positive regulation of cardioblast differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


endometrium adenocarcinoma

biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

An adenocarcinoma arising from the uterine body cavity. This is the most frequent malignant tumor affecting the uterine body, and is linked to estrogen therapy. Most patients present with uterine bleeding and are over age 40 at the time of diagnosis. The prognosis depends on the stage of the tumor, the depth of the uterine wall invasion, and the histologic subtype. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma is the most frequently seen morphologic variant of endometrial adenocarcinoma.


L-alanine catabolic process

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid.


regulation of peroxisome size

Any process that modulates the volume of a peroxisome, a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.


middle ear

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window)[GO].


negative regulation of cell volume

Any process that decreases cell volume.


Acne aggravated

A flare of acne which may be precipitated by variety of factors, including hormonal activity, stress, oils and oily cosmetics, sweat, overwashing, and certain foods and drugs.


Sinus Node Dysfunction (disorder)

A derangement in the normal functioning of the sinoatrial node. Typically, SA node dysfunction is manifest as sinoatrial exit block or sinus arrest, but may present as an absolute or relative bradycardia in the presence of a stressor. It may be associated with bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome


epinephrine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.


phosphothreonine residue binding

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binding to a phosphorylated threonine residue within a protein.


Bacterial peritonitis

Peritonitis that is caused by a bacterial infection.


Monocytosis

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

An increased number of circulating monocytes.


NADH oxidation

A metabolic process that results in the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH, to the oxidized form, NAD+.


3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase binding

Binding to a 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase.


lymphatic endothelial cell fate commitment

The commitment of a venous blood vessel endothelial cell to a lymphatic endothelial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into a lymphatic endothelial cell.


protein K27-linked deubiquitination

A protein deubiquitination process in which a K27-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 27 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.


Bevantolol

A propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by 3-methylphenyl and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl. A beta1 adrenoceptor antagonist, it has been shown to be as effective as other beta-blockers for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.


cellular response to morphine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a morphine stimulus. Morphine is an opioid alkaloid, isolated from opium, with a complex ring structure.


inner kinetochore

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The region of a kinetochore closest to centromeric DNA which contains many CENP proteins organized in various subcomplexes including CENP-C, CENP-LN, CENP-HIKM, CENP-OPQUR and CENP-TWSX, but excluding the CENP-A containing heterochromatin.


positive regulation of NK T cell activation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation.


chromaffin granule

Specialized secretory vesicle found in the cells of adrenal glands and various other organs, which is concerned with the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.


monocyte aggregation

The adhesion of one monocyte to one or more other monocytes via adhesion molecules.


oxo-acid-lyase activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of a C-C bond by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, of a 3-hydroxy acid.


presynaptic active zone organization

A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a presynaptic active zone.


negative regulation by host of viral process

A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.


pyruvate family amino acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.


hair follicle maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a hair follicle to attain its fully functional state.


AP-1 adaptor complex binding

Binding to an AP-1 adaptor complex. The AP-1 adaptor complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta1, gamma, mu1 and sigma1 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle. In at least humans, the AP-1 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (gamma1 and gamma2, mu1A and mu1B, and sigma1A, sigma1B and sigma1C).


lipopolysaccharide receptor complex

A multiprotein complex that consists of at least three proteins, CD14, TLR4, and MD-2, each of which is glycosylated and which functions as a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor that primes the innate immune response against bacterial pathogens.


L-alanine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-alanine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-alanine is the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid.


negative regulation of interleukin-13 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production.


renal system pattern specification

Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate into the anatomical structures of the renal system.


detection of diacyl bacterial lipopeptide

The series of events in which a diacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Diacylated bacterial lipoproteins are lipopeptides of bacterial origin containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of two acyl groups.


cellular response to cocaine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cocaine stimulus. Cocaine is a crystalline alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the coca plant.


phosphatidate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacylglycerol 3-phosphate + H2O = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + phosphate.


metanephric proximal convoluted tubule development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric proximal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric proximal convoluted tubule is the most proximal portion of the metanephric proximal tubule and extends from the metanephric glomerular capsule to the metanephric proximal straight tubule.


endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide binding

Binding to an endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the endoplasmic reticulum.


mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in kidney development

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.


Grb2-EGFR complex

A protein complex that contains the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Grb2, and is involved in linking EGFR activation to the p21-Ras pathway.


viral release from host cell

The dissemination of mature viral particles from a host cell, e.g. by cell lysis or the budding of virus particles from the cell membrane.


superior vena cava syndrome

Obstruction of the blood flow in the superior vena cava caused by a malignant neoplasm, thrombosis, or aneurysm. It is a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment. Signs and symptoms include swelling and cyanosis of the face, neck, and upper arms, cough, orthopnea, and headache.


female meiosis sister chromatid cohesion

The joining of the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the entire length of the chromosome that occurs during meiosis in a female.


tooth eruption

The tooth development process in which the teeth enter the mouth and become visible.


autocrine signaling

Signaling between cells of the same type. The signal produced by the signaling cell binds to a receptor on, and affects a cell of the same type.


Catalysis of the reaction: procollagen L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = procollagen trans-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.


neural plate axis specification

The pattern specification process in which the axes of the nervous system are established.


structural constituent of skin epidermis

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of an epidermal cutaneous structure.


regulation of Golgi inheritance

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of Golgi inheritance. Golgi inheritance is the partitioning of Golgi apparatus between daughter cells at cell division.


Sec61 translocon complex

A translocon complex that contains a core heterotrimer of conserved alpha, beta and gamma subunits, and may contain additional proteins (translocon-associated proteins or TRAPs); in budding yeast the core proteins are Sec61p, Sbh1p, and Sss1p. The Sec61 translocon complex functions in cotranslational and posttranslational translocation events.


IgA binding

Binding to an immunoglobulin of an IgA isotype.


PSA Progression

The amount of prostate specific antigen is increased, based on pre-defined thresholds.


modulation by virus of host gene expression

The process in which a virus effects a change in gene expression in its host organism. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.


CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation involved in immune response

The process in which an antigenically naive CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.


negative regulation of protein export from nucleus

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.


superior mesenteric artery

Mesenteric artery that supplies the whole length of the small intestine except the superior part of the duodenum. It also supplies the cecum and the ascending part of the colon and about half the transverse part of the colon. It arises from the anterior surface of the aorta below the celiac artery at the level of the first lumbar vertebra.


negative regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis.


