SUMO ligase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of SUMO to a substrate protein via the reaction X-SUMO + S = X + S-SUMO, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-SUMO linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-SUMO linkage is an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal amino acid of SUMO and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate.


PcG protein complex

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A chromatin-associated multiprotein complex containing Polycomb Group proteins. In Drosophila, Polycomb group proteins are involved in the long-term maintenance of gene repression, and PcG protein complexes associate with Polycomb group response elements (PREs) in target genes to regulate higher-order chromatin structure.


PRC1 complex

A multiprotein complex that mediates monoubiquitination of lysine residues of histone H2A (lysine-118 in Drosophila or lysine-119 in mammals). The complex is required for stable long-term maintenance of transcriptionally repressed states and is involved in chromatin remodeling.


GET1_HUMAN Guided entry of tail-anchored proteins factor 1 (sprot)

A tryptophan-rich protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein insertion into ER membrane

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The process that results in incorporation of a protein into an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. It depends on specific topogenic sequences of amino acids that ensure that a protein acquires the proper orientation during its insertion into the ER membrane.


tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into ER membrane

A process of protein insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in which a tail-anchored (TA) transmembrane protein is incorporated into an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. TA transmembrane protein, also named type II transmembrane proteins, contain a single C- terminal transmembrane region.


GET complex

An endoplasmic reticulum protein-containing complex that is conserved in eukaryotics and that mediates the insertion of tail-anchored proteins into the ER membrane. In yeast, includes Get1p, Get2p and Get3p proteins.


PGRC1_HUMAN Membrane-associated progesterone receptor component 1 (sprot)

A membrane-associated progesterone receptor component 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


steroid binding

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Binding to a steroid, any of a large group of substances that have in common a ring system based on 1,2-cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene.


heme biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors.


positive regulation of lipoprotein transport

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of lipoprotein transport.


positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.


cell body

The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections.


SPT5H_HUMAN Transcription elongation factor SPT5 (sprot)

A transcription elongation factor SPT5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II

The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase II promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.


negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription, elongation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.


positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription, elongation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.


regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.


DSIF complex

A heterodimeric protein complex formed of Spt4 and Spt5 proteins which is expressed in eukaryotes from yeast to man. DSIF is an inhibitory elongation factor that promotes RNA polymerase II transcriptional pausing, but can also stimulate transcriptional elongation under certain conditions, and may play a role in RNA processing via its physical association with mRNA capping enzymes.


TAF4_HUMAN Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 4 (sprot)

A transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a sequence of DNA that is part of a core promoter region. The core promoter is composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for the RNA polymerase and the basal transcription machinery. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.


RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor activity

A general transcription initiation factor activity that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II. The general transcription factors for RNA polymerase II include TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH and TATA-binding protein (TBP). In most species, RNA polymerase II transcribes all messenger RNAs (mRNAs), most untranslated regulatory RNAs, the majority of the snoRNAs, four of the five snRNAs (U1, U2, U4, and U5), and other small noncoding RNAs. For some small RNAs there is variability between species as to whether it is transcribed by RNA polymerase II or RNA polymerase III. However there are also rare exceptions, such as Trypanosoma brucei, where RNA polymerase I transcribes certain mRNAs in addition to its normal role in rRNA transcription.


ovarian follicle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of DNA repair

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair.


DNA-templated transcription initiation

The initial step of transcription, consisting of the assembly of the RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at a gene promoter, as well as the formation of the first few bonds of the RNA transcript. Transcription initiation includes abortive initiation events, which occur when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released, and ends when promoter clearance takes place.


transcription initiation at RNA polymerase II promoter

A transcription initiation process that takes place at a RNA polymerase II gene promoter. Messenger RNAs (mRNA) genes, as well as some non-coding RNAs, are transcribed by RNA polymerase II.


male germ cell nucleus

The nucleus of a male germ cell, a reproductive cell in males.


transcription factor TFIID complex

A complex composed of TATA binding protein (TBP) and TBP associated factors (TAFs); the total mass is typically about 800 kDa. Most of the TAFs are conserved across species. In TATA-containing promoters for RNA polymerase II (Pol II), TFIID is believed to recognize at least two distinct elements, the TATA element and a downstream promoter element. TFIID is also involved in recognition of TATA-less Pol II promoters. Binding of TFIID to DNA is necessary but not sufficient for transcription initiation from most RNA polymerase II promoters.


transcription factor TFTC complex

A protein complex that does not contain either a TATA-binding protein (TBP) or a TBP-like factor, but is composed of several TAFIIs and other proteins, including a histone acetyltransferase. This complex is able to nucleate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II, can mediate transcriptional activation, and has histone acetyltransferase activity.


GPR31_HUMAN 12-(S)-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid receptor (sprot)

A 12-(S)-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


arachidonic acid binding

Binding to arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer.


response to molecule of bacterial origin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin.


response to ischemia

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a inadequate blood supply.


response to acidic pH

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH < 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.


DFFA_HUMAN DNA fragmentation factor subunit alpha (sprot)

A DNA fragmentation factor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.


protein folding chaperone

Binding to a protein or a protein-containing complex to assist the protein folding process.


deoxyribonuclease inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of deoxyribonuclease.


apoptotic DNA fragmentation

The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments.


negative regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.


chaperone-mediated protein folding

The process of inhibiting aggregation and assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that is dependent on interaction with a chaperone.


thymocyte apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in a thymocyte, an immature T cell located in the thymus.


negative regulation of execution phase of apoptosis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.


RFXAP_HUMAN Regulatory factor X-associated protein (sprot)

A regulatory factor X-associated protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II.


RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex

A transcription factor complex that acts at a regulatory region of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II.


HIP1_HUMAN Huntingtin-interacting protein 1 (sprot)

A huntingtin-interacting protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process.


clathrin coat assembly

The process that results in the assembly of clathrin triskelia into the ordered structure known as a clathrin cage.


epidermal growth factor receptor binding

Binding to an epidermal growth factor receptor.


structural constituent of cytoskeleton

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cytoskeletal structure.


clathrin binding

Binding to a clathrin heavy or light chain, the main components of the coat of coated vesicles and coated pits, and which also occurs in synaptic vesicles.


clathrin light chain binding

Binding to a clathrin light chain.


glutamate receptor binding

Binding to a glutamate receptor.


AP-2 adaptor complex binding

Binding to an AP-2 adaptor complex. The AP-2 adaptor complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of alpha, beta2, mu2 and sigma2 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle. In at least humans, the AP-2 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different alpha genes (alphaA and alphaC).


clathrin adaptor activity

Bringing together a cargo protein with clathrin, responsible for the formation of endocytic vesicles.


regulation of endocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.


positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.


positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.


apoptotic signaling pathway

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The series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


regulation of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor internalization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis of neurotransmitter receptor at the postsynapse.


presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission

Any process, acting in the presynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.


neurotransmitter receptor transport

The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptors.


positive regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway.


clathrin-coated vesicle

A vesicle with a coat formed of clathrin connected to the membrane via one of the clathrin adaptor complexes.


presynaptic membrane

A specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane.


Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse

A synapse between the Schaffer collateral axon of a CA3 pyramidal cell and a CA1 pyramidal cell.


LFTY2_HUMAN Left-right determination factor 2 (sprot)

A lefty 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


transforming growth factor beta receptor binding

Binding to a transforming growth factor beta receptor.


growth factor activity

The function that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate. Most growth factors have other actions besides the induction of cell growth or proliferation.


platelet alpha granule lumen

The volume enclosed by the membrane of the platelet alpha granule.


TULP1_HUMAN Tubby-related protein 1 (sprot)

A tubby-related protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


phagocytosis, recognition

The initial step in phagocytosis involving adhesion to bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter, or an apoptotic cell and based on recognition of factors such as bacterial cell wall components, opsonins like complement and antibody or protein receptors and lipids like phosphatidyl serine, and leading to intracellular signaling in the phagocytosing cell.


dendrite development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


eye photoreceptor cell development

Development of a photoreceptor, a sensory cell in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. They usually contain a pigment that undergoes a chemical change when light is absorbed, thus stimulating a nerve.


photoreceptor cell maintenance

Any process preventing the degeneration of the photoreceptor, a specialized cell type that is sensitive to light.


positive regulation of phagocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.


protein localization to photoreceptor outer segment

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a photoreceptor outer segment.


axon terminus

Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal button is a specialized region of it.


TULP2_HUMAN Tubby-related protein 2 (sprot)

A tubby-related protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLIC1_HUMAN Chloride intracellular channel protein 1 (sprot)

A chloride intracellular channel protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across the mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.


vesicle

Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane.


TR11B_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B that is encoded in the genome of human.


heparan sulfate binding

Binding to heparan sulfate.


response to nutrient

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus.


negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.


extracellular matrix organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix.


response to magnesium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a magnesium ion stimulus.


negative regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx.


response to estrogen

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics.


negative regulation of bone resorption

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption.


response to arsenic-containing substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides.


EIF3F_HUMAN Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit F (sprot)

A eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit F that is encoded in the genome of human.


translation initiation factor activity

Functions in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation of mRNA into a polypeptide.


metal-dependent deubiquitinase activity

An metal-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves ubiquitin from a target protein to which it is conjugated.


translational initiation

The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.


IRES-dependent viral translational initiation

Process by which viral mRNA translation is initiated, where a domain in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the viral mRNA called an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) binds the host 43S preinitiation complex, circumventing regular cap-dependent translation initiation.


eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex

A complex of several polypeptides that plays at least two important roles in protein synthesis: First, eIF3 binds to the 40S ribosome and facilitates loading of the Met-tRNA/eIF2.GTP ternary complex to form the 43S preinitiation complex. Subsequently, eIF3 apparently assists eIF4 in recruiting mRNAs to the 43S complex. The eIF3 complex contains five conserved core subunits, and may contain several additional proteins; the non-core subunits are thought to mediate association of the complex with specific sets of mRNAs.


CACB4_HUMAN Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-4 (sprot)

A voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


voltage-gated calcium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


high voltage-gated calcium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a high voltage-gated channel. A high voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on high voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium levels

Regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentrations via the action of voltage-gated calcium ion channels.


adult walking behavior

The behavior of an adult relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg.


gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion

The regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid by a cell or a tissue. The gamma-aminobutyric acid is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain but is also found in several extraneural tissues.


neuronal action potential propagation

The propagation of an action potential along an axon, away from the soma.


cAMP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).


spleen development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spleen over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spleen is a large vascular lymphatic organ composed of white and red pulp, involved both in hemopoietic and immune system functions.


Peyer's patch development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of Peyer's patches over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Peyer's patches are typically found as nodules associated with gut epithelium with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.


muscle cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle cell development does not include the steps involved in committing an unspecified cell to the muscle cell fate.


calcium ion transmembrane transport

A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any process that regulates the concentration of calcium in the presynaptic cytosol.


regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated calcium channel activity.


positive regulation of protein localization to nucleolus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus.


cellular response to leukemia inhibitory factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leukemia inhibitory factor stimulus.


negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle

Any signaling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.


regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.


voltage-gated calcium channel complex

A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which calcium ions may pass in response to changes in membrane potential.


