Stage IIB Colorectal Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IIB includes: T4a, N0, M0.  T4a: Tumor penetrates to the surface of the visceral peritoneum.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Gastrointestinal stromal tumor of small intestine

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A gastrointestinal stromal tumor that arises from the small intestine.  It usually affects adults over fifty years of age.  The majority of cases have spindle cell morphology.  The prognosis depends on the tumor size and the mitotic activity.


Rectal Micropapillary Adenocarcinoma

A rare, invasive rectal adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of clusters of malignant glandular cells within stromal spaces.


Locally Advanced Microsatellite Stable Colorectal Carcinoma

A microsatellite stable colorectal carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Rectal Serrated Adenocarcinoma

A rare, invasive rectal adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of a malignant infiltrate with serrated glandular architecture.


Advanced Rectal Carcinoma

Rectal carcinoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Colon Ganglioneuroma

A ganglioneuroma that arises from the colon.  It usually presents as a small mucosal polyp.


Unresectable Colorectal Adenocarcinoma

Colorectal adenocarcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Colorectal Goblet Cell Rich Hyperplastic Polyp

A serrated hyperplastic polyp that arises from the colon and rectum.  It is characterized by the presence of goblet cells and the absence of microvacuolated columnar cells.  There is no evidence of epithelial atypia or dysplasia.


Stage IIA Rectal Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IIA includes: T3, N0, M0. T3: Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into pericolorectal tissues. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Colorectal Mucinous Adenocarcinoma

An invasive colorectal adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of extracellular mucin pools that contain malignant glandular epithelial structures.  The extracellular mucin pools occupy more than 50% of the malignant lesion.


Colorectal Cancer by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of colorectal cancer according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This staging system applies to adenocarcinomas, high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas, and squamous cell carcinomas of the colon and rectum. Appendiceal carcinomas, anal carcinomas, and well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoids) are not covered by this staging system. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Stage IIIB Colorectal Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IIIB includes: (T3-T4a, N1/N1c, M0); (T2-T3, N2a, M0); (T1-T2, N2b, M0). T1: Tumor invades submucosa.  T2: Tumor invades muscularis propria.  T3: Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into pericolorectal tissues.  T4a: Tumor penetrates to the surface of the visceral peritoneum.  N1: Metastasis in 1-3 regional lymph nodes.  N1c: Tumor deposit(s) in the subserosa, mesentery, or nonperitonealized pericolic or perirectal tissues without regional lymph node metastasis.  N2a: Metastasis in 4-6 regional lymph nodes.  N2b: Metastasis in seven or more regional lymph nodes.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Small intestine carcinoma stage IV

Stage IV includes: Any T, Any N, M1.  M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage IIA Colon Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IIA includes: T3, N0, M0. T3: Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into pericolorectal tissues. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Colorectal Sarcomatoid Carcinoma

A biphasic colorectal carcinoma with a spindle cell, sarcomatoid component.


Stage IIB Rectal Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IIB includes: T4a, N0, M0. T4a: Tumor penetrates to the surface of the visceral peritoneum. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Colorectal Cancer by AJCC v7 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of colorectal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition.


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to large intestine

The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the large intestine.  This may be from a primary large intestine malignant neoplasm, or from a malignant neoplasm at a distant site.


Crohn's disease of small intestine

Crohn's disease affecting the small intestine.


Refractory Rectal Carcinoma

Rectal carcinoma that is resistant to treatment.


Stage IIIB Small Intestinal Adenocarcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IIIB includes: Any T, N2, M0. N2: Metastasis in three or more regional lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Rectal Juvenile Polyp

A non-neoplastic hamartomatous polyp that arises from the rectum.  It is characterized by the presence of tortuous and cystically dilated glands, edematous changes, and inflammation.


Intestinal Soft Tissue Neoplasm

A benign, intermediate, or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the small or large intestine.


Colorectal Undifferentiated Carcinoma

An invasive malignant epithelial tumor that arises from the colon or rectum.  There is no morphologic, immunophenotypic, or molecular biological evidence of glandular or squamous differentiation.


Rectal Serrated Lesions and Polyps

Polyps that arises from the rectum. They are characterized by the presence of serrated glands and the absence of generalized dysplasia.


Colon cancer recurrent

The reemergence of colon carcinoma after a period of remission.


Metastatic Colorectal Adenocarcinoma

Colorectal adenocarcinoma that has spread from the original site of growth to other anatomic sites.


Stage IV Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IV includes: IVA: (Any T, Any N, M1a); IVB: (Any T, Any N, M1b); IVC: (Any T, Any N, M1c). M1a: Metastasis to one site or organ without peritoneal metastasis. M1b: Metastasis to two or more sites or organs without peritoneal metastasis. M1c: Metastasis to the peritoneal surface alone or with other site or organ metastases. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Ileal Neuroendocrine Tumor by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of an ileal neuroendocrine tumor, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. This classification system applies to small bowel "carcinoid" tumors (NET G1 and G2, and rare well-differentiated G3) arising in the ileum. This classification system does not apply to high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas, mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas, and neuroendocrine tumors of the duodenum. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Lipoma of small intestine

A rare benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the small intestine.  It usually arises from the submucosa and occasionally protrudes into the lumen.


Refractory Colorectal Adenocarcinoma

Colorectal adenocarcinoma that is resistant to treatment.


Stage IIIC Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IIIC includes: (T4a, N2a, M0); (T3-T4a, N2b, M0); (T4b, N1-N2, M0). T3: Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into pericolorectal tissues. T4a: Tumor invades through the visceral peritoneum (including gross perforation of the bowel through tumor and continuous invasion of tumor through areas of inflammation to the surface of the visceral peritoneum). T4b: Tumor directly invades or adheres to adjacent organs or structures. N1: One to three regional lymph nodes are positive (tumor in lymph nodes measuring 0.2 mm or more), or any number of tumor deposits are present and all identifiable lymph nodes are negative. N2: Four or more regional lymph nodes are positive. N2a: Four to six regional lymph nodes are positive. N2b: Seven or more regional lymph nodes are positive. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Anaplastic Carcinoma of the Rectum

An invasive malignant epithelial tumor that arises from the rectum.  There is no morphologic, immunophenotypic, or molecular biological evidence of glandular or squamous differentiation.


Stage II Rectal Cancer

Stage II includes IIA (T3, N0, M0) and IIB (T4, N0, M0). T3: Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into the subserosa, or into nonperitonealized pericolic or perirectal tissues. T4: Tumor directly invades other organs or structures, and/or perforates the visceral peritoneum. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)


Stage IIIA Rectal Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IIIA includes: (T1-T2, N1/N1c, M0); (T1, N2a, M0). T1: Tumor invades submucosa. T2: Tumor invades muscularis propria. N1: Metastasis in 1-3 regional lymph nodes. N1c: Tumor deposit(s) in the subserosa, mesentery, or nonperitonealized pericolic or perirectal tissues without regional lymph node metastasis. N2a: Metastasis in 4-6 regional lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Colorectal Peutz-Jeghers Polyp

A non-neoplastic hamartomatous polyp that arises from the colon and rectum.  It is characterized by the presence of smooth muscle branching bands, and cystic mucosal changes.


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to small intestine

A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the small intestine from another anatomic site.


Small Intestinal Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma

An invasive adenocarcinoma that arises from the small intestine.  It is characterized by the presence of malignant glandular cells in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by the presence of intracytoplasmic mucus.


Stage IVA Colon Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IVA includes: Any T, Any N, M1a. M1a: Metastasis to one site or organ without peritoneal metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage I Jejunal Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8

Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor invading lamina propria or submucosa and measuring 1 cm or less in size. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Duodenal cancer recurrent

The reemergence of a malignant duodenal neoplasm after a period of remission.


Locally Advanced Rectal Carcinoma

Rectal carcinoma that has spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Stage IIA Colorectal Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IIA includes: T3, N0, M0. T3: Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into pericolorectal tissues.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Ulcerative Colitis Flare

An exacerbation of ulcerative colitis.


Stage III Rectosigmoid Cancer AJCC v7

Stage III includes: IIIA (T1-T2, N1/N1c, M0); (T1, N2a, M0); IIIB (T3-T4a, N1/N1c, M0); (T2-T3, N2a, M0); (T1-T2, N2b, M0); IIIC (T4a, N2a, M0); (T3-T4a, N2b, M0); (T4b, N1-N2, M0).  T1: Tumor invades submucosa.  T2: Tumor invades muscularis propria.  T3: Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into pericolorectal tissues.  T4a: Tumor penetrates to the surface of the visceral peritoneum.  T4b: Tumor directly invades or is adherent to other organs or structures. N1: Metastasis in 1-3 regional lymph nodes.  N1c: Tumor deposit(s) in the subserosa, mesentery, or nonperitonealized pericolic or perirectal tissues without regional lymph node metastasis. N2: Metastasis in four or more regional lymph nodes.  N2a: Metastasis in 4-6 regional lymph nodes.  N2b: Metastasis in seven or more regional lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage III Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8

Stage III includes: IIIA: (T1-T2, N1/N1c, M0); (T1, N2a, M0); IIIB: (T3-T4a, N1/N1c, M0); (T2-T3, N2a, M0); (T1-T2, N2b, M0); IIIC: (T4a, N2a, M0); (T3-T4a, N2b, M0); (T4b, N1-N2, M0). T1: Tumor invades the submucosa (through the muscularis mucosa but not into the muscularis propria). T2: Tumor invades the muscularis propria. T3: Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into pericolorectal tissues. T4a: Tumor invades through the visceral peritoneum (including gross perforation of the bowel through tumor and continuous invasion of tumor through areas of inflammation to the surface of the visceral peritoneum). T4b: Tumor directly invades or adheres to adjacent organs or structures. N1: One to three regional lymph nodes are positive (tumor in lymph nodes measuring 0.2 mm or more), or any number of tumor deposits are present and all identifiable lymph nodes are negative. N1c: No regional lymph nodes are positive, but there are tumor deposits in the subserosa, mesentery, or nonperitonealized pericolic, or perirectal/mesorectal tissues. N2: Four or more regional lymph nodes are positive. N2a: Four to six regional lymph nodes are positive. N2b: Seven or more regional lymph nodes are positive. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumor

A well differentiated, low, intermediate, or high grade neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the small or large intestine.


