citrulline metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrulline, N5-carbamoyl-L-ornithine, an alpha amino acid not found in proteins.


perception of rate of movement

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of events by which an organism senses the speed and direction of movement of the body and its parts.


telomeric 3' overhang formation

The formation of the single stranded telomeric 3' overhang, a conserved feature that ranges in length from 12 nt in budding yeast to approximately 500 nt in humans.


cellular response to putrescine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a putrescine stimulus.


intermediate filament depolymerization

Disassembly of intermediate filaments by the removal of component monomers from a filament.


regulation of somitogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somitogenesis.


masculinization of hermaphrodite soma

Promotion of male sex and sexual phenotypes in the hermaphroditic nematode soma. An example of this is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.


modulation of process of another organism

The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of another organism.


glomerular epithelial cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a glomerular epithelial cell. Glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the glomerulus; there are two types, glomerular parietal epithelial cells and glomerular visceral epithelial cells.


ammonium ion binding

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Binding to ammonium ions (NH4+).


(Z)-gamma-bisabolene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = (Z)-gamma-bisabolene + diphosphate.


D-pinitol dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5D-5-O-methyl-chiro-inositol + NADP+ = 2D-5-O-methyl-2,3,5/4,6-pentahydroxycyclohexanone + H+ + NADPH.


starch alpha-glucosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: starch + H2O = alpha-D-glucose.


response to formaldehyde

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a formaldehyde stimulus.


alcohol dehydrogenase (cytochrome c) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 [Fe(III)cytochrome c] + a primary alcohol = 2 [Fe(II)cytochrome c] + an aldehyde + 2 H+.


serine family amino acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propanol = 4,4'-dihydroxy-alpha-methylstilbene + H2O.


negative regulation of acylglycerol transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of acylglycerol transport.


mesonephric tubule morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric tubule are generated and organized. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros.


centripetally migrating follicle cell migration

The cell migration process in which a follicle cell migrates as part of an epithelial sheet between the nurse cells and the oocyte. At the end of migration, they cover the anterior of the oocyte.


synthetic cannabinoid binding

Binding to synthetic cannabinoid.


lymphatic vascular process in circulatory system

A circulatory process that occurs at the level of the lymphatic vasculature.


regulation of pronephric nephron tubule development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pronephric nephron tubule development.


xanthophore differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a xanthophore cell. Xanthophores are pigment cells derived from the neural crest. They contain pteridine and/or carotenoid pigments in structures called pterinosomes or xanthosomes. This makes them yellow to orange in appearance.


positive regulation of response to drug

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to drug.


carnosine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-histidine + beta-alanine = AMP + diphosphate + carnosine.


tyramine receptor activity

Combining with the biogenic amine tyramine to initiate a change in cell activity. Tyramine is a sympathomimetic amine derived from tyrosine with an action resembling that of epinephrine.


negative regulation of deacetylase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of deacetylase activity.


regulation of neural retina development

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.


trinitrotoluene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving trinitrotoluene, a methylated benzene molecule with three NO2 groups attached to it. This includes the explosive TNT, 1-methyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene.


positive regulation of epinephrine secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of epinephrine.


glutathionylspermidine amidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N1-(gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycyl)-spermidine + H2O = gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine + spermidine.


antigen processing and presentation of exogenous protein antigen via MHC class Ib, TAP-dependent

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class Ib molecule. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.


stomach fundus smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the fundus of stomach. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The fundus is the portion of the stomach that lies above the cardiac notch.


response to vitamin E

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin E stimulus.


lymphocyte migration into lymphoid organs

The movement of a lymphocyte within the lymphatic system into lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen or Peyer's patches, and its subsequent positioning within defined functional compartments such as sites of cell activation by antigen.


interleukin-28A production

The appearance of interleukin-28A due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


positive regulation of neurotrophin production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a neurotrophin.


membrane depolarization

The process in which membrane potential decreases with respect to its steady-state potential, usually from negative potential to a more positive potential. For example, the initial depolarization during the rising phase of an action potential is in the direction from the negative steady-state resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.


type IV pilus assembly

The assembly from its constituent parts of a type IV pilus.


regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation that contributes to the shaping of the kidney.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a tetrahydromethanopterin.


interleukin-18 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-18 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


alkane catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alkane, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2.


embryonic hemopoiesis

The stages of blood cell formation that take place within the embryo.


positive regulation of endothelial cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.


R7 cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of the R7 photoreceptor.


ensheathment of neurons

The process in which glial cells envelop neuronal cell bodies and/or axons to form an insulating layer. This can take the form of myelinating or non-myelinating ensheathment.


response to oxidopamine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxidopamine stimulus.


positive regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of regulatory T cells.


connective tissue growth factor production

The appearance of connective tissue growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


proton-dependent peptide secondary active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a peptide from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by proton movement.


dCMP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate.


endosulfan diol dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: endosulfan diol = endosulfan hydroxyether + 2 H+ + 2 e-.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-beta-alanyl histamine + H2O = histamine + beta-alanine.


cellular response to lectin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lectin stimulus. A lectin is a carbohydrate-binding protein, highly specific for binding sugar moieties.


flower calyx development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the flower calyx over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


Wnt-Frizzled-LRP5/6 complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a Wnt-Frizzled-LRP5/6 complex.


inferior salivary nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inferior salivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


negative regulation of response to type II interferon

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a response to type II interferon (interferon-gamma). Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.


metanephric cap formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric cap from unspecified parts. The metanephric cap is formed by the condensation of metanephric mesenchymal cells surrounding the ureteric bud tip.


nephron tubule formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.


positive regulation of granuloma formation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of granuloma formation.


granzyme B localization to T cell secretory granule

Any process in which the protease granzyme B is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule in a T cell.


prevention of polyspermy during double fertilization

The regulation of double fertilization forming a zygote and endosperm process that ensures that only a single sperm cell fertilizes one egg cell and another single sperm cell fertilizes one central cell.


atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization

The process in which ions are transported across the plasma membrane of an atrial cardiac muscle cell such that the membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, toward the steady state potential. For example, the repolarization during an action potential is from a positive membrane potential towards a negative resting potential.


3-cyano-L-alanine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 3-cyano-L-alanine.


kaempferol 3-rhamnoside 7-O-rhamnosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: kaempferol-3-rhamnoside + UDP-L-rhamnose = kaempferol-3-rhamnoside-7-rhamnoside + UDP.