Acute phase response

Presence of one or more manifestations of the acute phase response. Acute phase proteins (APP) are blood proteins primarily synthesized by hepatocytes as part of the acute phase response (APR). The APR is part of the early-defense or innate immune system, which is triggered by different stimuli including trauma, infection, stress, neoplasia, and inflammation. The APR results in a complex systemic reaction with the goal of reestablishing homeostasis and promoting healing.


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + formate + tetrahydrofolate = ADP + phosphate + 10-formyltetrahydrofolate.


regulation of metalloendopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.


negative regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing (NOD) pathway.


smoothened binding

Binding to a smoothened (smo) protein, which interacts with patched to transmit hedgehog signals.


Therapy naive

biolink:ClinicalAttribute biolink:Attribute biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass


gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion

The regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid by a cell or a tissue. The gamma-aminobutyric acid is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain but is also found in several extraneural tissues.


auditory receptor cell fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an auditory hair cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


regulation of satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell activation. The satellite cell activation is the process that initiates satellite cell division by causing it to move from quiescence to the G1 stage of the cell cycle. The cell swells and there are a number of other small changes. The cells then start to divide. Following cell division the cells will differentiate.


pyrimidine-containing compound transmembrane transport

The process in which a pyrimidine-containing compound is transported across a membrane. A pyrimidine-containing compound is any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.


dimethylallyl diphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dimethylallyl diphosphate.


armadillo repeat domain binding

Binding to an armadillo repeat domain, an approximately 40 amino acid long tandemly repeated sequence motif first identified in the Drosophila segment polarity protein armadillo. Arm-repeat proteins are involved in various processes, including intracellular signaling and cytoskeletal regulation.


response to cholesterol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cholesterol stimulus.


bundle of His cell action potential

An action potential that occurs in a bundle of His cell.


antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class Ib via ER pathway, TAP-dependent

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class Ib molecule. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.


regulation of xenophagy

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of xenophagy.


central serous chorioretinopathy

Central serous chorioretinopathy is a disease that causes fluid to build up under the retina, the back part of the inner eye that sends sight information to the brain. The fluid leaks from thechoroid (theblood vessel layer under the retina). The cause of this condition is unknown but stress can be a risk factor. Signs and symptoms include dim and blurred blind spot in the center of vision, distortion of straight linesand seeingobjectsas smaller or farther away. Many cases of central serous chorioretinopathy improve without treatment after 1-2 months. Laser treatment may be an option for other individuals.


positive regulation of cell cycle checkpoint

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle checkpoint.


optic vesicle morphogenesis

The developmental process pertaining to the formation and shaping of the optic vesicle. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the vesicle and ends when the vesicle has evaginated. The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup.


tRNA aminoacylation for mitochondrial protein translation

The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis in a mitochondrion.


regulation of activation of membrane attack complex

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.


Breast Microcalcification

Tiny deposits of calcium in tissue.  In the breast they can be seen using mammography, and if found in clusters may be indicative of breast cancer.


negative regulation of neurotransmitter uptake

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.


deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


sperm ejaculation

The expulsion of seminal fluid, thick white fluid containing spermatozoa, from the male genital tract.


beta-alanine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins.


Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NAD(P)+ = 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NAD(P)H + H+, where the acyl group is a long-chain fatty acid residue. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.


insulin-responsive compartment

A small membrane-bounded vesicle that releases its contents by exocytosis in response to insulin stimulation; the contents are enriched in GLUT4, IRAP and VAMP2.


uterine disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the uterine corpus or the cervix. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include endometritis and cervicitis. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include endometrial carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, and cervical carcinoma.


maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion

The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate during a mitotic cell cycle.


petrous part of temporal bone

The petrous portion of the temporal bone or pyramid is pyramidal and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents for examination a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and contains, in its interior, the essential parts of the organ of hearing. The petrous portion is among the most basal elements of the skull and forms part of the endocranium.[WP,unvetted].


double-stranded DNA exodeoxyribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' or 3' terminus of a double-stranded DNA molecule.


isoprenoid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor activity

Combining with a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


response to interleukin-7

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-7 stimulus.


folic acid-containing compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid and its derivatives.


epidermal growth factor binding

Binding to epidermal growth factor.


angiotensin-mediated drinking behavior

The drinking behavior that is mediated by the action of angiotensin in the brain. Angiotensin stimulates the brain centers that control thirst.


glycine-gated chloride ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when glycine has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


inherited lipid metabolism disorder

An inherited metabolic disorder caused by an enzyme deficiency, resulting in an inability to oxidize fatty acids for energy production.


floor plate development

The progression of the floor plate over time from its initial formation until its mature state.


cardiac muscle hypertrophy

The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division.


Odynophagia

Pain experienced with swallowing.


Clumsiness

Lack of physical coordination resulting in an abnormal tendency to drop items or bump into objects.


phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class III

A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex that contains a catalytic class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit bound to a regulatory (adaptor) subunit. Additional adaptor proteins may be present. Class III PI3Ks have a substrate specificity restricted to phosphatidylinositol (PI).


retinal ischemia

A ischemic disease that involves the retina.


positive regulation of ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis.


peroxiredoxin activity

Catalysis of the reaction: [protein]-dithol + ROOH = [protein]-disulfide + H2O + ROH.


regulation of helicase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of helicase activity.


actin filament severing

The process in which an actin filament is broken down into smaller filaments.


response to antidepressant

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antidepressant stimulus, a mood-stimulating drug.


positive regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway.


cellular response to isoquinoline alkaloid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an isoquinoline alkaloid stimulus. An isoquinoline alkaloid is any member of a group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine which is a structure characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids.


