homeostatic process

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state.


cholesterol homeostasis

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Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cholesterol within an organism or cell.


positive regulation of viral genome replication

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.


pancreas morphogenesis

Morphogenesis of the pancreas. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized.


acinar cell differentiation

The epithelial cell differentiation process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an acinar cell, a secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape-shaped clusters known as acini.


calcineurin-mediated signaling

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell by activation of a transcription factor as a consequence of dephosphorylation by Ca(2+)-activated calcineurin. The process begins with calcium-dependent activation of the phosphatase calcineurin. Calcineurin is a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase with a conserved function in eukaryotic species from yeast to humans. In yeast and fungi, calcineurin regulates stress signaling and cell cycle, and sporulation and virulence in pathogenic fungi. In metazoans, calcineurin is involved in cell commitment, organogenesis and organ development and immune function of T-lymphocytes. By a conserved mechanism, calcineurin phosphatase activates fungal Crz1 and mammalian NFATc by dephosphorylation and translocation of these transcription factors to the nucleus to regulate gene expression.


NDUA4_HUMAN Cytochrome c oxidase subunit NDUFA4 (sprot)

A cytochrome c oxidase subunit NDUFA4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mitochondrial electron transport, cytochrome c to oxygen

The transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex IV.


cellular respiration

The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration).


positive regulation of cytochrome-c oxidase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytochrome-c oxidase activity.


mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV

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A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2).


PSDE_HUMAN 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 14 (sprot)

A 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


metallopeptidase activity

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Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.


endopeptidase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of an endopeptidase.


proteasome binding

Binding to a proteasome, a large multisubunit protein complex that catalyzes protein degradation.


double-strand break repair via homologous recombination

The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule.


double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining

The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends. This term covers instances of separate pathways, called classical (or canonical) and alternative nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ and A-NHEJ). These in turn may further branch into sub-pathways, but evidence is still unclear.


response to ethanol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.


regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome.


proteasome regulatory particle, lid subcomplex

The subcomplex of the proteasome regulatory particle that forms the peripheral lid, which is added on top of the base subcomplex.


cytosolic proteasome complex

A proteasome complex found in the cytosol of a cell.


ZN593_HUMAN Zinc finger protein 593 (sprot)

A zinc finger protein 593 that is encoded in the genome of human.


preribosome binding

Binding to a preribosome.


negative regulation of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.


BIN1_HUMAN Myc box-dependent-interacting protein 1 (sprot)

A Myc box-dependent-interacting protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


aspartic-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of aspartic-type endopeptidases.


tau protein binding

Binding to tau protein. tau is a microtubule-associated protein, implicated in Alzheimer's disease, Down Syndrome and ALS.


GTPase binding

Binding to a GTPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP.


protein-folding chaperone binding

Binding to a chaperone protein, a class of proteins that bind to nascent or unfolded polypeptides and ensure correct folding or transport.


RNA polymerase binding

Binding to an RNA polymerase molecule or complex.


nucleus organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.


regulation of cell cycle process

Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.


T-tubule organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the T-tubule. A T-tubule is an invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril.


regulation of neuron differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.


positive regulation of astrocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation.


nucleus localization

Any process in which the nucleus is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


lipid tube assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a macromolecular complex that contains a tube of lipid surrounded by a protein coat involved in membrane shaping of vesicle membranes as they fuse or undergo fission.


regulation of heart rate by cardiac conduction

A cardiac conduction process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction.


negative regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.


negative regulation of amyloid-beta formation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta formation.


negative regulation of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.


negative regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential.


negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel.


node of Ranvier

An axon part that is a gap in the myelin where voltage-gated sodium channels cluster and saltatory conduction is executed.


varicosity

Non-terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters.


cerebellar mossy fiber

An axon arising from cerebellar projecting cells in the cochlea, vestibular nuclei, spinal cord, reticular formation, cerebellar nuclei and basilar pontine nuclei. Mossy fibers enter through all three cerebellar peduncles and send collaterals to the deep cerebellar nuclei, then branch in the white matter and terminate in the granule cell layer. Through this branching, a given mossy fiber can innervate several folia. Mossy fibers synapse on granule cells. The synaptic contacts are made at enlargements along the length of the mossy fiber called mossy fiber rosettes. The enlargements of the rosettes give the axons a mossy-looking appearance in Golgi stained preparations.


RNA polymerase II transcription repressor complex

A protein complex, located in the nucleus, that possesses activity that prevents or downregulates transcription from a RNA polymerase II promoter.


extrinsic component of synaptic vesicle membrane

The component of the synaptic vesicle membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


lipid tube

A macromolecular complex that contains a tube of lipid surrounded by a protein coat.