Rectal Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

An aggressive, high-grade, and poorly differentiated carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the rectum.  It is characterized by the presence of malignant small cells.


Stage 0 Colorectal Cancer AJCC v6 and v7

Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0.  Tis: Carcinoma in situ: intraepithelial or invasion of the lamina propria.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


Colitis due to radiation

Inflammation of the colon resulting from irradiation.


Grade 3 Rectal Adenocarcinoma

A rectal adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of a malignant cellular infiltrate with less than 50% glandular formation.


Microsatellite Stable Rectal Carcinoma

Rectal carcinoma characterized by the absence of microsatellite instability.


Colorectal Tubular Adenoma

A usually polypoid neoplasm that arises from the glandular epithelium of the colonic and rectal mucosa. It is characterized by a tubular architectural pattern. The neoplastic glandular cells have dysplastic features.


Stage I Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8

Stage I includes: (T1, N0, M0); (T2, N0, M0). T1: Tumor invades the submucosa (through the muscularis mucosa but not into the muscularis propria). T2: Tumor invades the muscularis propria. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage III Rectal Cancer AJCC v6

Stage III includes: IIIA (T1-T2, N0, M0); IIIB (T3-T4, N1, M0); IIIC (Any T, N2, M0).  N1: Metastasis in 1 to 3 regional lymph nodes.  N2: Metastasis in 4 or more regional lymph nodes. (AJCC 6th ed.)


Stage III Duodenal Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8

Stage III includes: (T4, N0, M0); (Any T, N1, M0). T4: Tumor invading the visceral peritoneum (serosa) or other organs. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Oligometastatic Colorectal Carcinoma

Colorectal carcinoma that has metastasized to a limited number of sites.


Stage IIA Small Intestinal Adenocarcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IIA includes: T3, N0, M0. T3: Tumor invading through the muscularis propria into the subserosa, or extending into nonperitonealized perimuscular tissue (mesentery or retroperitoneum) without serosal penetration. For T3 tumors, the nonperitonealized perimuscular tissue is, for the jejunum and ileum, part of the mesentery and, for the duodenum in areas where serosa is lacking, part of the interface with the pancreas. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Locally Advanced Microsatellite Stable Colon Carcinoma

Microsatellite stable colon carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Stage IV Duodenal Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8

Stage IV includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Ileal Web

The formation of tissue in the lumen of the ileum that results in partial obstruction.


Stage I Colon Cancer AJCC v6 and v7

Stage I includes: (T1, N0, M0); (T2, N0, M0).  T1: Tumor invades submucosa.  T2: Tumor invades muscularis propria.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


Stage IVC Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1c. M1c: Metastasis to the peritoneal surface alone or with other site or organ metastases. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Short segment Hirschsprung's disease

The most common form of Hirschsprung Disease, this is characterized by a lack of nerve cells in the sigmoid colon and rectum. The bowel is not stimulated without innervation and obstruction ensues. Surgical intervention is necessary.


Colorectal Adenoma-Like Adenocarcinoma

A well differentiated colorectal adenocarcinoma with good prognosis. It resembles a villous adenoma on the surface.


Colorectal Schwannoma

A schwannoma that arises from the colon or rectum.  It may cause gastrointestinal bleeding and luminal obstruction.


Stage I Rectosigmoid Cancer AJCC v6 and v7


Stage IV Colon Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IV includes: IVA: (Any T, Any N, M1a); IVB: (Any T, Any N, M1b); IVC: (Any T, Any N, M1c). M1a: Metastasis to one site or organ without peritoneal metastasis. M1b: Metastasis to two or more sites or organs without peritoneal metastasis. M1c: Metastasis to the peritoneal surface alone or with other site or organ metastases. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Small Intestinal Villous Adenoma

A neoplasm that arises from the glandular epithelium of the small intestine. It is characterized by a villous architectural pattern. The neoplastic glandular cells have dysplastic features.


Stage IIIA Small Intestinal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

Stage IIIA includes: (T1, N0, M0, Mitotic rate: High); (T4, N0, M0, Mitotic rate: Low).  T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T4: Tumor more than 10 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Colorectal cancer recurrent

The reemergence of colorectal carcinoma after a period of remission.


Colon Enterochromaffin Cell Serotonin-Producing Neuroendocrine Tumor

A well differentiated neuroendocrine tumor that arises from the colon and produces serotonin.


Stage IIIB Colon Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IIIB includes: (T3-T4a, N1/N1c, M0); (T2-T3, N2a, M0); (T1-T2, N2b, M0). T1: Tumor invades submucosa. T2: Tumor invades muscularis propria. T3: Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into pericolorectal tissues. T4a: Tumor penetrates to the surface of the visceral peritoneum. N1: Metastasis in 1-3 regional lymph nodes. N1c: Tumor deposit(s) in the subserosa, mesentery, or nonperitonealized pericolic or perirectal tissues without regional lymph node metastasis. N2a: Metastasis in 4-6 regional lymph nodes. N2b: Metastasis in seven or more regional lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage III Colon Cancer AJCC v7

Stage III includes: IIIA (T1-T2, N1/N1c, M0); (T1, N2a, M0); IIIB (T3-T4a, N1/N1c, M0); (T2-T3, N2a, M0); (T1-T2, N2b, M0); IIIC (T4a, N2a, M0); (T3-T4a, N2b, M0); (T4b, N1-N2, M0).  T1: Tumor invades submucosa.  T2: Tumor invades muscularis propria.  T3: Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into pericolorectal tissues.  T4a: Tumor penetrates to the surface of the visceral peritoneum.  T4b: Tumor directly invades or is adherent to other organs or structures. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in 1-3 regional lymph nodes.  N1c: Tumor deposit(s) in the subserosa, mesentery, or nonperitonealized pericolic or perirectal tissues without regional lymph node metastasis. N2: Metastasis in four or more regional lymph nodes.  N2a: Metastasis in 4-6 regional lymph nodes.  N2b: Metastasis in seven or more regional lymph nodes.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Duodenal carcinoma recurrent

The reemergence of duodenal carcinoma after a period of remission.


Ileal Neuroendocrine Tumor G2

A well differentiated, intermediate grade neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the ileum. The mitotic count is 2-20 per 10 HPF and/or the Ki67 index is 3 to 20 percent.


Transverse Colon Neuroendocrine Tumor G1

A well differentiated, low grade neuroendocrine neoplasm (carcinoid tumor) that arises from the transverse colon. The mitotic count is less than 2 per 10 HPF and/or the Ki67 index is equal to or less than 2 percent.


Stage IIIC Colorectal Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IIIC includes: (T4a, N2a, M0); (T3-T4a, N2b, M0); (T4b, N1-N2, M0).  T3: Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into pericolorectal tissues.  T4a: Tumor penetrates to the surface of the visceral peritoneum.  T4b: Tumor directly invades or is adherent to other organs or structures. N1: Metastasis in 1-3 regional lymph nodes.  N2: Metastasis in four or more regional lymph nodes.  N2a: Metastasis in 4-6 regional lymph nodes.  N2b: Metastasis in seven or more regional lymph nodes.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Small Intestinal Angiosarcoma

An angiosarcoma that arises from the small intestine.


Stage IVA Rectal Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IVA includes: Any T, Any N, M1a. M1a: Metastasis confined to one organ or site (e.g., liver, lung, ovary, nonregional node). (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage IIC Rectal Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IIC includes: T4b, N0, M0. T4b: Tumor directly invades or adheres to adjacent organs or structures. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


A rare, invasive colorectal adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of clusters of malignant glandular cells within stromal spaces.


Secondary malignant neoplasm of rectum

The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the rectum.  This may be from a primary large intestine malignant neoplasm, or from a malignant neoplasm at a distant site.


Stage IIB Colon Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IIB includes: T4a, N0, M0. T4a: Tumor penetrates to the surface of the visceral peritoneum. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage I Duodenal Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8

Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor invading the mucosa or submucosa only and is equal or less than 1 cm. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Rectosigmoid Adenocarcinoma

An adenocarcinoma arising from the rectosigmoid area.  It is more frequently seen in populations with a Western type diet and in patients with a history of chronic inflammatory bowel disease.  Signs and symptoms include intestinal bleeding, anemia, and change in bowel habits.  According to the degree of cellular differentiation, rectosigmoid adenocarcinomas are divided into well, moderately, and poorly differentiated.  Histologic variants include mucinous adenocarcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, serrated adenocarcinoma, cribriform comedo-type adenocarcinoma, and micropapillary adenocarcinoma.


Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the colon or rectum and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


Stage IV Rectal Cancer AJCC v6

Stage IV includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)


Stage I Small Intestinal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

Stage I includes: T1 or T2, N0, M0, Mitotic rate: Low.  T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T2: Tumor more than 2 cm, but not more than 5 cm, in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Advanced Colon Carcinoma

Colon carcinoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Stage III Rectal Cancer AJCC v8

Stage III includes: IIIA: (T1-T2, N1/N1c, M0); (T1, N2a, M0); IIIB: (T3-T4a, N1/N1c, M0); (T2-T3, N2a, M0); (T1-T2, N2b, M0); IIIC: (T4a, N2a, M0); (T3-T4a, N2b, M0); (T4b, N1-N2, M0). T1: Tumor invades the submucosa (through the muscularis mucosa but not into the muscularis propria). T2: Tumor invades the muscularis propria. T3: Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into pericolorectal tissues. T4a: Tumor invades through the visceral peritoneum (including gross perforation of the bowel through tumor and continuous invasion of tumor through areas of inflammation to the surface of the visceral peritoneum). T4b: Tumor directly invades or adheres to adjacent organs or structures. N1: One to three regional lymph nodes are positive (tumor in lymph nodes measuring 0.2 mm or more), or any number of tumor deposits are present and all identifiable lymph nodes are negative. N1c: No regional lymph nodes are positive, but there are tumor deposits in the subserosa, mesentery, or nonperitonealized pericolic, or perirectal/mesorectal tissues. N2: Four or more regional lymph nodes are positive. N2a: Four to six regional lymph nodes are positive. N2b: Seven or more regional lymph nodes are positive. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage IIIB Small Intestinal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

Stage IIIB includes: (T2, N0, M0, Mitotic rate: High); (T3, N0, M0, Mitotic rate: High); (T4, N0, M0, Mitotic rate: High).  T2: Tumor more than 2 cm, but not more than 5 cm, in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor more than 5 cm, but not more than 10 cm, in greatest dimension. T4: Tumor more than 10 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Colon Cancer by AJCC v6 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of colon carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th edition.