2-carene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate = (+)-2-carene + diphosphoric acid.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-histidinol-phosphate + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-(imidazol-4-yl)-2-oxopropyl phosphate + L-glutamate.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-threonylcarbamoyladenylate + adenine(37) in tRNA = AMP + N(6)-L-threonylcarbamoyladenine(37) in tRNA.


circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep

All sleep stages in the circadian sleep/wake cycle other than REM sleep. These stages are characterized by a slowing of brain waves and other physiological functions.


Catalysis of the reaction: 11-deoxycorticosterone = 20-hydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-en-21-al.


bile acid signaling pathway

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The series of molecular signals initiated by bile acid binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of estrone secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of estrone secretion.


regulation of kainate selective glutamate receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tge kainate selective glutamate receptor signaling pathway.


stress response to zinc ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis caused by a zinc ion stimulus.


peptidyl-aspartic acid hydroxylation to form L-erythro-beta-hydroxyaspartic acid

The hydroxylation of peptidyl-aspartic acid to form peptidyl-L-erythro-beta-hydroxyaspartic acid; catalyzed by peptide-aspartate beta-dioxygenase (EC:1.14.11.16).


histone H4K20 monomethyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl20-[histone H4] + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + N6-methyl-L-lysyl20-[histone H4] + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the unmethylated lysine residue at position 20 of histone H4, producing histone H4K20me.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced iron-sulfur protein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced iron-sulfur protein and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.


response to transition metal nanoparticle

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transition metal nanoparticle.


culmination involved in sorocarp development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the culminant over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Culmination begins with a morphogenetic change of the finger-like or migratory slug giving rise to an organized structure containing a stalk and a sorus. This process is the final stage of sorocarp development.


synaptic signaling via neuropeptide

Cell-cell signaling to or from a synapse, mediated by a peptide.


ATPase-coupled carboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + carboxylic acid(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + carboxylic acid(in/out).


glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucanase activity, C-3 substituted reducing group

Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->3)-linkages in beta-D-glucans when the glucose residue whose reducing group is involved in the linkage to be hydrolysed is itself substituted at C-3.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + 5-(D-galactosyloxy)-L-lysine-procollagen = UDP + 1,2-D-glucosyl-5-D-(galactosyloxy)-L-lysine-procollagen.


endoplasmic reticulum membrane fusion

The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the endoplasmic reticulum.


negative regulation of L-lysine import across plasma membrane

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-lysine import into cell.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside)-1D-myo-inositol + L-cysteine + ATP = 1-D-myo-inosityl-2-L-cysteinylamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H+. 1-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside)-1D-myo-inositol is also known as glucosaminyl-inositol or GlcN-Ins, and 1-D-myo-inosityl-2-L-cysteinylamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside as desacetylmycothiol or Cys-GlcN-Ins.


regulation of cardiac ventricle formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation.


regulation of DNA primase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA primase activity.


sialic acid binding

Binding to a sialic acid, a N- or O- substituted derivative of neuraminic acid, a nine carbon monosaccharide. Sialic acids often occur in polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria.


cytoneme morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a cytoneme are shaped. A cytoneme is a long, thin and polarized actin-based cytoplasmic extension that projects from a cell.


tatiopterin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tatiopterin.


protein K27-linked deubiquitination

A protein deubiquitination process in which a K27-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 27 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.


negative regulation of cellular response to alcohol

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to alcohol.


Catalysis of the reaction: octanoyl-CoA + a malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = a 3-oxodecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + CoA + CO2.


thymidylate synthase (FAD) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + dUMP + NADPH + H+ = dTMP + tetrahydrofolate + NADP+.


CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment

The process in which an immature T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell.


tripeptidyl-peptidase activity

Catalysis of the release of an N-terminal tripeptide from a polypeptide.


spermidine binding

Binding to spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.


trabecular meshwork development

The progression of the trabecular meshwork over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trabecular meshwork is a fenestrated endothelial-like tissue situated at the intersection of the cornea and the iris. The trabecular meshwork provides drainage for the aqueous humor.


cellular response to sodium phosphate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sodium phosphate stimulus.


MHC class I protein complex binding

Binding to a class I major histocompatibility complex.


cell wall integrity MAPK cascade

A MAPK cascade containing at least the SLT2 (S.cerevisiae)/Pmk1 (S.pombe) MAP kinase. It starts with the activation of an upstream MAP4K, and continues with the consecutive activation of a MAP3K and a MAP2K. The upstream MAP4K is activated following the detection of stretching of the plasma membrane or alterations of its connections to the cell wall by membrane sensors.


bile acid binding

Binding to a bile acid, a steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.


positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by neuronal epinephrine

The process in which the release of epinephrine from nerve endings modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.


embryonic heart tube formation via epithelial folding

The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube by the cells of the heart field along a linear axis.


adhesin autotransporter activity

Enables the transfer of adhesin from the periplasm to the external milieu; the adhesin and the porin are the N- and C-terminal regions of the same protein, respectively.


positive regulation of apoptotic process in bone marrow cell

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in the bone marrow.


paranodal junction assembly

Formation of the junction between an axon and the glial cell that forms the myelin sheath. Paranodal junctions form at each paranode, i.e. at the ends of the unmyelinated nodes of Ranvier.


coenzyme M metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme M (2-thioethansulfonate), a coenzyme involved in the utilization of methane by methanogenic prokaryotes.


2-dehydro-3-deoxygluconokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + ATP = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconate + ADP + 2 H+.


regulation of pigmentation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition or modulates the distribution of coloring matter in an organism.


isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoquinoline alkaloids, alkaloid compounds that contain bicyclic N-containing aromatic rings and are derived from a 3,4-dihydroxytyramine (dopamine) precursor that undergoes a Schiff base addition with aldehydes of different origin.


positive regulation of small intestinal transit

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of any small intestinal transit process, the migration of ingested material along the length of the small intestine.


memory T cell extravasation

The migration of a memory T cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue. A memory T cell is a distinctly differentiated long-lived T cell that has the phenotype CD45RO-positive and CD127-positive.


regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development.


antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.


regulation of short-day photoperiodism, flowering

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of short-day photoperiodism, where the response associated with the photoperiodism is flowering. Flowering is defined by the switch from the vegetative to the reproductive phase.


flavonoid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton including flavones, flavonols and flavanoids, and anthocyanins.


nucleologenesis

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a nucleolus, a small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.