CLD5_HUMAN Claudin-5 (sprot)

A claudin-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cortical actin cytoskeleton

The portion of the actin cytoskeleton, comprising filamentous actin and associated proteins, that lies just beneath the plasma membrane.


outflow tract morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract are generated and organized. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries.


cell-cell junction assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells.


transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell-adhesion molecules

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction.


positive regulation of protein binding

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.


maintenance of blood-brain barrier

Maintaining the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier, thus ensuring specific regulated transport of substances (e.g. macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into the brain, and out of the brain into the blood circulation.


myelination

The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.


roof of mouth development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the roof of the mouth from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The roof of the mouth is the partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities.


face morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the face are generated and organized. The face is the ventral division of the head.


tight junction assembly

A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a tight junction. A tight junction seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other.


positive regulation of establishment of endothelial barrier

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of endothelial barrier.


positive regulation of bicellular tight junction assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction assembly.


establishment of blood-retinal barrier

Establishment of the barrier between the blood and the retina. The blood-retinal barrier is located at two levels, forming an outer barrier in the retinal pigment epithelium and an inner barrier in the endothelial membrane of the retinal vessels. Both these membranes have tight junctions of the 'nonleaky' type.


cell-cell junction

A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells of an organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic intercellular bridges, such as ring canals in insects.


paranode region of axon

An axon part that is located adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier and surrounded by lateral loop portions of myelin sheath.


Schmidt-Lanterman incisure

Regions within compact myelin in which the cytoplasmic faces of the enveloping myelin sheath are not tightly juxtaposed, and include cytoplasm from the cell responsible for making the myelin. Schmidt-Lanterman incisures occur in the compact myelin internode, while lateral loops are analogous structures found in the paranodal region adjacent to the nodes of Ranvier.


IMA4_HUMAN Importin subunit alpha-4 (sprot)

An importin subunit alpha-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


viral penetration into host nucleus

The crossing by the virus of the host nuclear membrane, either as naked viral genome or for small viruses as an intact capsid.


host cell

A cell within a host organism. Includes the host plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the host cell wall and cell envelope.


STK25_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase 25 (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase 25 that is encoded in the genome of human.


establishment or maintenance of cell polarity

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.


cellular response to oxidative stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).


positive regulation of axonogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis.


Golgi localization

Any process in which the Golgi is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


establishment of Golgi localization

The directed movement of the Golgi to a specific location.


Golgi reassembly

The reformation of the Golgi following its breakdown and partitioning contributing to Golgi inheritance.


USP9Y_HUMAN Probable ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase FAF-Y (sprot)

A probable ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase FAF-Y that is encoded in the genome of human.


co-SMAD binding

Binding to a common mediator SMAD signaling protein.


BCL9_HUMAN B-cell CLL/lymphoma 9 protein (sprot)

A B-cell CLL/lymphoma 9 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of activity of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway.


myotube differentiation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. This process occurs as part of the process of skeletal muscle regeneration. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.


somatic stem cell population maintenance

Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.


skeletal muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle cell, a somatic cell located in skeletal muscle.


myoblast differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into striated muscle fibers.


beta-catenin-TCF complex

A protein complex that contains beta-catenin and a member of the T-cell factor (TCF)/lymphoid enhancer binding factor (LEF) family of transcription factors.


LAD1_HUMAN Ladinin-1 (sprot)

A ladinin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FAAH1_HUMAN Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 1 (sprot)

A fatty-acid amide hydrolase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


fatty acid amide hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a fatty acid amide to yield a fatty acid.


acylglycerol lipase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + acylglycerol = a fatty acid + glycerol.


arachidonic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer.


monoacylglycerol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monoacylglycerol, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid, the other being non-esterified.


KRIT1_HUMAN Krev interaction trapped protein 1 (sprot)

A Krev interaction trapped protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


angiogenesis

Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.


negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.


endothelium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.


negative regulation of endothelial cell migration

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.


integrin activation

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits, that lead to the increased affinity of the integrin for its extracellular ligands.


cell redox homeostasis

Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell.


regulation of angiogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.


negative regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.


UPK2_HUMAN Uroplakin-2 (sprot)

A uroplakin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NCHL1_HUMAN Neural cell adhesion molecule L1-like protein (sprot)

A neural cell adhesion molecule L1-like protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


adult locomotory behavior

Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.


apical part of cell

The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue.


VMA5A_HUMAN von Willebrand factor A domain-containing protein 5A (sprot)

A loss of heterozygosity 11 chromosomal region 2 gene A protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


PESC_HUMAN Pescadillo homolog (sprot)

A pescadillo that is encoded in the genome of human.


rRNA processing

Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules.


cell population proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


ribonucleoprotein complex binding

Binding to a complex of RNA and protein.


maturation of LSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)

Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.


maturation of 5.8S rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)

Any process involved in the maturation of an rRNA molecule originally produced as part of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.


ribosomal large subunit biogenesis

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a large ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.


preribosome, large subunit precursor

A preribosomal complex consisting of 27SA, 27SB, and/or 7S pre-rRNA, 5S rRNA, ribosomal proteins including late-associating large subunit proteins, and associated proteins; a precursor of the eukaryotic cytoplasmic large ribosomal subunit.


PeBoW complex

A protein complex that is involved in coordinating ribosome biogenesis with cell cycle progression. In human, it is composed of Pes1, Bop1, and WDR12; in Saccharomyces the proteins are known as Nop7p, Erb1 and Ytm1 respectively.


