fatty acid omega-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an omega-methyl fatty acid + O2 + reduced [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase] = an omega-hydroxy fatty acid + H+ + H2O + oxidized [NADPH--hemoprotein reductase].


7-deoxyloganate 7-hydroxylase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: 7-deoxyloganate + O2 + reduced [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] = H+ + H2O + loganate + oxidized [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase].


isoflavone 2'-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an isoflavone + O2 + reduced [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase] = a 2'-hydroxyisoflavone + H+ + H2O + oxidized [NADPH-hemoprotein reductase].


humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

An immune response dependent upon secreted immunoglobulin. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.


Golgi cell precursor proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to Golgi cells. A Golgi cell is an inhibitory GABAergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.


clathrin-sculpted acetylcholine transport vesicle membrane

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-sculpted acetylcholine transport vesicle.


sarcosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sarcosine.


sarcosine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sarcosine.


sarcosine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sarcosine.


L-amino acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an L-amino acid.


3-cyano-L-alanine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 3-cyano-L-alanine.


AGA codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes an AGA codon.


negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart valve morphogenesis

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cell proliferation that contributes to the shaping of a heart valve.


regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart valve morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell proliferation that contributes to the shaping of a heart valve.


positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart valve morphogenesis

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of cell proliferation that contributes to the shaping of a heart valve.


regulation of binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.


regulation of mRNA cap binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA cap binding.


regulation of chromatin binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.


regulation of receptor binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.


negative regulation of transferrin receptor binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transferrin receptor binding.


negative regulation of selenocysteine insertion sequence binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of selenocysteine insertion sequence binding.


negative regulation of apolipoprotein binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apolipoprotein binding.


regulation of small GTPase binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase binding.


regulation of actin binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin binding.


regulation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding.


regulation of ferrous iron binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ferrous iron binding.


negative regulation of lipid binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipid binding.


regulation of C-C chemokine binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of C-C chemokine binding.


regulation of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.


regulation of protein binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.


regulation of polysome binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polysome binding.


regulation of transferrin receptor binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferrin receptor binding.


regulation of core promoter binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of core promoter binding.


regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.


negative regulation of C-C chemokine binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of C-C chemokine binding.


negative regulation of actin binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin binding.


regulation of selenocysteine insertion sequence binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of selenocysteine insertion sequence binding.


negative regulation of chemokine activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine activity.


regulation of microtubule plus-end binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule plus-end binding.


regulation of GTP binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of GTP binding.


negative regulation of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.


regulation of calcium ion binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion binding.


regulation of mRNA binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA binding.


negative regulation of double-stranded telomeric DNA binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of double-stranded telomeric DNA binding.


negative regulation of microtubule binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule binding.


negative regulation of growth hormone activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth hormone activity.


negative regulation of mRNA cap binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA cap binding.


desensitization of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway by arrestin

The process that inhibits the signaling function of a G protein-coupled receptor by uncoupling the receptor from its downstream G proteins.


negative regulation of core promoter binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of core promoter binding.


regulation of microtubule minus-end binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule minus-end binding.


negative regulation of collagen binding

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collagen binding.


negative regulation of G-quadruplex DNA binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G-quadruplex DNA binding.


regulation of G-quadruplex DNA binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G-quadruplex DNA binding.


regulation of single-stranded telomeric DNA binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding to single-stranded telomeric DNA.


regulation of chemokine activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine activity.


negative regulation of RNA binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA binding.


regulation of actin filament binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament binding.


negative regulation of protein binding

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.


regulation of apolipoprotein binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apolipoprotein binding.


regulation of DNA binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).


regulation of telomeric DNA binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric DNA binding.


negative regulation of calcium ion binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion binding.


regulation of triplex DNA binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of triplex DNA binding.


regulation of protein homodimerization activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer.


negative regulation of telomeric DNA binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomeric DNA binding.


negative regulation of mRNA binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA binding.


regulation of DNA replication origin binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication origin binding.


negative regulation of euchromatin binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of euchromatin binding.


negative regulation of actin filament binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament binding.


regulation of cytokine activity

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the activity of a molecule that controls the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.


negative regulation of chromatin binding

Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.


regulation of substance P receptor binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of substance P receptor binding.


negative regulation of DNA replication origin binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication origin binding.


regulation of heparan sulfate binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heparan sulfate binding.


regulation of microtubule binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule binding.


regulation of growth hormone activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth hormone activity.


negative regulation of small GTPase binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase binding.


regulation of double-stranded telomeric DNA binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of double-stranded telomeric DNA binding.


negative regulation of heparan sulfate binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heparan sulfate binding.


negative regulation of polysome binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of polysome binding.


regulation of euchromatin binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of euchromatin binding.


regulation of collagen binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collagen binding.


negative regulation of protein homodimerization activity

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer.


regulation of lipid binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid binding.


negative regulation of binding

Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.


regulation of mRNA 3'-UTR binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-UTR binding.


regulation of guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.


regulation of Rho guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.


negative regulation of mRNA 3'-UTR binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-UTR binding.


modulation by host of RNA binding by virus

A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a viral gene product binding to RNA.


regulation of protein heterodimerization activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein heterodimerization, interacting selectively with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer.


regulation of recombination hotspot binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of recombination hotspot binding.


negative regulation of receptor binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.


negative regulation of ferrous iron binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ferrous iron binding.


negative regulation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding.


negative regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.


regulation of RNA polymerase I regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase I regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.


negative regulation of cytokine activity

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the activity of a molecule that controls the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.


negative regulation of microtubule plus-end binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule plus-end binding.


regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor binding.


negative regulation of DNA binding

Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).


regulation of RNA binding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA binding.


negative regulation of triplex DNA binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of triplex DNA binding.


negative regulation of GTP binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of GTP binding.


negative regulation of RNA polymerase I regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase I regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.


gamma-tubulin complex

A multiprotein complex composed of gamma-tubulin and other non-tubulin proteins. Gamma-tubulin complexes are localized to microtubule organizing centers, and play an important role in the nucleation of microtubules. The number and complexity of non-tubulin proteins associated with these complexes varies between species.


gamma-tubulin small complex

A complex usually comprising two gamma-tubulin molecules and two conserved non-tubulin proteins. Some gamma-tubulin small complexes are thought to be the repeating unit making up the core of the gamma-tubulin ring complex.


gamma-tubulin ring complex

A complex of gamma tubulin and associated proteins thought to be formed by multimerization of gamma-tubulin small complexes. An example of this structure is found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.


nonassociative learning

A simple form of learning whereby the repeated presence of a stimulus leads to a change in the probability or strength of the response to that stimulus. There is no association of one type of stimulus with another, rather it is a generalized response to the environment.


dishabituation

The temporary recovery of response to a stimulus when a novel stimulus is added.


sensitization

An increased in a behavioral response to a repeated stimulus. For example, a shock to the tail of the marine snail Aplysia, to which the snail responds by withdrawing its gill, will result in increased gill withdrawal the next time the skin is touched.


habituation

A decrease in a behavioral response to a repeated stimulus. This is exemplified by the failure of a person to show a startle response to a loud noise that has been repeatedly presented.


geranylfarnesyl diphosphate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = (2E,6E,10E,14E)-geranylfarnesyl diphosphate + diphosphate.


