base-excision repair, gap-filling

Repair of the damaged strand by the combined action of an apurinic endouclease that degrades a few bases on the damaged strand and a polymerase that synthesizes a 'patch' in the 5' to 3' direction, using the undamaged strand as a template.


gibberellin 3-beta-dioxygenase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: a gibberellin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a 3-beta-hydroxy-gibberellin + succinate + CO2.


cellular response to 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl stimulus.


auxin efflux transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of auxin, from one side of a membrane to the other, out of a cell.


(-)-borneol dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (-)-borneol + NAD+ = (1S,4S)-camphor + H+ + NADH.


site-specific DNA replication termination at RTS1 barrier

A DNA replication termination process that takes place at the RTS1 termination site in the mating type locus, in a specific direction required for subsequent imprinting and mating-type switching.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of holo-[acyl-carrier protein].


axon midline choice point recognition

The recognition of molecules at the central nervous system midline choice point by an axon growth cone; this choice point determines whether the growth cone will cross the midline.


positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation.


cellular response to low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus.


cellular response to menadione

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a menadione stimulus. Menadione (also called vitamin K3) is a naphthoquinone having a methyl substituent at the 2-position.


mitotic cell cycle G1 arrest in response to pheromone

The cell cycle regulatory process in which the mitotic cell cycle is halted during G1 as a result of a pheromone stimulus. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


cytoskeleton-mediated cell swimming

Cell motility in which contractile cytoskeletal elements alter cell shape, resulting in the smooth movement of a cell through a liquid medium.


limb development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. Examples include legs, arms or some types of fin.


regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.


regulation of glucose metabolic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.


dermatan sulfate proteoglycan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are dermatan sulfate (chondroitin sulfate B). Dermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.


styrene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of styrene, an aromatic hydrocarbon liquid used in the manufacture of polystyrene.


steviol 19-O glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: steviol + UDP-alpha-D-glucose = 19-O-beta-glucopyranosyl-steviol + UDP + H+.


symbiont entry into host

Entry of a symbiont into the body, tissues, or cells of a host organism as part of the symbiont life cycle. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


intracellular cobalt ion homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of cobalt ions within a cell.


programmed necrotic cell death in response to starvation

A programmed necrotic cell death occurring as a result of a starvation stimulus (deprivation of nourishment).


GTP diphosphokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + GTP = AMP + guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine, also known as histidine betaine or hercynine, a trimethylated derivative of histidine.


response to muramyl dipeptide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muramyl dipeptide stimulus. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a gibberellin = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a gibberellin methyl ester.


3-chloroacrylic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-chloroacrylic acid, ClHC=CHCOOH, a chlorinated derivative of acrylic acid.


regulation of defense response to oomycetes

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to oomycetes.


oscillatory muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within oscillatory skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Oscillatory muscle contraction occurs in insect wing muscles and is characterized by asynchrony between action potential and contraction and by stretch activation.


cristae formation

The assembly of cristae, the inwards folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane.


spine apparatus assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a spine apparatus.


linolenate 9R-lipoxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-linolenate + O2 = (9R,10E,12Z,15Z)-9-hydroperoxyoctadeca-10,12,15-trienoate.


negative regulation of cellular pH reduction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a process that reduces the internal pH of a cell.


ERBB4 signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB4 on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


gluconate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of gluconate from one side of a membrane to the other. Gluconate is the aldonic acid derived from glucose.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + L-homocysteine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + L-methionine.


Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + a quinone = 2-oxoglutarate + a quinol.


L-arabinose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-arabinose, the L-enantiomer of arabino-pentose.


proboscis morphogenesis, labial disc-derived

The process in which the anatomical structures of the proboscis that are derived from the labial disc are generated and organized.


O-sinapoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a sinapoyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.


regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation.


mucilage biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mucilage, a gelatinous substance secreted by plants.


sulfite reductase (NADPH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: hydrogen sulfide + 3 NADP+ + 3 H2O = sulfite + 3 NADPH + 3 H+.


positive regulation of angiotensin-activated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the angiotensin-activated signaling pathway.


ornithine catabolic process via proline

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ornithine, via the intermediate proline.


determination of left/right asymmetry in lateral mesoderm

The establishment of the lateral mesoderm with respect to the left and right halves.


antennal joint development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the antennal joint over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The antennal joint is the joint between antennal segments.


platelet rolling

Transient adhesive interactions between platelets and endothelial cells lining blood vessels. Carbohydrates on circulating platelets bind selectins or other molecules on the vessel wall causing the platelets to slow down and roll along the inner surface of the vessel wall. During this rolling motion, transitory bonds are formed and broken between surface molecules of platelets and endothelium.


polyamine deacetylation

The modification of acetylpolyamine by the removal of acetyl groups.


2-oxoaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a 2-oxoaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O = a 2-oxo acid + NADH + H+.


nucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


positive regulation of thermomorphogenesis

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of thermomorphogenesis.


regulation of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell.


negative regulation of adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway.


macrophage colony-stimulating factor production

The appearance of macrophage colony-stimulating factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


systemic acquired resistance, salicylic acid mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by salicylic acid involved in systemic acquired resistance.


cerebellar molecular layer formation

The process that gives rise to the cerebellar molecular layer. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the parallel fibers of the granule cells, interneurons such as stellate and basket cells, and the dendrites of the underlying Purkinje cells.


response to host redox environment

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of the symbiont organism or its cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the redox environment in host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


epithelial cell apoptotic process

Any apoptotic process in an epithelial cell.


stress-induced homeostatically regulated protein degradation pathway

A stress-inducible protein catabolic pathway that promotes protein quality control by accelerating the degradation of misfolded ER membrane and cytosolic proteins, as well as native proteins. The pathway starts with the activation, by stress, of the Nma111p/Ynm3p serine protease, which cleaves the stress-induced hydrophilin Roq1p, resulting in the generation of a Roq1p cleavage product that selectively interacts with Ubr1p, an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Interaction with the Ubr1p type-1 substrate binding site reprograms the substrate specificity of this ubiquitin ligase resulting in the selective proteasome-mediated degradation of misfolded and native proteins. The pathway ends with degradation of the protein by the cytoplasmic proteasome. Currently, NMA111, ROQ1, UBR1, RAD6, and CDC48 are considered to be involved in this quality control pathway.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-18:2-2-16:0-monogalactosyldiacylglycerol + O2 + a reduced electron acceptor = 1-18:3-2-16:0-monogalactosyldiacylglycerol + 2 H2O + an oxidized electron acceptor.


myosin filament assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a filament composed of myosin molecules.


regulation of renal albumin absorption

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of renal albumin absorption.


positive regulation of gluconate transmembrane transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of gluconate across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


ABC-type peptide transporter activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + peptide(in) = ADP + phosphate + peptide(out). Peptides exported include alpha-hemolysin, cyclolysin, colicin V and siderophores from Gram-negative bacteria, and bacteriocin, subtilin, competence factor and pediocin from Gram-positive bacteria.


growth plate cartilage axis specification

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the columnar cartilage along the axis of a long bone that contributes to bone growth.


inositol phosphoceramide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol phosphoceramides, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group.


negative regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion export across the plasma membrane.


