masculinization of hermaphrodite soma

Promotion of male sex and sexual phenotypes in the hermaphroditic nematode soma. An example of this is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.


glomerular epithelial cell fate commitment

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The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a glomerular epithelial cell. Glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the glomerulus; there are two types, glomerular parietal epithelial cells and glomerular visceral epithelial cells.


ammonium ion binding

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Binding to ammonium ions (NH4+).


(Z)-gamma-bisabolene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = (Z)-gamma-bisabolene + diphosphate.


D-pinitol dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5D-5-O-methyl-chiro-inositol + NADP+ = 2D-5-O-methyl-2,3,5/4,6-pentahydroxycyclohexanone + H+ + NADPH.


starch alpha-glucosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: starch + H2O = alpha-D-glucose.


alcohol dehydrogenase (cytochrome c) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 [Fe(III)cytochrome c] + a primary alcohol = 2 [Fe(II)cytochrome c] + an aldehyde + 2 H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propanol = 4,4'-dihydroxy-alpha-methylstilbene + H2O.


negative regulation of acylglycerol transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of acylglycerol transport.


mesonephric tubule morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric tubule are generated and organized. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros.


centripetally migrating follicle cell migration

The cell migration process in which a follicle cell migrates as part of an epithelial sheet between the nurse cells and the oocyte. At the end of migration, they cover the anterior of the oocyte.


synthetic cannabinoid binding

Binding to synthetic cannabinoid.


lymphatic vascular process in circulatory system

A circulatory process that occurs at the level of the lymphatic vasculature.


regulation of pronephric nephron tubule development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pronephric nephron tubule development.


xanthophore differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a xanthophore cell. Xanthophores are pigment cells derived from the neural crest. They contain pteridine and/or carotenoid pigments in structures called pterinosomes or xanthosomes. This makes them yellow to orange in appearance.


positive regulation of response to drug

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to drug.


tyramine receptor activity

Combining with the biogenic amine tyramine to initiate a change in cell activity. Tyramine is a sympathomimetic amine derived from tyrosine with an action resembling that of epinephrine.


negative regulation of deacetylase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of deacetylase activity.


trinitrotoluene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving trinitrotoluene, a methylated benzene molecule with three NO2 groups attached to it. This includes the explosive TNT, 1-methyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene.


glutathionylspermidine amidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N1-(gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycyl)-spermidine + H2O = gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine + spermidine.


stomach fundus smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the fundus of stomach. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The fundus is the portion of the stomach that lies above the cardiac notch.


interleukin-28A production

The appearance of interleukin-28A due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


type IV pilus assembly

The assembly from its constituent parts of a type IV pilus.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a tetrahydromethanopterin.


alkane catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alkane, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2.


R7 cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of the R7 photoreceptor.


ensheathment of neurons

The process in which glial cells envelop neuronal cell bodies and/or axons to form an insulating layer. This can take the form of myelinating or non-myelinating ensheathment.


response to oxidopamine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxidopamine stimulus.


connective tissue growth factor production

The appearance of connective tissue growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


proton-dependent peptide secondary active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a peptide from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by proton movement.


endosulfan diol dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: endosulfan diol = endosulfan hydroxyether + 2 H+ + 2 e-.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-beta-alanyl histamine + H2O = histamine + beta-alanine.


flower calyx development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the flower calyx over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


Wnt-Frizzled-LRP5/6 complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a Wnt-Frizzled-LRP5/6 complex.


inferior salivary nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inferior salivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


negative regulation of response to type II interferon

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a response to type II interferon (interferon-gamma). Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.


metanephric cap formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric cap from unspecified parts. The metanephric cap is formed by the condensation of metanephric mesenchymal cells surrounding the ureteric bud tip.


positive regulation of granuloma formation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of granuloma formation.


granzyme B localization to T cell secretory granule

Any process in which the protease granzyme B is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule in a T cell.


prevention of polyspermy during double fertilization

The regulation of double fertilization forming a zygote and endosperm process that ensures that only a single sperm cell fertilizes one egg cell and another single sperm cell fertilizes one central cell.


atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization

The process in which ions are transported across the plasma membrane of an atrial cardiac muscle cell such that the membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, toward the steady state potential. For example, the repolarization during an action potential is from a positive membrane potential towards a negative resting potential.


3-cyano-L-alanine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 3-cyano-L-alanine.


kaempferol 3-rhamnoside 7-O-rhamnosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: kaempferol-3-rhamnoside + UDP-L-rhamnose <=> kaempferol-3-rhamnoside-7-rhamnoside + UDP.


2-carene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate <=> (+)-2-carene + diphosphoric acid.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-histidinol-phosphate + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-(imidazol-4-yl)-2-oxopropyl phosphate + L-glutamate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 11-deoxycorticosterone = 20-hydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-en-21-al.


positive regulation of estrone secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of estrone secretion.


regulation of kainate selective glutamate receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tge kainate selective glutamate receptor signaling pathway.


stress response to zinc ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis caused by a zinc ion stimulus.


peptidyl-aspartic acid hydroxylation to form L-erythro-beta-hydroxyaspartic acid

The hydroxylation of peptidyl-aspartic acid to form peptidyl-L-erythro-beta-hydroxyaspartic acid; catalyzed by peptide-aspartate beta-dioxygenase (EC:1.14.11.16).


oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced iron-sulfur protein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced iron-sulfur protein and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.


response to transition metal nanoparticle

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transition metal nanoparticle.


culmination involved in sorocarp development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the culminant over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Culmination begins with a morphogenetic change of the finger-like or migratory slug giving rise to an organized structure containing a stalk and a sorus. This process is the final stage of sorocarp development.


ATPase-coupled carboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + carboxylic acid(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + carboxylic acid(in/out).


glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucanase activity, C-3 substituted reducing group

Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->3)-linkages in beta-D-glucans when the glucose residue whose reducing group is involved in the linkage to be hydrolysed is itself substituted at C-3.


negative regulation of L-lysine import across plasma membrane

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-lysine import into cell.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside)-1D-myo-inositol + L-cysteine + ATP = 1-D-myo-inosityl-2-L-cysteinylamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H+. 1-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside)-1D-myo-inositol is also known as glucosaminyl-inositol or GlcN-Ins, and 1-D-myo-inosityl-2-L-cysteinylamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside as desacetylmycothiol or Cys-GlcN-Ins.


regulation of cardiac ventricle formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation.


regulation of DNA primase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA primase activity.


cytoneme morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a cytoneme are shaped. A cytoneme is a long, thin and polarized actin-based cytoplasmic extension that projects from a cell.


tatiopterin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tatiopterin.


negative regulation of cellular response to alcohol

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to alcohol.


