Prostate Carcinoma Metastatic in the Lung

A carcinoma that arises from the prostate gland and has spread to the lungs.


Thymic Adenocarcinoma, Not Otherwise Specified

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A primary thymic adenocarcinoma that does not conform to either low-grade papillary adenocarcinoma or enteric-type adenocarcinoma.


Lung Myoepithelioma

A very rare benign lung tumor with myoepithelial differentiation.


Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma by AJCC v7 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of pleural malignant mesothelioma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.


Mediastinal/Thymic NUT Carcinoma

A highly aggressive, poorly differentiated carcinoma that arises from the mediastinum/thymus. It is characterized by mutations and rearrangement of the NUT gene.


Stage IV Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v8

Stage IV includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis present. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Combined Thymic Epithelial Neoplasm

A primary thymic epithelial neoplasm, characterized by the presence of at least two distinct areas, one representing a thymoma and the other a carcinoma.  The most aggressive component usually determines the clinical outcome.


Cardiac Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma

An extraskeletal osteosarcoma that arises from the heart. It produces osteoid and bone, and occasionally shows chondroblastic differentiation.


Refractory Lung Adenocarcinoma

Lung adenocarcinoma that is resistant to treatment.


Stage IA Lung Adenocarcinoma AJCC v7

Stage IA includes: (T1a, N0, M0); (T1b, N0, M0).  T1a: Lung cancer with a tumor size of 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus). The uncommon superficial tumor of any size with its invasive component limited to the bronchial wall, which may extend proximal to the main bronchus, is also classified as T1a.  T1b: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 2 cm but 3 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus).  N0: No regional lymph metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Squamous Lung Dysplasia

A term referring to neoplastic changes in the bronchial epithelium manifested as dysplasia.


benign neoplasm of mediastinum

A benign neoplasm that involves the mediastinum.


Thymic Enteric-Type Adenocarcinoma

A primary thymic adenocarcinoma characterized by morphological and immunohistochemical features seen in colorectal adenocarcinoma.


Stage I Lung Small Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7

Stage I includes: IA: (T1a, N0, M0); (T1b, N0, M0) and IB: (T2a, N0, M0).  T1a: Lung cancer with a tumor size of 2 cm or less n greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus). The uncommon superficial tumor of any size with its invasive component limited to the bronchial wall, which may extend proximal to the main bronchus, is also classified as T1a.  T1b: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 2 cm but 3 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e., not in the main bronchus).  T2a: Lung cancer with a tumor size more than 3 cm but 5 cm or less in greatest dimension.  N0: No regional lymph metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Cardiac Papillary Fibroelastoma

A rare benign neoplasm of the endocardium.  The vast majority of cases arise in the heart valves.  Histopathologic examination reveals a papilloma lined by endothelial cells with a central avascular core which contains fibroblasts and elastic fibers. Patients may be asymptomatic or present with ischemic or embolic events.


Refractory Malignant Thymoma

Malignant thymoma that does not respond to treatment.


thymus lymphoma

A lymphoma that arises from the thymus. Representative examples include mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma.


Masaoka-Koga Stage IVa

The tumor shows metastasis throughout the pleural and/or pericardial spaces.


heart leiomyosarcoma

An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the heart. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.


Occult Lung Non-Small Cell Carcinoma

A non-small cell lung carcinoma detectable by sputum cytology only.  The primary tumor is undetectable radiographically or during bronchoscopy; therefore, it can not be assessed.


Stage IIIB Lung Small Cell Carcinoma with Pleural Effusion AJCC v7

Stage IIIB small cell lung carcinoma that has spread to the pleural fluid.


Malignant Mediastinal Nongerminomatous Germ Cell Tumor

An extragonadal nongerminomatous malignant germ cell tumor that arises from the mediastinum.  This category includes embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, and mixed germ cell tumors.


Pleural mesothelioma malignant localised

A mesothelioma that arises from the pleura with the gross appearance of a circumscribed lesion and the microscopic appearance of diffuse malignant mesothelioma, without evidence of diffuse spread.


Metastatic Intrathoracic Paravertebral Paraganglioma

An intrathoracic paravertebral paraganglioma that metastasizes to other anatomic sites.


Non-mucinous adenocarcinoma in situ of lung

Lung adenocarcinoma in situ characterized by the presence of type II pneumocyte and/or Clara cell differentiation. Almost all cases of lung adenocarcinoma in situ are non-mucinous.


myocardium cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the myocardium.


Stage III Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma AJCC v7

Stage III includes: (T1, T2, N1, M0); (T1, T2, N2, M0); (T3, N0, N1, N2, M0).  T1: Pleural mesothelioma with a tumor limited to the ipsilateral parietal pleura with or without mediastinal pleura and with or without diaphragmatic pleural involvement. T2: Pleural mesothelioma with a tumor involving each of the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following: involvement of diaphragmatic muscle; extension of tumor from visceral pleura into the underlying pulmonary parenchyma.  T3: Pleural mesothelioma with a locally advanced but potentially respectable tumor.  Tumor involving all the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (parietal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and visceral pleura) with at least one of the following: involvement of the endothoracic fascia; extension into the mediastinal fat; solitary, completely respectable focus of tumor extending into the soft tissues of the chest wall; nontransmural involvement of the pericardium.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Pleural mesothelioma with metastases in the ipsilateral bronchopulmonary or hilar lymph nodes. N2: Pleural mesothelioma with metastases in the subcarinal or the ipsilateral mediastinal lymph nodes including the ipsilateral internal mammary and peridiaphragmatic nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Lung Mucinous Adenocarcinoma In Situ

A very rare lung adenocarcinoma in situ variant characterized by the presence of tall columnar cells with basal nuclei and abundant cytoplasmic mucin.


Pleural mesothelioma malignant advanced

Malignant mesothelioma that arises from the pleura and is classified as stage II, stage III, or stage IV.


Adenocarcinoma of lung, stage IV

Stage IV includes: (Any T, Any N, M1a); (Any T, Any N, M1b).  M1a: Lung cancer with separate tumor nodule(s) in a contralateral lobe; tumor with pleural nodules or malignant pleural (or pericardial) effusion.  M1b: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Metastatic Lung Non-Small Cell Carcinoma

A non-small cell carcinoma that arises from the lung and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


Refractory Thymic Carcinoma

Thymic carcinoma that does not respond to treatment.


Combined Lung Small Cell Carcinoma and Lung Adenocarcinoma

A lung carcinoma characterized by a combination of small cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.


Lung squamous cell carcinoma stage III

Stage III includes: IIIA (T1a, N2, M0); (T1b, N2, M0); (T2a, N2, M0); (T2b, N2, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0) and IIIB (T1a, N3, M0); (T1b, N3, M0); (T2a, N3, M0); (T2b, N3, M0); (T3, N3, M0); (T4, N2, M0); (T4, N3, M0).  T4: Lung cancer with a tumor of any size that invades any of the following: mediastinum, heart, great vessels, trachea, recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus, vertebral body, carina, and separate tumor nodule(s) in a different ipsilateral lobe.  N1: Lung cancer with metastasis in ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes and intrapulmonary lymph nodes, including involvement by direct extension.  N2: Lung cancer with metastasis to ipsilateral mediastinal and/or subcarinal lymph nodes.  N3: Lung cancer with metastasis to contralateral mediastinal, contralateral hilar, ipsilateral or contralateral scalene, or supraclavicular lymph nodes.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Metastatic Lung Non-Small Cell Squamous Carcinoma

A squamous non-small cell carcinoma that arises from the lung and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to heart

A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the heart from another primary anatomic site.


Locally Advanced Lung Non-Small Cell Squamous Carcinoma

A non-small cell squamous carcinoma of the lung that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


pleural lipoma

A benign adipose tissue neoplasm of the pleural cavity. It may be purely intra-thoracic or extend to the chest wall.


Lung Cancer by AJCC v6 Stage

A term that refers to the staging of lung carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th edition.


Lung Carcinoma Metastatic in the Central Nervous System

A carcinoma that has spread to the central nervous system from its original site in the lung, through the hematogenous route.


Stage II Lung Cancer AJCC v6

Stage II includes: IIA (T1, N1, M0) and IIB (T2, N1, M0) or (T3, N0, M0).  T1: Tumor is 3 cm or less in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura, and without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus.  T2: Tumor has any of the following features of size or extent: more than 3 cm in greatest dimension; involves the main bronchus, 2 cm or more distal to the carina; invades the visceral pleura; associated with atelectasis or obstructive pneumonitis that extends to the hilar region but does not involve the entire lung.  T3: Tumor (of any size) directly invades any of the following: chest wall (including superior sulcus tumors), diaphragm, mediastinal pleura, parietal pericardium; or tumor in the main bronchus less than 2 cm distal to the carina but without involvement of the carina; or associated atelectasis or obstructive pneumonitis of the entire lung. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis to ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes, and intrapulmonary nodes including involvement by direct extension of the primary tumor. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)


Stage IV Lung Small Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7


Refractory Lung Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Carcinoma

Non-squamous non-small cell lung carcinoma that is resistant to treatment.