Hulle cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of Hulle cells over time, from their formation to the mature structures. Hulle cells are specialized multinucleate cells that originate from a nest-like aggregation of hyphae during sexual development and serve as nurse cells to the developing cleistothecium, or fruiting body.


positive regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process

Any process that increases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.


ta-siRNA processing

A process leading to the generation of a functional trans-acting small interfering RNA (ta-siRNA). ta-siRNAs function like miRNAs to guide cleavage of target mRNAs.


cardiolipin synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylglycerol + phosphatidylglycerol = diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin) + glycerol.


symbiont-mediated suppression of host cGAS-STING signal transduction

A process in which a virus interferes with, inhibits or disrupt a cGAS/STING signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


positive regulation of stomatal complex development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stomatal complex development.


endothelial stalk cell fate specification

The process involved in the specification of identity of an endothelial stalk cell. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment. An endothelial stalk cell is a specialized endothelial cell which follows behind the tip cell of an angiogenic sprout.


radial glial cell fate commitment in forebrain

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a radial glial cell in the forebrain.


positive regulation of glial cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.


UTP diphosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + H2O = UMP + H+ + diphosphate.


hydroperoxide reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 RSH + ROOH = RSSR + ROH + H2O. This reaction is the thiol-dependent conversion of an organic hydroperoxide to the corresponding alcohol.


retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway involved in spinal cord dorsal/ventral patterning

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that contributes to the dorsal ventral patterning of the spinal cord.


Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + [acyl-carrier protein] = CoA + acetyl-[acyl-carrier protein].


arylsulfatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a phenol sulfate + H2O = a phenol + sulfate.


The 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation of a lysine residue in a protein.


fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in lung induction

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor-type receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands resulting in the formation of the lung bud along the lateral-esophageal sulcus.


double fertilization forming a zygote and endosperm

Fertilization where one of the two sperm nuclei from the pollen tube fuses with the egg nucleus to form a 2n zygote, and the other fuses with the two polar nuclei to form the 3n primary endosperm nucleus and then develops into the endosperm. The ploidy level of the 2n zygote and 3n primary endosperm nucleus is determined by the ploidy level of the parents involved. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


protein localization to mitotic spindle midzone

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a mitotic spindle midzone.


ABC-type ferric-enterobactin transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + ferric-enterobactin(out) = ADP + phosphate + ferric-enterobactin(in).


nitrite efflux transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of nitrite from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.


UDP-D-apiose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-D-apiose, uridinediphosphoapicose, a substance composed of apiose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


thylakoid membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the thylakoid membrane.


positive regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor protein signaling pathway. An adrenergic receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adrenergic receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


cellular response to phenylpropanoid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a phenylpropanoid stimulus.


cephalosporin C catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cephalosporin C.


Catalysis of the reaction: CTP + (R)-4'-phosphopantothenate + L-cysteine = CMP + diphosphate + (R)-4'-phosphopantothenoyl-L-cysteine. Cysteine can be replaced by some of its derivatives.


regulation of primary heart field cardioblast proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the primary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle.


methyl/ethyl malonyl-CoA decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA + H+ = CO2 + propanoyl-CoA or (2S)-ethylmalonyl-CoA + H+ = butanoyl-CoA + CO2.


vacuole inheritance

The distribution of vacuoles into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between vacuoles and the cytoskeleton.


methane monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: methane + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = methanol + NAD(P)+ + H2O.


lateral semicircular canal development

The progession of the lateral semicircular canal from its initial formation to the mature structure.


protein autoubiquitination

The ubiquitination by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein. Ubiquitination occurs on the lysine residue by formation of an isopeptide crosslink.


response to fluoxetine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluoxetine stimulus. Fluoxetine increases the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by inhibiting its reuptake into the presynaptic cell, increasing the level of serotonin available to bind to the postsynaptic receptor.


L-tyrosine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-tyrosine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-tyrosine is 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.


p38MAPK cascade

A MAPK cascade containing at least the p38MAPK (MAPK14) MAP kinase, or Hog1 in yeast. It starts with the activation of a MAP3K, and the consecutive activation of a MPK2K and of p38MAPK. The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier. The p38MAPK cascade is activated by stress signals, including hyperosmolarity, as well as by G protein-coupled receptors, growth factors, and cytokines, and results in cellular responses such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation, apoptosis and inflammation.


cellular response to 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide stimulus.


mechanosensitive monoatomic cation channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a monoatomic cation by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress.


phenylalanine 4-hydroxylase (N10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate dependent) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-phenylalanine + O2 + an N10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate = L-tyrosine + a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate-4a-carbinolamine.


putrescine biosynthetic process from arginine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane, from other compounds, including arginine.


naphthyl-2-oxomethyl-succinyl-CoA succinyl transferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: naphthyl-2-oxomethyl-succinyl-CoA + CoASH = 2-naphthoyl-CoA + succinyl-CoA.


protein catenane formation

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a protein structure comprising two or more rings that are interlocked but not covalently joined; resembling the links of a chain.


lymphoid lineage cell migration into thymus

The movement of a lymphoid lineage cell (also called a lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell) into the thymus. Lymphoid lineage cells enter and exit the thymus several times as part of this process.


positive regulation of mitotic cytokinetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cytokinetic process.


cellular response to sulfate starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of sulfate.


response to antimycin A

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antimycin A stimulus.


adhesion of symbiont hyphopodium to host

The attachment of a hyphopodium of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


mesenchymal-epithelial cell signaling involved in prostate gland development

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell where it is received and interpreted contributing to the progression of the prostate gland over time.


negative regulation of ductus arteriosus closure

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ductus arteriosus closure.


macrophage tolerance induction

A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in macrophages.


glycol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycol, a diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent.


negative regulation of signal transduction in absence of ligand

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction in absence of ligand.


envenomation resulting in fibrinolysis in another organism

The process which begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with fibrinolysis, a process that solubilizes fibrin, chiefly by the proteolytic action of plasmin, in the bloodstream of the bitten/stung organism.


mitochondrial outer membrane fusion

The membrane organization process that joins two mitochondrial outer membranes to form a single membrane.


