SUPYN_HUMAN Suppressyn (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the ERVH48-1 gene in human.


syncytium formation

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The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane. Syncytia are normally derived from single cells that fuse or fail to complete cell division.


OVOL3_HUMAN Putative transcription factor ovo-like protein 3 (sprot)

A putative transcription factor ovo-like protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A deoxyribonuclease-2-alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


DNA metabolic process

Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides.


enucleate erythrocyte differentiation

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specialized features of an erythrocyte without a nucleus. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.


lysosome

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A small lytic vacuole that has cell cycle-independent morphology found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases, most of which have their maximal activities in the pH range 5-6. The contained enzymes display latency if properly isolated. About 40 different lysosomal hydrolases are known and lysosomes have a great variety of morphologies and functions.


ADAS_HUMAN Alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase, peroxisomal (sprot)

An alkyldihydroxyacetonephosphate synthase, peroxisomal that is encoded in the genome of human.


lipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.


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Catalysis of the reaction: 1-acyl-glycerone 3-phosphate + a long-chain alcohol = 1-alkyl-glycerone 3-phosphate + a long-chain acid anion.


FAD binding

Binding to the oxidized form, FAD, of flavin-adenine dinucleotide, the coenzyme or the prosthetic group of various flavoprotein oxidoreductase enzymes.


peroxisomal membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome.


UBXN8_HUMAN UBX domain-containing protein 8 (sprot)

A UBX domain-containing protein 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ubiquitin ligase complex

A protein complex that includes a ubiquitin-protein ligase and enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. The complex also contains other proteins that may confer substrate specificity on the complex.


KIF2A_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF2A (sprot)

A kinesin-like protein KIF2A that is encoded in the genome of human.


spindle microtubule

Any microtubule that is part of a mitotic or meiotic spindle; anchored at one spindle pole.


cytoskeletal motor activity

Generation of force resulting in movement, for example along a microfilament or microtubule, or in torque resulting in membrane scission or rotation of a flagellum. The energy required is obtained either from the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate or by an electrochemical proton gradient (proton-motive force).


microtubule depolymerization

The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule.


mitotic spindle organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.


mitotic spindle assembly

Mitotic bipolar spindle assembly begins with spindle microtubule nucleation from the separated spindle pole body, includes spindle elongation during prometaphase, and is complete when all kinetochores are stably attached the spindle, and the spindle assembly checkpoint is satisfied.


centriolar subdistal appendage

A protein complex which assembles on the mother centriole during cilium formation, adjacent and proximal to a centriolar distal appendage. In human, it contains ODF2, CNTRL, NIN, CCDC120c and CCDC68.


SGK1_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase Sgk1 (sprot)

A serine/threonine-protein kinase Sgk1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein serine/threonine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.


protein serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate; and ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate.


calcium channel regulator activity

Modulates the activity of a calcium channel.


potassium channel regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a potassium channel.


sodium channel regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a sodium channel.


chloride channel regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a chloride channel.


regulation of cell growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.


protein phosphorylation

The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.


sodium ion transport

The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


long-term memory

The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information a long time (typically weeks, months or years) after receiving that information. This type of memory is typically dependent on gene transcription regulated by second messenger activation.


regulation of blood pressure

Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.


positive regulation of transporter activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a transporter.


regulation of apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process.


regulation of catalytic activity

Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme.


regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.


regulation of gastric acid secretion

Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.


renal sodium ion absorption

A renal system process in which sodium ions are taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures.


regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction by p53 class mediator.


cellular response to aldosterone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aldosterone stimulus.


nuclear speck

A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy.


KITM_HUMAN Thymidine kinase 2, mitochondrial (sprot)

A thymidine kinase 2, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


deoxycytidine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NTP + deoxycytidine = NDP + CMP.


thymidine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thymidine = ADP + thymidine 5'-phosphate.


nucleoside kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nucleoside = ADP + nucleoside monophosphate.


deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


nucleotide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).


pyrimidine nucleoside salvage

Any process that generates a pyrimidine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose, from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


deoxycytidine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxycytidine, 2-deoxyribosylcytosine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.


thymidine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving thymidine, deoxyribosylthymine thymine 2-deoxyriboside, a deoxynucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in deoxynucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA.


DNA biosynthetic process

The biosynthetic process resulting in the formation of DNA.


FZD9_HUMAN Frizzled-9 (sprot)

A frizzled-9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


Wnt receptor activity

Combining with a Wnt protein and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


ossification

The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.


release of cytochrome c from mitochondria

The process that results in the movement of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is part of the apoptotic signaling pathway and leads to caspase activation.


neuroblast proliferation

The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.


learning or memory

The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time.


B cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell. A B cell is a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.


positive regulation of bone mineralization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.


negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.


negative regulation of mitochondrial depolarization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the change in the membrane potential of the mitochondria from negative to positive.


negative regulation of necroptotic process

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a necroptotic process, a necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.


positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.


postsynapse organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynapse.


negative regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.


regulation of skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering.


negative regulation of skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering.


bone regeneration

The regrowth of bone following its loss or destruction.


filopodium membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a filopodium.


postsynapse

The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.