WWP2_HUMAN NEDD4-like E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase WWP2 (sprot)

A NEDD4-like E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase WWP2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding

Binding to a sequence-specific DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription factor, any of the factors that interact selectively and non-covalently with a specific DNA sequence in order to modulate transcription.


extracellular transport

The transport of substances that occurs outside cells.


negative regulation of transporter activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a transporter.


regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


regulation of membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.


negative regulation of Notch signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.


viral entry into host cell

The process that occurs after viral attachment by which a virus, or viral nucleic acid, breaches the plasma membrane or cell envelope and enters the host cell. The process ends when the viral nucleic acid is released into the host cell cytoplasm.


negative regulation of protein transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


protein autoubiquitination

The ubiquitination by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein. Ubiquitination occurs on the lysine residue by formation of an isopeptide crosslink.


protein K63-linked ubiquitination

A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K63-linked ubiquitination does not target the substrate protein for degradation, but is involved in several pathways, notably as a signal to promote error-free DNA postreplication repair.


regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.


CDC7_HUMAN Cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase (sprot)

A cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein kinase activity

Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.


G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle

The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated.


positive regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.


positive regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle

Any signaling pathway that activates or increases the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.


cell cycle phase transition

The cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering the next cell cycle phase.


ETV2_HUMAN ETS translocation variant 2 (sprot)

An ETS translocation variant 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mesoderm formation

The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.


erythrocyte differentiation

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte.


positive regulation of endothelial cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.


blood vessel morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.


positive regulation of mesoderm development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.


UPK1A_HUMAN Uroplakin-1a (sprot)

A uroplakin-1a that is encoded in the genome of human.


apical plasma membrane urothelial plaque

A scallop-shaped plaque, also referred to as an asymmetric unit membrane (AUM), found in the apical plasma membrane of urothelial superficial (umbrella) cells which form a a barrier to the passage of water and soluble toxic compounds found in urine. The plaques are thickened regions of membrane composed of uroplakin transmembrane proteins which form a crystalline array.


BMAL1_HUMAN Basic helix-loop-helix ARNT-like protein 1 (sprot)

A basic helix-loop-helix ARNT-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Hsp90 protein binding

Binding to Hsp90 proteins, any of a group of heat shock proteins around 90kDa in size.


E-box binding

Binding to an E-box, a DNA motif with the consensus sequence CANNTG that is found in the promoters of a wide array of genes expressed in neurons, muscle and other tissues.


circadian regulation of gene expression

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression such that an expression pattern recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.


regulation of hair cycle

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair.


positive regulation of circadian rhythm

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior.


negative regulation of fat cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.


regulation of insulin secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.


response to redox state

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating redox state. Redox state refers to the balance of oxidized versus reduced forms of electron donors and acceptors in an organelle, cell or organ; plastoquinone, glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and nicotinamide nucleotides (NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH) are among the most important.


oxidative stress-induced premature senescence

A cellular senescence process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to oxidative stress, e.g. high levels of reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals.


positive regulation of protein acetylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein acetylation.


regulation of type B pancreatic cell development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development.


negative regulation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway.


regulation of cellular senescence

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence.


positive regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.


PML body

A class of nuclear body; they react against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML, promyelocytic leukemia); cells typically contain 10-30 PML bodies per nucleus; alterations in the localization of PML bodies occurs after viral infection.


chromatoid body

A ribonucleoprotein complex found in the cytoplasm of male germ cells, composed of exceedingly thin filaments that are consolidated into a compact mass or into dense strands of varying thickness that branch to form an irregular network. Contains mRNAs, miRNAs, and protein components involved in miRNA processing (such as Argonaute proteins and the endonuclease Dicer) and in RNA decay (such as the decapping enzyme DCP1a and GW182).


CLOCK-BMAL transcription complex

Transcription factor complex which interacts with E-box regulatory elements in target genes, including Period (Per1, Per2, Per3) and Cryptochrome (Cry1, Cry2), to activate their transcription during the daytime. The CRY-PER complexes inhibit CLOCK-BMAL1-driven transcription in a negative feedback loop to generate circadian rhythms.


PK3CD_HUMAN Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform (sprot)

A phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.


natural killer cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell.


mast cell chemotaxis

The movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.


respiratory burst involved in defense response

A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as part of a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.


positive regulation of endothelial cell migration

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.


T cell chemotaxis

The directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.


natural killer cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


positive regulation of neutrophil apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil apoptotic process.


natural killer cell chemotaxis

The directed movement of a natural killer cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).


B cell chemotaxis

The directed movement of a B cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).


T cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.


B cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.


mast cell degranulation

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine, serotonin, and neutral proteases by a mast cell.


phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction

An intracellular signal transduction pathway that starts with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activation, production of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), activation of PDK1, which recruits and ending with the activation of protein kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt). PI3K is activated by cell surface receptors. Note that PTEN is an inhibitor of the pathway.


mast cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.


neutrophil extravasation

The migration of a neutrophil from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.


positive regulation of epithelial tube formation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation.


phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class IA

A class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex that possesses 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase activity; comprises a catalytic class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit and an associated SH2 domain-containing regulatory subunit that is a member of a family of related proteins often called p85 proteins. Through the interaction with the SH2-containing adaptor subunits, Class IA PI3K catalytic subunits are linked to tyrosine kinase signaling pathways.


phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex

A protein complex capable of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and containing subunits of any phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) enzyme. These complexes are divided in three classes (called I, II and III) that differ for their presence across taxonomic groups and for the type of their constituents. Catalytic subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enzymes are present in all 3 classes; regulatory subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enzymes are present in classes I and III; adaptor proteins have been observed in class II complexes and may be present in other classes too.