Small intestine carcinoma recurrent

The reemergence of small intestine carcinoma after a period of remission.


Rectal Cribriform Comedo-Type Adenocarcinoma

A rare, invasive rectal adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant cribriform glands with central necrotic changes.


Stage IIIB Small Intestinal Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IIIB includes: Any T, N2, M0. N2: Metastasis in four or more regional lymph nodes.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage IV Rectal Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IV includes: IVA: (Any T, Any N, M1a); IVB: (Any T, Any N, M1b); IVC: (Any T, Any N, M1c). M1a: Metastasis to one site or organ without peritoneal metastasis. M1b: Metastasis to two or more sites or organs without peritoneal metastasis. M1c: Metastasis to the peritoneal surface alone or with other site or organ metastases. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Colon Neuroendocrine Tumor G2

A well differentiated, intermediate grade neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the colon. The mitotic count is 2-20 per 10 HPF and/or the Ki67 index is 3 to 20 percent.


Colorectal Adenoma with Mild Dysplasia

An adenoma that arises from the colon or rectum.  It is characterized by the presence of mild epithelial dysplasia.


Stage IIC Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IIC includes: T4b, N0, M0. T4b: Tumor directly invades or adheres to adjacent organs or structures. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Colorectal Low Grade Intraepithelial Neoplasia

A precancerous neoplastic process that affects the colon or rectum.  It is characterized by mild epithelial dysplasia and mild architectural alterations of the mucosal epithelium.  There is no evidence of invasion.


Refractory Rectal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Rectal squamous cell carcinoma that is resistant to treatment.


Grade 3 Colorectal Adenocarcinoma

A colorectal adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of a malignant cellular infiltrate with less than 50% glandular formation.


Stage II Ileal Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8

Stage II includes: (T2, N0, M0); (T3, N0, M0). T2: Tumor invading muscularis propria or measuring more than 1 cm in size. T3: Tumor invading through the muscularis propria into subserosal tissue without penetration of overlying serosa. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Metastatic Microsatellite Stable Colorectal Carcinoma

A microsatellite stable carcinoma that arises from the colon or rectum and has metastasized to other anatomic sites.


Stage 0 Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8

Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ, intramucosal carcinoma (involvement of lamina propria with no extension through muscularis mucosae). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage IIC Colorectal Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IIC includes: T4b, N0, M0. T4b: Tumor directly invades or is adherent to other organs or structures. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Locally Advanced Colon Carcinoma

Colon carcinoma that has spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Stage IVA Colorectal Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IVA includes: Any T, Any N, M1a. M1a: Metastasis to one site or organ without peritoneal metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage IV Jejunal Neuroendocrine Tumor AJCC v8

Stage IV includes: (T1, N0, N1, N2, M1); (T2, N0, N1, N2, M1); (T3, N0, N1, N2, M1); (T4, N0, N1, N2, M1). T1: Tumor invading lamina propria or submucosa and measuring 1 cm or less in size. T2: Tumor invading muscularis propria or measuring more than 1 cm in size. T3: Tumor invading through the muscularis propria into subserosal tissue without penetration of overlying serosa. T4: Tumor invading visceral peritoneum (serosa) or other organs or adjacent structures. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Regional lymph node metastasis in less than 12 nodes. N2: Large mesenteric masses (larger than 2 cm) and/or extensive nodal deposits (12 or greater), especially those that encase the superior mesenteric vessels. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Stage IV Rectal Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IV includes: IVA: (Any T, Any N, M1a); IVB: (Any T, Any N, M1b).  M1a: Metastasis confined to one organ or site (e.g., liver, lung, ovary, nonregional node).  M1b: Metastases in more than one organ/site or the peritoneum. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Colon Adenoma with Severe Dysplasia

An adenoma that arises from the colon.  It is characterized by the presence of severe epithelial dysplasia.


Rectal Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

A rare, aggressive, high-grade and poorly differentiated carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the rectum. It is characterized by the presence of malignant large cells.


Small Intestinal Somatostatin-Producing Neuroendocrine Tumor

A somatostatin-producing neuroendocrine tumor that arises from the small intestine.


Small Intestinal Mucinous Adenocarcinoma

An invasive adenocarcinoma that arises from the small intestine.  It is composed of malignant glandular cells which contain intracytoplasmic mucin. Often, the infiltrating glandular structures are associated with mucoid stromal formation.


Colorectal Poorly Cohesive Adenocarcinoma

An adenocarcinoma that arises from the colorectal mucosa and is characterized by the presence of isolated malignant cells or malignant cells that form small aggregates.


Intestinal Intraepithelial Neoplasia

A precancerous neoplastic process that affects the small or large intestine.  It is characterized by low or high grade dysplasia of the mucosal epithelium.  There is no evidence of invasion.


Congenital Abnormality of the Large Intestine

A malformation in any part of the large intestine that is present at birth.


Necrotizing Enterocolitis Totalis

A severe and often fatal form of necrotizing enterocolitis, in which diffuse ischemia, necrosis, and pneumatosis intestinalis are evident in the small and large intestine. Short bowel syndrome is common among survivors.


Stage IIB Small Intestinal Adenocarcinoma AJCC v8

Stage IIB includes: T4, N0, M0. T4: Tumor perforating the visceral peritoneum or directly invading other organs or structures (e.g., other loops of small intestine, mesentery of adjacent loops of bowel, and abdominal wall by way of serosa; for duodenum only, invasion of pancreas or bile duct). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Colorectal Sporadic Serrated Polyp

A term that refers to a group of polypoid lesions in the colon and rectum that are characterized by the presence of serrated architecture of the epithelial component.  This group includes hyperplastic polyps, traditional serrated adenomas, and sessile serrated adenomas/polyps.


Rectal Epithelioid Cell Melanoma

An epithelioid cell melanoma arising from the rectum.


Stage IVB Rectal Cancer AJCC v7

Stage IVB includes: Any T, Any N, M1b. M1b: Metastases in more than one organ/site or the peritoneum. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Undifferentiated Carcinoma of Colon

An invasive malignant epithelial tumor that arises from the colon.  There is no morphologic, immunophenotypic, or molecular biological evidence of glandular or squamous differentiation.


Duodenal Neuroendocrine Tumor by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of a duodenal neuroendocrine tumor according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition. This staging system applies to well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the duodenum. Carcinomas of the duodenum, including high-grade (grade 3), poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas are not included in this staging system. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Advanced Microsatellite Stable Colorectal Carcinoma

A microsatellite stable carcinoma that arises from the colon or rectum and has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Jejunal Neuroendocrine Tumor by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of a jejunal neuroendocrine tumor, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system. This classification system applies to small bowel "carcinoid" tumors (NET G1 and G2, and rare well-differentiated G3) arising in the jejunum. This classification system does not apply to high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas, mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas, and neuroendocrine tumors of the duodenum. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Juvenile Polyp of the Small Intestine

A non-neoplastic hamartomatous polyp that arises from the small intestine.  It is characterized by the presence of tortuous and cystically dilated glands, edematous changes, and inflammation.


Stage IIB Rectal Cancer AJCC v8

Stage IIB includes: T4a, N0, M0. T4a: Tumor invades through the visceral peritoneum (including gross perforation of the bowel through tumor and continuous invasion of tumor through areas of inflammation to the surface of the visceral peritoneum). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Large intestinal mucositis

An inflammatory process affecting the mucous membrane of the large intestine.


dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase Pmt1p-Pmt2p dimer complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A protein dimer complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase activity and, in S. cerevisiae, is composed of Pmt1p-Pmt2p.


Thyroid-Binding Globulin Excess

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

Supranormal concentration of thyroid-binding globulin.


oxathiolane

Any five-membered oxacycle that also contains a sulfur atom.


Variant Autoimmune Hepatitis

A form of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) that has features of overlapping cholestatic autoimmune liver diseases including primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), or autoimmune cholangitis (AIC).


Childhood Paranasal Sinus Carcinoma

A rare carcinoma of the paranasal sinus that occurs during childhood.


Childhood Salivary Gland Carcinoma

A rare carcinoma of the salivary gland that occurs during childhood.


Childhood Nasal Cavity Carcinoma

A rare carcinoma of the nasal cavity that occurs during childhood.


Childhood Craniopharyngioma

A craniopharyngioma that occurs during childhood.  The vast majority of cases are adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas.  Clinical signs and symptoms include endocrine deficiencies and visual disturbances.


Sialoblastoma

A rare, congenital or perinatal, aggressive and potentially low-grade malignant basaloid neoplasm that occurs in the major salivary glands. It typically presents as a mass over the angle of the mandible. Most involve the parotid gland.


Bone Erdheim-Chester Disease

Erdheim-Chester disease affecting the bone.


The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum envelope. The longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen is continuous with the lumen contained within the terminal cisternae.


Anterior Caudate Vein

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A vein that it is part of the deep intracranial venous system.


Recurrent Childhood Optic Nerve Glioma

The reemergence of optic nerve glioma in childhood after a period of remission.


Childhood Intracranial Neoplasm

A neoplasm that arises within the skull and occurs during childhood.


Recurrent Childhood Visual Pathway Glioma

The reemergence of visual pathway glioma in childhood after a period of remission.


Childhood Supratentorial Neoplasm

A neoplasm that affects the supratentorial region of the brain and occurs during childhood.


Benign Childhood Brain Neoplasm

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the brain during childhood.


Refractory Childhood Brain Neoplasm

A childhood brain neoplasm that is resistant to treatment.


Childhood Atypical Choroid Plexus Papilloma

An atypical choroid plexus papilloma that occurs during childhood.


Childhood Pineal Parenchymal Cell Neoplasm

A pineal parenchymal cell neoplasm that occurs during childhood.


Childhood Gliomatosis Cerebri

Gliomatosis cerebri that occurs during childhood.


Supratentorial Ependymoma, YAP1-MAMLD1 Fusion-Positive

A supratentorial ependymoma characterized by a gene fusion involving YAP1 and MAMLD1 genes.


Metastatic Childhood Malignant Brain Neoplasm

A childhood malignant neoplasm that arises from the brain and has spread from its original site of growth to other anatomic sites.