BH domain binding

Binding to a Bcl-2 homology (BH) protein domain. Bcl-2-related proteins share homology in one to four conserved regions designated the Bcl-2 homology (BH) domains BH1, BH2, BH3 and BH4. These domains contribute at multiple levels to the function of these proteins in cell death and survival. Anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family have four BH domains (BH1-BH4). Pro-apoptotic members have fewer BH domains.


regulation of lung blood pressure

The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the lungs. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.


barbed-end actin filament capping

The binding of a protein or protein complex to the barbed (or plus) end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits.


regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in an atrial cardiomyocyte.


sperm annulus

The ring-like, filamentous structure located at the distal end of the midpiece of the sperm flagellum; the annulus is thought to form a diffusion barrier between the midpiece and the principal piece and serve as a stabilizing structure for tail rigidity.


calcium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: protein serine phosphate + H2O = protein serine + phosphate; and protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate. These reactions require the presence of calcium ions.


viral membrane

The lipid bilayer of a virion, a complete fully infectious extracellular virus particle.


rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the rough endoplasmic reticulum.


protein C-linked glycosylation via tryptophan

The glycosylation of a carbon atom of a peptidyl-tryptophan residue.


receptor internalization involved in canonical Wnt signaling pathway

A receptor internalization process that contributes to canonical Wnt signaling pathway.


chorionic trophoblast cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells of the ectoplacental cone acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize chorionic trophoblasts. These cells will migrate towards the spongiotrophoblast layer and give rise to syncytiotrophoblasts of the labyrinthine layer.


malonyl-CoA biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of malonyl-CoA, the S-malonyl derivative of coenzyme A.


intralumenal vesicle formation

The invagination of the endosome membrane and resulting formation of a vesicle within the lumen of the endosome.


tracheitis

A tracheal disease which involves bacterial infection of the trachea often caused by Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci that follows a recent viral upper respiratory infection. The symptoms include barking croup cough, loud squeaking noise while breathing, scratchy feeling in the throat, high fever, and production of large amounts of pus-filled secretions.


response to light intensity

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light intensity stimulus.


Esophageal bleeding

Bleeding originating from the esophagus.


bronchiectasis

Segmental, irreversible dilation of the bronchial tree resulting in the accumulation of secretions which leads to obstruction. The most common cause is bacterial infection.


melanin biosynthetic process from tyrosine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin from other compounds, including tyrosine.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate + NH4.


ADP phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ADP + H2O = AMP + phosphate.


resolution of recombination intermediates

The cleavage and rejoining of intermediates, such as Holliday junctions, formed during DNA recombination to produce two intact molecules in which genetic material has been exchanged.


negative regulation of sequestering of triglyceride

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.


Intraoperative Hemorrhage

Uncontrolled bleeding during a surgical procedure.


imperforate anus

A congenital birth defect characterized by the absence of a normal anal opening. It may be associated with other congenital abnormalities.


beta-catenin-TCF7L2 complex

A protein complex that contains beta-catenin and TCF7L2 (TCF4), binds to the TCF DNA motif within a promoter element, and is involved in the regulation of WNT target gene transcription.


positive regulation of removal of superoxide radicals

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of removal of superoxide radicals.


uropod

A membrane projection with related cytoskeletal components at the trailing edge of a cell in the process of migrating or being activated, found on the opposite side of the cell from the leading edge or immunological synapse, respectively.


negative regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.


Catalysis of the reaction: purine nucleoside + phosphate = purine + alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate.


Remikiren

An L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a (2S)-2-[(2-methylpropane-2-sulfonyl)methyl]-3-phenylpropanoyl group and the carboxy group is replaced by a [(2S,3R,4S)-1-cyclohexyl-4-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]amino group. It is a renin inhibitor which was under development for the treatment of hypertension (now discontinued).


Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + N-terminal L-glutamate in peptide = CoA + N-acetyl-L-glutamate-peptide.


viral genome packaging

The encapsulation of the viral genome within the capsid.


bacterial-type flagellum-dependent cell motility

Cell motility due to the motion of one or more bacterial-type flagella. A bacterial-type flagellum is a motor complex composed of an extracellular helical protein filament coupled to a rotary motor embedded in the cell envelope.


corpus callosum morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the corpus callosum are generated and organized. The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provides communications between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.


negative regulation of muscle hyperplasia

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle hyperplasia.


voluntary skeletal muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within voluntary skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the voluntary skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and it is under voluntary control. Voluntary skeletal muscle is skeletal muscle that is under conscious control.


immunoglobulin complex, circulating

An immunoglobulin complex that is secreted into extracellular space and found in mucosal areas or other tissues or circulating in the blood or lymph. In its canonical form, a circulating immunoglobulin complex is composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Some forms of are polymers of the basic structure and contain additional components such as J-chain and the secretory component.


positive regulation of iron ion transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


mitotic cytokinetic process

Any cytokinetic process that is involved in mitotic cell cycle.


Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4-phosphate + H2O = phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + phosphate.


nucleoside transmembrane transport

The directed movement of nucleoside across a membrane.


glucosamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin.


prostanoid receptor binding

Binding to a prostanoid receptor.


Trachyonychia

Excessive longitudinal ridging that gives the surface of the nail plate a rough appearance. It results from multiple foci of defective keratinization of the proximal nail matrix.


parasympathetic nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the parasympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia.


chalazion

An eyelid cyst caused by the blockage of a meibomian gland.


beta-glucosidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-glucose residues with release of beta-D-glucose.


Golgi localization

Any process in which the Golgi is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


renal artery morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of a renal artery is generated and organized. Renal arteries supply the kidneys with blood.


telomere maintenance in response to DNA damage

Any process that occur in response to the presence of critically short or damaged telomeres.


flavin-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a flavin, any derivative of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton, with a substituent on the 10 position.


Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema

Pulmonary edema that is not a result of cardiac dysfunction.


kainate selective glutamate receptor complex

An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. Kainate receptors are multimeric assemblies of GluK1-3 (also called GluR5-7), GluK4 (KA1) and GluK5 (KA2) subunits.


Uterine Contraction

biolink:PhysiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


limb joint morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a limb joint are generated and organized. A limb joint is a flexible region that separates the rigid sections of a limb to allow movement in a controlled manner.


polyamine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.


peroxisome targeting sequence binding

Binding to a peroxisomal targeting sequence, a sequence of amino acids within a protein that acts as a signal for the localization of a protein into the peroxisome.


regulation of dense core granule biogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dense core granule biogenesis.


positive regulation of retinal ganglion cell axon guidance

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retinal ganglion cell axon guidance.


basement membrane assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a basement membrane, a part of the extracellular region that consists of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue.


Fc receptor mediated inhibitory signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-23 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


cyclo-ligase activity

Catalysis of the joining of two groups within a single molecule via a carbon-nitrogen bond, forming heterocyclic ring, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.


microtubule anchoring at microtubule organizing center

Any process in which a microtubule is maintained in a specific location in a cell by attachment to a microtubule organizing center.