Stage III Lung Cancer AJCC v8

Stage III includes: IIIA: (T1a, N2, M0); (T1b, N2, M0); (T1c, N2, M0); (T2a, N2, M0); (T2b, N2, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0); IIIB: (T1a, N3, M0); (T1b, N3, M0); (T1c, N3, M0); (T2a, N3, M0); (T2b, N3, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4, N2, M0); IIIC: (T3, N3, M0); (T4, N3, M0). T1a: Tumor measuring 1 cm or less in greatest dimension. A superficial, spreading tumor of any size whose invasive component is limited to the bronchial wall and may extend proximal to the main bronchus also is classified as T1a, but these tumors are uncommon. T1b: Tumor measuring more than 1 cm but 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. T1c: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2a: Tumor measuring more than 3 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension. T2b: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm but 5 cm or less in greatest dimension. T3: Tumor measuring more than 5 cm but 7 cm or less in greatest dimension or directly invading any of the following: parietal pleura (PL3), chest wall (including superior sulcus tumors), phrenic nerve, parietal pericardium; or separate tumor nodule(s) in the same lobe as the primary. T4: Tumor measuring more than 7 cm or tumor of any size invading one or more of the following: diaphragm, mediastinum, heart, great vessels, trachea, recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus, vertebral body, or carina; separate tumor nodule(s) in an ipsilateral lobe different from that of the primary. N0: No regional lymph node metastases. N1: Metastasis in ipsilateral peribronchial and/or ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes and intrapulmonary nodes, including involvement by direct extension. N2: Metastasis in ipsilateral mediastinal and/or subcarinal lymph node(s). N3: Metastasis in contralateral mediastinal, contralateral hilar, ipsilateral or contralateral scalene, or supraclavicular lymph node(s). M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Lung Mixed Squamous Cell and Glandular Papilloma

An exceedingly rare benign endobronchial neoplasm characterized by the presence of fibrovascular cores which are lined by both squamous and glandular epithelium. Patients present with obstructive symptoms. Complete resection is curative.


carcinosarcoma of lung

A morphologic variant of lung sarcomatoid carcinoma composed of a mixture of non-small cell lung carcinoma and a sarcomatous component.


Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Clear Cell Variant

A morphologic variant of squamous cell lung carcinoma characterized by the presence of clear cells.


Masaoka-Koga Stage IIb

The tumor shows invasion through the capsule and into the surrounding fatty tissue.


constitutional neutropenia

A rare disorder characterized by recurrent infantile infections and absence of neutrophils in the peripheral blood.


Neutropenia-monocytopenia-deafness syndrome is characterized by neutropenia with myeloid marrow hypoplasia, monocytopenia, and congenital deafness. It has been described in three siblings who suffered recurrent bacterial infections.


autosomal recessive severe congenital neutropenia due to JAGN1 deficiency

Severe congenital neutropenia inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern and caused by mutation(s) in the JAGN1 gene, encoding protein jagunal homolog 1.


primary immunodeficiency syndrome due to p14 deficiency

Primary immunodeficiency syndrome due to p14 deficiency is characterized by short stature, hypopigmentation, coarse facies and frequent bronchopulmonary Streptococcus pneumoniae infections.


Lichtenstein syndrome

Lichstenstein syndrome is characterized by frequent infections associated with osteoporosis, a tendency for fractures and osseous anomalies. It has been described in two monozygotic twin brothers. Transmission is autosomal recessive.


X-linked severe congenital neutropenia

This syndrome is an immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by recurrent major bacterial infections, severe congenital neutropenia, and monocytopenia. It has been described in five males spanning three generations of one family. It is transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait and is caused by mutations in the WAS gene, encoding the WASP protein.


Kostmann syndrome

Kostmann syndrome is a rare, severe, congenital neutropenia disorder characterized by a lack of mature neutrophils (absolute neutrophil counts less than 500 cells/mm3) associated with frequent, recurrent bacterial infections (e.g. otitis media, pneumonia, sinusitis, urinary tract infections, abscesses of skin and/or liver) and increased promyelocytes in the bone marrow. Periodontal disease, as well as neurological symptoms, such as cognitive impairment, severe neurodegeneration and epilepsy, have been reported in some patients.


autosomal recessive severe congenital neutropenia due to CXCR2 deficiency


autosomal recessive severe congenital neutropenia

Severe congenital neutropenia inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.


neutropenia, severe congenital, 8, autosomal dominant


Severe congenital neutropenia inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern and caused by mutation(s) in the VPS45 gene, encoding vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 45. It is characterized by neutrophil dysfunction, a lack of response to G-CSF, life-threatening infections, bone marrow fibrosis, and renal extramedullary hematopoiesis.


neutropenia, severe congenital, 2, autosomal dominant

Any autosomal dominant severe congenital neutropenia in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the GFI1 gene.


autosomal recessive severe congenital neutropenia due to CSF3R deficiency

Severe congenital neutropenia inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern and caused by mutation(s) in the CSF3R gene, encoding granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor. It is characterized by the onset of recurrent infections in infancy or early childhood and peripheral neutropenia, despite normal granulocyte maturation, that is unresponsive to treatment with G-CSF.


neutropenia, lethal congenital, with eosinophilia


glycogen storage disease Ib

A type of glycogenosis due to G6P deficiency.


neutropenia, severe congenital, 1, autosomal dominant


Cohen syndrome

Cohen syndrome (CS) is a rare genetic developmental disorder characterized by microcephaly, characteristic facial features, hypotonia, non-progressive intellectual deficit, myopia and retinal dystrophy, neutropenia and truncal obesity.


autosomal recessive severe congenital neutropenia due to G6PC3 deficiency

Severe congenital neutropenia inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern and caused by mutation(s) in the G6PC3 gene, encoding glucose-6-phosphatase 3. It is characterized by cardiac abnormalities, hepatosplenomegaly, intermittent thrombocytopenia and a prominent superficial venous pattern.


autosomal dominant severe congenital neutropenia

Autosomal dominant form of severe congenital neutropenia.


neutropenia, severe congenital, 9, autosomal dominant


poikiloderma with neutropenia

A skin disease characterized by poikiloderma, hyperkeratotic nails, generalized hyperkeratosis on palms and soles, neutropenia, short stature, and recurrent pulmonary infections. It has material basis in mutation in the C16ORF57 gene on chromosome 16q13.


porokeratosis 8, disseminated superficial actinic type


linear porokeratosis

Linear porokeratosis is a rare skin condition characterized by streaks of reddish-brown patches surrounded by a ridge-like border.The patches usually develop in infants or young children, but they sometimes develop in adults.


porokeratosis 6, disseminated superficial actinic type


porokeratosis 9, multiple types

Any porokeratosis (disease) in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the FDPS gene.


disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis

Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP) is the most common form of porokeratosis characterized by the presence of several small annular plaques with a distinctive keratotic rim found most commonly on sun-exposed areas of the skin, particularly the extremities.


porokeratosis 5, disseminated superficial actinic type


porokeratosis of Mibelli

Porokeratosis of Mibelli (PM) is a form of porokeratosis that is characterized by the presence of brown single or multiple annular plaques of varying size, that are sometimes confluent, with a distinctive sharply-defined keratotic border.


porokeratosis 4, disseminated superficial actinic type


porokeratosis 3, disseminated superficial actinic type


porokeratosis plantaris palmaris et disseminata

Porokeratosis plantaris palmaris et disseminata (PPPD) is a rare form of porokeratosis occurring mainly in adolescence and characterized by small pruritic or painful keratotic papules that first appear on the palms and soles, and may gradually become generalized.