Recurrent Childhood Gliomatosis Cerebri

The reemergence of gliomatosis cerebri in childhood after a period of remission.


Recurrent Childhood Brain Neoplasm

The reemergence of brain neoplasm in childhood after a period of remission.


Childhood Pineal Parenchymal Tumor of Intermediate Differentiation

A pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation that occurs during childhood.


Childhood Cerebral Ependymoma, Not Otherwise Specified

An ependymoma, not otherwise specified that arises from the cerebral hemispheres and occurs during childhood.


Childhood Brain Anaplastic Astrocytoma

An anaplastic astrocytoma that arises from the brain and occurs during childhood.


Recurrent Childhood Visual Pathway Astrocytoma

The reemergence of visual pathway astrocytoma in childhood after a period of remission.


Childhood Brain Oligodendroglioma

An oligodendroglioma that arises from the brain and occurs during childhood.


Childhood Brain Glioblastoma

A brain glioblastoma that occurs during childhood.


Childhood Malignant Brain Neoplasm

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the brain during childhood.


Metastatic Childhood Malignant Neoplasm in the Brain

A childhood malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site of growth to the brain.


Childhood Brain Neoplasm

A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm of the brain occurring in children.


Benign Childhood Supratentorial Neoplasm

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the supratentorial region of the brain during childhood.


Childhood Cerebral Diffuse Astrocytoma

A diffuse astrocytoma that arises from the cerebral hemispheres and occurs during childhood.


Advanced Childhood Malignant Brain Neoplasm

A childhood malignant brain neoplasm that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Recurrent Childhood Optic Nerve Astrocytoma

The reemergence of optic nerve astrocytoma in childhood after a period of remission.


Recurrent Childhood Cerebral Astrocytoma

The reemergence of cerebral astrocytoma in childhood after a period of remission.


Benign Childhood Cerebral Neoplasm

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the cerebral hemispheres during childhood.


Retropharyngeal Neoplasm

A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the retropharyngeal space.


Malignant Retropharyngeal Neoplasm

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the retropharyngeal space.


Benign Retropharyngeal Neoplasm

A benign neoplasm that arises from the retropharyngeal space.


Group B Streptococcal Infection, Late-Onset

Infection of an infant from seven days to three months of life caused by Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae).


Group B Streptococcal Infection, Early-Onset

Infection of an infant from birth to less than seven days of life caused by Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae) from a colonized mother.


Stage IVC Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7

Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Umbilical hernia with gangrene

A protrusion of necrotic tissue through the abdominal wall under the skin near the umbilicus.


Shoulder Joint Tendons

The tendons that connect the muscles and bones that comprise the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints and enable abduction of the arm and stabilization of the shoulder.


Ankle Joint Anterior Flexor Tendons

The tendons in the anterior compartment of the leg that connect muscles that originate on the surfaces of the femur, tibia, and fibula to bones in the toes and enable plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle.


Ankle Joint Anterior Extensor Tendons

The tendons in the anterior compartment of the leg that cross the tibiotalar joint anteriorly and connect muscles that originate on the surfaces of the tibia and fibula to bones in the toes and enable dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle and extension of the toes.


Wrist Joint Flexor Tendons

The tendons located along the inside of the forearm that cross at the wrist and connect muscles of the forearm to wrist and hand bones, enabling bending of the wrist towards the palm.


Knee Joint Tendons

The tendons that connect the quadriceps muscles to the kneecap, the hamstring muscles to the shin bone and fibula, and the patella to the top part of the fibula, enabling flexion, extension, and slight rotation of the knee.


patellar ligament

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The central portion of the common tendon of the quadriceps femoris. It is attached to the apex of the PATELLA and to the lower part of the tubercle of the TIBIA.


Wrist Joint Extensor Tendons

The tendons located along the back part of the forearm that cross to the thumb side of the wrist and connect muscles of the forearm to the base of hand bones, enabling bending of the wrist back and towards the thumb.


calcaneal tendon

The Achilles tendon is a tendon of the posterior leg. It serves to attach the plantaris, gastrocnemius (calf) and soleus muscles to the calcaneus (heel) bone.


Structure of flexor tendon of finger

The tendons located on the palm side of the fingers that connect the flexor muscles of the forearm and hand to bones in the fingers, enabling flexion towards the palm.


Structure of extensor tendon of finger

The tendons located on the dorsal side of the fingers that connect muscles of the forearm and hand to bones in the fingers, enabling straightening of the fingers.


Cerebral abscess

A bacterial, fungal, or parasitic abscess that develops in the cerebral hemispheres. Causes include skull trauma, middle ear infection, congenital heart disease, and frontal and ethmoid sinus infection.


Epithelioid Schwannoma

A schwannoma characterized by the presence of epithelioid cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm, within a myxoid and/or hyalinized stroma.


Cardenolide

A steroid lactone that is a C23 steroid with methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and a butenolide ring at C-17.


cardenolide glycoside

Any member of the class of cardenolides with glycosyl residues attached to position 3.


right atrium endocardium

Endocardium that is part of the right atrium.


endocardium of atrium

Endocardium that is part of the atrium.


left atrium endocardium

Endocardium that is part of the left atrium.


endocardium of left auricle

An endocardium that is part of a left atrium auricular region.


endocardium of auricle

An endocardium that is part of a atrium auricular region.


endocardium of right auricle

An endocardium that is part of a right atrium auricular region.


manual digit 2

2nd digit of the manus.


Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Adult Brain

A malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site of growth to the brain in an adult patient.


Adult Brain Glioblastoma

A brain glioblastoma that occurs during adulthood.


COPI-coated Golgi to ER transport vesicle

A vesicle that mediates transport from the Golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum.


Recurrent Childhood Glioblastoma

The reemergence of glioblastoma in childhood after a period of remission.


Recurrent Supratentorial Glioblastoma

The reemergence of supratentorial glioblastoma after a period of remission.


Recurrent Glioblastoma

The reemergence of glioblastoma after a period of remission.


Recurrent Childhood Gliosarcoma

The reemergence of gliosarcoma in childhood after a period of remission.


Recurrent Glioblastoma, IDH-Wildtype

The reemergence of glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype after a period of remission.


Recurrent Childhood Giant Cell Glioblastoma

The reemergence of giant cell glioblastoma in childhood after a period of remission.


Recurrent Small Cell Glioblastoma

The reemergence of small cell glioblastoma after a period of remission.


Recurrent Giant Cell Glioblastoma

The reemergence of giant cell glioblastoma after a period of remission.


Recurrent Gliosarcoma

The reemergence of gliosarcoma after a period of remission.


Recurrent Astrocytoma, IDH-Mutant, Grade 4

The reemergence of astrocytoma, IDH-mutant, Grade 4, after a period of remission.


Recurrent Diffuse Midline Glioma, H3 K27M-Mutant

The reemergence of diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M mutant, after a period of remission.


Congenital anomaly of the urinary tract proper

An abnormality of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or urethra that is present at birth. Representative examples include renal hypoplasia, renal agenesis, accessory kidney, absence of ureter, atresia of bladder neck, and atresia of urethra.


Urachal remnant

Remaining collapsed and obliterated urachal tissue between the bladder dome and umbilicus.


Posterior Urethral Valves Type 1

A posterior urethral valve extending from the vera montanum towards the distal meatus.


Posterior Urethral Valves Type 3

A posterior urethral valve, presumed to result from incomplete canalization of the urethra, that is located immediately distal to the vera montanum.


Double kidney (disorder)

A congenital abnormality of the kidney characterized by the presence of two separate pelvicocaliceal systems with a single or duplex ureter.


Congenital Renal Hypoplasia

The underdevelopment of otherwise normal renal parenchyma, characterized by decreased nephron size and possibly a decreased number of nephrons at birth.


Prostatic Duct Urothelial Carcinoma

An urothelial carcinoma that arises from the urothelial lining of the prostatic ducts.


Ann Arbor Stage II Supradiaphragmatic Lymphocyte-Depleted Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma


large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of kidney

An aggressive, high-grade and poorly differentiated carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the kidney.  It is characterized by the presence of malignant large cells.


Solitary mass

A single isolated mass.


Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity stage I

Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0.  T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


Stage I Lip and Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7

Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


leg nerve

A nerve that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition].


lower leg nerve

A nerve that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition].


upper leg nerve

A nerve that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition].


Refractory Childhood Osteosarcoma

Childhood osteosarcoma that is resistant to treatment.


(+)-Thalidomide

A 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione that has R-configuration at the chiral centre.


Benign Extrahepatic Bile Duct Non-Epithelial Neoplasm

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the extrahepatic bile ducts tissues, excluding the epithelial tissue.


Extrahepatic Bile Duct Fibroma

A benign neoplasm arising from the extra hepatic bile duct. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts.


Benign Extrahepatic Bile Duct Soft Tissue Neoplasm

A non-metastasizing mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the extrahepatic bile ducts. Representative examples include leiomyoma and lipoma.


Extrahepatic Bile Duct Benign Granular Cell Tumor

A benign granular cell tumor that arises from the extrahepatic bile ducts.


thoracic vertebra 9

The ninth thoracic vertebra counting from the top down. Note that members of this class are not necessarily homologous[ncit,modified].


Pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma

A cutaneous melanocytic neoplasm composed of heavily pigmented epithelioid and dendritic cells, with metastatic potential limited to regional lymph nodes. It can occur as a sporadic lesion or in patients with Carney complex. (WHO 2018)


Grade 3 or 4 Elevation of AST, ALT, and/or Bilirubin

A finding of grade 3 or 4 AST, Grade 3 or 4 ALT, and/or grade 3 or 4 bilirubin.


follicular dendritic cell sarcoma of thyroid gland

A rare follicular dendritic cell sarcoma involving the thyroid gland. It may be associated with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis.


Moderate Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

A chronic lung disorder associated with pulmonary maldevelopment, scarring, and/or inflammation that develops in preterm neonates exposed to supplemental oxygen for at least 28 days. For infants born before 32 weeks gestation with moderate BPD, there is a supplemental oxygen requirement of less than 30% at 36 weeks postmenstrual age or earlier discharge. For infants born after 32 weeks with moderate BPD, there is a supplemental oxygen requirement of less than 30% at 56 days post-natal age or at earlier discharge.


chromoplast outer membrane

The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the chromoplast envelope.