Catalysis of the reaction: octanoyl-CoA + a malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = a 3-oxodecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + CoA + CO2.


thymidylate synthase (FAD) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + dUMP + NADPH + H+ = dTMP + tetrahydrofolate + NADP+.


nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


cell wall integrity MAPK cascade

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A MAPK cascade that contributes to cell wall organization or biogenesis.


positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by neuronal epinephrine

The process in which the release of epinephrine from nerve endings modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.


embryonic heart tube formation via epithelial folding

The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube by the cells of the heart field along a linear axis.


adhesin autotransporter activity

Enables the transfer of adhesin from the periplasm to the external milieu; the adhesin and the porin are the N- and C-terminal regions of the same protein, respectively.


positive regulation of apoptotic process in bone marrow cell

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in the bone marrow.


coenzyme M metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme M (2-thioethansulfonate), a coenzyme involved in the utilization of methane by methanogenic prokaryotes.


2-dehydro-3-deoxygluconokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + ATP = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconate + ADP + 2 H+.


regulation of pigmentation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition or modulates the distribution of coloring matter in an organism.


isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoquinoline alkaloids, alkaloid compounds that contain bicyclic N-containing aromatic rings and are derived from a 3,4-dihydroxytyramine (dopamine) precursor that undergoes a Schiff base addition with aldehydes of different origin.


regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development.


regulation of short-day photoperiodism, flowering

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of short-day photoperiodism, where the response associated with the photoperiodism is flowering. Flowering is defined by the switch from the vegetative to the reproductive phase.


Hulle cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of Hulle cells over time, from their formation to the mature structures. Hulle cells are specialized multinucleate cells that originate from a nest-like aggregation of hyphae during sexual development and serve as nurse cells to the developing cleistothecium, or fruiting body.


positive regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process

Any process that increases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.


ta-siRNA processing

A process leading to the generation of a functional trans-acting small interfering RNA (ta-siRNA). ta-siRNAs function like miRNAs to guide cleavage of target mRNAs.


cardiolipin synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylglycerol + phosphatidylglycerol = diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin) + glycerol.


symbiont-mediated suppression of host cGAS-STING signal transduction

A process in which a virus interferes with, inhibits or disrupt a cGAS/STING signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


positive regulation of stomatal complex development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stomatal complex development.


endothelial stalk cell fate specification

The process involved in the specification of identity of an endothelial stalk cell. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment. An endothelial stalk cell is a specialized endothelial cell which follows behind the tip cell of an angiogenic sprout.


radial glial cell fate commitment in forebrain

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a radial glial cell in the forebrain.


hydroperoxide reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 RSH + ROOH = RSSR + ROH + H2O. This reaction is the thiol-dependent conversion of an organic hydroperoxide to the corresponding alcohol.


retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway involved in spinal cord dorsal/ventral patterning

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that contributes to the dorsal ventral patterning of the spinal cord.


The 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation of a lysine residue in a protein.


fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in lung induction

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor-type receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands resulting in the formation of the lung bud along the lateral-esophageal sulcus.


double fertilization forming a zygote and endosperm

Fertilization where one of the two sperm nuclei from the pollen tube fuses with the egg nucleus to form a 2n zygote, and the other fuses with the two polar nuclei to form the 3n primary endosperm nucleus and then develops into the endosperm. The ploidy level of the 2n zygote and 3n primary endosperm nucleus is determined by the ploidy level of the parents involved. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


protein localization to mitotic spindle midzone

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a mitotic spindle midzone.


ABC-type ferric-enterobactin transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + ferric-enterobactin(out) = ADP + phosphate + ferric-enterobactin(in).


nitrite efflux transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of nitrite from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.


UDP-D-apiose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-D-apiose, uridinediphosphoapicose, a substance composed of apiose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


thylakoid membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the thylakoid membrane.


cellular response to phenylpropanoid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a phenylpropanoid stimulus.


cephalosporin C catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cephalosporin C.


regulation of primary heart field cardioblast proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the primary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle.


vacuole inheritance

The distribution of vacuoles into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between vacuoles and the cytoskeleton.


methane monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: methane + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = methanol + NAD(P)+ + H2O.


response to fluoxetine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluoxetine stimulus. Fluoxetine increases the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by inhibiting its reuptake into the presynaptic cell, increasing the level of serotonin available to bind to the postsynaptic receptor.


cellular response to 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide stimulus.


phenylalanine 4-hydroxylase (N10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate dependent) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-phenylalanine + O2 + an N10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate <=> L-tyrosine + a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate-4a-carbinolamine.


putrescine biosynthetic process from arginine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane, from other compounds, including arginine.


naphthyl-2-oxomethyl-succinyl-CoA succinyl transferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: naphthyl-2-oxomethyl-succinyl-CoA + CoASH = 2-naphthoyl-CoA + succinyl-CoA.


protein catenane formation

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a protein structure comprising two or more rings that are interlocked but not covalently joined; resembling the links of a chain.


cellular response to sulfate starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of sulfate.


response to antimycin A

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antimycin A stimulus.


adhesion of symbiont hyphopodium to host

The attachment of a hyphopodium of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


negative regulation of ductus arteriosus closure

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ductus arteriosus closure.


macrophage tolerance induction

A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in macrophages.


glycol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycol, a diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent.


negative regulation of signal transduction in absence of ligand

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction in absence of ligand.


envenomation resulting in fibrinolysis in another organism

The process which begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with fibrinolysis, a process that solubilizes fibrin, chiefly by the proteolytic action of plasmin, in the bloodstream of the bitten/stung organism.


mitochondrial outer membrane fusion

The membrane organization process that joins two mitochondrial outer membranes to form a single membrane.


fructose 5-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose + NADP+ = 5-dehydro-D-fructose + NADPH.


imaginal disc-derived appendage development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an appendage over time, from its formation in the imaginal disc to the mature structure. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism.


rhamnulokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-rhamnulose = ADP + L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + taurine = L-alanine + sulfoacetaldehyde.


cell wall polysaccharide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide destined to form part of a cell wall.


urinary tract smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary tract. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary tract consists of organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.


positive regulation of septum digestion after cytokinesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of physically separating the septal cell wall material by enzymatic digestion, that occurs after daughter cells are separated by cytokinesis.


positive regulation of intraciliary retrograde transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intraciliary retrograde transport.


uracil salvage

Any process that generates uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


nicotine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotine, (S)(-)-3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine.


perturbation of host MAPK signal transduction pathway

A process in which a symbiont alters or subverts a MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving 18-methylnonadec-1-ene.


somatic diversification of DSCAM-based immune receptors

The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of the DSCAM-based immune receptors of insects.


glial cell migration in posterior lateral line nerve

The movement of a glial cell along the axons in the posterior lateral line nerve.


negative regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in bone marrow.


Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-glucose + long chain polyphosphate = glucose-6-phosphate + long chain polyphosphate.


aerobic respiration, using ferrous ions as electron donor

The metabolic process in which ferrous ions (Fe2+) are oxidized to ferric ions (Fe3+) to generate energy, coupled to the reduction of carbon dioxide.


regulation of pigment cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pigmented cell differentiation.


methylsilanetriol hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: methylsilanetriol + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = H2O + hydroxymethylsilanetriol.


undecaprenol kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + undecaprenol = ADP + undecaprenyl phosphate.


compound eye pigment cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a compound eye pigment cell, a cell of the retina containing screening pigments that functions to screen photoreceptors from light leaking from adjacent ommatidia.


bicyclomycin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of bicyclomycin from one side of a membrane to the other. Bicyclomycin (or bicozamycin) is an antibacterial drug often used as a livestock feed additive.


plasmid copy number maintenance

The maintenance of the number of copies of extrachromosomal plasmid DNA.


type I hypersensitivity mediated by mast cells

An inflammatory response driven by antigen recognition by antibodies bound to Fc receptors on mast cells, occurring within minutes after exposure of a sensitized individual to the antigen, and leading to the release of a variety of inflammatory mediators such as histamines.


regulation of hair follicle cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle cell proliferation.


suppression by virus of host cell lysis in response to superinfection

The prevention or delay of host cell lysis by a pre-existing virus in response to a subsequent infection of the host cell by second virus.


single-species biofilm formation

A process in which planktonically growing microorganisms of the same species grow at a liquid-air interface or on a solid substrate under the flow of a liquid and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate matrix formation, resulting in a change in the organisms' growth rate and gene transcription.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-mercaptobenzothiazole-cis-6,7-dihydrodiol = 6,7-dihydroxy-2-mercaptobenzothiazole + 2 H+ + 2 e-.


dCTP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dCTP, deoxycytidine triphosphate.


branching involved in submandibular gland morphogenesis

The process in which the branching structure of the submandibular gland is generated and organized.


regulation of transformation of host cell by virus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transformation of host cell by virus.


wybutosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving wybutosine, 3H-imidazo[1,2-alpha]purine-7-butanoic acid, 4,9-dihydro- alpha-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]- 4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo- 3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl methyl ester, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.


proline catabolic process to 2-oxoglutarate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline into other compounds, including 2-oxoglutarate.


spore dispersal

Any process in which an organism disseminates its spores.


vibriobactin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vibriobactin, the major siderophore produced by Vibrio cholerae.


regulation of potassium:proton exchanging ATPase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen:potassium-exchanging ATPase activity.


m-cresol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving m-cresol (3-hydroxytoluene), the meta-isoform of cresol. Used to produce agricultural chemicals, and in specialty resins, pharmaceuticals and pressure-sensitive dyes.


regulation of protein folding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein folding.


regulation of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation.


positive regulation of apolipoprotein A-I-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apolipoprotein A-I-mediated signaling pathway.


cardiac muscle adaptation

The process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on diphenols and related substances as donors, oxygen as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a diphenol, or related compound, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.


single-species submerged biofilm formation

A process in which planktonically growing microorganisms of the same species aggregate and grow on solid substrates under the flow of a liquid and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in a change in the organisms' growth rate and gene transcription.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosylmethionine + cobalt-precorrin 6B = S-adenosylhomocysteine + cobalt-precorrin 7.


negative regulation of maternal process involved in parturition

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of maternal process involved in parturition.


posterior lateral line nerve glial cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a glial cell in the posterior lateral line nerve over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


Catalysis of the reaction: a hydroxyjasmonate + 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate = a hydroxyjasmonate sulfate + adenosine-3',5'-diphosphate.


cell-cell adhesion involved in sealing an epithelial fold

The attachment of one cell to another cell along the edges of two epithelial folds, giving rise to the lumen of an epithelial tube.


cellular component organization or biogenesis

A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.


envenomation resulting in negative regulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant stopping, prevention or reduction of the activity of a high voltage-gated calcium channel in the bitten organism.


imaginal disc fusion, thorax closure

The joining of the parts of the wing imaginal discs, giving rise to the adult thorax.


soyasapogenol E UDP-glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + soyasapogenol E <=> UDP + a soyasapogenol E monoglucoside.


negative regulation of response to biotic stimulus

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.


cotyledon boundary formation

The process in which boundaries between a cotyledon and the surrounding tissue are established and maintained.


cardioblast proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of cardioblasts, resulting in the expansion of the population in the heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


iron-sulfur transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a iron-sulfur cluster from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


antigen sampling in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

The process of apical-to-basolateral delivery of soluble and particulate antigens to underlying mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue.


regulation of nerve growth factor production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of nerve growth factor (NGF).


aryl-aldehyde oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an aromatic aldehyde + O2 + H2O = an aromatic acid + hydrogen peroxide.


Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-D-gluconate + NADP+ = 6-phospho-2-dehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH.


glycine betaine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycine betaine, N-trimethylglycine.


cellular response to codeine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a codeine stimulus.


behavioral response to chemical pain

Any process that results in a change in the behaviour of an organism as a result of a chemical pain stimulus.


tensidol B biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tensidol B.


internode patterning

Determines the spacing between two shoot nodes. A shoot node is the region of the shoot where the spikelet, flower, floret, branch, bud and/or leaves are attached.


aromatic amino acid family biosynthetic process, prephenate pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phenylalanine and tyrosine from other compounds, including chorismate, via the intermediate prephenate.


chondroitin B lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dermatan sulfate = n 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate. This reaction is the eliminative cleavage of dermatan sulfate containing 1,4-beta-D-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucurosonyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages to disaccharides containing 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups to yield a 4,5-unsaturated dermatan-sulfate disaccharide (DeltaUA-GalNAC-4S). Chondroitin sulfate B is also known as dermatan sulfate.


akinete formation

The process in which an akinete, a thick-walled (encysted) dormant cell derived from the enlargement of a vegetative cell, is formed. Akinetes typically have granular cytoplasm, are more resistant to environmental extremes than vegetative cells, and are characteristic of several groups of Cyanobacteria.


telomerase catalytic core complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a telomerase catalytic core complex.


envenomation resulting in negative regulation of calcium channel activity in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant stopping, prevention or reduction of the activity of a calcium channel in the bitten organism.


colnelenate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (10E,12Z,15Z)-9-hydroperoxyoctadeca-10,12,15-trienoate <=> colnelenate + H2O.


lombricine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + lombricine = ADP + N-phospholombricine.


endothelial tube formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an endothelial tube.


Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an Atg1/UKL1 kinase complex.


taxoid 14-beta-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 10beta-hydroxytaxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 10beta,14beta-dihydroxytaxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate + NADP+ + H2O.


sinapate 1-glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + sinapate = UDP + 1-sinapoyl-D-glucose.


endocrine process

The process that involves the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.


branched 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + [(1->3)-beta-D-glucosyl](n) = UDP + a branched [(1->3)-beta-D-glucosyl](n+1).


regulation of conidiophore development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of conidiophore development, a process that leads to the formation of a conidiophore. The conidiophore is a specialized hypha that extends aerially from the growth substrate and bears conidia, or asexual spores.