DLL1_HUMAN Delta-like protein 1 (sprot)

A delta-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Notch binding

Binding to a Notch (N) protein, a surface receptor.


Tat protein binding

Binding to Tat, a viral transactivating regulatory protein from the human immunodeficiency virus, or the equivalent protein from another virus.


scaffold protein binding

Binding to a scaffold protein. Scaffold proteins are crucial regulators of many key signaling pathways. Although not strictly defined in function, they are known to interact and/or bind with multiple members of a signaling pathway, tethering them into complexes.


somite specification

The process in which individual somites establish identity during embryogenesis.


inhibition of neuroepithelial cell differentiation

Any process that prevents the activation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation. Neuroepithelial cell differentiation is the process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.


marginal zone B cell differentiation

The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a marginal zone B cell. Marginal zone B cells are localized in a distinct anatomical region of the spleen that represents the major antigen-filtering and scavenging area (by specialized macrophages resident there). It appears that they are preselected to express a BCR repertoire similar to B-1 B cells, biased toward bacterial cell wall constituents and senescent self-components (such as oxidized LDL).


type B pancreatic cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a type B pancreatic cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.


compartment pattern specification

The regionalization process in which embryonic segments are divided into compartments that will result in differences in cell differentiation.


proximal/distal pattern formation

The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end).


regulation of somitogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somitogenesis.


spinal cord development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spinal cord primarily conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses between the brain and the peripheral nervous tissues.


cerebellar molecular layer formation

The process that gives rise to the cerebellar molecular layer. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the parallel fibers of the granule cells, interneurons such as stellate and basket cells, and the dendrites of the underlying Purkinje cells.


cerebellar Purkinje cell layer structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.


hemopoiesis

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates.


myeloid cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages.


regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.


negative regulation of interleukin-10 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production.


negative regulation of glial cell apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process.


regulation of growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development.


negative regulation of epidermal cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.


negative regulation of inner ear auditory receptor cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of auditory hair cell differentiation.


negative regulation of hemocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemocyte differentiation.


negative regulation of myoblast differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


positive regulation of Notch signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.


lateral inhibition

Signaling between cells of equivalent developmental potential that results in these cells adopting different developmental fates. An example is the suppression by cells with a particular fate of the adoption of the same fate by surrounding cells.


regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth.


positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle growth.


neuron fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


retina morphogenesis in camera-type eye

The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized.


neuroepithelial cell differentiation

The process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.


Notch signaling pathway involved in arterial endothelial cell fate commitment

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell and contributing to the commitment of a cell to an arterial endothelial cell fate.


left/right axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the left/right axis. The left/right axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes. Each side is defined from the viewpoint of the organism rather of the observer (as per anatomical axes).


nephron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.


proximal tubule development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the proximal tubule is a nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle. It has a brush border epithelial morphology.


loop of Henle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the loop of Henle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The loop of Henle is a nephron tubule that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule.


clathrin-dependent endocytosis

An endocytosis process that begins when material is taken up into clathrin-coated pits, which then pinch off to form clathrin-coated endocytic vesicles.


energy homeostasis

Any process involved in the balance between food intake (energy input) and energy expenditure.


endothelial tip cell fate specification

The process involved in the specification of identity of an endothelial tip cell. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment. An endothelial tip cell is a specialized endothelial cell localized to the leading edge of an angiogenic sprout that senses extracellular signals and guides the directed growth of blood vessels.


neuronal stem cell population maintenance

Any process in by an organism or tissue maintains a population of neuronal stem cells.


regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.


positive regulation of sprouting angiogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting angiogenesis.


negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.


CAC1A_HUMAN Voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A (sprot)

A voltage-dependent P/Q-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1A that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.


modulation of chemical synaptic transmission

Any process that modulates the frequency or amplitude of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. Amplitude, in this case, refers to the change in postsynaptic membrane potential due to a single instance of synaptic transmission.


response to amyloid-beta

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a amyloid-beta stimulus.


RCAS1_HUMAN Receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells (sprot)

A receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells that is encoded in the genome of human.


peptidase activator activity involved in apoptotic process

Binds to and increases the activity of a peptidase that is involved in the apoptotic process.


T cell mediated cytotoxicity

The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.


adaptive immune memory response involving T cells and B cells

An immune response mediated by reactivated memory T cells and B cells and directed against a previously encountered antigen, being quicker and quantitatively better compared with the primary response.


