle

The cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.


histone H2B ubiquitination

The modification of histone H2B by addition of ubiquitin groups.


calcium ion import into cytosol

The directed movement of calcium ion into a cytosol.


Peyer's patch development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of Peyer's patches over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Peyer's patches are typically found as nodules associated with gut epithelium with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.


negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.


positive regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport.


regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator.


TAP2 binding

Binding to the TAP2 subunit of TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) protein.


nucleotide receptor activity

Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. A nucleotide is a compound that consists of a nucleoside esterified with a phosphate molecule.


autoimmune disease

A disorder resulting from loss of function or tissue destruction of an organ or multiple organs, arising from humoral or cellular immune responses of the individual to their own tissue constituents. It may be systemic (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus), or organ specific, (e.g., thyroiditis).


intracellular monoatomic cation homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of monoatomic cations within a cell. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are cations consisting of exactly one atom.


obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Cessation of air flow during sleep due to upper airway obstruction.


Dysmenorrhea

Pain during menstruation that interferes with daily activities.


contact inhibition

The series of events in which information about the density of cells in a population is received by direct cell-cell contact and is converted into a molecular signal, resulting in the cessation of cell growth or proliferation.


regulation of DNA binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).


5'-3' RNA polymerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1); the synthesis of RNA from ribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a nucleic acid template, via extension of the 3'-end.


positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.


Rectal Pain

Pain in the rectal area.


receptor serine/threonine kinase binding

Binding to a receptor that possesses protein serine/threonine kinase activity.


signal complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a complex capable of relaying a signal within a cell.


fatty acid oxidation

The removal of one or more electrons from a fatty acid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen.


proton transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a proton from one side of a membrane to the other.


diencephalon development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the diencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The diencephalon is the paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus are derived; these regions regulate autonomic, visceral and endocrine function, and process information directed to the cerebral cortex.


regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by norepinephrine-epinephrine

The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine or epinephrine into the bloodstream modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.


regulation of osteoblast proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast proliferation.


positive regulation of B cell activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation.


protein carboxylation

The addition of a carboxy group to a protein amino acid.


TIM22 mitochondrial import inner membrane insertion complex

A multi-subunit complex embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane that mediates the inner membrane insertion of multi-transmembrane spanning proteins that contain internal targeting elements. In yeast cells, TIM22 is a 300-kDa complex, consisting of four membrane integral subunits, Tim22, Tim54, Tim18 and Sdh3, and a peripheral chaperone complex consisting of the small TIM proteins, Tim9-Tim10-Tim12.


Iopamidol

A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.


protein-folding chaperone binding

Binding to a chaperone protein, a class of proteins that bind to nascent or unfolded polypeptides and ensure correct folding or transport.


sulfur compound binding

Binding to a sulfur compound.


organ growth

The increase in size or mass of an organ. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that function together as to perform a specific function.


mitochondrion transport along microtubule

The directed movement of a mitochondrion along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.


regulation of lipid kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a simple or complex lipid.


non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction

The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell through the NIK-dependent processing and activation of NF-kappaB. Begins with activation of the NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK), which in turn phosphorylates and activates IkappaB kinase alpha (IKKalpha). IKKalpha phosphorylates the NF-kappa B2 protein (p100) leading to p100 processing and release of an active NF-kappaB (p52). The non-canonical NF-kappaB signaling pathway is generally activated by ligands of the TNF receptor superfamily, including lymphotoxin beta (LTB), CD40, OX40, RANK, TWEAK and B cell-activating factor (BAFF).


Dexbrompheniramine

The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.


glycolipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide).


sugar-terminal-phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + sugar phosphorylated on the terminal carbon = a sugar + phosphate.


brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


heart formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the heart field and the arrival of cardiac neural crest to the heart region. The process ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.


Psychological Dependence

A behavioral pattern characterized by a craving for the mood-altering effects of a drug and an overwhelming preoccupation with obtaining and using the drug.


toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 9.


peptide cross-linking via chondroitin 4-sulfate glycosaminoglycan

The formation of a cross-link between peptide chains mediated by a chondroitin 4-sulfate glycosaminoglycan that originates from a typical O-glycosidic link to serine of one chain; the other chain is esterified, via the alpha-carbon of its C-terminal Asp, to C-6 of an internal N-acetylgalactosamine of the glycosaminoglycan chain.


aggresome

An inclusion body formed by dynein-dependent retrograde transport of an aggregated protein on microtubules.


negative regulation of calcium ion transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


sensorineural hearing loss disorder

Hearing loss in which the root cause lies in the inner ear or sensory organ (cochlea and associated structures) or the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII).


negative regulation of pro-B cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pro-B cell differentiation.


thrombocytopenic purpura

Purpura associated with a reduction in circulating blood platelets which can result from a variety of factors.


negative regulation of cellular glucuronidation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular glucuronidation.