D-allose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-allose, the D-enantiomer of allo-hexose, an aldohexose similar to glucose.


3,8-divinyl protochlorophyllide a 8-vinyl reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: divinyl protochlorophyllide a + NADPH + H+ = monovinyl protochlorophyllide a + NADP+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate + UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate = adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate + H+ + UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4,6-disulfate.


CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell extravasation

The migration of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.


CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell extravasation

The migration of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.


T-helper 1 cell extravasation

The migration of a T-helper 1 cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue. A T-helper 1 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive and produces interferon-gamma.


T-helper 17 cell extravasation

The migration of a T-helper 17 cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.


3'-flap-structured DNA binding

Binding to a 3'-flap structure in DNA. A DNA flap structure is one in which a single-stranded 3'-end of DNA or RNA protrudes from a double-stranded DNA molecule.


spermidine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.


clathrin-sculpted glutamate transport vesicle

A clathrin-sculpted lipid bilayer membrane-enclosed vesicle after clathrin release and containing glutamate.


negative regulation of retrograde dense core granule transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde dense core granule transport.


tetraspanin-enriched microdomain

A pre-organized unit composed either of adhesion molecules (mainly integrins and members of the Ig superfamily), signaling receptors and/or enzyme-enriched plasma membrane domains that compartmentalizes cellular processes. Tetraspanin-enriched microdomains might be specially suited for the regulation of avidity of adhesion receptors and the compartmentalization of enzymatic activities.


cellular response to streptomycin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a streptomycin stimulus. Streptomycin is a commonly used antibiotic in cell culture media which acts only on prokaryotes and blocks transition from initiation complex to chain elongating ribosome.


ABC-type quaternary ammonium compound transporting activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + quaternary ammonium(out) = ADP + H+ + phosphate + quaternary ammonium(in).


ABC-type glycine betaine transporter activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + glycine betaine(out) = ADP + phosphate + glycine betaine(in).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: (R)-carnitine(out) + 4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate(in) = (R)-carnitine(in) + 4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate(out).


amino-acid betaine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of betaine from one side of a membrane to the other. Betaine is the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.


carnitine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of carnitine across a membrane. Carnitine is a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.


glycine betaine:proton symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glycine betaine(out) + H+(out) = glycine betaine(in) + H+(in).


quaternary ammonium group:proton symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: quaternary ammonium group(out) + H+(out) = quaternary ammonium group(in) + H+(in).


(R)-carnitine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of (R)-carnitine from one side of a membrane to the other.


acyl carnitine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of acyl carnitine from one side of a membrane to the other. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane.


glycine betaine:sodium:chloride symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glycine betaine(out) + Na+(out) + Cl-(out)= glycine betaine(in) + Na+(in) + Cl-(in).


ATPase-coupled hydroxyectoine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + hydroxyectoine(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + hydroxyectoine(in/out).


N-methylnicotinate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of N-methylnicotinate from one side of a membrane to the other.


4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of 4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate from one side of a membrane to the other.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors, dinitrogen as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an iron-sulfur protein acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces dinitrogen.


carbonyl sulfide nitrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: carbonyl sulfide + 2 H+ + 2 e- = hydrogen sulfide + carbon monoxide.


glucosylceramide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group.


glucosylceramide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group. They are neutral glycolipids containing equimolar amounts of fatty acid, glucose, and sphingosine or a sphingosine derivative.


negative regulation of chaperone-mediated protein folding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chaperone-mediated protein folding.


secondary active sulfate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the secondary active transfer of sulfate from one side of a membrane to the other. Secondary active transport is the transfer of a solute across a membrane, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + Na+(out) = sulfate(in) + Na+(in).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + H+(out) = sulfate(in) + H+(in).


low-affinity sulfate:proton symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + H+(out) = sulfate(in) + H+(in). In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.


high-affinity sulfate:proton symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + H+(out) = sulfate(in) + H+(in). In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


high-affinity sulfate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the secondary active high affinity transfer of sulfate from one side of a membrane to the other. Secondary active transport is the transfer of a solute across a membrane, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind thesolute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


cobinamide phosphate guanylyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: adenosylcobinamide phosphate + GTP + 2 H+ = adenosylcobinamide-GDP + diphosphate.


protein-lysine 6-oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-L-lysyl-peptide + H2O + O2 = peptidyl-allysyl-peptide + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.


peptidoglycan peptide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of peptidoglycan peptides from one side of a membrane to the other. Peptidoglycan peptides are the oligopeptides found in peptidoglycan networks which cross-link the polysaccharide chains.


choloyl-CoA hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: choloyl-CoA + H2O = cholate + CoA.


postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission

Any process, acting in the postsynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.


somatic muscle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Somatic muscles are striated muscle structures that connect to the exoskeleton or cuticle.


adult somatic muscle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


larval somatic muscle development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larval somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate + O2 = 3-maleylpyruvate + H+.


phagolysosome assembly involved in apoptotic cell clearance

The process in which a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, fuses with a lysosome as a part of apoptotic cell clearance.


inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate 5-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate = ADP + inositol 5-triphosphate pentakisphosphate.


6-hydroxynicotinate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-6-oxonicotinate + oxidized ferredoxin = 6-hydroxynicotinate + reduced ferredoxin.


thiocyanate hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + 2 H+ + thiocyanate = carbonyl sulfide + NH4.


arginine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.


arginine biosynthetic process via ornithine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine (2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid) via the intermediate compound ornithine.


cyclic-GMP-AMP hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cyclic GMP-AMP + 2 H2O = AMP + GMP.


response to methylphenidate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methylphenidate stimulus.


broad specificity neutral L-amino acid:basic L-amino acid antiporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: basic L-amino acid(in) + neutral L-amino acid(out) = basic L-amino acid(in) + neutral L-amino acid(out).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + aminotriazole(in) = H+(in) + aminotriazole(out).


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine(out) + S-adenosyl-L-methionine(in) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine(in) + S-adenosyl-L-methionine(out).


monoatomic ion antiporter activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential

Any ion antiporter activity, occurring in the postsynaptic membrane, that is involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: L-glutamate(out) + H+(in) = L-glutamate(in) + H+(out).


Catalysis of the reaction: histidine(out) + histamine(in) = histidine(in) + histamine(out).


amino acid:monoatomic cation antiporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + monoatomic cation(in) = solute(in) + monoatomic cation(out). Monoatomic cations include H+, Mg2+, Ca2+, etc.


aspartate:glutamate, proton antiporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + L-aspartate(in) + L-glutamate(out) = H+(in) + L-aspartate(out) + L-glutamate(in).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + polyamine(in) = H+(in) + polyamine(out).