SDCB1_HUMAN Syntenin-1 (sprot)

A syntenin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


frizzled binding

Binding to a frizzled (fz) receptor.


interleukin-5 receptor binding

Binding to an interleukin-5 receptor.


cytoskeletal anchor activity

The binding activity of a protein that brings together a cytoskeletal protein (either a microtubule or actin filament, spindle pole body, or protein directly bound to them) and one or more other molecules, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.


growth factor binding

Binding to a growth factor, proteins or polypeptides that stimulate a cell or organism to grow or proliferate.


neurexin family protein binding

Binding to a neurexin, a synaptic cell surface protein related to latrotoxin receptor, laminin and agrin. Neurexins act as cell recognition molecules at nerve terminals.


syndecan binding

Binding to syndecan, an integral membrane proteoglycan (250-300 kDa) associated largely with epithelial cells.


ephrin receptor binding

Binding to an ephrin receptor.


cell adhesion molecule binding

Binding to a cell adhesion molecule.


protein sequestering activity

Binding to a protein to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.


negative regulation of receptor internalization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.


positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.


positive regulation of cell growth

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.


positive regulation of phosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.


presynapse assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a presynapse.


positive regulation of exosomal secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.


positive regulation of extracellular exosome assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly.


azurophil granule lumen

The volume enclosed by the membrane of an azurophil granule, a primary lysosomal granule found in neutrophil granulocytes that contains a wide range of hydrolytic enzymes and is released into the extracellular fluid.


extracellular vesicle

Any vesicle that is part of the extracellular region.


interleukin-5 receptor complex

A protein complex that binds interleukin-3; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha chain is specific to the interleukin-5 receptor, whereas the beta chain is shared with the receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3.


PITM1_HUMAN Membrane-associated phosphatidylinositol transfer protein 1 (sprot)

A membrane-associated phosphatidylinositol transfer protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


phosphatidylinositol transfer activity

Removes phosphatidylinositol from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.


phosphatidic acid binding

Binding to phosphatidic acid, any of a class of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids.


phototransduction

The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal.


phospholipid transport

The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Phospholipids are any lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


MPP10_HUMAN U3 small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein protein MPP10 (sprot)

A U3 small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein protein MPP10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions

Splicing of RNA via a series of two transesterification reactions.


maturation of SSU-rRNA

Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule.


ribosomal small subunit biogenesis

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a small ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.


Mpp10 complex

A protein complex that forms a subcomplex of the 90S preribosome. In S. cerevisiae, it is composed of Mpp10p, Imp3p and Imp4p.


A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains an RNA molecule of the snoRNA family and associated proteins. Many are involved in a step of processing of rRNA molecules: cleavage, 2'-O-methylation, or pseudouridylation, but other RNA types can be targets as well. The majority fall into one of two classes, box C/D type or box H/ACA type, which are conserved across eukaryotes and archaea. Other members include the telomerase RNA and the ribonuclease MRP RNA.


small-subunit processome

A large ribonucleoprotein complex that is an early preribosomal complex. In S. cerevisiae, it has a size of 80S and consists of the 35S pre-rRNA, early-associating ribosomal proteins most of which are part of the small ribosomal subunit, the U3 snoRNA and associated proteins.


NOP56_HUMAN Nucleolar protein 56 (sprot)

A nucleolar protein 56 that is encoded in the genome of human.


snoRNA binding

Binding to a small nucleolar RNA.


histone methyltransferase binding

Binding to a histone methyltransferase enzyme.


box C/D RNP complex

A ribonucleoprotein complex containing a box C/D type RNA that can carry out ribose-2'-O-methylation of target RNAs. Box C/D type RNAs are widespread in eukaryotes and in Archaea, suggesting that an RNA-based guide mechanism for directing specific RNA 2'-O-ribose methylations was present in the common ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya.


pre-snoRNP complex

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains a precursor small nucleolar RNA (pre-snoRNA) and associated proteins, and forms during small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex (snoRNP) assembly. Pre-snoRNP complexes may contain proteins not found in the corresponding mature snoRNP complexes.


SOX1_HUMAN Transcription factor SOX-1 (sprot)

A transcription factor SOX-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


forebrain neuron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron that resides in the forebrain, from its initial commitment to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation.


DDX3X_HUMAN ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX3X (sprot)

An ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX3X that is encoded in the genome of human.


DNA helicase activity

Unwinding of a DNA helix, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


poly(A) binding

Binding to a sequence of adenylyl residues in an RNA molecule, such as the poly(A) tail, a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of eukaryotic mRNA.


eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding

Binding to eukaryotic initiation factor 4E, a polypeptide factor involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.


ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a ribonucleoside triphosphate + H2O = a ribonucleoside diphosphate + H+ + phosphate.


RNA strand annealing activity

An activity that facilitates the formation of a complementary double-stranded RNA molecule.


RNA stem-loop binding

Binding to a stem-loop in an RNA molecule. An RNA stem-loop is a secondary RNA structure consisting of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) stem and a terminal loop.


gamma-tubulin binding

Binding to the microtubule constituent protein gamma-tubulin.


ribosomal small subunit binding

Binding to a small ribosomal subunit.


CTPase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + H2O = CDP + H+ + phosphate. May or may not be coupled to another reaction.


