Catalysis of the reaction: glucomannan(n) + GDP-mannose = glucomannan(n+1) + GDP.


pollen adhesion

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The process in which pollen deposited on the stigma adheres to cells of the stigma.


response to phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate stimulus.


nephric duct development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.


regulation of rhamnose catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of rhamnose, the hexose 6-deoxy-L-mannose.


regulation of filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms in response to heat

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms in response to heat.


regulation of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells.


sulfate assimilation, phosphoadenylyl sulfate reduction by phosphoadenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin)

The pathway by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds, where the phosphoadenylyl sulfate reduction step is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoadenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin) (EC:1.8.4.8).


negative regulation of embryonic pattern specification

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic pattern specification.


prostaglandin production involved in inflammatory response

The synthesis or release of any prostaglandin following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: (1->6)-alpha-D-mannosyloligosaccharide + beta-D-mannosylphosphodecaprenol = (1->6)-alpha-D-mannosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-mannosyl-oligosaccharide + decaprenol phosphate.


regulation of oligopeptide transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.


green leaf volatile biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of volatile molecules emitted from green plants, such as hexenal, hexenol and hexenyl acetate, from linoleic acid or linolenic acid.


2-methylguanosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2-methylguanosine.


phenylacetaldehyde synthase activity

Catalyzes the reaction: L-phenylalanine + O2 + H2O -> phenylacetaldehyde + ammonia + hydrogen peroxide + CO2.


protoperithecium formation

The process of producing fruiting body precursors, called protoperithecia. Protoperitheicium is a spherical structure that is formed in the sexual phase of ascomycetous fungi such as Neurospora crassa and Sordaria macrospora. Protoperithecium is formed by the enveloping of ascogonia cells by sterile hyphae and it develops into perithecium.


regulation of dense core granule transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dense core granule transport.


molybdenum incorporation via L-cysteinyl molybdopterin

The incorporation of molybdenum into a protein via L-cysteinyl molybdopterin.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-18:3-2-16:0-phosphatidylglycerol + O2 + a reduced electron acceptor <=> 1-18:3-2-trans-16:1-phosphatidylglycerol + 2 H2O + an oxidized electron acceptor.


UDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-D-glucose = H2O + UDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose.


Catalysis of the reaction: N(4)-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-asparagine + H2O = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + L-asparagine.


trihydroxyferuloyl spermidine:S-adenosyl-L-methionine O-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the oxygen atom of a trihydroxyferuloyl spermidine molecule.


beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a galactose residue from a donor molecule to an oligosaccharide, forming a beta-1,3-linkage.


histoblast morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the histoblast disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of histoblast cells into adult structures during pupal metamorphosis. Histoblast cells are cells founded in the embryo that are the progenitors to the adult abdomen.


anaerobic respiration

The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which uses compounds other than oxygen (e.g. nitrate, sulfate) as the terminal electron acceptor.


mono-butyltin dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: butyltin + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = H2O + beta-hydroxybutyltin.


positive regulation of erythrocyte clearance

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of erythrocyte clearance.


renal system pattern specification

Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate into the anatomical structures of the renal system.


2,3-dimethylmalate lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (2R,3S)-2,3-dimethylmalate = propanoate + pyruvate.


lysine biosynthetic process via diaminopimelate, dehydrogenase pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, via the intermediate diaminopimelate; in this pathway tetrahydrodipicolinate is converted to meso-diaminopimelate in a single enzymatic step.


Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + L-serine = nicotinamide + N2-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-serine.


negative regulation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process in which oskar mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm.


positive regulation of maltohexaose transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of maltohexaose transport.


regulation of mitotic telomere tethering at nuclear periphery

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic telomere tethering at nuclear periphery.


fibroblast chemotaxis

The directed movement of a fibroblast guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).


tRNA wobble base modification

The process in which the nucleotide at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.


flavin-dependent halogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: R-CH + a halogen + FADH2 + O2 = R-C-halogen + FAD + H2O.


positive regulation of lactation by mesenchymal-epithelial cell signaling

The process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of lactation as a result of the secretion of a signal from the mammary fat and its reception by a mammary epithelial cell.


positive regulation of SREBP signaling pathway in response to decreased oxygen levels

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the SREBP signaling pathway in response to a decrease in oxygen levels.


delamination involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second

The splitting or migration of one epithelial sheet into two involved in the process of deuterostomic gastrulation.


procyclogenesis

The morphological, biochemical and genetic changes that induce the differentiation of bloodstream form trypomastigotes into procyclic trypomastigotes in some of the Trypanosomatidae species such as Trypanosoma brucei. This process occurs inside the midgut of the tsetse fly vectors in T. brucei.


fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in spinal cord anterior/posterior pattern formation

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that results in the spatial identity of regions along the anterior-posterior axis of the spinal cord.


cytochrome P450 dependent beta-amyrin 12,13beta-epoxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: beta-amyrin + O2 + H+ + NAD(P)H <=> 12,13beta-epoxy-beta-amyrin + H2O + NAD(P).


positive regulation of sensory perception of bitter taste

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of bitter taste.


mannosamine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannosomine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose; the D-isomer is a constituent of neuraminic acids as well as mucolipids and mucoproteins.


acetylornithine deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N2-acetyl-L-ornithine + H2O = acetate + L-ornithine.


small RNA binding translational repressor activity

A translational repressor activity that binds to a single-stranded small regulatory RNA (either a miRNA or a siRNA) to guide it to its target mRNA.


wobble position uridine ribose methylation

The process in which the ribose of uridine at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally methylated at the 2'-O position.


histone H2A methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a histone H2 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a methylated histone H2A. Histone methylation generally occurs on either an arginine or a lysine residue.


N-glutamylanilide hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N5-phenyl-L-glutamine + H2O = L-glutamate + aniline + H+.


kaempferol O-glucoside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of O-glucosylated derivatives of kaempferol.


renal capsule morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the renal capsule are generated and organized. The renal capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage. During development, it comprises a single layer of flattened cells that lie just above the cortical stroma and the condensed mesenchyme of the nephrogenic zone. It is in this region that the early stages of nephron induction and formation of new generations ureteric bud branches occur, as the kidney expands.


lobar bronchus mesenchyme development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lobar bronchus mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lobar bronchus mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. The lobar bronchus mesenchyme is the mass of tissue composed of mesenchymal cells in the lobar bronchus.


(25S)-Delta(7)-dafachronate binding

Binding to (25S)-Delta(7)-dafachronate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxo-7-methylthioheptanoate + acetyl-CoA + H2O <=> H+ + 2-(5'-methylthio)pentylmalate + coenzyme A.


regulation of DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.


NAD+ synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + deamido-NAD+ + NH3 = AMP + diphosphate + NAD+.


negative regulation of response to acetate

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to acetate.


stomatal complex development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stomatal complex over time from its formation to the mature structure. The stomatal complex is the stomatal guard cells and their associated epidermal cells.


antisense RNA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving antisense RNA, an RNA molecule complementary in sequence to another RNA or DNA molecule, which, by binding the latter, acts to inhibit its function and/or completion of synthesis.


menaquinone-dependent protoporphyrinogen oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protoporphyrinogen IX + menaquinone = protoporphyrin IX + reduced menaquinone.


olfactory nerve structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the oculomotor nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The olfactory nerve is a collection of sensory nerve rootlets that extend down from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. This nerve conducts odor information to the brainstem.


pentose catabolic process to acetate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pentose to acetate.


regulation of retinal cone cell fate specification

Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into a retinal cone cell.


monocarboxylic acid binding

Binding to a monocarboxylic acid, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).


tergite morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the tergite are generated and organized. The tergite is the primary plate or sclerite forming the dorsal surface of any insect body segment.


polytene chromosome puff

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A swelling at a site along the length of a polytene chromosome, thought to be the site of active transcription.


polytene chromosome band

A stretch of densely packed chromatin along the polytene chromosome, visible as a morphologically distinct band.


polytene chromosome interband

A stretch of less tightly packed chromatin along the polytene chromosome, found between bands.


host bacteroid-containing symbiosome

A symbiosome containing any of various structurally modified bacteria, such as those occurring on the root nodules of leguminous plants, of a host cell.


APC-tubulin-IQGAP1 complex

A protein complex that contains the tumor suppressor protein adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), alpha-tubulin, gamma-tubulin, and the Rac1 and Cdc42 effector IQGAP1; may play a role in cytoskeleton organization.


simple sieve plate

A sieve plate that contains a single specialized sieve area.


sieve plate

A part of the cell wall of a sieve tube member that bears one or more highly specialized sieve areas.


compound sieve plate

A sieve plate that contains several specialized sieve areas in either a scalariform or reticulate arrangement.


Cdc48p-Npl4p-Vms1p AAA ATPase complex

A multiprotein ATPase complex involved in the release of polyubiquitinated proteins, including those damaged by oxidative stress, from the outer mitochondria membrane into the cytoplasm where they are presented to the proteasome for proteolysis, a process also referred to as mitochondria-associated degradation (MAD). In budding yeast, this complex includes Cdc48p, Npl4p and Vms1p.