Catalysis of the reaction: aspartate(out) + alanine(in) = aspartate(in) + alanine(out).


Catalysis of the reaction: lysine(out) + cadaverine(in) = lysine(in) + cadaverine(out).


ATP:inorganic phosphate antiporter activity

Enables the transfer of ATP from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP(out) + inorganic phosphate(in) = ATP(in) + inorganic phosphate(out).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + L-alanine(in) = H+(in) + L-alanine(out).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + monoamine(in) = H+(in) + monoamine(out).


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP(out) + ADP(in) = ATP(in) + ADP(out).


bicarbonate:monoatomic anion antiporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(in) + HCO3-(out) = solute(out) + HCO3-(in).


Catalysis of the reaction: GTP(out) + GDP(in) = GTP(in) + GDP(out).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + acridine(in) = H+(in) + acridine(out).


calcium:sodium antiporter activity involved in regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane potential

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + Na+(out) = Ca2+(out) + Na+(in), which contributes to regulating the membrane potential of a cardiac muscle cell.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + acetylcholine(in) = H+(in) + acetylcholine(out).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glycine(out) + H+(in) = glycine(in) + H+(out).


gamma-aminobutyric acid:proton antiporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: 4-aminobutanoate(out) + H+(in) = 4-aminobutanoate(in) + H+(out).


Catalysis of the reaction: agmatine(out) + putrescine(in) = agmatine(in) + putrescine(out).


Catalysis of the reaction: tyrosine(out) + tyramine(in) = tyrosine(in) + tyramine(out).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + fluconazole(in) = H+(in) + fluconazole(out).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + benomyl(in) = H+(in) + benomyl(out).


metal cation:monoatomic cation antiporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + Na+(in) = solute(in) + Na+(out).


ADP:inorganic phosphate antiporter activity

Enables the transfer of ADP from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ADP(out) + inorganic phosphate(in) = ADP(in) + inorganic phosphate(out).


monoatomic ion antiporter activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential

Any ion antiporter activity, occurring in the presynaptic membrane, that is involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential.


Catalysis of the reaction: Na+(in) + Mg2+(out) = Na+(out) + Mg2+(in).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: oxoglutarate(out) + malate(in) = oxoglutarate(in) + malate(out).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + tetracycline(in) = H+(in) + tetracycline(out).


Catalysis of the reaction: arginine(out) + agmatine(in) = arginine(in) + agmatine(out).


urate:monoatomic anion antiporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: urate(out) + anion (in) = urate (in) + anion (out).


glutamate:gamma-aminobutyric acid antiporter activity

Catalysis of the reaction: glutamate(out) + gamma-aminobutyric acid(in) = glutamate(in) + gamma-aminobutyric acid(out).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: tartrate(out) + succinate(in) = tartrate(in) + succinate(out).


3-sulfino-L-alanine: proton, glutamate antiporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: 3-sulfino-L-alanine (cysteinesulfinate) (out) + H+(in) + L-glutamate(in) = 3-sulfino-L-alanine(in) + H+(out) + L-glutamate(out).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: citrate(out) + succinate(in) = citrate(in) + succinate(out).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: putrescine(out) + ornithine(in) = putrescine(in) + ornithine(out).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + cycloheximide(in) = H+(in) + cycloheximide(out).


Catalysis of the reaction: Ca2+(in) + Mn2+(out) = Ca2+(out) + Mn2+(in).


Catalysis of the active transport of a potassium ion across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported in opposite directions in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.


polyspecific organic cation:proton antiporter activity

Enables the transfer of various organic cations in exchange for a proton, according to the reaction: H+(out) + organic cation(in) = H+(in) + organic cation(out). The transported substrates are usually toxic molecules, drugs and xenobiotics.


Enables the transport of L-aspartate and fumarate across a membrane according to the reaction L-aspartate (out) + fumarate (in) = L-aspartate (in) + fumarate (out).


calcium, potassium:sodium antiporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + K+(in) + Na+(out) = Ca2+(out) + K+(out) + Na+(in).


calcium:monoatomic cation antiporter activity involved in regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any calcium:cation antiporter activity that is involved in regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration.


orotate:monoatomic anion antiporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: orotate(out) + anion (in) = orotate (in) + anion (out).


Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA(out) + CoA(in) = acetyl-CoA(in) + CoA(out).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: L-lysine(out) + L-arginine(in) = L-lysine(in) + L-arginine(out).


calcium:monoatomic cation antiporter activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration

Any calcium:cation antiporter activity that is involved in regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: cystine(out) + glutamate(in) = cystine(in) + glutamate(out).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + azole(in) = H+(in) + azole(out). Azoles are heterocyclic compounds found in many biologically important substances.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + Na+(out) = Ca2+(out) + Na+(in).


Catalysis of the reaction: arginine(out) + ornithine(in) = arginine(in) + ornithine(out).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: succinate(out) + fumarate(in) = succinate(in) + fumarate(out).


calcium:monoatomic cation antiporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + cation(out) = Ca2+(out) + cation(in).


regulation of photomorphogenesis

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of photomorphogenesis.


positive regulation of photomorphogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of photomorphogenesis.


caudal ganglionic eminence cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of caudal ganglionic eminence cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


'de novo' post-translational protein folding

The process of assisting in the correct noncovalent folding of newly formed polypeptides or folding intermediates of polypeptides that have exited the ribosome and/or have been stabilized and transferred by other chaperone proteins. This process could involve several cycles of ATP hydrolysis.


chaperone mediated protein folding independent of cofactor

The process of assisting in the correct noncovalent assembly of posttranslational proteins and does not depend on additional protein cofactors. This function occurs over one or more cycles of nucleotide-dependent binding and release.


C-X-C chemokine receptor CXCR4 signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by a the C-X-C chemokine type 4 receptor on the surface of a cell binding to one of it's physiological ligands, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


CXCL12-activated CXCR4 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the C-X-C chemokine CXCL12 to a C-X-C chemokine type 4 receptor (CXCR4) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


interleukin-10 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-10 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


somal translocation

The radial migration of cells from the ventricular zone that is independent of radial glial cells. Cells extend processes that terminate at the pial surface and follow the processes as they migrate.


gamma-tubulin complex localization

Any process in which a gamma-tubulin complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


gamma-tubulin complex localization to cytoplasmic side of mitotic spindle pole body

Any process in which a gamma-tubulin complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location at the cytoplasmic side of the mitotic spindle pole body.


gamma-tubulin complex localization to nuclear side of mitotic spindle pole body

Any process in which a gamma-tubulin complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location at the nuclear side of the mitotic spindle pole body.


gamma-tubulin complex localization to mitotic spindle pole body

Any process in which a gamma-tubulin complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location at a mitotic spindle pole body.


adventurous gliding motility

A process involved in the controlled movement of a bacterial cell powered by the rearward secretion of carbohydrate slime.


rhombomere 5 formation

The process that gives rise to rhombomere 5. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.