Catalysis of the reaction: sphingosine + UDP-D-galactose = H+ + psychosine + UDP.


vagus nerve development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vagus nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This nerve is primarily sensory but also has visceromotor components. It originates in the brain stem and controls many autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, stomach, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and other gastrointestinal tract components. It controls some motor functions such as speech. The sensory branches mediate sensation from the pharynx, larynx, thorax and abdomen; it also innervates taste buds in the epiglottis.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + dihydrozeatin = H+ + dihydrozeatin-7-N-glucose + UDP.


muscle hypertrophy

The muscle system process that results in enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development (it stops in cardiac muscle after adolescence) and can also be brought on in response to demand. In athletes cardiac and skeletal muscles undergo hypertrophy stimulated by increasing muscle activity on exercise. Smooth muscle cells in the uterus undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy.


maintenance of protein location in cell

Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.


squalene monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + NADPH + O2 + squalene = (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene + H2O + NADP+.


Catalysis of the reaction: chloramphenicol + acetyl-CoA = chloramphenicol 3-acetate + CoA.


regulation of erythrophore differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrophore differentiation.


regulation of angiotensin-activated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the angiotensin-activated signaling pathway.


positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of long-term synaptic potentiation.


Nebenkern assembly

Fusion of mitochondria during insect spermatid differentiation to form two masses, which wrap around each other to form a densely packed sphere called the Nebenkern.


dopamine binding

Binding to dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter formed by aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase from 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine.


acetoacetyl-CoA hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetoacetyl-CoA + H2O = acetoacetate + CoA + H+.


positive regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of uptake of cholesterol into the blood by absorption from the intestine.


box C/D RNA binding

Binding to a box C/D small nucleolar RNA.


TMP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of TMP, ribosylthymine monophosphate.


lipoteichoic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoteichoic acid, which is a major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria and typically consists of a chain of glycerol-phosphate repeating units linked to a glycolipid anchor.


envenomation resulting in negative regulation of platelet aggregation in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant stopping, prevention or reduction in the frequency, rate or extent of platelet aggregation in the bitten organism.


hydantoin racemase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-5-monosubstituted hydantoin = L-5-monosubstituted hydantoin.


sesquiterpenoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units.


phosphorelay sensor kinase activity

Catalysis of the phosphorylation of a histidine residue in response to detection of an extracellular signal such as a chemical ligand or change in environment, to initiate a change in cell state or activity. The two-component sensor is a histidine kinase that autophosphorylates a histidine residue in its active site. The phosphate is then transferred to an aspartate residue in a downstream response regulator, to trigger a response.


regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation.


galactosylceramide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.


follicular fluid formation in ovarian follicle antrum involved in fused antrum stage

The ovulation cycle process in which one central cavity separating the oocyte/cumulus complex from mural granulosa and theca cells is formed as part of the fused antrum stage of oogenesis.


regulation of eye pigmentation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of a pattern of pigment in the eye of an organism.


telomeric repeat-containing RNA transcription

The synthesis of telomeric repeat-containing RNA from a DNA template. A telomere is a complex of DNA and proteins that seals the end of a chromosome.


micturition

The regulation of body fluids process in which parasympathetic nerves stimulate the bladder wall muscle to contract and expel urine from the body.


copper ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of copper (Cu) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


heart trabecula morphogenesis

The process of shaping a trabecula in the heart. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue.


regulation of imaginal disc growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of the imaginal disc.


chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 production

The appearance of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


alkaloid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).


negative regulation of salivary gland boundary specification

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of salivary gland determination.


TDP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of TDP, ribosylthymine diphosphate.


[methionine synthase] reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: [methionine synthase]-cob(II)alamin + NADPH + H+ + S-adenosyl methionine = [methionine synthase]-methylcob(I)alamin + S-adenosylhomocysteine + NADP+.


Catalysis of the reaction: an acyl-CoA + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = CoA + a 2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.


positive regulation of histamine uptake

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of histamine into a cell.


negative regulation of hepatic stellate cell migration

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell migration.


immune response involved in response to exogenous dsRNA

Any immune response that is involved in response to exogenous dsRNA.


molybdenum ion binding

Binding to a molybdenum ion (Mo).


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 6-sulfate group of the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate units of heparan sulfate and keratan sulfate.


suppression by virus of host mRNA export from nucleus

Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in the host organism.


induction of programmed cell death by ecdysone

Any process induced by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (ecdysone) that directly activates any of the steps required for programmed cell death.


cytokine precursor processing

The cleavage of a peptide bond in a precursor form of a cytokine, resulting in the mature (active) form of the cytokine.


vocal learning

A behavioral process whose outcome is a relatively long-lasting behavioral change whereby an organism modifies innate vocalizations to imitate sounds produced by others.


17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a 17-beta-hydroxysteroid + NAD+ = a 17-oxosteroid + NADH + H+.


antibacterial peptide production

The synthesis or release of an antibacterial peptide during an immune response, resulting in an increase in intracellular or extracellular levels.


maintenance of protein location in T cell secretory granule

A process in which a protein is maintained in a secretory granule in a T cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.


specification of mesonephric tubule identity

The process in which the tubules of the mesonephros acquire their identity.


Catalysis of the reaction: procollagen L-proline + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = procollagen trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline + succinate + CO2.


peripheral tolerance induction to self antigen

Tolerance induction to self antigens in the peripheral lymphoid tissues: blood, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues.


flavone synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a flavanone + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a flavone + succinate + CO2 + H2O.


cellular response to interleukin-18

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-18 stimulus.


inositol phosphorylceramide synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an L-1-phosphatidyl-inositol + a dihydroceramide = an inositol phosphodihydroceramide + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3(6)-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl,1,6(3))-beta-D-mannosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6)-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3(6)-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6(3))-beta-D-mannosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-R. Only branched mannose glycopeptides with non-reducing N-acetylglucosamine terminal residues act as acceptors.


catechol oxidase (dimerizing) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4 catechol + 3 O2 = 2 dibenzo[1,4]dioxin-2,3-dione + 6 H2O.


metanephric nephron epithelium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The metanephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the metanephros.


regulation of age-related resistance

Any process that modulates the extent of age-related resistance.


positive regulation of cellular response to oxidopamine

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidopamine.