ODPX_HUMAN Pyruvate dehydrogenase protein X component, mitochondrial (sprot)

A pyruvate dehydrogenase protein X component, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate.


pyruvate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ = acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH.


acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA; comprises subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3).


S28A1_HUMAN Sodium/nucleoside cotransporter 1 (sprot)

A sodium/nucleoside cotransporter 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


purine nucleobase transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, from one side of a membrane to the other.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: nucleoside(out) + Na+(out) = nucleoside(in) + Na+(in).


cytidine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of cytidine, cytosine riboside, from one side of a membrane to the other.


uridine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of uridine, uracil riboside, from one side of a membrane to the other.


pyrimidine- and adenosine-specific:sodium symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: (pyrimidine nucleoside or adenosine)(out) + Na+(out) = (pyrimidine nucleoside or adenosine)(in) + Na+(in).


azole transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the directed movement of azoles, heterocyclic compound found in many biologically important substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.


cytidine transport

The directed movement of cytidine, cytosine riboside, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


uridine transport

The directed movement of uridine, uracil riboside, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


azole transmembrane transport

The directed movement of azoles, heterocyclic compounds found in many biologically important substances, across a lipid bilayer, across a membrane.


pyrimidine-containing compound transmembrane transport

The process in which a pyrimidine-containing compound is transported across a membrane. A pyrimidine-containing compound is any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.


nucleoside import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of nucleoside from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


nucleoside transmembrane transport

The directed movement of nucleoside across a membrane.


purine nucleobase transmembrane transport

The process in which a purine nucleobase is transported across a membrane.


ST1C2_HUMAN Sulfotransferase 1C2 (sprot)

A sulfotransferase 1C2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


sulfation

The addition of a sulfate group to a molecule.


aryl sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + a phenol = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + an aryl sulfate.


sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a sulfate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to the hydroxyl group of an acceptor, producing the sulfated derivative and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate.


amine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.


MATN2_HUMAN Matrilin-2 (sprot)

A matrilin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


extracellular matrix structural constituent

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix.


glial cell migration

The orderly movement of a glial cell, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system.


dendrite regeneration

The regrowth of dendrites in response to their loss or damage.


response to axon injury

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an axon injury stimulus.


matrilin complex

A cartilage extracellular matrix complex that mediates interactions between major components of the extracellular matrix such as collagens and proteoglycans and contributes to their fibrillar network. Exists as an obligate homotrimer.


EAA5_HUMAN Excitatory amino acid transporter 5 (sprot)

An excitatory amino acid transporter 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


L-glutamate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-glutamate from one side of a membrane to the other. L-glutamate is the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.


high-affinity L-glutamate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of glutamate from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


extracellularly glutamate-gated chloride channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when glutamate is bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glutamate(out) + Na+(out) = glutamate(in) + Na+(in).


neurotransmitter uptake

The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.


dicarboxylic acid transport

The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


neurotransmitter transport

The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.


neutral amino acid transport

The directed movement of neutral amino acids, amino acids with no net charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


L-glutamate transmembrane transport

The directed movement of L-glutamate across a membrane.


FOXE1_HUMAN Forkhead box protein E1 (sprot)

A forkhead box protein E1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


thyroid hormone generation

The formation of either of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, mainly thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This is achieved by the iodination and joining of tyrosine molecules to form the precursor thyroglobin, proteolysis of this precursor gives rise to the thyroid hormones.


anatomical structure morphogenesis

The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.


thyroid gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thyroid gland is an endoderm-derived gland that produces thyroid hormone.


hair follicle morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized.


embryonic organ morphogenesis

Morphogenesis, during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.


hard palate development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hard palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. The hard palate is the anterior portion of the palate consisting of bone and mucous membranes.


soft palate development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the soft palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. The soft palate is the posterior portion of the palate extending from the posterior edge of the hard palate.


cranial skeletal system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial skeletal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial skeletal system is the skeletal subdivision of the head, and includes the skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus.


LORF2_HUMAN LINE-1 retrotransposable element ORF2 protein (sprot)


RNA-directed DNA polymerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Catalyzes RNA-template-directed extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time.


type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates and 3' hydroxyls. Cleavage is dependent on the presence in the DNA of a specific recognition site; cleavage occurs at or very near this recognition site.


RNA-templated DNA biosynthetic process

A DNA biosynthetic process that uses RNA as a template for RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (e.g. reverse transcriptase) that synthesize the new strand.


retrotransposition

A type of transposition in which a transposable element (transposon) copies and pastes itself into a different genomic location by transcription and convertsion of the transcribed RNA back into DNA through reverse transcription.


nucleic acid metabolic process

Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleic acids.


QSOX1_HUMAN Sulfhydryl oxidase 1 (sprot)

A sulfhydryl oxidase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein disulfide isomerase activity

Catalysis of the rearrangement of both intrachain and interchain disulfide bonds in proteins.


flavin-dependent sulfhydryl oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: [protein]-dithiol + O2 = [protein]-disulfide + H2O2 using FAD as a cofactor, leading to formation of disulfide bridges in proteins.


negative regulation of macroautophagy

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.


specific granule lumen

The volume enclosed by the membrane of a specific granule, a granule with a membranous, tubular internal structure, found primarily in mature neutrophil cells. Most are released into the extracellular fluid. Specific granules contain lactoferrin, lysozyme, vitamin B12 binding protein and elastase.


tertiary granule lumen

Any membrane-enclosed lumen that is part of a tertiary granule.