Kidney Lymphangioma

A rare lymphangioma arising from the kidney.


viral factory

An intracellular compartment in a host cell which increases the efficiency of viral replication, and shields the virus from host defenses. Viral factories can be either cytoplasmic or nuclear and often arise from extensive rearrangement of host cell cytoskeletal and/or cell membrane compartments.


double membrane vesicle viral factory

A cytoplasmic viral factory that consists of a double-membrane bound vesicle. Has a diameter of 200-300nm and is derived from the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus. Produced by Picornaviridae, Nidovirales, Arteriviridae and Coronaviridae.


tube viral factory

A cytoplasmic viral factory derived from the Golgi in which Bunyaviridae replication takes place. Tubes are membranous structures close to the assembly and budding sites, and their function may be to connect viral replication and morphogenesis inside viral factories.


viroplasm viral factory

A cytoplasmic viral factory that is electron dense due to high levels of viral RNA. Produced by nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV) like Poxviridae, Asfarviridae and Iridoviridae, and dsRNA viruses like Reoviridae.


host cell viral assembly compartment

A membrane-bounded compartment that forms in the cytoplasm of the host cell, in which virus assembly takes place.


spherule viral factory

A cytoplasmic viral factory which is a 50-400nm diameter membrane invagination. Spherules can appear on several enveloped cellular components depending on the virus.


cytoplasmic viral factory

A viral factory located in the cytoplasm of a host cell.


Prostate Hemangioma

A rare hemangioma that arises from the prostate gland.


Vulvar Congenital Melanocytic Nevus

A benign nevus that arises from the vulva and is present at birth.


Congenital small melanocytic nevus

A congenital nevus of small size, with a diameter smaller than 1.5 cm. It presents as a macular, papular or plaque-like lesion.


Proliferative dermal lesion in congenital nevus

A benign proliferation of epithelioid or spindled melanocytes usually in the upper or mid dermis in a background of congenital melanocytic nevus. The congenital melanocytic nevus is usually of the deep type, involving the dermis and extending into the subcutaneous tissue. It presents as a dark plaque or nodule above a giant congenital melanocytic nevus.


Central Nervous System Solitary Fibrous Tumor, Grade 1

A solitary fibrous tumor that arises from the central nervous system. It corresponds most often to the collagenous and low cellularity spindle cell tumor which was diagnosed as central nervous system solitary fibrous tumor in the past.


Stomach Mass

An abnormal growth located in the stomach.


cytoplasmic microtubule bundle

Any microtubule bundle that is part of a cytoplasm.


axon microtubule bundle

An arrangement of closely apposed microtubules running parallel to each other in the axon hillock and initial segment.


dynamic microtubule bundle

A microtubule bundle that undergoes changes in length, and in which microtubule sliding takes place.


static microtubule bundle

A microtubule bundle that has a constant length, and in which microtubule sliding does not take place.


insect embryonic/larval brain

Brain of the embryo/larva.


insect embryonic brain

Brain of the embryo.


insect adult brain

Brain of the adult.


neural tube derived brain

A brain that develops_from a neural tube.


Refractory Fungal Infection

A fungal infection that is resistant to treatment.


Renal Benign Mesenchymoma

A benign mesenchymoma arising from the kidney.


Mild Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

A chronic lung disorder associated with pulmonary maldevelopment, scarring, and/or inflammation that develops in preterm neonates exposed to supplemental oxygen for at least 28 days. For infants born before 32 weeks gestation with mild BPD, there is no supplemental oxygen requirement at 36 weeks postmenstrual age or earlier discharge. For infants born after 32 weeks with mild BPD, there is no supplemental oxygen requirement at 56 days post-natal age or at earlier discharge.


H influenze type B Pneumonia

Pneumonia that is attributed to the bacteria H influenze type B.


Collapsed Lung

Atelectasis of an entire lung.


Somatoform autonomic dysfunction - respiratory tract

A respiratory malfunction for which mental factors play a causative role.


Acute pneumonia

Acute inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, radiation treatment, or exposure to chemicals.  Signs and symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, fevers, chills, chest pain, headache, sweating, and weakness.


Non-Neoplastic Lung Disorder

A lung disorder not caused by a neoplasm. Representative examples include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atelectasis, lung infections, pulmonary fibrosis, and pneumoconiosis.


Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome

Bronchiolitis obliterans following lung or allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.


Follicular Bronchitis/Bronchiolitis

A non-neoplastic disorder characterized by the formation of reactive lymphoid follicles adjacent to distal bronchi and bronchioles.  It presents with mild shortness of breath and is associated with immunodeficiency syndromes and collagen vascular disorders.


COVID-19-Associated Pneumonia

Pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is characterized by the presence of ground glass opacities on CT scan images.


Congenital anomaly of lung

A malformation in the lung that is present at birth. Representative examples include pulmonary hypoplasia, pulmonary agenesis, congenital lobar emphysema, and alveolar capillary dysplasia.


Respiratory Failure Related to Neuromuscular Disorder

Impaired gas exchange by the respiratory system resulting in hypoxemia and decreased oxygenation of the tissues that may be associated with increased arterial levels of carbon dioxide; the respiratory failure is due to a neuromuscular disorder.


Pulmonary cryptococcosis

Fungal pneumonia caused by inhalation of particles of Cryptococcus.  It usually occurs in immunocompromised patients such as persons with AIDS, transplant recipients, patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy, and patients with hematologic malignancies.  It is rare in immunocompetent individuals.  Signs and symptoms include fever, cough, and dyspnea.


Pneumonia due to respiratory syncytial virus

Pneumonia that is attributed to the respiratory syncytial virus.


Paracicatricial Emphysema

The development of dilated terminal airspaces in the lung adjacent to parenchymal scarring.


Chronic obstructive asthma (with obstructive pulmonary disease)

Chronic airway obstruction caused by asthma.


Pulmonary vascular disorder

A category of non-neoplastic disorders that affect the blood vessels in the lungs.  Representative examples include pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, and arteriovenous malformations.


Steroid-Refractory Pneumonitis

Pneumonitis that does not respond to corticosteroid therapy.


Tuberculous bronchiectasis

Bronchiectasis that develops in patients with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis.  It is usually associated with healed scars but occasionally may be seen in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis.


Severe acute respiratory infection

A respiratory infectious disorder that leads to an acute illness that requires medical attention.


Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia that results in severe respiratory complications. The infants with severe symptoms are usually premature, have low birth weight, and the oxygen and ventilation support requirements are increased.


Pneumonia due to methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Pneumonia that is caused by Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to methicillin treatment.


Asbestos-Related Lung Disorder

A disorder affecting the lungs due to asbestos exposure. Examples include asbestosis and lung carcinoma.


Toxoplasma Pneumonia

Pneumonia caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii.  It usually presents as an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients, especially patients with AIDS.  It is rare in immunocompetent individuals.  Signs and symptoms include cough, fever, and dyspnea.


Pulmonary trunk hypoplasia

Underdeveloped pulmonary arteries.


Respiratory Failure Related to Central Nervous System Disorder

Impaired gas exchange by the respiratory system resulting in hypoxemia and decreased oxygenation of the tissues that may be associated with increased arterial levels of carbon dioxide; the respiratory failure is due to a central nervous system disorder.


Sickle Cell Chronic Lung Disease

A pulmonary complication of sickle cell disease characterized by radiographic interstitial abnormalities and impaired pulmonary function. In severe cases, pulmonary hypertension is present.


Hyaline Membrane Syndrome

A serious disorder affecting newborns, particularly premature infants. It is caused by deficiency of surfactant, resulting in the formation of a membrane in the alveoli lining. This membrane contains fibrin and cellular debris and interferes with respiration. Infants with this disorder develop breathing problems immediately or in a few hours after delivery. It may lead to respiratory failure.


Fibrotic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

Interstitial lung fibrosis resulting from chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis.


AIDS-Related Pneumocystis Pneumonia

A serious AIDS-related opportunistic infection of the lungs, caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii.  It is one of the most common AIDS-related illnesses and is a major cause of morbidity in patients with AIDS.  Signs and symptoms include cough, fever, dyspnea, and pain or tightness in the chest.


Pulmonary Precancerous Condition

A premalignant pathologic process that affects the lungs.  This category includes bronchial intraepithelial neoplasia and atypical adenomatous hyperplasia.


hepatopancreas

An organ of the digestive tract of arthropods and molluscs. It provides the functions which in mammals are provided separately by the liver and pancreas, including the production of digestive enzymes, and absorption of digested food.


arthropod hepatopancreas

Digestive gland of crustaceans with functions approximately analogous to liver and pancreas of vertebrates - enzyme secretion, food absorption and storage.


Mesothelial hyperplasia

A hyperplasia of the mesothelial cells.


Atypical Mesothelial Hyperplasia

An atypical hyperplasia of the mesothelial cells.