Doxapram

A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.


cranial nerve development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cranial nerves over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.


Dyphylline

An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.


contractile fiber

Fibers, composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated muscle.


cellular lipid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, as carried out by individual cells.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide = UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide.


Chlorprothixene

A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.


regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.


GABAergic neuron differentiation

The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a GABAergic neuron.


regulation of T cell chemotaxis

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of T cell chemotaxis. T cell chemotaxis is the directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus.


Anasarca

An extreme form of generalized edema with widespread and massive edema due to effusion of fluid into the extracellular space.


regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.


positive regulation of protein localization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein localization.


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 4' position.


negative regulation of translation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.


regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.


abdominal aorta

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Abdominal part of aorta: the distal part of the descending aorta, which is the continuation of the thoracic part and gives rise to the inferior phrenic, lumbar, median sacral, superior and inferior mesenteric, middle suprarenal, renal, and testicular or ovarian arteries, and celiac trunk[BTO]. The abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of descending aorta(of the thorax). [WP,unvetted].


Decreased glomerular filtration rate

An abnormal reduction in the volume of fluid filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time.


B cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell. A B cell is a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.


presynaptic process involved in chemical synaptic transmission

The pathway leading to secretion of a neurotransmitter from the presynapse as part of synaptic transmission.


structural constituent of eye lens

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the lens of an eye.


alditol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.


positive regulation of natural killer cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation.


body morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the soma are generated and organized.


mitotic spindle

A spindle that forms as part of mitosis. Mitotic and meiotic spindles contain distinctive complements of proteins associated with microtubules.


positive regulation of ubiquitin-protein transferase activity

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin transferase activity.


cytosol to endoplasmic reticulum transport

The directed movement of substances from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell.


intramembranous ossification

Direct ossification that occurs within mesenchyme or an accumulation of relatively unspecialized cells.


protein-containing complex disassembly

The disaggregation of a protein-containing macromolecular complex into its constituent components.


positive regulation of acute inflammatory response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.


IkappaB kinase complex

A trimeric protein complex that phosphorylates inhibitory-kappaB (I-kappaB) proteins. The complex is composed of two kinase subunits (alpha and beta) and a regulatory gamma subunit (also called NEMO). In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to inhibitory IKB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.


hippocampus development

The progression of the hippocampus over time from its initial formation until its mature state.


rRNA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving rRNA, ribosomal RNA, a structural constituent of ribosomes.


Azlocillin

A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, quinone or similar compound as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or a similar acceptor molecule.


centriole assembly

A cellular process that results in the assembly of one or more centrioles.


COPI-coated vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a COPI-coated vesicle.


ERAD pathway

The protein catabolic pathway which targets endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins for degradation by the cytoplasmic proteasome. It begins with recognition of the ER-resident protein, includes retrotranslocation (dislocation) of the protein from the ER to the cytosol, protein modifications necessary for correct substrate transfer (e.g. ubiquitination), transport of the protein to the proteasome, and ends with degradation of the protein by the cytoplasmic proteasome.


peroxisomal membrane transport

The directed movement of substances to, from or across the peroxisomal membrane.


DNA damage checkpoint signaling

A signal transduction process that contributes to a DNA damage checkpoint.


costamere

Regular periodic sub membranous arrays of vinculin in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, these arrays link Z-discs to the sarcolemma and are associated with links to extracellular matrix.


Metyrosine

An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.


lipomatosis

A neoplastic process characterized by diffuse overgrowth of mature adipose tissue.


peptidyl-proline 3-dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = peptidyl trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.


positive regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.


regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.


carbon-carbon lyase activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond.


gout

A condition characterized by painful swelling of the joints, which is caused by deposition of urate crystals.


protein phosphatase binding

Binding to a protein phosphatase.


positive regulation of interleukin-1 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production.


cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress

The physiological enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division, as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis.


regulation of metanephros development

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of metanephros development. Metanephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.


plasma lipoprotein particle remodeling

The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a plasma lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the esterification of cholesterol by phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase (lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase; LCAT).


positive regulation of type 2 immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.


negative regulation of cell morphogenesis

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.


hepatitis B virus infection

A viral infection caused by the hepatitis B virus.