ATP deaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ITP + NH3.


regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polarized epithelial cell differentiation.


positive regulation of venous endothelial cell fate commitment

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of venous endothelial cell fate commitment.


vascular associated smooth muscle contraction

A process, occurring in the vascular tissue, whereby actin/myosin complex activity generates force through ATP hydrolysis resulting in a change in smooth muscle geometry. This process is always coupled to chemo-mechanical energy conversion.


beta-lactamase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a beta-lactam + H2O = a substituted beta-amino acid.


regulation of PERK-mediated unfolded protein response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the PERK-mediated unfolded protein response.


verruculogen metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving verruculogen.


cardiac muscle myosin thick filament assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the myosin-based thick filaments of myofibrils in cardiac muscle.


negative regulation of fibroblast migration

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.


histone H3 acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 = CoA + acetyl-histone H3.


sulfide oxidation, using sulfide dehydrogenase

A sulfide oxidation process that proceeds via the reaction catalyzed by sulfide dehydrogenase.


parathion catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of parathion, a highly toxic organophosphate compound. Degradation of parathion by sunlight or liver enzymes can result in the formation of the active compound paraoxon which interferes with the nervous system through cholinesterase inhibition.


regulation of myotube differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.


mitochondrial polycistronic RNA processing

The conversion of polycistronic RNA transcribed from a mitochondrial genome into mono- or bi-cistronic RNAs.


4-hydroxyindole-3- carbonyl nitrile biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 4-hydroxyindole-3- carbonyl nitrile (4-OH-ICN), a cyanogenic glucoside.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate + H2O = 1D-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate + phosphate + H+.


secondary leaflet morphogenesis

The process in which the secondary leaflet attains its shape. A secondary leaflet develops by branching or division of a primary leaflet.


keratan sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + keratan = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + keratan 6'-sulfate.


regulation of torso signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the torso signaling pathway.


cell adhesion involved in sprouting angiogenesis

The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules that contributes to the formation of a blood vessel network.


carbon phosphorus lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: alkylphosphonic acid = R-CH3 + phosphate. Substrates include aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) (forms methylamine), dimethylphosphinic acid (forms methylphosphonic acid), glyphosate (forms sarcosine) and methylphosphonic acid (forms phosphate).


diacylglycerol diphosphate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-diphosphate + H2O = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + phosphate.


gibberellin A4 carboxyl methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: gibberellin A4 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = gibberellin A4 methyl ester + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


maintenance of ER location

Any process in which the endoplasmic reticulum is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.


The process of coupling cysteine to cysteinyl-tRNA in a mitochondrion, catalyzed by cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. In tRNA aminoacylation, the amino acid is first activated by linkage to AMP and then transferred to either the 2'- or the 3'-hydroxyl group of the 3'-adenosine residue of the tRNA.


positive regulation of laminaritriose transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of laminaritriose transport.


prostate gland stromal morphogenesis

The process in which the prostate gland stroma is generated and organized. The prostate gland stroma is made up of the mesenchymal or fibroblast cells of the prostate gland.


regulation of cell adhesion involved in heart morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the extent of cell adhesion contributing to the shaping of the heart.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-formimidoyltetrahydrofolate + 2 H+ = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NH4.


detection of wounding

The series of events by which an injury stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-dependent

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP-dependent ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER following TAP-dependent transport from the cytosol. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.


AIM2 inflammasome complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the AIM2 inflammasome complex.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + stigmasterol = UDP + O-glucosyl-stigmasterol.


dorsal appendage formation

Establishment of the dorsal filaments, elaborate specializations of the chorion that protrude from the anterior end of the egg and facilitate embryonic respiration.


dihydroceramide kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a dihydroceramide = ADP + H+ + a dihydroceramide 1-phosphate.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.


limonoid glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + limonin = glucosyl-limonin + UDP.


sphingolipid transfer activity

Removes a sphingolipid from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.


ACC codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an ACC codon.


response to paracetamol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a paracetamol stimulus.


Wnt-activated signaling pathway involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell that contributes to the commitment of a neuroblast to aneuronal fate. The neuron will reside in the forebrain.


maleate isomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: maleate = fumarate.


intracellular nucleoside homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of nucleosides within a cell.


regulation of organ growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.


optomotor response

Eye, head or whole body movements that help to compensate movements of the environment in order to stabilize its image on the retina. In the case of whole body movements, these motor actions may also stabilize a locomotor course in response to some disturbance. Examples include: the optokinetic reflex, which allows human eyes to follow objects in motion while the head remains stationary reflex; the optomotor responses of flying insects and swimming fish.


intestine smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the intestine. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The intestine is the section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anal canal. It includes the large intestine and small intestine.


T-helper 1 cell diapedesis

The passage of a T-helper 1 cell between the tight junctions of endothelial cells lining blood vessels, typically the fourth and final step of cellular extravasation. A T-helper 1 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive and produces interferon-gamma.


Catalysis of the reaction: protein-lysine + protein-lysine = protein N6-(lysyl)-L-lysine + protein. This reaction is the addition of lysine group from one protein to a lysine residue in a second protein, producing N6-(lysyl)-L-lysine.


negative regulation of nitrosative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to nitrosative stress.


UUU codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a UUU codon.


arylsulfate sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an aryl sulfate + a phenol = a phenol + an aryl sulfate.


maturation of 5S rRNA

Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 5S rRNA molecule.


purine ribonucleoside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any purine ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.


intracellular chloride channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of chloride across the membrane of an intracellular compartment. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


pilomotor reflex

The reflex process in which the arrectores pilorum (hair follicle) muscles contract and cause the hair to stand erect.


smooth muscle contraction involved in micturition

The process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in the urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue involved in the expulsion urine from the body.


bacteriocin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a bacteriocin, any of a heterogeneous group of polypeptide antibiotics that are secreted by certain bacterial strains and are able to kill cells of other susceptible (frequently related) strains after adsorption at specific receptors on the cell surface. They include the colicins, and their mechanisms of action vary.


emodin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving emodin.


aminoglycoside antibiotic metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving an aminoglycoside antibiotic, any member of a group of broad spectrum antibiotics, of similar toxicity and pharmacology, that contain an aminodeoxysugar, an amino- or guanidino-substituted inositol ring, and one or more residues of other sugars. The group includes streptomycin, neomycin, framycetin, kanamycin, paromomycin, and gentamicin.


sterol 24-C-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + zymosterol = fecosterol + H+ + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


regulation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which oskar mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm.