Infectious Salpingitis

An acute or chronic infectious process affecting the fallopian tube. Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhea, Mycoplasma, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus are the most common causative agents.


ovarian vein

A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from its corresponding ovary to inferior vena cava or one of its tributaries.


left ovarian vein

Ovarian vein, each instance of which is a tributary  of some left renal vein that drains the left pampiniform plexus of some broad ligament.


right ovarian vein

Ovarian vein, each instance of which is a tributary  of some inferior vena cava that drains the right pampiniform plexus of some broad ligament.


metanephros

In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine[GO].


pharyngeal pouch 3

A pharyngeal pouch that between pharyngeal arches 3 and 4.


neural plate

A region of embryonic ectodermal cells that lie directly above the notochord. During neurulation, they change shape and produce an infolding of the neural plate (the neural fold) that then seals to form the neural tube[XAO]. The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium[ZFA].


lung bud

Structure derived from foregut that becomes a lung[GO].


subcardinal vein

A vein in the mammalian embryo or the adult of some lower vertebrates that is located on each side of the abdominal region ventromedial to the mesonephros and that in mammals participates in the formation of the inferior vena cava and the renal vein.


optic stalk

The narrow, proximal portion of the optic vesicle which connects the embryonic eye and forebrain.


neural fold

One of the two elevated edges of the neural groove[GO,MP].


primitive streak

The primitive streak is a structure that forms during the early stages of avian, reptilian and mammalian embryonic development[WP]. the midline ridge of the embryonic epiblast that later develops into mesoderm and endoderm[MP].


stapedial artery

A small artery that passes through the ring of the stapes; while the stapedial artery is a temporary artery thought to disappear at late embryonic stage in humans, the mouse stapedial artery is complete by E13 and persists into adulthood[MP].


pronephros

In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensible for larval life[GO].


atrial septum primum

In the developing heart, the cavity of the primitive atrium becomes subdivided into right and left chambers by a septum, the septum primum, which grows downward into the cavity. The increasingly smaller gap below it (before it fuses with the endocardial cushion) is known as the ostium primum. The septum primum eventually fuses with the endocardial cushion, closing the ostium primum off completely. Meanwhile, perforations appear in the superior part of the septum primum, forming the ostium secundum. This will eventually form part of the fossa ovalis.


vitelline vein

The paired veins that carry blood from the yolk sac back to the embryo.


central tendon of diaphragm

The three-lobed cloverleaf-shaped aponeurosis situated at the center of the diaphragm; the central tendon is fused with the fibrous pericardium that provides attachment for the muscle fibers.


ovary sex cord

Structures that develop from sex cords in the female. After further development they become the ovarian follicles.


truncus arteriosus

The truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis are divided by the aorticopulmonary septum. The truncus arteriosus gives rise to the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The bulbus cordis gives rise to the smooth parts (outflow tract) of the left and right ventricles.


periderm

A temporary epithelium that derives from the outer layer of the ectdoerm and is shed once the inner layer differentiates to form a true epidermis.


pharyngeal pouch 1

A pharyngeal pouch that is between pharyngeal arches 1 and 2.


embryonic cardiovascular system

A cardiovascular system that is part of a conceptus.


sex cord

Cordlike masses of epithelial tissue that invaginate from germinal epithelium of the gonad and give rise to seminiferous tubules and rete testes in the male, and primary ovarian follicles and rete ovarii in the female.


ventral mesogastrium

Portion of ventral mesentery closest to the stomach.


ductus arteriosus

A fetal blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery with the descending aorta[MESH]. In the developing fetus, the ductus arteriosus is a shunt connecting the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch. It allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus' fluid-filled lungs, protecting the lungs from being overworked and allowing the left ventricle to strengthen. There are two other fetal shunts, the ductus venosus and the foramen ovale[MP]. the fetal vessel that connects the left pulmonary artery with the descending aorta; the ductus arteriosus normally regresses into a fibrous cord, the ligamentum arteriousum after birth[MP].


dorsal mesogastrium

The portion of mesentery attached to the greater curvature of the stomach is named the dorsal mesentery (or dorsal mesogastrium, when referring to the portion at the stomach), and the part which suspends the colon is termed the mesocolon. The dorsal mesogastrium develops into the greater omentum.


indifferent gonad

A gonad prior to differentiating into a definitive testis or ovary.


pharyngeal pouch 5

A pharyngeal pouch between pharyngeal arches 5 and 6.


somite

Somites are spheres of epithelial cells that form sequentially along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo through mesenchymal to epithelial transition of the presomitic mesoderm.


nasolacrimal groove

Groove between maxillary prominence and lateral nasal process.


pharyngeal pouch

An internal pocketing of pharyngeal endoderm that contacts a region of ectoderm (a pharyngeal cleft) and interdigitates in the anterior and posterior directions with the pharyngeal arches.


Embryonic palate

The development of the roof of the oral cavity from the fusion of median palatine process to the paired lateral palatine processes, which occurs between the six and twelfth weeks of gestation.


supracardinal vein

Either of two veins in the mammalian embryo and various adult lower vertebrate forms located in the thoracic and abdominal regions dorsolateral to and on either side of the descending aorta and giving rise to the azygos and hemiazygos veins and a part of the inferior vena cava[MW]. These veins drain the body wall via the segmental intercostal veins, thus taking over the function of the posterior cardinals[ISBN].


ductus venosus

The vascular channel in the fetus passing through the liver and joining the umbilical vein with the inferior vena cava.


pharyngeal arch artery

One of a series of paired embryological vascular structures formed within a pharyngeal arch; in the adult, some of these vessels give rise to the great vessels[MP].


notochordal plate

The notochordal plate is the dorsal part of the notochordal process when the ventral portion breaks down. It is continuous laterally with the endoderm that composes the roof of the primitive foregut and is in contact dorsally with the neural tube. The folding off of the notochordal plate gives rise to the notochord.


pharyngeal pouch 2

A pharyngeal puch that is between the pharyngeal arches 2 and 3.


pharyngeal pouch 4

A pharyngeal pouch between pharyngeal arch 4 and arch 5 or 6 (a fifth arch never establishes in amniotes).


mitomycin

A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.


onium betaine

Neutral molecules having charge-separated forms with an onium atom which bears no hydrogen atoms and that is not adjacent to the anionic atom.


Acetylcarnitine

An O-acylcarnitine having acetyl as the acyl substituent.


saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine

An O-acylcarnitine in which the R is a saturated fatty acyl chain.


Thiamin pyrophosphate

An ammonium betaine that is the conjugate base of thiamine(1+) diphosphate arising from the deprotonation of one of the hydroxy groups of the terminal phosphate group.


O-acylcarnitine

Any carboxylic ester obtained by the O-acylation of carnitine.


Thiaminium carboxylate betaine

An ammonium betaine that is the conjugate base of thiamine(1+) carboxylic acid arising from the deprotonation of the carboxy group.


amino-acid betaine

Any amino acid-derived zwitterion - such as glycine betaine (N,N,N-trimethylammonioacetate) - in which the ammonium nitrogen carries methyl substituents and bears no hydrogen atoms.


fatty acyl-L-carnitine

Any O-acylcarnitine in which the carnitine component has L-configuration and the acyl group is a fatty acid.


Carnitine

An amino-acid betaine that is butanoate substituted with a hydroxy group at position C-3 and a trimethylammonium group at C-4.


Thiamine triphosphorate

An ammonium betaine that is the conjugate base of thiamine(1+) triphosphate arising from the deptoronation of one of the hydroxy groups of the terminal phosphate group.


Thiamine phosphoric acid ester

An ammonium betaine that is the conjugate base of thiamine(1+) monophosphate arising from the deprotonation of one of the phosphate hydroxy groups.


O-acyl-L-carnitine

An O-acylcarnitine in which the carnitine component has L-configuration.


sulfonium betaine

Neutral molecules having charge-separated forms with an sulfonium atom which bears no hydrogen atoms and that is not adjacent to the anionic atom.


ammonium betaine

Any neutral molecule having charge-separated forms with a quaternary ammonium atom which bears no hydrogen atoms and that is not adjacent to the anionic atom.


Nbp35-Cfd1 ATPase complex

An iron-sulfur cluster assembly complex that is capable of weak ATPase activity. In yeast it consists of two subunits, Nbp35 and Cfd1.


crista of ampulla of anterior semicircular duct of membranous laybrinth

A crista ampullaris neuroepithelium that is part of a anterior semicircular duct.


crista ampullaris neuroepithelium

An epithelium that is part of a crista ampullaris.


crista of ampulla of lateral semicircular duct of membranous laybrinth

A crista ampullaris neuroepithelium that is part of a lateral semicircular duct.


crista of ampulla of posterior semicircular duct of membranous laybrinth

A crista ampullaris neuroepithelium that is part of a posterior semicircular duct.


Childhood Immature Teratoma

An immature teratoma occurring in children.


Childhood Choriocarcinoma

A choriocarcinoma occurring in children.


Childhood Mature Teratoma

A mature teratoma occurring in children.


Refractory Childhood Malignant Germ Cell Tumor

A malignant germ cell tumor that occurs during childhood and is resistant to treatment.


Childhood Malignant Testicular Germ Cell Tumor

A malignant germ cell tumor in children arising from the testis.  It includes the embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, and mixed germ cell tumors.


Recurrent Childhood Malignant Germ Cell Tumor

The reemergence of a malignant germ cell tumor in children after a period of remission.


Childhood Germinomatous Germ Cell Tumor

A germinomatous germ cell tumor occurring in children.


Childhood Mixed Germ Cell Tumor

A mixed germ cell tumor occurring in children.


Childhood Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor

A childhood benign or malignant germ cell tumor arising from an anatomic site other than the brain.


Childhood Teratoma

A mature or immature teratoma occurring in children.


Childhood Seminoma

A seminoma occurring in children.


Childhood Embryonal Carcinoma

An embryonal carcinoma occurring in children.


Childhood Extragonadal Malignant Germ Cell Tumor

A malignant germ cell tumor in children arising from an anatomic site other than the testis or ovary.


Childhood Central Nervous System Teratoma

A mature or immature teratoma affecting the central nervous system and occurring in children.


Benign Childhood Germ Cell Tumor

A non-metastasizing germ cell tumor that occurs during childhood.


Childhood Nongerminomatous Germ Cell Tumor

A nongerminomatous germ cell tumor occurring in children.


Childhood Testicular Non-Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumor

A non-seminomatous germ cell tumor that arises in the testis and occurs in children.


Childhood Testicular Yolk Sac Tumor

A yolk sac tumor that arises from the testis during childhood.


stomach non-glandular epithelium

Am epithelium that lines the stomach which lacks glands. In addition to a glandular epithelium, the stomachs of some vertebrates also has a second region characterized by a nonglandular epithelium, devoid of gastric glands.


rumen epithelium

The rumen epithelium is the tissue which lines the largest of the four fore stomachs in the ruminant animal -cows and sheep. Rumen epithelial cells are important because they are responsible for the absorption of nutrients from the rumen into the blood.


Peripheral Nervous System Infectious Disorder

An infectious process affecting the peripheral nerves.


B-Cell Malignant Neoplasm

A clonal lymphoproliferative disorder composed of neoplastic B-cells. It includes B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, B-cell leukemias, and plasma cell myeloma.


Chronic lymphocytic leukemia stage 1

Risk: Intermediate; Findings: Lymphocytosis and adenopathy; Survival (months): 95. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


DS Stage IA Plasma Cell Myeloma

Durie/Salmon stage I plasma cell myeloma associated with a relatively normal renal function (serum creatinine concentration < 2.0 mg/dL).


B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with t(4;11)(q21;23)

A B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia associated with t(4;11)(q21;23). This translocation leads to the generation of the fusion gene MLL-AF4.