Sad1-Kms1 LINC complex

A LINC complex implicated in the connection of DNA double strand breaks to the cytoskeleton during DNA double-strand break repair.


interleukin-15 receptor complex

A protein complex that binds interleukin-15 (IL-15) and that consists of, at a minimum, an interleukin, an alpha, beta and gamma chain as well as optional additional kinase subunits. The alpha chain is unique to binds IL-15 while it shares the beta chain with the IL-2 receptor and the cytokine receptor common gamma chain with multiple interleukin receptors.


alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate synthase complex

A catalytic protein complex that is capable of alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate synthase activity.


cytoproct

Stable, specialized structure for extrusion of waste by the cell into the surrounding medium.


activin complex

A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta subunits, inhibin beta-A and inhibin beta-B (sometimes known as activin beta or activin/inhibin beta). There are three forms of activin complex, activin A, which is composed of 2 inhibin beta-A subunits, activin B, which is composed of 2 inhibin beta-B subunits, and activin AB, which is composed of an inhibin beta-A and an inhibin beta-B subunit.


activin AB complex

A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta subunits (sometimes known as activin beta or activin/inhibin beta), inhibin beta-A and inhibin beta-B.


activin B complex

A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta-B subunits (sometimes known as activin beta-B or activin/inhibin beta-B).


alphaV-beta3 integrin-tissue transglutaminase complex

A protein complex that consists of an alphaV-beta3 integrin complex bound to tissue transglutaminase.


endoplasmic reticulum-vacuole membrane contact site

A zone of apposition between endoplasmic-reticulum and lytic vacuole membranes, structured by bridging complexes.


vacuole-mitochondrion membrane contact site

A zone of apposition between the vacuolar membrane and the mitochondrial outer membrane, important for transfer of lipids between the two organelles.


mitochondrial inner-outer membrane contact site

Sites of close apposition of the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane.


Z granule

A small cytoplasmic, non-membranous RNA/protein complex aggregate in the primordial germ cells that are distinct from, but colocalize with or are adjacent to, P granules and mutator foci and are associated with RNA metabolism. Z granules have been observed in C. elegans.


TIS granule

A ribonucleoprotein granule located in the cytoplasm that is formed by the RNA-binding protein TIS11B and RNA molecules, enriched in membrane protein-encoding mRNAs with multiple AU-rich elements. TIS granules are reticular meshworks intertwined with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).


GW body

A ribonucleoprotein granule located in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. GW-bodies minimally contain the Argonaute2 (Ago2) and TNRC6B proteins, together with specific target RNAs.


RNP body

A ribonucleoprotein granule located in the cytoplasm of bacteria, minimally containing the RNase E protein and RNA molecules. Bacterial RNP-bodies are similar to eukaryotic P-bodies and stress granules.


cytoplasmic DNA replication factor C complex

A cytoplasmic complex of two polypeptides that loads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA, thereby permitting processive DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase. Examples of this component are found in prokaryotic species.


nuclear DNA replication factor C complex

A nuclear complex of five polypeptides that loads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA, thereby permitting processive DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase delta or epsilon. In Saccharomyces and several other species, the subunits are known as Rfc1p-Rfc5p, although subunit names do not necessarily correspond between different species.


DNA polymerase III, beta sliding clamp processivity factor complex

A subcomplex of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme which is responsible for tethering the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase to DNA during high-speed replication. The complex is homodimeric in prokaryotes, and homotrimeric in other species.


HU-DNA complex

A protein-DNA complex that consists of HU heterodimers (an alpha and a beta chain) assembled into octamers along DNA. HU binds to double-stranded DNA in a structure- and sequence-specific manner and bends the DNA into a nucleosome-like structure.


DNA bending complex

A protein-DNA complex that contains DNA in combination with a protein which binds to and bends DNA. Often plays a role in DNA compaction.


H-NS complex

A multimer of H-NS proteins that is involved in bacterial nucleoid condensation and negative regulation of global gene expression by directly binding to promoter regions. Recognizes both structural and sequence-specific motifs in double-stranded DNA and has binding preference for bent DNA.


IHF-DNA complex

A protein-DNA complex containing IHF heterodimers (an alpha and a beta chain) bound to DNA. IHF binds to double-stranded DNA in a structure- and sequence-specific manner and bends the DNA into a nucleosome-like structure, the bacterial nucleoid.


viral occlusion body

A crystalline protein matrix surrounding the nucleocapsids of some insect viruses after their release in the environment. Produced in the host cell, the occlusion body protects the infectious virion after death of the host.


extrinsic component of intraperoxisomal membrane

The component of the intraperoxisomal membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of postsynaptic recycling endosome membrane

The component of the postsynaptic recycling endosome membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of nuclear outer membrane

The component of a nuclear outer membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of plastid thylakoid membrane

The component of a plastid thylakoid membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of plastid membrane

The component of a plastid membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of stromal side of plastid thylakoid membrane

The component of a plastid thylakoid membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its stromal surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of plastid inner membrane

The component of a plastid inner membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of presynaptic endosome membrane

The component of the presynaptic endosome membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of mitochondrial outer membrane

The component of a mitochondrial outer membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of postsynaptic endosome membrane

The component of the postsynaptic endosome membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of Golgi membrane

The component of a Golgi membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of lumenal side of plastid thylakoid membrane

The component of a plastid thylakoid membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its lumenal surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of stromal side of plastid inner membrane

The component of a plastid inner membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its stromal surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of matrix side of mitochondrial inner membrane

The component of the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


extrinsic component of dense core granule membrane

The component of the dense core granule membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase Pmt1p-Pmt2p dimer complex

A protein dimer complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase activity and, in S. cerevisiae, is composed of Pmt1p-Pmt2p.


The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum envelope. The longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen is continuous with the lumen contained within the terminal cisternae.


bacterial-type flagellum

A motor complex composed of an extracellular helical protein filament coupled to a rotary motor embedded in the cell envelope.


periplasmic flagellum

Flagellar filaments located in the periplasmic space; characterized in spirochetes, in which they are essential for shape and motility. Composed of a core surrounded by two sheath layers, the flagella rotate to allow migration of the cell through viscous media, which would not be possible using external flagella.


chromoplast outer membrane

The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the chromoplast envelope.


viral factory

An intracellular compartment in a host cell which increases the efficiency of viral replication, and shields the virus from host defenses. Viral factories can be either cytoplasmic or nuclear and often arise from extensive rearrangement of host cell cytoskeletal and/or cell membrane compartments.


double membrane vesicle viral factory

A cytoplasmic viral factory that consists of a double-membrane bound vesicle. Has a diameter of 200-300nm and is derived from the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus. Produced by Picornaviridae, Nidovirales, Arteriviridae and Coronaviridae.


tube viral factory

A cytoplasmic viral factory derived from the Golgi in which Bunyaviridae replication takes place. Tubes are membranous structures close to the assembly and budding sites, and their function may be to connect viral replication and morphogenesis inside viral factories.


viroplasm viral factory

A cytoplasmic viral factory that is electron dense due to high levels of viral RNA. Produced by nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV) like Poxviridae, Asfarviridae and Iridoviridae, and dsRNA viruses like Reoviridae.


host cell viral assembly compartment

A membrane-bounded compartment that forms in the cytoplasm of the host cell, in which virus assembly takes place.


spherule viral factory

A cytoplasmic viral factory which is a 50-400nm diameter membrane invagination. Spherules can appear on several enveloped cellular components depending on the virus.


cytoplasmic viral factory

A viral factory located in the cytoplasm of a host cell.


phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase complex

Includes phosphoenolpyruvate-protein phosphatase (enzyme I of the phosphotransferase system) and protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-sugar phosphotransferase (enzyme II of the phosphotransferase system).


axon microtubule bundle

An arrangement of closely apposed microtubules running parallel to each other in the axon hillock and initial segment.


dynamic microtubule bundle

A microtubule bundle that undergoes changes in length, and in which microtubule sliding takes place.


static microtubule bundle

A microtubule bundle that has a constant length, and in which microtubule sliding does not take place.


Nbp35-Cfd1 ATPase complex

An iron-sulfur cluster assembly complex that is capable of weak ATPase activity. In yeast it consists of two subunits, Nbp35 and Cfd1.


peri-centrosomal recycling endosome

A recycling endosome that is organized around the microtubule organizing center, close to the nucleus. This is the main recycling endosome of most cells. It receives input from the Golgi as well as recycled molecules from early endosomes.


A protein complex that consists of fibronectin bound to tissue transglutaminase, and is involved in cell adhesion.


repressor ecdysone receptor complex

A protein complex consisting of a heterodimer of Ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (usp) plus an associated corepressor such as SMRTER, which represses transcription of target genes.


cellular bud tip polarisome

Protein complex that has a role in determining cell polarity, found at the tip of a growing fungal bud.


mineralized avascular GAG-rich matrix

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Avascular GAG-rich matrix that is mineralized.


avascular GAG-rich matrix

Proteinaceous extracellular matrix that is avascular and consists primarily of glycosaminoglycans.


non-mineralized avascular GAG-rich matrix

Avascular GAG-rich matrix that is not mineralized.


icosahedral viral capsid, collar fiber

A fiber attached to the collar structure of some icosahedral viral capsids.