RNA secondary structure unwinding

The process in which a secondary structure of RNA are broken or 'melted'.


negative regulation of cell growth

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.


negative regulation of protein-containing complex assembly

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.


positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues.


positive regulation of type I interferon production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


stress granule assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a stress granule.


positive regulation of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway.


positive regulation of toll-like receptor 8 signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 8 signaling pathway.


positive regulation of translation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

Any process that activates, or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress.


cytosolic ribosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the large and small ribosomal subunits into a functional cytosolic ribosome. Distinct stages of this process take place first in the nucleolus, then in the nucleus and finally in the cytosol.


negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in the apoptotic process.


positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.


positive regulation of translational initiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.


lipid homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of lipid within an organism or cell.


cellular response to arsenic-containing substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides.


cellular response to osmotic stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.


positive regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5.


intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of an intracellular signal (e.g. DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress etc.), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. The intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway is crucially regulated by permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOMP).


negative regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of non-canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade.


negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.


positive regulation of protein K63-linked ubiquitination

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein K63-linked ubiquitination.


protein localization to cytoplasmic stress granule

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cytoplasmic stress granule.


negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


NLRP3 inflammasome complex

An inflammasome complex that consists of three components, NLRP3 (NALP3), PYCARD and caspase-1. It is activated upon exposure to whole pathogens, as well as a number of structurally diverse pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs) and environmental irritants. Whole pathogens demonstrated to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome complex include the fungi Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, bacteria that produce pore-forming toxins, including Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, and viruses such as Sendai virus, adenovirus, and influenza virus.


CXCR6_HUMAN C-X-C chemokine receptor type 6 (sprot)

A C-X-C chemokine receptor type 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


C-X-C chemokine receptor activity

Combining with a C-X-C chemokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. A C-X-C chemokine has a single amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four cysteine motif.


viral genome replication

Any process involved directly in viral genome replication, including viral nucleotide metabolism.


RNT2_HUMAN Ribonuclease T2 (sprot)

A ribonuclease T2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNA nuclease activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in chains of RNA.


ribonuclease T2 activity

Catalysis of the two-stage endonucleolytic cleavage to nucleoside 3'-phosphates and 3'-phosphooligonucleotides with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates.


RNA catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.


CCL21_HUMAN C-C motif chemokine 21 (sprot)

A C-C motif chemokine 21 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of T cell migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.


CCR7 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CCR7 chemokine receptor.


establishment of T cell polarity

The directed orientation of T cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with antigen presenting cell.


immunological synapse formation

The formation of an area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and target cell, which facilitates activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction.


positive regulation of cell-matrix adhesion

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to an extracellular matrix.


dendritic cell chemotaxis

The movement of a dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.


positive regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.


positive regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.


positive regulation of T cell chemotaxis

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of T cell chemotaxis. T cell chemotaxis is the directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus.


T cell costimulation

The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the T cell receptor to augment T cell activation.


ruffle organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a ruffle, a projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell.


positive regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin.


response to prostaglandin E

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin E stimulus.


mesangial cell-matrix adhesion

The binding of a mesangial cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules. A mesangial cell is a cell that encapsulates the capillaries and venules in the kidney.


chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the C-C chemokine CCL21 to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


cell maturation

The cellular developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a specific cell to attain its fully functional state.


positive regulation of chemotaxis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.


release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol

The process in which calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus or mitochondria are released into the cytosolic compartment.


cell chemotaxis

The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).


dendritic cell dendrite assembly

Formation of dendrites, branched cellular projections (or cytoplasmic extension) that are extended from the surface of a dendritic immune cell, and which enable the cell to sample luminal pathogens and increase the surface area for antigen presentation to T cells.


negative regulation of leukocyte tethering or rolling

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte tethering or rolling.


cellular response to chemokine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemokine stimulus.


positive regulation of cell motility

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.


positive regulation of myeloid dendritic cell chemotaxis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid dendritic cell chemotaxis.


negative regulation of dendritic cell dendrite assembly

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell dendrite assembly.


negative regulation of dendritic cell apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process.


MFNG_HUMAN Beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase manic fringe (sprot)

A beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase manic fringe that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the transfer of a beta-D-GlcNAc residue from UDP-D-GlcNAc to the fucose residue of a fucosylated protein acceptor.


blastocyst formation

The initial formation of a blastocyst from a solid ball of cells known as a morula.


ACKR2_HUMAN Atypical chemokine receptor 2 (sprot)

An atypical chemokine receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


actin filament

A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane.


GBRP_HUMAN Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi (sprot)

A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi that is encoded in the genome of human.


PODXL_HUMAN Podocalyxin (sprot)

A podocalyxin-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of cell adhesion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.


negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.


regulation of microvillus assembly

A process that modulates the formation of a microvillus.


positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin.


podocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular visceral epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells.


epithelial tube formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an epithelial tube.


slit diaphragm

A specialized cell-cell junction found between the interdigitating foot processes of the glomerular epithelium (the podocytes) in the vertebrate kidney, which is adapted for facilitating glomerular filtration.


FCN1_HUMAN Ficolin-1 (sprot)

A ficolin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


pattern recognition receptor activity

Combining with a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), a structure conserved among microbial species to initiate an innate immune response.


cell surface pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a cell surface pattern recognition receptor (PRR). PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species.


recognition of apoptotic cell

The process in which a cell interprets signals (in the form of specific proteins and lipids) on the surface of a dying cell which it will engulf and remove by phagocytosis.


negative regulation of viral entry into host cell

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the entry of viral entry into a host cell.


positive regulation of opsonization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of opsonization.


serine-type endopeptidase complex

A protein complex which is capable of serine-type endopeptidase activity.


