blood

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A fluid that is composed of blood plasma and erythrocytes.


ovary

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The gonad of a female organism which contains germ cells.


decidua

The maternal uterine-derived portion of the placenta.


female reproductive system

The organs and associated structures associated with bearing offspring in a female animal.


cardiac ventricle

Cardiac chamber through which blood leaves the heart.


Podofilox

An organic heterotetracyclic compound that has a furonaphthodioxole skeleton bearing a 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl substituent. It is found in the roots and rhizomes of Podophyllum species and is used for the topical treatment of genital warts.


polyp

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

A usually exophytic mass attached to the underlying tissue by a broad base or a thin stalk. Polyps can be neoplastic or non-neoplastic. Neoplastic polyps usually represent proliferations of the epithelium, and are commonly seen in the gastrointestinal tract. Polyps of the gastrointestinal tract are often called adenomas, are associated with dysplasia, and may eventually transform into carcinomas. Non-neoplastic polyps may be inflammatory, degenerative, or the result of malformations.


adrenal gland

Either of a pair of complex endocrine organs near the anterior medial border of the kidney consisting of a mesodermal cortex that produces glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgenic hormones and an ectodermal medulla that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine[BTO].


protein homodimerization activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binding to an identical protein to form a homodimer.


cellular response to type I interferon

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a type I interferon stimulus. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


response to mitochondrial depolarisation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) in response to the depolarization of one or more mitochondria.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (protein)-arginine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (protein)-N-methyl-arginine.


lipid homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of lipid within an organism or cell.


myocardium

The middle layer of the heart, comprised mainly of striated cardiac muscle fibers.


response to organonitrogen compound

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.


Dextromethorphan

A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.


uterus

The female muscular organ of gestation in which the developing embryo or fetus is nourished until birth.


bronchus

The upper conducting airways of the lung; these airways arise from the terminus of the trachea.


receptor-mediated endocytosis

An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles.


negative regulation of hydrolase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.


spinal cord

Part of the central nervous system located in the vertebral canal continuous with and caudal to the brain; demarcated from brain by plane of foramen magnum. It is composed of an inner core of gray matter in which nerve cells predominate, and an outer layer of white matter in which myelinated nerve fibers predominate, and surrounds the central canal. (CUMBO).


brain

The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP].


L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of an L-amino acid from one side of a membrane to the other. L-amino acids are the L-enantiomers of amino acids.


kidney cancer

Primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the kidney.


vagina

A fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles[WP].


head

The head is the anterior-most division of the body [GO].


response to external biotic stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external biotic stimulus, an external stimulus caused by, or produced by living things.


liver

An exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes[GO].


DNA-templated transcription elongation

The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by an RNA polymerase.


telencephalon

Part of the forebrain consisting of paired olfactory bulbs and cerebral hemispheres.


regulation of translation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.


regulation of granulocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.


blood circulation

The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products.


heart

A myogenic muscular circulatory organ found in the vertebrate cardiovascular system composed of chambers of cardiac muscle. It is the primary circulatory organ.


negative regulation of neurogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system.


regulation of leukocyte activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte activation.


guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity

Stimulates the exchange of GDP to GTP on a signaling GTPase, changing its conformation to its active form. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) act by stimulating the release of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) to allow binding of guanosine triphosphate (GTP), which is more abundant in the cell under normal cellular physiological conditions.


endometrium

The glandular mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the estrous/menstrual cycle and during pregnancy.


regulation of establishment of protein localization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location.


regulation of autophagy

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.


protein sumoylation

The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is conjugated to a target protein via an isopeptide bond between the carboxy-terminus of SUMO with an epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein.


positive regulation of cell development

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


prostate gland

The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid.


Risperidone

A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.


Abdominal pain

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) and perceived to originate in the abdomen.


cardiovascular system

Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels.


nipple

Projection of skin containing the outlets for 15-20 lactiferous ducts arranged cylindrically around the tip.


ATP hydrolysis activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + H+ phosphate. ATP hydrolysis is used in some reactions as an energy source, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient.


regulation of histone modification

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone.


Raltegravir

A pyrimidone that is pyrimidin-4(3H)-one in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, 5 and 6 are replaced by 2-[(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-carbonyl)amino]propan-2-yl, methyl, hydroxy, and N-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]aminoacyl groups, respectively. It is an antiretroviral drug used for treatment of HIV infection.