BLOC complex

Any of several protein complexes required for the biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes, platelet dense granules, and other related organelles; acronym for biogenesis of lysosomal-related organelles complex.


serine-tRNA ligase complex

A heterodimeric enzyme complex that catalyzes the ligation of serine to tRNA(Ser), forming L-seryl-tRNA(Ser).


Ycf2/FtsHi complex

A protein complex located in the chloroplast inner membrane and facing the stroma that is associated with the chloroplast inner membrane translocase complex and provides the ATPase motor activity to drive import of proteins into the chloroplast stroma.


lumenal side of smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The side (leaflet) of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane that faces the lumen.


lumenal side of rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The side (leaflet) of the rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane that faces the lumen.


plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase, stator stalk

One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the plasma membrane-associated F0 proteins; is thought to prevent futile rotation of the catalytic core. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.


proton-transporting ATP synthase, stator stalk

One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the membrane-associated Fo proteins; is thought to prevent futile rotation of the catalytic core.


rhabdomere membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the rhabdomere.


Tle3-Aes complex

A transcriptional repressor complex that consists of a heterodimer of the proteins Tle3 (also known as Grg3b) and Aes (Grg5), which are homologs of the Drosophila groucho gene product.


Cyc8(Ssn6)-Tup1 general repressor complex

A corepressor complex containing the WD-repeat protein Tup1p (S. cerevisiae) and Tup11/Tup12 (fission yeast) and the TPR repeat protein Cyc8p (S. cerevisiae) ssn6 (fission yeast) that is recruited to target genes by DNA-bound repressor proteins preferentially at regions where histones are deacetylated by the Clr6 class I HDAC, and recruits the SWI/SNF and SAGA complexes to promoters.


Mad-Max-mSin3A complex

A transcriptional repressor complex that contains a heterodimer of the bHLH-ZIP proteins Mad and Max, plus mSin3A, a homolog of the yeast Sin3p.


collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle extracellular matrix

A collagen and cuticulin-based noncellular, multilayered structure that is synthesized by an underlying ectodermal (hypodermal) cell layer. The cuticle serves essential functions in body morphology, locomotion, and environmental protection. An example of this component is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.


chitin-based extracellular matrix

Any constituent part of a chitin-based noncellular, hardened, or membranous extracellular matrix secreted from the apical surface of an epithelial sheet.


fertilization envelope

A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the egg. The fertilization envelope forms from the vitelline membrane after fertilization as a result of cortical granule release.


hyaline layer

A multilayered extraembryonic matrix that functions as a substrate for cell adhesion through early development. It is thought to protect and lubricate the embryo, stabilize the blastomeres during morphogenesis, and regulate nutrient intake. The major constituent of the hyaline layer is the protein hyalin. This matrix has been found in echinoderms.


fungal biofilm matrix

An extracellular matrix lying external to fungal cells. The fungal biofilm matrix consists of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Fungal biofilms mediate adherence to host tissues, and provide protection from host immune defenses.


biofilm matrix

A structure lying external to microbial cells. A biofilm is an aggregate of surface-associated cells, and the biofilm matrix is the envelope of polymeric substances that surrounds the cells.


bacterial biofilm matrix

A structure lying external to bacterial cells. A biofilm is an aggregate of surface-associated bacteria, and the biofilm matrix is the envelope of polymeric substances that surrounds the bacteria.


organomineral extracellular matrix

An extracellular matrix consisting of a densely packed organomineral assembly in which the mineral phase represents the majority of the material by weight.


synapse-associated extracellular matrix

The extracellular matrix of the perisynaptic space (the extracellular space adjacent to the synapse) and the synaptic cleft.


pollen coat

A layer of extracellular matrix deposited onto the surface of the pollen wall upon disintegration of the tapetal layer of the anther wall in the late stages of pollen development. The composition of this material is highly heterogeneous and includes waxes, lipid droplets, small aromatic molecules, and proteins. The pollen coat is proposed to have many functions, such as holding pollen in the anther until dispersal, facilitation of pollen dispersal, protection of pollen from water loss and UV radiation, and facilitation of adhesion of pollen to the stigma.


mineralized extracellular matrix

Extracellular matrix that is mineralized.


vitelline envelope

A glycoprotein-based structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the egg before fertilization.


adhesive extracellular matrix

A extracellular matrix which attaches an organism to a substrate.


ATG2-ATG18 complex

A protein complex essential for autophagy during nutrient deprivation, a catabolic process that sequesters undesired cellular material into autophagosomes for delivery to lysosomes for degradation. Contributes to nutrition homeostasis and damage control in eukaryotic cells. Functions at a late step of autophagosome formation for efficient completion of sequestration, probably through facilitating recruitment of ATG8-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to the preautophagosomal structure (PAS) and/or its protection from deconjugation by ATG4. Composed of ATG2 and ATG18 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


Schwann cell microvillus

Small finger-like extension of a Schwann cell that contacts the nodal membrane.


inner dense plaque of desmosome

The desmosomal part containing the C-termini of desmoplakins which interact with the keratin intermediate filaments, serving to tether the intermediate filaments to the plasma membrane.


post-lysosomal vacuole

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed late in the endocytic pathway when the pH in the vacuole becomes neutral prior to exocytosis.


piccolo-bassoon transport vesicle

A cytoplasmic dense-core vesicle that transports a range of proteins including piccolo, bassoon, N-cadherin and syntaxin. The transported proteins may be associated with the external side of the vesicle, rather than being contained within the vesicle, therefore forming an aggregate of vesicle and proteins. Piccolo-bassoon transport vesicles (or PTVs) range in size from approximately 80 nm in diameter for dense core vesicles to 130 nm by 220 nm in area for aggregates. They are packaged via the trans-Golgi network before being transported through the axon.


merozoite dense granule

Electron-dense organelle with a granular internal matrix found throughout the merozoite life cycle stage of apicomplexan parasites; contains proteins destined to be secreted into the parasitophorous vacuole following parasite invasion of a host cell.


chloroplast vesicle

A intracellular vesicle that is part of a chloroplast.


virion transport vesicle

A vesicle used to transport the partial or complete virion between cellular compartments.


bacteroid-containing symbiosome

A symbiosome containing any of various structurally modified bacteria, such as those occurring on the root nodules of leguminous plants.


food vacuole

Vacuole within a parasite used for digestion of the host cell cytoplasm. An example of this component is found in the Apicomplexa.


synaptic vesicle, readily releasable pool

A synaptic vesicle belonging to the pool of vesicles that are the first to be released as a result of chemical or electrical stimulation e.g. by an action potential, have the highest presynaptic membrane fusion probability and correspond to about 1% of the total number of synaptic vesicles at a resting terminal bouton.


A cytoplasmic vesicle composed of both tubulovesicular and clear core vesicles that transport synaptic vesicle-associated proteins. Proteins carried by synaptic vesicle protein transport vesicles (STVs) include synaptophysin, synapsin Ia, synaptotagmin and synaptobrevin/vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2). STVs are packaged via the trans-Golgi network before being transported through the axon.


chitosome

An intracellular membrane-bounded particle found in fungi and containing chitin synthase; it synthesizes chitin microfibrils. Chitin synthase activity exists in chitosomes and they are proposed to act as a reservoir for regulated transport of chitin synthase enzymes to the division septum.


COPI-coated inter-Golgi transport vesicle

A vesicle that mediates transport of cargo within the Golgi complex (for example, between cisternae of the Golgi stack).


clathrin-sculpted gamma-aminobutyric acid transport vesicle

A clathrin-sculpted lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicle after clathrin release and containing gamma-aminobutyric acid transport vesicle.


leucosome

A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which uric acid and/or purines crystalize in reflective stacks. Leucosomes are synthesized in leucophore cells and have a whitish cast.


pigment granule

A small, subcellular membrane-bounded vesicle containing pigment and/or pigment precursor molecules. Pigment granule biogenesis is poorly understood, as pigment granules are derived from multiple sources including the endoplasmic reticulum, coated vesicles, lysosomes, and endosomes.


carotenoid vesicle

A tissue-specific cytoplasmic vesicle surrounded by a membrane half-leaflet within which carotenoid pigments are stored. Carotenoid vesicles are synthesized in xanthophores and erythrophore cells and are yellow, orange or red in appearance.


pexophagosome

A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle involved in the degradation of peroxisome by macropexophagy.


mucocyst

A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, in the pellicle of ciliate protozoans that discharges a mucus-like secretion.


gut granule

A lysosome-related organelle contained within the intestinal cells of the nematode C. elegans. Gut granules are acidified, birefringent, autofluorescent, and contain the vacuolar H+-ATPase. They also serve as sites of cellular zinc storage.


pinosome

A membrane-bounded, uncoated intracellular vesicle formed by the process of pinocytosis.


clathrin-sculpted vesicle

A clathrin-sculpted lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicle after clathrin release.


synaptic vesicle, recycling pool

A synaptic vesicle belonging to the pool that repopulate vacancies within the readily releasable pool (RRP) of synaptic vesicles, and require more significant stimuli than the RRP in order to release neurotransmitter; about 10-15% of the total number of synaptic vesicles at a resting terminal bouton are in this state.