thyroid gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thyroid gland is an endoderm-derived gland that produces thyroid hormone.


regulation of heart growth

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.


retina layer formation

The process in which the vertebrate retina is organized into three laminae: the outer nuclear layer (ONL), which contains photoreceptor nuclei; the inner nuclear layer (INL), which contains amacrine, bipolar and horizontal cells; and the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells. Spanning all layers of the retina are the radially oriented Mueller glia.


protein self-association

Binding to a domain within the same polypeptide.


negative regulation of cellular response to growth factor stimulus

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.


cell surface furrow

A furrow that may be found on the cell surface. Examples include the cingulum and sulcus found in some dinoflagellates.


cleft lip

A congenital abnormality consisting of one or more clefts (splits) in the upper lip, which may be accompanied by a cleft palate; it is the result of the failure of the embryonic parts of the lip to fuse.


Buspirone

An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.


positive regulation of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.


cellular response to ethanol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.


protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein serine phosphate + H2O = protein serine + phosphate, and protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate.


cornea development in camera-type eye

The progression of the cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cornea is the transparent structure that covers the anterior of the eye.


mitotic nuclear membrane disassembly

The mitotic cell cycle process in which the controlled partial or complete breakdown of the nuclear membranes during occurs during mitosis.


hypothalamus gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron located in the hypothalamus. These neurons release gonadotrophin-releasing hormone as a neural transmitter.


angular cheilitis

Inflammation of the skin at the corners of the mouth characterized by redness, fissures or crusts.


intracellular iron ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of iron ions within a cell.


regulation of glucokinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucokinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a glucose molecule.


Hepatic necrosis

The presence of cell death (necrosis) affecting the liver.


thiolester hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: RCO-SR' + H2O = RCOOH + HSR'. This reaction is the hydrolysis of a thiolester bond, an ester formed from a carboxylic acid and a thiol (i.e., RCO-SR'), such as that found in acetyl-coenzyme A.


response to monoamine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monoamine stimulus. A monoamine is any of a group of molecular messengers that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.


store-operated calcium entry

A calcium ion entry mechanism in the plasma membrane activated by the depletion of calcium ion from the internal calcium ion store in the endoplasmic reticulum.


regulation of smooth muscle cell migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.


Chloroquine

An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.


regulation of response to nutrient levels

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to nutrient levels.


chickenpox

A contagious childhood disorder caused by the varicella zoster virus. It is transmitted via respiratory secretions and contact with chickenpox blister contents. It presents with a vesicular skin rash, usually associated with fever, headache, and myalgias. The pruritic fluid-filled vesicles occur 10-21 days after exposure and last for 3-4 days. An additional 3-4 days of malaise follows before the affected individual feels better. An individual is contagious 1-2 days prior to the appearance of the blisters until all blisters are crusted over. Generally, healthy individuals recover without complications.


regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of vascular endothelial growth factor.


positive regulation of nucleoside metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleosides.


single fertilization

The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote.


Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell signaling

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a Purkinje myocyte to a ventricular cardiac muscle cell.


negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


ovulation cycle process

A process involved in the sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.


protein localization to nucleus

A process in which a protein transports or maintains the localization of another protein to the nucleus.


Leflunomide

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.


regulation of immunoglobulin production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.


protein phosphorylated amino acid binding

Binding to a phosphorylated amino acid residue within a protein.


peroxisome

A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism.


positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.


B cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.


Crohn disease

A gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic inflammation involving all layers of the intestinal wall, noncaseating granulomas affecting the intestinal wall and regional lymph nodes, and transmural fibrosis. Crohn disease most commonly involves the terminal ileum; the colon is the second most common site of involvement.


regulation of carbohydrate biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates.


Sin3 complex

A multiprotein complex that functions broadly in eukaryotic organisms as a transcriptional repressor of protein-coding genes, through the gene-specific deacetylation of histones. Amongst its subunits, the Sin3 complex contains Sin3-like proteins, and a number of core proteins that are shared with the NuRD complex (including histone deacetylases and histone binding proteins). The Sin3 complex does not directly bind DNA itself, but is targeted to specific genes through protein-protein interactions with DNA-binding proteins.


regulation of mast cell degranulation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell degranulation.


L-lactate dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-lactate + NAD+ = pyruvate + NADH + H+.


Finasteride

An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.