DX39A_HUMAN ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX39A (sprot)

An ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX39 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mRNA splicing, via spliceosome

The joining together of exons from one or more primary transcripts of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the excision of intron sequences, via a spliceosomal mechanism, so that mRNA consisting only of the joined exons is produced.


RNA export from nucleus

The directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.


mRNA export from nucleus

The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.


PDLI1_HUMAN PDZ and LIM domain protein 1 (sprot)

A PDZ and LIM domain protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cadherin binding involved in cell-cell adhesion

Any cadherin binding that occurs as part of the process of cell-cell adhesion.


fibroblast migration

Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a fibroblast pseudopodium. A fibroblast is a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.


maintenance of cell polarity

The maintenance of established anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.


actin cytoskeleton organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.


establishment or maintenance of actin cytoskeleton polarity

Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized actin-based cytoskeletal structures.


stress fiber assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a stress fiber. A stress fiber is a contractile actin filament bundle that consists of short actin filaments with alternating polarity.


cell-cell adhesion

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.


BACH_HUMAN Cytosolic acyl coenzyme A thioester hydrolase (sprot)

A cytosolic acyl coenzyme A thioester hydrolase that is encoded in the genome of human.


fatty-acyl-CoA binding

Binding to a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty acyl group.


long-chain fatty acyl-CoA binding

Binding to a long-chain fatty acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with an aliphatic tail of 13 to 21 carbons.


carboxylic ester hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a carboxylic ester bond.


long-chain acyl-CoA hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a long-chain acyl-CoA = a long-chain carboxylate + CoA. A long chain is a chain of greater than 12 carbons in length.


coenzyme A biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.


long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a medium-chain fatty-acyl group. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with a chain length between C13 and C22.


medium-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid with an aliphatic tail of 6 to 12 carbons.


palmitic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of palmitic acid.


GPR25_HUMAN Probable G-protein coupled receptor 25 (sprot)

A probable G-protein coupled receptor 25 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MYO1C_HUMAN Unconventional myosin-Ic (sprot)

A myosin-Ic that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein targeting to membrane

The process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.


vesicle transport along actin filament

Movement of a vesicle along an actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.


positive regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.


regulation of bicellular tight junction assembly

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction assembly.


basal plasma membrane

The region of the plasma membrane located at the basal end of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.


lateral plasma membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane at the lateral side of the cell. In epithelial cells, lateral plasma membranes are on the sides of cells which lie at the interface of adjacent cells.


phagocytic vesicle

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.


MYO1F_HUMAN Unconventional myosin-If (sprot)

A myosin-If that is encoded in the genome of human.


SNP23_HUMAN Synaptosomal-associated protein 23 (sprot)

A synaptosomal-associated protein 23 that is encoded in the genome of human.


syntaxin binding

Binding to a syntaxin, a SNAP receptor involved in the docking of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic zone of a synapse.


histamine secretion by mast cell

The regulated release of histamine by a mast cell or group of mast cells.


post-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles.


vesicle targeting

The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes. Targeting involves coordinated interactions among cytoskeletal elements (microtubules or actin filaments), motor proteins, molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces, and vesicle cargo.


membrane fusion

The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane.


specific granule

Granule with a membranous, tubular internal structure, found primarily in mature neutrophil cells. Most are released into the extracellular fluid. Specific granules contain lactoferrin, lysozyme, vitamin B12 binding protein and elastase.


azurophil granule

Primary lysosomal granule found in neutrophil granulocytes. Contains a wide range of hydrolytic enzymes and is released into the extracellular fluid.


presynapse

The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell.


SNARE complex

A protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers. One well-characterized example is the neuronal SNARE complex formed of synaptobrevin 2, syntaxin 1a, and SNAP-25.


HAX1_HUMAN HCLS1-associated protein X-1 (sprot)

An HCLS1-associated protein X-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


interleukin-1 binding

Binding to interleukin-1.


signaling adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two or more molecules in a signaling pathway, permitting those molecules to function in a coordinated way. Adaptor molecules themselves do not have catalytic activity.


regulation of actin filament polymerization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament.


positive regulation of granulocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.


granulocyte colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway

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The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. G-CSF binds to the receptor (CSF3R).


positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.


positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction.


cellular response to cytokine stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.


regulation of actin filament organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament organization.


regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrion degradation by an autophagic process.


regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to mitochondrion.


EYA2_HUMAN Eyes absent homolog 2 (sprot)

An eyes absent homolog 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


histone H2AXY142 phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H2AX tyrosine phosphate (position 142) + H2O = histone H2AX tyrosine (position 142) + phosphate.


DNA repair

The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.


mesodermal cell fate specification

The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a mesoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


striated muscle tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. Skeletal muscle myoblasts fuse to form myotubes and eventually multinucleated muscle fibers. The fusion of cardiac cells is very rare and can only form binucleate cells.


extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand

The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with withdrawal of a ligand from a cell surface receptor, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization

The process by which the mitochondrial outer membrane becomes permeable to the passing of proteins and other molecules from the intermembrane space to the cytosol as part of the apoptotic signaling pathway.