neurosecretory vesicle

A large cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle with an electron dense granular core, up to 150-200 nm in diameter, found in neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus.


clathrin-coated phagocytic vesicle

A clathrin-coated, membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.


ciliary vesicle

A Golgi-derived vesicle to which the ciliary basal body docks via its transitional fibers. Its membrane is compositionally distinct from Golgi membranes, and will become the ciliary membrane once the ciliary vesicle is fused to the plasma membrane. The ciliary vesicle is thought to be formed by multiple smaller vesicles that attach to the transitional fibers and then fuse to form a larger vesicle.


micropinosome

A membrane-bounded, uncoated intracellular vesicle formed by the process of micropinocytosis.


dendritic lamellar body

A specialized secretory organelle found in neurons and associated with the formation of dendrodendritic gap junctions.


symbiosome

A double-enveloped cell compartment, composed of an endosymbiont with its plasmalemma (as inner envelope) and a non-endosymbiotic outer envelope (the perisymbiontic membrane).


contractile vacuole

A specialized vacuole of eukaryotic cells, especially Protozoa, that fills with water from the cytoplasm and then discharges this externally by the opening of contractile vacuole pores. One of its functions is osmoregulatory.


aleurone grain

A membrane-bounded storage granule found in cells of the aleurone layer in plants; contains either a protein matrix, protein-carbohydrate bodies and/or globoids. Aleurone grains are formed by the vacuole, rough endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes.


clathrin-sculpted acetylcholine transport vesicle

A clathrin-sculpted lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicle after clathrin release and containing acetylcholine.


Cvt vesicle

A cytosolic vesicle that is enclosed by a double membrane and is implicated in the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting pathway. These vesicles are found in the yeast S. cerevisiae, and contain vacuolar hydrolases, aminopeptidase I (Ape1p) and alpha-mannosidase (Ams1p).


apical recycling endosome

Tubulo-vesicular structure located in the apical cytoplasm that participates in apical cargo recycling in polarized epithelial cells.


organellar chromatophore

A bacteroid-containing symbiosome in which the bacterial component is a genetically highly reduced cyanobacterium that is photosynthetically active and incapable of an independent existence outside its host. The chromatophore functions as a photosynthetic organelle, and has been found and characterized in the amoeba Paulinella chromatophora.


cyanosome

A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which an unknown blue pigment is localized. Cyanosomes are synthesized in cyanophores and are blue in appearance.


amorphous vesicle

A cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle first described in dendrites, categorized by smooth membranes, electron-lucent interiors and irregular shapes. Sometimes occurs in clumps. Amorphous vesicles have been found to contain material taken up from the extracellular space, therefore suggesting that they may be part of the endosomal pathway.


osmiophilic body

A membrane-bounded vesicle found predominantly in Plasmodium female gametocytes, that becomes progressively more abundant as the gametocyte reaches full maturity. These vesicles lie beneath the subpellicular membrane of the gametocyte, and the release of their contents into the parasitophorous vacuole has been postulated to aid in the escape of gametocytes from the erythrocyte after ingestion by the mosquito.


clathrin-sculpted monoamine transport vesicle

A clathrin-sculpted lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicle after clathrin release and containing monoamines.


pterinosome

A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which pteridine pigments are synthesized and stored. Pterinosomes are synthesized in xanthophores and erythrophore cells and are yellow, orange or red in appearance.


fusiform vesicle

A cytoplasmic vesicle which contains two urothelial plaques and can deliver these plaques to the apical plasma membrane of urothelial superficial (umbrella) cells. It can also be formed by endocytosis of apical plasma membrane during contractions of the urinary bladder.


ficolin-1-rich granule

Highly exocytosable gelatinase-poor granules found in neutrophils and rich in ficolin-1. Ficolin-1 is released from neutrophil granules by stimulation with fMLP or PMA, and the majority becomes associated with the surface membrane of the cells and can be detected by flow cytometry.


esterosome

A vesicle filled with crystalline protein that shows sequence similarities with various esterases.


basolateral recycling endosome

Tubulo-vesicular structure located in the basolateral cytoplasm that participates in basolateral cargo recycling in polarized epithelial cells.


pericanalicular vesicle

A membrane-bounded vesicle found near the apical, or pericanalicular, membrane of a hepatocyte; contains proteins involved in bile salt transport and other fluid and solute transport processes.


calcitonin family receptor complex

A protein complex which is capable of calcitonin family receptor activity. Calcitonin family receptors may form dimers, trimers or tetramers; adrenomedullin and amylin receptors have only been observed as dimers so far.


amylin receptor complex

A protein complex which is capable of amylin receptor activity.


MutS complex

A homodimeric mismatch repair complex involved in binding to and correcting insertion/deletion mutations.


MutSgamma complex

A heterodimer involved in the stabilization of DNA recombination intermediates, the promotion of crossover recombination, and the proper assembly of the synaptonemal complex in meiotic prophase nuclei. In yeast the complex consists of two subunits, Msh4 and Msh5.


MutLbeta complex

A heterodimer involved in the recognition of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MLH1 and PMS1.


MutLgamma complex

A heterodimer involved in the recognition of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In S. cerevisiae the complex consists of two subunits, Mlh1 and Mlh3.


MAML2-RBP-Jkappa-ICN4 complex

A protein complex that consists of the intracellular domain of Notch4 (ICN4), the DNA-binding transcription factor RBP-Jkappa, and the transcriptional coactivator Mastermind-like-2 (MAML2); the complex is involved in transcriptional activation in response to Notch-mediated signaling.


A protein complex that contains the cell adhesion molecules protocadherin-alpha-v4 and protocadherin-gamma-b2, and is involved in the regulation of protein localization to the plasma membrane.


tubovesicular membrane network

A complex, symbiont-induced host-derived organelle that is comprised of multiple protein and lipid domains.


signal recognition particle, plasma membrane targeting

A complex consisting of a protein and RNA component which binds the signal sequence of some proteins and facilitates their export to or across the plasma membrane.


transcription factor TFIIIB-alpha complex

A transcription factor TFIIIB-beta complex that contains the TATA-binding protein (TBP), B'' and a specialized homolog of the conserved subunit BRF referred to as BRFU or TFIIIB50, which found in human but not conserved in yeast; the complex is involved in the regulation of transcription from type 3 (upstream) RNA polymerase III promoters.


intestinal brush border layer

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A brush border layer that is part of a intestine.


excinuclease repair complex

Any of the protein complexes formed by the UvrABC excinuclease system, which carries out nucleotide excision repair. Three different complexes are formed by the 3 proteins as they proceed through the excision repair process. First a complex consisting of two A subunits and two B subunits bind DNA and unwind it around the damaged site. Then, the A subunits disassociate leaving behind a stable complex between B subunits and DNA. Now, subunit C binds to this B+DNA complex and causes subunit B to nick the DNA on one side of the complex while subunit C nicks the DNA on the other side of the complex. DNA polymerase I and DNA ligase can then repair the resulting gap.


minus-end kinesin complex

Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily and any associated proteins, and moves towards the minus end of a microtubule.


axonemal central bridge

Part of the 9+2 axoneme, that occurs in most motile cilia, consisting of the two bridges which connect the central pair of single microtubules.


triglyceride-rich plasma lipoprotein particle

A plasma lipoprotein particle that has a hydrophobic core enriched in triglycerides surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol and apolipoproteins. Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles transport lipids, which are non-covalently associated with the particles, in the blood.


LinE complex

A protein complex that associates with chromatin to form linear elements in fission yeast. In S. pombe, the LinE complex contains four main structural components (Rec10, Rec25, Rec27, and Mug20) and other associated proteins.


macropinocytic cup membrane

The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a macropinocytic cup.


sensory dendrite

A dendrite that is found on a sensory neuron, and directly transduces a sensory signal from the sensory neuron to another neuron.