Propranolol

A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.


regulation of muscle organ development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development.


small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains at least one RNA of the small nuclear RNA (snRNA) class and as well as its associated proteins. These are typically named after the snRNA(s) they contain, e.g. U1 snRNP, U4/U6 snRNP, or 7SK snRNP. Many, of these complexes become part of the spliceosome involved in splicing of nuclear mRNAs. Others are involved in regulation of transcription elongation or 3'-end processing of replication-dependent histone pre-mRNAs.


negative regulation of triglyceride catabolic process

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triglyceride.


cellular response to cholesterol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cholesterol stimulus.


regulation of B cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.


H4/H2A histone acetyltransferase complex

A multisubunit complex that catalyzes the acetylation of histones H4 and H2A.


snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III

The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III promoter.


mandible

A dentary bone that is the only bone in one of the lateral halves of the lower jaw skeleton.


cysteine-type deubiquitinase activity

An thiol-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves ubiquitin from a target protein to which it is conjugated.


secondary palate

The part of the palate formed from the fusion of the two palatine shelves, extensions of the maxillary prominences.


respiratory chain complex III assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the cytochrome bc(1) complex, a transmembrane lipoprotein complex that it catalyzes the reduction of cytochrome c by accepting reducing equivalents from Coenzyme Q, by the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of its constituents.


protein autophosphorylation

The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation).


positive regulation of phospholipase C activity

Any process that increases the rate of phospholipase C activity.


methyltransferase complex

A protein complex that possesses methyltransferase activity.


Desloratadine

Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an  antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.


phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway

A phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by acetylcholine binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


semicircular canal development

The progression of the semicircular canal from its initial formation to the mature structure.


protein tetramerization

The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.


cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity involved in apoptotic process

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.


smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length.


neutral lipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.


Mania

A state of abnormally elevated or irritable mood, arousal, and/or energy levels.


antigen processing and presentation

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.


regulation of myoblast differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


mast cell activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


snoRNA binding

Binding to a small nucleolar RNA.


angiogenesis involved in wound healing

Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.


regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.


aseptic meningitis

Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord without a bacterial pathogen.


abscess

An inflammatory process characterized by the accumulation of pus within a newly formed tissue cavity which is the result of a bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection or the presence of a foreign body.


telomere organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of telomeres, terminal regions of a linear chromosome that include the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.


Allopurinol

A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.


neuron migration

The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature.


metallocarboxypeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single C-terminal amino acid residue from a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.


negative regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.


negative regulation of oxidoreductase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered.


liver and intrahepatic bile duct neoplasm

A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the liver parenchyma or intrahepatic bile ducts. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include hepatocellular adenoma, and bile duct adenoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and lymphoma.


Deferoxamine

An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.


Bone pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to bone.


negative regulation of intracellular transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.


anaphase-promoting complex-dependent catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome.


response to statin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a statin stimulus. Statins are organooxygen compounds whose structure is related to compactin (mevastatin) and which may be used as an anticholesteremic drug due its EC:1.1.1.34/EC:1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitory properties.


Dutasteride

An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.


nucleotide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).


substance dependence

The psychological or physiological need to take a substance in order to experience its effects or to avoid the effects of its absence.


olfactory bulb interneuron differentiation

The process in which a neuroblast acquires specialized features of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb.


ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme activity

Catalysis of the activation of small proteins, such as ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.


filopodium membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a filopodium.


phosphatidylinositol kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a phosphatidylinositol = ADP + a phosphatidylinositol phosphate.


Nitroglycerin

A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.


outer membrane

The external membrane of Gram-negative bacteria or certain organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts; freely permeable to most ions and metabolites.


Pharyngolaryngeal Pain

Painful sensation in the pharyngolaryngeal region.


Schwann cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a Schwann cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function.


Mexiletine

An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.


nephric duct development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.


regulation of lymphocyte migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration.


Impaired Healing

Improper body tissue repair due to factors affecting one or more of the phases of wound healing, including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.


stereocilium bundle

A bundle of cross-linked stereocilia, arranged around a kinocilium on the apical surface of a sensory hair cell (e.g. a neuromast, auditory or vestibular hair cell). Stereocilium bundles act as mechanosensory organelles by responding to fluid motion or fluid pressure changes.


mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit

The larger of the two subunits of a mitochondrial ribosome. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation: the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site).


embryonic heart tube anterior/posterior pattern specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of cell differentiation that results in the anterior/posterior subdivision of the embryonic heart tube. In Drosophila this results in subdivision of the dorsal vessel into to the posterior heart proper and the anterior aorta.


G protein-coupled amine receptor activity

Combining with an extracellular amine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


apolipoprotein receptor binding

Binding to an apolipoprotein receptor.