Pseudomonas infection

Infections with bacteria of the genus pseudomonas.


vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V0 domain

The V0 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the vacuolar membrane.


regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve.


translation activator activity

Any of a group of soluble proteins functioning in the activation of ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.


venous insufficiency

Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with edema and sometimes with venous stasis ulcers at the ankle.


negative stranded viral RNA replication

A viral genome replication process where the template genome is negative stranded, single stranded RNA ((-)ssRNA).


aryldialkylphosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: aryl dialkyl phosphate + H2O = dialkyl phosphate + an aryl alcohol.


Wound Complication

A medical condition that develops at the site of an existing wound. Examples include swelling, draining, bleeding, formation of hematoma, infection, and necrosis.


regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of a vitamin D biosynthetic process. Vitamin D biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).


negative regulation of chromatin binding

Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.


regulation of supramolecular fiber organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of supramolecular fiber organization.


porphyria cutanea tarda

The most common form of chronic hepatic porphyria. It is characterized by bullous photodermatitis.


Advanced cancer

A malignant neoplasm that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


neuroblast division in subventricular zone

The division of neuroblasts in the subventricular zone of the forebrain. The interneuron precursors that these cells give rise to include adult olfactory bulb interneurons and migrate tangentially.


negative regulation of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.


cytoplasmic side of early endosome membrane

The side (leaflet) of the early endosome membrane that faces the cytoplasm.


female genitalia morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of female genitalia are generated and organized.


GPI-anchor transamidase complex

An enzyme complex which in humans and yeast consists of at least five proteins; for example, the complex contains GAA1, GPI8, PIG-S, PIG-U, and PIG-T in human, and Gaa1p, Gab1p, Gpi8p, Gpi16p, and Gpi17p in yeast. Catalyzes the posttranslational attachment of the carboxy-terminus of a precursor protein to a GPI-anchor.


negative regulation of serine-type peptidase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type peptidase activity.


myosin II binding

Binding to a class II myosin, any member of the class of 'conventional' double-headed myosins that includes muscle myosin.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 4-sulfate groups of the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate.


amide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, from one side of a membrane to the other.


Diverticulum

A pouch formed at a weakened area of wall in a hollow organ structure.


Elevated circulating alkaline phosphatase concentration

Abnormally increased serum levels of alkaline phosphatase activity.


positive regulation of glomerular filtration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the processs whereby blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.


CRD-mediated mRNA stabilization

An mRNA stabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with a sequence in the open reading frame called the coding region instability determinant (CRD).


15-oxoprostaglandin 13-oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (5Z)-(15S)-11-alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprostanoate + NAD(P)+ -> (5Z)-(15S)-11-alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprosta-13-enoate + NAD(P)H + H+.


cell wall macromolecule biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule destined to form part of a cell wall.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing 2'-O-methyluridine.


regulation of miRNA catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA catabolic process.


response to cell cycle checkpoint signaling

A process that occurs in response to signals generated as a result of cell cycle checkpoint signaling.


sphingoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingoids, any of a class of compounds comprising sphinganine and its homologues and stereoisomers, and derivatives of these compounds.


secondary active oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of an oligopeptide or oligopeptides from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.


vitamin K catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals.


actin filament branching

The formation of daughter actin filament branches at an angle on the sides of preexisting mother filaments.


regulation of lipoprotein lipid oxidation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of lipoprotein lipid oxidation. Lipoprotein lipid oxidation is the modification of a lipoprotein by oxidation of the lipid group.


maltose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose), an intermediate in the catabolism of glycogen and starch.


oxidized purine nucleobase lesion DNA N-glycosylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of oxidized purine bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the oxidized purine and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction involves the formation of a covalent enzyme-substrate intermediate. Release of the enzyme and free base by a beta-elimination or a beta, gamma-elimination mechanism results in the cleavage of the DNA backbone 3' of the apurinic (AP) site.


negative regulation of histone H3-K9 methylation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 9 of histone H3.


regulation of protein complex stability

Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein complex by altering the likelihood of its assembly or disassembly.


cerebellar nuclear complex

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The gray matter nuclei located in the center of the cerebellum, embedded in the white matter, which receive inhibitory (GABAergic) inputs from Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex and excitatory (glutamatergic) inputs from mossy fiber pathways; all output fibers of the cerebellum originate from the these nuclei[MP].


peptidyl-cysteine methylation

The methylation of peptidyl-cysteine to form peptidyl-S-methyl-L-cysteine.


negative regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoproteins, any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.


tubulin-glutamic acid ligase activity

Catalysis of the posttranslational transfer of one or more glutamate residues to the gamma-carboxyl group(s) of one or more specific glutamate residues on a tubulin molecule.


farnesyl diphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving farnesyl diphosphate, an intermediate in carotenoid, sesquiterpene, squalene and sterol biosynthesis, as well as a substrate in protein farnesylation.


Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex

A protein complex consisting of Atg1 (or Atg1 homologs e.g. ULK1, ULK2 in mammals) and Atg13 along with other proteins that regulate its function (e.g. Atg17 in yeast or RB1CC1(FIP200) in mammals). This complex has serine/threonine protein kinase activity and is involved in autophagosome formation.


L-cystine transport

The directed movement of L-cystine (also known as dicysteine) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


cardiac septum

The thin membranous structure between the two heart atria or the thick muscular structure between the two heart ventricles.


regulation of protein lipidation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein lipidation.


ejaculatory duct

The Ejaculatory ducts (ductus ejaculatorii) are paired structures in male anatomy, about 2 cm in length. Each ejaculatory duct is formed by the union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle. They pass through the prostate, and empty into the urethra at the Colliculus seminalis. During ejaculation, semen passes through the ducts and exits the body via the penis[WP,unvetted].


cell migration involved in gastrulation

The migration of individual cells within the blastocyst to help establish the multi-layered body plan of the organism (gastrulation). For example, the migration of cells from the surface to the interior of the embryo (ingression).


COLISTIN

A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.


mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit.


Polidocanol

A hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group.


cellular response to ether

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ether stimulus.