ER-to-endosome phospholipid transfer complex

Lipid transfer complex that is responsible for the non-vesicular transport of phospholipids, such as phosphatidylserine, from the endoplasmic reticulum to the endosome. It resides in the endosomal (acceptor) membrane and binds to specific lipids on the donor membrane at the ER-endosome contact site.


external side of mycolate outer membrane

The side (leaflet) of the mycolate outer membrane that faces the environment and any proteins embedded in it or loosely bound to its surface.


lumenal side of early endosome membrane

The side (leaflet) of the early endosome membrane that faces the lumen.


lumenal side of transport vesicle membrane

The side (leaflet) of the transport vesicle membrane that faces the lumen.


periplasmic side of plasma membrane

The side (leaflet) of a plasma membrane that faces the periplasm, and all proteins embedded in it or attached to its surface.


lumenal side of endosome membrane

The side (leaflet) of the endosome membrane that faces the lumen.


lumenal side of late endosome membrane

The side (leaflet) of the late endosome membrane that faces the lumen.


cytoplasmic side of transport vesicle membrane

The side (leaflet) of the transport vesicle membrane that faces the cytoplasm.


stromal side of plastid inner membrane

The side (leaflet) of the plastid inner membrane that faces the stroma, and any proteins embedded in it or loosely bound to its surface.


periplasmic side of cell outer membrane

The side (leaflet) of the outer membrane that faces the periplasm of the cell.


internal side of mycolate outer membrane

The side of the mycolate outer membrane that faces the cell wall peptidoglycan. It is rich in long-chain mycolic acids (hydroxylated branched-chain fatty acids) that are covalently linked to the cell wall peptidoglycan via an arabinogalactan network.


cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane, cell tip

The leaflet the plasma membrane at the cell tip that faces the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.


lumenal side of plastid thylakoid membrane

The side (leaflet) of the plastid thylakoid membrane that faces the lumen, and any proteins embedded in it or loosely bound to its surface.


lumenal side of trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane

The side (leaflet) of the trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane that faces the lumen.


stromal side of plastid thylakoid membrane

The side (leaflet) of the plastid thylakoid membrane that faces the stroma, and any proteins embedded in it or loosely bound to its surface.


lumenal side of Golgi membrane

The side of the Golgi membrane that faces the lumen.


cytoplasmic side of smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The side (leaflet) of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane that faces the cytoplasm.


external side of cell outer membrane

The side of the outer membrane that is opposite to the side that faces the periplasm of the cell.


cochlear basement membrane

The the continuous basement membrane found within the membranous labyrinth of the cochlea, known to extend from the limbus, down to the inner sulcus, across the basilar membrane, up to the external sulcus to the spiral prominence and radiating into the spiral ligament ensheathing the root cell processes.


mitotic spindle pole body

The microtubule organizing center that forms as part of the mitotic cell cycle; functionally homologous to the animal cell centrosome.


old mitotic spindle pole body

The spindle pole body that exists in a cell prior to spindle pole body duplication. An old spindle pole body segregates to the daughter cell upon mitosis, and lacks active proteins involved in signaling exit from mitosis.


new mitotic spindle pole body

The spindle pole body that is formed by spindle pole body duplication, and to which proteins involved in mitotic exit signaling (for example, the septation initiation network in fission yeast) localize.


G-protein alpha(q)-synembrin complex

A protein complex formed by the association of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor synembrin with the alpha(q) subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein.


plastid acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex

An acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex located in the stroma of a plastid.


acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex

A protein complex that catalyzes the first step in long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis. For example, in E. coli the complex is heterohexameric and composed of biotin carbonyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and the acetate CoA-transferase complex.


IgG B cell receptor complex

An IgG immunoglobulin complex that is present in the plasma membrane of B cells and is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgG isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains and a signaling subunit, a heterodimer of the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins.


mitochondrial inner membrane assembly complex

A protein complex that promotes the biogenesis of mitochondrial F1Fo-ATP synthase by facilitating assembly of the peripheral stalk. Loss of INAC function causes dissociation of the F1-domain from the membrane-integral Fo-portion.


Gram-negative-bacterium-type cell wall

The peptidoglycan layer of the Gram-negative cell envelope. In Gram-negative cells the peptidoglycan is relatively thin (1-2nm) and is linked to the outer membrane by lipoproteins. In Gram-negative cells the peptidoglycan is too thin to retain the primary stain in the Gram staining procedure and therefore cells appear red after Gram stain.


A homohexameric complex that recognizes and unfolds core proteasome substrate proteins, and translocates them to the core complex in an ATP dependent manner.


photoreceptor cell terminal bouton

A specialized region of the axon terminus portion of a photoreceptor cell axon. A photoreceptor cell is a neuron specialized to detect and transduce light.


Lewy body-like hyaline inclusion

Cytoplasmic inclusion found in neurons. It consists of filaments and granular materials, exhibits a dense core with a rough peripheral halo and lacks a limiting membrane. The filaments of these inclusions are composed of approximately 15-25 nm granule-coated fibrils in association with normal 10-nm neurofilaments.


P-TEFb-cap methyltransferase complex

A protein complex that is formed by the association of positive transcription elongation factor complex b (P-TEFb) with the mRNA capping methyltransferase.


lysosomal multienzyme complex

A protein complex found in the lysosome that contains beta-galactosidase, cathepsin A, alpha-neuraminidase and N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase, and is involved in glycosaminoglycan catabolism.


caveola bulb

The region of a caveola that extends into the cytoplasm, excluding the neck (rim). This region is associated with intracellular caveola proteins.


respiratory system basement membrane

A basement membrane of epithelium that is part of a respiratory system.


bronchus basement membrane

A basement membrane that is part of a bronchus.


trachea basement membrane

A basement membrane that is part of a trachea.


anterior limiting lamina of cornea

A transparent homogeneous acellular layer, 6 to 9 um thick, lying between the basal lamina of the outer layer of stratified epithelium and the substantia propria of the cornea; it is considered to be a basement membrane.


Descemet's membrane

A transparent homogeneous acellular layer found between the substantia propria and the endothelial layer of the cornea[MP].


nephron tubule basement membrane

A basement membrane that is part of a nephron tubule.


collagen anchoring fibril

A specialised collagen fibril that functions as an anchor, binding to other collagen structures.


collagen type VII anchoring fibril

An antiparallel dimer of two collagen VII trimers, one end of which is embedded in the lamina densa while the other end attaches to banded collagen fibrils in the dermis.


cytosolic DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex

The eubacterial DNA-directed RNA polymerase is a multisubunit complex with a core composed of the essential subunits beta-prime, beta, and two copies of alpha and a fifth nonessential subunit called omega. An additional subunit, a sigma factor, is required for promoter recognition and specificity.


pollen aperture

An area where exine is reduced or absent, in the pollen wall.


viral terminase, large subunit

The part of the viral terminase complex that contains the translocase and endonuclease activities and allows the translocation of the phage DNA into the procapsid. The large subunit usually assembles as a heterooligomer with the small subunit.


P5 peroxisome

A subform of peroxisome that corresponds to an intermediate in a peroxisome assembly pathway, which operates by conversion of peroxisomal subforms in the direction P1, P2 -> P3 -> P4 -> P5 -> P6. P5 peroxisomes are distinguished from the other subforms on the bases of buoyant density and protein content.


icosahedral viral capsid, neck fiber

A fiber attached to the neck at the base of some icosahedral viral capsids.


viral capsid, decoration

Component of the virus capsid (head), located on the outer head surface. Involved in the stabilization of the head structure and usually non-essential.


viral capsid, turret

A turret-like appendage formed at the vertices of an icosahedral capsid.


viral capsid, fiber

A type of capsid decoration composed of fiber structures.


interleukin-3 receptor complex

A protein complex that binds interleukin-3; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha chain is specific to the interleukin-3 receptor, whereas the beta chain is shared with the receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-5.


dystrobrevin complex

A protein complex comprising alpha- and beta-dystrobrevin; forms part of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex.


root hair

A long, thin projection from a root epidermal cell that contains F-actin and tubulin, and a cell wall.


cytosolic oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

A cytosolic complex of multiple copies of three enzymatic components: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase (E2) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3); catalyzes the overall conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and carbon dioxide (CO2).


RNA polymerase complex

Any complex that possesses RNA polymerase activity; generally comprises a catalytic subunit and one or more additional subunits.


plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase complex B

A plastid-encoded DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex that resembles eubacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases with a core composed of alpha, beta, and beta-prime subunits. An additional subunit, a sigma factor, is required for promoter recognition. PEP-B is distinguished from PEP-A by its sensitivity to the antibiotic rifampicin. PEP-B is found in both etioplasts and chloroplasts, but is the predominate form in etioplasts. It forms the core of the PEP-A form; the conversion from PEP-B to PEP-A occurs during chloroplast maturation.


viral RNA-directed RNA polymerase complex

A virus-specific protein complex that possesses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity and replicates the genome of an RNA virus.


RNA polymerase IV complex

RNA polymerase IV is a multisubunit RNA polymerase complex found in the nucleus of plants and involved in accumulation of siRNAs and in DNA methylation-dependent silencing of endogenous repeated sequences. Pol IV is composed of subunits that are paralogous or identical to the 12 subunits of Pol II. The largest and second-largest subunits of Pol IV are the catalytic subunits and share similarity with the corresponding subunits of other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The second largest subunit is also found in RNA polymerase V, while the largest subunit is found only in RNAP IV complex.


plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase complex

An RNA polymerase complex containing polypeptides encoded by the plastid genome. Plastid-encoded DNA-directed RNA polymerases resemble eubacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases, with a core composed of alpha, beta, and beta-prime subunits. Some forms contain multiple additional subunits. An additional sigma factor subunit is required for promoter recognition.


nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex

A protein complex, located in the nucleus, that possesses DNA-directed RNA polymerase activity.


plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase complex A

A plastid-encoded DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex that resembles eubacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases, with a core composed of alpha, beta, and beta-prime subunits. An additional subunit, a sigma factor, is required for promoter recognition. PEP-A is generated from the PEP-B form during chloroplast maturation to generate a complex composed of at least thirteen polypeptides that is not sensitive to the antibiotic rifampicin, like its precursor form the PEP-B complex.