fructose 5-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose + NADP+ = 5-dehydro-D-fructose + NADPH.


imaginal disc-derived appendage development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an appendage over time, from its formation in the imaginal disc to the mature structure. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism.


rhamnulokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-rhamnulose = ADP + L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate.


platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a platelet-derived growth factor receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


lead ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of lead (Pb) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + taurine = L-alanine + sulfoacetaldehyde.


cell wall polysaccharide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide destined to form part of a cell wall.


urinary tract smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary tract. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary tract consists of organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.


positive regulation of septum digestion after cytokinesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of physically separating the septal cell wall material by enzymatic digestion, that occurs after daughter cells are separated by cytokinesis.


vesicle tethering to Golgi

The initial, indirect interaction between a transport vesicle membrane and the membrane of the Golgi. This interaction is mediated by tethering factors (or complexes), which interact with both membranes. Interaction can occur via direct binding to membrane phospholipids or membrane proteins, or via binding to vesicle coat proteins. This process is distinct from and prior fusion.


positive regulation of intraciliary retrograde transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intraciliary retrograde transport.


uracil salvage

Any process that generates uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


nicotine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotine, (S)(-)-3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + phosphoethanolamine = acetaldehyde + NH4 + phosphate.


symbiont-mediated perturbation of host MAPK cascade

A process in which a symbiont alters or subverts a MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


positive regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving 18-methylnonadec-1-ene.


somatic diversification of DSCAM-based immune receptors

The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of the DSCAM-based immune receptors of insects.


positive regulation of vasculature development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.


glial cell migration in posterior lateral line nerve

The movement of a glial cell along the axons in the posterior lateral line nerve.


locus ceruleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the locus ceruleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic.


negative regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in bone marrow.


Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-glucose + long chain polyphosphate = glucose-6-phosphate + long chain polyphosphate.


aerobic respiration, using ferrous ions as electron donor

The metabolic process in which ferrous ions (Fe2+) are oxidized to ferric ions (Fe3+) to generate energy, coupled to the reduction of carbon dioxide.


regulation of pigment cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pigmented cell differentiation.


methylsilanetriol hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: methylsilanetriol + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = H2O + hydroxymethylsilanetriol.


undecaprenol kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + undecaprenol = ADP + undecaprenyl phosphate.


compound eye pigment cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a compound eye pigment cell, a cell of the retina containing screening pigments that functions to screen photoreceptors from light leaking from adjacent ommatidia.


cerebral cortex tangential migration

The migration of cells in the cerebral cortex in which cells move orthogonally to the direction of radial migration and do not use radial glial cell processes as substrates for migration.


N-terminal protein N-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) to the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal amino or imino acid residue of a protein substrate. For example, yeast Tae1p and mammalian family member METTL11A preferentially modify the N-terminal residue of substrates with the N-terminal sequence X-Pro-Lys, where X can be Pro, Ala, or Ser.


bicyclomycin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of bicyclomycin from one side of a membrane to the other. Bicyclomycin (or bicozamycin) is an antibacterial drug often used as a livestock feed additive.


pentose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.


plasmid copy number maintenance

The maintenance of the number of copies of extrachromosomal plasmid DNA.


type I hypersensitivity mediated by mast cells

An inflammatory response driven by antigen recognition by antibodies bound to Fc receptors on mast cells, occurring within minutes after exposure of a sensitized individual to the antigen, and leading to the release of a variety of inflammatory mediators such as histamines.


regulation of hair follicle cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle cell proliferation.


suppression by virus of host cell lysis in response to superinfection

The prevention or delay of host cell lysis by a pre-existing virus in response to a subsequent infection of the host cell by second virus.


single-species biofilm formation

A process in which planktonically growing microorganisms of the same species grow at a liquid-air interface or on a solid substrate under the flow of a liquid and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate matrix formation, resulting in a change in the organisms' growth rate and gene transcription.


glycogen (starch) synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = UDP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-mercaptobenzothiazole-cis-6,7-dihydrodiol = 6,7-dihydroxy-2-mercaptobenzothiazole + 2 H+ + 2 e-.


dCTP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dCTP, deoxycytidine triphosphate.


SNARE complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a SNARE complex, a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.


histone H2AT120 kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H2A-threonine (position 120) + ATP = histone H2A-phosphothreonine (position 120) + ADP. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to the threonine residue at position 120 of histone H2A.


regulation of endothelial cell migration

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.


branching involved in submandibular gland morphogenesis

The process in which the branching structure of the submandibular gland is generated and organized.


regulation of transformation of host cell by virus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transformation of host cell by virus.


wybutosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving wybutosine, 3H-imidazo[1,2-alpha]purine-7-butanoic acid, 4,9-dihydro- alpha-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]- 4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo- 3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl methyl ester, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.


proline catabolic process to 2-oxoglutarate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline into other compounds, including 2-oxoglutarate.


membrane repolarization during SA node cell action potential

The process in which an SA node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.


spore dispersal

Any process in which an organism disseminates its spores.


vibriobactin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vibriobactin, the major siderophore produced by Vibrio cholerae.


regulation of potassium:proton exchanging ATPase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen:potassium-exchanging ATPase activity.


determination of liver left/right asymmetry

Determination of the asymmetric location of the liver with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.


positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration

Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the endoplasmic reticulum.


m-cresol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving m-cresol (3-hydroxytoluene), the meta-isoform of cresol. Used to produce agricultural chemicals, and in specialty resins, pharmaceuticals and pressure-sensitive dyes.


regulation of protein folding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein folding.


histone H3K27 acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 27) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 27).


regulation of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation.


post-translational protein acetylation

The addition of an acetyl group to one or more amino acids in a protein, occurring after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome.


regulation of mast cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mast cell proliferation.


positive regulation of apolipoprotein A-I-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apolipoprotein A-I-mediated signaling pathway.


negative regulation of neurogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system.


positive regulation of viral genome replication

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.


cardiac muscle adaptation

The process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on diphenols and related substances as donors, oxygen as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a diphenol, or related compound, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.


single-species submerged biofilm formation

A process in which planktonically growing microorganisms of the same species aggregate and grow on solid substrates under the flow of a liquid and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in a change in the organisms' growth rate and gene transcription.


ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the N-end rule pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin, via the N-end rule pathway. In the N-end rule pathway, destabilizing N-terminal residues (N-degrons) in substrates are recognized by E3 ligases (N-recognins), whereupon the substrates are linked to ubiquitin and then delivered to the proteasome for degradation.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosylmethionine + cobalt-precorrin 6B = S-adenosylhomocysteine + cobalt-precorrin 7.


Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine 5'-triphosphate,3'-diphosphate + H2O = guanosine 5'-diphosphate,3'-diphosphate + phosphate.


cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex.


negative regulation of maternal process involved in parturition

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of maternal process involved in parturition.


posterior lateral line nerve glial cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a glial cell in the posterior lateral line nerve over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


Catalysis of the reaction: a hydroxyjasmonate + 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate = a hydroxyjasmonate sulfate + adenosine-3',5'-diphosphate.


cell-cell adhesion involved in sealing an epithelial fold

The attachment of one cell to another cell along the edges of two epithelial folds, giving rise to the lumen of an epithelial tube.


envenomation resulting in negative regulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant stopping, prevention or reduction of the activity of a high voltage-gated calcium channel in the bitten organism.


protein localization to tricellular tight junction

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a tricellular tight junction.


Catalysis of the movement of phosphatidylethanolamine from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.


cellular lipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, as carried out by individual cells.


imaginal disc fusion, thorax closure

The joining of the parts of the wing imaginal discs, giving rise to the adult thorax.


soyasapogenol E UDP-glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + soyasapogenol E = UDP + a soyasapogenol E monoglucoside.


negative regulation of response to biotic stimulus

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.


cotyledon boundary formation

The process in which boundaries between a cotyledon and the surrounding tissue are established and maintained.


cardioblast proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of cardioblasts, resulting in the expansion of the population in the heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


embryonic brain development

The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


esophagus smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the esophagus. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The esophagus is the muscular membranous segment between the pharynx and the stomach in the upper gastrointestinal tract.


succinate-CoA ligase (ADP-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + succinate + CoA = ADP + succinyl-CoA + phosphate.


iron-sulfur transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a iron-sulfur cluster from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


antigen sampling in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

The process of apical-to-basolateral delivery of soluble and particulate antigens to underlying mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue.


regulation of nerve growth factor production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of nerve growth factor (NGF).


aryl-aldehyde oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an aromatic aldehyde + O2 + H2O = an aromatic acid + hydrogen peroxide.


Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-D-gluconate + NADP+ = 6-phospho-2-dehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH.


glycine betaine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycine betaine, N-trimethylglycine.


DNA topoisomerase activity

Catalysis of the transient cleavage and passage of individual DNA strands or double helices through one another, resulting a topological transformation in double-stranded DNA.


cellular response to codeine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a codeine stimulus.


behavioral response to chemical pain

Any process that results in a change in the behaviour of an organism as a result of a chemical pain stimulus.


tensidol B biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tensidol B.


internode patterning

Determines the spacing between two shoot nodes. A shoot node is the region of the shoot where the spikelet, flower, floret, branch, bud and/or leaves are attached.


aromatic amino acid family biosynthetic process, prephenate pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phenylalanine and tyrosine from other compounds, including chorismate, via the intermediate prephenate.


threonine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


cellular response to cocaine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cocaine stimulus. Cocaine is a crystalline alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the coca plant.


chondroitin B lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dermatan sulfate = n 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate. This reaction is the eliminative cleavage of dermatan sulfate containing 1,4-beta-D-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucurosonyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages to disaccharides containing 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups to yield a 4,5-unsaturated dermatan-sulfate disaccharide (DeltaUA-GalNAC-4S). Chondroitin sulfate B is also known as dermatan sulfate.


planar dichotomous subdivision of terminal units involved in lung branching morphogenesis

The process in which a lung bud bifurcates parallel to the plane of the previous bud.


akinete formation

The process in which an akinete, a thick-walled (encysted) dormant cell derived from the enlargement of a vegetative cell, is formed. Akinetes typically have granular cytoplasm, are more resistant to environmental extremes than vegetative cells, and are characteristic of several groups of Cyanobacteria.


telomerase catalytic core complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a telomerase catalytic core complex.


envenomation resulting in negative regulation of calcium channel activity in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant stopping, prevention or reduction of the activity of a calcium channel in the bitten organism.


colnelenate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (10E,12Z,15Z)-9-hydroperoxyoctadeca-10,12,15-trienoate = colnelenate + H2O.


lombricine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + lombricine = ADP + N-phospholombricine.


regulation of proton-transporting ATPase activity, rotational mechanism

Any process that modulates the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase. Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.


endothelial tube formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an endothelial tube.


Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an Atg1/UKL1 kinase complex.


pyridoxamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 4-(aminomethyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol, one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate.


hyalurononglucosaminidase activity

Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->4) linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate.


taxoid 14-beta-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 10beta-hydroxytaxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 10beta,14beta-dihydroxytaxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate + NADP+ + H2O.


sinapate 1-glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + sinapate = UDP + 1-sinapoyl-D-glucose.


endocrine process

The process that involves the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.


keratinocyte activation

A change in the morphology or behavior of a keratinocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. Upon activation, keratinocytes become migratory and hyperproliferative, and produce growth factors and cytokines.


branched 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + [(1->3)-beta-D-glucosyl](n) = UDP + a branched [(1->3)-beta-D-glucosyl](n+1).


regulation of conidiophore development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of conidiophore development, a process that leads to the formation of a conidiophore. The conidiophore is a specialized hypha that extends aerially from the growth substrate and bears conidia, or asexual spores.


2-haloacid dehalogenase (configuration-inverting) activity

Catalysis of the reactions: (S)-2-haloacid + H2O = (R)-2-hydroxyacid + halide, and (R)-2-haloacid + H2O = (S)-2-hydroxyacid + halide.


Catalysis of the reaction: 6-hydroxymellein + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 6-methoxymellein + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


positive regulation of nodal signaling pathway

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of nodal signaling pathway.


basophil homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of basophils such that the total number of basophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


protein histidyl modification to diphthamide

The modification of peptidyl-histidine to 2'-(3-carboxamido-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl)-L-histidine, known as diphthamide, found in translation elongation factor EF-2. The process occurs in eukaryotes and archaea but not eubacteria.


ventral spinal cord interneuron differentiation

The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of ventral spinal cord interneurons. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


integrin activation

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits, that lead to the increased affinity of the integrin for its extracellular ligands.


nitrogen-oxygen hydrolyase activity

Catalysis of the breakage of a nitrogen-oxygen bond by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation.