G protein-coupled adenosine receptor activity

Combining with adenosine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


regulation of growth plate cartilage chondrocyte proliferation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes in a growing endochondral bone, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


pre-B cell receptor expression

The process leading up to expression of the pre-B cell receptor on the surface of pre-B cells, starting with the recombination of an immunuglobulin heavy chain locus, including expression of the surrogate light chain, the association of the surrogate light chain with the heavy chain, and expression of the complete pre-B cell receptor on the cell surface. pre-B cell receptor expression is a key checkpoint in the transition of pro-B cell to pre-B cell.


Catalysis of the reaction: ent-sandaracopimaradien-3-beta-ol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = oryzalexin D + NADP + H2O.


symbiont-mediated activation of host NF-kappaB signal transduction

A process that initiates, promotes, or enhances a host NF-kappaB-mediated signaling cascade. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


dTTP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTTP, deoxyribosylthymine triphosphate.


positive regulation of dauer entry

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dauer entry.


Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule; dependent on the presence of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate.


regulation of Hulle cell development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Hulle cell development, a process that leads to the formation of Hulle cells. Hulle cells are specialized multinucleate cells that originate from a nest-like aggregation of hyphae during sexual development and serve as nurse cells to the developing cleistothecium, or fruiting body.


placenta development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.


extracellular microvesicle biogenesis

The assembly and secretion of a set of components to form an extracellular microvesicule, a membrane-bounded vesicle that ranges in size 100 nm to 1 micron in size) and exits the cell by budding.


arylformamidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-formyl-L-kynurenine + H2O = formate + L-kynurenine.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxymandelonitrile + UDP-D-glucose = H+ + taxiphyllin + UDP.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide = UDP + beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide.


somatic diversification of immune receptors via alternate splicing

The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through alternate splicing.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2 bilirubin-glucuronoside = bilirubin + bilirubin-bisglucuronoside.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor activity

Combining with a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor ligand and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine + NAD+ = protein N6-(lipoyl)lysine + NADH + H+.


sensory perception of humidity

The series of events required for an organism to detect some level of humidity in its environment, convert this detection into a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


guanylate cyclase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GTP = 3',5'-cyclic GMP + diphosphate.


floral organ formation

The process that gives rise to floral organs. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.


response to tetracycline

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tetracycline stimulus.


post-embryonic hindlimb morphogenesis

The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the hindlimb are generated and organized.


sterol 14-demethylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a 14alpha-methyl steroid + 3 O2 + 3 reduced [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] = a delta14 steroid + formate + 4 H+ + 4 H2O + 3 oxidized [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase].


mechanosensitive monoatomic ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an monoatomic ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress.


riboflavin reductase (NAD(P)H) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: reduced riboflavin + NAD(P)+ = riboflavin + NAD(P)H + 2 H+. This reaction can utilize NADH and NADPH.


Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithine + carbamoyl phosphate = N(2)-acetyl-L-citrulline + H+ + phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: benzoyl-CoA + 3 malonyl-CoA + 3 H+ = 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzophenone + 4 coenzyme A + 3 carbon dioxide.


amino sugar biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.


tyrosinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-tyrosine + O2 = L-DOPAquinone + H2O. This reaction can use both monophenols (such as tyrosine) and catechols (o-diphenols) as substrates.


smooth endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a cell or between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and its surroundings.


low-affinity IgM receptor activity

Combining with low affinity with an immunoglobulin of an IgM isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


glutathione S-conjugate carboxypeptidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a glutathione-toxin conjugate = glycine + a [Glu-Cys]-S-conjugate.


pole plasm assembly

Establishment of the specialized cytoplasm found at the poles of the egg. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


secretory granule localization

Any process in which a secretory granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


6-methylthiopropyl glucosinolate S-oxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 6-methylthiopropyl-glucosinolate = 6-methylsulfinylpropyl-glucosinolate.


neural crest-derived cardiac glial cell fate commitment

The commitment of neural crest cells to cardiac glial cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac glial cells.


spinal cord association neuron specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an association neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway.


ulvan lyase activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond in ulvan, a carbohydrate composed of a repeating structure of [->4)-beta-D-GlcA-(1,4)-alpha-L-Rha 3S-(1->4)-alpha-L-IdoA-(1->4)-alpha-L-Rha 3S-(1-]n. Continued digest of ulvan with an enzyme that can catalyze this reaction results in ulvanobiouronic acid A 3-sulfate [->4)-beta-D-GlcpA-(1->4)-alpha-L-Rhap 3-sulfate-(1-]n with 4-deoxy-L-threo-hex-4-enopyranosiduronic acid at the non-reducing end.


sinoatrial node development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sinoatrial (SA) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The SA node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node.


uroporphyrinogen III biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of uroporphyrinogen III.


cerebellum morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellum is generated and organized. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.


negative regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle hypertrophy.


tRNA 5'-leader removal

Generation of the mature 5'-end of the tRNA, usually via an endonucleolytic cleavage by RNase P.


negative regulation of sclerotium development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sclerotium development.


cellular response to trichodermin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a trichodermin stimulus.


larynx development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a larynx from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the larynx and ends with the mature structure. A larynx is a continuation of the pharynx that is involved in breathing, sound production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration.


neuroblast division in dorsal lateral ganglionic eminence

The division of neuroblasts in the dorsal region of the lateral ganglionic eminence. These cells give rise to embryonic interneuron precursors that will migrate tangentially to the olfactory bulb.


regulation of serotonin uptake

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin into a cell.


gamma-delta T cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a gamma-delta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.


mesonephric renal vesicle formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the mesonephros.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propionate + O2 = 2-hydroxy-6-keto-nona-2,4-dienedioate.


RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat modifying activity

A catalytic activity that acts on the RNA polymerase II large subunit CTD heptapeptide repeat (consensus YSPTSPS). Reversible modifications cof the RNA polymerase II CTD repeats contribute to regulation of RNA polymerase activity.


response to zinc ion starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of zinc ion.


peptidyl-threonine sulfation

The sulfation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-sulfo-L-threonine.


general adaptation syndrome

General adaptation syndrome is the set of changes in various organ systems of the body, especially the pituitary-endocrine system, in response to a wide range of strong external stimuli, both physiological and psychological. It is described as having three stages: alarm reaction, where the body detects the external stimulus; adaptation, where the body engages defensive countermeasures against the stressor; and exhaustion, where the body begins to run out of defenses.


adrenal gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adrenal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This gland can either be a discrete structure located bilaterally above each kidney, or a cluster of cells in the head kidney that perform the functions of the adrenal gland. In either case, this organ consists of two cells types, aminergic chromaffin cells and steroidogenic cortical cells.