Tic complex

The translocon of the inner envelope of chloroplasts, which facilitates the import of proteins across the chloroplast inner membrane.


left nucleus

One of the two nuclei found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is located on the left side of the cell when viewed from the dorsal side.


telopode

A telopode is a plasma membrane bounded cell projection that is present on a telocyte and is tens to hundreds of microns long. Telopodes form a labyrinthine system communicating through gap junctions.


Bfa1-Bub2 complex

A protein complex that acts as a two-component GTPase-activating protein for Tem1 GTPase, thus regulating a signal transduction cascade, called the mitotic exit network (MEN), which is required for mitotic exit and cytokinesis. Bub2/Bfa1 keeps Tem1 inactive until the spindle is properly oriented, thus inhibiting MEN activation.


supramolecular complex

A cellular component that consists of an indeterminate number of proteins or macromolecular complexes, organized into a regular, higher-order structure such as a polymer, sheet, network or a fiber.


fibronectin fibril

A supramolecular fiber formed from fibronectin molecules. The fibrils are 5 to 25nm in diameter and can form branched meshworks.


intraconoid microtubule

A microtubule located such that it threads through the conoid and projects through the polar ring.


supramolecular polymer

A polymeric supramolecular structure.


collagen network

A supramolecular complex that consists of collagen triple helices associated to form a network.


post-anaphase array microtubule

Any microtubule that is part of a post-anaphase microtubule array.


mitotic spindle polar microtubule

Any of the mitotic spindle microtubules that come from each pole and overlap at the spindle midzone.


meiotic spindle astral microtubule

Any of the meiotic spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell.


polymeric cytoskeletal fiber

A component of the cytoskeleton consisting of a homo or heteropolymeric fiber constructed from an indeterminate number of protein subunits.


actomyosin contractile ring actin filament

Any actin filament that is part of a actomyosin contractile ring.


collagen sheet

A protein complex that consists of collagen triple helices associated to form a sheet-like network.


subpellicular microtubule

Singlet microtubule that lie underneath the inner membrane pellicle complex and emanate from the basal ring of the conoid.


actin filament of cell cortex of cell tip

Any actin filament that is part of a cell cortex of cell tip.


complex of collagen trimers

A complex of collagen trimers such as a fibril or collagen network.


paraflagellar rod

A large lattice-like axial structure found in some flagellated protists which extends alongside the axoneme. Protein components of the paraflagellar rod are likely implicated, among other, in adenine nucleotide signaling and metabolism, and in calcium signaling.


mastigoneme

A hair-like structure covering the flagella found in some algae (heterokonts and cryptophytes). It is approximately 15 nm in diameter, and usually consist of a tubular shaft that itself terminates in smaller hairs. It is composed of glycoproteins and, likely, carbohydrates. Mastigonemes may assist in locomotion by increasing the surface area of a flagellum.


C2 axonemal microtubule

One of two microtubules present in the axonemal central pair. It is distinguishable from the C1 axonemal microtubule (also called C1 tubule) by the presence of differing protein components of the projections.


collagen beaded filament

A supramolecular assembly of collagen trimers with a 'beads on a string'-like structure.


horsetail-astral microtubule array

An array of astral microtubules that emanates from the spindle pole body during meiosis and facilitates horsetail nuclear movement.


intranuclear rod

A macromolecular fiber consisting of actin and cofilin that is formed in the nucleus as a consequence of chemical or mechanical stress conditions.


banded collagen fibril

A supramolecular assembly of fibrillar collagen complexes in the form of a long fiber (fibril) with transverse striations (bands).


aster

An array of microtubules emanating from a spindle pole MTOC that do not connect to kinetochores.


glial filament

An intermediate filament composed of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and found in astrocytes.


mitotic spindle kinetochore microtubule

Any of the mitotic spindle microtubules that attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes by their plus ends, and maneuver the chromosomes during mitotic chromosome segregation.


B axonemal microtubule

An incomplete microtubule containing 10 protofilaments that fuses with a complete microtubule called A tubule (containing 13 protofilaments) to form an axonemal outer doublet.


cortical microtubule, transverse to long axis

Arrays of microtubules underlying and connected to the plasma membrane, in the cortical cytosol, oriented mainly with their axes transverse to the long axis of the cell (and root in plants). In plants it influences the direction of cellulose microfibril deposition.


C1 axonemal microtubule

One of two microtubules present in the axonemal central pair. It is distinguishable from the C2 axonemal microtubule (also called C2 tubule) by the presence of differing protein components of the projections.


trichome papilla

A plant cell papilla that is part of a trichome cell.


investment cone

A cytoskeletal part that consists of a microfilament-rich cone that forms round each nucleus in a spermatogenic cyst and translocates the length of the cyst during sperm individualization.


neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle fiber

A neuromuscular junction in which the target muscle cell is a skeletal muscle fiber.


SCF-Hrt3/Pof7 ubiquitin ligase complex

An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Hrt3 in S. cerevisiae (Pof7 in S. pombe).


yolk plasma

Discrete structures that partition the water-soluble portion of the yolk of oocytes and ova, which may or may not be membrane enclosed.


germ tube septin cap

A faint structure formed of septins found at the leading edge of growth in germ tubes of fungal cells growing filamentously. This cap of septins colocalizes with a region of the plasma membrane that is rich in ergosterol.


actin cytoskeleton of dendritic spine

The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a dendritic spine.


hyphae septin collar

A septin collar in pathogenic fungi involved in the constriction of hyphae at the plant plasmodesma enabling penetration of an adjacent cell.


prospore septin filament array

Arrays of septin filaments, or bars, found in a series of filamentous structures; observed in the prospore membrane during spore formation.


septin filament array

Arrays of septin filaments, or bars, found in a series of filamentous structures. Such structures have been observed in the prospore membrane during spore formation in S. cerevisiae and in the chlamydospore membrane during chlamydospore formation in C. albicans.


postsynaptic cytoskeleton

The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the postsynapse.


postsynaptic septin cytoskeleton

The portion of the septin cytoskeleton contained within the postsynapse.


mating projection septin ring

A septin ring, i.e. a ring-shaped structure composed of septins and septin-associated proteins, located at the neck of a shmoo (mating projection). The septin ring in the neck of a shmoo may act as a barrier to localize mating factors in the shmoo tip.


germ tube septin ring

A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane within the germ tube of filamentous fungi at sites where a septum will form; composed of septins as well as septin-associated proteins.


split septin rings

A pair of rings that flank the site of cell division, formed by splitting of the septin ring (or collar) prior to cytokinesis; this double ring structure is thought to trap proteins needed for cytokinesis or the formation of the new membrane or cell wall between the two septin rings. Split septin rings are known to occur in budding yeast cells and probably occur in other cell types as well.


presynaptic actin cytoskeleton

The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a presynapse.


prospore septin ring

A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane at the site of cytokinesis in a prospore; composed of septins as well as septin-associated proteins.


chlamydospore septin filament array

Arrays of septin filaments, or bars, found in a series of filamentous structures. Observed in the chlamydospore membrane during chlamydospore formation.


hyphal septin cap

A faint structure formed of septins found at the leading edge of growth in hyphae of fungal cells growing filamentously. This cap of septins colocalizes with a region of the plasma membrane that is rich in ergosterol.


septin cap

A faint structure formed of septins found at the leading edge of growth in germ tubes and hyphae in fungal cells growing filamentously. This cap of septins colocalizes with a region of the plasma membrane that is rich in ergosterol.


pseudohyphal septin ring

A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane at the junction between the mother cell and a pseudohyphal projection; composed of septins as well as septin-associated proteins.


cellular bud neck septin ring

A ring-shaped structure that forms at the site of cytokinesis in the bud neck of a budding cell; composed of members of the conserved family of filament forming proteins called septins as well as septin-associated proteins. In S. cerevisiae, this structure forms at the time of bud emergence and the septins show a high rate of exchange.


cytoskeleton of dendritic spine

The portion of the cytoskeleton that lies within a dendritic spine. The actin component of this cytoskeleton is involved in spine head remodeling in response to postsynaptic signaling.


hyphal septin ring

A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane within hyphae of filamentous fungi at sites where a septum will form; composed of septins as well as septin-associated proteins.


cellular bud neck split septin rings

Two separate septin rings that are formed from the septin collar at the time of cytokinesis in cells that divide by budding. These two rings are thought to delineate a special compartment in which factors involved in cytokinesis are concentrated.


medial cortex septin ring

A ring-shaped structure that forms at the medial cortex of a symmetrically dividing cell at the onset of cytokinesis; composed of members of the conserved family of filament forming proteins called septins as well as septin-associated proteins.


MsbA transporter complex

An ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex made up of a dimer of MsbA. Facilitates the export across the plasma membrane of, amongst others, lipid A and lipopolysaccharide. In contrast to most ABC transporter complexes, each chain of the homodimer contains both the transmembrane domain (TMD) and the cytoplasmic ATP-binding domain (NBD).


dinoflagellate apical horn

A horn-shaped dinoflagellate apex found in thecate species.


host cell endocytic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a host cell endocytic vesicle.


esterosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an esterosome. This membrane has characteristics of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) membranes.