2-haloacid dehalogenase (configuration-inverting) activity

Catalysis of the reactions: (S)-2-haloacid + H2O = (R)-2-hydroxyacid + halide, and (R)-2-haloacid + H2O = (S)-2-hydroxyacid + halide.


Catalysis of the reaction: 6-hydroxymellein + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 6-methoxymellein + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


C4-dicarboxylate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of C4-dicarboxylate from one side of a membrane to the other.


cell junction disassembly

The disaggregation of a cell junction into its constituent components.


regulation of transferase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.


6-oxocampestanol hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + 6-oxocampestanol + O2 + NADPH = cathasterone + H2O + NADP.


cis-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + NADP+ = cis-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + NADPH.


epithelial cell differentiation involved in salivary gland development

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an epithelial cell of the salivary gland.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-sulfoquinovose + 1,2-diacylglycerol = sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol + UDP.


regulation of cellular response to oxidopamine

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidopamine.


presynaptic process involved in chemical synaptic transmission

The pathway leading to secretion of a neurotransmitter from the presynapse as part of synaptic transmission.


regulation of oogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.


9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal cleavage oxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2 <=> carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal.


negative regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium concentration

Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in the presynaptic cytosol.


regulation of aspartate secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aspartate secretion.


periplasmic space organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the periplasmic space, the region between the inner (cytoplasmic) and outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria, or the inner membrane and cell wall in fungi.


secondary-alcohol oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: secondary alcohol + O2 = H2O2 + ketone.


interleukin-32 production

The appearance of interleukin-32 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


protein-phosphocysteine-mannitol phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein S-phosphocysteine + mannitol(out) = protein cysteine + mannitol phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


ATP phosphoribosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)-ATP + diphosphate = ATP + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.


negative regulation of phospholipid transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid transport.


peptidyl-isoleucine modification

The modification of peptidyl-isoleucine.


dTDP-rhamnose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dTDP-rhamnose, a substance composed of rhamnose in glycosidic linkage with deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate.


lyso-ornithine lipid acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: lyso-ornithine lipid + acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = ornithine lipid + [acyl-carrier protein].


maintenance of protease location in T cell secretory granule

A process in which a protease is maintained in a secretory granule in a T cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.


costunolide 3beta-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: costunolide + NADPH + O2 + H+ <=> 3beta-hydroxycostunolide + NADP + H2O.


interleukin-17A receptor activity

Combining with the cytokine interleukin-17A and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell extravasation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell extravasation.


basophil mediated immunity

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a basophil.


Catalysis of the reaction: biochanin-A + malonyl-CoA = 6'-malonyl-biochanin A + CoA.


Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetyl-beta-4-D-glucose + H2O <=> H+ + indole-3-acetate + beta-D-glucose.


regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.


fructosamine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fructosamine, a fructose molecule containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-beta-ethynylserine. L-beta-ethynylserine is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces bacteria.


acetylenic compound biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an acetylenic compound, any compound which contains a carbon-carbon triple bond (aka C#C).


formate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: formate + ferricytochrome b1 = CO2 + ferrocytochrome b1.


FAD-dependent histone H3K9me/H3K9me2 demethylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a di- or a monomethyl-lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein. This is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent amine oxidation reaction.


histidine phosphotransfer kinase activity

Serves as a phospho-His intermediate enabling the transfer of phospho group between a hybrid kinase and a response regulator.


hydrocarbon catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a hydrocarbon, a compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.


paternal behavior

Male behaviors associated with the care and rearing offspring.


catalytic activity, acting on DNA

Catalytic activity that acts to modify DNA.


dihydrocamalexic acid decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dihydrocamalexic acid = camalexin + CO2 + H+.


siroheme metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving siroheme, a tetrahydroporphyrin with adjacent, reduced pyrrole rings.


regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway.


GU repeat RNA binding

Binding to an RNA molecule containing GU repeats.


The monomethylation of the N-terminal alanine of proteins to form the derivative peptidyl-N-methyl-L-alanine.


paclitaxel biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of paclitaxel, a tetracyclic diterpenoid isolated originally from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia.


convergent extension involved in rhombomere morphogenesis

Any convergent extension that is involved in rhombomere morphogenesis.


epinephrine-mediated vasodilation

A vasodilation process resulting from secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.


peptidyl-histidine methylation, to form pros-methylhistidine

The methylation of peptidyl-L-histidine to form peptidyl-L-3'-methyl-L-histidine (otherwise known as pi-methylhistidine, pros-methylhistidine).


organ boundary specification between lateral organs and the meristem

The process in which boundaries between lateral organs and the meristem is established and maintained.


Catalysis of the reaction: (6AS,11AS)-3,6A,9-trihydroxypterocarpan + dimethylallyl-pyrophosphate = glyceollin + diphosphate.


amorpha-4,11-diene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = amorpha-4,11-diene + diphosphate.


lateral pseudopodium retraction

The myosin-based contraction and retraction of a lateral pseudopodium.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + isoliquiritigenin = 2'-O-methylisoliquiritigenin + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


clearance of cells from fusion plate by epithelial to mesenchymal transition

The process of epithelial to mesenchymal transition that contributes to the shaping of the semicircular canal by effectively removing epithelial cells from the fusion plate, forming the loops of the canals.


caffeate O-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3,4-dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate.


7,8-dihydromonapterin aldolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-dihydromonapterin <=> glycolaldehyde + 2-amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)-7,8-dihydropteridin-4-ol.


response to perphenazine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a perphenazine stimulus. Perphenazine is a phenothiazine derivative having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the N-10 position.


negative regulation of behavioral fear response

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of behavioral fear response.


CUG codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CUG codon.


lung lobe development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung lobe from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of a lung lobe by branching morphogenesis and ends with the mature structure. A lung lobe is one of the rounded projections that compose the lung.


dAMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate).


regulation of R7 cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of R7 differentiation.


casbene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate = casbene + diphosphate.


negative regulation of development of symbiont in host

Any process in which the symbiont stops, prevents or reduces its progression from an initial condition to a later condition, within the cells or tissues of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in the symbiotic interaction.


anaerobic pectin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pectin, a polymer containing a backbone of alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid residues, in the absence of oxygen.


dihydroneopterin triphosphate 2'-epimerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dihydroneopterin triphosphate = dihydromonapterin-triphosphate.


benzil reductase [(S)-benzoin-forming] activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-benzoin + NADP(3-) <=> benzil + NADPH(4-) + H+.


positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.


response to chondroitin 4'-sulfate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chondroitin 4'-sulfate stimulus.