Avanafil

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(3-chloro-4-methoxybenzyl)amino]-2-[(2S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid with the amino group of pyrimidin-2-ylmethylamine. Used for treatment of erectile dysfunction.


nephrolithiasis

The presence of a calculus in the pelvis of the kidney; this is most often composed of mineral salts and proteins.


histone ubiquitination

The modification of histones by addition of ubiquitin groups.


G protein-coupled receptor binding

Binding to a G protein-coupled receptor.


protein kinase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein.


wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells

The migration of an epidermal cell along or through a wound gap that contributes to the reestablishment of a continuous epidermis.


regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.


platelet alpha granule

A secretory organelle found in blood platelets, which is unique in that it exhibits further compartmentalization and acquires its protein content via two distinct mechanisms: (1) biosynthesis predominantly at the megakaryocyte (MK) level (with some vestigial platelet synthesis) (e.g. platelet factor 4) and (2) endocytosis and pinocytosis at both the MK and circulating platelet levels (e.g. fibrinogen (Fg) and IgG).


cell activation involved in immune response

A change in the morphology or behavior of a cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


copper-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein or protein complex, in the presence of copper.


cytidylyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a cytidylyl group to an acceptor.


histone H4 acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 = CoA + acetyl-histone H4.


Acetophenazine

A member of the class of  phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.


tendinopathy

Disorders that are causes by overuse of tendons.


Benzyl Benzoate

A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of benzoic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Polyalthia.


rectal cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the rectum. Representative examples include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.


Antazoline

A member of the class of imidazolines that is 2-aminomethyl-2-imidazoline in which the exocyclic amino hydrogens are replaced by benzyl and phenyl groups. Antazoline is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.


RNA-DNA hybrid ribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA in RNA-DNA hybrids to 5'-phosphomonoesters.


euchromatin

A dispersed and relatively uncompacted form of chromatin that is in a transcription-competent conformation.


UTP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate.


endocrine system development

Progression of the endocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The endocrine system is a system of hormones and ductless glands, where the glands release hormones directly into the blood, lymph or other intercellular fluid, and the hormones circulate within the body to affect distant organs. The major glands that make up the human endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathryoids, adrenals, pineal body, and the reproductive glands which include the ovaries and testes.


Bone marrow depression

A laboratory finding indicating decreased number of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow. It may result from decreased proliferation of all or part of the hematopoietic series (erythroid, myeloid, and megakaryocytic). Microscopically, the hematopoietic cells are replaced by adipocytes.


visual learning

Any process in an organism in which a change in behavior of an individual occurs in response to repeated exposure to a visual cue.


peptide transport

The directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


uronic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving uronic acid, any monocarboxylic acid formally derived by oxidizing to a carboxyl group the terminal hydroxymethylene group of either an aldose with four or more carbon atoms in the molecule, or of any glycoside derived from such an aldose.


negative regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ = D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+.


Hyperamylasemia

Increased level of amylase in the blood, an enzyme which helps digest glycogen and starch. It is produced mainly in the pancreas and salivary glands.


regulation of telomere maintenance

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.


axonal fasciculation

The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


mammary gland branching involved in thelarche

The process in which the branching structure of the mammary gland duct is generated and organized during the period of sexual maturity in mammals. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.


threonine-type endopeptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the hydroxyl group of a threonine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.


alkaloid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).


mitotic cell cycle phase transition

The cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering the next mitotic cell cycle phase.


respiratory electron transport chain

A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.


bicellular tight junction

An occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet; the outer leaflets of the two interacting plasma membranes are seen to be tightly apposed where sealing strands are present. Each sealing strand is composed of a long row of transmembrane adhesion proteins embedded in each of the two interacting plasma membranes.


response to glucagon

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucagon stimulus.


LYMECYCLINE

A tetracycline-based broad-spectrum antibiotic. It is approximately 5000 times more soluble than tetracycline base and is unique amongst tetracyclines in that it is absorbed by the "active transport" process across the intestinal wall.


DEMECLOCYCLINE

Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.


Tauroursodeoxycholic acid

A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.


Bretylium

A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.


RNA polymerase I complex

RNA polymerase I, one of three nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerases found in all eukaryotes, is a multisubunit complex; typically it produces rRNAs. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits (generally ten or more), some of which are also found in RNA polymerase III and others of which are also found in RNA polymerases II and III. Although the core is competent to mediate ribonucleic acid synthesis, it requires additional factors to select the appropriate template.


Limb pain

Chronic pain in the limbs with no clear focal etiology.