Eructation

To belch, the casting of upwind from the stomach.


phospholipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


signal transduction in response to DNA damage

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A cascade of processes induced by the detection of DNA damage within a cell.


cardiac atrium

Cardiac chamber in which blood enters the heart.


multicellular organismal reproductive process

The process, occurring above the cellular level, that is pertinent to the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. This includes the integrated processes at the level of tissues and organs.


trans-synaptic signaling

Cell-cell signaling in either direction across the synaptic cleft.


phosphatidylserine binding

Binding to phosphatidylserine, a class of glycophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine.


embryonic organ development

Development, taking place during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.


central nervous system

The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the neural tube derivatives: the brain and spinal cord. In invertebrates it includes central ganglia plus nerve cord.


agranulocytosis

A decrease in the number of mature granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) in the peripheral blood.


adult behavior

Behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.


ubiquitin-protein transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-Ub + Y = Y-Ub + X, where both X-Ub and Y-Ub are covalent linkages.


Carbamazepine

A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.


uterine cervix

Lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina.


negative regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.


extracellular matrix organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix.


iron ion binding

Binding to an iron (Fe) ion.


biological process involved in symbiotic interaction

A process carried out by gene products in an organism that enable the organism to engage in a symbiotic relationship, a more or less intimate association, with another organism. The various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, in which the association is disadvantageous or destructive to one of the organisms; mutualism, in which the association is advantageous, or often necessary to one or both and not harmful to either; and commensalism, in which one member of the association benefits while the other is not affected. However, mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism are often not discrete categories of interactions and should rather be perceived as a continuum of interaction ranging from parasitism to mutualism. In fact, the direction of a symbiotic interaction can change during the lifetime of the symbionts due to developmental changes as well as changes in the biotic/abiotic environment in which the interaction occurs. Microscopic symbionts are often referred to as endosymbionts.


Ribavirin

A 1-ribosyltriazole that is the 1-ribofuranosyl derivative of 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. A synthetic guanosine analogue, it is an inhibitor of HCV polymerase and possesses a broad spectrum of activity against DNA and RNA viruses.


nutritional disorder

Any condition related to a disturbance between proper intake and utilization of nourishment.


cortex of kidney

Outer cortical portion of the kidney, between the renal capsule and the renal medulla.


adipose tissue

Portion of connective tissue composed of adipocytes enmeshed in areolar tissue.


purpura

A small blood vessel hemorrhage into the skin and/or mucous membranes. Newer lesions appear reddish in color. Older lesions are usually a darker purple color and eventually become a brownish-yellow color.


positive regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.


chemotaxis

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).


central nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.


transmembrane receptor protein kinase activity

Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.


protein dephosphorylation

The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein.


negative regulation of protein dephosphorylation

Any process the stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.


thyroid gland

A two-lobed endocrine gland found in all vertebrates, located in front of and on either side of the trachea in humans, and producing various hormones, such as triiodothyronine and calcitonin[BTO].


medulla oblongata

Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the medullary reticular formation, inferior olivary complex and cochlear nuclear complex, among other structures[FMA]. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate[GO].


response to inorganic substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus.


inner mitochondrial membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial inner membrane.


respiratory system

Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration.


myometrium

The smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ and surrounds and supports the endometrium.


Zonisamide

A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.


Increased body weight

Abnormally increased body weight.


inositol phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.


heparin binding

Binding to heparin, a member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells and which consist predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.


neuronal cell body

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.


testis

A gonad of a male animal. A gonad produces and releases sperm.


bone marrow

The soft tissue that fills the cavities of bones.


forebrain

The most anterior region of the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon.


cilium organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.


lymph node

Any of the rounded masses of lymphoid tissue that are surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue, are distributed along the lymphatic vessels, and contain numerous lymphocytes which filter the flow of lymph.


cartilage tissue

Skeletal tissue that is avascular, rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and typically includes chondrocytes within isolated lacunae. Cartilage tissue is deposited by chondroblasts.


epithelial cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.


Mycophenolate mofetil

A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.


cutaneous candidiasis

Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)


ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a ribonucleoside triphosphate + H2O = a ribonucleoside diphosphate + H+ + phosphate.


secondary active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy, not direct ATP coupling. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.


microtubule

Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle.


action potential

A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities.


eye

An organ that detects light.


lung

Respiration organ that develops as an outpocketing of the esophagus.


cell projection membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a plasma membrane bounded cell surface projection.


collecting duct of renal tubule

The collecting duct is a portion of the nephron through which water flows, moving passively down its concentration gradient.


adrenal cortex

The thick outer layer of the adrenal gland that produces and secretes steroid hormones such as corticosterone, estrone and aldosterone.


myeloid cell homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of myeloid cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


positive regulation of hemostasis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hemostasis.


response to corticosteroid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticosteroid hormone stimulus. A corticosteroid is a steroid hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior. They include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.


melanoma

A malignant, usually aggressive tumor composed of atypical, neoplastic melanocytes. Most often, melanomas arise in the skin (cutaneous melanomas) and include the following histologic subtypes: superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, acral lentiginous melanoma, and lentigo maligna melanoma. Cutaneous melanomas may arise from acquired or congenital melanocytic or dysplastic nevi. Melanomas may also arise in other anatomic sites including the gastrointestinal system, eye, urinary tract, and reproductive system. Melanomas frequently metastasize to lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain.


cell-cell adhesion

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.


tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation

The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA and the alpha carboxylic acid group of an amino acid, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis.


positive regulation of heart contraction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction.