PLM_HUMAN Phospholemman (sprot)

A phospholemman that is encoded in the genome of human.


potassium ion transport

The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis.


regulation of heart contraction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.


negative regulation of protein glutathionylation

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein glutathionylation. Protein glutathionylation is the protein modification process in which a glutathione molecule is added to a protein amino acid through a disulfide linkage.


regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in a cardiac muscle cell (a cardiomyocyte). A membrane potential is the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.


positive regulation of sodium ion export across plasma membrane

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion export across the plasma membrane.


regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.


caveola

A membrane raft that forms small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Examples include flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane in adipocytes associated with caveolin proteins, and minute pits or incuppings of the cell membrane formed during pinocytosis. Caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the cytoplasm.


intercalated disc

A complex cell-cell junction at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes; mediates mechanical and electrochemical integration between individual cardiomyocytes. The intercalated disc contains regions of tight mechanical attachment (fasciae adherentes and desmosomes) and electrical coupling (gap junctions) between adjacent cells.


T-tubule

Invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril. The ends of T-tubules make contact with the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.


Sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPases are tetrameric proteins, consisting of two large alpha subunits and two smaller beta subunits. The alpha subunits bear the active site and penetrate the membrane, while the beta subunits carry oligosaccharide groups and face the cell exterior.


AIP_HUMAN AH receptor-interacting protein (sprot)

An AH receptor-interacting protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-proline (omega=180) = peptidyl-proline (omega=0).


aryl hydrocarbon receptor binding

Binding to an aryl hydrocarbon receptor.


GAF domain binding

Binding to a GAF protein domain.


unfolded protein binding

Binding to an unfolded protein.


protein targeting to mitochondrion

The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, usually mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein.


regulation of protein kinase A signaling

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.


protein maturation by protein folding

The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that results in the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.


aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex

A protein complex that acts as an aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor. Cytosolic and nuclear Ah receptor complexes have different subunit composition, but both contain the ligand-binding subunit AhR.


CCL24_HUMAN C-C motif chemokine 24 (sprot)

A C-C motif chemokine 24 that is encoded in the genome of human.


chemokine activity

The function of a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.


CCR3 chemokine receptor binding

Binding to a CCR3 chemokine receptor.


receptor ligand activity

The activity of a gene product that interacts with a receptor to effect a change in the activity of the receptor. Ligands may be produced by the same, or different, cell that expresses the receptor. Ligands may diffuse extracellularly from their point of origin to the receiving cell, or remain attached to an adjacent cell surface (e.g. Notch ligands).


positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.


chemotaxis

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).


cell-cell signaling

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.


positive regulation of actin filament polymerization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization.


positive regulation of angiogenesis

Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis.


eosinophil chemotaxis

The movement of an eosinophil in response to an external stimulus.


positive regulation of eosinophil migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil migration.


GTPB1_HUMAN GTP-binding protein 1 (sprot)

A GTP-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


translation elongation factor activity

Functions in chain elongation during polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.


alpha-aminoacyl-tRNA binding

Binding to an alpha-aminoacyl-tRNA.


cytoplasmic translation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in the cytoplasm. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein.


cytoplasmic exosome (RNase complex)

A ribonuclease complex that has 3-prime to 5-prime processive hydrolytic exoribonuclease activity producing 5-prime-phosphomonoesters. Participates in a multitude of cellular RNA processing and degradation events preventing nuclear export and/or translation of aberrant RNAs. Restricted to processing linear and circular single-stranded RNAs (ssRNA) only. RNAs with complex secondary structures may have to be unwound or pre-processed by co-factors prior to entering the complex, esp if the 3-prime end is structured.


KCNK1_HUMAN Potassium channel subfamily K member 1 (sprot)

A potassium channel subfamily K member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


voltage-gated potassium channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


sodium channel activity

Enables the facilitated diffusion of a sodium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


potassium ion leak channel activity

Enables the transport of a potassium ion across a membrane via a narrow pore channel that is open even in an unstimulated or 'resting' state.


regulation of resting membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a resting potential, the electrical charge across the plasma membrane, with the interior of the cell negative with respect to the exterior. The resting potential is the membrane potential of a cell that is not stimulated to be depolarized or hyperpolarized.


potassium ion transmembrane transport

A process in which a potassium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other.


brush border membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the brush border.


synaptic membrane

A specialized area of membrane on either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic side of a synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.


voltage-gated potassium channel complex

A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which potassium ions may cross a cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential.


potassium channel complex

An ion channel complex through which potassium ions pass.


inward rectifier potassium channel complex

A protein complex which is capable of inward rectifier potassium channel activity.