Catalysis of the reaction: a ubiquinone + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = a ubiquinol + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein].


Catalysis of the reaction: 2,6-dihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA = 2 H+ + 2 e- + 6-oxo-2-hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxyl-CoA.


detection of mechanical stimulus involved in magnetoreception

The series of events involved in magnetoception in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. The stimulus is in the form of torque on particles such as magnetite which respond to a magnetic field.


isoleucine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.


middle lamella

Layer of intercellular material, chiefly pectic substances, cementing together the primary walls of contiguous cells.


Catalysis of the reaction: cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalene + NAD+ = 1,2-dihydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene + NADH + H+.


host cell mitochondrial outer membrane

The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the host cell mitochondrial envelope.


host outer membrane

The external membrane of Gram-negative bacteria or certain organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts; freely permeable to most ions and metabolites, occurring in a host cell.


host cell nuclear outer membrane

The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the host nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes.


host cell outer membrane

A lipid bilayer that forms the outermost layer of the cell envelope, occurring in a host cell.


host organelle outer membrane

The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing in a cellular organelle, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope, occurring in a host cell.


cellular response to nonylphenol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nonylphenol stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: isoproturon + H2O = formaldehyde + monodemethylisoproturon + 2 H+ + 2 e-.


BtuCD complex

Protein complex involved in cobalamin (vitamin B12) transport through the plasma membrane. In E. coli, the complex is a tetramer and consists of the cytoplasmic ATPase BtuD homodimer together with the transmembrane BtuC homodimer.


diacylglycerol binding

Binding to a diacylglycerol, a diester of glycerol and two fatty acids.


euchromatin-nuclear membrane anchor activity

Binding to euchromatin and the nuclear inner membrane, in order to establish and maintain the euchromatin location and organization.


chromatin-nuclear membrane anchor activity

Binding to chromatin and the nuclear inner membrane, in order to establish and maintain the heterochromatin location and organization, or to enable equal segregation of the nuclear membrane during mitosis.


heterochromatin-nuclear membrane anchor activity

Binding to heterochromatin and the nuclear inner membrane, in order to establish and maintain the heterochromatin location and organization.


glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + 2 H+ + 2 reduced ferredoxin.


D-galactonate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-galactonate, the anion of D-galactonic acid.


aldonic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldonic acid, a monocarboxylic acid with a chain of three or more carbon atoms, derived from an aldose by oxidation of the aldehydic group.


galactonate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactonate, the anion of galactonic acid, an organic acid derived from the sugar galactose.


L-idonate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-idonate, the anion of idonic acid, an aldonic acid derived from L-idose, an aldohexose which is epimeric with D-glucose.


D-gluconate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-gluconate, the anion of D-gluconic acid, the aldonic acid derived from glucose.


ketogluconate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ketogluconate, the anion of ketogluconic acid, an aldonic acid derived from glucose containing a ketonic carbonyl group.


galactonate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactonate, the anion of galactonic acid.


keto-D-gluconate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of keto-D-gluconate, the anion of keto-D-gluconic acid, an aldonic acid derived from glucose.


keto-D-gluconate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving keto-D-gluconate, the anion of keto-D-gluconic acid, an aldonic acid derived from glucose.


L-galactonate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-galactonate, the anion of L-galactonic acid.


ketogluconate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ketogluconate, the anion of ketogluconic acid, an aldonic acid derived from glucose containing a ketonic carbonyl group.


L-idonate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-idonate, the anion of idonic acid, an aldonic acid derived from L-idose, an aldohexose which is epimeric with D-glucose.


L-galactonate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-galactonate, the anion of L-galactonic acid.


D-gluconate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-gluconate, the anion of D-gluconic acid, the aldonic acid derived from glucose.


aldonic acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aldonic acid, a monocarboxylic acid with a chain of three or more carbon atoms, derived from an aldose by oxidation of the aldehydic group.


D-galactonate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-galactonate, the anion of D-galactonic acid.


methylgallate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving methylgallate, trihydroxymethylbenzoate, the anion of methylgallic acid.


methylgallate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methylgallate, trihydroxymethylbenzoate, the anion of methylgallic acid.


auxin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of auxins, a group of plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.


indoleacetic acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.


nucleoplasmic reticulum

Long, dynamic tubular channels, formed by invagination of the nuclear envelope, that extend deep into the nucleoplasm. The channels have an underlying lamina and are implicated in functioning in signaling and transport.


The acetylation of the N-terminal threonine of proteins to form the derivative N-acetyl-L-threonine; catalyzed by peptide alpha-N-acetyltransferase.


tRNA wobble base lysidine biosynthesis

The process in which the carbonyl of cytosine at position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally replaced by lysine.


tRNA wobble cytosine modification

The process in which a cytosine in position 34 of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.


tRNA wobble base cytosine methylation

The process in which the base of cytosine at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally methylated at the C5 position.


plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase, catalytic core

The hexamer that possesses the catalytic activity of the plasma membrane hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.


(R)-limonene 1,2-monooxygenase NADH activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (4R)-limonene + NADH + H+ + O2 = NAD+ + H2O + (4R)-limonene-1,2-epoxide.


(R)-limonene 1,2-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (4R)-limonene + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = NAD(P)+ + H2O + (4R)-limonene-1,2-epoxide.


(R)-limonene 1,2-monooxygenase NADPH activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (4R)-limonene + NADPH + H+ + O2 = NADP+ + H2O + (4R)-limonene-1,2-epoxide.


response to jasmonic acid stimulus involved in jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a jasmonic acid stimulus received in the context of the jasmonic acid- and ethylene (ethene)-dependent process that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease in response to wounding or a pathogen.


positive regulation of astrocyte chemotaxis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte chemotaxis.


ventricular septum development

The progression of the ventricular septum over time from its formation to the mature structure.


ventricular septum intermedium development

The progression of the ventricular septum intermedium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


leucine N-acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-leucine + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-L-leucine + CoA + H+.


pectic arabinogalactan I metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pectic arabinogalactan I, an alpha-(1,4)-linked D-galactopyranose backbone that is substituted with alpha-l-Araf residues via the O-3 of the D-galactose residues. Arabinogalactan I can be found as a side chain of rhamnogalacturonan I.


rhamnogalacturonan I side chain metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the side chains of the pectin, rhamnogalacturonan I.


pectic arabinan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pectic arabinan, a polymer with an alpha-(1->5)-linked L-arabinofuranose (Araf) backbone that can be substituted with Araf-alpha-(1->2)-, Araf-alpha-(1->3)-, and/or Araf-alpha-(1->3)-Araf-alpha-(1->3)-side chains. Arabinan can be found as a side chain of the pectin rhamnogalacturonan I.


pectic galactan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactan, a polymer of D-galactosyl units that can be found as a side chain of the pectin rhamnogalacturonan I.


citrate (pro-3S)-lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: citrate = acetate + oxaloacetate.


pyruvate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + CoA + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = acetyl-CoA + CO2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: fructose-6-phosphate + diphosphate = phosphate + fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.


phosphofructokinase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a phosphofructose substrate molecule.