Estriol

A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol substituted by additional hydroxy groups at positions 16 and 17 (16alpha,17beta-stereoisomer).


embryonic skeletal system morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase.


Cerulenin

An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.


epithelial tube morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an epithelium. Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.


embryonic organ morphogenesis

Morphogenesis, during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.


digestive system

Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes.


Ciprofloxacin

A  quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.


Visual Disturbance

An interference to normal eyesight.


regulation of immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.


Omeprazole

A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.


immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of a cell, leading to the activation or perpetuation of an immune response.


histone acetylation

The modification of a histone by the addition of an acetyl group.


HYOSCYAMINE

An atropine with a 2S-configuration.


Scaling skin

Refers to the loss of the outer layer of the epidermis in large, scale-like flakes.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


translation

The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome.


regulation of lipoprotein particle clearance

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of lipoprotein particle clearance. Lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving a 2'-deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a 2'-deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


Ear pain

Pain in the ear can be a consequence of otologic disease (primary or otogenic otalgia), or can arise from pathologic processes and structures other than the ear (secondary or referred otalgia).


sense organ

An organ that is capable of transducing sensory stimulus to the nervous system.


sperm fibrous sheath

A cytoskeletal structure surrounding the axoneme and outer dense fibers of the sperm flagellum. Consists of two longitudinal columns connected by closely arrayed semicircular ribs that assemble from distal to proximal throughout spermiogenesis. The fibrous sheath probably influences the degree of flexibility, plane of flagellar motion, and the shape of the flagellar beat.


Tacrolimus

A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.


nucleotide-excision repair

A DNA repair process in which a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts).


embryo

Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.


nuclear pore outer ring

A subcomplex of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) that forms the outer rings of the core scaffold, a lattice-like structure that gives the NPC its shape and strength. In S. cerevisiae, the two outer rings each contain multiple copies of the following proteins: Nup133p, Nup120p, Nup145Cp, Nup85p, Nup84p, Seh1p, and Sec13p. In vertebrates, the two outer rings each contain multiple copies of the following proteins: Nup133, Nup160, Nup96, Nup75, Nup107, Seh1, Sec13, Nup43, Nup37, and ALADIN. Components are arranged in 8-fold symmetrical 'spokes' around the central transport channel. A single 'spoke', can be isolated and is sometimes referred to as the Nup84 complex (S. cerevisiae) or the Nup107-160 complex (vertebrates).


ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin, via the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway; ubiquitin-tagged proteins are sorted into MVBs, and delivered to a lysosome/vacuole for degradation.


Ertapenem

Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal  and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.


Rhinorrhea

Increased discharge of mucus from the nose.


infectious disease

A disorder directly resulting from the presence and activity of a microbial, viral, or parasitic agent in humans. It can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact.


islet of Langerhans

The clusters of hormone-producing cells that are scattered throughout the pancreas.


oxidoreductase complex

Any protein complex that possesses oxidoreductase activity.


Triamcinolone

A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.


Hepatomegaly

Abnormally increased size of the liver.


glyoxylate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyoxylate, the anion of glyoxylic acid, HOC-COOH.


response to cytokine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.


gonad

Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis).


multicellular organism reproduction

The biological process in which new individuals are produced by one or two multicellular organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.


negative regulation by host of viral transcription

Any process in which a host organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription.


cellular response to zinc ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a zinc ion stimulus.


regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.


negative regulation of chromosome organization

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization.


saliva-secreting gland

Saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity[GO].


sensory perception

The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


positive regulation of transferase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.


hindbrain morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the hindbrain is generated and organized. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.


Prp19 complex

A protein complex consisting of Prp19 and associated proteins that is involved in the transition from the precatalytic spliceosome to the activated form that catalyzes step 1 of splicing, and which remains associated with the spliceosome through the second catalytic step. It is widely conserved, found in both yeast and mammals, though the exact composition varies. In S. cerevisiae, it contains Prp19p, Ntc20p, Snt309p, Isy1p, Syf2p, Cwc2p, Prp46p, Clf1p, Cef1p, and Syf1p.


mammary gland

A specialized accessory gland of the skin of mammals that secretes milk. The gland is typically only developed in females, and regresses in males.


cellular response to organonitrogen compound

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.


renal system

The renal system in an anatomical system that maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products.


neurotransmitter binding

Binding to a neurotransmitter, any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.


response to extracellular stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus.


cell cycle phase transition

The cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering the next cell cycle phase.