LEG9_HUMAN Galectin-9 (sprot)

A galectin-9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of interleukin-4 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production.


regulation of interleukin-5 production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production.


toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 2.


toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 4.


mature conventional dendritic cell differentiation

The process in which antigen-activated dendritic cells acquire the specialized features of a mature conventional dendritic cell. Mature conventional dendritic cells upregulate the surface expression of MHC molecules, chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules, and increase the number of dendrites (cytoplasmic protrusions) in preparation for migration to lymphoid organs where they present antigen to T cells.


regulation of p38MAPK cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of p38MAPK cascade.


galactose binding

Binding to aldohexose galactose (galacto-hexose), a common constituent of many oligo- and polysaccharides.


disaccharide binding

Binding to a disaccharide. Disaccharides are sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.


natural killer cell tolerance induction

Tolerance induction of natural killer cells.


female pregnancy

The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth.


negative regulation of chemokine production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.


negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.


positive regulation of type II interferon production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.


positive regulation of interleukin-12 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production.


positive regulation of interleukin-13 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production.


positive regulation of interleukin-4 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production.


positive regulation of interleukin-8 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production.


positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation involved in immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells as part of an immune response.


p38MAPK cascade

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a p38 MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.


negative regulation of mast cell degranulation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of mast cell degranulation.


negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of natural killer mediated cytotoxicity.


negative regulation of activated T cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.


positive regulation of viral entry into host cell

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of viral entry into the host cell.


positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.


positive regulation of activated T cell autonomous cell death

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activated T cell autonomous cell death.


ERK1 and ERK2 cascade

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least ERK1 or ERK2 (MAPKs), a MEK (a MAPKK) and a MAP3K. The cascade may involve 4 different kinases, as it can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.


response to interleukin-1

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus.


positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta.


positive regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1.


positive regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the non-canonical NF-kappaB cascade.


positive regulation of dendritic cell chemotaxis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell chemotaxis.


negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.


positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.


positive regulation of dendritic cell apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process.


positive regulation of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell.


positive regulation of dendritic cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.


positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.


STXB3_HUMAN Syntaxin-binding protein 3 (sprot)

A syntaxin-binding protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


intracellular glucose homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of glucose within a cell.


protein to membrane docking

The initial attachment of a protein to a target membrane, mediated by a proteins protruding from the target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere.


insulin secretion

The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin. In vertebrates, insulin is secreted from B granules in the B cells of the vertebrate pancreas and from insulin-producing cells in insects.


response to insulin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.


neutrophil degranulation

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as proteases, lipases, and inflammatory mediators by a neutrophil.


negative regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.


negative regulation of glucose import

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.


platelet aggregation

The adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.


platelet alpha granule

A secretory organelle found in blood platelets, which is unique in that it exhibits further compartmentalization and acquires its protein content via two distinct mechanisms: (1) biosynthesis predominantly at the megakaryocyte (MK) level (with some vestigial platelet synthesis) (e.g. platelet factor 4) and (2) endocytosis and pinocytosis at both the MK and circulating platelet levels (e.g. fibrinogen (Fg) and IgG).


tertiary granule

A secretory granule that contains cathepsin and gelatinase and is readily exocytosed upon cell activation; found primarily in mature neutrophil cells.


MASP2_HUMAN Mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 (sprot)

A mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


complement component C4b binding

Binding to a C4b product of the classical complement cascade.


complement activation, lectin pathway

Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the lectin pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes.


complement activation, classical pathway

Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes.


AP4M1_HUMAN AP-4 complex subunit mu-1 (sprot)

An AP-4 complex subunit mu-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a protein from one side of a membrane to the other.


protein targeting

The process of targeting specific proteins to particular regions of the cell, typically membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif.


intracellular protein transport

The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.


Golgi to endosome transport

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to early sorting endosomes. Clathrin vesicles transport substances from the trans-Golgi to endosomes.


protein transmembrane transport

The process in which a protein is transported across a membrane.


Golgi to lysosome transport

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to lysosomes.


protein localization to basolateral plasma membrane

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, basolateral regions of the plasma membrane.


AP-4 adaptor complex

An AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta4, epsilon, mu4 and sigma4 subunits and is found associated with membranes in the trans-Golgi network; it is not clear whether AP-4 forms clathrin coats in vivo.


endosome lumen

The volume enclosed by the membrane of an endosome.


trans-Golgi network membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments that make up the trans-Golgi network.


clathrin adaptor complex

A membrane coat adaptor complex that links clathrin to a membrane.


ARVC_HUMAN Splicing regulator ARVCF (sprot)

A splicing regulator ARVCF that is encoded in the genome of human.


SMAP_HUMAN Small acidic protein (sprot)

A small acidic protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


RB27B_HUMAN Ras-related protein Rab-27B (sprot)

A Ras-related protein Rab-27B that is encoded in the genome of human.


GDP binding

Binding to GDP, guanosine 5'-diphosphate.


myosin V binding

Binding to a class V myosin; myosin V is a dimeric molecule involved in intracellular transport.


positive regulation of exocytosis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.


synaptic vesicle endocytosis

A vesicle-mediated transport process, in which the synaptic vesicle membrane constituents are retrieved from the presynaptic membrane on the axon terminal after neurotransmitter secretion by exocytosis. Synaptic vesicle endocytosis can occur via clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent mechanisms.


multivesicular body sorting pathway

A vesicle-mediated transport process in which transmembrane proteins are ubiquitylated to facilitate their entry into luminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies (MVBs); upon subsequent fusion of MVBs with lysosomes or vacuoles, the cargo proteins are degraded.


anterograde axonal protein transport

The directed movement of proteins along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons.