P2Y10_HUMAN Putative P2Y purinoceptor 10 (sprot)

A putative P2Y purinoceptor 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DCTN6_HUMAN Dynactin subunit 6 (sprot)

A dynactin subunit 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ACATN_HUMAN Acetyl-coenzyme A transporter 1 (sprot)

An acetyl-coenzyme A transporter 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


acetyl-CoA transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of acetyl-CoA from one side of a membrane to the other. Acetyl-CoA is a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated; it is a metabolite derived from several pathways (e.g. glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino-acid catabolism) and is further metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is a key intermediate in lipid and terpenoid biosynthesis.


acetyl-CoA transmembrane transport

The process in which acetyl-CoA is transported across a membrane. Acetyl-CoA is a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated; it is a metabolite derived from several pathways (e.g. glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino-acid catabolism) and is further metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is a key intermediate in lipid and terpenoid biosynthesis.


WASL_HUMAN Actin nucleation-promoting factor WASL (sprot)

An actin nucleation-promoting factor WASL that is encoded in the genome of human.


GTPase regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a GTPase.


vesicle budding from membrane

The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.


actin polymerization or depolymerization

Assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament.


vesicle organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle.


actin filament polymerization

Assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament.


protein-containing complex localization

A localization process that acts on a protein complex; the complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


positive regulation of filopodium assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.


spindle localization

Any process in which is the spindle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.


dendritic spine morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.


regulation of postsynapse organization

Any process that modulates the physical form of a postsynapse.


negative regulation of membrane tubulation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane tubulation.


positive regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.


negative regulation of lymphocyte migration

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration.


actin cap

Polarized accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins (including F-actin) and regulatory proteins in a cell. An example of this is the actin cap found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


endocytic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an endocytic vesicle.


PDE2A_HUMAN cGMP-dependent 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase (sprot)

A cGMP-dependent 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase that is encoded in the genome of human.


heart valve development

The progression of a heart valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A heart valve is a structure that restricts the flow of blood to different regions of the heart and forms from an endocardial cushion.


aorta development

The progression of the aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3',5'-cyclic AMP + H2O = AMP + H+.


cGMP-stimulated cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 5'-phosphate; catalytic activity is increased in the presence of cGMP.


cAMP binding

Binding to cAMP, the nucleotide cyclic AMP (adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).


cGMP binding

Binding to cGMP, the nucleotide cyclic GMP (guanosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).


TPR domain binding

Binding to a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain of a protein, the consensus sequence of which is defined by a pattern of small and large hydrophobic amino acids and a structure composed of helices.


phosphate ion binding

Binding to a phosphate ion.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3',5'-cyclic GMP + H2O = GMP + H+.


regulation of cGMP-mediated signaling

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cGMP-mediated signaling.


cAMP-mediated signaling

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via cyclic AMP (cAMP). Includes production of cAMP, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.


cGMP-mediated signaling

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via cyclic GMP (cGMP). Includes production of cGMP, and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.


cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.


negative regulation of vascular permeability

Any process that reduces the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.


positive regulation of vascular permeability

Any process that increases the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.


regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling

Any process which modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signaling.


cGMP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.


establishment of endothelial barrier

The establishment of a barrier between endothelial cell layers, such as those in the brain, lung or intestine, to exert specific and selective control over the passage of water and solutes, thus allowing formation and maintenance of compartments that differ in fluid and solute composition.


cellular response to cAMP

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus.


cellular response to cGMP

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cGMP (cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus.


cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus.


negative regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.


cellular response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine stimulus.


FOXN3_HUMAN Forkhead box protein N3 (sprot)

A forkhead box protein N3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mitotic G2 DNA damage checkpoint signaling

A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression through the G2/M transition of the cell cycle in response to DNA damage.


craniofacial suture morphogenesis

The process in which any suture between cranial and/or facial bones is generated and organized.


IPO5_HUMAN Importin-5 (sprot)

An importin-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GTPase inhibitor activity

Stops, prevents or reduces the activity of any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP and orthophosphate.


nuclear import signal receptor activity

Combining with a nuclear import signal (NIS) on a cargo to be transported, to mediate transport of the cargo through the nuclear pore, from the cytoplasm to the nuclear lumen. The cargo can be either a RNA or a protein.


cytosolic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand from another organism to a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor (PRR). PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species.


NLS-bearing protein import into nucleus

The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear envelope.


ribosomal protein import into nucleus

The directed movement of a ribosomal protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane. At least some ribosomal proteins, including rpl12, uses the importin 11 pathway as a major route into the nucleus.


nuclear pore

A protein complex providing a discrete opening in the nuclear envelope of a eukaryotic cell, where the inner and outer nuclear membranes are joined.


RPOM_HUMAN DNA-directed RNA polymerase, mitochondrial (sprot)

A DNA-directed RNA polymerase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


3'-5'-RNA exonuclease activity

Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of an RNA molecule.


DNA primase activity

Catalysis of the synthesis of a short RNA primer on a DNA template, providing a free 3'-OH that can be extended by DNA-directed DNA polymerases.


DNA-directed 5'-3' RNA polymerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside triphosphate + RNA(n) = diphosphate + RNA(n+1). Utilizes a DNA template, i.e. the catalysis of DNA-template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time. Can initiate a chain 'de novo'.