sclerosing cholangitis

A chronic, autoimmune inflammatory liver disorder characterized by narrowing and scarring of the lumen of the bile ducts. It is often seen in patients with ulcerative colitis. Signs and symptoms include jaundice, fatigue, and malabsorption. It may lead to cirrhosis and liver failure.


gallbladder

An organ that aids digestion and stores bile produced by the liver[WP].


cerebellum

Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement[MESH]. A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum , and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe[BTO]. Brain structure derived from the anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain. The cerebellum plays a role in somatic motor function, the control of muscle tone, and balance[ZFA].


endocrine gland

Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products directly into the circulatory system rather than through a duct.[WP, modified].


epithelium

Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina. Examples: simple squamous epithelium, glandular cuboidal epithelium, transitional epithelium, myoepithelium[CARO].


hematopoietic system

Anatomical system that is involved in the production of hematopoietic cells.


cell part morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell part are generated and organized.


retina

The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.


positive regulation of programmed cell death

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.


Indapamide

A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.


diabetes mellitus

A metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood sugar levels due to diminished production of insulin or insulin resistance/desensitization.


tubular endosome

A network of fine tubules in the vicinity of the Golgi complex and around the centriole.


pericardium

The combination of pericardial sac (a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels) plus fibrous pericardium.


hypertensive disorder

Persistently high systemic arterial blood pressure. Based on multiple readings (blood pressure determination), hypertension is currently defined as when systolic pressure is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when diastolic pressure is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.


modification-dependent protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent modification of the target protein.


regulation of secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.


Gemcitabine

A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.


parotid gland

The parotid gland is the largest of the salivary glands. It is found wrapped around the mandibular ramus, and it secretes saliva through Stensen's duct into the oral cavity, to facilitate mastication and swallowing. [WP,unvetted].


response to mechanical stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus.


Embolus

A mass of clotted blood or other formed elements, such as bubbles of air, calcium fragments, etc. brought by the blood from another vessel and forced into a smaller one, thus obstructing the circulation.


bone mineralization

The deposition of hydroxyapatite, a form of calcium phosphate with the formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, in bone tissue.


transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.


Promethazine

A  tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.


Propiomazine

A member of the class of  phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)propyl group at nitrogen atom and a propanoyl group at position 2.


chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are chondroitin sulfate. Chondroitin sulfates are a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues; the repeat units consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.


kinesin complex

Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily, a group of related proteins that contain an extended region of predicted alpha-helical coiled coil in the main chain that likely produces dimerization. The native complexes of several kinesin family members have also been shown to contain additional peptides, often designated light chains as all of the noncatalytic subunits that are currently known are smaller than the chain that contains the motor unit. Kinesin complexes generally possess a force-generating enzymatic activity, or motor, which converts the free energy of the gamma phosphate bond of ATP into mechanical work.


tendon

Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone[VSAO].


axon guidance

The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


cell leading edge

The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement.


skin of body

The organ covering the body that consists of the dermis and epidermis.


Beclomethasone dipropionate

A steroid ester comprising beclomethasone having propionyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.


lung cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the lung.


nucleotide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).


Cefpodoxime

A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with methoxymethyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamino substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Given by mouth as its proxetil ester prodrug, it is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.


Hyperhidrosis

Abnormal excessive perspiration (sweating) despite the lack of appropriate stimuli like hot and humid weather.


malaria

Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease caused by a parasite that commonly infects a certain type of mosquito which feeds on humans. Infection with malaria parasites may result in a wide variety of symptoms, ranging from absent or very mild symptoms to severe disease and even death. People who get malaria are typically very sick with high fevers, shaking chills, and flu-like illness. In general, malaria is a curable disease if diagnosed and treated promptly and correctly.Treatment depends on many factors including disease severity, the species of malaria parasite causing the infection and the part of the world in which the infection was acquired.


regulation of nuclear division

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.


acyltransferase activity, transferring groups other than amino-acyl groups

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group, other than amino-acyl, from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


monosaccharide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.


gamma-tubulin complex

A multiprotein complex composed of gamma-tubulin and other non-tubulin proteins. Gamma-tubulin complexes are localized to microtubule organizing centers, and play an important role in the nucleation of microtubules. The number and complexity of non-tubulin proteins associated with these complexes varies between species.


regulation of cell cycle phase transition

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle phase transition.


cell cortex

The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.


response to glucocorticoid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.


regulation of neuron differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.


hemopoiesis

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates.


lymphoid tissue

Portion of connective tissue with various types of white blood cells enmeshed in it, most numerous being the lymphocytes[WP].


ureteric bud development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureteric bud over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


Excessive daytime somnolence

A state of abnormally strong desire for sleep during the daytime.


protein ubiquitination

The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein.


regulation of defense response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a defense response.


voltage-gated channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


Marimastat

A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.