CCN1_HUMAN CCN family member 1 (sprot)

A CCN family member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


heparin binding

Binding to heparin, a member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells and which consist predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.


intussusceptive angiogenesis

The formation of new blood vessels as a result of the insertion and extension of lumenal tissue pillars.


atrioventricular valve morphogenesis

The process in which the structure of the atrioventricular valve is generated and organized.


apoptotic process involved in heart morphogenesis

Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the heart.


positive regulation of cell-substrate adhesion

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.


positive regulation of osteoblast proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of osteoblast proliferation.


wound healing, spreading of cells

The migration of a cell along or through a wound gap that contributes to the reestablishment of a continuous surface.


positive regulation of protein kinase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.


atrial septum morphogenesis

The developmental process in which atrial septum is generated and organized. The atrial septum separates the upper chambers (the atria) of the heart from one another.


chondroblast differentiation

The process in which a mesenchymal cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondroblast. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a chondroblast fate. A chondroblast is a precursor cell to chondrocytes.


chorio-allantoic fusion

The cell-cell adhesion process in which the cells of the chorion fuse to the cells of the allantois.


labyrinthine layer blood vessel development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply.


regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.


reactive oxygen species metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.


positive regulation of ceramide biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ceramide biosynthetic process.


PEX12_HUMAN Peroxisome assembly protein 12 (sprot)

A peroxisome assembly protein 12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ubiquitin ligase activator activity

Binds to and increases the activity of a ubiquitin ligase.


protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded or attenuated proteins.


protein targeting to peroxisome

The process of directing proteins towards the peroxisome, usually using signals contained within the protein.


peroxisome organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.


protein import into peroxisome matrix

The import of proteins into the peroxisomal matrix. A peroxisome targeting signal (PTS) binds to a soluble receptor protein in the cytosol, and the resulting complex then binds to a receptor protein in the peroxisome membrane and is imported. The cargo protein is then released into the peroxisome matrix.


protein import into peroxisome matrix, receptor recycling

The process in which peroxisome targeting sequence receptors dissociates from cargo proteins and are returned to the cytosol.


cellular response to reactive oxygen species

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.


protein import into peroxisome matrix, substrate release

The process by which the cargo protein is released into the peroxisomal matrix, following translocation across the membrane.


NPT3_HUMAN Sodium-dependent phosphate transport protein 3 (sprot)

A sodium-dependent phosphate transport protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


phosphate-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid.


PIR_HUMAN Pirin (sprot)

A pirin that is encoded in the genome of human.


monocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a monocyte.


quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + O2 + quercetin = 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyloxy)-4,6-dihydroxybenzoate + CO.


CCL22_HUMAN C-C motif chemokine 22 (sprot)

A C-C motif chemokine 22 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PEX7_HUMAN Peroxisomal targeting signal 2 receptor (sprot)

A peroxisomal targeting signal 2 receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


peroxisome matrix targeting signal-2 binding

Binding to a type 2 peroxisome targeting signal, a nonapeptide with a broad consensus sequence of (R/K)-(L/V/I)-(XXXXX)-(H/Q)-(L/A/F).


endochondral ossification

Replacement ossification wherein bone tissue replaces cartilage.


fatty acid beta-oxidation

A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A; the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).


IMA3_HUMAN Importin subunit alpha-3 (sprot)

An importin subunit alpha-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


dopamine secretion

The regulated release of dopamine by a cell. Dopamine is a catecholamine and a precursor of adrenaline and noradrenaline. It acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system but it is also produced peripherally and acts as a hormone.


SARCO_HUMAN Sarcolipin (sprot)

A sarcolipin that is encoded in the genome of human.


enzyme inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an enzyme.


negative regulation of catalytic activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme.


negative regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.


regulation of calcium ion transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ion transport

The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into, out of or within the sarcoplasmic reticulum.


negative regulation of calcium ion import

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.


positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cold-induced thermogenesis.


negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.


regulation of relaxation of muscle

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of muscle.


negative regulation of calcium ion binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion binding.


positive regulation of protein depolymerization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.


regulation of ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity.


negative regulation of ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity.


NET3_HUMAN Netrin-3 (sprot)

A netrin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TRI38_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM38 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM38 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of interferon-beta production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.


protein K48-linked ubiquitination

A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K48-linked ubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation.


NFIB_HUMAN Nuclear factor 1 B-type (sprot)

A nuclear factor 1 B-type that is encoded in the genome of human.


tissue homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.


chondrocyte differentiation

The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.


glandular epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glandular epithelial cell. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.


glial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell.


exit from mitosis

The cell cycle transition where a cell leaves M phase and enters a new G1 phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.


glial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of glial cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and include Schwann cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes among others.


stem cell population maintenance

The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of stem cells of a single type. This can be achieved by a number of mechanisms: stem cell asymmetric division maintains stem cell numbers; stem cell symmetric division increases them; maintenance of a stem cell niche maintains the conditions for commitment to the stem cell fate for some types of stem cell; stem cells may arise de novo from other cell types.


principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pontine nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


glial cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


cell proliferation in forebrain

The creation of greater cell numbers in the forebrain due to cell division of progenitor cells.