3-HSA hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione + NADP+ + H2O.


regulation of toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway.


activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation

The expansion of an activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell population by cell division.


Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell signaling

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a Purkinje myocyte to a ventricular cardiac muscle cell.


effector-mediated induction of cell cycle reactivation in host

A symbiont process in which a molecule secreted by the symbiont reactivates the host cell cycle, resulting in DNA synthesis and host cell division, and contributing to vegetative tumor formation.


tectobulbar tract morphogenesis

Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the optic tectum towards target cells in the premotor reticulospinal system in the hindbrain.


cholate 12-alpha dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cholate + NADP+ = 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-12-oxo-5beta-cholanate + H+ + NADPH.


Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3', 4' and 5' positions.


BAT3 complex binding

Binding to a BAT3 complex.


lipoprotein biosynthetic process via diacylglyceryl transfer

The chemical reactions and pathways by which diacylglyceryl transfer leads to formation of a water-soluble protein-lipid complex.


mesenchymal cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a mesenchymal cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


detection of ethylene stimulus

The series of events in which an ethylene (ethene) stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


ciliary vesicle assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ciliary vesicle. Multiple smaller vesicles dock to the transitional fibers on a mature basal body and then fuse together to form a larger single vesicle. This then fuses with the plasma membrane and forms the ciliary membrane.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribitol 5-phosphate + CTP = CDP-ribitol + diphosphate.


octopamine dehydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol = (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetaldehyde + NH4.


negative regulation of RNA binding transcription factor activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA binding transcription factor activity.


galactose oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactose + O2 = D-galacto-hexodialdose + hydrogen peroxide.


Catalysis of endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA in a site-specific manner, resulting in double-strand breaks.


oxidative single-stranded DNA demethylation

Removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within a single-stranded DNA molecule involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.


The process where translation initiation recruits the 40S ribosomal subunits in a Cap and 5' end independent fashion before an AUG codon is encountered in an appropriate sequence context to initiate mRNA or circRNA translation.


long-day photoperiodism, flowering

A change from the vegetative to the reproductive phase as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a period of light that exceeds the critical day length. The critical day length varies between species. Although the term is long-day is used, most species actually respond to the duration of the night, so that the response will occur when a period of darkness falls short of the number of hours defined by 24 minus the critical day length.


membrane depolarization during SA node cell action potential

The process in which SA node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.


protein targeting to chloroplast

The process of directing proteins towards the chloroplast, usually using signals contained within the protein. Imported proteins are synthesized as cytosolic precursors containing N-terminal uptake-targeting sequences that direct each protein to its correct subcompartment and are subsequently cleaved.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate = diphosphate + prephytoene diphosphate.


cellular response to phylloquinone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a phylloquinone (vitamin K1) stimulus.


alpha-beta T cell proliferation

The expansion of an alpha-beta T cell population by cell division.


mRNA 3'-splice site recognition

Recognition of the intron 3'-splice site by components of the assembling U2- or U12-type spliceosome.


glycerol 2-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: glycerol + NADP+ = glycerone + H+ + NADPH.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methylnaphthalene + NADH + O2 + H+ = 2-hydroxymethylnaphthalene + NAD+ + H2O.


muscle adaptation

A process in which muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.


S-triazine hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-halo or 1-pseudohalo-S-triazine = 1-hydroxy-S-triazine.


regulation of glucuronoarabinoxylan catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucuronoarabinoxylan catabolic process.


resolution phase response

An active host response phase of acute inflammation driven by specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) and signaling pathways, enabling timely tissue regeneration and return of function.


regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by stress relaxation

The intrinsic circulatory process resulting from stress relaxation that modulates the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. Stress relaxation is the adaptation of vessels to a new size as a result of changes in pressure in storage areas such as veins, the liver, the spleen, and the lungs.


radial pattern formation

The regionalization process that results in defined areas around a point in which specific types of cell differentiation will occur.


amino acid ligation activity by nonribosomal peptide synthase

Catalysis of the ligation of an amino acid to another amino acid via a carbon-nitrogen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate, carried out by a nonribosomal peptide synthase.


positive regulation of heart rate involved in baroreceptor response to decreased systemic arterial blood pressure

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction as a result of the baroreceptor response to decreased blood pressure.


effector-mediated modulation of host process by symbiont

A process mediated by a molecule secreted by a symbiont that results in the modulation (either activation or suppression) of a host structure or process. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


UDP-D-apiose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-D-apiose, uridinediphosphoapiose, a substance composed of apiose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-nitrocatechol + O2 + 4 e- + 3 H+ = H2O + nitrite + 1,2,4-benzenetriol.


norepinephrine-epinephrine-mediated vasodilation involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure

A process that results in an increase in the diameter of an artery during the norepinephrine-epinephrine response to blood pressure change.


regulation of lipid transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.


cell proliferation in forebrain

The creation of greater cell numbers in the forebrain due to cell division of progenitor cells.


G protein-coupled chemorepellent receptor activity

Combining with a chemorepellent and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, flavin as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a flavin.


N-acetylneuraminate 7-O(or 9-O)-acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-7-O(or 9-O)-acetylneuraminate + CoA.


3'-O-methyltricetin O methyl transferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3'-O-methyltricetin = H+ + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3',5'-di-O-methyltricetin.


cellular response to catechin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a catechin stimulus.


positive regulation of optic nerve formation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of optic nerve formation.


regulation of nuclease activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.


regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.


histidine catabolic process to glutamate and formate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine into other compounds, including glutamate and formate.


alanyl-tRNA aminoacylation

The process of coupling alanine to alanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by alanyl-tRNA synthetase. The alanyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetases. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of an alanine accetping tRNA.


protein O-linked glycosylation via hydroxylysine

The glycosylation of protein via the O5 atom of peptidyl-hydroxylysine, forming O5-glycosyl-L-hydroxylysine; the most common form is galactosyl hydroxylysine.


negative regulation of skeletal muscle tissue regeneration

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle regeneration.


multi-ciliated epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a multi-ciliated epithelial cell.


renal vesicle formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the renal vesicle from condensed mesenchymal cells. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.