(+)-kotanin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (+)-kotanin.


aerobactin synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + N2-citryl-N6-acetyl-N6-hydroxy-L-lysine + N6-acetyl-N6-hydroxy-L-lysine = aerobactin + AMP + diphosphate + H+.


trypanothione biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of trypanothione (N1,N6,-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine) in two steps from glutathione and spermidine via an N1- or N8-glutathionylspermidine intermediate. Trypanothione appears to be an essential redox intermediate in intracellular thiol redox regulation. It also plays a role in protecting against oxidative stress.


beta-pinacene synthase activity

Catalysis of the cyclization of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) to yield the monocyclic diterpene beta-pinacene.


pyruvate dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-benzoyl-4-hydroxyanthranilate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) = N-benzoyl-4-methoxyanthranilate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


P-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the phosphorus atom of an acceptor molecule.


methylamine dehydrogenase (amicyanin) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2O + methylamine + 2 oxidized [amicyanin] = formaldehyde + 2 H+ + NH4+ + 2 reduced [amicyanin].


deoxyribose 5-phosphate phosphorylation

The process of introducing a phosphate group into deoxyribose 5-phosphate to produce deoxyribose bisphosphate.


positive regulation of interleukin-27-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of an interleukin-27-mediated signaling pathway.


funalenone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving funalenone.


4-hydroxycoumarin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 4-hydroxycoumarin.


L-arabinitol 2-dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-arabinitol + NAD+ = L-ribulose + H+ + NADH.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N,N'-diacetylbacillosamine + H2O <=> 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranose + UDP + H+.


regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.


Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate = 2-hydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4-diene-1,9-dioate.


negative regulation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte antigen processing and presentation.


proteolysis within lysosome associated with antigen processing and presentation

The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein by lysosomal resident proteases contributing to antigen processing and presentation.


protein-pyridoxal-5-phosphate linkage

The formation of a linkage between a protein amino acid and pyridoxal-5-phosphate.


termination of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

The signaling process in which G protein-coupled receptor signaling is brought to an end. For example, through the action of GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) that act to accelerate hydrolysis of GTP to GDP on G-alpha proteins, thereby terminating the transduced signal.


thymic stromal lymphopoietin production

The appearance of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


cellular response to interleukin-21

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-21 stimulus.


amino acid:potassium symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + K+(out) = amino acid(in) + K+(in).


negative regulation of endosperm development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endosperm development.


border follicle cell migration

The directed movement of a border cell through the nurse cells to reach the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


aerial mycelium formation

The process by which hyphae grow in an upward or outward direction from the surface of the substrate; from there, propagative spores develop in or on characteristic structures that are distinctive of some fungal and bacterial species. The species that form an aerial mycelium develop conidiophores at the ends of the aerial hyphae.


U11 snRNA binding

Binding to a U11 small nuclear RNA (U11 snRNA).


cystathionine beta-lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cystathionine + H2O = L-homocysteine + NH3 + pyruvate.


multicellular organismal movement

Any physiological process involved in changing the position of a multicellular organism or an anatomical part of a multicellular organism.


1,2,3-tribromopropane metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1,2,3-tribromopropane, a toxic and volatile organic compound commonly used as a nematocide in agriculture.


malonyl-CoA methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a malonyl-[acp] = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a malonyl-[acp] methyl ester.


mannuronate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannonate + NAD(P)+ = D-mannuronate + NAD(P)H + H+.


canonical inflammasome complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inflammasome complex.


peptidoglycan endopeptidase activity

An endopeptidase activity that uses peptidoglycan as a substrate.


regulation of late stripe melanocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of late stripe melanocyte differentiation.


guanosine binding

Binding to guanosine.


imaginal disc-derived wing morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the imaginal disc-derived wing are generated and organized. The wing is an appendage modified for flying.


mesonephric nephron tubule development

The progression of a mesonephric nephron tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A mesonephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephric nephron, the functional part of the mesonephros.


ABC-type D-methionine transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + D-methionine(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + D-methionine(in/out).


positive phototaxis

The directed movement of a cell or organism towards a source of light.


pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside binding

Binding to a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to deoxyribose.


dADP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate).


oxaloacetate tautomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: oxaloacetate = <stereo>enol</stereo>-oxaloacetate.


tetracyclic triterpenoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetracyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units and 4 carbon rings.


Catalysis of the reaction: homotaurine + 2-oxoglutarate(2-) <=> 3-sulfopropanal + L-glutamate(1-).


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a UDP-4-deoxy-4-formamido-beta-L-arabinopyranose.


cis-Golgi-derived vesicle fusion with Golgi medial cisterna membrane

The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a cis-Golgi-derived vesicle to the lipid bilayer membrane around the medial-Golgi cisterna. Vesicles are involved in anterograde transport.


regulation of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance. High-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.


iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-aspartato tetrairon tetrasulfide

The incorporation of iron into a 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-aspartato tetrairon tetrasulfide.


tumor necrosis factor production

The appearance of tumor necrosis factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Tumor necrosis factor is an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis.


pollen germination

The physiological and developmental changes that occur in a heterosporous plant pollen grain, beginning with hydration and terminating with the emergence of the pollen tube through the aperture.


mesectoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, mesectoderm development processes give rise to both mesoderm and ectoderm tissues.


heparin-sulfate lyase activity

Catalysis of the elimination of sulfate; appears to act on linkages between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and uronate. Product is an unsaturated sugar.


alginic acid acetylation

The addition of O-acetyl ester groups to alginic acid, a linear polymer of D-mannuronate and L-guluronate.


Catalysis of the reaction: cyclopropanecarboxylate + CoASH = cyclopropanecarboxyl-CoA + OH-.


ABC-type protein transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + protein(out) = ADP + phosphate + protein(in).


positive regulation of small molecule metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA(4-).


mannitol dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannitol + NAD+ = D-mannose + H+ + NADH.


acetylglutamate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + N-acetyl-L-glutamate = ADP + N-acetyl-L-glutamate-5-phosphate.


translation at synapse

Translation that occurs at the synapse.


rhamnogalacturonan II side chain metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the side chains of pectic rhamnogalacturonan II. A number of structurally distinct di- and oligosaccharides can be attached to the C-3 and C-2 of the backbone, respectively.


5-aminopentanamidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5-aminopentanamide + H2O = 5-aminopentanoate + NH3.


locus ceruleus morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the locus ceruleus is generated and organized. In mice, the locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic.


regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction.


Lewis a epitope biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a Lewis a epitope, a trisaccharide (Fuc-alpha-(1->4)[Gal-beta-(1->3)]GlcNAc) characteristic of plant protein N-linked oligosaccharides.


menthol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of menthol, the monoterpene 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol.


Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetate + L-proline + ATP(4-) <=> H+ + indole-3-acetyl-proline + AMP(2-) + diphosphoric acid.


regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.


disruption of host antimicrobial peptide activity

Any process in which a symbiont interferes with a host antimicrobial peptide, for example by cleavage or degredation.


Catalysis of the reaction: glycyrrhizate + H2O = 2-(beta-D-glucuronosyl)-D-glucuronate + glycyrrhetinate.