7-methylguanosine biosynthetic process

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The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 7-methylguanosine, a modified nucleoside that forms a cap at the 5'-terminus of eukaryotic mRNA.


ethmoid sinusitis

An acute or chronic inflammatory process affecting the mucous membrane of the ethmoid sinus.


acute ethmoiditis

Acute form of ethmoid sinusitis.


chronic ethmoidal sinusitis

Inflammation of the ethmoid sinus that typically lasts beyond eight weeks. It is caused by infections, allergies, and the presence of sinus polyps or a deviated septum. Signs and symptoms include headache, nasal discharge, swelling in the face, dizziness, and breathing difficulties.


infiltrating nipple syringomatous adenoma

An invasive, non-metastasizing neoplasm with sweat duct differentiation that arises in the area of the nipple. Local recurrences have been reported.


breast fibroepithelial neoplasm

A benign or malignant biphasic neoplasm that arises from the breast parenchyma. It is characterized by the presence of an epithelial and a mesenchymal (stromal) component. The typical examples are fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumor.


breast neuroendocrine neoplasm

A neoplasm that arises from the breast and is composed of cells of neuroendocrine origin. Most cases are neuroendocrine carcinomas. Primary carcinoid tumors of the breast are very rare.


breasts and/or nipples, aplasia or hypoplasia of, 2

Any isolated congenital breast hypoplasia/aplasia in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the PTPRF gene.


benign eccrine breast spiradenoma

A very rare, benign sweat gland neoplasm that affects the breast. It is characterized by the proliferation of basaloid epithelial cells.


isolated congenital breast hypoplasia/aplasia


blunt duct adenosis of breast

Breast adenosis characterized by the presence of ducts with distended lumen and columnar cell metaplasia.


breast synovial sarcoma

A synovial sarcoma (disease) that involves the breast.


breast myofibroblastoma

A myofibroblastoma occurring in the breast of both women and men. It presents as a slowly growing mass.


apocrine adenosis of breast

Breast adenosis characterized by the presence of extensive apocrine metaplasia.


breast fibrocystic change, proliferative type

Breast fibrocystic change characterized by the presence of epithelial cell hyperplasia. Epithelial atypia may be present or absent.


breast phyllodes tumor

A benign, malignant, or borderline circumscribed biphasic neoplasm that arises from the breast. It usually affects middle-aged women. It is characterized by the presence of a double layer of epithelial cells that are arranged in clefts, surrounded by a spindle cell mesenchymal (stromal) component.


breast fibrosis

Breast fibrocystic change characterized by the prominence of fibrotic changes in the parenchyma.


salivary gland type cancer of the breast

A group of uncommon neoplasms, usually seen in the salivary glands but occurring in the breast, with a variable clinicopathologic spectrum and divided into those with myoepithelial differentiation and those without. This group includes mammary adenoid cystic carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, acinic cell carcinoma, polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma and oncocytic carcinoma.


acropectororenal dysplasia

Acro-pectoro-renal field defect is a very rare association of a Poland anomaly, that is characterized by unilateral absence or hypoplasia of the pectoralis major muscle (most frequently involving the sternocostal head) and a variable degree of ipsilateral hand anomalies (including symbrachydactyly, brachydactyly, absent thumb and hypoplastic fingers), combined with a genito-urinary anomaly. Associated genito-urinary anomalies reported include renal hypoplasia or agenesis, duplex collecting system, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, hypospadias and undescended testicles.


intraductal breast neoplasm

A benign or malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises anywhere in the ductal system of the breast. This category includes intraductal papilloma, intraductal papillary carcinoma, ductal hyperplasia with or without atypia, and ductal carcinoma in situ.


solitary cyst of breast

A single, fluid-filled cyst in the breast parenchyma.


microglandular adenosis of breast

A rare variant of breast adenosis characterized by the proliferation of small round glands in a collagenous stroma. The epithelial cells are cuboidal and there are no myopepithelial cells present. There is no evidence of atypia.


breast implant illness

A syndrome that is characterized by fatigue, problems with memory or concentration, joint and muscle pain, hair loss, weight changes and anxiety/depression. This syndrome may be related to breast implants


lactocele

Single or multiple, milk-containing nodules in the breast. It is caused by obstruction of the breast ducts during lactation. Needle aspiration of the milk is the treatment of choice.


benign breast phyllodes tumor

A usually unilateral, benign and well circumscribed biphasic neoplasm that arises from the breast. It usually affects middle-aged women. It is characterized by the presence of a double layer of epithelial cells that are arranged in clefts, surrounded by a cellular, monomorphic spindle cell mesenchymal component. Mitoses are rare. Necrotic changes may be present in large tumors.


breast intraductal proliferative lesion

A group of non-invasive epithelial proliferations that occur in the ductal system of the breast. The vast majority of cases arise in the terminal ductal lobular units. This category includes atypical ductal hyperplasia, usual ductal hyperplasia, flat epithelial atypia, and ductal carcinoma in situ. There is an increased risk for subsequent development of invasive breast carcinoma.


breast adenomyoepithelial adenosis

An uncommon variant of breast adenosis characterized by the presence of irregularly shaped glands, epithelial cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm, and prominent myopepithelial cells. Mild atypia may be present.


breast giant fibroadenoma

A breast fibroadenoma characterized by a very large size. This term has also been used as a synonym for juvenile fibroadenoma by some authors. The latter is characterized by epithelial hyperplasia and an increased stromal cellularity.


nipple neoplasm

A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises in the area of the nipple.


familial juvenile hypertrophy of the breast

Familial juvenile hypertrophy of the breast is a rare breast malformation disorder characterized by unilateral or bilateral, symmetrical or asymmetrical, uncontrolled, rapid and massive enlargement of the breast(s) in peripubertal females, occurring in various members of a family. Additional associated manifestations may include skin hyperemia, dilated subcutaneous veins, skin necrosis, kyphosis, lordosis and anonychia. Growth and development are otherwise normal.


benign neoplasm of male breast

A non-metastasizing neoplasm that arises from the breast parenchyma in males.


multiple fibroadenoma of the breast

Mammary polyadenomatosis is characterized by the presence in both breasts of multiple voluminous fibroadenomas with heterogeneous echo patterns.


craniofrontonasal dysplasia-Poland anomaly syndrome

Cranio-fronto-nasal dysplasia - Poland anomaly is a polymalformative syndrome characterized by craniosynostosis, Poland anomaly, cranio-fronto-nasal dysplasia, and genital and breast anomalies. Less than ten cases have been described so far.


usual ductal breast hyperplasia

A neoplastic ductal proliferative lesion of the breast characterized by the formation of secondary lumens and prominent intraductal proliferation of a heterogeneous cellular population that may include epithelial cells, myoepithelial cells, or metaplastic apocrine cells.


breast angiomatosis

A benign diffuse vascular proliferation in the breast. It is characterized by the formation of capillary-sized and cavernous vascular spaces.


breasts and/or nipples, aplasia or hypoplasia of, 1


flat ductal epithelial atypia

A breast lesion characterized by the presence of dilated terminal ductal lobular units in which the epithelial lining has been replaced by a single layer of mildly atypical cells, or there is atypical, monotonous epithelial hyperplasia of three to five layers. This lesion relates to columnar cell change with atypia and columnar cell hyperplasia with atypia.


breast lipoma

A benign, mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the breast. It is surrounded by a thin capsule and composed of mature adipose tissue cells. Atypia is absent.


non-proliferative fibrocystic change of the breast

Breast fibrocystic change characterized by the absence of epithelial cell hyperplasia.


infant gynecomastia

Transient bilateral swelling of breast tissue in a neonate that results from the waning influence of maternal estrogen.


diabetic mastopathy

Diabetic mastopathy are noncancerous lesions in the breast most commonly diagnosed in premenopausal women with type 1 diabetes. The cause of this condition is unknown. Symptoms may include hard, irregular, easily movable, discrete, painless breast mass(es).


sclerosing adenosis of breast

Breast adenosis characterized by the proliferation of acini, a lobulated architectural pattern, and stromal sclerosis. The luminal epithelial and myopepithelial cells are preserved. Microcalcifications and foci of apocrine metaplasia may be present.


breast pericanalicular fibroadenoma

A morphologic variant of breast fibroadenoma without clinical significance. It is characterized by circumferential proliferation of stromal cells around the ducts. This results in the formation of rounded ductal-epithelial structures.


breast intracanalicular fibroadenoma

A morphologic variant of breast fibroadenoma without clinical significance. It is characterized by distortion and compression of the ducts by proliferating stromal cells.


fat necrosis of breast

Localized necrosis of the adipose tissue in the breast. Clinically, it may present as a mass. Causes include injury, surgical procedures, and radiation treatment.


intraductal papillary breast neoplasm

A benign or malignant papillary neoplasm that arises anywhere in the ductal system of the breast. It is characterized by fibrovascular structures lined by epithelial proliferations. This category includes intraductal papilloma and intraductal papillary carcinoma.


lactation disease

A disorder not necessarily related to pregnancy that is observed in females and males. It is characterized by disturbances of milk secretion. Causes include damage to the breast parenchyma due to inflammation, medications, pituitary tumors, and hypothyroidism.


Epicillin

A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-amino-2-(cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-yl)acetamido group.


Flavocillin

A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a [3-(4-oxo-4H-chromen-2-yl)benzoyl]nitrilo group.


Sulbenicillin

A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.


Penicillanic acid carrying a (p-aminophenyl)imino]pentylidene}amino substituent at the 6beta position. It has been used as a hapten in the production of a generic monoclonal antibody for determining penicillin residues in milk.


Mecillinam

A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.


Metampicillin

A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(2R)-2-(methylideneamino)-2-phenylacetamido side-group.


Temocillin

A penicillin compound having a 6alpha-methoxy and 6beta-[2-carboxy(thiophen-3-yl)acetamido side-groups.


Almecillin

A penicillin where the side-chain N-acyl group is specified as allylmercaptoacetyl. Antibiotic isolated from Penicillium chrysogenum.


Pheneticillin

A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.