sympathetic neuron projection guidance

The process in which the migration of a sympathetic neuron projection is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


benzoate-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + benzoate + CoA = AMP + benzoyl-CoA + diphosphate.


norepinephrine-epinephrine catabolic process in blood stream

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of norepinephrine or epinephrine in the bloodstream.


cinnamate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phenylpropanoate + NAD+ = (E)-cinnamate + NADH + H+.


negative regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy.


molybdopterin cofactor metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.


transcription open complex formation at RNA polymerase II promoter

Any process involved in the melting of the DNA hybrid of the core promoter region within the transcriptional closed complex of an RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) to produce an open complex where the DNA duplex around the transcription initiation site is unwound to form the transcription bubble.


cerebellar basket cell differentiation

The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar basket cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a cerebellar basket cell fate. A cerebellar basket cell is an inhibitory GABAergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates), polyesters of 3-hydroxyacids produced as intracellular granules by a large variety of bacteria.


glycosylceramidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: glycosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O = a sugar + N-acylsphingosine.


uracil dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: uracil + acceptor = barbiturate + reduced acceptor.


cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction

The process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels and contributes to the process of cardiac conduction.


keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid, an acidic sugar present in lipopolysaccharides of the outer membranes of some Gram-negative bacteria.


paraxial mesodermal cell fate commitment

The process in which a cell becomes committed to become a paraxial mesoderm cell.


negative regulation of axial mesodermal cell fate determination

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axial mesoderm cell fate determination.


Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylglycerol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylglycerol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.


saponin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of saponins, glycosides of plants in which the aglycan (sapogenin) group is a terpene or steroid and the sugar group is a glucose, a galactose, a pentose, a methylpentose or an oligosaccharide. Saponins are powerful surfactant agents and membrane active; they are, hence, toxic to animals on injection.


abscisic acid glucose ester beta-glucosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: abscisic acid glucose ester + H2O = abscisic acid + beta-D-glucose.


positive regulation of phosphatidylethanolamine metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylethanolamine metabolic process.


serine-tRNA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-serine + tRNA(Ser) = AMP + diphosphate + L-seryl-tRNA(Ser).


oviduct morphogenesis

The process in which anatomical structures of the oviduct are generated and organized. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism.


alanopine dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2,2'-iminodipropanoate + H2O + NAD+ = L-alanine + H+ + NADH + pyruvate.


positive regulation of muscle cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.


ceramide transfer activity

Removes a ceramide from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-alpha-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-alpha-D-glucosidic bonds.


(25S)-Delta(4)-dafachronate binding

Binding to (25S)-Delta(4)-dafachronate.


subpallium cell proliferation in forebrain

The multiplication or reproduction of subpallium cells in the forebrain, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


negative regulation of smoothened signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning.


rRNA acetylation

The modification of rRNA structure by addition of an acetyl group to rRNA. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.


thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin.


Catalysis of the reaction: IMP + diphosphate = hypoxanthine + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.


UDP-rhamnose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-L-rhamnose, a substance composed of rhamnose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


regulation of norepinephrine uptake

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine into a cell.


regulation of serine C-palmitoyltransferase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of serine C-palmitoyltransferase activity.


iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl L-arginyl diiron disulfide

The incorporation of iron into a 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl L-arginyl diiron disulfide.


inositol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.


symbiont-mediated disruption of host cell-cell adhesion

A process in which a symbiont alters or subverts host cell adhesion ito its extracellular matrix. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


negative regulation of turning behavior involved in mating

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of turning behavior involved in mating. Turning behavior is the sharp ventral turn performed by the male as he approaches either the hermaphrodite head or tail, whilst trying to locate his partner's vulva. Turning occurs via a sharp ventral coil of the male's tail.


neoxanthin synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-violaxanthin = all-trans-neoxanthin.


chaeta morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the chaeta are generated and organized. A chaeta is a sensory multicellular cuticular outgrowth of a specifically differentiated cell.


urate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of urate from one side of a membrane to the other. Urate is the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine, the end product of purine metabolism in certain mammals and the main excretory product in uricotelic animals.


reduced coenzyme F420:quinone oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: reduced coenzyme F420 + 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone = coenzyme F420 + reduced 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. Reduced 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone is also known as 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-hydronaphthoquinone.


GTP-dependent polyribonucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + 5'-dephospho-RNA = GDP + 5'-phospho-RNA.


CoB--CoM heterodisulfide reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: coenzyme B + coenzyme M + methanophenazine = N-{7-[(2-sulfoethyl)dithio]heptanoyl}-3-O-phospho-L-threonine + dihydromethanophenazine.


The formylation of the N-terminal proline of proteins to form the derivative N-formylproline.


protoheme IX farnesyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protoheme IX + (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate + H2O = heme O + diphosphate.


negative regulation of entry into reproductive diapause

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the dormancy process that results in entry into reproductive diapause. Reproductive diapause is a form of diapause where the organism itself will remain fully active, including feeding and other routine activities, but the reproductive organs experience a tissue-specific reduction in metabolism, with characteristic triggering and releasing stimuli.


mesonephric glomerulus vasculature morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric glomerulus vasculature are generated and organized. The mesonephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the mesonephric glomerulus.


agglutination involved in conjugation with cellular fusion

The aggregation or adhesion of compatible mating types via complementary cell-cell interactions during conjugation with cellular fusion of a unicellular organism. An example of this process is agglutination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


sequestering of mercury

The process of binding or confining toxic mercury ions or atoms such that they are separated from sensitive components of a biological system.


glycolipid transfer activity

Removes a glycolipid from a membrane or a monolayer lipid particle, transports it through the aqueous phase while protected in a hydrophobic pocket, and brings it to an acceptor membrane or lipid particle. A glycolipid is a compound usually containing 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid.


phenylmercury acetate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylmercury acetate, an organomercurial compound composed of a mercury atom attached to a benzene ring and an acetate group.


regulation of cardiac endothelial to mesenchymal transition

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac endothelial to mesenchymal transition.


peptidyl-tryptophan modification

The chemical alteration of a tryptophan residue in a peptide.


cerebellar Purkinje cell layer maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer to attain its fully functional state. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.


[tyrosine 3-monooxygenase] kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + [tyrosine-3-monooxygenase] = ADP + phospho-[tyrosine-3-monooxygenase].


inferior olivary nucleus maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the inferior olivary nucleus to attain its fully functional state. The inferior olivary nucleus is a capsule-shaped structure in the ventral medulla located just lateral and dorsal to the medullary pyramids. Neurons in the inferior olivary nucleus are the source of climbing fiber input to the cerebellar cortex; these neurons have been implicated in various functions, such as learning and timing of movements.


pulmonary valve development

The progression of the pulmonary valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of flocculation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the non-sexual aggregation of single-celled organisms.


pyridoxal oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: pyridoxal + H2O + O2 = 4-pyridoxate + hydrogen peroxide.