BID-BCL-xl complex

A heterodimeric protein complex consisting of BID and BCL-xl, members of the Bcl-2 family of anti- and proapoptotic regulators.


glycolate oxidase complex

An enzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidation of 2-hydroxy acid to form 2-oxo acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The enzyme is a flavoprotein (FMN).


thioredoxin-disulfide reductase complex

A protein complex which is capable of thioredoxin-disulfide reductase activity.


host cell Golgi apparatus

A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic host cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack.


chromoplast inner membrane

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the chromoplast envelope; also faces the chromoplast stroma.


chromoplast membrane

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround a chromoplast and form the chromoplast envelope.


amyloplast

A plastid whose main function is to synthesize and store starch.


secondary cell wall

A plant cell wall that is no longer able to expand and so does not permit growth. Secondary cell walls contain less pectin that primary cell walls. The secondary cell is mostly composed of cellulose and is strengthened with lignin.


extrinsic component of periplasmic side of plasma membrane

The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its periplasmic surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


left caudal basal body

Any ciliary basal body that is part of a left caudal flagellum found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage).


viral capsid, minor subunit

The part of the viral capsid that comprises the less common capsomere type. For example, in a T=3 icosahedral capsid, which is composed of 12 pentameric and 20 hexameric capsomeres, the pentameric capsomeres are minor subunits.


capsomere

Any of the protein subunits that comprise the closed shell or coat (capsid) of certain viruses.


viral capsid, major subunit

The part of the viral capsid that comprises the most common capsomere type. For example, in a T=3 icosahedral capsid, which is composed of 12 pentameric and 20 hexameric capsomeres, the hexameric capsomeres are major subunits.


tissue

Multicellular anatomical structure that consists of many cells of one or a few types, arranged in an extracellular matrix such that their long-range organisation is at least partly a repetition of their short-range organisation.


organism subdivision

Anatomical structure which is a subdivision of a whole organism, consisting of components of multiple anatomical systems, largely surrounded by a contiguous region of integument.


Digestive System Part

A term that refers to any anatomic structure that is part of the digestive system.


Epithelium Part

Any component of the avascular cellular layers that cover body surfaces and cavities and may form glands.


Tissue Part

Any component of the anatomical structure consisting of similarly specialized cells and intercellular matrix, aggregated according to genetically determined spatial relationships, performing a specific function.


striated border microvillus layer

A microvillus layer that is striated and found in the intestine.


sexual spore wall

A specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore derived from a product of meiosis.


spore wall

The specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore.


asexual spore wall

A specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore derived from an asexual process. Examples of this process are found in bacterial and fungal species.


ascospore wall

The specialized cell wall of the ascospore (spore), which is the product of meiotic division. Examples of this component are found in Fungi.


endospore external encapsulating structure

The structures that lie outside the inner membrane and surround the entire endospore; consists of a peptidoglycan-containing inner layer (the endospore cortex) surrounded by a multilayered proteinaceous coat. An exosporium may be present as an extreme outer layer.


MBF transcription complex

A protein complex that binds to the Mlu1 cell cycle box (MCB) promoter element, consensus sequence ACGCGN, and is involved in regulation of transcription during the G1/S transition of the cell cycle. In Saccharomyces, the complex contains a heterodimer of the DNA binding protein Mbp1p and the activator Swi6p, and is associated with additional proteins known as Nrm1p, Msa1p, and Msa2p; in Schizosaccharomyces the complex contains Res1p, Res2p, and Cdc10p.


cellular bud

A protuberance from a cell of an organism that reproduces by budding, which will grow larger and become a separate daughter cell after nuclear division, cytokinesis, and cell wall formation (when appropriate). The daughter cell may completely separate from the mother cell, or the mother and daughter cells may remain associated.


NarGHI complex

A heterotrimeric protein complex with iron-sulfur and molybdenum cofactors that functions as a terminal reductase in electron transport pathways that operate during anaerobic nitrate respiration. In E. coli electrons are passed from the FdnGHI complex to the NarGHI complex via menoquinone and menaquinol. Within NarGHI, electrons are passed from the two heme molecules in the NarI subunit down a Fe-S cluster chain in the NarH and NarG subunits to the Molybdenum cofactor, Mo-bisMGD, in the NarG subunit.


A protein complex that is formed by the association of a heterodimeric interleukin-12 receptor complex with an interleukin-12 heterodimer.


thylakoid membrane

The pigmented membrane of any thylakoid.


photosynthetic membrane

A membrane enriched in complexes formed of reaction centers, accessory pigments and electron carriers, in which photosynthetic reactions take place.


cyanelle thylakoid membrane

The lipid bilayer membrane of any thylakoid within a cyanelle.


prothylakoid membrane

The membrane of prothylakoids, underdeveloped thylakoids found in etioplasts, lacking competent photosynthetic membranes.


chloroplast thylakoid membrane

The pigmented membrane of a chloroplast thylakoid. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


plasma membrane-derived chromatophore membrane

The lipid bilayer associated with a plasma membrane-derived chromatophore; surrounds chromatophores that form complete vesicles.


plasma membrane-derived thylakoid membrane

The pigmented membrane of a plasma membrane-derived thylakoid.


organellar chromatophore thylakoid membrane

The lipid bilayer membrane of any thylakoid within an organellar chromatophore.


plastid thylakoid membrane

The lipid bilayer membrane of any thylakoid within a plastid.


infected host cell surface knob

Protrusion that develops in the plasma membrane of a parasitized erythrocyte. An example of this component is found in Plasmodium species.


microvillar actin bundle

A parallel bundle of actin filaments at the core of a microvillus.


parallel actin filament bundle

An actin filament bundle in which the filaments are tightly packed (approximately 10-20 nm apart) and oriented with the same polarity.


formin-nucleated actin cable

An actin filament bundle that consists of short filaments organized into bundles of uniform polarity, and is nucleated by formins. In fungal cells, myosin motors transport cargo along actin cables toward sites of polarized cell growth; actin cables may play a similar role in pollen tube growth.


actin filament bundle of filopodium

A parallel bundle of actin filaments that is part of filopodium. Filaments are oriented such that the plus (barbed) ends are at the tip of the protrusion, capped by a tip complex.


actin filament bundle of stereocilium

A bundle of hundreds of cross-linked actin filaments (an actin cable), that is the supporting structure of a stereocilium. Filaments are oriented such that the the plus (barbed) ends are at the tip of the protrusion and are capped by a tip complex which bridges to the plasma membrane.


actin filament bundle of actin-based cell projection

A bundle of cross-linked actin filaments that is part of an actin-based cell protrusion, in which filaments are oriented such that the plus (barbed) ends are at the tip of the protrusion, capped by a tip complex which stabilizes the filaments.


clathrin-coated phagocytic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated phagocytic vesicle.


inter-Golgi transport vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances within the Golgi.


postsynaptic early endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a postsynaptic early endosome.


organellar chromatophore inner membrane

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, of the two lipid bilayers surrounding an organellar chromatophore.


postsynaptic endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a postsynaptic endosome.


phagolysosome vesicle membrane

The lipid bylayer surrounding a phagolysosome.


organellar chromatophore membrane

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround an organellar chromatophore.


presynaptic endosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a presynaptic endosome.


peribacteroid membrane

A membrane that surrounds one or more bacteroids (such as nitrogen-fixing bacteroids within legume root nodule cells).


aleurone grain membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an aleurone grain.


gut granule membrane

The membrane of a gut granule, a lysosome-related organelle contained within the intestinal cells of the nematode C. elegans.


merozoite dense granule membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a dense granule of the type found in apicomplexan parasites.


multivesicular body, internal vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a multivesicular body internal vesicle.


organellar chromatophore outer membrane

The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, of the two lipid bilayers surrounding an organellar chromatophore.


Golgi to ER transport vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances from the Golgi to the ER.


exocytic vesicle membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding an exocytic vesicle.


contractile vacuolar membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the contractile vacuole.


Cvt vesicle membrane

Either of the two lipid bilayers surrounding a Cvt vesicle, a vesicle that functions in the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway.


chitosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a chitosome.


foot layer

The inner layer of the ectexine.


protein C inhibitor-acrosin complex

A heterodimeric protein complex of protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and acrosin; formation of the complex inhibits the protease activity of acrosin.


germ plasm

Differentiated cytoplasm associated with a pole of an oocyte, egg or early embryo that will be inherited by the cells that will give rise to the germ line.


alphaV-beta3 integrin-NOV complex

A protein complex that consists of an alphaV-beta3 integrin complex bound to the extracellular matrix protein NOV.


HslUV protease complex

A protein complex that possesses ATP-dependent protease activity; consists of an ATPase large subunit with homology to other ClpX family ATPases and a peptidase small subunit related to the proteasomal beta-subunits of eukaryotes. In the E. coli complex, a double ring-shaped homohexamer of HslV is capped on each side by a ring-shaped HslU homohexamer.


PNGase complex

A protein complex responsible for the catalysis of the reaction: 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + peptide L-aspartate. This reaction is the hydrolysis of an N4-(acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)asparagine residue in which the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue may be further glycosylated, to yield a (substituted) N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine and the peptide containing an aspartic residue.


separase-securin complex

A protein complex that includes separase (a protease which cleaves cohesin as part of chromosome separation) and securin, a protease inhibitor. Chromosome separation is inhibited until securin is degraded by the Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC).