Childhood B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with t(9;22)(q34.1;q11.2); BCR-ABL1

A B-cell acute leukemia occurring in childhood. It is characterized by the presence of lymphoblasts that carry a translocation between the BCR gene on chromosome 22 and the ABL1 gene on chromosome 9. It results in the production of the p190 kd or p210 kd fusion protein. It has an unfavorable clinical outcome.


Hypodiploid B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

A B-cell acute leukemia characterized by the presence of lymphoblasts which contain less than 46 chromosomes. It occurs in both children and adults. It has an unfavorable clinical outcome.


Recurrent Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia

The reemergence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia after a period of remission.


Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma that does not respond to treatment.


Recurrent Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia/Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma

The reemergence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma after a period of remission.


Refractory B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with t(9;22)(q34.1;q11.2); BCR-ABL1

B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia with t(9;22)(q34.1;q11.2); BCR-ABL1 that is resistant to treatment.


Leptomeningeal myelomatosis

A central nervous system plasma cell myeloma involving the leptomeninges.


Refractory B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia that does not respond to treatment.


Plasma cell myeloma recurrent

The reemergence of plasma cell myeloma after a period of remission.


DS Stage IIIB Plasma Cell Myeloma

Durie/Salmon stage III plasma cell myeloma associated with abnormal renal function (serum creatinine concentration greater than or equal to 2.0 mg/dL).


Recurrent Ph-Like Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

The reemergence of  Ph-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia after a period of remission.


Monomorphic B-Cell Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder

A clonal B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder arising as a result of post-transplant immunosuppression therapy. It is characterized by destructive infiltration of lymph nodes and extranodal sites by a monotonous population of transformed B-lymphocytes or plasma cells. The clonal cellular infiltrates fulfill the criteria for a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, or a plasma cell neoplasm.


Extramedullary Disease in Plasma Cell Myeloma Involving the Central Nervous System

Plasma cell myeloma involving the central nervous system. It manifests with single or multiple intraparenchymal lesions and/or leptomeningeal involvement. Patients present with diffuse cerebral dysfunction and nerve paralysis. The prognosis is poor.


Stage A Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Findings: Lymphocytosis only; Survival (months): more than 120. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia with Unmutated Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Variable-Region Gene

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia characterized by the absence of somatic hypermutation within the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene variable region of neoplastic clones. Patients have a significantly worse prognosis as compared to those with mutated immunoglobulin heavy chain gene variable region rearrangements.


Refractory B-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia

B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia that is resistant to treatment.


Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia- Binet Staging System

A term that refers to the staging of chronic lymphocytic leukemia according to Binet staging system. This system is in wide use outside the United States.


Chronic lymphocytic leukemia stage 4

Risk: High; Findings: Lymphocytosis and platelets less than 100,000/microliter; Survival (months): 30. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Cutaneous B Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma

B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma that arises from the skin.


Stage B Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Findings: Lymphocytosis and adenopathy; Survival (months): 95. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Plasma Cell Myeloma Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder

A lymphoproliferative disorder that develops following an organ transplantation and exhibits plasma cell myeloma features.


Plasmacytoma-Like Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder

A plasmacytoma-like hematologic malignancy that arises in a patient with a history of organ transplantation.


Chronic lymphocytic leukemia stage 2

Risk: Intermediate; Findings: Lymphocytosis, adenopathy, and enlarged spleen and/or liver; Survival (months): 72. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Adult B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with t(9;22)(q34.1;q11.2); BCR-ABL1

A B-cell acute leukemia that occurs during adulthood. It is characterized by the presence of lymphoblasts that carry a translocation between the BCR gene on chromosome 22 and the ABL1 gene on chromosome 9. It results in the production of the p190 kd or p210 kd fusion protein. It has an unfavorable clinical outcome.


RISS Stage I Plasma Cell Myeloma

Serum beta-2-microglobulin less than 3.5 mg/L and serum albumin 3.5 g/dL or more and no high-risk cytogenetics and normal LDH. High risk cytogenetics consist of one or more of the following: del17p, t(4;14), or t(14;16). (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


DS Stage IIB Plasma Cell Myeloma

Durie/Salmon stage II plasma cell myeloma associated with abnormal renal function (serum creatinine concentration greater than or equal to 2.0 mg/dL).


Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia with Plasmacytoid Differentiation

A chronic lymphocytic leukemia characterized by the presence of neoplastic lymphocytes with plasmacytoid morphology.


Extramedullary Disease in Plasma Cell Myeloma

Infiltration of organs and soft tissues by malignant (clonal) plasma cells in patients with history of plasma cell myeloma. Skin, liver, lymph nodes, pleura, and central nervous system are the most frequently affected sites.


Sinonasal Plasmacytoma

A plasmacytoma that arises in the sinonasal tract.


DS Stage IIA Plasma Cell Myeloma

Durie/Salmon stage II plasma cell myeloma associated with a relatively normal renal function (serum creatinine concentration < 2.0 mg/dL).


Progressive Hairy Cell Leukemia Initial Treatment

A hairy cell leukemia requiring initial treatment because of the presence of signs of progression.  Signs of progression include cytopenia (especially if symptomatic), increasing splenomegaly, and infectious complications.  Therapy is not necessary if the patients are asymptomatic and the blood counts are maintained in an acceptable range.


Refractory Transformed Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia which has undergone histologic transformation to an aggressive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (Richter's transformation) and has become resistant to treatment.


Primary cutaneous plasmacytoma

A plasmacytoma that arises in the skin.


Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia with Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Variable-Region Gene Somatic Hypermutation

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia characterized by the presence of somatic hypermutation within the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene variable region of neoplastic clones. Patients have a better prognosis as compared to those with unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain gene variable region rearrangements.


Plasma cell myeloma refractory

Plasma cell myeloma that is resistant to treatment.


Testicular Plasmacytoma

A rare plasmacytoma that arises in the testis. At presentation the involvement is usually unilateral.


DS Stage II Plasma Cell Myeloma

Plasma cell myeloma that fits in neither stage I nor stage III.  Estimated myeloma cell mass: 0.6 to 1.2 trillion (1012)/m2 (intermediate burden).  The following subclassification of stages is used: a. Creatinine less than 2.0 mg/dL, b. Creatinine greater than or equal to 2.0 mg/dL.  Impaired renal function worsens prognosis regardless of stage.  Note that the newer International Staging System defines stage II quite differently: Beta-2-microglobulin less than 3.5 and albumin less than 3.5 or beta-2-microglobulin 3.5 to less than 5.5 (median survival of 44 months).  (PDQ)


Chronic lymphocytic leukemia refractory

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia that is resistant to treatment.


Recurrent B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with t(9;22)(q34.1;q11.2); BCR-ABL1

The reemergence of B acute lymphoblastic leukemia with t(9;22)(q34.1;q11.2); BCR-ABL1 after a period of remission.


Extramedullary Disease in Plasma Cell Myeloma Involving the Uterine Corpus

Infiltration of the uterine corpus by malignant (clonal) plasma cells in patients with history of plasma cell myeloma.


Ph-Like Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

A leukemia subtype characterized by a gene-expression profile similar to that of BCR-ABL1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia, alterations of lymphoid transcription factor genes, and a poor outcome.


Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia- Modified Rai Staging System

A term that refers to the staging of chronic lymphocytic leukemia according to modified Rai staging system. This system is mainly used in North America.


Chronic lymphocytic leukemia stage 3

Risk: High; Findings: Lymphocytosis and hemoglobin less than 11 g/dL; Survival (months): 30. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


RISS Stage II Plasma Cell Myeloma

Not stage I or III. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Plasma Cell Myeloma by ISS Stage

A header term that refers to the staging of plasma cell myeloma according to the International Staging System.


Recurrent Burkitt Leukemia

The reemergence of Burkitt leukemia after a period of remission.


Plasma Cell Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder

A plasma cell neoplasm that arises in a patient with a history of organ transplantation.


Plasma Cell Myeloma by RISS Stage

A staging system for plasma cell myeloma based on the Revised International Staging System (RISS) criteria. This staging system does not apply to smoldering multiple myeloma (no AJCC staging system), monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (no AJCC staging system), and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (no AJCC staging system). (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Adult Burkitt Leukemia

The leukemic counterpart of Burkitt lymphoma occurring in adults.  The characteristic Burkitt cells are seen in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood.  This is an aggressive leukemia.


ISS Stage II Plasma Cell Myeloma

Plasma cell myeloma with blood levels of beta-2-microglobulin between 3.5 and 5.5 mg/L.


Plasmacytoma anaplastic

A plasmacytoma characterized by the presence of malignant plasma cells with anaplastic features.


Refractory Burkitt Leukemia

Burkitt leukemia resistant to treatment.


Advanced B-Cell Malignant Neoplasm

A B-cell malignant neoplasm that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Recurrent Transformed Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

The reemergence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia transformed to aggressive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (Richter's transformation) after a period of remission.


Extramedullary Disease in Plasma Cell Myeloma Involving the Skin

Infiltration of the skin by malignant (clonal) plasma cells in patients with history of plasma cell myeloma.


Stage C Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Findings: Lymphocytosis, adenopathy, and enlarged spleen and/or liver; Survival (months): 72. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Cutaneous Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

A chronic lymphocytic leukemia that affects the skin.


DS Stage III Plasma Cell Myeloma

Plasma cell myeloma with one or more of the following: 1. Hemoglobin less than 8.5 g/dL. 2. Serum calcium greater than 12.0 mg/dL. 3. More than three lytic bone lesions. 4. High M protein production as shown by: a. IgG greater than 7.0 g/dL. b. IgA greater than 5.0 g/dL. c. Urinary kappa or lamda greater than 12.0 g/24 hours. Estimated myeloma cell mass: greater than 1.2 trillion (1012)/m2 (high burden). The following subclassification of stages is used: a. Creatinine less than 2.0 mg/dL. b. Creatinine greater than or equal to 2.0 mg/dL. Serum beta-2-microglobulin has been shown to be a reliable marker for prognosis. Since the great majority of symptomatic myeloma patients are classified as stage III by the Durie/Salmon criteria, this staging system has not proven to be very useful for identifying the patients with intermediate and poor prognosis. Note that the newer International Staging System defines stage III quite differently: Beta-2-microglobulin greater than or equal to 5.5 (median survival of 29 months). (PDQ)


DS Stage I Plasma Cell Myeloma

Plasma cell myeloma with all of the following: 1. Hemoglobin greater than 10 g/Dl, 2. Normal serum calcium, 3. Normal bone structure, 4. Low monoclonal (or myeloma) protein (M protein) production as shown by: a. IgG less than 5.0 g/dL, b. IgA less than 3.0 g/dL, c. Urinary kappa or lamda less than 4 g/24 hours. Estimated myeloma cell mass: less than 0.6 trillion (1012)/m2 (low burden). The following subclassification of stages is used: a. Creatinine less than 2.0 mg/dL, b. Creatinine greater than or equal to 2.0 mg/dL. Impaired renal function worsens prognosis regardless of stage. Note that the newer International Staging System defines stage I quite differently: Beta-2-microglobulin less than 3.5 and albumin greater than or equal to 3.5 (median survival of 62 months). (PDQ)


B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Philadelphia Chromosome Negative

A precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) which does not have the cytogenetic abnormality t(9;22)(q34;q11.2). Most cases of ALL do not have this translocation.