Clomipramine

A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.


Parageusia

A distortion of the sense of taste, often characterized by the sensation of a metallic taste.


Micafungin

A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.


amine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.


cell projection assembly

Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.


peptide binding

Binding to a peptide, an organic compound comprising two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds.


regulation of microtubule-based process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton.


Amiodarone

A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a  cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.


urticaria

A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.


toxic megacolon

An acute form of megacolon, severe pathological dilatation of the colon. It is associated with clinical conditions such as ulcerative colitis; crohn disease; amebic dysentery; or clostridium enterocolitis.


glycerolipid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone. Diacylglycerol and phosphatidate are key lipid intermediates of glycerolipid biosynthesis.


transcription coregulator activity

A transcription regulator activity that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Coregulators often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription coregulators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators.


response to nutrient

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus.


integrator complex

A protein complex that stably associates with the C-terminus of RNA polymerase II and mediates 3'-end processing of small nuclear RNAs generated by RNA polymerase II.


Aminoglutethimide

A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.


pancytopenia

A finding of low numbers of red and white blood cells and platelets in the peripheral blood.


purine-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.


arteriole

The smallest division of the artery located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries[GO].


regulation of striated muscle tissue development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.


cell-substrate junction assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate.


Nelarabine

A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).


urinary system disorder

A disease involving the renal system.


The directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


organelle fusion

The creation of a single organelle from two or more organelles.


pituitary gland

The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands [GO]. An endocrine gland located ventral to the diencephalon and derived from mixed neuroectodermal and non neuroectodermal origin [ZFIN].


DNA strand elongation

The DNA metabolic process in which an existing DNA strand is extended by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand.


macrophage activation

A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


cell-cell junction organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-cell junction. A cell-cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells.


midbrain

The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles)[GO].


Glutamine

An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.


viral infectious disease

Any disease caused by a virus.


transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses serine/threonine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein.


Indomethacin

A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.


Headache

Cephalgia, or pain sensed in various parts of the head, not confined to the area of distribution of any nerve.


mitochondrion organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components.


positive regulation of cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.


helicase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix.


connective tissue

Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.


regulation of cell morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process in which the shape of a cell is generated and organized.


intracellular protein transport

The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.


obesity disorder

A disorder involving an excessive amount of body fat.


regulation of translation in response to stress

Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).


regulation of cell-substrate adhesion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.


regulation of anatomical structure size

Any process that modulates the size of an anatomical structure.


response to oxygen levels

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of oxygen.


development of primary male sexual characteristics

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary male sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary male sexual characteristics are the testes, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.


negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in the apoptotic process.


Topotecan

A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.


regulation of serine-type peptidase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type peptidase activity.


negative regulation of synapse assembly

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.


thymocyte aggregation

The adhesion of one thymocyte (an immature T cell) to one or more other thymocytes via adhesion molecules.


COP9 signalosome

A protein complex that catalyzes the deneddylation of proteins, including the cullin component of SCF ubiquitin E3 ligase; deneddylation increases the activity of cullin family ubiquitin ligases. The signalosome is involved in many regulatory process, including some which control development, in many species; also regulates photomorphogenesis in plants; in many species its subunits are highly similar to those of the proteasome.


Clostridium difficile colitis

A bacterial infection of the colon secondary to infection with Clostridium difficile bacteria. This infection generally results from the loss of normal gut flora secondary to recent antibiotic use, and manifests as copious watery stools, with associated abdominal pain and myalgia. C. difficile is the most common cause of pseudomembranous colitis, and can progress to toxic megacolon if left untreated.


Nicotinic acid

A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.


negative regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.


sulfur compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.


regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.


response to steroid hormone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus.


Maculopapular exanthema

A skin rash that is characterized by diffuse cutaneous erythema with areas of skin elevation. It may evolve to vesicles or papules as part of a more severe clinical entity. Different degrees of angioedema with involvement of subcutaneous tissue may also appear.


late endosome

A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center.


negative regulation of cell size

Any process that reduces cell size.


regulation of protein catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.


carboxylic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).


dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which both atoms of oxygen from one molecule of O2 are incorporated into the (reduced) product(s) of the reaction. The two atoms of oxygen may be distributed between two different products.


negative regulation of cell cycle process

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.


cell body

The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections.


cardiac chamber development

The progression of a cardiac chamber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.


regulation of locomotion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.


Alprazolam

A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.


Temozolomide

An imidazotetrazine that is 3,4-dihydroimidazo[5,1-d][1,2,3,5]tetrazine which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 8 by methyl, oxo, and carboxamide groups, respectively. A prodrug for MTIC (5-(3-methyltriaz-1-en-1-yl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide, formed by spontaneous hydrolysis of temozolomide in the body), it is used as an oral alkylating agent for the treatment of newly diagnosed malignant  glioblastoma multiforme (concomitantly with radiotherapy) and malignant melanoma.


cellular response to prostaglandin E stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin E stimulus.