C4-dicarboxylate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of C4-dicarboxylate from one side of a membrane to the other.


cell junction disassembly

The disaggregation of a cell junction into its constituent components.


Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + heparan alpha-D-glucosaminide = CoA + heparan N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminide.


6-oxocampestanol hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + 6-oxocampestanol + O2 + NADPH = cathasterone + H2O + NADP.


cis-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + NADP+ = cis-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + NADPH.


epithelial cell differentiation involved in salivary gland development

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an epithelial cell of the salivary gland.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-sulfoquinovose + 1,2-diacylglycerol = sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol + UDP.


regulation of cellular response to oxidopamine

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidopamine.


presynaptic process involved in chemical synaptic transmission

The pathway leading to secretion of a neurotransmitter from the presynapse as part of synaptic transmission.


regulation of oogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.


9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal cleavage oxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2 = carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal.


negative regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium concentration

Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in the presynaptic cytosol.


neuromedin U receptor activity

Combining with neuromedin U to initiate a change in cell activity.


adrenergic receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an adrenergic receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


regulation of aspartate secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aspartate secretion.


response to nematode

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a nematode.


periplasmic space organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the periplasmic space, the region between the inner (cytoplasmic) and outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria, or the inner membrane and cell wall in fungi.


ribonuclease P RNA binding

Binding to RNA subunit of ribonuclease P.


reelin-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of reelin (a secreted glycoprotein) to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


regulation of sodium-dependent phosphate transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium-dependent phosphate transport.


secondary-alcohol oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: secondary alcohol + O2 = H2O2 + ketone.


interleukin-32 production

The appearance of interleukin-32 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


protein-phosphocysteine-mannitol phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein S-phosphocysteine + mannitol(out) = protein cysteine + mannitol phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


ATP phosphoribosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)-ATP + diphosphate = ATP + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate.


positive regulation of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance

Any process the increases the rate, frequency or extent of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance, a tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of the structure of the intestinal epithelium.


negative regulation of phospholipid transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid transport.


peptidyl-isoleucine modification

The modification of peptidyl-isoleucine.


negative regulation of intestinal phytosterol absorption

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of phytosterols into the blood by absorption from the small intestine.


lens induction in camera-type eye

Signaling at short range between the head ectoderm and the optic vesicle that results in the head ectoderm forming a lens.


regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in programmed necrotic cell death

Any regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in programmed necrotic cell death.


dTDP-rhamnose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dTDP-rhamnose, a substance composed of rhamnose in glycosidic linkage with deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate.


lyso-ornithine lipid acyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: lyso-ornithine lipid + acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = ornithine lipid + [acyl-carrier protein].


maintenance of protease location in T cell secretory granule

A process in which a protease is maintained in a secretory granule in a T cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.


Purkinje myocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a Purkinje myocyte (also known as cardiac Purkinje fiber cell). These cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that receive signals from the bundle of His and innervate the ventricular cardiac muscle.


olfactory pit development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory pit from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the olfactory pit, which is an indentation of the olfactory placode, and ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx.


costunolide 3beta-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: costunolide + NADPH + O2 + H+ = 3beta-hydroxycostunolide + NADP + H2O.


positive regulation of synaptic vesicle clustering

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle clustering.


interleukin-17A receptor activity

Combining with the cytokine interleukin-17A and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell extravasation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta cytotoxic T cell extravasation.


basophil mediated immunity

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a basophil.


Catalysis of the reaction: biochanin-A + malonyl-CoA = 6'-malonyl-biochanin A + CoA.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues in N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminides.


Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetyl-beta-4-D-glucose + H2O = H+ + indole-3-acetate + beta-D-glucose.


osteoblast proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of osteoblasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoblast cell population. An osteoblast is a bone-forming cell which secretes an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.


regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.


fructosamine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fructosamine, a fructose molecule containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.


carbon tetrachloride metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbon tetrachloride, a toxic, carcinogenic compound which is used as a general solvent in industrial degreasing operations. It is also used as grain fumigant and a chemical intermediate in the production of refrigerants.


regulation of Golgi lumen acidification

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Golgi lumen acidification.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-beta-ethynylserine. L-beta-ethynylserine is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces bacteria.


acetylenic compound biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an acetylenic compound, any compound which contains a carbon-carbon triple bond (aka C#C).


formate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: formate + ferricytochrome b1 = CO2 + ferrocytochrome b1.


FAD-dependent histone H3K9me/H3K9me2 demethylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a di- or a monomethyl-lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein. This is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent amine oxidation reaction.


histidine phosphotransfer kinase activity

Serves as a phospho-His intermediate enabling the transfer of phospho group between a hybrid kinase and a response regulator.


protein localization to microvillus

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a microvillus.


hydrocarbon catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a hydrocarbon, a compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.


vestibulocochlear nerve structural organization

The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the vestibulocochlear nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.


hyaloid vascular plexus regression

The developmental process in which the hyaloid vascular plexus is destroyed as a part of its normal progression.


antigen processing and presentation, exogenous lipid antigen via MHC class Ib

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses lipid antigen of exogenous origin in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 family.


paternal behavior

Male behaviors associated with the care and rearing offspring.


dihydrocamalexic acid decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dihydrocamalexic acid = camalexin + CO2 + H+.


siroheme metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving siroheme, a tetrahydroporphyrin with adjacent, reduced pyrrole rings.


regulation of nodal signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nodal signaling pathway.


retinal metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A.


positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell migration.


urokinase plasminogen activator signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by urokinase plasminogen activator binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


cellular response to potassium ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a potassium ion stimulus.


symbiont-mediated suppression of host signal transduction pathway via antagonism of host cell surface receptor

A process by which a symbiont alters or subverts a host cell surface receptor-mediated signal transduction pathway by binding to and inhibiting the receptor of the pathway. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


urotensin II receptor activity

Combining with urotensin II to initiate a change in cell activity.