Golgi stack

The set of thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments, called cisternae, that form the central portion of the Golgi complex. The stack usually comprises cis, medial, and trans cisternae; the cis- and trans-Golgi networks are not considered part of the stack.


trans-Golgi network transport vesicle

A vesicle that mediates transport between the trans-Golgi network and other parts of the cell.


synaptic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a synaptic vesicle.


platelet dense granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet dense granule.


multivesicular body membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a multivesicular body.


axon cytoplasm

Any cytoplasm that is part of a axon.


HRK_HUMAN Activator of apoptosis harakiri (sprot)

An activator of apoptosis harakiri that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation.


AP3B1_HUMAN AP-3 complex subunit beta-1 (sprot)

An AP-3 complex subunit beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein phosphatase binding

Binding to a protein phosphatase.


GTP-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein or protein complex when at least one of the interacting partners is in the GTP-bound state.


toll-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor of a target cell. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.


respiratory system process

A process carried out by the organs or tissues of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is an organ system responsible for respiratory gaseous exchange.


intracellular zinc ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of zinc ions within a cell.


lysosome organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases.


blood coagulation

The sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers.


anterograde axonal transport

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons.


granulocyte differentiation

The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a granulocyte. Granulocytes are a class of leukocytes characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. These cells are active in allergic immune reactions such as arthritic inflammation and rashes. This class includes basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils.


melanosome organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a melanosome. A melanosome is a tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored.


protein localization to cell surface

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.


clathrin-coated vesicle cargo loading, AP-3-mediated

Formation of a macromolecular complex between proteins of the AP-3 adaptor complex and proteins and/or lipoproteins that are going to be transported by a clathrin-coated vesicle. In some cases, the AP-3 complex is a heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that, in some organisms, links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle.


mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II

The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter.


intracellular transport

The directed movement of substances within a cell.


antigen processing and presentation, exogenous lipid antigen via MHC class Ib

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses lipid antigen of exogenous origin in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 family.


anterograde synaptic vesicle transport

The directed movement of synaptic vesicle along axonal microtubules from the cell body to the presynapse.


homeostasis of number of cells

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells.


positive regulation of NK T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell differentiation.


platelet dense granule organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a platelet dense granule. A platelet dense granule is an electron-dense granule occurring in blood platelets that stores and secretes adenosine nucleotides and serotonin. They contain a highly condensed core consisting of serotonin, histamine, calcium, magnesium, ATP, ADP, pyrophosphate and membrane lysosomal proteins.


lung morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the lung are generated and organized.


establishment of protein localization to mitochondrial membrane involved in mitochondrial fission

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the mitochondrial membrane that contributes to mitochondrial fission.


skin epidermis development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


melanosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a melanosome, a tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored.


AP-3 adaptor complex

A heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta3, delta, mu3 and sigma3 subunits and is found associated with endosomal membranes. AP-3 does not appear to associate with clathrin in all organisms. In at least humans, the AP-3 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (beta3A and beta3B, mu3A and mu3B, and sigma3A and sigma3B).


clathrin-coated vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated vesicle.


microvesicle

An extracellular vesicle released from the plasma membrane and ranging in size from about 100 nm to 1000 nm.


ST2B1_HUMAN Sulfotransferase 2B1 (sprot)

A sulfotransferase 2B1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cholesterol binding

Binding to cholesterol (cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol); the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.


steroid sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + a phenolic steroid = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + steroid O-sulfate.


cholesterol sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + cholesterol = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + cholesterol sulfate + H+.


steroid hormone binding

Binding to a steroid hormone.


steroid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.


cholesterol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues.


positive regulation of epidermal cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.


3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride. It is an intermediate in the formation of a variety of sulfo compounds in biological systems.


TLR4_HUMAN Toll-like receptor 4 (sprot)

A Toll-like receptor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Lipopolysaccharides are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, making them prime targets for recognition by the immune system.


positive regulation of MAP kinase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.


lipopolysaccharide binding

Binding to a lipopolysaccharide.


lipopolysaccharide immune receptor activity

Combining with a lipopolysaccharide and transmitting the signal across the cell membrane to initiate an innate immune response. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, making them prime targets for recognition by the immune system.


transmembrane signaling receptor activity

Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction.


NAD+ nucleotidase, cyclic ADP-ribose generating

Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + H2O = nicotinamide + ADP-ribose that proceeds in a stepwise fashion by ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity followed by cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase activity.


wound healing involved in inflammatory response

The series of events that restore integrity to damaged tissue that contribute to an inflammatory response.


B cell proliferation involved in immune response

The expansion of a B cell population by cell division following B cell activation during an immune response.


nitric oxide production involved in inflammatory response

The synthesis or release of nitric oxide following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.


MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway

A toll-like receptor signaling pathway in which the MyD88 adaptor molecule mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.


nitric oxide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.


phagocytosis

A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.


I-kappaB phosphorylation

The process of introducing a phosphate group into an inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing bound NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.