6-phosphofructo-2-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-fructose 6-phosphate + ATP = beta-D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.


1-phosphofructokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose 1-phosphate = ADP + D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.


6-phosphofructokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose-6-phosphate = ADP + D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.


negative regulation of cellooligosaccharide metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellooligosaccharide metabolic process.


regulation of cellooligosaccharide metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellooligosaccharide metabolic process.


positive regulation of cellooligosaccharide catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellooligosaccharide catabolic process.


positive regulation of cellooligosaccharide metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellooligosaccharide metabolic process.


negative regulation of cellooligosaccharide catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellooligosaccharide catabolic process.


regulation of cellooligosaccharide catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellooligosaccharide catabolic process.


oleic acid binding

Binding to oleic acid, the 18-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid (9Z)-octadec-9-enoic acid.


broad specificity oxidative DNA demethylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a methylated nucleobase within DNA + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a nucleobase within DNA + formaldehyde + succinate + CO2. Catalyzes oxidative demethylation of the DNA base lesions N1- methyladenine, N3-methylcytosine, N1-methylguanine, and N3- methylthymine. Can also act of RNA.


DNA demethylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from one or more nucleosides within a DNA molecule.


DNA N6-methyladenine demethylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + an N6-methyl-2'-deoxyadenosine in DNA + O2 = a 2'-deoxyadenosine in DNA + CO2 + formaldehyde + succinate.


cytosine C-5 DNA demethylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: methyl-dCpdG DNA + H2O = dCpdG DNA + methanol. This reaction is the hydrolytic removal of the methyl group on the 5 position of cytosine in DNA.


nuclear matrix organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear matrix, the dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane.


nuclear matrix anchoring at nuclear membrane

The process in which the nuclear matrix, the dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane, is directly or indirectly linked to the nuclear membrane.


cell quiescence

A specialized resting state that cells enter in response to cues from the cell's environment. Quiescence is characterized by the absence of cell growth and division, by a reprogramming of global gene expression, and by changes characteristic of the organism and specific cell type. Depending on external conditions, quiescence may persist until cell death or cells may resume cell growth and division. In some cell types or under certain conditions, cellular metabolism may proceed.


intronic transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to an intronic DNA sequence that regulates the transcription of the transcript it is contained within.


DNA/DNA annealing activity

An activity that faciliates the formation of a complementary double-stranded DNA molecule.


DNA-(abasic site) binding

Binding to a DNA site that has neither a purine nor a pyrimidine base. Apurinic sites can form spontaneously or when DNA glycosylase removes a damaged base.


sequence-specific DNA binding, bending

The activity of binding selectively and non-covalently to DNA in a sequence-specific manner and distorting the original structure of DNA, typically a straight helix, into a bend, or increasing the bend if the original structure was intrinsically bent due to its sequence.


double-strand/single-strand DNA junction binding

Binding to a DNA segment that contains double-stranded DNA flanked by a region of single-stranded DNA.


cytosine/cytosine mispair binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a C/C mispair.


retinoic acid-responsive element binding

Binding to a retinoic acid-responsive element, a variable direct repeat of the sequence PuGGTCA spaced by five nucleotides (DR5) found in the promoters of retinoic acid-responsive genes, to which retinoic acid receptors bind.


DNA binding, bending

The activity of binding selectively and non-covalently to and distorting the original structure of DNA, typically a straight helix, into a bend, or increasing the bend if the original structure was intrinsically bent due to its sequence.


ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activity

An ATP-dependent activity that facilitates the formation of a complementary double-stranded DNA molecule.


O6-alkylguanine-DNA binding

Binding to an O6-alkylguanine adduct in DNA.


RNA polymerase III type 2 promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a sequence of DNA that is a part of a type 2 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III. Type 2 promoters consist of an A box and a B box downstream of the transcription start site within the sequence within the sequence of the mature RNA. Type 2 promoters are found in many tRNA genes as well as in other small RNAs.


RNA polymerase III type 1 promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a sequence of DNA that is a part of a type 1 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III. Type 1 promoters are found in 5S rRNA genes, downstream of the transcription start site within the sequence of the mature RNA, and require TFIIIA for recognition.


single-strand break-containing DNA binding

Binding to damaged DNA containing single-strand breaks (SSBs).


adenine/adenine mispair binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing an A/A mispair.


DNA insertion or deletion binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing an insertion or a deletion.


single thymine insertion binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a single thymine insertion or a deletion that results in an unpaired thymine.


double-stranded methylated DNA binding

Binding to double-stranded methylated DNA. Methylation of cytosine or adenine in DNA is an important mechanism for establishing stable heritable epigenetic marks.


sterol response element binding

Binding to a sterol response element (SRE), a nonpalindromic sequence found in the promoters of genes involved in lipid metabolism.


carbohydrate response element binding

Binding to a carbohydrate response element (ChoRE) found in the promoters of genes whose expression is regulated in response to carbohydrates, such as the triglyceride synthesis genes.


single adenine insertion binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a single adenine insertion or a deletion that results in an unpaired adenine.


topological DNA co-entrapment activity

A DNA binding activity in which a protein complex interacts with more than one DNA duplex to encircle the DNA molecules with a loose fitting ring.


minor groove of adenine-thymine-rich DNA binding

Binding to a DNA structure formed by the minor groove of adenine-thymine-rich DNA regions. Examples of proteins having this function are AT-rich interaction domain (ARID)-containing proteins.


DNA hairpin binding

Binding to a DNA region containing a hairpin. A hairpin structure forms when a DNA strand folds back on itself and intrachain base pairing occurs between inverted repeat sequences.


centromeric DNA binding

Binding to a centromere, a region of chromosome where the spindle fibers attach during mitosis and meiosis.


flap-structured DNA binding

Binding to a flap structure in DNA. A DNA flap structure is one in which a single-stranded length of DNA or RNA protrudes from a double-stranded DNA molecule.


open form four-way junction DNA binding

Binding to a DNA segment containing the open form of a four-way junction, also known as a Holliday junction, a structure where two DNA double strands are held together by reciprocal exchange of two of the four strands, one strand each from the two original helices. The open form of a four-way junction can be diagrammed without any of the strands crossing over.


thymine/thymine mispair binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a T/T mispair.


supercoiled DNA binding

Binding to supercoiled DNA. For example, during replication and transcription, template DNA is negatively supercoiled in the receding downstream DNA and positively supercoiled in the approaching downstream DNA.


replication fork barrier binding

Binding to replication fork barriers, sites that inhibit the progress of replication forks.


RNA polymerase III transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a DNA region that controls the transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase III. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.


chromatin insulator sequence binding

Binding to a chromatin insulator sequence, a DNA sequence that prevents enhancer-mediated activation or repression of transcription.


C-rich single-stranded DNA binding

Binding to C-rich, single-stranded DNA.


double-stranded/single-stranded junction telomeric DNA binding

Binding to a junction formed at the point where double-stranded telomeric DNA becomes a single-stranded G-rich telomeric DNA 3' overhang.


RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding, bending

Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II, and distorting the original structure of DNA, typically a straight helix, into a bend, or increasing the bend if the original structure was intrinsically bent due to its sequence.


Y-form DNA binding

Binding to a DNA segment shaped like a Y. This shape occurs when DNA contains a region of paired double-stranded DNA on one end and a region of unpaired DNA strands on the opposite end.


DNA-DNA tethering activity

Bridging together two regions of a DNA molecule.


RNA polymerase II intronic transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to an RNA polymerase II intronic DNA sequence that regulates the transcription of the transcript it is contained within.


dinucleotide repeat insertion binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a dinucleotide repeat insertion or a deletion resulting in unpaired dinucleotide repeats.


sequence-specific single stranded DNA binding

Binding to single-stranded DNA of a specific nucleotide composition.


single base insertion or deletion binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a single base insertion or deletion.


recombination hotspot binding

Binding to a genomic region which promotes recombination.


single guanine insertion binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a single guanine insertion or a deletion that results in an unpaired guanine.


rDNA spacer replication fork barrier binding, bending

The activity of binding selectively, and in a sequence-specific manner, a replication fork barrier found in rDNA spacers, and distorting the original structure of DNA, typically a straight helix, into a bend, or increasing the bend if the original structure was intrinsically bent due to its sequence.


guanine/guanine mispair binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a G/G mispair.


bent DNA binding

Binding to DNA in a bent conformation.


mitochondrial promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a DNA region that controls the transcription of the mitochondrial DNA.


nucleosomal DNA binding

Binding to the DNA portion of a nucleosome.


C-rich strand telomeric DNA binding

Binding to C-rich, single-stranded, telomere-associated DNA.


chromatin loop anchoring activity

Bridging together two DNA loop anchors together, maintaining a chromatin loop.


GC-box binding

Binding to a GC-box, a DNA motif with the consensus sequence GGGCGG that is located upstream of the start point of eukaryotic transcription units. The GC-box may occur in multiple copies or in either orientation relative to the transcription start site.


rDNA spacer replication fork barrier binding

Binding to replication fork barriers found in rDNA spacers, sites that inhibit replication forks in the direction opposite to rDNA transcription.


G-quadruplex DNA binding

Binding to G-quadruplex DNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad. The stacking of guanine tetrads results in G-quadruplex DNA structures. G-quadruplex DNA can form under physiological conditions from some G-rich sequences, such as those found in telomeres, immunoglobulin switch regions, gene promoters, fragile X repeats, and the dimerization domain in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genome.


5S rDNA binding

Binding to a 5S rDNA sequence, encoding ribosomal 5S rRNA, which is individually transcribed by RNA polymerase III, rather than by RNA polymerase I, in species where it exists.


N-box binding

Binding to an N-box, a DNA motif with the consensus sequence CACNAG that is found in the promoters of genes expressed preferentially at synapses.


template for synthesis of G-rich strand of telomere DNA activity

Provision of the template used by reverse transcriptase to synthesize the G-rich strand of telomeric DNA.


serum response element binding

Binding to a serum response element (SRE), a short sequence with dyad symmetry found in the promoters of some of the cellular immediate-early genes, regulated by serum.


estrogen response element binding

Binding to an estrogen response element (ERE), a conserved sequence found in the promoters of genes whose expression is regulated in response to estrogen.


RNA polymerase III hybrid type promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a sequence of DNA that is a part of a hybrid type promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III (Pol III). A hybrid Pol III promoter contains both regulatory elements both upstream and downstream of the transcription initiation site. An example gene with such a promoter is the S. cerevisiae U6 gene.


promoter-terminator loop anchoring activity

Bridging together a cis-regulatory element and a terminator DNA sequences on the chromatin, holding two loop anchors together, maintaining a chromatin loop.


microsatellite binding

Binding to a microsatellite, a repeat_region in DNA containing repeat units (2 to 4 base pairs) that is repeated multiple times in tandem.


non-sequence-specific DNA binding, bending

The activity of binding selectively and non-covalently to DNA in a sequence-independent manner and distorting the original structure of DNA, typically a straight helix, into a bend, or increasing the bend if the original structure was intrinsically bent due to its sequence.


RNA polymerase II core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a DNA sequence that is part of the core promoter of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene.


adenine/guanine mispair binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing an A/G mispair.


RNA polymerase I core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a regulatory region composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for transcription factors of the RNA polymerase I transcription machinery. This site is often referred to as the CORE element. In mammalian cells, the CORE element functions in conjunction with the Upstream Control Element (UCE), while in fungi, protozoa, and plants, the CORE element functions without a UCE.


D-loop DNA binding

Binding to a DNA D-loop. A D-loop is a three-stranded DNA structure formed by the invasion of a single DNA strand that base pairs with one strand of duplex DNA, while the rest of the double-stranded DNA does not unwind.


DNA secondary structure binding

Binding to a DNA secondary structure element such as a four-way junction, a bubble, a loop, Y-form DNA, or a double-strand/single-strand junction.


bubble DNA binding

Binding to DNA segment that contains a bubble. A bubble occurs when DNA contains a region of unpaired, single-stranded DNA flanked on both sides by regions of paired, double-stranded DNA.


guanine/thymine mispair binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a G/T mispair.


piRNA cluster binding

Binding to piRNA clusters, double-stranded DNA regions that give rise to PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs).


crossed form four-way junction DNA binding

Binding to a DNA segment containing the crossed form of a four-way junction, also known as a Holliday junction, a structure where two DNA double strands are held together by reciprocal exchange of two of the four strands, one strand each from the two original helices. The crossed form of a four-way junction cannot be diagrammed without any of the strands crossing over, and instead contains a single crossover between two of the strands.


hemi-methylated DNA-binding

Binding to double-stranded hemi-methylated DNA at replication foci (one strand methylated, while the other strand is unmethylated). Methylation of cytosine or adenine in DNA is an important mechanism for establishing stable heritable epigenetic marks.


adenine/cytosine mispair binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing an A/C mispair.


G-rich single-stranded DNA binding

Binding to G-rich, single-stranded DNA.


P-element binding

Binding to a P-element, a class of Drosophila transposon responsible for hybrid dysgenesis.


RNA polymerase III type 3 promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a sequence of DNA that is a part of a type 3 promoter that controls transcription by RNA polymerase III (Pol III). A type 3 Pol III promoter is composed of elements upstream of the transcription start site, including a TATA box. The human U6 snRNA gene has a type 3 promoter. Type 3 Pol III promoters have not been observed in S. cerevisiae.


plastid promoter transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a DNA region that controls transcription by a plastid RNA polymerase. Binding may occur as a sequence specific interaction or as an interaction observed only once a factor has been recruited to the DNA by other factors.


cytosine/thymine mispair binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a C/T mispair.