Quinacillin

A semisynthetic penicillase-resistant penicillin with antibacterial activity; it binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall.


N-benzoylampicillin

A penicillin that is the N-benzoyl derivative of ampicillin.


Clometocillin

A penicillin that is benzylpenicillin in which the phenylacetyl group has been replaced by a (3,4-dichlorophenyl)(methoxy)acetyl group. It is a mixture of epimers at the methoxy-bearing carbon.


Penicillanic acid carrying a (p-hydroxybenzylidene)amino substituent at the 6beta position. It has been used as a hapten in the production of a generic monoclonal antibody for determining penicillin residues in milk.


penicillin allergen

Any penicillin which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.


Recurrent Ocular Melanoma

The reemergence of ocular melanoma after a period of remission.


Melanoma recurrent

The reemergence of a melanoma after a period of remission.


Recurrent Uveal Melanoma

The reemergence of uveal melanoma after a period of remission.


Lentigo maligna recurrent

The reemergence of lentigo maligna after a period of remission


Recurrent Non-Cutaneous Melanoma

The reemergence of non-cutaneous melanoma after a period of remission.


Recurrent Mucosal Melanoma

The reemergence of a mucosal melanoma after a period of remission.


Recurrent Cutaneous Melanoma of the Extremity

Cutaneous melanoma of the upper or lower extremity that has recurred after a period of remission.


Recurrent Acral Lentiginous Melanoma

The reemergence of acral lentiginous melanoma after a period of remission.


o-xylene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of o-xylene, (1,2-dimethylbenzene) a colorless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon.


xylene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xylene, a mixture of three colorless, aromatic hydrocarbon liquids, ortho-, meta- and para-xylene.


m-xylene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of m-xylene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene, a colorless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon.


p-xylene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of p-xylene (1,4-dimethylbenzene), a colorless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon.


trichomoniasis

An infection that is caused by Trichomonas.


Trichomonas cystitis

An cystitis caused by infection with Trichomonas vaginalis.


Trichomonas cervicitis

An cervicitis (disease) caused by infection with Trichomonas vaginalis.


4-chlorobenzoate-CoA ligase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-chlorobenzoate + CoA + ATP = 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate. This reaction requires magnesium and is part of the bacterial 2,4-dichlorobenzoate degradation pathway.


(+)-abscisic acid D-glucopyranosyl ester transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of (+)-abscisic acid D-glucopyranosyl ester from one side of a membrane to the other.


Colon Liposarcoma

A liposarcoma that arises from the colon.


alpha7-beta1 integrin-focal adhesion kinase complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A protein complex that consists of an alpha7-beta1 integrin complex bound to focal adhesion kinase.


The oxidative deamination of N-terminal peptidyl-cysteine to form pyruvic acid with an amide bond between its 1-carboxyl group and the N-terminal residue.


N-terminal protein amino acid deamination

The removal of an amino group from the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein.


N-terminal peptidyl-valine deamination

The deamination of the N-terminal valine residue of a protein to form isobutyrate.


The removal of an amino group from the side chain of an N-terminal asparagine residue of a protein.


The removal of an amino group from the side chain of an N-terminal glutamine residue of a protein.


N-terminal peptidyl-amino acid deamination to pyruvic acid

The oxidative deamination of N-terminal peptidyl-cysteine, or peptidyl-serine, to form pyruvic acid with an amide bond between its 1-carboxyl group and the N-terminal residue.


The deamination of N-terminal peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-2-oxobutanoic acid.


N-terminal protein amino acid deamination, from amino carbon

The oxidative deamination of the alpha carbon of an encoded N-terminal amino acid, to form pyruvic acid retaining an amide bond between its 1-carboxyl group and the adjacent residue. The pyruvate 2-oxo group may become an enzyme active site, or it may be reduced to an alcohol.


N-terminal protein amino acid deamination, from side chain

The removal of an amino group from the side chain of an N-terminal asparagine or glutamine residue of a protein.


N-terminal peptidyl-serine deamination

The oxidative deamination of N-terminal peptidyl-serine to form pyruvic acid with an amide bond between its 1-carboxyl group and the N-terminal residue.


Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A head and neck squamous cell carcinoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Advanced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


Advanced Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


positive regulation of adaptive immune memory response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adaptive immune memory response.


Locally Advanced Nasal Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Nasal cavity squamous cell carcinoma that has spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Metastatic Nasal Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Nasal cavity squamous cell carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.


Unresectable Nasal Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Nasal cavity squamous cell carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of nasal cavity

A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the nasal cavity and is characterized by prominent production of keratin.


Type A Tylosis

An inherited form of tylosis that presents between 5-14 years of age and is characterized by focal areas of nonepidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma. Individuals have an increased incidence of esophageal carcinoma.


Type B Tylosis

An inherited form of tylosis that presents by one year and is characterized by benign palmoplantar keratoderma.


Palmoplantar keratoderma with leukoplakia

A hereditary syndrome this is characterized by palmoplantar keratoderma accompanied by leukoplakia and may be associated with a high lifetime risk of esophageal cancer, as seen in Howel-Evans Syndrome.


biotin-[propionyl-CoA-carboxylase (ATP-hydrolyzing)] ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin + apo-(propanoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)) = AMP + diphosphate + (propanoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)).


medium-term memory

The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information received at a time ago that is intermediate between that of short and long term memory (30min - 7hrs in Drosophila melanogaster).


F-9775B biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of F-9775B.


dermomyotome

biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The bilaminar epithelium formed from the myotome and dermatome.


glutathione specific gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: glutathione = 5-oxoproline + L-cysteinylglycine.


Colonic fistula

An abnormal communication between the large intestine and another organ or cavity.


Enteric hyperoxaluria

Excessive urinary oxalate excretion resulting from increased absorption of oxalate.


(S)-chlormezanone

The (S)-enantiomer of chlormezanone.


Lateral meniscus structure

biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A semicircular meniscus located towards the outer aspect of the knee joint.


narrow pore, gated channel activity

Enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a narrow pore channel that opens in response to a particular stimulus.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: raffinose(out) + H+(out) = raffinose(in) + H+(in).


raffinose transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of raffinose from one side of a membrane to the other. Raffinose occurs in plants almost as commonly as sucrose and is present in cereal grains, cotton seeds, and many legumes. It is synthesized from sucrose by transfer of a galactopyranoside from myo-inositol.


lymph node primary follicle

An unstimulated network of follicular dendritic cells and small resting B cells in the lymph node cortex.


lingual tonsil

The lymph tissue on the floor of the oropharyngeal passage, near the root of the tongue.


lymph node germinal center

A germinal center that is located in a lymph node.


tonsil germinal center

A germinal center that is part of a tonsil.


spleen germinal center

A germinal center that is part of the spleen. The spleen germinal center is located in a secondary B follicle in the white pulp of the spleen.


mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

Diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various sites of the body such as the gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin[WP]. Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue is typically found as nodules associated with mucosal epithelia with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes[GO].


tonsillar ring

The circular lymphoid tissue formed by the lingual, pharyngeal, and facial tonsils.


lymphoid nodule

Lymphoid tissue found in some birds and similar, but not identical, to mammalian lymph nodes.


tubal tonsil

The lymph tissue associated with the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube.


lymph node germinal center dark zone

Lymph node germinal centers contain two microenvironments: the light zone and the dark zone. The dark zone is densely populated with B cell blasts and reticular cells.


large intestine Peyer's patch

A Peyer's patch that is part of a large intestine.


lymph node follicle marginal zone

Histologically, the marginal zone pattern of the lymph node is characterized by lymphoid follicles with three distinct layers. The inner layer is composed of follicular center zones, the middle layer of darkly stained mantle zones, and the outer layer of marginal zones. However, the marginal zone pattern is rarely seen in reactive lymph nodes except for mesenteric lymph nodes. Lymph node marginal zones are populated by marginal zone B cells which express CD19 and CD20 and have the phenotypic features of memory B cells.


spleen B cell corona

The area of the (spleen) secondary B follicle that surrounds the germinal center and harbors the small recirculating B lymphocytes.


Peyer's patch follicle

A lymphoid follicle that is part of a Peyer's patch.


nasal-associated lymphoid tissue

The lymphocytic cell population present in the mucosa of the nasopharyngeal duct of some animals.


gut-associated lymphoid tissue

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in digestive tract. includes Peyer's patches, appendix, and solitary lymph nodules[GO].