JNK cascade

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a JNK (a MAPK), a JNKK (a MAPKK) and a JUN3K (a MAP3K). The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.


gene expression

The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript and its processing, as well as translation and maturation for protein-coding genes.


positive regulation of platelet activation

Any process that increases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.


astrocyte development

The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.


microglia differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell. Microglia are glial cells that act as the immune cells of the central nervous system. They form part of the supporting structure of this system.


positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migration

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.


detection of fungus

The series of events in which a stimulus from a fungus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


positive regulation of B cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of B cell proliferation.


detection of lipopolysaccharide

The series of events in which a lipopolysaccharide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.


negative regulation of interleukin-17 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.


negative regulation of interleukin-23 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-23 production.


negative regulation of interleukin-6 production

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.


positive regulation of chemokine production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.


positive regulation of interferon-alpha production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production.


positive regulation of interferon-beta production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.


positive regulation of interleukin-1 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production.


positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.


TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor where the TRIF adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.


cellular response to platelet-derived growth factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a platelet-derived growth factor stimulus.


T-helper 1 type immune response

An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis, and which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 1 cells, most notably interferon-gamma, IL-2, and lymphotoxin.


macrophage activation

A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


MHC class II biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of major histocompatibility protein class II.


positive regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II.


positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide.


negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.


positive regulation of JNK cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.


positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.


stress-activated MAPK cascade

The series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated MAP kinase cascade relays a signal; MAP kinase cascades involve at least three protein kinase activities and culminate in the phosphorylation and activation of a MAP kinase.


positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nitric oxide synthase enzyme.


intestinal epithelial structure maintenance

A tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of the structure of the intestinal epithelium.


positive regulation of macrophage cytokine production

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.


nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand (such as a bacterial peptidoglycan) to a cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 (NOD1) protein receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process.


positive regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 (NOD1) pathway.


positive regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) pathway.


cellular response to lipoteichoic acid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoteichoic acid stimulus; lipoteichoic acid is a major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria and typically consists of a chain of glycerol-phosphate repeating units linked to a glycolipid anchor.


negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of cold-induced thermogenesis.


cellular response to oxidised low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxidized lipoprotein particle stimulus.


positive regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.


positive regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.


positive regulation of matrix metallopeptidase secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of matrix metallopeptidase secretion.


cellular response to amyloid-beta

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a amyloid-beta stimulus.


positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production.


positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


ruffle

Projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork.


external side of plasma membrane

The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.


receptor complex

Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.


lipopolysaccharide receptor complex

A multiprotein complex that consists of at least three proteins, CD14, TLR4, and MD-2, each of which is glycosylated and which functions as a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor that primes the innate immune response against bacterial pathogens.


RHOD_HUMAN Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoD (sprot)

A Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoD that is encoded in the genome of human.


Rho protein signal transduction

The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.


lamellipodium assembly

Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.


positive regulation of cell adhesion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.


focal adhesion assembly

The aggregation and bonding together of a set of components to form a focal adhesion, a complex of intracellular signaling and structural proteins that provides a structural link between the internal actin cytoskeleton and the ECM, and also function as a locus of signal transduction activity.


actin filament bundle assembly

The assembly of actin filament bundles; actin filaments are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness.


APBB1_HUMAN Amyloid beta precursor protein binding family B member 1 (sprot)

An amyloid beta precursor protein binding family B member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


histone binding

Binding to a histone, any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of eukaryotic or archaeal chromosomes. They are involved in the condensation and coiling of chromosomes during cell division and have also been implicated in gene regulation and DNA replication. They may be chemically modified (methylated, acetlyated and others) to regulate gene transcription.


low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding

Binding to a low-density lipoprotein receptor.


proline-rich region binding

Binding to a proline-rich region, i.e. a region that contains a high proportion of proline residues, in a protein.


smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length.


positive regulation of neuron projection development

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).


positive regulation of protein secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.


negative regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition

Any signaling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the cell cycle.


LEG8_HUMAN Galectin-8 (sprot)

A galectin-8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


integrin binding

Binding to an integrin.


xenophagy

The selective autophagy process in which a region of cytoplasm containing an intracellular pathogen or some part of an intracellular pathogen (e.g. viral capsid) is enclosed in a double membrane bound autophagosome, which then fuses with the lysosome leading to degradation of the contents.


lymphatic endothelial cell migration

The orderly movement of a lymphatic endothelial cell from one site to another in the wall of a lymphatic vessel.


NDUS8_HUMAN NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial (sprot)

An NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


NADH dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H+ + acceptor = NAD+ + reduced acceptor.


NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + ubiquinone + 5 H+(in) <=> NAD+ + ubiquinol + 4 H+(out).


4 iron, 4 sulfur cluster binding

Binding to a 4 iron, 4 sulfur (4Fe-4S) cluster; this cluster consists of four iron atoms, with the inorganic sulfur atoms found between the irons and acting as bridging ligands.


aerobic respiration

The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.


proton motive force-driven mitochondrial ATP synthesis

The transport of protons across a mitochondrial membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis.


mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I

A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It contains about 25 different polypeptide subunits, including NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), flavin mononucleotide and several different iron-sulfur clusters containing non-heme iron. The iron undergoes oxidation-reduction between Fe(II) and Fe(III), and catalyzes proton translocation linked to the oxidation of NADH by ubiquinone.