Phenobarbital

A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.


hepatitis

An active inflammatory process affecting the liver for more than six months. Causes include viral infections, autoimmune disorders, drugs, and metabolic disorders.


Cetirizine

A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.


Asthenia

A state characterized by a feeling of weakness and loss of strength leading to a generalized weakness of the body.


kidney mesenchyme morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a kidney mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney.


cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.


DNA recombination

Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Interchromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction.


phosphatase binding

Binding to a phosphatase.


unfolded protein binding

Binding to an unfolded protein.


tube development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tube over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts.


cell-cell junction assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells.


Valproic Acid

A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.


Increased Drug Level

A laboratory test result demonstrating an increased concentration of a specific drug.


mesenchymal cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a mesenchymal cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


Donepezil

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.


Thirst

biolink:PhysiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


transcription by RNA polymerase II

The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).


immune system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.


transferase activity, transferring nitrogenous groups

Catalysis of the transfer of a nitrogenous group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


response to light stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.


trigeminal ganglion

The cranial ganglion that is associated with and extends fibers into the trigeminal nerve.


urethra

The fibromuscular tubular canal through which urine is discharged from the bladder to the exterior via the external urinary meatus; in males, the urethra is joined by the ejaculatory ducts and serves as a passageway for semen during ejaculation, as well as a canal for urine during voiding; in females, the urethra is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening.


establishment of mitochondrion localization, microtubule-mediated

The directed movement of the mitochondrion to a specific location, by a process involving microtubules.


alopecia areata

Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.


general adaptation syndrome

General adaptation syndrome is the set of changes in various organ systems of the body, especially the pituitary-endocrine system, in response to a wide range of strong external stimuli, both physiological and psychological. It is described as having three stages: alarm reaction, where the body detects the external stimulus; adaptation, where the body engages defensive countermeasures against the stressor; and exhaustion, where the body begins to run out of defenses.


DNA damage response

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism.


positive regulation of lipid catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.


Plerixafor

An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.


constipation disorder

Irregular and infrequent or difficult evacuation of the bowels.


integrin alpha10-beta1 complex

An integrin complex that comprises one alpha10 subunit and one beta1 subunit.


regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in apoptosis.


pyrophosphatase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond (diphosphate bond) between two phosphate groups.


Gadodiamide

A non-ionic gadolinium chelate having a macrocyclic triamine framework. It is used as a paramagnetic contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).


Chest pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the chest.


nervous system

The nervous system is an organ system containing predominantly neuron and glial cells. In bilaterally symmetrical organism, it is arranged in a network of tree-like structures connected to a central body. The main functions of the nervous system are to regulate and control body functions, and to receive sensory input, process this information, and generate behavior [CUMBO].


positive regulation of GTPase activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase.


hair cycle process

A multicellular organismal process involved in the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.


Budesonide

A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.


hindbrain

The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain. In mammals and birds the hindbrain is divided into a rostral metencephalon and a caudal myelencephalon. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata (From: Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain)[ZFA]. Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata[FMA].


cilium movement

The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.


endocytosis

A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a part of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.


double-stranded DNA binding

Binding to double-stranded DNA.


Buprenorphine

A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.


Pallor

Abnormally pale skin.


chromatin binding

Binding to chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.


Ras protein signal transduction

The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.


Dabrafenib

An organofluorine compound and antineoplastic agent, used as its mesylate salt in treatment of metastatic melanoma.


respiratory tube development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the respiratory tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The respiratory tube is assumed to mean any tube in the respiratory tract.


uterine cancer

Primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the uterine corpus and/or the cervix.


cellular response to oxygen-containing compound

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen-containing compound stimulus.


positive regulation of bone resorption

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption.


cytoplasm organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.


transcription initiation at RNA polymerase II promoter

A transcription initiation process that takes place at a RNA polymerase II gene promoter. Messenger RNAs (mRNA) genes, as well as some non-coding RNAs, are transcribed by RNA polymerase II.


mRNA splicing, via spliceosome

The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.


regulation of lipase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.


Flurbiprofen

A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.


vascular hemostatic disease

Pathological processes involving the integrity of blood circulation. Hemostasis depends on the integrity of blood vessels, blood fluidity, and blood coagulation. Majority of the hemostatic disorders are caused by disruption of the normal interaction between the vascular endothelium, the plasma proteins (including blood coagulation factors), and platelets.


N-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the nitrogen atom of an acceptor molecule.