DNA replication, synthesis of RNA primer

The synthesis of a short RNA polymer, usually 4-15 nucleotides long, using one strand of unwound DNA as a template; the RNA then serves as a primer from which DNA polymerases extend synthesis.


mitochondrial transcription

The synthesis of RNA from a mitochondrial DNA template, usually by a specific mitochondrial RNA polymerase.


transcription initiation at mitochondrial promoter

A transcription initiation process that takes place at a promoter on the mitochondrial chromosome.


mitochondrial nucleoid

The region of a mitochondrion to which the DNA is confined.


EF2K_HUMAN Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (sprot)

An elongation factor 2 kinase that is encoded in the genome of human.


elongation factor-2 kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + [elongation factor 2] = ADP + [elongation factor 2] phosphate.


translation factor activity, RNA binding

Functions during translation by binding to RNA during polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.


translational elongation

The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis.


regulation of protein autophosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues.


cellular response to insulin stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.


positive regulation of endocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.


protein autophosphorylation

The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation).


positive regulation of synapse assembly

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.


positive regulation of dendritic spine morphogenesis

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.


cellular response to anoxia

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating a decline in oxygen levels to trace amounts, <0.1%.


regulation of translation at postsynapse

Any process that regulates translation occurring at the postsynapse.


cellular response to brain-derived neurotrophic factor stimulus

A process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a brain-derived neurotrophic factor stimulus.


response to prolactin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prolactin stimulus. The anterior pituitary hormone prolactin has a number of roles including being essential for lactation.


CCRL2_HUMAN C-C chemokine receptor-like 2 (sprot)

A C-C chemokine receptor-like 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


chemokine receptor activity

Combining with a chemokine, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Chemokines are a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.


chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a chemokine receptor.


CCR chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CCR chemokine receptor.


chemokine-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a chemokine binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


SAP18_HUMAN Histone deacetylase complex subunit SAP18 (sprot)

A histone deacetylase complex subunit SAP18 that is encoded in the genome of human.


exon-exon junction complex

A multi-subunit complex deposited by the spliceosome upstream of messenger RNA exon-exon junctions. The exon-exon junction complex provides a binding platform for factors involved in mRNA export and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.


negative regulation of mRNA splicing, via spliceosome

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mRNA splicing via a spliceosomal mechanism.


histone deacetylase complex

A protein complex that possesses histone deacetylase activity.


ASAP complex

A protein complex involved in regulation of mRNA processing and apoptosis. It binds to RNA in a sequence-independent manner and is recruited to the EJC prior to or during the splicing process. In humans the core proteins are RNPS1, SAP18 and ACIN1.


EMAL1_HUMAN Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 1 (sprot)

An echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mitotic spindle pole

Either of the ends of a mitotic spindle, a spindle that forms as part of mitosis, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules.


mitotic spindle midzone

The area in the center of the anaphase spindle consisting of microtubules, microtubule bundling factors and kinesin motors where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap in an antiparallel manner.


tubulin binding

Binding to monomeric or multimeric forms of tubulin, including microtubules.


IF2B3_HUMAN Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 3 (sprot)

An insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


translation regulator activity

Any molecular function involved in the initiation, activation, perpetuation, repression or termination of polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.


mRNA 5'-UTR binding

Binding to an mRNA molecule at its 5' untranslated region.


Binding to an RNA molecule modified by N6-methyladenosine (m6A), a modification present at internal sites of mRNAs and some non-coding RNAs.


regulation of cytokine production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a cytokine.


CRD-mediated mRNA stabilization

An mRNA stabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with a sequence in the open reading frame called the coding region instability determinant (CRD).


DNM1L_HUMAN Dynamin-1-like protein (sprot)

A dynamin-1-like protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


endoplasmic reticulum organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum.


mitochondrial fission

The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.


mitochondrion-derived vesicle

A vesicle derived via budding from a mitochondrion. These vesicles often contain inner membrane and, much more rarely, cristae.


regulation of gene expression

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).


regulation of mitochondrion organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.


peroxisome fission

The division of a mature peroxisome within a cell to form two or more separate peroxisome compartments.


mitochondrial fragmentation involved in apoptotic process

The change in the morphology of the mitochondria in an apoptotic cell from a highly branched network to a fragmented vesicular form.


intracellular distribution of mitochondria

Any process that establishes the spatial arrangement of mitochondria within the cell.


rhythmic process

Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism.


protein complex oligomerization

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers; protein oligomers may be composed of different or identical monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.


heart contraction

The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.


necroptotic process

A programmed necrotic cell death process which begins when a cell receives a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a death receptor or to a Toll-like receptor), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathways), characterized by activation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 and/or 3 (RIPK1/3, also called RIP1/3) and by critical dependence on mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL), and which typically lead to common morphological features of necrotic cell death. The process ends when the cell has died. The process is divided into a signaling phase, and an execution phase, which is triggered by the former.


protein localization to mitochondrion

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the mitochondrion.


positive regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis

Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.


positive regulation of mitochondrial fission

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mitochondrial fission. Mitochondrial fission is the division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.


mitochondrial membrane fission

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the separation of a single continuous mitochondrial membrane into two membranes and contributes to mitochondrial fission.


mitocytosis

A migrasome-mediated selective removal of damaged mitochondria process that maintains mitochondrion homeostasis in migrating cells.


regulation of peroxisome organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peroxisome organization.


regulation of mitophagy

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macromitophagy.


regulation of ATP metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.


positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


clathrin-coated pit

A part of the endomembrane system in the form of an invagination of a membrane upon which a clathrin coat forms, and that can be converted by vesicle budding into a clathrin-coated vesicle. Coated pits form on the plasma membrane, where they are involved in receptor-mediated selective transport of many proteins and other macromolecules across the cell membrane, in the trans-Golgi network, and on some endosomes.