Dabigatran etexilate

An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-{N'-[(hexyloxy)carbonyl]carbamimidoyl}phenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amino group of ethyl N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alaninate. A prodrug for dabigatran, a thrombin inhibitor and anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.


RNA polymerase I transcription regulator complex

A transcription factor complex that acts at a regulatory region of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase I.


ATPase-coupled ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other, driven by the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate.


negative regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway activity.


RNA polymerase II, holoenzyme

A nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex containing an RNA polymerase II core enzyme as well as additional proteins and transcription factor complexes, that are capable of promoter recognition and transcription initiation from an RNA polymerase II promoter in vivo. These additional components may include general transcription factor complexes TFIIA, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, or TFIIH, as well as Mediator, SWI/SNF, GCN5, or SRBs and confer the ability to recognize promoters.


Ceftazidime

A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and {[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.


candidiasis

Infection with the organism Candida.


glycine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycine, aminoethanoic acid.


regulation of mRNA 3'-end processing

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-end processing, any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an mRNA molecule.


positive regulation of integrin-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of integrin-mediated signaling pathway.


cellular response to increased oxygen levels

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting an increase in the level of oxygen.


actin-based cell projection

A cell projection supported by an assembly of actin filaments, and which lacks microtubules.


positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate.


regulation of appetite

Any process which modulates appetite, the desire or physical craving for food.


keratan sulfate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving keratan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat units consisting of beta-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl-beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate and with variable amounts of fucose, sialic acid and mannose units; keratan sulfate chains are covalently linked by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose to peptidyl-threonine or serine residues.


aspartic-type peptidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which a water molecule bound by the side chains of aspartic residues at the active center acts as a nucleophile.


Notch signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to the receptor Notch on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


diol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a diol, any alcohol containing two hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.


regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.


cerebral cortex radially oriented cell migration

The migration of cells in the developing cerebral cortex in which cells move from the ventricular and/or subventricular zone toward the surface of the brain.


pathologic nystagmus

Involuntary movements of the eyeballs. The presence or absence of nystagmus is often used in the diagnosis of a variety of neurological and visual disorders.


regulation of muscle system process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a muscle system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in a muscle system.


gluconeogenesis

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.


adrenal gland cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the adrenal gland


histamine receptor activity

Combining with histamine to initiate a change in cell activity. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.


amino-acid betaine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of betaine from one side of a membrane to the other. Betaine is the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.


Echothiophate

The phosphorothioate obtained by formal condensation of diethyl phosphate with N,N,N-trimethyl-2-sulfanylethanaminium. An irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its iodide salt is used an ocular antihypertensive in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma, particularly when other drugs have proved inadequate.


uveitis

An inflammatory process affecting a part of or the entire uvea. Causes include inflammatory agents (e.g., herpes simplex, herpes zoster, leptospirosis) and systemic diseases (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis). Patients present with pain and redness in the eye, light sensitivity, and blurred and decreased vision.


negative regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.


regulation of DNA-templated transcription in response to stress

Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from a DNA template as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).


Stomach dilation procedure

biolink:Procedure biolink:NamedThing biolink:ActivityAndBehavior biolink:Occurrent biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


microvillus membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a microvillus.


response to auditory stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an auditory stimulus.


regulation of interleukin-1 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production.


primary alcohol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of primary alcohols. A primary alcohol is any alcohol in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.


negative regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.


caspase binding

Binding to a caspase family protein.


regulation of muscle cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.


progressive familial heart block, type 1A

An autosomal dominant inherited cardiac bundle branch disorder which can progress to complete heart block.


adult walking behavior

The behavior of an adult relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg.


membranous glomerulonephritis

A slowly progressive inflammation of the glomeruli characterized by immune complex deposits at the glomerular basement membrane, resulting in a thickened membrane, and nephrotic syndrome.


negative regulation of histone methylation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of methyl groups to histones.


Peyer's patch morphogenesis

The process in which a Peyer's patch is generated and organized. Peyer's patches are typically found as nodules associated with gut epithelium with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.


regulation of plasma membrane organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane organization.


cadherin binding

Binding to cadherin, a type I membrane protein involved in cell adhesion.


spinal cord dorsal/ventral patterning

The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random dorsal-ventral spatial arrangement of the spinal cord.


regulation of cytokine activity

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the activity of a molecule that controls the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.


Allodynia

Pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain.


negative regulation of mRNA processing

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing.


organic acid binding

Binding to an organic acid, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.


sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the sarcoplasmic reticulum.


positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation.


negative regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.


substance abuse

The use of a drug for a reason other than which it was intended or in a manner or in quantities other than directed.