Golgi apparatus subcompartment

A compartment that consists of a lumen and an enclosing membrane, and is part of the Golgi apparatus.


programmed cell death involved in cell development

The activation of endogenous cellular processes that result in the death of a cell as part of its development.


negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.


ovarian cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the ovary. Most primary malignant ovarian neoplasms are either carcinomas (serous, mucinous, or endometrioid adenocarcinomas) or malignant germ cell tumors. Metastatic malignant neoplasms to the ovary include carcinomas, lymphomas, and melanomas.


acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylglucosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine to a sugar.


Tretinoin

A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.


Rocuronium

A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.


regulation of leukocyte proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.


germ cell nucleus

The nucleus of a germ cell, a reproductive cell in multicellular organisms.


mammalian vulva

External genital organs of the female mammal[WP].


vacuole

A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol.


positive regulation of cell adhesion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.


Binds to and modulates the activity of an NTPase.


protein phosphatase type 2A complex

A protein complex that has protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity that is polycation-stimulated (PCS), being directly stimulated by protamine, polylysine, or histone H1; it constitutes a subclass of several enzymes activated by different histones and polylysine, and consists of catalytic, scaffolding, and regulatory subunits. The catalytic and scaffolding subunits form the core enzyme, and the holoenzyme also includes the regulatory subunit.


RNA processing

Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules.


regulation of cell growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.


positive regulation of cell cycle process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.


Acebutolol

An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.


Etravirine

An aminopyrimidine that consists of 2,6-diaminopyrimidine bearing a bromo substituent at position 5, a 4-cyano-2,6-dimethylphenoxy substituent at position 4 and having a 4-cyanophenyl substituent attached to the 2-amino group. NNRTI of HIV-1, binds directly to RT and blocks RNA-dependent and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities


oral cavity neoplasm

A neoplasm (disease) that involves the oral cavity.


regulation of erythrocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.


protein refolding

The process carried out by a cell that restores the biological activity of an unfolded or misfolded protein, using helper proteins such as chaperones.


smooth muscle tissue

Muscle tissue which is unstriated, composed primarily of smooth muscle fibers surrounded by a reticulum of collagen and elastic fibers. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length[GO].


metencephalon

Rostral segment of the hindbrain that has as its parts the pons (where present) and the cerebellum[WP,modified].


Simvastatin

A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.


Lomefloxacin

A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.


torsades de pointes

A malignant form of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that is characterized by heart rate between 200 and 250 beats per minute, and qrs complexes with changing amplitude and twisting of the points. The term also describes the syndrome of tachycardia with prolonged ventricular repolarization, long qt intervals exceeding 500 milliseconds or bradycardia. Torsades de pointes may be self-limited or may progress to ventricular fibrillation.


heart development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.


olfactory receptor activity

Combining with an odorant and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity in response to detection of smell.


protein kinase activity

Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.


Ku70:Ku80 complex

Heterodimeric protein complex composed of a 70 kDa and a 80 kDa subunit, binds DNA through a channel formed by the heterodimer. Functions in DNA double stranded break repair, chromosome maintenance, transcription regulation, V(D)J recombination, and activation of DNA-PK.


Pilocarpine

The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.


Visual impairment

Visual impairment (or vision impairment) is vision loss (of a person) to such a degree as to qualify as an additional support need through a significant limitation of visual capability resulting from either disease, trauma, or congenital or degenerative conditions that cannot be corrected by conventional means, such as refractive correction, medication, or surgery.


Amlodipine

A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.


cellular response to starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nourishment.


epigenetic regulation of gene expression

A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression through chromatin remodeling either by modifying higher order chromatin fiber structure, nucleosomal histones, or cytosine methylation of DNA. Once established, this regulation may be maintained over many cell divisions. It can also be heritable in the absence of the instigating signal.


positive regulation of binding

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.


Barrett esophagus

Esophageal lesion lined with columnar metaplastic epithelium which is flat or villiform. Barrett epithelium is characterized by two different types of cells: goblet cells and columnar cells. The symptomatology of Barrett esophagus is that of gastro-esophageal reflux. It is the precursor of most esophageal adenocarcinomas. (WHO)


ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin-like from one protein to another via the reaction X-ULP + Y = Y-ULP + X, where both X-ULP and Y-ULP are covalent linkages. ULP represents a ubiquitin-like protein.


NADH dehydrogenase complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an NADH dehydrogenase complex.


fertilization

The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).


leukocyte activation

A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


nephron tubule

An epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.


glycoprotein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.


negative regulation of steroid metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.


Wnt signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state.