RTCA_HUMAN RNA 3'-terminal phosphate cyclase (sprot)

An RNA 3'-terminal phosphate cyclase that is encoded in the genome of human.


RNA-3'-phosphate cyclase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + RNA 3'-terminal-phosphate = AMP + diphosphate + RNA terminal-2',3'-cyclic-phosphate.


RNA processing

Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules.


negative regulation of optical nerve axon regeneration

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of optical nerve axon regeneration.


P3C2A_HUMAN Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 3-kinase C2 domain-containing subunit alpha (sprot)

A phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 3-kinase C2 domain-containing subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ATP = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.


epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR (ERBB1) on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


insulin receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin.


vascular associated smooth muscle contraction

A process, occurring in the vascular tissue, whereby actin/myosin complex activity generates force through ATP hydrolysis resulting in a change in smooth muscle geometry. This process is always coupled to chemo-mechanical energy conversion.


platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a platelet-derived growth factor receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis. Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis is the orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels contributing to the process of sprouting angiogenesis.


PLK4_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK4 (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of centriole replication

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centriole replication.


centriole replication

The cell cycle process in which a daughter centriole is formed perpendicular to an existing centriole. An immature centriole contains a ninefold radially symmetric array of single microtubules; mature centrioles consist of a radial array of nine microtubule triplets, doublets, or singlets depending upon the species and cell type. Duplicated centrioles also become the ciliary basal body in cells that form cilia during G0.


XY body

A structure found in a male mammalian spermatocyte containing an unpaired X chromosome that has become densely heterochromatic, silenced and localized at the nuclear periphery.


procentriole

A cellular structure that is the site of a developing centriole, which will become a microtubule organizing center. During the canonical pathway of centriole duplication that occurs during the cell division cycle, procentrioles grow at the proximal ends of both mother and daughter centrioles. In the newly divided cells, the original mother and daughter centrioles become mother centrioles while the procentrioles become the new daughter centrioles. Procentrioles can also arise from de novo pathways that occur in multiciliated cells. In ciliated epithelial cells, numerous procentrioles arise form electron dense material referred to as fibrous granules and deuterosomes. The pathway of procentriole formation in multiciliated protists appears to be similar to that in mammalian multiciliated epithelium. In sperm of primative land plants, multiple procentrioles are formed from a blepharoplast giving rise to multicilated sperm cells.


procentriole replication complex

A protein complex that acts as a chaperone or scaffold for centriolar proteins during the maturation of the procentriole. Some of its members may become integrated into the growing centriole. Examples are the CPAP(CENPJ)-STIL complex, CEP192-PLK4 complex or CEP152-PLK4 complex in vertebrates.


SYT5_HUMAN Synaptotagmin-5 (sprot)

A synaptotagmin-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


neuronal dense core vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a neuronal dense core vesicle.


proximal neuron projection

The portion of an axon or dendrite that is close to the neuronal cell body.


GFRA2_HUMAN GDNF family receptor alpha-2 (sprot)

A GDNF family receptor alpha-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity

Combining with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor.


extrinsic component of membrane

The component of a membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


LST1_HUMAN Leukocyte-specific transcript 1 protein (sprot)

A leukocyte-specific transcript 1 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


negative regulation of lymphocyte proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation.


IFRD1_HUMAN Interferon-related developmental regulator 1 (sprot)

An interferon-related developmental regulator 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


myoblast fate determination

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a myoblast regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


negative regulation of axon extension

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon outgrowth.


muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell.


negative regulation of collateral sprouting

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting.


sarcoplasm

The cytoplasm of a muscle cell; includes the sarcoplasmic reticulum.


P85B_HUMAN Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta (sprot)

A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


phosphotyrosine residue binding

Binding to a phosphorylated tyrosine residue within a protein.


receptor tyrosine kinase binding

Binding to a receptor that possesses protein tyrosine kinase activity.


phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit binding

Binding to a regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The regulatory subunit associates with the catalytic subunit to regulate both its activity and subcellular location.


regulation of autophagy

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.


response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.


negative regulation of MAPK cascade

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPKKK cascade.


regulation of stress fiber assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts.


regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.


GOLI4_HUMAN Golgi integral membrane protein 4 (sprot)

A Golgi integral membrane protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


transport vesicle

Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport) or to destinations within or outside the cell.


endocytic vesicle

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. Endocytic vesicles fuse with early endosomes to deliver the cargo for further sorting.


MANBA_HUMAN Beta-mannosidase (sprot)

A beta-mannosidase that is encoded in the genome of human.


beta-mannosidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-mannose residues in beta-D-mannosides.


mannose binding

Binding to mannose, a monosaccharide hexose, stereoisomeric with glucose, that occurs naturally only in polymerized forms called mannans.


glycoprotein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.


oligosaccharide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.


azurophil granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an azurophil granule, a primary lysosomal granule found in neutrophil granulocytes that contains a wide range of hydrolytic enzymes and is released into the extracellular fluid.


lysosomal lumen

The volume enclosed within the lysosomal membrane.


TRAF5_HUMAN TNF receptor-associated factor 5 (sprot)

A TNF receptor-associated factor 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


thioesterase binding

Binding to a thioesterase.


signal transduction involved in regulation of gene expression

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another.


positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-17 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


CD40 receptor complex

A protein complex that contains at least CD40 (a cell surface receptor of the tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily), and other signaling molecules.