anterior commissure morphogenesis

Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in one half of the cerebral cortex towards target cells in the contralateral half. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the anterior commissure, a small midline fiber tract that lies at the anterior end of the corpus callosum.


hindbrain development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium).


regeneration

The regrowth of a lost or destroyed body part, such as an organ or tissue. This process may occur via renewal, repair, and/or growth alone (i.e. increase in size or mass).


club cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a club cell. A club cell is an unciliated epithelial cell found in the respiratory and terminal bronchioles.


type I pneumocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a type I pneumocyte. A type I pneumocyte is a flattened cell with greatly attenuated cytoplasm and a paucity of organelles.


type II pneumocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a type II pneumocyte. A type II pneumocyte is a surfactant secreting cell that contains abundant cytoplasm containing numerous lipid-rich multilamellar bodies.


salivary gland cavitation

The process in which the solid core of salivary epithelium gives rise to the hollow tube of the gland.


cell differentiation involved in salivary gland development

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the salivary gland.


lung ciliated cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung ciliated cell. A lung ciliated cell is a specialized lung epithelial cell that contains cilia for moving substances released from lung secretory cells.


commissural neuron axon guidance

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a commissural neuron is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


negative regulation of miRNA transcription

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA (miRNA) gene transcription.


negative regulation of stem cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation.


negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development.


negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis.


E2F3_HUMAN Transcription factor E2F3 (sprot)

A transcription factor E2F3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DNA-binding transcription activator activity

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that activates or increases transcription of specific gene sets.


negative regulation of fat cell proliferation

Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.


positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.


PPP6_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 6 catalytic subunit (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 6 catalytic subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein dephosphorylation

The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein.


COPII vesicle coating

The addition of COPII proteins and adaptor proteins to ER membranes during the formation of transport vesicles, forming a vesicle coat.


WN10B_HUMAN Protein Wnt-10b (sprot)

A protein Wnt-10b that is encoded in the genome of human.


G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle

The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G2 commits to M phase. The process begins when the kinase activity of M cyclin/CDK complex reaches a threshold high enough for the cell cycle to proceed. This is accomplished by activating a positive feedback loop that results in the accumulation of unphosphorylated and active M cyclin/CDK complex.


myoblast differentiation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

The process in which a relatively unspecialized satellite cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. This occurs as part of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron.


positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.


regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.


positive regulation of T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.


positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly.


myoblast development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development.


skeletal muscle fiber development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.


negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.


sensory perception of taste

The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells. This is a neurological process.


positive regulation of timing of anagen

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of timing of anagen, the growth phase of the hair cycle.


canonical Wnt signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.


bone trabecula formation

The process of creating a trabecula in the bone. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.


fungiform papilla development

The progression of the fungiform papilla over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fungiform papilla is a mushroom-shaped papilla of the tongue.


cellular response to parathyroid hormone stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a parathyroid hormone stimulus.


positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.


NDKM_HUMAN Nucleoside diphosphate kinase, mitochondrial (sprot)

A nucleoside diphosphate kinase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


cardiolipin binding

Binding to cardiolipin.


GTP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate.


UTP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate.


CTP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate.


nucleoside metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (a ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleoside), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine).


EST2_HUMAN Cocaine esterase (sprot)

A cocaine esterase that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate + H2O = 4-methylumbelliferone + acetate + H+.


carboxylesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a carboxylic ester + H2O = a carboxylate + an alcohol + H(+).


prostaglandin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities.


catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism.


P3C2B_HUMAN Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 3-kinase C2 domain-containing subunit beta (sprot)

A phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 3-kinase C2 domain-containing subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


autophagosome organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an autophagosome.


MA2B1_HUMAN Lysosomal alpha-mannosidase (sprot)

A lysosomal alpha-mannosidase that is encoded in the genome of human.


mannose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. The D-(+)-form is widely distributed in mannans and hemicelluloses and is of major importance in the core oligosaccharide of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins.


protein deglycosylation

The removal of sugar residues from a glycosylated protein.


WNT7A_HUMAN Protein Wnt-7a (sprot)

A protein Wnt-7a that is encoded in the genome of human.


embryonic axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or a point in an embryo.


neurotransmitter secretion

The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium-regulated exocytosis during synaptic transmission.


sex differentiation

The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation.


skeletal muscle satellite cell activation

The change of a skeletal muscle satellite cell from a mitotically quiescent to a mitotically active state following exposure to some activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.


skeletal muscle satellite cell maintenance involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

Any process by which the number of skeletal muscle satellite cells in a skeletal muscle is maintained during muscle regeneration. There are at least three mechanisms by which this is achieved. Skeletal muscle satellite stem cell asymmetric division ensures satellite stem cell numbers are kept constant. Symmetric division of these cells amplifies the number of skeletal muscle satellite stem cells. Some adult skeletal muscle myoblasts (descendants of activated satellite cells) can develop back into quiescent satellite cells, replenishing the overall pool of satellite cells.


cerebellar granule cell differentiation

The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar granule cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a granule cell fate. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.