Irinotecan

A member of the class of pyranoindolizinoquinolines that is the carbamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of [1,4'-bipiperidine]-1'-carboxylic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of (4S)-4,11-diethyl-4,9-dihydroxy-1H-pyrano[3',4':6,7]indolizino[1,2- hydrochloride]quinoline-3,14-dione. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride salt trihydrate) in combination with fluorouracil and leucovorin, for the treatment of patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas after disease progression following gemcitabine-based therapy. It is converted via hydrolysis of the carbamate linkage to its active metabolite, SN-38, which is ~1000 times more active.


glycine betaine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine betaine, N-trimethylglycine.


neuron projection guidance

The process in which the migration of a neuron projection is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


nuclear periphery

The portion of the nuclear lumen proximal to the inner nuclear membrane.


energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds

The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from organic compounds; results in the oxidation of the compounds from which energy is released.


positive regulation of growth

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.


damaged DNA binding

Binding to damaged DNA.


ribonucleoside bisphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.


cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by some RNA polymerase. The proximal promoter is in cis with and relatively close to the core promoter.


Palonosetron

An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.


epilepsy

A brain disorder characterized by episodes of abnormally increased neuronal discharge resulting in transient episodes of sensory or motor neurological dysfunction, or psychic dysfunction. These episodes may or may not be associated with loss of consciousness or convulsions.


neurotrophin receptor binding

Binding to a neurotrophin receptor.


protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex

A complex, normally consisting of a catalytic and a regulatory subunit, which catalyzes the removal of a phosphate group from a serine or threonine residue of a protein.


positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.


glycolytic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the reduction of NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. Glycolysis begins with the metabolism of a carbohydrate to generate products that can enter the pathway and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to acetyl-coenzyme A, ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules.


regulation of MAP kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.


abdominal aortic aneurysm

Enlargement and ballooning of the vessel that supplies arterial blood to the abdomen, pelvis and legs.


intermittent vascular claudication

A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in skeletal muscle group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial stenosis; muscle ischemia; and accumulation of lactate.


organic acid transmembrane transport

The process in which an organic acid is transported across a membrane.


Dezocine

(7S,8S)-7-Amino-8-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogen at position 8 and one of the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by each end of a tetramethylene bridge. A synthetic opioid analgesic, it has mixed opiod agonist and antagonist properties. Although it is used for pain management, it can produce opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients already dependent on other opioids, and its clinical application is limited by side effects such as dizziness.


Zidovudine

A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.


Rhabdomyolysis

Breakdown of muscle fibers that leads to the release of muscle fiber contents (myoglobin) into the bloodstream.


nuclear transport

The directed movement of substances into, out of, or within the nucleus.


intermediate filament cytoskeleton

Cytoskeletal structure made from intermediate filaments, typically organized in the cytosol as an extended system that stretches from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane. Some intermediate filaments run parallel to the cell surface, while others traverse the cytosol; together they form an internal framework that helps support the shape and resilience of the cell.


cell fate commitment

The cellular developmental process by which a cell establishes the intrinsic character of a cell or tissue region irreversibly committing it to a particular fate.


somatodendritic compartment

The region of a neuron that includes the cell body (cell soma) and dendrite(s), but excludes the axon.


positive regulation of insulin secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.


Malaise

A feeling of general discomfort, weakness, or lack of health.


regulation of transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane transporter activity.


negative regulation of locomotion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.


Penicillin V

A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.


leukopenia

A laboratory test result indicating a decreased number of white blood cells in the peripheral blood.


glucose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.


azoospermia

A male infertility disease characterized by the absence of any measurable level of sperm in semen.


cytokine receptor binding

Binding to a cytokine receptor.


forebrain generation of neurons

The process in which nerve cells are generated in the forebrain. This includes the production of neuroblasts from and their differentiation into neurons.


Ibuprofen

A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl group.


optic neuritis

Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve, the nerve that carries the visual signal from the eye to the brain.The conditionmay cause sudden, reduced vision in the affected eye(s). While the cause of optic neuritis is unknown, it has been associated with autoimmune diseases, infections, multiple sclerosis, drug toxicity and deficiency of vitamin B-12. Vision often returns to normal within 2-3 weeks without treatment. In some cases, corticosteroids are given to speed recovery. If known, the underlying cause should be treated.


cellular homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the cell.


nuclear outer membrane-endoplasmic reticulum membrane network

The continuous network of membranes encompassing the nuclear outer membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.


chemical synaptic transmission

The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


establishment of endothelial barrier

The establishment of a barrier between endothelial cell layers, such as those in the brain, lung or intestine, to exert specific and selective control over the passage of water and solutes, thus allowing formation and maintenance of compartments that differ in fluid and solute composition.


pancreas

An endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating hormones[GO].


isoprenoid binding

Binding to an isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.


arachidonic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer.


Tiagabine

A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.


neuritis

A neuropathy arising from inflammation of one or more nerves.


cleft palate

Cleft palate is a fissure type embryopathy that affects the soft and hard palate to varying degrees.


small GTPase binding

Binding to a small monomeric GTPase.


circulatory system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the circulatory system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The circulatory system is the organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis.


Griseofulvin

An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.