H-gal-GP complex

A membrane glycoprotein complex with aspartyl proteinase and metalloproteinase activity which is expressed in the gut. An example of this is found in the nematode Haemonchus contortus.


presynaptic periactive zone

A region that surrounds the active zone of the presynaptic plasma membrane, and is specialized for the control of synaptic development.


multiple synapse bouton, contacting single dendrite

A single axon terminal bouton making contact onto two or more dendritic spines protruding from the same dendrite.


tripartite attachment complex

A three-part cytoskeletal structure in kinetoplastid species linking mitochondrial DNA organised in a kinetoplast through the mitochondrial membranes to the basal body.


viral capsid, internal space

The region of a virus contained within the capsid shell, and usually containing the viral genome and accessory proteins.


nitrite reductase complex [NAD(P)H]

Complex that possesses nitrite reductase [NAD(P)H] activity.


primary endosperm nucleus

Nucleus resulting from the fusion of the male gamete and two polar nuclei in the central cell of the embryo sac.


alphaV-beta3 integrin-LPP3 complex

A protein complex that consists of an alphaV-beta3 integrin complex bound to lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase-3.


actin cortical patch

An endocytic patch that consists of an actin-containing structure found at the plasma membrane in cells; formed of networks of branched actin filaments that lie just beneath the plasma membrane and assemble, move, and disassemble rapidly. An example of this is the actin cortical patch found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


endocytic patch

The part of the cell cortex consisting of an aggregation of proteins that will give rise to an endocytic vesicle.


Kv4.2-KChIP1 channel complex

A voltage-gated potassium channel complex that contains the Kv channel interacting protein KChIP1 associated with the channel via interaction with the Kv alpha subunit 4.2.


Kir2 inward rectifier potassium channel complex

A inward rectifier potassium channel complex. Homo- or heterotetramer composed of subunits of the eukaryotic Kir2 protein family. Plays a key role in maintaining the correct resting potential in eukaryotic cells.


Kv4.2-KChIP3 channel complex

A voltage-gated potassium channel complex that contains the Kv channel interacting protein KChIP3 associated with the channel via interaction with the Kv alpha subunit 4.2.


Kv4.3-DPP10 channel complex

A voltage-gated potassium channel complex that contains the peptidase-related protein DPP10 associated with the channel via interaction with the Kv alpha subunit 4.3.


I(KACh) inward rectifier potassium channel complex

An inward rectifier potassium channel complex expressed in cardiac muscle, specifically the sinoatrial node and atria, where it controls the heart rate, via regulation by G protein-coupled receptor signaling. In mammals it is composed of GIRK1 (or Kir3.1) and GIRK4 (or Kir3.4) subunits.


Kv4.1-DPP10 channel complex

A voltage-gated potassium channel complex that contains the peptidase-related protein DPP10 associated with the channel via interaction with the Kv alpha subunit 4.1.


Kv4.3-DPP6 channel complex

A voltage-gated potassium channel complex that contains the peptidase-related protein DPP6 associated with the channel via interaction with the Kv alpha subunit 4.3.


Kv4.2-Kv4.3 channel complex

A voltage-gated potassium channel complex that contains the Kv alpha subunits 4.2 and 4.3.


Kv4.2-KChIP4 channel complex

A voltage-gated potassium channel complex that contains the Kv channel interacting protein KChIP4 associated with the channel via interaction with the Kv alpha subunit 4.2.


light-activated voltage-gated calcium channel complex

A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which calcium ions may cross a cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential generated in response to a light stimulus.


Kv4.2-DPP6 channel complex

A voltage-gated potassium channel complex that contains the peptidase-related protein DPP6 associated with the channel via interaction with the Kv alpha subunit 4.2.


Kv4.1-DPP6 channel complex

A voltage-gated potassium channel complex that contains the peptidase-related protein DPP6 associated with the channel via interaction with the Kv alpha subunit 4.1.


A SNARE complex that contains cellubrevin (VAMP3), VAMP4, endobrevin (VAMP8), and syntaxin 6 (or orthologs thereof).


macromolecule

A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


polypeptide

A peptide containing ten or more amino acid residues.


biomacromolecule

A macromolecule formed by a living organism.


flagella connector

A mobile transmembrane junction at the tip of the flagellum of some kinetoplastid species linking the tip of a new growing flagellum to an older flagellum.


BIM-BCL-2 complex

A heterodimeric protein complex consisting of BIM and BCL-2, members of the Bcl-2 family of anti- and proapoptotic regulators.


host cell nuclear envelope

The double lipid bilayer enclosing the host nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the host cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space).


cytosolic creatine kinase complex

A dimeric protein complex having creatine kinase activity.


cellulose microfibril

A microfibril composed of cellulose arranged in orthogonal layers. Cellulose is a straight chain polysaccharide composed of B(14) linked glucose subunits. It is a major component of plant cell walls. Higher plant microfibrils are about 10nm in diameter and extremely long in relation to their width. The cellulose molecules are oriented parallel to the long axis of the microfibril in a paracrystalline array, which provides great tensile strength. The microfibrils are held in place by the wall matrix and their orientation is closely controlled by the cell.


neck portion of tanycyte

Elongated portion of a tanycyte that sticks into the periventricular layer of neuropil where it appears to contact a blood vessel; characterized by numerous cytoplasmic extensions. A tanycyte is a specialized elongated ventricular ependymal cell that has processes that extend to the outer, or pial, surface of the CNS.


chloroplast chromosome

A circular DNA molecule containing chloroplast encoded genes.


plastid chromosome

A circular DNA molecule containing plastid encoded genes.


IgX immunoglobulin complex

A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgX isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. An IgX immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.


somatic spine

Spine emanating from the cell soma of a neuron.


nuclear membrane microtubule tethering complex

A nuclear membrane protein complex which connects the nuclear outer and inner membranes together, and links thereby links the nuclear lumen to cytoplasmic microtubules.


mitotic nuclear membrane microtubule tethering complex

A protein complex capable of interacting with the spindle pole body and the nuclear envelope, in order to embed the spindle pole body in the nuclear envelope at fusion sites of the inner and outer nuclear membrane.


cytoplasmic replication fork

The Y-shaped region of a cytoplasmic replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes.


host cell lysosomal membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding the host cell lysosome and separating its contents from the host cell cytoplasm.


cytochrome b6f complex

Complex that transfers electrons from reduced plastoquinone to oxidized plastocyanin and translocates protons from the stroma to the lumen. The complex contains a core structure of three catalytic subunits: cytochrome b, the Rieske iron sulfur protein (ISP), and cytochrome f, which are arranged in an integral membrane-bound dimeric complex; additional subunits are present, and vary among different species.


cellular birth scar

Crater-like ring of chitinous scar tissue located on the surface of the daughter cell, in budding fungi, at the site of separation from the mother cell. It is formed after the newly emerged daughter cell separates, thereby marking the site of cytokinesis and septation.


cell cortex of growing cell tip

Any cell cortex that is part of a growing cell tip.


posterior cell cortex

The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane in the part of a cell that is closest to the posterior as defined by the developing, or existing, anterior/posterior axis.


pole plasm

Differentiated cytoplasm associated with a pole (animal, vegetal, anterior, or posterior) of an oocyte, egg or early embryo.


presynaptic endocytic zone cytoplasmic component

The cytoplasmic component of the presynaptic endocytic zone.


equatorial cell cortex

The region of the cell cortex in a mitotically dividing cell that flanks the central spindle and corresponds to the site of actomyosin ring formation that results in cleavage furrow formation and ingression.


cell cortex of cell tip

The region directly beneath the plasma membrane at the cell tip. The cell tip is the region at either end of the longest axis of a cylindrical or elongated cell.


medial cortex

A medial cortical band overlaying the nucleus which acts as a landmark for contractile ring positioning and plays a role in cell cycle regulation.


cytoplasmic region

Any (proper) part of the cytoplasm of a single cell of sufficient size to still be considered cytoplasm.


cell leading edge cell cortex

The cell cortex of the leading edge of a cell.


apicomedial cortex

The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane in the middle of the apical edge of a cell.


plasma membrane bounded cell projection cytoplasm

All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection.


anterior cell cortex

The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane in the part of a cell that is closest to the anterior as defined by the developing, or existing, anterior/posterior axis.


cell cortex of non-growing cell tip

The region directly beneath the plasma membrane at the cell tip at which no growth takes place.


organellar small ribosomal subunit

The smaller of the two subunits of an organellar ribosome.


chloroplast small ribosomal subunit

The small subunit of a ribosome contained within a chloroplast.


plastid small ribosomal subunit

The smaller of the two subunits of a plastid ribosome.


dinoflagellate hypocone

The part of a dinoflagellate cell below the cingulum; also referred to as the posterior portion of a dinoflagellate cell. It is separated from the epicone by the cingulum.


CLRC complex

An cullin-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase/histone H3-K9 methyltransferase complex essential for heterochromatin assembly by RNAi.


cytosolic alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

Cytosolic complex that possesses alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity.


Par3-APC-KIF3A complex

A protein complex that contains Par3, the tumor suppressor protein adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), and the kinesin-related protein KIF3A; involved in establishing neuronal cell polarity.