Peyer's patch

The protruding lymphoid tissue located on the mucosa of the intestine that is composed of densely packed B cell follicles.


appendix lymphoid tissue

Lymphoid tissue located in the appendix.


tonsil

Either of the two small almond-shaped masses of lymph tissue found on either side of the oropharynx.


pharyngeal tonsil

The lymph tissue in the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx.


germinal center

A collection of activated B cells at the center of a secondary follicle, formed after B cells become activated and migrate to the center.


spleen primary B follicle

The nodules of small undifferentiated B lymphocytes and follicular dendritic cells located in the spleen white pulp.


lymph node follicle

A lymphoid follicle that is part of a lymph node.


palatine tonsil

Tonsils on the left and right sides at the back of the throat. one of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT), located at the entrance to the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts to protect the body from the entry of exogenous material through mucosal sites[WP].


lymph node germinal center light zone

Lymph node germinal centers contain two microenvironments: the light zone and the dark zone. The light zone is sparsely populated with B cells and includes additional cell types such as follicular dendritic cells, lymph node tingible macrophages and T follicular helper cells.


primary lymphoid nodule of tonsil

A primary nodular lymphoid tissue that is part of a tonsil.


thymus lymphoid tissue

A portion of lymphoid tissue that is part of a thymus [Automatically generated definition].


primary nodular lymphoid tissue

A lymphoid follicle containing naive B cells.


lymph node paracortex

The lymph node paracortex is the middle layer of the lymph node and is mostly populated by T cells and dendritic cells. The paracortex also contains specialised blood vessels called high endothelial venules which allow lymphocytes to enter the node.


Peyer's patch germinal center

Area of the Peyer's patch where B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells.


secondary follicle corona

The part of the secondary follicle that surrounds the germinal center.


cecal tonsil

A thickened round patch of lymphoid tissue located at the ileocecal junction adjacent to the sacculus rotundus.


spleen lymphoid follicle

The area of the white pulp where the affinity maturation of B cells and the generation of memory B cells and plasma cells occur.


bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue

A diffuse collection of lymphpoid cells that participate in airway immune responses.


spleen follicular dendritic cell network

The enmeshed group of antigen presenting cells with extensive dendritic processes in the spleen B cell follicle that present antigen to B cells during an immune response.


lymph node germinal center mantle zone

A part of the secondary follicle in which naive B cells reside along with some helper T cells, macrophages and follicular dendritic cells; these are displaced by the expanding germinal centre and form a 'mantle' around it.


small intestine Peyer's patch

Nodular lymphoid structures on the serosal surface of the small intestine.


lymph node interfollicular cortex

Follicules in the lymph node are surrounded and separated by the interfollicular cortex. Together with the lymph node follicle, the interfollicular cortex of the lymph node lobule make up the superficial cortex of the lymph node. Capillaries empty into the high endothelial venules located in the interfollicular cortex. The interfollicular cortex also serves as transit corriders for lymphocytes migrating between the B and T cell areas.


Brachymorphism-onychodysplasia-dysphalangism (BOD) is a very rare malformation syndrome that is characterized by short stature, hypoplastic fifth digits with tiny dysplastic nails, facial dysmorphism with coarse features including a wide mouth and broad nose, and mild intellectual disability. It has been suggested that Coffin-Siris syndrome and BOD syndrome are perhaps allelic variants.


erythema elevatum diutinum

Erythema elevatum diutinum (EED) is a distinctive form of chronic cutaneous vasculitis, belonging to the group of the neutrophilic dermatoses.


Maternally Derived Graft Versus Host Disease

Graft versus host disease (GVHD) that occurs in an infant as the result of engraftment of maternal lymphocytes, resulting from in utero maternal-fetal cellular trafficking.


multiple skull base meningioma

Multiple meningiomas that affect the skull base.


lactose catabolic process via tagatose-6-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactose, via the intermediate tagatose-6-phosphate.


sucrose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside.


ajugose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ajugose, the hexasaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside.


lipopolysaccharide core region metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the core region of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, which contains ten saccharide residues. The structure of this core oligosaccharide appears to be similar in closely related bacterial strains.


lactose catabolic process via UDP-galactose

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactose, via the intermediate UDP-galactose.


cellotriose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cellotriose.


trehalose metabolism in response to heat stress

The chemical reactions and pathways involving trehalose that occur as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.


trehalose catabolism in response to heat stress

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the degradation of trehalose that occur as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.


melibiose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of melibiose, the disaccharide 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose.


trehalose biosynthesis in response to heat stress

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of trehalose that occur as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.


verbascose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving verbascose, the pentasaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside.


stachyose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving stachyose, the tetrasaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside.


sucrose catabolic process via 3'-ketosucrose

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sucrose, which proceeds via the conversion of sucrose to 3'-ketosucrose. 3'-ketosucrose is hydrolyzed to 3-ketoglucose and fructose, and the 3-ketoglucose is then be converted to glucose.


raffinose family oligosaccharide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs, such as raffinose, stachyose, verbascose and other molecules with a higher degree of galactosyl polymerization).


trehalose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi.


verbascose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of verbascose, the pentasaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside.


lipopolysaccharide core region biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the core region of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, which contains ten saccharide residues.


cellodextrin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cellodextrin.


melibiose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melibiose, the disaccharide 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose.


sucrose catabolic process to fructose-6-phosphate through glucose and fructose

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sucrose, to yield fructose-6-phosphate through both glucose and fructose intermediates.


disaccharide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of disaccharides, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.


trehalose metabolism in response to cold stress

The chemical reactions and pathways involving trehalose that occur as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism.


stachyose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of stachyose, the tetrasaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside.


sucrose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside.


cyclodextrin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclodextrin.


cyclodextrin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cyclodextrin.


lactose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose.


maltoheptaose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a maltoheptaose.


ajugose biosynthetic process using galactinol:raffinose galactosyltransferase

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ajugose, the hexasaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, by a pathway in which galactinol:raffinose galactosyltransferase catalyzes chain elongation by transferring the alpha-galactosyl residue of galactinol to the oligosaccharide.


cellobiose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cellobiose.


raffinose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of raffinose, the trisaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside.


raffinose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of raffinose, the trisaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 6-alpha-maltosylglucose, also known as isopanose.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving 6-alpha-maltosylglucose, also known as isopanose.


maltoheptaose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a maltoheptaose.


maltose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose).


cellotriose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cellotriose.


cellooligosaccharide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cellooligosaccharide.


sucrose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside.


cellooligosaccharide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cellooligosaccharide.


cellobiose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cellobiose.


trehalose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi.


raffinose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving raffinose, the trisaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside.


ajugose biosynthetic process using galactan:galactan galactosyltransferase

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ajugose, the hexasaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside, by a pathway in which galactan:galactan galactosyltransferase catalyzes chain elongation by transferring the alpha-galactosyl residue of one raffinose-family oligosaccharide to another.


trehalose metabolism in response to stress

The chemical reactions and pathways involving trehalose that occur as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.


trehalose metabolism in response to water deprivation

The chemical reactions and pathways involving trehalose that occur as a result of deprivation of water.


lactose catabolic process, using glucoside 3-dehydrogenase

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactose, catalyzed by the enzyme glucoside 3-dehydrogenase.


maltose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose).


cellodextrin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cellodextrin.


melibiose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving melibiose, the disaccharide 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose.


aerobic raffinose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of raffinose that occur in the presence of oxygen.


ajugose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ajugose, the hexasaccharide beta-D-fructofuranosyl alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 6-alpha-maltosylglucose, also known as isopanose.


trehalose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi.


sucrose catabolic process to fructose-6-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sucrose, which proceeds by phosphorylation of sucrose to form sucrose-6-phosphate. The subsequent actions of a hydrolase and a fructokinase generate fructose-6-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate.


renal zinc excretion

The elimination of zinc ions from peritubular capillaries (or surrounding hemolymph in invertebrates) into the renal tubules to be incorporated subsequently into the urine.


lysophagy

The selective autophagy process in which a damaged lysosome is degraded by macroautophagy.


process utilizing autophagic mechanism

A cellular process involving delivery of a portion of the cytoplasm to lysosomes or to the plant or fungal vacuole that does not involve direct transport through the endocytic or vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) pathways. This process typically leads to degradation of the cargo; however, it can also be used to deliver resident proteins, such as in the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway.


glycophagy

The selective autophagy process in which cellular glycogen is delivered to the vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.


ribophagy

The selective autophagy process in which cells degrade mature ribosomes under conditions of starvation.


micromitophagy

Degradation of a mitochondrion by lysosomal microautophagy.


mitophagy by induced vacuole formation

The process in which cells degrade mitochondria by inducing a vacuole-like structure which directly engulfs and degrades the unhealthy mitochondria by accumulating lysosomes.


micropexophagy

Degradation of a peroxisome by lysosomal microautophagy.


proteaphagy

The selective autophagy process that clears 26S proteasomes; homeostatic mechanism within the ubiquitin system that modulates proteolytic capacity and eliminates damaged particles.


pexophagy

The selective autophagy process in which a peroxisome is degraded by macroautophagy.


reticulophagy

The selective autohagy process in which parts of the endoplasmic reticulum are loaded into autophagosomes, delivered to the vacuole, and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.


lipophagy

The selective autophagy process in which lipid droplets are delivered to the vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.


microlipophagy

Microautophagy-mediated direct internalization of lipid droplets into a lysosome-like vacuole during nutrient depletion, such as during the transition to stationary phase or in response to nutrient limitation. Microlipophagy is mediated by the formation of sterol-enriched vacuolar microdomains at sites of engulfment. Initiation of microautophagy is defined as the point where liquid-ordered microdomains are formed at sites of engulfment, that requires S. cerevisiae Atg32p and Atg21p, as well as Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) sterol transporter proteins, Ncr1p and Npc2p. This is followed by redistribution of Atg14p from ER exit sites onto liquid-ordered vacuole membrane domains through interaction with stabilized AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and together with Atg6p facilities docking and internalization of lipid droplets (LDs) at sites of invagination.


late endosomal microautophagy

The autophagy process by which cytosolic proteins targeted for degradation are tagged with a chaperone and are directly transferred into and degraded in a late endosomal compartment.


SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, docking

The process in which an SRP-bound ribosome forms a complex with the SRP receptor in the ER membrane, allowing the ribosome to bind to the membrane, during cotranslational membrane targeting.


normokalemic periodic paralysis

An autosomal dominant inherited non-dystrophic myotonia caused by mutations of the SCN4A gene, resulting in sodium muscle channelopathy. Currently, it is considered a variant of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis.  Patients with normokalemic periodic paralysis do not have any change in their potassium levels during weakness, but become weak when they ingest potassium.


granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production

The appearance of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


lysine biosynthetic process via diaminopimelate and N-succinyl-2-amino-6-ketopimelate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, via the intermediates diaminopimelate and N-succinyl-2-amino-6-ketopimelate; in this pathway tetrahydrodipicolinate is converted to meso-diaminopimelate in four enzymatic steps.


cranial ganglion maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cranial ganglion to attain its fully functional state.


ganglion maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for ganglion to attain its fully functional state.


trigeminal ganglion maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a trigeminal ganglion to attain its fully functional state.


Harel-Yoon syndrome

A syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by delayed psychomotor development, intellectual disability, truncal hypotonia, spasticity, and peripheral neuropathy.


focal labyrinthitis

A labyrinthitis which is an infectious inflammatory disease of a circumscribed area of either the vestibular or the cochlear portion of the labyrinth, or of both together. This is caused by a chronic suppurative otitis media, mastoiditis, or cholesteatoma.


viral labyrinthitis

An labyrinthitis caused by infection with Viruses.


serous labyrinthitis

A labyrinthitits in which bacterial toxins invade the inner ear. It is the most common complication of acute or chronic middle ear infections.


purulent labyrinthitis

A labyrinthitis which is a bacterial infectious disease of the inner ear, often causing deafness and loss of vestibular function. This is caused when bacteria spread to the inner ear during the course of severe acute otitis media, purulent meningitis, or an enlarging cholesteatoma.


Catalysis of the reaction: a 6-methoxy-3-methyl-2-all-trans-polyprenyl-1,4-benzoquinol + AH2 + O2 = A + a 3-demethylubiquinol + H2O.


negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment.


positive regulation of pheromone-dependent signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of pheromone-dependent signal transduction during conjugation with cellular fusion, a signal transduction process resulting in the relay, amplification or dampening of a signal generated in response to pheromone exposure in organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion.


regulation of pheromone-dependent signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pheromone-dependent signal transduction during conjugation with cellular fusion, a signal transduction process resulting in the relay, amplification or dampening of a signal generated in response to pheromone exposure in organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion.


negative regulation of pheromone-dependent signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of pheromone-dependent signal transduction during conjugation with cellular fusion, a signal transduction process resulting in the relay, amplification or dampening of a signal generated in response to pheromone exposure in organisms that undergo conjugation with cellular fusion.


Esophagitis caused by Cytomegalovirus

Inflammation of the esophagus that is associated with cytomegalovirus.


Recurrent Fibrosarcoma

The reemergence of fibrosarcoma after a period of remission.


Peritoneum injury with open wound into cavity

Trauma to the peritoneum associated with a break in the tissue that extends into the abdominal cavity.


Catalysis of the reaction: gamma-aminovinylacetate + H2O = succinic semialdehyde + NH3.


vitamin D3 biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D3.


phylloquinone biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phylloquinone, vitamin K1, a quinone-derived compound synthesized by green plants.


aerobic cobalamin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cobalamin (vitamin B12) in the presence of oxygen.


vitamin E biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.


'de novo' pyridoxal 5'-phosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, from simpler components.


thiamine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.


vitamin A biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid. Animals cannot synthesize vitamin A de novo, but form it through oxidative cleavage of carotenoids.


folic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid.


riboflavin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).


anaerobic cobalamin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cobalamin (vitamin B12) in the absence of oxygen.


L-ascorbic acid biosynthetic process via GDP-alpha-D-mannose

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-ascorbic acid via the intermediate GDP-alpha-D-mannose.


thiamine diphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.


pyridoxal phosphate biosynthetic process from pyridoxamine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxal phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, from pyridoxamine.


L-ascorbic acid biosynthetic process via UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-ascorbic acid via the intermediate UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate.


thiamine salvage

A process that generates thiamine (vitamin B1) from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


pyridoxal biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, one of the vitamin B6 compounds.


vitamin K biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals.


pyridoxal 5'-phosphate salvage

Any process that generates pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


thiamine-containing compound biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine (vitamin B1), and related compounds.


adherens junction disassembly

The disaggregation of an adherens junction into its constituent components. An adherens junction is a cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments.


zonula adherens assembly

Assembly of the zonula adherens, a cell-cell adherens junction which forms a continuous belt near the apex of epithelial cells.


nephrocyte diaphragm assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a nephrocyte diaphragm, a specialized cell-cell junction found between nephrocytes of the insect kidney.


mueller-weiss syndrome

A rare bone disease characterized by spontaneous adult-onset tarsal navicular osteonecrosis. Patients present with chronic mid- and hindfoot pain, swelling and tenderness over the dorsomedial aspect of the midfoot, flattening of the medial longitudinal arch, and pes planovarus. Radiographic findings include comma-shaped deformity due to collapse of the lateral part of the navicular bone and medial or dorsal protrusion of a portion or the entire bone. The condition may be bilateral or asymmetric and associated with pathological fractures.


orthodentine

Odontoid tissue that typically contains tubules and is acellular.


H syndrome

A systemic inherited histiocytosis, with characteristic cutaneous findings accompanying systemic manifestations. H syndrome refers to the major clinical findings of hyperpigmentation, hypertrichosis, hepatosplenomegaly, heart anomalies, hearing loss, hypogonadism, low height, and occasionally, hyperglycemia/diabetes mellitus. Due to overlapping clinical features, H syndrome is now considered to include pigmented hypertrichosis with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus syndrome (PHID), Faisalabad histiocytosis (FHC) and familial sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (FSHML).


sacral lymph node

A lymph node located in the sacral region.


candidemia

A form of invasive candidiasis where species of candida are present in the blood.


candidiasis, invasive

A fungal infection by any of the Candida species in a sterile body compartment.


gastro-splenic ligament

Peritoneum connecting the greater curvature of stomach with the hilum of the spleen[umich]. part of the greater omentum; derived from the dorsal mesogastrium in the embryo.


nonskeletal ligament

A ligament that does not connect two skeletal elements.


gubernaculum (male or female)

Embryonic structures which begin as undifferentiated mesenchyme attaching to the caudal end of the gonads. The gubernaculum is present only during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs, being replaced by distinct vestiges in males and females[WP]. Enitoinguinal ligaments that, in the male, connect the fetal testis to the developing scrotum, and, in the female, connect the ovaries to the uterus[MP].


hyoepiglottic ligament

An elastic band connecting the anterior surface of the epiglottis to the upper border of the body of the hyoid bone.


ovarian ligament

A fibrous ligament that connects the ovary to the lateral surface of the uterus.


suspensory ligament of lens

The zonule of Zinn (Zinn's membrane, ciliary zonule) is a ring of fibrous strands connecting the ciliary body with the crystalline lens of the eye. The zonule of Zinn is split into two layers: a thin layer, which lines the hyaloid fossa, and a thicker layer, which is a collection of zonular fibers. Together, the fibers are known as the suspensory ligament of the lens[WP]. Modified or toughened vitreous that suspend the lens at the equator to the non-pigmented epithelium of the ciliary zone. In zebrafish, dorsal zonules are thickened as compared to ventral zonules. In both dorsal and ventral regions, these fibers delimit the vitreous body aqueous humor boundary[ZFA].


cricopharyngeal ligament

Laryngeal ligament that connects the cricoid cartilage to the pharynx[WP,modified].


suspensory ligament of duodenum

A thin muscle connecting the junction between the duodenum, jejunum, and duodenojejunal flexure to connective tissue surrounding the superior mesenteric artery and coeliac artery.


hepatoduodenal ligament

The hepatoduodenal ligament is the portion of the lesser omentum extending between the porta hepatis of the liver and the superior part of the duodenum.


coronary ligament of liver

The coronary ligament of the liver refers to parts of the peritoneal reflections that hold the liver to the inferior surface of the diaphragm.


round ligament of liver

A degenerative string of tissue that exists in the free edge of the falciform ligament of the liver. Anatomically, the round ligament divides the left part of the liver into medial and lateral sections. The round ligament represents the remnant of the fetal left umbilical vein. The round ligament therefore only exists in mammals. Prenatally and for a month or two after birth, the left umbilical vein is patent, subsequently degenerating to fibrous tissue, the round ligament. The umbilical vein/round ligament inserts around the umbilicus and is an important landmark of the inner surface of the anterior abdominal wall[WP].


median thyrohyoid ligament

The middle thicker part of the thyrohyoid membrane is termed the median thyrohyoid ligament (middle hyothyroid ligament, middle thyrohyoid ligament), its lateral thinner portions are pierced by the superior laryngeal vessels and the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Its anterior surface is in relation with the Thyreohyoideus, Sternohyoideus, and Omohyoideus, and with the body of the hyoid bone.


spiral ligament

A spiral thickening of the fibrous lining of the cochlear wall. Spiral ligament secures the membranous cochlear duct to the bony spiral canal of the cochlea. Its spiral ligament fibrocytes function in conjunction with the stria vascularis to mediate cochlear ion homeostasis.


ligament of larynx

A ligament that is part of a larynx and connexts the cartilages of the larynx.


cricotracheal ligament

The cricotracheal ligament connects the cricoid cartilage with the first ring of the trachea[WP]. The caudal border of the cricoid cartilage is joined to the first ring of the trachea by this ligament. It is an extrinsic laryngeal ligament. It resembles the fibrous membrane which connects the cartilaginous rings of the trachea to each other.


ligament of liver

A nonskeletal ligament that is part of a liver.


gubernaculum testis

The fetal ligament attached to the inferior end of the epididymis and testis and, at its other end, to the bottom of the scrotum; it is present during, and is thought to guide, the descent of the testis into the scrotum and then atrophies.


cricoarytenoid ligament

Laryngeal ligament that connects the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages[WP,modified].


suspensory ligament of testis

The cranial atrophic portion of the urogenital ridge attached to the cranial pole of the intraabdominal embryonic testis.


thyrohyoid ligament

Either of the two thyrohyoid ligaments (middle or lateral) that extend between the thyroid and the hyoid.


vestibular ligament

The vestibular fold is a fibroelastic band which passes from the ventral margin of the cuneiform cartilage to the cranial dorsal surface of the thyroid cartilage. It forms the support for the free edge of the vestibular fold.


lieno-renal ligament

Peritoneum that attaches the spleen to the posterior abdominal wall over the left kidney. develops from the dorsal mesogastrium of the embryo[umich].


suspensory ligament of ovary

A fold of peritoneum that extends out from the ovary to the wall of the pelvis.


round ligament of uterus

The round ligament of the uterus originates at the uterine horns, in the parametrium. It leaves the pelvis via the deep inguinal ring, passes through the inguinal canal and continues on to the labia majora where its fibers spread and mix with the tissue of the mons pubis[WP]. A fibromuscular band that attaches to the uterus and then passes along the broad ligament, out through the inguinal ring, and into the labium majus[MESH].


cricothyroid ligament

This attaches the caudal border of the thyroid cartilage to the ventral arch of the cricoid cartilage. Its sheetlike ventral portion is sometimes referred to as the cricothyroid membrane. Being elastic, it 'balances' movement at the hinge-like cricothyroid joint and determines the resting position of the larynx when the muscles are relaxed[MURDOCH]. The cricothyroid ligament is the larger part of the laryngeal membrane, continuing inferiorly as a median or anterior part and twin lateral ligaments. The median cricothyroid ligament is a flat band of white tissue joining the cricoid and thyroid cartilages, while the lateral cricothyroid ligament is also known as the cricothyroid membrane (also called conus elasticus).


crico-esophageal tendon

Longitudinal fibers of the esophagus that attaches to the posterior aspect of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx.


cranial suspensory ligament

Connects the cranial tip of the future gonad to the dorsocranial abdominal cavity.


posterior incudal ligament

A fold of mucous membrane that runs from the fossa incudus to the incus.


falciform ligament

A ligament that attaches the liver to the anterior body wall. It is a broad and thin antero-posterior peritoneal fold, falciform in shape, its base being directed downward and backward and its apex upward and backward. It is a remnant of the ventral mesentery of the fetus. It is situated in an antero-posterior plane but lies obliquely, so that one surface faces forward and is in contact with the peritoneum behind the right rectus and the diaphragm, while the other is directed backward and is in contact with the left lobe of the liver. It is attached by its left margin to the under surface of the diaphragm and the posterior surface of the sheath of the right Rectus as low down as the umbilicus; by its right margin it extends from the notch on the anterior margin of the liver, as far back as the posterior surface. It is composed of two layers of peritoneum closely united together. Its base or free edge contains between its layers the round ligament and the paraumbilical veins[WP].


hepatogastric ligament

Ligament extending between the liver and stomach.


annular ligament of stapes

A ring of fibrous tissue that connects the base of the stapes to the oval window of the inner ear.


thyroepiglottic ligament

Laryngeal ligament that connects the epiglottis to the thyroid cartilage[WP,modified].


suspensory ligament

A ligament that supports a body part, especially an organ.


gubernaculum (female)

A gubernaculum that is part of a female reproductive system.


lateral thyrohyoid ligament

The lateral thyrohyoid ligament (lateral hyothyroid ligament) is a round elastic cord, which forms the posterior border of the hyothyroid membrane and passes between the tip of the superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage and the extremity of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. The recurrent laryngeal nerve typical lies lateral to this ligament.


melibiose transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of melibiose from one side of a membrane to the other. Melibiose is the disaccharide 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose and occurs as a constituent of the trisaccharide raffinose or in the exudates and nectaries of a number of plants.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: melibiose(out) + Na+(out) = melibiose(in) + Na+(in).


melibiose:monoatomic cation symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: melibiose(out) + monovalent cation(out) = melibiose(in) + monovalent cation(in).


cellular response to neutral pH

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a neutral pH (pH close to 7) stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.


Acute monocytic/monoblastic leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage, including monoblasts, promonocytes, and monocytes. Bleeding disorders are common presenting features.


Childhood Acute Monoblastic Leukemia

An acute monoblastic leukemia occurring in children.


acute monoblastic/monocytic leukemia in relapse

The reemergence of acute monoblastic and monocytic leukemia after a period of remission.


Adult Acute Monoblastic Leukemia

An acute monoblastic leukemia occurring in adults.


Refractory Acute Monoblastic and Monocytic Leukemia

Acute monoblastic and monocytic leukemia that does not respond to treatment.


Adult Acute Monoblastic and Monocytic Leukemia

An acute monoblastic and monocytic leukemia occurring in adults.


adult acute monocytic leukemia

A acute monocytic leukemia that occurs in an adult.


aleukemic monocytic leukemia cutis

Aleukemic leukemia cutis where the skin in infiltrated by neoplastic monocytes.


Childhood Acute Monocytic Leukemia

An acute monocytic leukemia occurring in children.


Childhood Acute Monoblastic and Monocytic Leukemia

An acute monoblastic and monocytic leukemia occurring in children.


Tonic Neck Reflex

biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

An involuntary, primal response in the neonate in which the arm extends to follow the infant's gaze, while the opposing arm and leg flex inward.


Developmental Finding

Symptoms, physical examination results, and/or laboratory test results related to physical, emotional, behavioral, or social development.


Iatrogenic Growth Failure

Growth failure due to medical intervention.


Periventricular Hemorrhage of the Newborn

Bleeding into the brain tissue adjacent to the lateral cerebral ventricles of newborn infant.


Small for Gestational Age for Weight and Length

Birth weight and length greater than two standard deviations below the mean for the reference population of the same sex and gestational age.


Sucking Reflex

An involuntary, primal response in the neonate when a nipple is placed on an infant's lips.


Step Reflex

An involuntary, primal response in the neonate to take brisk steps when the feet are placed on a surface whilst in a supported standing position.


Small for Gestational Age for Weight

Birth weight greater than two standard deviations below the mean for the reference population of the same sex and gestational age.


Rooting Reflex

An involuntary, primal response in the neonate to search for the nipple when the cheek is touched.


Infantile Colic

Paroxysms of irritability, fussing or crying that starts and stops without obvious cause in an infant up to four months of age without failure to thrive. Episodes last three or more hours per day for at least three days per week for at least on week.


Small for Gestational Age with Failure of Catch-Up Growth

A condition in which a child who was born small for gestational age, fails to achieve a linear growth rate sufficient to restore height to within the normal range for the reference population.


Transient Leukemoid Reaction of the Newborn

Increased white blood cell count and increased neutrophil precursors resembling leukemia in a neonate or fetus. Often, this is a response to medications received, infection or Down syndrome.


Newborn or Infant Finding

Clinical, laboratory or molecular evidence, or absence of evidence of disease in a neonate or infant.


Failure to thrive in infant

A clinical finding indicating less than normal growth in infancy.


Growth Failure of Unknown Etiology

Subnormal linear growth rate in an infant, child or adolescent based on the normative values for the age and sex of the reference population; the cause of the growth failure is unknown.


Intraventricular (nontraumatic) hemorrhage, grade 1, of fetus and newborn

Bleeding into the thick layer of immature cells under the ependymal lining at the ventrolateral aspect of the lateral cerebral ventricles of a newborn.


Failure of Catch-Up Growth

Failure to achieve a linear growth rate sufficient to restore height to within the normative range for the reference population.


Small for Gestational Age for Length

Birth length greater than two standard deviations below the mean for the reference population of the same sex and gestational age.


Infant Reflex

Primitive reflex actions that newborns display in response to specific stimuli. These reflexes are involuntary and most disappear as the infant matures.


Grasp Reflex

An involuntary, primal response in the neonate to grasp the fingers when their palm is touched. This reflex is present until six months of age.


Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage of the Newborn

Bleeding into the brain tissue of a newborn infant.


Moro Reflex

An involuntary, primal response in the neonate to loud noise or the feeling of falling. The response is characterized by the infant's arms symmetrically spreading out to the side and then back to the midline, and involuntarily flexing the fingers and toes.


Plantar Grasp Reflex

A newborn reflex that is characterized by flexion of the toes when the sole of the foot is stroked.


negative regulation of stomach neuroendocrine cell differentiation

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the differentiation of a neuroendocrine cell in the stomach.


regulation of stomach neuroendocrine cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the differentiation of a neuroendocrine cell in the stomach.


Leber congenital amaurosis 12

Any Leber congenital amaurosis in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the RD3 gene.


mitochondrial complex 1 deficiency, nuclear type 14


3,4-dihydrocoumarin hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3,4-dihydrocoumarin + H2O = 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl) propionate.


negative regulation of angiotensin-activated signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the angiotensin-activated signaling pathway.


dense regular connective tissue

Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts).


dense connective tissue

Dense connective tissue is mainly composed of collagen type I. Crowded between the collagen fibers are rows of fibroblasts, fiber-forming cells, that manufacture the fibers. Dense connective tissue forms strong, rope-like structures such as tendons and ligaments. Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones; ligaments connect bones to bones at joints. Ligaments are more stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than tendons. Dense connective tissue also make up the lower layers of the skin (dermis), where it is arranged in sheets.


dense irregular connective tissue

Irregular connective tissue is an irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a dense irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium.


RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat T4 phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: RNA polymerase II large subunit CTD heptapeptide repeat--phospho-L-threonine (consensus YSPTSPS)(position 4) + H2O = RNA polymerase II large subunit + phosphate.


glycerol-3-phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: glycerol 3-phosphate + H2O = glycerol + phosphate.


protein tyrosine phosphatase activity, metal-dependent

Catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate. This reaction requires metal ions.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 1,2,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,2,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 8-phospho-3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate + H2O = 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate + phosphate.


thymidylate 5'-phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: thymidylate + H2O = thymidine + phosphate.


3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phospho-D-glycerate + H2O = D-glycerate + phosphate.


[3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)]-phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + [3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)] phosphate = phosphate + [3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)].


Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 3'-phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: [acetyl-CoA carboxylase]-phosphate + H2O = [acetyl-CoA carboxylase] + phosphate.


calcium-dependent phospholipase C activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + choline phosphate. This reaction requires Ca2+.


ecdysone-phosphate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ecdysone 22-phosphate + H2O <=> ecdysone + hydrogenphosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-carboxy-D-arabinitol 1-phosphate + H2O = 2-carboxy-D-arabinitol + phosphate.


calmodulin-activated 3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic GMP + H2O = GMP + H+; this activity is activated by binding to calcium-bound calmodulin.


Catalysis of the reaction: dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate + H2O = dihydrosphingosine + phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate + H2O = beta-D-fructofuranose 2-phosphate + phosphate.


phosphodiesterase activity, acting on 3'-phosphoglycolate-terminated DNA strands

Catalysis of the hydrolytic removal of phosphoglycolate from the 3'-terminus of a 3'-phosphoglycolate-terminated DNA strand.


sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase D activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + sphingomyelin = ceramide 1-phosphate + choline + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactose-1-phosphate + H2O = D-galactose + phosphate.


diisopropyl-fluorophosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: diisopropyl fluorophosphate + H2O = diisopropyl phosphate + 2 H+ + hydrogen fluoride.


Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate + phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: ceramide-1-phosphate + H2O = ceramide+ phosphate.


trehalose-phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: trehalose 6-phosphate + H2O = trehalose + phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: (2R)-O-phospho-3-sulfolactate + H2O = (R)-3-sulfolactate + phosphate.


pseudouridine 5'-phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: pseudouridine 5'-phosphate + H2O = pseudouridine + phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribitylamino)-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione + H2O = 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione + orthophosphate.


acid sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + sphingomyelin = ceramide + choline phosphate + H+ in an acidic environment.


streptomycin-6-phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + streptomycin 6-phosphate = phosphate + streptomycin.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate = an 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + phosphate.


protein histidine phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein histidine phosphate + H2O = protein histidine + phosphate.


glucosylglycerol 3-phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-O-(beta-D-glucosyl)-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + H2O = 2-O-(beta-D-glucosyl)-sn-glycerol + phosphate.


RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat Y1 phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: RNA polymerase II large subunit CTD heptapeptide repeat--phospho-L-tyrosine (consensus YSPTSPS)(position 1) + H2O = RNA polymerase II large subunit + phosphate.


IMP 5'-nucleotidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5'-IMP + H2O = inosine + phosphate.


D,D-heptose 1,7-bisphosphate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-beta-D-heptose 1,7-bisphosphate + H2O = D-beta-D-heptose 1-phosphate + phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + phosphoenolpyruvate = phosphate + pyruvate.


[phosphorylase] phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: [phosphorylase a] + 4 H2O = 2 [phosphorylase b] + 4 phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-acylneuraminate 9-phosphate + H2O = N-acylneuraminate + phosphate.


dGTPase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dGTP + H2O = 2'-deoxyguanosine + 2 H+ + triphosphate.


3'-nucleotidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a 3'-ribonucleotide + H2O = a ribonucleoside + phosphate.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of 5'-phosphotyrosyl groups formed as covalent intermediates (in DNA backbone breakage) between DNA topoisomerase II and DNA.


5-phytase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + myo-inositol hexakisphosphate = phosphate + 1L-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate.


glycerol-2-phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: glycerol 2-phosphate + H2O = glycerol + phosphate.


histidinol-phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-histidinol phosphate + H2O = L-histidinol + phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: inositol-1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = inositol-1,3,4-trisphosphate + phosphate.


glucose-1-phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + H2O = D-glucose + phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1D-myo-inositol 2,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 2,4,6-trisphosphate + phosphate.


RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat S2 phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: RNA polymerase II large subunit CTD heptapeptide repeat--phospho-L-serine (consensus YSPTSPS)(position 2) + H2O = RNA polymerase II large subunit + phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + serine phosphoethanolamine = H+ + phosphoethanolamine + serine.


caldesmon-phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: caldesmon phosphate + H2O = caldesmon + phosphate.


phosphocholine phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: choline phosphate + H2O = choline + phosphate.


sorbitol-6-phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucitol 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucitol + phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + H2O = inositol-1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate + phosphate.


tyrosyl-RNA phosphodiesterase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a 5' tyrosyl-RNA phosphodiester bond between a protein and RNA. In picornaviruses, this covalent bond connects VPg, a viral-encoded protein essential for RNA replication, to the 5' end of all nascent picornavirus genomes; it is cleaved from viral RNA prior to its engaging in protein synthesis.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol phosphate + phosphate.


ribitol-5-phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ribitol-5-phosphate + H20 = ribitol + phosphate.


photoreceptor cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside phosphate. This reaction is the hydrolysis of bonds in a cyclic nucleotide.


Catalysis of the reaction: galactose-1-phosphate + H2O = galactose + phosphate.


RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat S5 phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: RNA polymerase II large subunit CTD heptapeptide repeat--phospho-L-serine (consensus YSPTSPS)(position 5) + H2O = RNA polymerase II large subunit + phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = choline phosphate + glycerol + H+.


alkylacetylglycerophosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + H2O = 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycerol + phosphate.


phosphoglycerate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phospho-D-glycerate + H2O = D-glycerate + phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate) + H2O = guanosine 5'-diphosphate + diphosphate.