COPII-coated vesicle cargo loading

The formation of a macromolecular complex between the COPII coat proteins and proteins and/or lipoproteins that are going to be transported by the COPII vesicle to the Golgi.


peptidyl-pyroglutamic acid biosynthetic process, using glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptidyl-pyroglutamic acid, catalyzed by glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase.


gamma-aminobutyric acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.


septum secundum development

The progression of the septum secundum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.


histone H3-R17 methylation

The modification of histone H3 by addition of a methyl group to arginine at position 17 of the histone.


positive regulation of maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion

Any process that increases the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained.


thymidine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thymidine = ADP + thymidine 5'-phosphate.


cytoplasmic periphery of the nuclear pore complex

Cytoplasm situated in close proximity to a nuclear pore complex.


Stomach Cramp

An involuntary muscular contraction in the stomach. Often, this cramp is spasmodic and can be uncomfortable.


telomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Catalyzes extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time using an internal RNA template that encodes the telomeric repeat sequence.


structural constituent of tooth enamel

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of tooth enamel.


cortical microtubule cytoskeleton

The portion of the microtubule cytoskeleton that lies just beneath the plasma membrane.


trichotillomania

A disorder characterized by repetitive pulling out of one's hair resulting in noticeable hair loss; the individual experiences a rising subjective sense of tension before pulling out the hair and a sense of gratification or relief when pulling out the hair.


oligosaccharide binding

Binding to an oligosaccharide, a molecule with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.


Oropharyngeal candidiasis

Infection of the oropharynx with, or disease caused by, Candida, especially C. albicans. This disease usually results from debilitation (as in immunosuppression and especially AIDS), physiologic change, prolonged administration of antibiotics, and iatrogenic and barrier breakage. SYN candidosis, moniliasis.


UDP-galactose transmembrane transport

The process in which UDP-galactose is transported across a membrane.


noradrenergic neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an noradrenergic neuron, a neuron that secretes noradrenaline.


regulation of mast cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell apoptotic process.


DNA/RNA helicase activity

Unwinding of a DNA/RNA duplex, i.e. a double helix in which a strand of DNA pairs with a complementary strand of RNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.


ribosomal small subunit binding

Binding to a small ribosomal subunit.


negative regulation of lymphocyte migration

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration.


regulation of DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation.


alanyl-tRNA aminoacylation

The process of coupling alanine to alanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by alanyl-tRNA synthetase. The alanyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetases. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of an alanine accetping tRNA.


positive regulation of fever generation by positive regulation of prostaglandin secretion

Any process that increases the rate or extent of fever generation via positive regulation of the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a prostaglandin from a cell.


phospholipase A2 activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2.


SMC loading complex

A protein complex required for the loading of a structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) complex, such as cohesin, condensin or SMC5/SMC6, onto DNA. Appears to be eukaryotically conserved.


heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharide chain component of heparan sulfate proteoglycan.


osteonecrosis of the jaw

An area of necrotic bone in the mandible or maxilla.


necrotizing fasciitis

Necrotizing fasciitis is a serious infection of the skin, the tissue just beneath the skin (subcutaneous tissue), and the tissue that covers internal organs (fascia). Necrotizing fasciitis can be caused by several different types of bacteria, and the infection can arise suddenly and spread quickly. Early signs include flu-like symptoms and redness and pain around the infection site. A prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential.If the infection is not treated promptly, it can lead to multiple organ failure and death. Treatment typically includes intravenous (IV) antibiotics and surgery to remove infected and dead tissue.


Fetal Diseases

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder which occurs in the fetus.


germline stem cell asymmetric division

The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell, to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell which will divide to form one or more gametes.


Lymphopenia

An abnormally small number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood.


protein splicing

The post-translational removal of peptide sequences from within a protein sequence.


cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of internal, alpha-peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile, and contributing to the apoptotic process.


fibroblast activation

A change in the morphology or behavior of a fibroblast resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.


NAD(P)H oxidase H2O2-forming activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = NAD(P)+ + hydrogen peroxide.


positive regulation of metanephric DCT cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric DCT cell differentiation.


asparagine transport

The directed movement of asparagine, alpha-aminosuccinamic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


Dysplasia

A usually neoplastic transformation of the cell, associated with altered architectural tissue patterns. The cellular changes include nuclear and cytoplasmic abnormalities. Molecular genetic abnormalities are also often found and, in some instances, may lead to cancer.


N-terminal protein N-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) to the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal amino or imino acid residue of a protein substrate. For example, yeast Tae1p and mammalian family member METTL11A preferentially modify the N-terminal residue of substrates with the N-terminal sequence X-Pro-Lys, where X can be Pro, Ala, or Ser.


regulation of chemokine-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a chemokine-mediated signaling pathway.


urinary bladder neoplasm

A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm of the bladder. - 2003


multivesicular body lumen

The volume enclosed by the outermost membrane of a multivesicular body.


negative regulation of isotype switching

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.


positive regulation of serine C-palmitoyltransferase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of serine C-palmitoyltransferase activity.


Hypogeusia

A decreased ability to perceive flavor.


mitotic G2 DNA damage checkpoint signaling

A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression through the G2/M transition of the cell cycle in response to DNA damage.


A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, syntaxin 3, and a complexin (or orthologs thereof).


positive regulation of centrosome cycle

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the centrosome cycle.


malate-aspartate shuttle

The process of transferring reducing equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondria; NADH is used to synthesise malate in the cytosol; this compound is then transported into the mitochondria where it is converted to oxaloacetate using NADH, the oxaloacetate reacts with gluamate to form aspartate, and the aspartate then returns to the cytosol to complete the cycle.


regulation of mitochondrial fusion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.


meiotic chromosome condensation

Compaction of chromatin structure prior to meiosis in eukaryotic cells.


interleukin-8 binding

Binding to interleukin-8.


basal cortex

The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the basal edge of a cell.


Abdominal rigidity

Involuntary tightening of the abdominal musculature that occurs in response to touching the abdomen to avoid pain. Rigidity can occur in the presence of abdominal inflammation and usually involves only the inflamed area.


regulation of ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis.


cellular response to blue light

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a blue light stimulus. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm.