5'-flap-structured DNA binding

Binding to a 5'-flap structure in DNA. A DNA flap structure is one in which a single-stranded 5'-end of DNA or RNA protrudes from a double-stranded DNA molecule. 5'-flap structures can be formed during DNA repair or lagging strand synthesis; in the latter case RNA flaps form from lagging strand RNA primers.


unmethylated CpG binding

Binding to uan nmethylated CpG motif. Unmethylated CpG dinucleotides are often associated with gene promoters.


RNA polymerase III cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase III. The transcribed region might be contain a single gene or a cistron containing multiple genes.


piRNA dual-strand cluster binding

Binding to dual-strand piRNA clusters, double-stranded DNA regions that give rise to PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) where piRNAs originate from both DNA strands via noncanonical transcription.


RNA polymerase I cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase I. RNA polymerase I elements are referred to either enhancers or upstream control element (UCE, or alternately referred to as the upstream element).


double-stranded telomeric DNA binding

Binding to double-stranded telomere-associated DNA.


E-box binding

Binding to an E-box, a DNA motif with the consensus sequence CANNTG that is found in the promoters of a wide array of genes expressed in neurons, muscle and other tissues.


DNA loop anchor binding

Binding to a DNA loop anchor, a region of chromosome that defines the ends of a DNA loop where two parts of same DNA strand are held in close physical proximity. For example, in animals, the anchors of DNA loops are convergently oriented CTCF binding sites during interphase.


juvenile hormone response element binding

Binding to a juvenile hormone response element (JHRE), a conserved sequence found in the promoters of genes whose expression is regulated in response to juvenile hormone.


histone-dependent DNA binding

DNA-binding activity that is dependent on binding to a histone.


telomeric G-quadruplex DNA binding

Binding to telomeric G-quadruplex DNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad. The stacking of guanine tetrads results in G-quadruplex DNA structures in telomeres.


transcription termination site sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a sequence of DNA that promotes termination by RNA polymerase. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.


purine-rich negative regulatory element binding

Binding to a 30-bp purine-rich negative regulatory element; the best characterized such element is found in the first intronic region of the rat cardiac alpha-myosin heavy chain gene, and contains two palindromic high-affinity Ets-binding sites (CTTCCCTGGAAG). The presence of this element restricts expression of the gene containing it to cardiac myocytes.


satellite DNA binding

Binding to satellite DNA, the many tandem repeats (identical or related) of a short basic repeating unit; many have a base composition or other property different from the genome average that allows them to be separated from the bulk (main band) genomic DNA.


dinucleotide insertion or deletion binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a dinucleotide insertion or deletion.


DNA end binding

Binding to DNA ends exposed by the creation of double-strand breaks (DSBs).


G-rich strand telomeric DNA binding

Binding to G-rich, single-stranded, telomere-associated DNA.


tDNA binding

Binding to DNA sequences encoding transfer RNA.


heteroduplex DNA loop binding

Binding to a DNA segment containing a loop. A loop occurs when DNA contains a large insertion or deletion that causes a region of unpaired single-stranded DNA to loop out, while the rest of the DNA is in a paired double-stranded configuration.


piRNA uni-strand cluster binding

Binding to uni-strand piRNA clusters, double-stranded DNA regions that give rise to PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that map predominantly to only one strand and exhibit hallmarks of canonical Pol II transcription. Uni-strand piRNA clusters are found in many taxa.


DNA template activity

Binding to nucleic acid via hydrogen bonds between the bases of a gene product molecule and the bases of a target DNA molecule.


left-handed Z-DNA binding

Binding to DNA in the Z form, i.e. a left-handed helix in which the phosphate backbone zigzags.


alkylated DNA binding

Binding to an alkylated residue in DNA.


vitamin D response element binding

Binding to a vitamin D response element (VDRE), a short sequence with dyad symmetry found in the promoters of some of the cellular immediate-early genes, regulated by serum.


mismatched DNA binding

Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing one or more mismatches.


spermine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosylmethioninamine + spermidine = 5'-methylthioadenosine + spermine.


blastoderm segmentation

The hierarchical steps resulting in the progressive subdivision of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo.


SCF-Grr1/Pof2 ubiquitin ligase complex

An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Grr1 in S. cerevisiae (Pof2 in S. pombe).


ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: AH(2) + Ecdysone + O2 = 20-hydroxyecdysone + A + H2O.


operant conditioning

Learning to anticipate future events on the basis of past experience with the consequences of one's own behavior.


axial mesodermal cell fate specification

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an axial mesoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


peptidyl-cysteine S-trans-nitrosylation

Transfer of a nitric oxide (NO) group from one cysteine residue to another.


glomerular basement membrane

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The layer of extracellular matrix that lies between the endothelium of the glomerular capillaries and the podocytes of the inner or visceral layer of the Bowman capsule; it is a fusion of the endothelial cell and podocyte basal laminas and acts as a physical barrier and an ion-selective filter.


pronephric glomerular basement membrane

A glomerular basement membrane that is part of a pronephros.


negative regulation of brown fat cell proliferation

Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of brown fat cell proliferation.


Ski complex

A protein complex that regulates RNA degradation by the exosome complex. In Saccharomyces the complex has a heterotetrameric stoichiometry consisting of one copy each of Ski2p and Ski3 and two copies of Ski8p.


xylan endo-1,3-beta-xylosidase activity

Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->3)-beta-D-glycosidic linkages in (1->3)-beta-D-xylans.


xylanase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of xylans, homopolysaccharides composed of xylose residues.


Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl links in some glucuronoarabinoxylans.


endo-1,4-beta-xylanase activity

Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-xylosidic linkages in xylans.


xylan 1,3-beta-xylosidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of successive xylose residues from the non-reducing termini of (1->3)-beta-D-xylans.


xylan 1,4-beta-xylosidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-xylans so as to remove successive D-xylose residues from the non-reducing termini.


exoxylanase activity

A xylanase activity that acts on one of the ends of a xylan polymer which does not contain side chains.


establishment of myocardial progenitor cell apical/basal polarity

The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of an myocardial progenitor cell that contributes to the formation of the heart rudiment.


establishment of monopolar cell polarity

The specification and formation of monopolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. Monopolar cell organization is directional organization along an axis.


establishment of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity

The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.


establishment of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity involved in camera-type eye morphogenesis

The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell that contributes to the shaping of a camera-type eye.


establishment of proximal/distal cell polarity

The specification and formation of the polarity of a cell along its proximal/distal axis.


establishment of apical/basal cell polarity

The specification and formation of the polarity of a cell along its apical/basal axis.


imaginal disc-derived wing hair site selection

Determination of the site in the cell of an imaginal disc-derived wing at which a prehair initiates outgrowth. Restriction of prehair initiation to the distalmost part of a cell is essential to ensure that each wing epithelial cell produces one adult hair that points distally.


positive regulation of chaperone-mediated protein folding

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chaperone-mediated protein folding.


mitochondrial chromosome packaging

A process in which mitochondrial chromosomal DNA and associated proteins organize into a compact, orderly structure.


Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl derivative + CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate = N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl derivative + CMP + H(+).


uridine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of uridine, uracil riboside, a ribonucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-coumarate + UDP-D-glucose = 4-O-beta-D-glucosyl-4-hydroxycinnamate + UDP.