central nervous system vasculogenesis

The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes in the central nervous system. The capillary endothelial cells in the brain are specialized to form the blood-brain barrier.


establishment of cell polarity

The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.


regulation of axon diameter

Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon growth such that the correct diameter is attained and maintained.


response to estradiol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.


embryonic forelimb morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal, e.g. the arms of a human.


embryonic hindlimb morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the hindlimbs are generated and organized. The hindlimbs are the posterior limbs of an animal.


wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells

The migration of an epidermal cell along or through a wound gap that contributes to the reestablishment of a continuous epidermis.


synaptic vesicle recycling

The trafficking of synaptic vesicles from the pre-synaptic membrane so the vesicle can dock and prime for another round of exocytosis and neurotransmitter release. Recycling occurs after synaptic vesicle exocytosis, and is necessary to replenish presynaptic vesicle pools, sustain transmitter release and preserve the structural integrity of the presynaptic membrane. Recycling can occur following transient fusion with the presynaptic membrane (kiss and run), or via endocytosis of presynaptic membrane.


embryonic digit morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the digit are generated and organized. A digit is one of the terminal divisions of an appendage, such as a finger or toe.


asymmetric protein localization involved in cell fate determination

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific asymmetric distribution, resulting in the formation of daughter cells of different types.


somatic stem cell division

The self-renewing division of a somatic stem cell, a stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.


stem cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stem cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to its specific fate.


negative regulation of neurogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system.


positive regulation of protein metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.


oviduct development

The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oviduct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism.


Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity.


establishment of blood-brain barrier

Establishment of the barrier between the blood and the brain. The cells in the brain are packed tightly together preventing the passage of most molecules from the blood into the brain. Only lipid soluble molecules or those that are actively transported can pass through the blood-brain barrier.


uterus morphogenesis

The process in which anatomical structures of the uterus are generated and organized.


secondary palate development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The secondary palate is the part of the palate formed from the fusion of the two palatine shelves, extensions of the maxillary prominences.


lens fiber cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lens fiber cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a lens fiber cell fate. A lens fiber cell is any of the elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in a camera-type eye.


postsynapse assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynapse.


excitatory synapse assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an excitatory synapse.


positive regulation of protein localization to presynapse

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to presynapse.


regulation of presynapse assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly.


positive regulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential

Any process that enhances the establishment or increases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.


F16P2_HUMAN Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase isozyme 2 (sprot)

A fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase isozyme 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


gluconeogenesis

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.


UBE2C_HUMAN Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 C (sprot)

A ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 C that is encoded in the genome of human.


ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding

Binding to a ubiquitin-like protein ligase, such as ubiquitin-ligase.


free ubiquitin chain polymerization

The process of creating free ubiquitin chains, compounds composed of a large number of ubiquitin monomers. These chains are not conjugated to a protein.


anaphase-promoting complex-dependent catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome.


positive regulation of exit from mitosis

Any process that activates or increases the rate of progression from anaphase/telophase (high mitotic CDK activity) to G1 (low mitotic CDK activity).


positive regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.


protein K11-linked ubiquitination

A protein ubiquitination process in which ubiquitin monomers are attached to a protein, and then ubiquitin polymers are formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 11 of the ubiquitin monomers. K11-linked polyubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation. The anaphase-promoting complex promotes the degradation of mitotic regulators by assembling K11-linked polyubiquitin chains.


positive regulation of ubiquitin protein ligase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin protein ligase activity.


anaphase-promoting complex

A ubiquitin ligase complex that degrades mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitory protein, thereby triggering sister chromatid separation and exit from mitosis. Substrate recognition by APC occurs through degradation signals, the most common of which is termed the Dbox degradation motif, originally discovered in cyclin B.


ACACB_HUMAN Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (sprot)

An acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetyl-CoA + HCO3- = ADP + phosphate + malonyl-CoA.


biotin binding

Binding to biotin (cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid), the (+) enantiomer of which is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.


acetyl-CoA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated; it is a metabolite derived from several pathways (e.g. glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino-acid catabolism) and is further metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is a key intermediate in lipid and terpenoid biosynthesis.


pentose-phosphate shunt

The metabolic process in which glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and ribulose 5-phosphate, coupled to reduction of NADP+ to NADPH; ribulose 5-P then enters a series of reactions that can yield biosynthetic precursors (ribose-5-phosphate and erythrose-4-phosphate) and glycolytic intermediates (fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate).


positive regulation of lipid storage

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.


regulation of glucose metabolic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.


response to organic cyclic compound

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus.


fatty acid oxidation

The removal of one or more electrons from a fatty acid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen.


negative regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid beta-oxidation.


lactic acid secretion

The controlled release of lactic acid, 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, by a cell or a tissue.


protein homotetramerization

The formation of a protein homotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical subunits.


positive regulation of heart growth

Any process that increases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.


tricarboxylic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing three carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).


intracellular aspartate homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of aspartate within a cell.


intracellular glutamate homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of glutamate within a cell.


regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress.


malonyl-CoA biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of malonyl-CoA, the S-malonyl derivative of coenzyme A.