IgD binding

Binding to an immunoglobulin of a D isotype.


L-diaminopimelate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-diaminopimelate from one side of a membrane to the other. L-diaminopimelate is the L-enantiomer anion of 2,6-diaminoheptanedioic acid.


osmoregulated periplasmic glucan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving osmoregulated periplasmic glucan.


Golgi transport complex binding

Binding to a Golgi transport complex, a multisubunit tethering complex of the CATCHR family.


detection of high humidity stimulus involved in sensory perception

The series of events in which a high humidity stimulus is detected and converted into a molecular signal as a part of the sensory detection of high humidity.


L-threonine catabolic process to D-lactate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L- threonine (the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid) to form the compound methylglyoxal, which is subsequently converted to D-lactate.


carbapenem metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbapenem.


phytosteroid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytosteroids, steroids that differ from animal steroids in having substitutions at C24 and/or a double bond at C22. Phytosteroids are so named because they occur in higher plants; some, notably ergosterol, are also found in fungi.


positive regulation of cilium beat frequency involved in ciliary motility

Any process that activates or increases the frequency of cilium beating involved in ciliary motility.


regulation of eosinophil extravasation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil extravasation.


axial mesoderm structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the axial mesoderm. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure.


glyoxylate reductase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: glycolate + NAD+ = glyoxylate + NADH.


ureter part of ureteric bud development

The development of the portion of the ureteric bud that contributes to the morphogenesis of the ureter. The ureter ureteric bud is the initial structure that forms the ureter.


rhombomere 1 development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 1 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.


regulation of anatomical structure size

Any process that modulates the size of an anatomical structure.


positive regulation of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway involved in ureteric bud formation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway involved in ureteric bud formation.


detection of auxin stimulus

The series of events in which an auxin stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


positive regulation of R7 cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of R7 cell differentiation.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 2-methyl-6-geranylgeranyl-1,4-benzoquinol <=> S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 2,3-dimethyl-6-geranylgeranyl-1,4-benzoquinol + H+.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin.


gamma-delta T cell activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of a gamma-delta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


D-cysteine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-cysteine, (S)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, which occurs naturally in firefly luciferin.


Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde = (2S,4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate + H2O.


negative regulation of oligopeptide transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oligopeptide transport.


vesicle fusion with endoplasmic reticulum

The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle to the lipid bilayer membrane around the endoplasmic reticulum.


negative regulation of nervous system process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process.


negative regulation of transferase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + tomatidine = UDP + O-glucosyl-tomatidine.


negative regulation of platelet rolling

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of platelet rolling.


tracheal outgrowth, open tracheal system

The projection of branches of an open tracheal system towards their target tissues. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


acetanilide 1,2-dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetanilide + O2 + 2 H+ + NADH = catechol + NAD+ + acetamide.


1-acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-oleoylglycerone 3-phosphate + NADPH + H+ = 1-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate + NADP.


regulation of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina.


regulation of phospholipase C activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C activity.


negative regulation of glucosylceramidase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucosylceramidase activity.


SOS response

An error-prone process for repairing damaged microbial DNA.


anaerobic gallate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gallate, the anion of gallic acid, in the absence of oxygen.


levansucrase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: sucrose + 2,6-beta-D-fructosyl(n) = glucose + 2,6-beta-D-fructosyl(n+1).


11-deoxycorticosterone binding

Binding to 11-deoxycorticosterone.


3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + OH-acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = NADH + H+ + B-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier protein].


glycerol ether catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol.


canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in regulation of cell proliferation

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to modulating the rate or frequency of cell proliferation.


chorion-containing eggshell formation

The construction of a chorion-containing eggshell. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate = pyruvate + D-glutamate.


ethanolamine ammonia-lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ethanolamine = acetaldehyde + NH3.


alpha-glucuronidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-D-glucuronoside + H2O = an alcohol + D-glucuronate.


Y-shaped link assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a Y-shaped link. Two distinct protein complexes are known to be involved in proper linker assembly: the MKS complex and the NPHP complex. Improper assembly of Y-shaped links may cause malfunctioning of the transition zone as a molecular gate.


chloroplast photosystem II binding

Binding to a chloroplast photosystem II.


positive regulation of nitrogen cycle metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nitrogen cycle metabolic process.


response to etoposide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an etoposide stimulus.


2-deoxystreptamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2-deoxystreptamine.


detection of hypoxic conditions in blood by aortic body chemoreceptor signaling

The process in which information about a lack of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in the aortic bodies.


capsanthin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving capsanthin.


regulation of muscle filament sliding involved in regulation of the velocity of shortening in skeletal muscle contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle filament sliding, and consequently contributes to the regulation of the velocity of shortening of skeletal muscle contraction.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2 deisopropylatrazine + O2 = 2 acetaldehyde + 2 deisopropyldeethylatrazine.


cyclohexanone dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: A + cyclohexanone = AH(2) + cyclohex-2-enone.


Catalysis of the reaction: wogonin + UDP-alpha-D-glucose <=> wogonin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside + UDP + H+.


5-aminosalicylate dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5-aminosalicylate + O2 = cis-4-amino-6-carboxy-2-oxo-hexa-3,5-dienoate.


catechin binding

Binding to a catechin, a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite with a flavonoid or flavan-3-ol structure.


regulation of monoatomic anion transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anion transmembrane transport.


reduced coenzyme F420:NADP+ oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 = NADPH + H+ + coenzyme F420. 1,5-dihydrocoenzyme F420 is also known as reduced coenzyme F420.


sinapate ester metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ester derivatives of sinapate, (2E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate.


spermidine:sinapoyl CoA N-acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a sinapoyl group to a nitrogen atom on the spermidine molecule.


CUA codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CUA codon.


regulation of ubiquitin protein ligase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin protein ligase activity.


telophase

The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase during M phase of mitosis and meiosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts.


L-rhamnose mutarotase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-L-rhamnose = beta-L-rhamnose.


response to interleukin-21

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-21 stimulus.


cellular response to silver ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a silver ion stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: ent-7-alpha-hydroxykaurenoate + NADPH + H+ + O2 = gibberellin 12-aldehyde + NADP+ + 2 H2O. This is the second of three successive reactions resulting in the oxidation of ent-kaurenoate (ent-kaurenoic acid) to gibberellin 12 (GA12).


heparan sulfate sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + heparan sulfate = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + sulfated heparan sulfate.