DS Stage IIIA Plasma Cell Myeloma

Durie/Salmon stage III plasma cell myeloma associated with a relatively normal renal function (serum creatinine concentration < 2.0 mg/dL).


Recurrent B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

The reemergence of B acute lymphoblastic leukemia after a period of remission.


RISS Stage III Plasma Cell Myeloma

Serum beta-2-microglobulin 5.5 mg/L or more and high-risk cytogenetics and/or high LDH. High risk cytogenetics consist of one or more of the following: del17p, t(4;14), or t(14;16). (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Hyperdiploid B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

A B-cell acute leukemia characterized by the presence of lymphoblasts which contain more than 50 and usually less than 66 chromosomes. It is commonly seen in children and rarely in adults. It has a favorable clinical outcome.


B Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma, Not Otherwise Specified

The term refers to precursor lymphoid neoplasms which are composed of B-lymphoblasts and characterized by the absence of recurrent genetic abnormalities.


ISS Stage III Plasma Cell Myeloma

Plasma cell myeloma with beta-2-microglobulin greater than or equal to 5.5 (median survival of 29 months).  Note that the older Durie/Salmon staging system defines stage III quite differently. (PDQ)


DS Stage IB Plasma Cell Myeloma

Durie/Salmon stage I plasma cell myeloma associated with abnormal renal function (serum creatinine concentration greater than or equal to 2.0 mg/dL).


Recurrent B-Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia

The reemergence of a B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia after a period of remission.


Transformed Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia to Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

Histologic transformation of an indolent chronic lymphocytic leukemia to an aggressive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.


Extramedullary Disease in Plasma Cell Myeloma Involving the Kidney

Infiltration of the kidney by malignant (clonal) plasma cells in patients with history of plasma cell myeloma.


Chronic lymphocytic leukemia stage 0

Risk: Low; Findings: Lymphocytosis only; Survival (months): more than 120. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Refractory Ph-Like Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Ph-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia that does not respond to treatment.


ISS Stage I Plasma Cell Myeloma

Plasma cell myeloma with beta-2-microglobulin less than 3.5 and albumin greater than or equal to 3.5 (median survival of 62 months).  Note that the older Durie/Salmon staging system defines stage I quite differently. (PDQ)


B-lymphoblastic leukemia lymphoma BCR-ABL1-like

B lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma with translocations involving tyrosine kinases, or translocations involving either the cytokine receptor-like factor 2 (CRLF2) or rearrangements leading to truncation and activation of the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR). It is associated with an adverse prognosis.


Plasma Cell Myeloma by DS Stage

A header term that refers to the staging of plasma cell myeloma according to the Durie/Salmon staging system.


Childhood Burkitt Leukemia

The leukemic counterpart of Burkitt lymphoma occurring in children.  The characteristic Burkitt cells are seen in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood.  This is an aggressive leukemia.


peri-centrosomal recycling endosome

A recycling endosome that is organized around the microtubule organizing center, close to the nucleus. This is the main recycling endosome of most cells. It receives input from the Golgi as well as recycled molecules from early endosomes.


Penile Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma

A rare undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma that occurs in the penis.


Non-Neoplastic Vision Disorder

A non-neoplastic disorder that causes a disturbance in normal vision. Representative examples include amblyopia, astigmatism, myopia, and cataracts.


Color Blindness, Inherited

Genetic based difficulty in distinguishing colors.


Optical Illusion

The visual perception of an image that differs from the reality of the image.


Advanced Extracranial Malignant Solid Neoplasm

A malignant solid neoplasm that arises from any anatomic site other than the brain and has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Ciliary Body Adenocarcinoma

An adenocarcinoma arising from the pigmented or non-pigmented ciliary epithelium.


Stage IIB Uveal Melanoma AJCC v7

Stage IIB includes: (T2b, N0, M0); (T3a, N0, M0).  T2b: Ciliary body and choroid: Tumor size category 2 with ciliary body involvement.  T3a: Iris: Tumor confluent with or extending into the ciliary body, choroid, or both, with sclera extension and secondary glaucoma. Ciliary body and choroid: Tumor size category 3 without ciliary body involvement and extraocular extension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Stage IIA Uveal Melanoma AJCC v7

Stage IIA includes: (T1b-d, N0, M0); (T2a, N0, M0). T1b: Iris: Tumor limited to the iris more than 3 clock hours in size.  Ciliary body and choroid: Tumor size category 1 with ciliary body involvement.  T1c: Iris: Tumor limited to the iris with secondary glaucoma.  Ciliary body and choroid: Tumor size category 1 without ciliary body involvement but with extraocular extension less than or equal to 5 mm in diameter.  T1d: Ciliary body and choroid: Tumor size category 1 with ciliary body involvement and extraocular extension less than or equal to 5 mm in diameter. T2a: Iris: Tumor confluent with or extending into the ciliary body, choroid, or both, with secondary glaucoma.  Ciliary body and choroid: Tumor size category 2 without ciliary body involvement and extraocular extension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Metastatic Choroid Melanoma

Choroid melanoma that has spread from its primary site to another anatomic site.


Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm in the Uvea

A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the uvea from another anatomic site.


Uveal Melanocytoma

A subtype of ciliary body, iris, and choroidal nevi. It is intensely pigmented and composed of large, plump, polyhedral cells.


Choroid Spindle Cell Type A Melanoma

A choroid melanoma characterized by the presence of malignant spindle-shaped melanocytes with slender nuclei and no visible nucleoli.


Uveal Melanoma by Gene Expression Profile


Uveal Spindle Cell Type A Melanoma

A uveal melanoma characterized by the presence of malignant spindle-shaped melanocytes with slender nuclei and no visible nucleoli.


Stage III Uveal Melanoma AJCC v7

Stage III includes: IIIA (T2c-d, N0, M0); (T3b-c, N0, M0); (T4a, N0, M0); IIIB (T3d, N0, M0); (T4b-c, N0, M0); IIIC (T4d-e, N0, M0).  T2c: Ciliary body and choroid: Tumor size category 2 without ciliary body involvement but with extraocular extension less than or equal to 5 mm in diameter. T2d: Ciliary body and choroid: Tumor size category 2 with ciliary body involvement and extraocular extension less than or equal to 5 mm in diameter. T3b: Ciliary body and choroid: Tumor size category 3 with ciliary body involvement. T3c: Ciliary body and choroid: Tumor size category 3 without ciliary body involvement but with extraocular extension less than or equal to 5 mm in diameter. T4a: Iris: Tumor with extrascleral extension less than or equal to 5 mm in diameter.  Ciliary body and choroid: Tumor size category 4 without ciliary body involvement and extraocular extension.  T3d: Ciliary body and choroid: Tumor size category 3 with ciliary body involvement and extraocular extension less than or equal to 5 mm in diameter.  T4b: Iris: Tumor with extrascleral extension more than 5 mm in diameter.  Ciliary body and choroid: Tumor size category 4 with ciliary body involvement.  T4c: Ciliary body and choroid: Tumor size category 4 without ciliary body involvement but with extraocular extension less than or equal to 5 mm in diameter.  T4d: Ciliary body and choroid: Tumor size category 4 with ciliary body involvement and extraocular extension less than or equal to 5 mm in diameter.  T4e: Ciliary body and choroid: Any tumor size category with extraocular extension more than 5 mm in diameter.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Uveal Class 2 Melanoma

Gene expression profiling that classifies uveal melanomas into a high-grade group.


Uveal Class 1a Melanoma

Uveal melanoma with low metastatic risk as defined by gene expression profiling.


Ciliary Body Nevus

A benign nevus that arises from the ciliary body. Only a small percentage of cases progress to ciliary body melanoma.


Stage IIIC Uveal Melanoma AJCC v7

Stage IIIC includes: T4d-e, N0, M0.  T4d: Ciliary body and choroid: Tumor size category 4 with ciliary body involvement and extraocular extension less than or equal to 5 mm in diameter.  T4e: Ciliary body and choroid: Any tumor size category with extraocular extension more than 5 mm in diameter.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Refractory Uveal Melanoma

Uveal melanoma that is resistant to treatment.


Choroidal and Ciliary Body Melanoma by AJCC v8 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of choroidal and ciliary body melanoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system.


Unresectable Uveal Melanoma

Uveal melanoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Stage IIB Choroidal and Ciliary Body Melanoma AJCC v8

Stage IIB includes: (T2b, N0, M0); (T3a, N0, M0).  T2b: Tumor size category 2 with ciliary body involvement. T3a: Tumor size category 3 without ciliary body involvement and extraocular extension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Choroid Spindle Cell Type B Melanoma

A choroid melanoma characterized by the presence of malignant spindle-shaped melanocytes with larger nuclei and distinct nucleoli.


Stage IIIB Choroidal and Ciliary Body Melanoma AJCC v8

Stage IIIB includes: (T3d, N0, M0); (T4b-c, N0, M0). T3d: Tumor size category 3 with ciliary body involvement and extraocular extension less than or equal to 5 mm in largest diameter.  T4b: Tumor size category 4 with ciliary body involvement. T4c: Tumor size category 4 without ciliary body involvement but with extraocular extension less than or equal to 5 mm in largest diameter. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 8th ed.)


Uveal Class 1b Melanoma

Uveal melanoma with intermediate metastatic risk as defined by gene expression profiling.