G protein-coupled chemoattractant receptor activity

Combining with a chemoattractant and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


bicellular tight junction assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a tight junction, an occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet.


corpus callosum development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the corpus callosum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provide communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.


1-phosphatidylinositol binding

Binding to a phosphatidylinositol, a glycophospholipid with its sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.


Polymenorrhea

Frequent menses; menstrual cycles lasting less than 21 days.


leukotriene biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.


positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus

Any positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that is involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus.


fat-soluble vitamin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.


Marchiafava-Bignami disease

Marchiafava Bignami disease is defined by characteristic demyelination of the corpus callosum (erosion of the protective covering of nerve fibers joining the 2 hemispheres of the brain). The disease seems to most often affect severe and chronic alcoholics in their middle or late adult life. Early symptoms may include depression, paranoia, psychosis, or dementia. Seizures are common, and hemiparesis, aphasia, abnormal movements, and ataxia may sometimesprogress to coma and/or death. The cause of Marchiafava Bignami disease, including the potential role of nutritional deficiency, remains unknown. Improvement and recovery of some individuals has been reported. Treatment focuses on nutritional support and rehabilitation from alcoholism.


antigen processing and presentation of endogenous antigen

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.


positive regulation of viral transcription

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription.


adenylate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + AMP = 2 ADP.


phospholipase A1 activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 2-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate.


negative regulation of leukocyte degranulation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte degranulation.


alpha-2A adrenergic receptor binding

Binding to an alpha-2A adrenergic receptor.


Dicyclomine

The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.


positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


SOSS complex

A protein complex that functions downstream of the MRN complex to promote DNA repair and the G2/M checkpoint. The SOSS complex associates with single-stranded DNA at DNA lesions and is composed of SOSS-B (SOSS-B1/OBFC2B or SOSS-B2/OBFC2A), SOSS-A/INTS3 and SOSS-C/C9orf80.


tuberculosis

A chronic, recurrent infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB) may affect almost any tissue or organ of the body with the lungs being the most common site of infection. The clinical stages of TB are primary or initial infection, latent or dormant infection, and recrudescent or adult-type TB. Ninety to 95% of primary TB infections may go unrecognized. Histopathologically, tissue lesions consist of granulomas which usually undergo central caseation necrosis. Local symptoms of TB vary according to the part affected; acute symptoms include hectic fever, sweats, and emaciation; serious complications include granulomatous erosion of pulmonary bronchi associated with hemoptysis. If untreated, progressive TB may be associated with a high degree of mortality. This infection is frequently observed in immunocompromised individuals with AIDS or a history of illicit IV drug use.


somatic diversification of immunoglobulins

The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of immunoglobulins.


neuropeptide Y receptor activity

Combining with neuropeptide Y to initiate a change in cell activity.


parotitis

Inflammation of the parotid glands.


Cyst

A sac-like closed membranous structure that may be empty or contain fluid or amorphous material.


Desmopressin

A synthetic analogue of vasopressin in which 3-mercaptopropionic acid replaces the cysteine residue at position 1 and D-arginine replaces the residue at position 8. An antidiuretic, it increases urine concentration and decreases urine production, and is used (usually as the trihydrate of the acetic acid salt) to prevent and control excessive thirst, urination, and dehydration caused by injury, surgery, and certain medical conditions. It is also used in the diagnosis and treatment of cranial diabetes insipidus and in tests of renal function.


basophil differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires specialized features of a basophil cell.


negative regulation of protein transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore

The process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex.


herpes zoster

A common dermal and neurologic disorder caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus that has remained dormant within dorsal root ganglia, often for decades, after the patient's initial exposure to the virus in the form of varicella (chickenpox). It is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area.


Amobarbital

A member of the class of  barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.


cornification

A type of programmed cell death that occurs in the epidermis, morphologically and biochemically distinct from apoptosis. It leads to the formation of corneocytes, i.e. dead keratinocytes containing an amalgam of specific proteins (e.g., keratin, loricrin, SPR and involucrin) and lipids (e.g., fatty acids and ceramides), which are necessary for the function of the cornified skin layer (mechanical resistance, elasticity, water repellence and structural stability).


regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.


body fluid secretion

The controlled release of a fluid by a cell or tissue in an animal.


penile disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the penis. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include phimosis, balanitis, and hypospadias. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include hemangioma, penile intraepithelial neoplasia, and penile carcinoma.


acute interstitial pneumonia

Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP), also referred to as Hamman-Rich syndrome, is a rapidly progressive and histologically distinct form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia.


transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


Rifampicin

A member of the class of rifamycins that is a a semisynthetic antibiotic derived from Amycolatopsis rifamycinica (previously known as Amycolatopsis mediterranei and Streptomyces mediterranei).


mesodermal cell migration

The orderly movement of mesodermal cells from one site to another.


calcium-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein or protein complex in the presence of calcium.


regulation of store-operated calcium channel activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of store-operated calcium channel activity.


fatty acid derivative biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acid derivative.