AUA codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AUA codon.


trichloro-p-hydroquinone reductive dehalogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3,6-trichlorohydroquinone + 2 glutathione = 2,6-dichlorohydroquinone + glutathione disulfide + HCl.


immunoglobulin receptor activity

Combining with the Fc region of an immunoglobulin protein and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


response to triacyl bacterial lipopeptide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a triacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.


negative regulation of glycogen (starch) synthase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen (starch) synthase activity.


cellular response to pH

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2,6-dihydroxybenzothiazole + 1/2 O2 = 2,6,7-trihydroxybenzothiazole.


glomerulus vasculature morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the glomerulus vasculature are generated and organized. The glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the glomerulus.


dicarboxylic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups.


positive regulation of heart looping

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart looping.


prephenate(2-) biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prephenate(2-).


cellular response to cell envelope stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stress acting at the cell envelope.


NADPH dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + acceptor = NADP+ + reduced acceptor.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxo-8-methylthiooctanoate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = H+ + 2-(6'-methylthio)hexylmalate + coenzyme A.


acetoacetyl-ACP synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + malonyl-CoA + H+ + a holo-[acyl-carrier protein] = acetoacetyl-ACP + 2 coenzyme A + carbon dioxide.


siRNA-mediated retrotransposon silencing by mRNA destabilization

A retrotransposon silencing mechanism in which mRNAs transcribed from transposons are targeted for degradation by a siRNA.


retrotransposon silencing

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of retrotransposition. Retrotransposons are a subset of transposable elements that use an RNA intermediate and reverse transcribe themselves into the genome.


response to cell cycle checkpoint signaling

A process that occurs in response to signals generated as a result of cell cycle checkpoint signaling.


cardiac muscle cell action potential

An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell.


negative regulation of relaxation of cardiac muscle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of cardiac muscle.


cellular response to fluid shear stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluid shear stress stimulus. Fluid shear stress is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface.


glial cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


labyrinthine layer morphogenesis

The process in which the labyrinthine layer of the placenta is generated and organized.


forebrain generation of neurons

The process in which nerve cells are generated in the forebrain. This includes the production of neuroblasts from and their differentiation into neurons.


dTDP-mannose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dTDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate.


tRNA exon ligation utilizing 2',3' cyclic phosphate of 5'-exon as source of linkage phosphate

A tRNA exon ligation process in which the splice junction phosphate is derived from the 2',3' cyclic phosphate at the 3'-end of the 5'-exon. This type of ligation to rejoin the 5' and 3' exons of a tRNA is observed in wheat, Chlamydomonas, and vertebrate species including humans.


maintenance of secretory granule location

Any process in which a secretory granule is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.


root cap development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the root cap over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The root cap protects the root meristem from friction as the root grows through the soil. The cap is made up of a group of parenchyma cells which secrete a glycoprotein mucilage as a lubricant.


2-hydroxyeriodictyol 6C-glucoside dehydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 6C-beta-D-glucosyl-2-hydroxyeriodictyol = isoorientin + H2O.


positive regulation of Notch signaling pathway involved in heart induction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell that contributes to heart induction.


negative regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process.


phosphate:acyl-[acyl carrier protein] acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a fatty acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + orthophosphate = acyl phosphate + [acyl-carrier protein].


positive regulation of cell proliferation by VEGF-activated platelet derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding to a platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) on the surface of a cell, which activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.


negative regulation of austinol biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of austinol biosynthetic process.


multiple spine synapse organization, multiple dendrites

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse between a multiple synapse bouton and two or more dendritic spines protruding either from a single dendrite or from multiple dendrites.


positive regulation of bone remodeling

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling.


polyketide synthase activity

Catalysis of a multistep reaction that produce polyketides through decarboxylative condensation of carboxylic acids. The key chain-building reaction, a C-N bond-forming reaction, involves the generation of the characteristic peptide bond by nucleophilic attack of the amino group of an amino-acyl donor unit covalently bound to a downstream peptidyl carrier protein module (amino acyl-S-PCP) on the acyl group of an upstream electrophilic acyl- or peptidyl acyl-S-PCP chain, catalyzed by a condensation (C) domain. Supplementing these core chain-elongation domains are variable numbers of auxiliary domains that are responsible for modification of the growing polypeptide chain by a small set of iterated reactions including epimerization, N-methylation, and heterocyclization.


pentanamidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + pentanamide = NH4 + valerate.


tRNA m2,2-guanine biosynthesis

The process whereby a guanine residue in a transfer RNA is methylated twice at the N2 position.


canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to the progression of the heart over time. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.


negative regulation of xylan catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of xylan catabolic process.


termination of RNA polymerase III transcription

A transcription termination process that completes the production of a primary RNA polymerase II transcript. RNA polymerase III has an intrinsic ability to terminate transcription upon incorporation of at least 4 contiguous U residues.


inner ear receptor cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an inner ear receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


negative regulation of endodermal cell fate specification

Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into an endoderm cell.


otolith mineralization

The precipitation of specific crystal forms of calcium carbonate with extracellular matrix proteins in the otolith organs of the vertebrate inner ear.


positive regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process.


solanapyrone synthase activity

Catalysis of the cyclization of double bonds in prosolanapyrone II to form (-)-solanapyrone A.


ATPase-coupled monocarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + monocarboxylic acid(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + monocarboxylic acid(in/out).


snRNA modification guide activity

Specifies the site of a posttranscriptional modification in an snRNA molecule by base pairing with a short sequence around the target residue.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the terminal alpha-D-mannose residues in oligo-mannose oligosaccharides.


efferent axon development in anterior lateral line nerve

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an efferent axon in the anterior lateral line nerve over time from its formation to the mature structure. This process includes axonogenesis and pathfinding of the efferent axons in the anterior lateral line nerve.


GPCR taste receptor activity

A G protein-coupled receptor activity that is responsible for the sense of taste.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors, disulfide as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a phosphorus- or arsenic-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a disulfide.


negative regulation of lateral mesodermal cell fate specification

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lateral mesoderm cell fate specification.


H2O + L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + NAD+ = 2 H+ + L-glutamate + NADH.


dendritic cell cytokine production

Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a dendritic cell.


Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylethanolamine, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylethanolamine containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.


phytanate-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + CoA + phytanate = AMP + diphosphate + H+ + phytanoyl-CoA.


positive regulation of nutrient release by host

Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of nutrients from its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


cell redox homeostasis

Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell.


interleukin-5 production

The appearance of interleukin-5 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


cellular response to quercetin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a quercetin stimulus.


cleavage of bicistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, LSU-rRNA)

Endonucleolytic cleavage of pre-rRNAs originally produced as a bicistronic rRNA transcript that contains the SSU-rRNA and the LSU-rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Primary ribosomal RNA transcripts with two genes in this order are produced in Archaeal species.


palmitic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving palmitic acid.


Catalysis of the reaction: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + uridine44 in tRNASer = 2'-O-methyluridine44 in tRNASer + H+ + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


defense response by callose deposition in cell wall

Any process in which callose is transported to, and/or maintained in, the cell wall during the defense response. Callose is a linear 1,3-beta-d-glucan formed from UDP-glucose and is found in certain plant cell walls.


positive regulation of cyclodextrin metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cyclodextrin metabolic process.


leucoanthocyanidin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leucoanthocyanidins, a class of colorless intermediates in the biosynthetic pathway of the pigmented flavonoids.


maintenance of unfolded protein

Maintaining a protein in an unfolded, soluble state.


negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.


B-1b B cell differentiation

The process in which B cells acquire the specialized features of B-1b B cells. B-1b B cells are B-1 cells that do not express CD5.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH or CH2 groups, NAD or NADP as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP.


atrioventricular canal morphogenesis

The developmental process by which an atrioventricular canal is generated and organized.


mannose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose.


regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.


outer stripe development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the outer stripe over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The outer stripe is the region of the kidney outer medulla that lies just below the cortex. The proximal straight tubules (S3) characterize this region.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA + H2O = 4-hydroxybenzoate + CoA + H+.


negative regulation of methanofuran metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of methanofuran metabolic process.


bisphenol A hydroxylase B activity

Catalysis of the reaction: bisphenol A + NADH + H+ + O2 = 1,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propanol + NAD+ + H2O.


lipoprotein lipid oxidation

The modification of a lipoprotein by oxidation of the lipid group.


sulfinoalanine decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-sulfino-L-alanine = hypotaurine + CO2.


glycine reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl phosphate + H2O + NH4 + thioredoxin disulfide = glycine + H+ + phosphate + thioredoxin.


positive regulation of viral process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant.


negative regulation of mitotic spindle pole body separation

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the process involving the release of duplicated mitotic spindle pole bodies (SPBs) and their migration away from each other within the nuclear membrane.


D-lysine oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-lysine + O2 + H2O = 6-amino-2-oxohexanoate + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.


dense core granule priming

A process that converts unprimed dense core granules (DCVs) to a pool of primed vesicles that are capable of fusing with the plasma membrane (fusion-competent) and thereby releasing their contents. Priming typically occurs after docking.


specification of mesonephric distal tubule identity

The process in which the distal tubule of the mesonephric nephron acquires its identity.


spinal cord ventral commissure morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the spinal cord ventral commissure are generated and organized.


inner nuclear membrane-associated protein degradation pathway

A protein quality control pathway that removes ubiquitinated proteins from the nuclear inner membrane before transferring them to the proteasome for degradation.


positive regulation of heart rate by neuronal norepinephrine

The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine released from nerve endings increases the rate of heart muscle contraction.


regulation of ERK5 cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK5 cascade.


negative regulation of monocyte extravasation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte extravasation.


cellotetraose binding

Binding to a cellotetraose, an oligosaccharide consisting of four glucose residues resulting from hydrolysis of cellulose.


trinitrophenol dihydride denitratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: trinitrophenol dihydride Meisenheimer complex (aci form) = 2,4-dinitrophenol hydride Meisenheimer complex + NO2. Trinitrophenol is also known as TNP and dinitrophenol is also known as DNP.


olfactory bulb interneuron differentiation

The process in which a neuroblast acquires specialized features of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb.


D-amino-acid oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a D-amino acid + H2O + O2 = a 2-oxo acid + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.


positive regulation of paraxial mesodermal cell fate specification

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of paraxial mesoderm cell fate specification.


Catalysis of the reaction: (2E,4E)-2-hydroxyhexa-2,4-dienoate + H2O = 4-hydroxy-2-oxohexanoate.


alcohol O-decanoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: decanoyl-CoA + an alcohol = CoA + a decyl ester.


eisosome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an eisosome, a cell part that is composed of the eisosome membrane and eisosome filaments. The eisosome membrane, also called the MCC domain, is a furrow-like plasma membrane sub-domain with associated integral transmembrane proteins. The eisosome filaments form a scaffolding lattice on the cytoplasmic face of the membrane.


positive regulation of relaxation of smooth muscle

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of smooth muscle.


cellulose binding

Binding to cellulose.


isoprenoid biosynthetic process via 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoprenoid via 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate.


envenomation resulting in modulation of calcium channel activity in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant change in the activity of a calcium channel in the bitten organism.


cellular response to iron(III) ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron(III) ion stimulus.


platelet-activating factor acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-radyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospholipid + 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + 1-radyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phospholipid.


tRNA (guanine-N7)-methylation

The process whereby a guanine in a tRNA is methylated at the N7 position of guanine.


sequestering of copper ion

The process of binding or confining copper ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.


pentose transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a pentose sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. Pentose is a monosaccharide with 5 carbon atoms.


positive regulation of mechanosensory behavior

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mechanosensory behavior.


urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary bladder. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary bladder is a musculomembranous sac along the urinary tract.


flavonol binding

Binding to a flavonol, a flavonoid that contains a 3-hydroxy-2-phenylchromen-4-one backbone.


positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development.


delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside 7-O-glucosyltransferase (acyl-glucose dependent) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside + 1-O-4-hydroxybenzoyl-beta-D-glucose = delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside-7-O-glucoside + 4-hydroxybenzoic acid + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: hydroxymalonate + sinapoyl-CoA = CoA + sinapoyltartronate.


acquisition of desiccation tolerance

The process in which tolerance to severe drying is acquired, before entering into a dry, either dormant or quiescent state.


D-xylose 1-dehydrogenase (NAD) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-xylose + NAD+ = D-xylonolactone + NADH.


regulation of NK T cell activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation.


methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)+ = 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate + NAD(P)H + H+.


UDP-glucose:curcumin monoglucoside glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + curcumin monoglucoside = H+ + curcumin diglucoside + UDP.