Catalyzes the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-xylose + [protein with EGF-like domain]-3-O-(alpha-D-xylosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucosyl)-L-serine = UDP + [protein with EGF-like domain]-3-O-(alpha-D-xylosyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-xylosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucosyl)-L-serine. The enzyme, found in animals and insects, is involved in the biosynthesis of the alpha-D-xylosyl-(1->3)-alpha-D-xylosyl-(1->3)- beta-D-glucosyl trisaccharide on epidermal growth factor-like (EGF- like) domains.


regulation of adenylate cyclase activity involved in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase (AC) activity that is an integral part of a G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.


regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway.


GU repeat RNA binding

Binding to an RNA molecule containing GU repeats.


negative regulation of smooth muscle cell migration

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.


The monomethylation of the N-terminal alanine of proteins to form the derivative peptidyl-N-methyl-L-alanine.


paclitaxel biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of paclitaxel, a tetracyclic diterpenoid isolated originally from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia.


manchette assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a manchette.


negative regulation of retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi.


convergent extension involved in rhombomere morphogenesis

Any convergent extension that is involved in rhombomere morphogenesis.


epinephrine-mediated vasodilation

A vasodilation process resulting from secretion of epinephrine into the bloodstream or released by nerve endings.


peptidyl-histidine methylation, to form pros-methylhistidine

The methylation of peptidyl-L-histidine to form peptidyl-L-3'-methyl-L-histidine (otherwise known as pi-methylhistidine, pros-methylhistidine).


organ boundary specification between lateral organs and the meristem

The process in which boundaries between lateral organs and the meristem is established and maintained.


Catalysis of the reaction: (6AS,11AS)-3,6A,9-trihydroxypterocarpan + dimethylallyl-pyrophosphate = glyceollin + diphosphate.


G-quadruplex DNA formation

A DNA metabolic process that results in the formation of G-quadruplex DNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad or G-quartet. The stacking of several layers of G-quartets forms G-quadruplexes, in which one or more DNA single strands are assembled in parallel and/or antiparallel, with interactions that can be either intra- or intermolecular in nature.


The nucleotide-excision repair process that carries out preferential repair of DNA lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex. In addition, the transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair pathway is required for the recognition and repair of a small subset of lesions that are not recognized by the global genome nucleotide excision repair pathway.


mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureter development

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population of the ureter, that contributes to ureter development.


multicellular organismal-level iron ion homeostasis

A chemical homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of iron within extracellular body fluids, such as blood, xylem or phloem, of a multicellular organism. This is distinct from maintenance of cellular homeostasis, which occurs within a cell.


amorpha-4,11-diene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = amorpha-4,11-diene + diphosphate.


lateral pseudopodium retraction

The myosin-based contraction and retraction of a lateral pseudopodium.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + isoliquiritigenin = 2'-O-methylisoliquiritigenin + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


aggresome assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an aggresome; requires the microtubule cytoskeleton and dynein.


clearance of cells from fusion plate by epithelial to mesenchymal transition

The process of epithelial to mesenchymal transition that contributes to the shaping of the semicircular canal by effectively removing epithelial cells from the fusion plate, forming the loops of the canals.


caffeate O-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 3,4-dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate.


7,8-dihydromonapterin aldolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-dihydromonapterin = glycolaldehyde + 2-amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)-7,8-dihydropteridin-4-ol.


mitochondrial unfolded protein response

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the mitochondrial matrix; results in transcriptional upregulation of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial stress proteins.


response to perphenazine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a perphenazine stimulus. Perphenazine is a phenothiazine derivative having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the N-10 position.


Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-choline + ceramide = CMP + H+ + sphingomyelin.


ligamentous ossification

Ossification wherein bone tissue forms within ligamentous tissue.


bile acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.


negative regulation of behavioral fear response

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of behavioral fear response.


dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process

The elongation of dermatan sulfate proteoglycan chains by alternate addition of N-acetylhexosamine and GlcUA residues to the GAG-protein linkage region tetrasaccharide of dermatan sulfate.


CUG codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CUG codon.


protein localization to juxtaparanode region of axon

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the juxtaparanode region of an axon.


lung lobe development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung lobe from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of a lung lobe by branching morphogenesis and ends with the mature structure. A lung lobe is one of the rounded projections that compose the lung.


dAMP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate).


regulation of R7 cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of R7 differentiation.


casbene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate = casbene + diphosphate.


mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in ureteric bud development

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population of the ureteric bud, that contributes to ureteric bud development.


negative regulation of development of symbiont in host

Any process in which the symbiont stops, prevents or reduces its progression from an initial condition to a later condition, within the cells or tissues of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in the symbiotic interaction.


anaerobic pectin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pectin, a polymer containing a backbone of alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid residues, in the absence of oxygen.


dihydroneopterin triphosphate 2'-epimerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dihydroneopterin triphosphate = dihydromonapterin-triphosphate.


benzil reductase [(S)-benzoin-forming] activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-benzoin + NADP(3-) = benzil + NADPH(4-) + H+.


positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.


response to chondroitin 4'-sulfate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chondroitin 4'-sulfate stimulus.


(+)-kotanin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (+)-kotanin.


aerobactin synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + N2-citryl-N6-acetyl-N6-hydroxy-L-lysine + N6-acetyl-N6-hydroxy-L-lysine = aerobactin + AMP + diphosphate + H+.


trypanothione biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of trypanothione (N1,N6,-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine) in two steps from glutathione and spermidine via an N1- or N8-glutathionylspermidine intermediate. Trypanothione appears to be an essential redox intermediate in intracellular thiol redox regulation. It also plays a role in protecting against oxidative stress.


beta-pinacene synthase activity

Catalysis of the cyclization of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) to yield the monocyclic diterpene beta-pinacene.


pyruvate dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate.


otic placode formation

The initial developmental process that will lead to the formation of the vertebrate inner ear. The otic placode forms as a thickening of the head ectoderm adjacent to the developing hindbrain.


benzoate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzoate, the anion of benzoic acid (benzenecarboxylic acid), a fungistatic compound widely used as a food preservative; it is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-benzoyl-4-hydroxyanthranilate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) = N-benzoyl-4-methoxyanthranilate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


P-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the phosphorus atom of an acceptor molecule.


response to methylmercury

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methylmercury stimulus.


methylamine dehydrogenase (amicyanin) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2O + methylamine + 2 oxidized [amicyanin] = formaldehyde + 2 H+ + NH4+ + 2 reduced [amicyanin].


deoxyribose 5-phosphate phosphorylation

The process of introducing a phosphate group into deoxyribose 5-phosphate to produce deoxyribose bisphosphate.


positive regulation of interleukin-27-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of an interleukin-27-mediated signaling pathway.


cerebellar Purkinje cell layer morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer is generated and organized. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.


funalenone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving funalenone.