Oily Skin

The pores of the skin are generally large and visible with a coarse or thick texture. The skin has a tendency to look dull and greasy and feels oily to the touch.


ciliary plasm

All of the contents of a cilium, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the cilium.


Penciclovir

A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.


Decreased Therapeutic Response

A reduction in the desirable and beneficial effects resulting from a medical  treatment.


exploration behavior

The specific behavior of an organism in response to a novel environment or stimulus.


regulation of female gonad development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development.


nucleoside phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any phosphorylated nucleoside.


chloride transport

The directed movement of chloride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


cell aggregation

The clustering together and adhesion of initially separate cells to form an aggregate. Examples include the clustering of unicellular organisms or blood cells in suspension and the condensation of mesenchymal cells during cartilage formation.


heme biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors.


lung epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell that contributes to the epithelium of the lung.


narrow pore channel activity

Enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a narrow pore channel that may be gated or ungated.


tumor lysis syndrome

A condition of metabolic abnormalities that result from a spontaneous or therapy-related cytolysis of tumor cells. Tumor lysis syndrome typically occurs in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. Burkitt lymphoma and T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia are commonly associated with this syndrome. Metabolic abnormalities include hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia and may result in renal failure, multiple organ failure, and death.


poly-pyrimidine tract binding

Binding to a stretch of pyrimidines (cytosine or uracil) in an RNA molecule.


histone acetyltransferase complex

A protein complex that possesses histone acetyltransferase activity.


germ cell migration

The orderly movement of a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes through the embryo from its site of production to the place where the gonads will form.


purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


Myelosuppression

A laboratory test result indicating low production of erythrocytes, leukocytes and/or thrombocytes from the bone marrow.


glomerulus development

The progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney. The glomerulus is part of the nephron and is restricted to one body segment.


blindness (disorder)

The lack of vision. It is caused by neurological or physiological factors.


forebrain neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron that will reside in the forebrain.


Metformin

A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.


first-degree atrioventricular block

A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of prolonged PR interval for a specific population. For adults one common threshold is a PR interval greater than 0.20 seconds.


bile duct cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the bile duct


Abdominal colic

A type of abdominal pain that comes and goes in waves, most often starting and ending suddenly and being of severe intensity.


RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex

A transcription factor complex that acts at a regulatory region of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II.


Dibucaine

A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.


host intracellular organelle

Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the host cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


regulation of protein processing

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein processing, a protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.


regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.


vestibular nuclear complex

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Nuclear complex containing the vestibular nuclei.


regulation of cilium movement involved in cell motility

Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of cilium movement involved in ciliary motility.


synaptonemal complex organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synaptonemal complex. A synaptonemal complex is a proteinaceous scaffold formed between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.


muscle hypertrophy

The muscle system process that results in enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development (it stops in cardiac muscle after adolescence) and can also be brought on in response to demand. In athletes cardiac and skeletal muscles undergo hypertrophy stimulated by increasing muscle activity on exercise. Smooth muscle cells in the uterus undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy.


DNA unwinding involved in DNA replication

The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating unpaired template strands for DNA replication.


regulation of protein exit from endoplasmic reticulum

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.


Mesenteric venous thrombosis

A clot that obstructs blood flow in a mesenteric vein (the superior and the inferior mesenteric vein drain blood from the small and large intestine).


hiatus hernia

Herniation of the upper part of the stomach through the diaphragm.


neoplasm

A benign or malignant tissue growth resulting from uncontrolled cell proliferation. Benign neoplastic cells resemble normal cells without exhibiting significant cytologic atypia, while malignant cells exhibit overt signs such as dysplastic features, atypical mitotic figures, necrosis, nuclear pleomorphism, and anaplasia. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include papillomas, cystadenomas, and lipomas; malignant neoplasms include carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, and leukemias.


amino-acid betaine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.


folliculitis

Inflammation of the hair follicles. Causes include excessive perspiration, skin infections, and skin wounds.


fatty acid binding

Binding to a fatty acid, an aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.