Mad-Max-mSin3B complex

A transcriptional repressor complex that contains a heterodimer of the bHLH-ZIP proteins Mad and Max, plus mSin3B, a homolog of the yeast Sin3p.


translation initiation ternary complex

A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator).


envenomation resulting in positive regulation of glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 activity in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant positive regulation of glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 activity in of the bitten organism.


envenomation resulting in modulation of receptor activity in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of receptor activity in of the bitten organism.


envenomation resulting in positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor activity in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor activity in of the bitten organism.


envenomation resulting in positive regulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor activity in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant positive regulation of the activity of a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor in the bitten organism.


envenomation resulting in modulation of glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 activity in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 activity in of the bitten organism.


envenomation resulting in modulation of G protein-coupled receptor activity in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of G protein-coupled receptor activity in of the bitten organism.


envenomation resulting in modulation of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor activity in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of the activity of a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor in the bitten organism.


cytokinin binding

Binding to a cytokinin, any of a class of adenine-derived compounds that can function in plants as growth regulators.


osteoclast development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a osteoclast from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.


MAML3-RBP-Jkappa-ICN1 complex

A protein complex that consists of the intracellular domain of Notch1 (ICN1), the DNA-binding transcription factor RBP-Jkappa, and the transcriptional coactivator Mastermind-like-3 (MAML3); the complex is involved in transcriptional activation in response to Notch-mediated signaling.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of glucosidic link in 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside.


Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + retinol = CoA + retinyl ester.


Catalysis of the reaction: cis-4-(8-hydroxypyren-7-yl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate = 10-oxabenzo(def)chrysen-9-one + formate + H+.


deoxyuridine phosphorylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: deoxyuridine + phosphate = uracil + deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate.


basal protein localization

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, basal regions of the cell.


positive regulation of cellular response to heat

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to heat.


levopimaradiene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (+)-copalyl diphosphate = abieta-8(14),12-diene + diphosphate.


XPC complex

A nucleotide-excision repair complex that is involved in damage sensing during global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER). It is part of the pre-incision (or initial recognition) complex bound to sites of DNA damage. In human, it is composed of XPC, RAD23B and CETN2.


cytokinin-activated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of a cytokinin to a receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


negative regulation of xyloglucan catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of xyloglucan catabolic process.


regulation of xyloglucan metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of xyloglucan metabolic process.


positive regulation of xyloglucan metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of xyloglucan metabolic process.


regulation of xyloglucan catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of xyloglucan catabolic process.


positive regulation of xyloglucan catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of xyloglucan catabolic process.


negative regulation of xyloglucan metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of xyloglucan metabolic process.


U12 snRNA binding

Binding to a U12 small nuclear RNA (U12 snRNA).


regulation of steroid biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.


positive regulation of sterol biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a sterol biosynthetic process.


regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.


negative regulation of sterol biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a sterol biosynthetic process.


negative regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.


negative regulation of androgen biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of androgen biosynthetic process.


positive regulation of steroid biosynthetic process

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.


regulation of sterol biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a sterol biosynthetic process.


negative regulation of steroid biosynthetic process

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.


positive regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.


Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + L-cysteine = nicotinamide + N2-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-cysteine.


cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the dorsal spinal cord cell population.


beta-alanopine dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-beta-alanopine + H2O + NAD+ = beta-alanine + H+ + NADH + pyruvate.


negative regulation of dauer larval development

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of dauer larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dauer larva over time, through the facultative diapause of the dauer (enduring) larval stage, with specialized traits adapted for dispersal and long-term survival, with elevated stress resistance and without feeding.


negative regulation of post-embryonic development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure.


negative regulation of dauer entry

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dauer entry.


negative regulation of short-day photoperiodism, flowering

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces short-day photoperiodism, where the response associated with the photoperiodism is flowering. Flowering is defined by the switch from the vegetative to the reproductive phase.


negative regulation of long-day photoperiodism, flowering

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces long-day photoperiodism, where the response associated with the photoperiodism is flowering. Flowering is defined by the switch from the vegetative to the reproductive phase.


negative regulation of pupariation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of onset of pupariation.


negative regulation of flower development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.


negative regulation of lateral root development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lateral root development.


negative regulation of stomatal complex development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stomatal complex development.


negative regulation of nematode larval development

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of nematode larval development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nematode larva over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Nematode larval development begins with the newly hatched first-stage larva (L1) and ends with the end of the last larval stage (for example the fourth larval stage (L4) in C. elegans). Each stage of nematode larval development is characterized by proliferation of specific cell lineages and an increase in body size without alteration of the basic body plan. Nematode larval stages are separated by molts in which each stage-specific exoskeleton, or cuticle, is shed and replaced anew.


negative regulation of vulval development

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of development of the vulva. Vulval development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the egg-laying organ of female and hermaphrodite nematodes over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In nematodes, the vulva is formed from ventral epidermal cells during larval stages to give rise to a fully formed vulva in the adult.


negative regulation of nematode larval development, heterochronic

Any process that modulates the consistent predetermined time point at which a nematode larva progresses from an initial condition to a later condition and decreases the rate at which this time point is reached.


negative regulation of seed germination

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of seed germination.


negative regulation of thermomorphogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thermomorphogenesis.


negative regulation of synaptic vesicle clustering

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle clustering.


photosystem II assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a photosystem II complex on the thylakoid membrane. The photosystem II complex consists of at least 20 polypeptides and around 80 cofactors in most organisms.


photosystem II oxygen evolving complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II on a thylakoid membrane. The OEC protects the calcium-4 manganese-5 oxide cluster which is bound to the D1 and CP43 proteins. The exact protein composition of the OEC varies between cyanobacteria and plants, and in plants consists of three extrinsic nuclear-encoded polypeptides: PsbO, PsbP and PsbQ.


glutamate receptor clustering

The neurotransmitter-gated ion channel clustering process in which glutamate receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor clustering

The receptor clustering process in which gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


ciliary receptor clustering involved in smoothened signaling pathway

Grouping of smoothened or patched receptors in a cilium, contributing to the smoothened signaling pathway.


skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering

The accumulation of acetylcholine-gated cation channels in a narrow, central region of muscle fibers, in apposition to nerve terminals.


neurexin clustering involved in presynaptic membrane assembly

The receptor clustering process involved in assembly of the presynaptic membrane in which neurexins are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane. Neurexins are synaptic cell surface proteins which act as cell recognition molecules at nerve terminals.


neuroligin clustering involved in postsynaptic membrane assembly

The receptor clustering process involved in assembly of the postsynaptic membrane in which neuroligins are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane. Neuroligins are neuronal cell surface proteins on the postsynaptic membrane that mediate synapse formation between neurons.


NMDA glutamate receptor clustering

The receptor clustering process in which N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


AMPA glutamate receptor clustering

The glutamate receptor clustering process in which alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


glycine receptor clustering

The receptor clustering process in which glycine receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.