RNA polymerase I core binding

Binding to a RNA polymerase I core enzyme, a multisubunit eukaryotic nuclear RNA polymerase typically composed of seventeen subunits.


cellular modified amino acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.


detection of oxygen

The series of events in which an oxygen stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


supraspliceosomal complex

Multicomponent complex of RNA and proteins that is composed of four active spliceosomes, termed native spliceosomes, connected to each other by the pre-mRNA. The supraspliceosome is the nuclear machine where the pre-mRNA processing takes place, like the 5'-end capping, 3'-end cleavage, splicing and editing.


death effector domain binding

Binding to a DED domain (death effector domain) of a protein, a homotypic protein interaction module composed of a bundle of six alpha-helices that is related in structure to the death domain (DD).


positive regulation of ruffle assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ruffle assembly.


centriole-centriole cohesion

The cell cycle process in which the two centrioles within a centrosome remain tightly paired.


regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alkaline phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum.


vestibulocochlear nerve development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vestibulocochlear nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.


adipokinetic hormone receptor activity

Combining with an adipokinetic hormone to initiate a change in cell activity. Adipokinetic hormones (AKHs) are protein or peptide hormones that are important for sugar and fat homeostasis in metazoa. In insects, they mobilize sugar and lipids from the insect fat body during energy-requiring activities such as flight and locomotion. They also contribute to hemolymph sugar homeostasis.


NEDD8 activating enzyme activity

Catalysis of the initiation of the NEDD8 (RUB1) conjugation cascade.


Catalysis of the reaction: a glycerophosphodiester + H2O = an alcohol + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.


positive regulation of B cell tolerance induction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.


detection of lipopolysaccharide

The series of events in which a lipopolysaccharide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.


Tendon pain

An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to a tendon.


regulation of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance, a tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of the structure of the intestinal epithelium.


Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

Diarrhea that is associated with current or recent antibiotic use.


peroxisome membrane biogenesis

The process in which a peroxisome membrane is synthesized, aggregates, and bonds together.


negative regulation of centrosome duplication

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.


regulation of cytoplasmic translational elongation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational elongation.


Abnormal ventricular axis

Any deviation from the normal direction of the ventricular axis. The left ventricle makes up most of the heart muscle under normal circumstances and therefore generates the most electrical force visible on the EKG. The normal ventricular axis is directed downward and slightly towards the left. The ventricular axis can be determined by analyzing the QRS complex, which represents ventricular depolarization.


cellular response to nitrosative stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrosative stress stimulus. Nitrosative stress is a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of nitric oxide (NO) or the highly reactive oxidant peroxynitrite, which is produced following interaction of NO with superoxide anions.


growth factor complex

A protein complex that has growth factor activity.


notochord formation

The formation of the notochord from the chordamesoderm. The notochord is composed of large cells packed within a firm connective tissue sheath and is found in all chordates at the ventral surface of the neural tube. In vertebrates, the notochord contributes to the vertebral column.


insulin processing

The formation of mature insulin by proteolysis of the precursor preproinsulin. The signal sequence is first cleaved from preproinsulin to form proinsulin; proinsulin is then cleaved to release the C peptide, leaving the A and B chains of mature insulin linked by disulfide bridges.


sequestering of metal ion

The process of binding or confining metal ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.


double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine + H2O = inosine + NH3, in a double-stranded RNA molecule.


Golgi vesicle docking

The initial attachment of a Golgi transport vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the Golgi vesicle and the target membrane.


attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore

The cellular process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex in mitosis.


transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses protein tyrosine phosphatase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


negative regulation of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.


Mo-molybdopterin cofactor metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the Mo-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo) ion coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.


Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CoA + triacylglycerol.


regulation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.


Cancer-Associated Pain

Pain associated with cancer or its diagnosis or treatment.


Dicumarol

A hydroxycoumarin that is methane in which two hydrogens have each been substituted by a 4-hydroxycoumarin-3-yl group. Related to warfarin, it has been used as an anticoagulant.


manganese ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of manganese (Mn) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


regulation of white fat cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of white fat cell proliferation.


regulation of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.


cellular response to hydroxyurea

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyurea stimulus.


ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activity

An ATP-dependent activity that facilitates the formation of a complementary double-stranded DNA molecule.


axonemal microtubule

A microtubule in the axoneme of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules, which may or may not surround a pair of single microtubules.


negative regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.


neurotransmitter loading into synaptic vesicle

The active transport of neurotransmitters into a synaptic vesicle. This import is fuelled by an electrochemical gradient across the vesicle membrane, established by the action of proton pumps.


cell trailing edge

The area of a motile cell opposite to the direction of movement.


BLOC-2 complex

A protein complex required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules. The human complex contains the Hps3, Hps5, and Hps6 proteins; the mouse complex contains ru2 and ru.


fatty-acyl-CoA catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group.


positive regulation of superoxide anion generation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell.


regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates.


galactolipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactolipids, any glycolipid containing one of more residues of galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine.


negative regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of differentiation of regulatory T cells.


imitative learning

Learning in which new behaviors are acquired through imitation.


facial nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the facial nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


positive regulation of keratinocyte migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte migration.


cerebral cortex tangential migration using cell-cell interactions

The process in which neurons interact with each other to promote migration along a tangential plane.


sodium channel inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a sodium channel.


regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell extravasation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell extravasation.


presynaptic cytoskeleton

The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the presynapse.


Hypofibrinogenemia

Decreased concentration of fibrinogen in the blood.


Missed abortion

Retention in uterus of an abortus.


convergent extension involved in gastrulation

The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis usually resulting in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.


Catalysis of the reaction: tetradecanoyl-CoA + glycyl-peptide = CoA + N-tetradecanoylglycyl-peptide.


blood vessel endothelial cell fate specification

The process involved in the specification of identity of a blood vessel endothelial cell. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment. A blood vessel endothelial cell is an endothelial cell of the vascular tree, which includes blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.


chondrocyte differentiation involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis

The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.


myoblast fate determination

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a myoblast regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinate ribonucleotide = diphosphate + deamido-NAD+.


tryptamine:oxygen oxidoreductase (deaminating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: tryptamine + H2O + O2 = NH3 + indole acetaldehyde + hydrogen peroxide + H+.


ciliary body morphogenesis

The process in which the ciliary body generated and organized. The ciliary body is the circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes.


benign neoplasm

A neoplasm which is characterized by the absence of morphologic features associated with malignancy (severe cytologic atypia, tumor cell necrosis, and high mitotic rate). Benign neoplasms remain confined to the original site of growth and do not metastasize to other anatomic sites.


malic enzyme activity

Catalysis of the oxidative decarboxylation of malate with the concomitant production of pyruvate.


rRNA import into mitochondrion

The process in which a rRNA, ribosomal ribonucleic acid, transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix.


box H/ACA RNP complex

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains an RNA of the box H/ACA type and the four core proteins dyskerin, NOP10, NHP2, and GAR1 (human protein nomenclature). RNA pseudouridylation (isomerization of uridine to pseudouridine) is the major, and most likely the ancestral, function of H/ACA RNPs. Pseudouridylation targets include both large and small ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and small nuclear RNA (U2 snRNA). In addition to these catalytic H/ACA RNPs, a less abundant but more diverse class of structural H/ACA RNPs exists, which does not have pseudouridylation activity. These include the vertebrate telomerase RNP complex.


oligosaccharide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.


regulation of neurotrophin production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a neurotrophin.


glial limiting end-foot

Terminal process of astrocyte that extends to the surface of the central nervous system. Together, glial limiting end-feet form the glial limiting membrane or glia limitans.