HYAS3_HUMAN Hyaluronan synthase 3 (sprot)

A hyaluronan synthase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


hyaluronan synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-D-glucuronate + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = [beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)](n) + 2n UDP.


hyaluronan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.


extracellular polysaccharide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides used in extracellular structures.


extracellular matrix assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the extracellular matrix.


positive regulation of hyaluranon cable assembly

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluranon cable assembly.


hyaluranon cable

A cable structure, surrounding some cell types (e.g. proximal or bronchial tubular epithelial cells), and composed of hyaluranon (HA), a ubiquitous connective tissue glycosaminoglycan.


TR10A_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10A (sprot)

A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10A that is encoded in the genome of human.


protease binding

Binding to a protease or a peptidase.


death receptor activity

Combining with an extracellular messenger (called a death ligand), and transmitting the signal from one side of the plasma membrane to the other to initiate apoptotic or necrotic cell death.


TRAIL binding

Binding to TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand), a member of the tumor necrosis factor ligand family that rapidly induces apoptosis in a variety of transformed cell lines.


activation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase activity

The stimulation of the activity of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase through phosphorylation at specific residues.


extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors

The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with a ligand binding to a death domain receptor on the cell surface, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathway

An extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway initiated by the binding of the ligand TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) to a death receptor on the cell surface.


extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with either a ligand binding to a cell surface receptor, or a ligand being withdrawn from a cell surface receptor (e.g. in the case of signaling by dependence receptors), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


IKBE_HUMAN NF-kappa-B inhibitor epsilon (sprot)

An NF-kappa-B inhibitor epsilon that is encoded in the genome of human.


cytoplasmic sequestering of transcription factor

The selective interaction of a transcription factor with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus.


GRM8_HUMAN Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 (sprot)

A metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


glutamate receptor activity

Combining with glutamate and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent decrease in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).


adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway

An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by glutamate binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


CORT_HUMAN Cortistatin (sprot)

A cortistatin that is encoded in the genome of human.


G protein-coupled receptor binding

Binding to a G protein-coupled receptor.


neuropeptide hormone activity

The action characteristic of a neuropeptide hormone, any peptide hormone that acts in the central nervous system. A neuropeptide is any of several types of molecules found in brain tissue, composed of short chains of amino acids; they include endorphins, enkephalins, vasopressin, and others. They are often localized in axon terminals at synapses and are classified as putative neurotransmitters, although some are also hormones.


PSD11_HUMAN 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11 (sprot)

A 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


proteasome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a mature, active proteasome complex.


proteasome complex

A large multisubunit complex which catalyzes protein degradation, found in eukaryotes, archaea and some bacteria. In eukaryotes, this complex consists of the barrel shaped proteasome core complex and one or two associated proteins or complexes that act in regulating entry into or exit from the core.


secretory granule lumen

The volume enclosed by the membrane of a secretory granule.


ficolin-1-rich granule lumen

Any membrane-enclosed lumen that is part of a ficolin-1-rich granule.


proteasome accessory complex

A protein complex, that caps one or both ends of the proteasome core complex and regulates entry into, or exit from, the proteasome core complex.


PSD12_HUMAN 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 12 (sprot)

A 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


proteasome regulatory particle

A multisubunit complex, which caps one or both ends of the proteasome core complex. This complex recognizes and unfolds ubiquitinated proteins, and translocates them to the proteasome core complex.


PSMD9_HUMAN 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 9 (sprot)

A 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


proteasome regulatory particle, base subcomplex

The subcomplex of the proteasome regulatory particle that directly associates with the proteasome core complex.


bHLH transcription factor binding

Binding to a basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) superfamily of transcription factors, important regulatory components in transcriptional networks of many developmental pathways.


positive regulation of insulin secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.


negative regulation of insulin secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.


proteasome regulatory particle assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a mature, active proteasome regulatory particle complex.


RN103_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF103 (sprot)

An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF103 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ubiquitin-protein transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin from one protein to another via the reaction X-Ub + Y = Y-Ub + X, where both X-Ub and Y-Ub are covalent linkages.


BMR1B_HUMAN Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-1B (sprot)

A BMP receptor type-1B that is encoded in the genome of human.


transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase activity

Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.


BMP binding

Binding to a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family.


SMAD binding

Binding to a SMAD signaling protein.


BMP receptor activity

Combining with a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family, and transmitting a signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


ovarian cumulus expansion

Increase in size of the cumulus surrounding the oocyte including change in morphology due to proliferation and dispersion of cumulus cells.


chondrocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.


central nervous system neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system.


proteoglycan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.


retinal ganglion cell axon guidance

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


positive regulation of chondrocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.


ovulation cycle

The type of sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.


positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.


retina development in camera-type eye

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.


endochondral bone morphogenesis

The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone.


positive regulation of cartilage development

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.


cellular response to BMP stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) stimulus.


positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.


negative regulation of chondrocyte proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.


neuronal cell body

The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.