4-hydroxycoumarin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 4-hydroxycoumarin.


L-arabinitol 2-dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-arabinitol + NAD+ = L-ribulose + H+ + NADH.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N,N'-diacetylbacillosamine + H2O = 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-alpha-D-mannopyranose + UDP + H+.


lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages.


regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.


Catalysis of the reaction: O2 + 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate = 2-hydroxy-6-oxonona-2,4-diene-1,9-dioate.


primary sex determination

The sex determination process that results in the initial specification of sexual status of an individual organism.


ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler activity

An activity, driven by ATP hydrolysis, that modulates the contacts between histones and DNA, resulting in a change in chromosome architecture within the nucleosomal array, leading to chromatin remodeling.


negative regulation of monocyte antigen processing and presentation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte antigen processing and presentation.


proteolysis within lysosome associated with antigen processing and presentation

The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein by lysosomal resident proteases contributing to antigen processing and presentation.


protein-pyridoxal-5-phosphate linkage

The formation of a linkage between a protein amino acid and pyridoxal-5-phosphate.


positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.


termination of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

The signaling process in which G protein-coupled receptor signaling is brought to an end. For example, through the action of GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) that act to accelerate hydrolysis of GTP to GDP on G-alpha proteins, thereby terminating the transduced signal.


thymic stromal lymphopoietin production

The appearance of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


spermidine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.


cellular response to interleukin-21

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-21 stimulus.


amino acid:potassium symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: amino acid(out) + K+(out) = amino acid(in) + K+(in).


negative regulation of endosperm development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endosperm development.


dimethylglycine dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N,N-dimethylglycine + electron-transfer flavoprotein + H2O = sarcosine + formaldehyde + reduced electron-transfer flavoprotein.


border follicle cell migration

The directed movement of a border cell through the nurse cells to reach the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


aerial mycelium formation

The process by which hyphae grow in an upward or outward direction from the surface of the substrate; from there, propagative spores develop in or on characteristic structures that are distinctive of some fungal and bacterial species. The species that form an aerial mycelium develop conidiophores at the ends of the aerial hyphae.


U11 snRNA binding

Binding to a U11 small nuclear RNA (U11 snRNA).


cystathionine beta-lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cystathionine + H2O = L-homocysteine + NH3 + pyruvate.


multicellular organismal movement

Any physiological process involved in changing the position of a multicellular organism or an anatomical part of a multicellular organism.


negative regulation of late endosome to lysosome transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of late endosome to lysosome transport.


endothelin receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process

An endothelin receptor signaling pathway which contributes to a circulatory system process carried out by the heart.


1,2,3-tribromopropane metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1,2,3-tribromopropane, a toxic and volatile organic compound commonly used as a nematocide in agriculture.


malonyl-CoA methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a malonyl-[acp] = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a malonyl-[acp] methyl ester.


mannuronate reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannonate + NAD(P)+ = D-mannuronate + NAD(P)H + H+.


canonical inflammasome complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inflammasome complex.


peptidoglycan endopeptidase activity

An endopeptidase activity that uses peptidoglycan as a substrate.


ectoderm development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation.


regulation of late stripe melanocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of late stripe melanocyte differentiation.


guanosine binding

Binding to guanosine.


protein catabolic process at postsynapse

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at a postsynapse.


positive regulation of cell cycle phase transition

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle phase transition.


imaginal disc-derived wing morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the imaginal disc-derived wing are generated and organized. The wing is an appendage modified for flying.


leukocyte homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylcholine, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylcholine containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.


suramin binding

Binding to suramin, a naphthalenesulfonic acid compound which is used in the treatment of diseases caused by trypanosomes and worms.


mesonephric nephron tubule development

The progression of a mesonephric nephron tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A mesonephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephric nephron, the functional part of the mesonephros.


ABC-type D-methionine transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + D-methionine(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + D-methionine(in/out).


neuropeptide catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of neuropeptides. Neuropeptides are signaling peptides that travel across a synaptic junction.


tertiary branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis

The branching process in which the mammary gland ducts form tertiary branches off of the secondary branches as part of diestrus and pregnancy.


negative regulation of amniotic stem cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amniotic stem cell differentiation.


positive phototaxis

The directed movement of a cell or organism towards a source of light.


pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside binding

Binding to a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to deoxyribose.


dADP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate).


oxaloacetate tautomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: oxaloacetate = <stereo>enol</stereo>-oxaloacetate.


tetracyclic triterpenoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetracyclic triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units and 4 carbon rings.


Catalysis of the reaction: homotaurine + 2-oxoglutarate(2-) = 3-sulfopropanal + L-glutamate(1-).


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a UDP-4-deoxy-4-formamido-beta-L-arabinopyranose.


cis-Golgi-derived vesicle fusion with Golgi medial cisterna membrane

The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a cis-Golgi-derived vesicle to the lipid bilayer membrane around the medial-Golgi cisterna. Vesicles are involved in anterograde transport.


regulation of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance. High-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.


epidermal growth factor catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of epidermal growth factor (EGF), following internalization of the receptor-bound ligand into the signal-receiving cell. Full breakdown of epidermal growth factor results in a ligand that is unable to bind and activate its receptor.


iron incorporation into iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-aspartato tetrairon tetrasulfide

The incorporation of iron into a 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur cluster via tris-L-cysteinyl-L-aspartato tetrairon tetrasulfide.


pH-gated calcium channel activity

A gated channel activity that enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens in response to a change in pH.


ectodermal cell fate commitment

The cell differentiation process that results in commitment of a cell to become part of the ectoderm.


tumor necrosis factor production

The appearance of tumor necrosis factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Tumor necrosis factor is an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis.


pollen germination

The physiological and developmental changes that occur in a heterosporous plant pollen grain, beginning with hydration and terminating with the emergence of the pollen tube through the aperture.


interleukin-1 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-1 to initiate a change in cell activity. Interleukin-1 is produced mainly by activated macrophages and is involved in the inflammatory response.