2-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA.


lipoarabinomannan binding

Binding to lipoarabinomannan.


xanthosine nucleotidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: xanthosine + H2O = D-ribose + xanthine.


photosynthetic phosphorylation

Any metabolic process in which photosynthetic organisms use light energy to convert ADP to ATP without the concomitant reduction of dioxygen (O2) to water that occurs in phosphorylation.


psilocybin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of psilocybin, a psychotropic tryptamine-derived natural product.


regulation of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing (2->1) linked beta-D-fructofuranose residues in fructans.


microglial cell mediated cytotoxicity

The directed killing of a target cell by a microglial cell.


pyruvate dehydrogenase (quinone) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a ubiquinone + H2O + pyruvate = a ubiquinol + acetate + CO2.


positive regulation of zygospore formation

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of frequency, rate or extent of zygospore formation, a process in which a thick-walled spore of some algae and fungi is formed by union of two similar sexual cells, usually serves as a resting spore, and produces the sporophytic phase.


creatininase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: creatinine + H2O = creatine.


non-myelinated axon ensheathment

The process in which a non-myelinating glial cell membrane closes around an axon.


gibberellin A25 hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: gibberellin A25 + 2-oxoglutarate(2-) + O2 <=> gibberellin A46 + succinate(2-) + carbon dioxide.


ecdysone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ecdysone, (22R)-2-beta,3-beta,14,22,25-pentahydroxycholest-7-en-6-one, an ecdysteroid found in insects. It is the inactive prohormone of the moulting hormone ecdysterone and may have intrinsic hormonal activity at other stages of insect development.


CAM photosynthesis

The combination of atmospheric CO2 with a 3-carbon molecule phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) to make malic acid. The malic acid is then passed into the vacuole where it is stored until daylight, when it is shuttled back out to be used as a substrate in the light reaction of photosynthesis.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-diacylglycerol + UDP-D-glucose = 3-D-glucosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol + UDP.


haustorium mother cell formation

The process in which a symbiont cell is formed, separated from the tip of an infection hypha by a septum. The haustorium mother cell usually contains 2-4 fungal nuclei, and its function is to attach and penetrate the host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


ATPase-coupled antimonite transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + antimonite(in) = ADP + phosphate + antimonite(out).


suppression by virus of host natural killer cell activation

Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation in the host.


clathrin-mediated membrane bending

A membrane bending process mediated by clathrin.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-(1-ethyl-1,4-dimethyl-pentyl)phenol + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = hydroquinone + 3,6-dimethylheptan-3-ol.


hydroxymethylfurfural reductase (NADH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxymethylfurfural + NADH + H+ = 2,5-bis-hydroxymethylfuran + NAD+.


regulation of defecation rhythm

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defecation rhythm.


excretion

The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds.


non-phosphorylated glucose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving non-phosphorylated forms of glucose.


nitrobenzene nitroreductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: nitrobenzene + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ = hydroxyaminobenzene + 2 NADP+ + H2O.


inositol 3-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + myo-inositol = ADP + 1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate.


thienylcyclohexylpiperidine binding

Binding to thienylcyclohexylpiperidine.


negative regulation of distal tip cell migration

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of distal tip cell migration.


24-epi-campsterol desaturase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 24-epi-campesterol + NADPH + H+ + O2 <=> brassicasterol + NADP + 2 H2O.


Catalysis of the reaction: 17(E)-cheilanthenediol <=> all-trans-geranylfarnesol + H2O.


beta-carotene isomerase activity

Catalyzes the reaction: all-trans-beta-carotene = 9-cis-beta-carotene.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde + H2O = formate + 2-oxopent-4-enoate.


penetration peg formation

The assembly by the symbiont of a peg-like structure for the purpose of penetration into its host organism, which penetrates through the host cuticle and epidermal cell wall. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


trypanothione-disulfide reductase (NADP) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + trypanothione = NADPH + H+ + trypanothione disulfide.


positive regulation of response to type II interferon

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a response to type II interferon (interferon-gamma). Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.


maternal determination of dorsal/ventral axis, ovarian follicular epithelium, soma encoded

Polarization of the ovarian follicle cells along the dorsal-ventral axis by a gene product encoded by somatic cells. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


phosphotransferase activity, carboxyl group as acceptor

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to a carboxyl group (acceptor).


protoxylem development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the protoxylem over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The protoxylem comprises the first formed elements of the primary xylem.


gamma-linolenate elongase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: malonyl-CoA + gamma-linolenoyl-CoA + H+ = (8Z,11Z,14Z)-3-oxoicosa-8,11,14-trienoyl-CoA + coenzyme A + carbon dioxide.


negative regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process.


(+)-kotanin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of (+)-kotanin.


alcohol O-cinnamoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + 1-O-trans-cinnamoyl-beta-D-glucopyranose = beta-D-glucose + alkyl cinnamate.


stem cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a stem cell.


interleukin-1 production

The appearance of interleukin-1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


wall teichoic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of wall teichoic acid, which is a major component of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria and typically consists of a polymer of glycerol-phosphate or ribitol-phosphate to which are attached glycosyl and D-alanyl ester residues and which is covalently linked to peptidoglycan.


trisporic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of trisporic acid.


abscisic aldehyde oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-abscisic aldehyde + H2O + O2 = abscisate + H2O2 + H+.


kaempferol 3-sophoroside 7-O-rhamnosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucoside + UDP-L-rhamnose <=> kaempferol 3-O-rhamnosyl(1->2)glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside + UDP.


labrum development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the labrum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


GA5 2,3 epoxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: gibberellin A5 + O2 + 2-oxoglutarate <=> gibberellin A6 + succinate + carbon dioxide.


cranial nerve formation

The process that gives rise to the cranial nerves. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.


sepiapterin deaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: sepiapterin + H2O = xanthopterin-B2 + NH3.


2-methylisocitrate dehydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (2S,3R)-3-hydroxybutane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate = cis-2-methylaconitate + H2O.


pigment biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.


positive regulation of wax biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of wax biosynthetic process.


Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + aminoglycoside = CoA + 3-N-acetylaminoglycoside. This is acetylation of the 3-amino group of the central deoxystreptamine ring.


detection of brassinosteroid stimulus

The series of events in which a brassinosteroid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


positive regulation of neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed killing of a target cell by a neutrophil.


dimethylsilanediol hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dimethylsilanediol + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = H2O + hydroxymethylmethylsilanediol.


C-terminal protein demethylation

The removal of a methyl group from the C-terminal amino acid of a protein.


homoglutathione synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: beta-alanine + L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteine + ATP = gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-beta-alanine + ADP + 2 H+ + phosphate.


mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue is typically found as nodules associated with mucosal epithelia with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.


thalianol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the triterpene thalianol.


exonucleolytic trimming to generate mature 5'-end of 5.8S rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)

Exonucleolytic digestion of a pre-rRNA molecule to generate the mature 5'-end of a 5.8S rRNA molecule derived from an originally tricistronic pre-rRNA transcript that contained the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.


catalytic activity, acting on a glycoprotein

Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures in which one of the substrates is a glycoprotein.


L-glycol dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an L-glycol + NAD(P)+ = a 2-hydroxycarbonyl compound + NAD(P)H + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: indol-3-ylmethylamine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + N-methyl-3-aminomethylindole + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


snRNA localization to Cajal body

The directed movement of snRNA, small nuclear ribonucleic acid, to a Cajal body.