Catalysis of the reaction: a 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid + acceptor = a 3-oxo-delta(4)-steroid + reduced acceptor.


cartilage development involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones.


hypersplenism

Overactive functioning of the spleen, resulting in excessive destruction of blood cells.


aryl sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + a phenol = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + an aryl sulfate.


5-aminolevulinate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: glycine + H+ + succinyl-CoA = 5-aminolevulinate + CO2 + CoA.


phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class III, type I

A class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex that is involved in autophagy. In budding yeast, this complex consists of Vps30p, Vps34p, Apg14p and Vps15p.


spina bifida

A congenital neural tube defect in which vertebrae are not fully formed. It results in the protrusion of the spinal cord through the opening of the vertebrae.


D-ribose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-ribose (ribo-pentose). As beta-D-ribofuranose, D-ribose forms the glycose group of all ribonucleosides, ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids, and also of ribose phosphates, various glycosides, some coenzymes and some forms of vitamin B12.


canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in negative regulation of apoptotic process

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in the negative regulation of apoptotic process.


regulation of embryonic cell shape

Any process that modulates the surface configuration of an embryonic cell.


axonal transport of mitochondrion

The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in nerve cell axons.


regulation of activation of Janus kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.


acquired polycythemia vera

Polycythemia vera (PV) is an acquired myeloproliferative disorder characterized by an elevated absolute red blood cell mass caused by uncontrolled red blood cell production, frequently associated with uncontrolled white blood cell and platelet production.


regulation of reciprocal meiotic recombination

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of recombination during meiosis. Reciprocal meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.


pulmonary valve

The semilunar valve of the heart that lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.


prostaglandin secretion

The regulated release of a prostaglandin, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring, from a cell or a tissue.


positive regulation of MDA-5 signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MDA-5 signaling pathway.


Hodgkins lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a heterogeneous group of malignant lymphoid neoplasms of B-cell origin characterized histologically by the presence of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells in the vast majority of cases. There are two distinct subtypes: nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma involves primarily lymph nodes.


Macroscopic hematuria

Hematuria that is visible upon inspection of the urine.


smoothened signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord patterning

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened that results in the spatial identity of regions along the dorsal-ventral axis of the spinal cord.


base-excision repair, gap-filling

Repair of the damaged strand by the combined action of an apurinic endouclease that degrades a few bases on the damaged strand and a polymerase that synthesizes a 'patch' in the 5' to 3' direction, using the undamaged strand as a template.


glycine biosynthetic process, by transamination of glyoxylate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine by the transamination of glyoxylate.


thioredoxin peroxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: [thioredoxin]-dithiol + hydrogen peroxide = [thioredoxin]-disulfide + H2O.


thymocyte apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a thymocyte, an immature T cell located in the thymus.


alanine-tRNA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-alanine + tRNA(Ala) = AMP + diphosphate + L-alanyl-tRNA(Ala).


positive regulation of pigment cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pigment cell differentiation.


metanephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis

The process in which the metanephric comma-shaped body is generated and organized. The metanephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the metanephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros.


glycine biosynthetic process from serine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine from other compounds, including serine.


geniculate ganglion

The group of sensory neuron cell bodies associated with the facial nerve (seventh cranial nerve).


ciliary pocket membrane

That part of the plasma membrane found in the ciliary pocket (also called flagellar pocket).


spermine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses and involved in nucleic acid packaging.


osteogenesis imperfecta

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) comprises a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders characterized by increased bone fragility, low bone mass, and susceptibility to bone fractures with variable severity.


peptidyl-L-cysteine S-palmitoylation

The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a sulfur (S) atom within a cysteine residue to form peptidyl-S-palmitoyl-L-cysteine.


ferric iron transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of ferric iron (Fe(III) or Fe3+) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


cobalt ion transport

The directed movement of cobalt (Co) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


viral latency

The process by which, after initial infection, a virus lies dormant within a cell and viral production ceases. The process ends when the virus switches from latency and starts to replicate.


establishment of meiotic spindle localization

The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of the meiotic spindle to a specific location in the cell occurs.


fatty acid elongation, monounsaturated fatty acid

Elongation of a fatty acid chain into which one C-C double bond has been introduced.


An enzyme complex composed of 2-4 or more subunits, which usually contains nonheme iron and requires ATP for catalysis. Catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.


A transcriptionally-silent heterochromatin structure present in senescent cells. Contains the condensed chromatin of one chromosome and is enriched for histone modifications. Thought to repress expression of proliferation-promoting genes.


integrin alpha7-beta1 complex

An integrin complex that comprises one alpha7 subunit and one beta1 subunit.


Thrombosis of vena cava

The formation of a thrombus in the vena cava.


lymphocytic colitis

Microscopic colitis characterized by the accumulation of lymphocytes in the colonic epithelium and lamina propria. Patients present with chronic watery diarrhea. Colonoscopy reveals normal colonic mucosa. The diagnosis is made with the microscopic examination of the colonic biopsy samples.


cytoplasmic side of apical plasma membrane

The side (leaflet) of the apical region of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm.


xanthine dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: xanthine + NAD+ + H2O = urate + NADH + H+.


ureter smooth muscle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle in the ureter over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


cellular response to antibiotic

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms.


cell migration involved in vasculogenesis

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the differentiation of an endothelial cell that will form de novo blood vessels and tubes.


non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway via JNK cascade

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the signal is passed on via the JNK cascade.


positive regulation of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process.


vitamin D biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).