AGRIN_HUMAN Agrin (sprot)

An agrin that is encoded in the genome of human.


dystroglycan binding

Binding to dystroglycan, a glycoprotein found in non-muscle tissues as well as in muscle tissues, often in association with dystrophin. The native dystroglycan cleaved into two non-covalently associated subunits, alpha (N-terminal) and beta (C-terminal).


sialic acid binding

Binding to a sialic acid, a N- or O- substituted derivative of neuraminic acid, a nine carbon monosaccharide. Sialic acids often occur in polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria.


chondroitin sulfate binding

Binding to chondroitin sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan made up of two alternating monosaccharides: D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc).


heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding

Binding to a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, any proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate as the glycosaminoglycan carbohydrate unit.


G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an acetylcholine receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


receptor clustering

The receptor metabolic process that results in grouping of a set of receptors at a cellular location, often to amplify the sensitivity of a signaling response.


clustering of voltage-gated sodium channels

The process in which voltage-gated sodium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, nodes of Ranvier differ dramatically from internodal axonal regions in very high densities of voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) channels responsible for the rapid, inward ionic currents that produce membrane depolarization.


positive regulation of synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction.


synapse organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).


PLOD2_HUMAN Procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2 (sprot)

A procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + 5-(D-galactosyloxy)-L-lysine-procollagen = UDP + 1,2-D-glucosyl-5-D-(galactosyloxy)-L-lysine-procollagen.


protein O-linked glycosylation

A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or via the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine, forming an O-glycan.


Catalysis of the reaction: procollagen L-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = procollagen 5-hydroxy-L-lysine + succinate + CO2.


L-ascorbic acid binding

Binding to L-ascorbic acid, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate; L-ascorbic acid is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species.


peptidyl-lysine hydroxylation

The hydroxylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-hydroxylysine.


hydroxylysine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydroxylysine (5-hydroxy-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid), a chiral alpha-amino acid.


rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the rough endoplasmic reticulum.


MEIS1_HUMAN Homeobox protein Meis1 (sprot)

A homeobox protein Meis1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


lens morphogenesis in camera-type eye

The process in which the anatomical structures of the lens are generated and organized. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.


megakaryocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a megakaryocyte cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Megakaryocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a megakaryocyte fate. A megakaryocyte is a giant cell 50 to 100 micron in diameter, with a greatly lobulated nucleus, found in the bone marrow.


negative regulation of myeloid cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.


definitive hemopoiesis

A second wave of blood cell production that, in vertebrates, generates long-term hemopoietic stem cells that continously provide erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid lineages throughout adulthood.


cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development

The growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.


EXOC5_HUMAN Exocyst complex component 5 (sprot)

An exocyst complex component 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mitotic cytokinesis

A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.


establishment of planar polarity

Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.


vesicle docking involved in exocytosis

The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, that contributes to exocytosis.


protein localization to plasma membrane

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.


vesicle tethering involved in exocytosis

The initial, indirect interaction between a secretory vesicle membrane and a site of exocytosis in the plasma membrane. This interaction is mediated by tethering factors (or complexes), which interact with both membranes. Interaction can occur via direct binding to membrane phospholipids or membrane proteins, or via binding to vesicle coat proteins. This process is distinct from and prior to docking and fusion.


ELL2_HUMAN RNA polymerase II elongation factor ELL2 (sprot)

An RNA polymerase II elongation factor ELL2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II

The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II promoter.


transcription elongation factor complex

Any protein complex that interacts with RNA polymerase II to increase (positive transcription elongation factor) or reduce (negative transcription elongation factor) the rate of transcription elongation.


NPT4_HUMAN Sodium-dependent phosphate transport protein 4 (sprot)

A sodium-dependent phosphate transport protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Na+(out) + phosphate(out) = Na+(in) + phosphate(in).


organic anion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of organic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.


urate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of urate from one side of a membrane to the other. Urate is the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine, the end product of purine metabolism in certain mammals and the main excretory product in uricotelic animals.


efflux transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.


toxin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a toxin from one side of a membrane to the other. A toxin is a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.


xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the directed movement of a xenobiotic from one side of a membrane to the other. A xenobiotic is a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


phosphate ion transport

The directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


organic anion transport

The directed movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.


urate transport

The directed movement of urate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


glucose-6-phosphate transport

The directed movement of glucose-6-phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Glucose-6-phosphate is a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.


urate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving urate, the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine, the end product of purine metabolism in certain mammals and the main excretory product in uricotelic animals.


xenobiotic detoxification by transmembrane export across the plasma membrane

A process that reduces or removes the toxicity of a xenobiotic by exporting it outside the cell.


BT3A3_HUMAN Butyrophilin subfamily 3 member A3 (sprot)

A butyrophilin subfamily 3 member A3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HMGN4_HUMAN High mobility group nucleosome-binding domain-containing protein 4 (sprot)

A high mobility group nucleosome-binding domain-containing protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


nucleosomal DNA binding

Binding to the DNA portion of a nucleosome.


BT3A1_HUMAN Butyrophilin subfamily 3 member A1 (sprot)

A butyrophilin subfamily 3 member A1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


activated T cell proliferation

The expansion of a T cell population following activation by an antigenic stimulus.


NR5A2_HUMAN Nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2 (sprot)

A nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


transcription coregulator binding

Binding to a transcription coregulator, a protein involved in regulation of transcription via protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other transcription regulatory proteins. Cofactors do not bind DNA directly, but rather mediate protein-protein interactions between regulatory transcription factors and the basal transcription machinery.


nuclear receptor activity

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity regulated by binding to a ligand that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Nuclear receptor ligands are usually lipid-based (such as a steroid hormone) and the binding of the ligand to its receptor often occurs in the cytosol, which leads to its translocation to the nucleus.


bile acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.


embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell.