positive regulation of tongue muscle cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tongue muscle cell differentiation.


negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process

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Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process.


MTG8R_HUMAN Protein CBFA2T2 (sprot)

A protein CBFA2T2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


intestinal epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine.


PPIH_HUMAN Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase H (sprot)

A peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase H that is encoded in the genome of human.


cyclosporin A binding

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Binding to cyclosporin A, a cyclic undecapeptide that contains several N-methylated and unusual amino acids.


protein peptidyl-prolyl isomerization

The modification of a protein by cis-trans isomerization of a proline residue.


KCAB3_HUMAN Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit beta-3 (sprot)

A voltage-gated potassium channel subunit beta-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MGA_HUMAN Maltase-glucoamylase (sprot)

A maltase-glucoamylase that is encoded in the genome of human.


glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal (1->4)-linked alpha-D-glucose residues successively from non-reducing ends of the chains with release of beta-D-glucose.


alpha-1,4-glucosidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-(1->4)-linked alpha-D-glucose residues with release of alpha-D-glucose.


amylase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of amylose or an amylose derivative.


maltose alpha-glucosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-maltose + H2O = 2 alpha-D-glucose.


maltose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the disaccharide maltose (4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose).


starch catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants.


dextrin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dextrin.


MBTP2_HUMAN Membrane-bound transcription factor site-2 protease (sprot)

A membrane-bound transcription factor site-2 protease that is encoded in the genome of human.


transcription regulator activator activity

A molecular function regulator that increases the activity of a transcription regulator via direct binding and/or post-translational modification.


endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response

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The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation.


membrane protein intracellular domain proteolysis

The proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein leading to the release of an intracellular domain.


ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response

The series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). Begins with activation of ATF6 in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Under conditions of endoplasmic reticulum stress, ATF6 translocates to the Golgi where it is processed by proteases to release a cytoplasmic domain (ATF6f), which operates as a transcriptional activator of many genes required to restore folding capacity.


regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.


bone maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for bone to attain its fully functional state.


SUV91_HUMAN Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SUV39H1 (sprot)

A histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SUV39H1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


histone H3K9 methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 9). This reaction is the addition of up to three methyl groups to the lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.


histone H3K9 trimethyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl9-[histone H3] + 3 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 3 H+ + N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysyl9-[histone H3] + 3 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the successive addition of three methyl groups to the unmethylated lysine residue at position 9 of histone H3, producing histone H3K9me3.


heterochromatin

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A compact and highly condensed form of chromatin that is refractory to transcription.


HTRA2_HUMAN Serine protease HTRA2, mitochondrial (sprot)

A serine protease HTRA2, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


response to herbicide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a herbicide stimulus. Herbicides are chemicals used to kill or control the growth of plants.


pentacyclic triterpenoid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units and 5 carbon rings.


mitochondrial protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a mitochondrial protein. This process is necessary to maintain the healthy state of mitochondria and is thought to occur via the induction of an intramitochondrial lysosome-like organelle that acts to eliminate the damaged oxidised mitochondrial proteins without destroying the mitochondrial structure.


neuron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


execution phase of apoptosis

A stage of the apoptotic process that starts with the controlled breakdown of the cell through the action of effector caspases or other effector molecules (e.g. cathepsins, calpains etc.). Key steps of the execution phase are rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.


positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.


negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


negative regulation of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization.


positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.


KLF4_HUMAN Krueppel-like factor 4 (sprot)

A krueppel-like factor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNA polymerase II sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factor recruiting activity

The function of binding to a specific DNA sequence and recruiting another transcription factor to the DNA in order to modulate transcription. The recruited factor may bind DNA directly, or may be colocalized via protein-protein interactions.


mesodermal cell fate determination

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a mesoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


epidermal cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis.


post-embryonic camera-type eye development

The process occurring during the post-embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


negative regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.


post-embryonic hemopoiesis

The stages of blood cell formation that take place after completion of embryonic development.


positive regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.


negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.


regulation of axon regeneration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon regeneration.


epidermis morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the epidermis are generated and organized. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species.


negative regulation of response to cytokine stimulus

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.


cellular response to cycloheximide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cycloheximide stimulus. Cycloheximide (actidione) is an antibiotic produced by some Streptomyces species which interferes with protein synthesis in eukaryotes.


cellular response to laminar fluid shear stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a laminar fluid shear stress stimulus. Laminar fluid flow is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface in parallel layers.


regulation of blastocyst development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blastocyst development.


negative regulation of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell.


negative regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production.


MS18B_HUMAN Protein Mis18-beta (sprot)

A protein Mis18-beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


chromocenter

A region in which centric, heterochromatic portions from more than one chromosomes form a compact structure.


ARK72_HUMAN Aflatoxin B1 aldehyde reductase member 2 (sprot)

An aflatoxin B1 aldehyde reductase member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: an alditol + NADP+ = an aldose + NADPH + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: phenanthrene-9,10-oxide + H2O = trans-9,10-dihydrodiolphenanthrene.


cellular aldehyde metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells.


daunorubicin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving daunorubicin, a chemotherapeutic of the anthracycline family that is given as a treatment for some types of cancer.


doxorubicin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving doxorubicin, an anthracycline antibiotic, used in cancer chemotherapy.


PROM1_HUMAN Prominin-1 (sprot)

A prominin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


actinin binding

Binding to actinin, any member of a family of proteins that crosslink F-actin.


camera-type eye photoreceptor cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell in a camera-type eye.


podocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glomerular visceral epithelial cell. A glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells.


glomerular parietal epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glomerular parietal epithelial cell. Glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport.


positive regulation of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation.


photoreceptor outer segment membrane

The membrane surrounding the outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor.


E41L2_HUMAN Band 4.1-like protein 2 (sprot)

A band 4.1-like protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PH domain binding

Binding to a PH domain (pleckstrin homology) of a protein, a domain of about 100 residues that occurs in a wide range of proteins involved in intracellular signaling or as constituents of the cytoskeleton.


positive regulation of protein localization to cell cortex

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex.


TGON2_HUMAN Trans-Golgi network integral membrane protein 2 (sprot)

A trans-Golgi network integral membrane protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CAC1G_HUMAN Voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G (sprot)

A voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1G that is encoded in the genome of human.


low voltage-gated calcium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a low voltage-gated channel. A low voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on low voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in AV node cell action potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel across the plasma membrane of an AV node cardiac muscle cell that contributes to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved SA node cell action potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel across the plasma membrane of an SA node cardiac muscle cell that contributes to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


sinoatrial node development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sinoatrial (SA) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The SA node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node.


response to nickel cation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nickel cation stimulus.


regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane depolarization

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the depolarizing direction away from the resting potential in an atrial cardiomyocyte.


cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contraction

An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell and is involved in its contraction.


SA node cell action potential

An action potential that occurs in a sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell.


AV node cell action potential

An action potential that occurs in an atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell.


SA node cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell signaling

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an SA node cardiomyocyte to an atrial cardiomyocyte.


AV node cell to bundle of His cell signaling

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an AV node cardiac muscle cell to a bundle of His cardiomyocyte.


membrane depolarization during AV node cell action potential

The process in which AV node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.


membrane depolarization during SA node cell action potential

The process in which SA node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.


RA51C_HUMAN DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 3 (sprot)

A DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Holliday junction resolvase complex

An endodeoxyribonuclease complex that resolves the 4-way DNA intermediates of a Holliday junction into two separate duplex DNA molecules. Can be branch-migration associated.


crossover junction DNA endonuclease activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at a junction such as a reciprocal single-stranded crossover between two homologous DNA duplexes (Holliday junction).


telomere maintenance via recombination

Any recombinational process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length.


sister chromatid cohesion

The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome become tethered to each other.


female meiosis sister chromatid cohesion

The joining of the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the entire length of the chromosome that occurs during meiosis in a female.


Rad51C-XRCC3 complex

A DNA recombinase mediator complex that contains the Rad51 paralogs RAD51C and XRCC3, or orthologs thereof.


LTOR5_HUMAN Ragulator complex protein LAMTOR5 (sprot)

A hepatitis B virus X-interacting protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.


TORC1 signaling

A series of intracellular molecular signals mediated by TORC1; TOR (target of rapamycin) in complex with at least Raptor (regulatory-associated protein of TOR), or orthologs of, and other signaling components.


protein localization to lysosome

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a lysosome.


positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.


Ragulator complex

A vacuolar membrane-anchored guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) complex for the Rag GTPases (Gtr1-Gtr2 GTPase complex GO:1990131) in TORC1 signaling pathway. In human, Ragulator is comprised of the membrane anchor subunit LAMTOR1 (Meh1p in S. cerevisiae, Lam1 in S. pombe), a GEF subunit LAMTOR2 ( Slm4 in S. cerevisiae , Lam2 in S. pombe ) , LAMTOR3 (no S. cerevisiae ortholog identified, Lam3 in S. pombe) , LAMTOR4 (no S. cerevisiae ortholog identified, Lam4 in S. pombe), and LAMTOR5 (no S. cerevisiae or S. pombe ortholog identified).


FNIP-folliculin RagC/D GAP

A heterodimeric complex that functions as a GTPase-Activating Protein (GAP) Complex for members of the Rag family of GTPases. In the budding yeast, this complex contains Lst4 and Lst7, while the orthologous mammalian complex contains follicular (FLCN) and either follicular interacting protein 1 (FNIP1) or FNIP2.


B4GA1_HUMAN Beta-1,4-glucuronyltransferase 1 (sprot)

A beta-1,4-glucuronyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R.


glucuronosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + acceptor = UDP + acceptor beta-D-glucuronoside.


keratan sulfate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of keratan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat units consisting of beta-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl-beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate and with variable amounts of fucose, sialic acid and mannose units; keratan sulfate chains are covalently linked by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose to peptidyl-threonine or serine residues.


ADA20_HUMAN Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 20 (sprot)

A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 20 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TNF12_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 12 (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


S26A4_HUMAN Pendrin (sprot)

A pendrin that is encoded in the genome of human.


secondary active sulfate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the secondary active transfer of sulfate from one side of a membrane to the other. Secondary active transport is the transfer of a solute across a membrane, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.


chloride transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of chloride ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


iodide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of iodide ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: chloride(in) + HCO3-(out) = chloride(out) + HCO3-(in).


regulation of pH

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions, thereby modulating the internal pH, within an organism or cell.


sulfate transport

The directed movement of sulfate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


inorganic anion transport

The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.


bicarbonate transport

The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


iodide transport

The directed movement of iodide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


oxalate transport

The directed movement of oxalate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oxalate, or ethanedioic acid, occurs in many plants and is highly toxic to animals.


sulfate transmembrane transport

The directed movement of sulfate across a membrane.


MED7_HUMAN Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 7 (sprot)

A mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


WIPF1_HUMAN WAS/WASL-interacting protein family member 1 (sprot)

A WAS/WASL-interacting protein family member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


profilin binding

Binding to profilin, an actin-binding protein that forms a complex with G-actin and prevents it from polymerizing to form F-actin.


response to other organism

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from another living organism.


AT8B1_HUMAN Phospholipid-transporting ATPase IC (sprot)

A phospholipid-transporting ATPase IC that is encoded in the genome of human.


phosphatidylcholine floppase activity

Catalysis of the movement of phosphatidylcholine from the cytosolic to the exoplasmic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.


phosphatidylserine floppase activity

Catalysis of the movement of phosphatidylserine from the cytosolic to the exoplasmic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.


ATPase-coupled intramembrane lipid transporter activity

Catalysis of the movement of lipids from one membrane leaflet to the other, driven by ATP hydrolysis. This includes flippases and floppases.


phosphatidylcholine flippase activity

Catalysis of the movement of phosphatidylcholine from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.


phosphatidylserine flippase activity

Catalysis of the movement of phosphatidylserine from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.


vestibulocochlear nerve formation

The process that gives rise to the vestibulocochlear nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.


apical protein localization

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, apical regions of the cell.


aminophospholipid translocation

The movement of an aminophospholipid molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet.


regulation of plasma membrane organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane organization.


regulation of chloride transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chloride transport.


A protein complex that functions as a phospholipid-translocating P-Type ATPase.


B2L11_HUMAN Bcl-2-like protein 11 (sprot)

A Bcl-2-like protein 11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


B cell homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells such that the total number of B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


myeloid cell homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of myeloid cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process.


ear development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.


regulation of organ growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.


developmental pigmentation

The developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell.


regulation of developmental pigmentation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.


cellular response to glucocorticoid stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.


positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process

Any positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in apoptotic process.


positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


apoptotic process involved in embryonic digit morphogenesis

Any apoptotic process that is involved in embryonic digit morphogenesis.


positive regulation of IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response.


positive regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.


Bcl-2 family protein complex

A protein complex that consists of members of the Bcl-2 family of anti- and proapoptotic regulators. Bcl-2 proteins respond to cues from various forms of intracellular stress, such as DNA damage or cytokine deprivation, and interact with opposing family members to determine whether or not the caspase proteolytic cascade should be unleashed.


FOXO3_HUMAN Forkhead box protein O3 (sprot)

A forkhead box protein O3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.


mitochondrial transcription factor activity

Interacting with the mitochondrial promoter DNA to modulate transcription by the mitochondrial RNA polymerase.


ovulation from ovarian follicle

The process leading to the rupture of the follicle, releasing the centrally located oocyte into the oviduct. An example of this is found in Mus musculus.


initiation of primordial ovarian follicle growth

Increase in size of primordial follicles including proliferation and shape changes of granulosa and/or theca cells until oocyte is surrounded by one layer of cuboidal shaped granulosa cells (primary follicle).


antral ovarian follicle growth

Increase in size of antral follicles due to cell proliferation and/or growth of the antral cavity.


positive regulation of muscle atrophy

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle atrophy.


brain morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the brain are generated and organized. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).


cellular response to corticosterone stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticosterone stimulus. Corticosterone is a 21 carbon steroid hormone of the corticosteroid type, produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands. In many species, corticosterone is the principal glucocorticoid, involved in regulation of fuel metabolism, immune reactions, and stress responses.


response to dexamethasone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dexamethasone stimulus.


positive regulation of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death.


response to water-immersion restraint stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of water immersion while being held immobile.


regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.


positive regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.


KCNQ3_HUMAN Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 3 (sprot)

A voltage-gated potassium channel subunit KCNQ3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


response to auditory stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an auditory stimulus.


neuron remodeling

The developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate the extra dendrites and axons projections set up in early stages of nervous system development.


neuronal action potential

An action potential that occurs in a neuron.


nerve development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


psychomotor behavior

The specific behavior of an organism that combines cognitive functions and physical movement. For example, driving a car, throwing a ball, or playing a musical instrument.


mitochondrial depolarization

The process in which the potential difference across the mitochondrial membrane is reduced from its steady state level.


membrane hyperpolarization

The process in which membrane potential increases with respect to its steady-state potential, usually from negative potential to a more negative potential. For example, during the repolarization phase of an action potential the membrane potential often becomes more negative or hyperpolarized before returning to the steady-state resting potential.


apoptosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the apoptosome, a multisubunit protein complex involved in the signaling phase of the apoptotic process.


inhibitory chemical synaptic transmission

Synaptic transmission that results in an inhibitory postsynaptic potential.


action potential initiation

The initiating cycle of an action potential. In vertebrate neurons this typically occurs at an axon hillock. Not all initiated axon potentials propagate.


regulation of action potential firing threshold

Any process that regulates the potential at which an axon potential is triggered.


substantia propria of cornea development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a substantia propria of cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


KCNQ2_HUMAN Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 2 (sprot)

A voltage-gated potassium channel subunit KCNQ2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ankyrin binding

Binding to ankyrin, a 200 kDa cytoskeletal protein that attaches other cytoskeletal proteins to integral membrane proteins.


CHSTA_HUMAN Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 10 (sprot)

A carbohydrate sulfotransferase 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HNK-1 sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the synthesis of the HKK-1 carbohydrate epitope; adds a sulfate group to a precursor, GlcA-beta-(1->3)-Gal-beta-(1->4)-GlcNAc-beta-(1->R), forming sulfo-3GlcA-beta-(1->3)-Gal-beta-(1->4)-GlcNAc-beta-(1->R).


androgen metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.


estrogen metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.


carbohydrate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.


SMAD6_HUMAN Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6 (sprot)

A smad6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


type I activin receptor binding

Binding to a type I activin receptor.


aortic valve morphogenesis

The process in which the structure of the aortic valve is generated and organized.


mitral valve morphogenesis

The process in which the structure of the mitral valve is generated and organized.


pulmonary valve morphogenesis

The process in which the structure of the pulmonary valve is generated and organized.


zygotic specification of dorsal/ventral axis

The specification of the dorsal/ventral axis of the embryo, through the products of genes expressed in the zygote.


coronary vasculature development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessels of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


XRCC3_HUMAN DNA repair protein XRCC3 (sprot)

A DNA repair protein XRCC3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


response to organic substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus.


resolution of mitotic recombination intermediates

The cleavage and rejoining of intermediates, mitotic recombination to produce two intact molecules in which genetic material has been exchanged.


t-circle formation

A telomere maintenance process that results in the formation of a telomeric circle, or t-circle. A t-circle is an extrachromosomal duplex or single-stranded circular DNA molecule composed of t-arrays. T-circles are involved in the control of telomere length via alternative-lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway and telomere rapid deletion (TRD).


telomeric loop disassembly

The telomere maintenance process in which telomeric loops are disassembled to permit efficient telomere replication.


telomere maintenance via telomere trimming

A process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure via the activation of telomere shortening pathways that compensate telomerase-dependent excessive telomere elongation. Telomere attrition is mediated by a mechanism which involves the generation of single-stranded C-rich telomeric DNA, and the formation and removal of double-stranded telomeric circular DNA (T-circles). Telomere trimming is an independent pathway to recombination-mediated telomere elongation and the well-documented gradual telomere attrition that accompanies cellular replication.


XRCC2_HUMAN DNA repair protein XRCC2 (sprot)

A DNA repair protein XRCC2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


response to X-ray

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz).


strand invasion

The process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules.


regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.


TGM5_HUMAN Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 5 (sprot)

A protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GON2_HUMAN Progonadoliberin-2 (sprot)

A progonadoliberin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SGCE_HUMAN Epsilon-sarcoglycan (sprot)

An epsilon-sarcoglycan that is encoded in the genome of human.


dendrite membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a dendrite.


A multiprotein complex that forms a strong mechanical link between the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix; typical of, but not confined to, muscle cells. The complex is composed of transmembrane, cytoplasmic, and extracellular proteins, including dystrophin, sarcoglycans, dystroglycan, dystrobrevins, syntrophins, sarcospan, caveolin-3, and NO synthase.


TNF14_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 14 (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity involved in apoptotic process

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.


T cell proliferation

The expansion of a T cell population by cell division. Follows T cell activation.


FRS3_HUMAN Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 3 (sprot)

A fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LAT_HUMAN Linker for activation of T-cells family member 1 (sprot)

A linker for activation of T-cells family member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


signaling receptor complex adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that provides a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein receptor signaling complex.


lymphocyte homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


regulation of T cell activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation.


RGS14_HUMAN Regulator of G-protein signaling 14 (sprot)

A regulator of G-protein signaling 14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


G-protein alpha-subunit binding

Binding to a G-protein alpha subunit. The alpha subunit binds a guanine nucleotide.


zygote asymmetric cell division

The division of the zygote into two daughter cells that will adopt developmentally distinct potentials.


negative regulation of synaptic plasticity

A process that decreases synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.


negative regulation of MAP kinase activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.


RNF13_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF13 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


JUN kinase binding

Binding to JUN kinase, an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation and activation of members of the JUN family.


CAH12_HUMAN Carbonic anhydrase 12 (sprot)

A carbonic anhydrase 12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


estrous cycle

A type of ovulation cycle, which occurs in most mammalian therian females, where the endometrium is resorbed if pregnancy does not occur.


chloride ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of chloride ions within an organism or cell.


AKA10_HUMAN A-kinase anchor protein 10, mitochondrial (sprot)

An A-kinase anchor protein 10, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein kinase A binding

Binding to a protein kinase A.


SYT7_HUMAN Synaptotagmin-7 (sprot)

A synaptotagmin-7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


plasma membrane repair

The resealing of a cell plasma membrane after cellular wounding due to, for instance, mechanical stress.


positive regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.


regulation of bone remodeling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling, the processes of bone formation and resorption that combine to maintain skeletal integrity.


calcium ion-regulated exocytosis of neurotransmitter

The release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis of synaptic vesicles, where the release step is dependent on a rise in cytosolic calcium ion levels.


regulation of phagocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the process in which phagocytes engulf external particulate material.


regulation of glucagon secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.


vesicle-mediated cholesterol transport

The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, or cholesterol-containing compounds, by membrane-bounded vesicles.


phagosome-lysosome fusion

The creation of a phagolysosome from a phagosome and a lysosome.


regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle endocytosis.


short-term synaptic potentiation

The process by which synaptic transmission, induced by the arrival of a spike (action potential) at a synapse, acts to increase the amount of neurotransmitter released in response to the arrival of subsequent spikes. This effect is seen when a train of closely space spikes arrives at a synapse with a low initial release probability. It occurs in a timeframe of tens to hundreds of milliseconds.


calcium ion regulated lysosome exocytosis

The process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules contained within a lysosome by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell, induced by a rise in cytosolic calcium-ion levels.


dense core granule

Electron-dense organelle with a granular internal matrix; contains proteins destined to be secreted.


early phagosome

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle as initially formed upon the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.


DENR_HUMAN Density-regulated protein (sprot)

A density-regulated protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


formation of translation preinitiation complex

The joining of the small ribosomal subunit, ternary complex, and mRNA.


ribosome disassembly

The disaggregation of a ribosome into its constituent components; includes the dissociation of ribosomal subunits.


PPIP1_HUMAN Proline-serine-threonine phosphatase-interacting protein 1 (sprot)

A proline-serine-threonine phosphatase-interacting protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


XPOT_HUMAN Exportin-T (sprot)

An exportin-T that is encoded in the genome of human.


tRNA export from nucleus

The directed movement of tRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.


HAIR_HUMAN Lysine-specific demethylase hairless (sprot)

A lysine-specific demethylase hairless that is encoded in the genome of human.


histone H3K9me/H3K9me2 demethylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a di or a monomethyl-lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.


SPY2_HUMAN Protein sprouty homolog 2 (sprot)

A protein sprouty homolog 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ubiquitin-protein transferase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a ubiquitin-protein transferase.


negative regulation of cell projection organization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.


negative regulation of neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway.


lung growth

The increase in size or mass of a lung. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.


negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.


negative regulation of lens fiber cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lens fiber cell differentiation.


microtubule end

Any end of a microtubule. Microtubule ends differ in that the so-called microtubule plus-end is the one that preferentially grows by polymerization, with respect to the minus-end.


DNPH1_HUMAN 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-phosphate N-hydrolase 1 (sprot)

A 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-phosphate N-hydrolase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate N-glycosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate + H2O = deoxyribose 5-monophosphate + a purine or pyrimidine base.


purine nucleotide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


nucleoside salvage

Any process which produces a nucleotide, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose (a deoxyribonucleotide), from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


DCX_HUMAN Neuronal migration protein doublecortin (sprot)

A neuronal migration protein doublecortin that is encoded in the genome of human.


GALR2_HUMAN Galanin receptor type 2 (sprot)

A galanin receptor type 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


galanin receptor activity

Combining with galanin to initiate a change in cell activity.


peptide hormone binding

Binding to a peptide with hormonal activity in animals.


galanin-activated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the peptide neurotransmitter galanin binding to a cell surface receptor.


positive regulation of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity.


SPY1_HUMAN Protein sprouty homolog 1 (sprot)

A protein sprouty homolog 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.


epithelial to mesenchymal transition involved in cardiac fibroblast development

A transition where an epicardial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that will mature into a cardiac fibroblast.


SPY3_HUMAN Protein sprouty homolog 3 (sprot)

A protein sprouty homolog 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of neuron projection arborization

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized into branches.


OREX_HUMAN Hypocretin neuropeptide precursor (sprot)

A hypocretin neuropeptide precursor that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of DNA replication

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.


negative regulation of transmission of nerve impulse

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.


rough endoplasmic reticulum

The rough (or granular) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has ribosomes adhering to the outer surface; the ribosomes are the site of translation of the mRNA for those proteins which are either to be retained within the cisternae (ER-resident proteins), the proteins of the lysosomes, or the proteins destined for export from the cell. Glycoproteins undergo their initial glycosylation within the cisternae.


OX1R_HUMAN Orexin/Hypocretin receptor type 1 (sprot)

An orexin/hypocretin receptor type 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


orexin receptor activity

Combining with orexin to initiate a change in cell activity.


OX2R_HUMAN Orexin receptor type 2 (sprot)

An orexin receptor type 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, wakefulness

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the wakeful phase of the circadian sleep/wake cycle. The wakeful phase is the part of the circadian sleep/wake cycle where the organism is not asleep.


circadian sleep/wake cycle process

A behavioral process involved in the cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm.


locomotion

Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another.


TIM44_HUMAN Mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit TIM44 (sprot)

A mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase subunit TIM44 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TPPC3_HUMAN Trafficking protein particle complex subunit 3 (sprot)

A trafficking protein particle complex subunit 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRAPPIII protein complex

A complex that functions in anterograde transport at the Golgi and also regulates autophagy. In yeast it includes at least the following subunits: Bet3 (as homodimer), Bet5, Trs20, Trs23, Trs31, Trs33, Trs85. TRAPPIII may include further, as yet undescribed, proteins.


TRAPP complex

A large complex that acts as a tethering factor involved in transporting vesicles from the ER through the Golgi to the plasma membrane. A TRAPP (transport protein particle) complex has a core set of proteins which are joined by specific subunits depending on the cellular component where a given TRAPP complex is active.


SNAI2_HUMAN Zinc finger protein SNAI2 (sprot)

A zinc finger protein SNAI2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin.


epithelial to mesenchymal transition

A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.


epithelial to mesenchymal transition involved in endocardial cushion formation

A transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that will contribute to the formation of the endocardial cushion.


cell migration involved in endocardial cushion formation

The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.


negative regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a vitamin D biosynthetic process. Vitamin D biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).


neural crest cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


regulation of chemokine production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.


myeloid cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a myeloid cell, a cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage.


negative regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a myeloid cell apoptotic process.


desmosome disassembly

The controlled breakdown of a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junction found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an space of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm.


pigmentation

The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells.


negative regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.


regulation of osteoblast differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.


epithelium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.


cartilage morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage are generated and organized.


regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching morphogenesis in the salivary gland epithelium.


negative regulation of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the vitamin D receptor signaling pathway activity.


negative regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.


negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.


negative regulation of anoikis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anoikis.


CHM2A_HUMAN Charged multivesicular body protein 2a (sprot)

A charged multivesicular body protein 2a that is encoded in the genome of human.


viral release from host cell

The dissemination of mature viral particles from a host cell, e.g. by cell lysis or the budding of virus particles from the cell membrane.


nuclear membrane reassembly

The reformation of the nuclear membranes following their breakdown in the context of a normal process.


ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin, via the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway; ubiquitin-tagged proteins are sorted into MVBs, and delivered to a lysosome/vacuole for degradation.


establishment of protein localization

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location.


viral budding from plasma membrane

A viral budding that starts with formation of a curvature in the host plasma membrane around which the virion particle assembles.


vesicle fusion with vacuole

The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle with the lipid bilayer membrane around the vacuole.


multivesicular body-lysosome fusion

The organelle membrane fusion process in which the membrane of a multivesicular body fuses with a lysosome to create a hybrid organelle.


midbody abscission

The process by which the midbody, the cytoplasmic bridge that connects the two prospective daughter cells, is severed at the end of mitotic cytokinesis, resulting in two separate daughter cells.


regulation of mitotic spindle assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle assembly.


late endosome to lysosome transport

The directed movement of substances from late endosome to lysosome.


negative regulation of centriole elongation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of centriole elongation.


ESCRT III complex disassembly

The disaggregation of an ESCRT III complex into its constituent components.


amphisome membrane

Any membrane that is part of an amphisome.


ESCRT III complex

A complex with membrane scission activity that plays a major role in many processes where membranes are remodelled - including endosomal transport (vesicle budding), nuclear envelope organisation (membrane closure, mitotic bridge cleavage), and cytokinesis (abscission).


FOXS1_HUMAN Forkhead box protein S1 (sprot)

A forkhead box protein S1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of multicellular organism growth

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.


NCK2_HUMAN Cytoplasmic protein NCK2 (sprot)

A cytoplasmic protein NCK2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


signal complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a complex capable of relaying a signal within a cell.


positive regulation of peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation.


PSCA_HUMAN Prostate stem cell antigen (sprot)

A prostate stem cell antigen that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of neurotransmitter receptor activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurotransmitter receptor activity. Modulation may be via an effect on ligand affinity, or effector funtion such as ion selectivity or pore opening/closing in ionotropic receptors.


TSN6_HUMAN Tetraspanin-6 (sprot)

A tetraspanin-6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of viral-induced cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway in response to a virus.


PLRG1_HUMAN Pleiotropic regulator 1 (sprot)

A pleiotropic regulator 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DNA replication factor A complex

A conserved heterotrimeric complex that binds nonspecifically to single-stranded DNA and is required for multiple processes in eukaryotic DNA metabolism, including DNA replication, DNA repair, and recombination. In all eukaryotic organisms examined the complex is composed of subunits of approximately 70, 30, and 14 kDa.


Prp19 complex

A protein complex consisting of Prp19 and associated proteins that is involved in the transition from the precatalytic spliceosome to the activated form that catalyzes step 1 of splicing, and which remains associated with the spliceosome through the second catalytic step. It is widely conserved, found in both yeast and mammals, though the exact composition varies. In S. cerevisiae, it contains Prp19p, Ntc20p, Snt309p, Isy1p, Syf2p, Cwc2p, Prp46p, Clf1p, Cef1p, and Syf1p.


U2-type catalytic step 2 spliceosome

A spliceosomal complex that contains the U2, U5 and U6 snRNPs bound to a splicing intermediate in which the first catalytic cleavage of the 5' splice site has occurred. The precise subunit composition differs significantly from that of the catalytic step 1, or activated, spliceosome, and includes many proteins in addition to those found in the U2, U5 and U6 snRNPs.


PRC1_HUMAN Protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 (sprot)

A protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mitotic spindle elongation

The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle. Mitotic spindle elongation begins during mitotic prophase and ends during mitotic anaphase B.


contractile ring

A cytoskeletal structure composed of filamentous protein that forms beneath the membrane of many cells or organelles, in the plane of cell or organelle division. Ring contraction is associated with centripetal growth of the membrane that divides the cytoplasm of the two daughter cells or organelles.


RGS10_HUMAN Regulator of G-protein signaling 10 (sprot)

A regulator of G-protein signaling 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ZN207_HUMAN BUB3-interacting and GLEBS motif-containing protein ZNF207 (sprot)

A BUB3-interacting and GLEBS motif-containing protein ZNF207 that is encoded in the genome of human.


microtubule polymerization

The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule.


regulation of chromosome segregation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.


spindle matrix

A proteinaceous, nuclear-derived structure that embeds the microtubule spindle apparatus from pole to pole in a microtubule-independent manner during mitosis.


NDUB5_HUMAN NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial (sprot)

An NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 5, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


NDUB3_HUMAN NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 (sprot)

An NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 beta subcomplex subunit 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NDUC1_HUMAN NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial (sprot)

An NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C1, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


NDUA2_HUMAN NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 (sprot)

An NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LDB2_HUMAN LIM domain-binding protein 2 (sprot)

A LIM domain-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


epithelial structure maintenance

A tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of epithelial structure.


regulation of kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.


cellular component biogenesis

A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component.


positive regulation of cellular component biogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component.


TCF21_HUMAN Transcription factor 21 (sprot)

A transcription factor 21 that is encoded in the genome of human.


vasculature development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism.


sex determination

Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism.


branchiomeric skeletal muscle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the branchiomeric skeletal muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The branchiomeric muscle is derived from cranial mesoderm and controls facial expression, pharyngeal and laryngeal function, operating the jaw. The muscle begins its development with the differentiation of the muscle cells and ends with the mature muscle. Branchiomeric muscles of mammals correspond to the gill musculature of fish.


glomerulus development

The progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney. The glomerulus is part of the nephron and is restricted to one body segment.


lung alveolus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the alveolus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The alveolus is a sac for holding air in the lungs; formed by the terminal dilation of air passageways.


reproductive structure development

The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of somatic structures that will be used in the process of creating new individuals from one or more parents, from their formation to the mature structures.


gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A gland is an organ specialised for secretion.


Sertoli cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Sertoli cell. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules.


lung vasculature development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lung vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs.


bronchiole development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bronchiole from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the bronchiole and ends with the mature structure. A bronchiole is the first airway branch that no longer contains cartilage; it is a branch of the bronchi.


diaphragm development

The progression of the diaphragm over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs.


respiratory system development

The progression of the respiratory system over time from its formation to its mature structure. The respiratory system carries out respiratory gaseous exchange.


negative regulation of androgen receptor signaling pathway

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the androgen receptor signaling pathway.


metanephric mesenchymal cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of the metanephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.


metanephric glomerular capillary formation

The process that gives rise to a metanephric glomerular capillary. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.


GET3_HUMAN ATPase GET3 (sprot)

An ATPase GET3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


arsenite transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of arsenite from one side of a membrane to the other.


arsenite transport

The directed movement of arsenite into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


BUB1_HUMAN Mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine-protein kinase BUB1 (sprot)

A mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine-protein kinase BUB1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


histone H2A kinase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group to a histone H2A.


regulation of sister chromatid cohesion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion.


positive regulation of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion in the centromeric region.


BUB3_HUMAN Mitotic checkpoint protein BUB3 (sprot)

A mitotic checkpoint protein BUB3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mitotic checkpoint complex

A multiprotein complex that functions as a mitotic checkpoint inhibitor of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). In budding yeast this complex consists of Mad2p, Mad3p, Bub3p and Cdc20p, and in mammalian cells it consists of MAD2, BUBR1, BUB3, and CDC20.


PLPP2_HUMAN Phospholipid phosphatase 2 (sprot)

A phospholipid phosphatase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PI15_HUMAN Peptidase inhibitor 15 (sprot)

A peptidase inhibitor 15 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SIGL6_HUMAN Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 6 (sprot)

A sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ST1B1_HUMAN Sulfotransferase 1B1 (sprot)

A sulfotransferase 1B1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ethanol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.


biogenic amine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.


flavonoid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton including flavones, flavonols and flavanoids, and anthocyanins.


phenol-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.


thyroid hormone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, largely thyroxine and triiodothyronine.


ACTN4_HUMAN Alpha-actinin-4 (sprot)

An alpha-actinin-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


nucleoside binding

Binding to a nucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine nitrogenous base linked either to ribose or deoxyribose.


nuclear receptor coactivator activity

A transcription coactivator activity that activates or increases the transcription of specific gene sets via binding to a DNA-bound nuclear receptor, either on its own or as part of a complex. Coactivators often act by altering chromatin structure and modifications. For example, one class of transcription coregulators modifies chromatin structure through covalent modification of histones. A second class remodels the conformation of chromatin in an ATP-dependent fashion. A third class modulates interactions of DNA-bound DNA-binding transcription factors with other transcription coregulators. A fourth class of coactivator activity is the bridging of a DNA-binding transcription factor to the general (basal) transcription machinery. The Mediator complex, which bridges sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factors and RNA polymerase, is also a transcription coactivator.


positive regulation of sodium:proton antiporter activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a sodium:hydrogen antiporter, which catalyzes the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).


peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to any of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (alpha, beta or gamma) in the nuclear membrane, and ending with the initiation or termination of the transcription of target genes.


pseudopodium

A temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with flowing movements of the protoplasm, and serving for locomotion and feeding.


MAAI_HUMAN Maleylacetoacetate isomerase (sprot)

A maleylacetoacetate isomerase that is encoded in the genome of human.


maleylacetoacetate isomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-maleylacetoacetate = 4-fumarylacetoacetate.


L-phenylalanine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylalanine, 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.


tyrosine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.


BUD23_HUMAN Probable 18S rRNA (guanine-N(7))-methyltransferase (sprot)

A probable 18S rRNA (guanine-N(7))-methyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


rRNA (guanine) methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methylguanine.


rRNA (guanine-N7)-methylation

The addition of a methyl group to the N7 atom in the base portion of a guanine nucleotide residue in an rRNA molecule.


positive regulation of rRNA processing

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of rRNA processing.


TLX3_HUMAN T-cell leukemia homeobox protein 3 (sprot)

A T-cell leukemia homeobox protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by nervous system process

A process carried out by the nervous system that is required for the proper control of respiratory gaseous exchange. This process occurs in the respiratory center of the brain in vertebrates.


respiratory gaseous exchange by respiratory system

The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms.


GABAergic neuron differentiation

The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a GABAergic neuron.


TRIA1_HUMAN TP53-regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (sprot)

A TP53-regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


phosphatidic acid transfer activity

Removes a phosphatidic acid from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle. Phosphatidic acid refers to a glycophospholipids with, in general, a saturated fatty acid bonded to carbon-1, an unsaturated fatty acid bonded to carbon-2, and a phosphate group bonded to carbon-3.


DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest

A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the stopping or reduction in rate of the cell cycle.


negative regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation.


negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator.


positive regulation of phospholipid transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid transport.


GATC_HUMAN Glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase subunit C, mitochondrial (sprot)

A GatC-like protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of translational fidelity

Any process that modulates the ability of the translational apparatus to interpret the genetic code.


glutaminyl-tRNAGln biosynthesis via transamidation

A tRNA aminoacylation process in which glutaminyl-tRNAGln is formed by a tRNA-dependent two-step pathway. In the first step a non-discriminating glutamyl-tRNAGlx synthetase generates the misacylated L-glutamyl-tRNAGln species, and in the second step it is amidated to the correctly charged L-glutaminyl-tRNAGln by a glutamyl-tRNAGln amidotransferase.


A protein complex that possesses glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase activity, and therefore creates Gln-tRNA by amidating Glu-tRNA; usually composed of 3 subunits: A, B, and C. Note that the C subunit may not be required in all organisms.


HTSF1_HUMAN HIV Tat-specific factor 1 (sprot)

An HIV Tat-specific factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


chromatin-protein adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a protein or a protein complex with a nucleosome, to establish or maintain the chromatin localization of the protein, or protein complex.


poly-ADP-D-ribose modification-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein upon poly-ADP-ribosylation of the target protein.


U2-type prespliceosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an U2-type prespliceosome.


protein localization to site of double-strand break

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a region of a chromosome at which a DNA double-strand break has occurred.


U2 snRNP

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U2, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U2 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U2 snRNA both while the U2 snRNP is free or assembled into a series of spliceosomal complexes.


U2-type spliceosomal complex

Any spliceosomal complex that forms during the splicing of a messenger RNA primary transcript to excise an intron that has canonical consensus sequences near the 5' and 3' ends.


ERD23_HUMAN ER lumen protein-retaining receptor 3 (sprot)

An ER lumen protein-retaining receptor 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


COPI-coated vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a COPI-coated vesicle.


KDEL sequence binding

Binding to a KDEL sequence, the C terminus tetrapeptide sequence Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu found in proteins that are to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum.


CIKS_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF3IP2 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF3IP2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


B cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.


leukocyte activation involved in inflammatory response

A change in the morphology or behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an inflammatory response.


transitional two stage B cell differentiation

The process in which immature B cells from the bone marrow acquire the specialized features of T2 stage B cells in the spleen. T2 stage B cells express CD23 but not CD21.


B cell affinity maturation

The process in which B cells produce antibodies with increased antigen affinity. This is accomplished by somatic hypermutation and selection for B cells which produce higher affinity antibodies to antigen.


eosinophil mediated immunity

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by an eosinophil.


CD40 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cell surface receptor CD40 to one of its physiological ligands, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


type 2 immune response

An immune response which is associated with resistance to extracellular organisms such as helminths and pathological conditions such as allergy, which is orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines, most notably IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, by any of a variety of cell types including T-helper 2 cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and nuocytes, resulting in enhanced production of certain antibody isotypes and other effects.


neutrophil activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


lymph node development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lymph nodes over time, from their formation to the mature structure. A lymph node is a round, oval, or bean shaped structure localized in clusters along the lymphatic vessels, with a distinct internal structure including specialized vasculature and B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.


mucus secretion

The regulated release of mucus by the mucosa. Mucus is a viscous slimy secretion consisting of mucins and various inorganic salts dissolved in water, with suspended epithelial cells and leukocytes. The mucosa, or mucous membrane, is the membrane covered with epithelium that lines the tubular organs of the body. Mucins are carbohydrate-rich glycoproteins that have a lubricating and protective function.


T-helper 17 type immune response

An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria with a key role in inflammation and tissue injury. This immune response is associated with pathological autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis, arthritis and psoriasis which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 17 cells, most notably interleukin-17, IL-21 and IL-22.


protein localization to P-body

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a P-body.


eosinophil homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of eosinophils such that the total number of eosinophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane

The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its cytoplasmic surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


ITM2A_HUMAN Integral membrane protein 2A (sprot)

An integral membrane protein 2A that is encoded in the genome of human.


plasma cell differentiation

The process in which a B cell acquires the specialized features of a plasma cell. A plasma cell is a lymphocyte which develops from a B cell and produces high amounts of antibody.


CYH3_HUMAN Cytohesin-3 (sprot)

A cytohesin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Golgi vesicle transport

The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles.


establishment of epithelial cell polarity

The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization of an epithelial cell.


AAKB2_HUMAN 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-2 (sprot)

A 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AMP-activated protein kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein. This reaction requires the presence of AMP.


cellular response to nutrient levels

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients.


nucleotide-activated protein kinase complex

A protein complex that possesses nucleotide-dependent protein kinase activity. The nucleotide can be AMP (in S. pombe and human) or ADP (in S. cerevisiae).


CHP2_HUMAN Calcineurin B homologous protein 2 (sprot)

A calcineurin B homologous protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of phosphatase activity

Any process that increases the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.


positive regulation of calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade.


AP1G1_HUMAN AP-1 complex subunit gamma-1 (sprot)

An AP-1 complex subunit gamma-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


synaptic vesicle budding from endosome

Budding of synaptic vesicles during the formation of constitutive recycling vesicles from early endosomes.


positive regulation of natural killer cell degranulation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell degranulation.


basolateral protein secretion

The controlled release of proteins from a cell at the sides which interface adjacent cells and near the base.


AP-1 adaptor complex

A heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta1, gamma, mu1 and sigma1 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle; vesicles with AP-1-containing coats are normally found primarily in the trans-Golgi network. In at least humans, the AP-1 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (gamma1 and gamma2, mu1A and mu1B, and sigma1A, sigma1B and sigma1C).


OR1F1_HUMAN Olfactory receptor 1F1 (sprot)

An olfactory receptor 1F1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


STX6_HUMAN Syntaxin-6 (sprot)

A syntaxin-6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


vesicle fusion

Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane.


synaptic vesicle to endosome fusion

Fusion of a synaptic vesicle with an endosome.


SNG1_HUMAN Synaptogyrin-1 (sprot)

A synaptogyrin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulated exocytosis

A process of exocytosis in which soluble proteins and other substances are initially stored in secretory vesicles for later release. It is found mainly in cells that are specialized for secreting products such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or digestive enzymes rapidly on demand.


regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity

A process that modulates long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers.


SNG2_HUMAN Synaptogyrin-2 (sprot)

A synaptogyrin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SNG3_HUMAN Synaptogyrin-3 (sprot)

A synaptogyrin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of neurotransmitter uptake

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.


TLX2_HUMAN T-cell leukemia homeobox protein 2 (sprot)

A T-cell leukemia homeobox protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


enteric nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the enteric nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation.


negative regulation of dendrite morphogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.


SGTA_HUMAN Small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein alpha (sprot)

A small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


BAT3 complex binding

Binding to a BAT3 complex.


negative regulation of ERAD pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ERAD pathway.


positive regulation of ERAD pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ERAD pathway.


negative regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.


LIAS_HUMAN Lipoyl synthase, mitochondrial (sprot)

A lipoyl synthase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


lipoate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein N6-(octanoyl)lysine + 2 sulfur + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = protein N6-(lipoyl)lysine + 2 L-methionine + 2 5'-deoxyadenosyl.


lipoate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.


ENSA_HUMAN Alpha-endosulfine (sprot)

An alpha-endosulfine that is encoded in the genome of human.


ion channel inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of an ion channel.


phosphatase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a phosphatase.


potassium channel inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a potassium channel.


protein phosphatase regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a protein phosphatase.


protein phosphatase 2A binding

Binding to protein phosphatase 2A.


MCAT_HUMAN Mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein (sprot)

A mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


acyl carnitine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of acyl carnitine from one side of a membrane to the other. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane.


carnitine shuttle

The transfer of acyl groups to and from acyl-CoA molecules to form O-acylcarnitine, which can exchange across the mitochondrial inner membrane with unacylated carnitine.


carnitine transmembrane transport

The directed movement of carnitine across a membrane.


SYNC_HUMAN Asparagine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic (sprot)

An asparagine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic that is encoded in the genome of human.


asparagine-tRNA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-asparagine + ATP + tRNA(Asn) = AMP + Asn-tRNA(Asn) + diphosphate + 2 H+.


tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation

The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA and the alpha carboxylic acid group of an amino acid, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis.


asparaginyl-tRNA aminoacylation

The process of coupling asparagine to asparaginyl-tRNA, catalyzed by asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase. The asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of an asparagine-accetping tRNA.


DYRK3_HUMAN Dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 3 (sprot)

A dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


nuclear speck organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of nuclear specks, a class of nuclear body in which splicing factors are localized.


stress granule disassembly

The disaggregation of a stress granule into its constituent protein and RNA parts.