Cilastatin

The thioether resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the thiol group of L-cysteine with the 7-position of (2Z)-2-({[(1S)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropyl]carbonyl}amino)hept-2-enoic acid. It is an inhibitor of dehydropeptidase I (membrane dipeptidase, 3.4.13.19), an enzyme found in the brush border of renal tubes and responsible for degrading the antibiotic imipenem. Cilastatin is therefore administered (as the sodium salt) with  imipenem to prolong the antibacterial effect of the latter by preventing its renal metabolism to inactive and potentially nephrotoxic products. Cilastatin also acts as a leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor, preventing the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukotriene E4.


NAADP-sensitive calcium-release channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


mitochondrial fragmentation involved in apoptotic process

The change in the morphology of the mitochondria in an apoptotic cell from a highly branched network to a fragmented vesicular form.


pituitary apoplexy

A rare, potentially life-threatening disorder caused by acute ischemic infarction or hemorrhage in the pituitary gland. It is most often associated with the presence of a pituitary gland adenoma. Signs and symptoms include headache, vomiting, visual disturbances, and endocrine dysfunction.


nontoxic goiter

Sporadic enlargement of the thyroid gland that is not associated with changes in thyroid function or malignancy.


Edema of foot (finding)

The accumulation of fluid in the feet, most prominently on the dorsum.


lysosomal membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosomal membrane. A lysosomal membrane is the lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm.


cellular response to mercury ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mercury ion stimulus.


neuromuscular disease

Any disease that impairs the functioning of the muscles, either directly, being pathologies of the voluntary muscle, or indirectly, being pathologies of nerves or neuromuscular junctions


negative regulation by host of viral glycoprotein metabolic process

A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral glycoprotein metabolic process.


type 1 fibroblast growth factor receptor binding

Binding to a type 1 fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR1).


negative regulation of sphingolipid biosynthetic process

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).


regulation of protein K63-linked ubiquitination

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein K63-linked ubiquitination.


transketolase activity

Catalysis of the reversible transfer of a 2-carbon ketol group (CH2OH-CO-) from a ketose phosphate donor to an aldose phosphate acceptor.


group II metabotropic glutamate receptor activity

A G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (t-ACPD) and inhibits adenylate cyclase activity.


renal control of peripheral vascular resistance involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure

The renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system, by impeding blood flow through the peripheral vasculature.


Sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPases are tetrameric proteins, consisting of two large alpha subunits and two smaller beta subunits. The alpha subunits bear the active site and penetrate the membrane, while the beta subunits carry oligosaccharide groups and face the cell exterior.


Gray syndrome from chloramphenicol administration in newborn

A disorder observed in a newborn who was exposed to chloramphenicol. Manifestations include hypotension, cyanosis, cardiovascular collapse and/or death.


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + N-acetyl-L-aspartate + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + N-acetylaspartyl-glutamate.


B-1 B cell homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells of the B-1 subset such that the total number of B-1 B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.


transcription initiation at RNA polymerase III promoter

A transcription initiation process that takes place at a RNA polymerase III gene promoter. Transfer RNAs (tRNA) genes, as well as some other non-coding RNAs, are transcribed by RNA polymerase III.


positive regulation of macrophage cytokine production

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


L-fucose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-fucose (6-deoxy-Lgalactose).


GDP-mannose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.


regulation of cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the progression of the placenta over time, from its initial condition to its mature state.


hyperparathyroidism

Hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands resulting in the overproduction of parathyroid hormone. It may be primary or secondary; primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by parathyroid adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia, parathyroid carcinoma, and multiple endocrine neoplasia. It is associated with hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. Signs and symptoms include weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, constipation, depression, bone pain, osteoporosis, cystic bone lesions, and kidney stones. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by the chronic stimulation of the parathyroid glands in patients with chronic renal failure, rickets, and malabsorption syndromes.


regulation of protein tetramerization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein tetramerization.


proline transmembrane transport

The directed movement of proline, pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


positive regulation of cellular response to hypoxia

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to hypoxia.


aortic valve development

The progression of the aortic valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


DNA recombinase mediator complex

A protein complex containing accessory proteins which bind a recombinase (e.g. Rad51) and bind single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), and promote nucleation of the recombinase onto ssDNA through facilitating recombinase-RPA exchange.


aorta smooth muscle tissue morphogenesis

The process in which the structure of the smooth muscle tissue surrounding the aorta is generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.


tyrosine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.


angiotensin receptor activity

Combining with angiotensin to initiate a change in cell activity.


epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis

The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the lung.


regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation.


cardiolipin binding

Binding to cardiolipin.


Fetal Tachycardia

A fetal heart rate above 160 bpm that is sustained for longer than 10 minutes.


cell adhesion molecule production

The appearance of a cell adhesion molecule due to biosynthesis or secretion.


pyruvate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ = acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH.


beta selection

The process in which successful recombination of a T cell receptor beta chain into a translatable protein coding sequence leads to rescue from apoptosis and subsequent proliferation of an immature T cell.


retinal cone cell development

Development of a cone cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Cone cells contain the photopigment iodopsin or cyanopsin and are responsible for photopic (daylight) vision.


guanine/thymine mispair binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a G/T mispair.


negative regulation of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.


adenine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of adenine nucleotides (AMP, ADP, and ATP) from one side of a membrane to the other.


engulfment of apoptotic cell

The removal of the apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.


cor pulmonale

Hypertrophy and dilation of the right ventricle of the heart that is caused by pulmonary hypertension. This condition is often associated with pulmonary parenchymal or vascular diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary embolism.


liver morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the liver are generated and organized.


gastric emptying

The process in which the liquid and liquid-suspended solid contents of the stomach exit through the pylorus into the duodenum.


recognition of apoptotic cell

The process in which a cell interprets signals (in the form of specific proteins and lipids) on the surface of a dying cell which it will engulf and remove by phagocytosis.


phenylpropanoid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid.


Systemic lupus erythematosus rash

A rash associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.


lipopolysaccharide transport

The directed movement of lipopolysaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A lipopolysaccharide is any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides consist three covalently linked regions, lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and an O side chain. Lipid A is responsible for the toxicity of the lipopolysaccharide.


laminin-11 complex

A laminin complex composed of alpha5, beta2 and gamma1 polypeptide chains.


Lymph Node Pain

A painful sensation in a lymph node.