HFE-transferrin receptor complex

A protein complex containing at least HFE and a transferrin receptor (either TFR1/TFRC or TFR2), proposed to play a role in the sensing of transferrin-bound Fe (Fe2-Tf) on the plasma membrane to regulate hepcidin transcription.


SIRB1_HUMAN Signal-regulatory protein beta-1 (sprot)

A signal-regulatory protein beta-1 (human), isoforms 1 and 2.


cell surface receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


secretory granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a secretory granule.


ATOX1_HUMAN Copper transport protein ATOX1 (sprot)

A copper transport protein ATOX1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


copper ion binding

Binding to a copper (Cu) ion.


metallochaperone activity

Binding to and delivering metal ions to a target protein.


copper chaperone activity

Directly binding to and delivering copper ions to a target protein.


copper-dependent protein binding

Binding to a protein or protein complex, in the presence of copper.


cuprous ion binding

Binding to a cuprous ion, copper(1+).


copper ion transport

The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


intracellular copper ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of copper ions within a cell.


AGRP_HUMAN Agouti-related protein (sprot)

An agouti-related protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


neuropeptide signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a neuropeptide binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


circadian rhythm

Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.


feeding behavior

Behavior associated with the intake of food.


hormone-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone.


long-day photoperiodism

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a day length that exceeds a particular duration known as the 'critical day length'. The critical day length varies between species. Although the term long-day is used, most species actually respond to the duration of the night, so that the response will occur when a period of darkness falls short of the number of hours defined by 24 hours minus the critical day length.


regulation of feeding behavior

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the behavior associated with the intake of food.


Golgi lumen

The volume enclosed by the membranes of any cisterna or subcompartment of the Golgi apparatus, including the cis- and trans-Golgi networks.


PAR3_HUMAN Proteinase-activated receptor 3 (sprot)

A proteinase-activated receptor 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1,2-diacylglycerol + 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate + H+.


thrombin-activated receptor activity

A G protein-coupled receptor activity that is activated by cleavage by thrombin, which exposes a tethered ligand corresponding to the new N-terminus, which binds to the receptor and activates it.


response to wounding

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism.


platelet activation

A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug.


thrombin-activated receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by thrombin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


ligand-gated ion channel signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a ligand-gated ion channel on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a ligand-gated ion channel and ends with a molecular function that directly regulates a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


MEN1_HUMAN Menin (sprot)

A menin that is encoded in the genome of human.


osteoblast development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an osteoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Osteoblast development does not include the steps involved in committing a cranial neural crest cell or an osteoprogenitor cell to an osteoblast fate. An osteoblast is a cell that gives rise to bone.


negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.


four-way junction DNA binding

Binding to a DNA segment containing four-way junctions, also known as Holliday junctions, a structure where two DNA double strands are held together by reciprocal exchange of two of the four strands, one strand each from the two original helices.


Y-form DNA binding

Binding to a DNA segment shaped like a Y. This shape occurs when DNA contains a region of paired double-stranded DNA on one end and a region of unpaired DNA strands on the opposite end.


transcription cis-regulatory region binding

Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls transcription of that section of the DNA. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.


phosphoprotein binding

Binding to a phosphorylated protein.


R-SMAD binding

Binding to a receptor-regulated SMAD signaling protein.


MAPK cascade

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.


negative regulation of protein phosphorylation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.


response to UV

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.


response to gamma radiation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.


positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway activity.


negative regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.


T-helper 2 cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a T-helper 2 (Th2) cell. A Th2 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype GATA-3-positive and produces interleukin-4.


negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.


negative regulation of cell cycle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.


transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling

An epigenetic mechanism of regulation of gene expression that involves chromatin remodeling to capacitate gene expression by either modifying the chromatin fiber, the nucleosomal histones, or the DNA.


negative regulation of JNK cascade

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.


negative regulation of telomerase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme telomerase, which catalyzes of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1).


endoplasmic reticulum lumen

The volume enclosed by the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum.


nuclear matrix

The dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane.


transcription repressor complex

A protein complex that possesses activity that prevents or downregulates transcription.


MLL1/2 complex

A protein complex that can methylate lysine-4 of histone H3, and which contains either of the protein subunits MLL1 or MLL2 in human, or equivalent in other species.


MLL1 complex

A protein complex that can methylate lysine-4 of histone H3. MLL1/MLL is the catalytic methyltransferase subunit, and the complex also contains the core components ASH2L, HCFC1/HCF1 WDR5 and RBBP5.


histone methyltransferase complex

A multimeric complex that is able to catalyze the addition of methyl groups to histone proteins.


CBX4_HUMAN E3 SUMO-protein ligase CBX4 (sprot)

An E3 SUMO-protein ligase CBX4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


single-stranded RNA binding

Binding to single-stranded RNA.


SUMO transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of SUMO from one protein to another via the reaction X-SUMO + Y = Y-SUMO + X, where both X-SUMO and Y-SUMO are covalent linkages.


SUMO binding

Binding to the small ubiquitin-like protein SUMO.


methylated histone binding

Binding to a histone in which a residue has been modified by methylation.