L-arabinose catabolic process to xylulose 5-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-arabinose into other compounds, including xylulose 5-phosphate.


mitochondrial tRNA wobble position uridine thiolation

The process in which a uridine residue at position 34 in the anticodon of a mitochondrial tRNA is post-transcriptionally thiolated at the C2 position. This process involves transfer of a sulfur from cysteine to position C2 by several steps.


jasmonyl-Ile conjugate hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: jasmonyl-Ile + H2O = jasmonic acid + L-isoleucine.


coniferin beta-glucosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + coniferin = D-glucose + coniferol.


L-tryptophan,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (N-hydroxylating, decarboxylating)

Catalyzes the multi-step reaction: L-Tryptophan + 2 Oxygen + 2 NADPH + 2 H+ = Indole-3-acetaldehyde oxime + 3 H2O + 2 NADP+ + CO2. The individual reactions are: (1a) L-tryptophan + O2 + NADPH + H+ = N-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + NADP+ + H2O,(1b) N-hydroxy-L-tryptophan + O2 + NADPH + H+ = N,N-dihydroxy-L-tryptophan + NADP+ + H2O, and (1c) N,N-dihydroxy-L-tryptophan = (E)-indol-3-ylacetaldoxime + CO2 + H2O.


dorsal closure, amnioserosa morphology change

The changes that occur during dorsal closure of the shape and structure of the amnioserosa, an epithelium that occupies the dorsal side of the embryo.


viral latency

The process by which, after initial infection, a virus lies dormant within a cell and viral production ceases. The process ends when the virus switches from latency and starts to replicate.


fucose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fucose (6-deoxygalactose).


negative regulation of anther dehiscence

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anther dehiscence.


pollen tube guidance

The process in which the growth of pollen tube is directed towards the female gametophyte.


perturbation of host T-cell mediated immune response

A process in which an organism effects a change that affects the T-cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


rRNA (cytosine) methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methylcytosine.


collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle attachment to epithelium

Attaching of a collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle to the epithelium underlying it. An example of this process is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.


medial fin morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the medial fin are generated and organized. A medial fin is an unpaired fin of fish, usually located dorsomedially or ventromedially and primarily used for stability while swimming.


positive regulation of nervous system process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process.


vitelline membrane formation involved in chorion-containing eggshell formation

Construction of the vitelline membrane portion of a chorion-containing eggshell. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


lutein oxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: lutein + 2 O2 = 3-hydroxy-beta-ionone + 3-hydroxy-alpha-ionone + 4,9-dimethyldodeca-2,4,6,8,10-pentaenedial.


Gram-negative-bacterium-type cell outer membrane assembly

The assembly of an outer membrane of the type formed in Gram-negative bacteria. This membrane is enriched in polysaccharide and protein, and the outer leaflet of the membrane contains specific lipopolysaccharide structures.


phenolic phthiocerol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phenolic phthiocerol, a phthiocerol derivative having a 4-hydroxyphenyl substituent at the 29-position.


invagination involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second

The infolding of the epithelial sheet into the embryo involved in deuterostomic gastrulation.


establishment of secretory granule localization

The directed movement of a secretory granule to a specific location.


symbiont-mediated suppression of host cAMP-mediated signal transduction

A process in which a virus interferes with, inhibits or disrupts a cAMP-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


regulation of iridophore differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of iridophore differentiation.


spermine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of spermine from one side of a membrane to the other. Spermine is a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses, which is involved in nucleic acid packaging. Synthesis is regulated by ornithine decarboxylase which plays a key role in control of DNA replication.


positive regulation of Roundabout signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Roundabout signaling pathway.


CGU codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CGU codon.


L-isoleucine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-isoleucine.


hydroxy-nicotine oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 6-hydroxynicotine + H2O + O2 = 1-(6-hydroxypyrid-3-yl)-4-(methylamino)butan-1-one + hydrogen peroxide.


MHC class I protein complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.


negative regulation of pro-T cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pro-T cell differentiation.


epithelial cell fate determination, open tracheal system

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an epithelial cell within an open tracheal system regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. Tracheal cells are set aside as 10 clusters of approximately 80 cells on each side of the embryo (termed tracheal placodes). An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


regulation of cyanophore differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyanophore differentiation.


Catalysis of the reaction: naphthyl-2-methyl-succinyl-CoA = naphthyl-2-methylene-succinyl-CoA + 2 H+ + 2 e-.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, oxygen as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.


negative regulation of egg-laying behavior

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oviposition.


ATPase-coupled phosphate ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + phosphate(out) = ADP + phosphate + phosphate(in).


creatinine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of creatinine, 2-amino-1,5-dihydro-1-methyl-4H-imidazol-4-one, an end product of creatine metabolism and a normal constituent of urine.


replacement bone morphogenesis

The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of another structural tissue into bone.


S phase

The cell cycle phase, following G1, during which DNA synthesis takes place.


tocopherol omega-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: tocopherol + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 13'-hydroxy-tocopherol + NADP+ + H2O .


anterior cibarial plate development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the anterior cibarial plate over time, from their formation to the mature structure.


post-embryonic hindgut morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindgut are generated and organized, during the post-embryonic phase.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, a derivative of benzene with chlorine atoms attached to positions 1, 2 and 4 of the ring. It is a colorless liquid used as a solvent in chemical manufacturing, in dyes and intermediates, dielectric fluid, synthetic transformer oils, lubricants, heat-transfer medium and insecticides.


negative regulation of chromosome separation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome separation.


peptidyl-threonine palmitoylation

The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to an oxygen (O) atom in a threonine residue to form peptidyl-O-palmitoyl-L-threonine.


cell wall (1->3)-beta-D-glucan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds, found in the walls of cells.


negative regulation of response to salt stress

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to salt stress.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-R + UDP-D-galactose = D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-R + H+ + UDP.


nucleotide-sulfate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of nucleotide-sulfate from one side of a membrane to the other.


kaempferol 3-gentiobioside 7-O-rhamnosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: kaempferol-3-gentiobioside + UDP-L-rhamnose = H+ + kaempferol-3-O-gentiobioside-7-O-rhamnoside + UDP.


regulation of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ureter smooth muscle cell differentiation.


response to vasopressin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vasopressin stimulus.


detoxification of free heme

Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of free heme. These include transport of heme away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of heme.


spermine oxidase (propane-1,3-diamine-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + O2 + spermine = 1,3-diaminopropane + H2O2 + N-(3-aminopropyl)-4-aminobutanal.


fimbrial usher porin activity

A porin that acts in the assembly of fimbria together with fimbrial chaperone.


isopenicillin-N synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-[(5S)-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + O2 = 2 H2O + isopenicillin N.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-gulono-1,4-lactone + 2 ferricytochrome c = L-ascorbate + 2 ferrocytochrome c.


hindbrain maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the hindbrain to attain its fully functional state. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.