N6-methyl-AMP deaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + H2O + N6-methyl-AMP = IMP + methylamine. Can also use N6-methyl-dAMP as a substrate.


terminal branching, open tracheal system

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Formation of terminal branches in the open tracheal system. These are long cytoplasmic extensions that form fine tubules that transport oxygen directly to the tissues. An example of the process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribitylamino)uracil + NADP+ = 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil + H+ + NADPH.


pyridine N-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + pyridine = N-methylpyridinium + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


D-arginase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-arginine + H2O = D-ornithine + urea.


olfactory bulb interneuron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb, from its initial commitment, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA = NADH + H+ + 2-methylaceto-acetyl-CoA.


negative regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of plasmacytoid dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.


modulation by symbiont of host synaptic transmission

Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse, in its host organism.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-methoxypyrene + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 1-methoxypyrene-6,7-oxide + H2O.


sorbitol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group.


proximal stomach smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the proximal stomach. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The proximal stomach, composed of the fundus and upper body, shows low frequency, sustained tonic contractions that are responsible for generating a basal pressure within the stomach.


anaerobic glycine catabolic process

The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine, yielding energy in the form of ATP.


N-terminal peptidyl-glutamic acid acetylation

The acetylation of the N-terminal glutamic acid of proteins to form the derivate acetyl-glutamic acid.


inferior reticular formation development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inferior reticular formation over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


clypeo-labral disc development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the clypeo-labral disc over time, from its formation to the metamorphosis to form adult structures. The clypeo-labral disc develops into the labrum, anterior cibarial plate, fish trap bristles, epistomal sclerite.


midbrain development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles).


regulation of mitotic spindle elongation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle.


regulation of T cell migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.


structural constituent of tooth enamel

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of tooth enamel.


tyrocidine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tyrocidine.


Catalysis of the reaction: brassinolide + UDP-alpha-D-glucose <=> brassinolide-23-O-glucoside + UDP + H+.


coronary sinus valve morphogenesis

The process in which the structure of the coronary sinus valve is generated and organized.


mesonephric capsule morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesonephric capsule are generated and organized. The mesonephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the mesonephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage.


appendage development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an appendage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.


pattern orientation

The actions or reactions of an individual in response to the orientation of a visual pattern. This is exemplified by some classes of insects which are able to detect and learn the orientation of a set of stripes and subsequently behaviorally discriminate between horizontal, vertical or 45 degree stripes.


adhesion of symbiont to host endothelial cell

The attachment of a symbiont to a host endothelial cell via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., either directly or indirectly.


microglial cell activation involved in immune response

The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


optic nerve development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the optic nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.


protein localization to cytoplasmic microtubule

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cytoplasmic microtubule.


The chemical reactions and pathways by which a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside is synthesized from another deoxyribopyrimidine nucleoside.


copal-8-ol diphosphate(3-) biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of copal-8-ol diphosphate(3-).


serotonin-gated chloride channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when the biogenic amine serotonin has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a neurotransmitter and hormone found in vertebrates and invertebrates.


behavioral response to starvation

Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of deprivation of nourishment.


nitrite reductase NADH activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ammonium hydroxide + 3 NAD+ + H2O = nitrite + 3 NADH + 3 H+.


pigment binding

Binding to a pigment, a general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.


mitochondrial double-strand break repair via homologous recombination

The repair of a double-strand break in mitochondrial DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences.


mitotic S phase

The cell cycle phase, following G1, during which DNA synthesis takes place as part of a mitotic cell cycle.


adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled cAMP receptor signaling pathway

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An adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by extracellular cAMP binding to its receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


larval midgut histolysis

The stage-specific break down of the larval midgut during Drosophila metamorphosis, to allow replacement of larval structures by tissues and structures that form the adult fly.


regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate + scutellarein <=> UDP( + scutellarin + H+.


mitotic telophase

The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase during M phase of mitosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts.


negative regulation of backward locomotion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of backward locomotion.


cell-cell adhesion involved in gastrulation

The attachment of one cell to another cell affecting gastrulation.


blood coagulation, fibrin clot formation

A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the cascade of enzymatic reactions initiated by physical damage to the wall of a blood vessel, leading to the formation of a formation of a fibrin clot at the site of the injury. The process also includes numerous positive and negative regulatory events.


host-mediated regulation of intestinal microbiota composition

The biological process involved in maintaining the steady-state number of cells within a population of free-living cells such as the bacteria in the gut.


positive regulation of glomerular metanephric mesangial cell proliferation

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.


NADPH binding

Binding to the reduced form, NADPH, of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions.


angiotensin receptor activity

Combining with angiotensin to initiate a change in cell activity.


regulation of aggregate size involved in sorocarp development

Any process that modulates the size of the aggregate formed during sorocarp formation.


toxin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.


N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + dermatan = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + dermatan 6'-sulfate and 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + chondroitin = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin 6'-sulfate.


beta-glucoside transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of beta-glucosides from one side of a membrane to the other. Beta-glucosides are glycosides in which the sugar group is a glucose residue, and the anomeric carbon of the bond is in a beta configuration.


membrane scission GTPase motor activity

Generation of a 'twisting' activity resulting in the scission of a membrane, driven by GTP hydrolysis.


regulation of sensory perception of pain

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.


oxaloglycolate reductase (decarboxylating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: glycerate + CO2 + NAD(P)+ = NAD(P)H + H+ + 2-hydroxy-3-oxosuccinate.


detection of muscle activity

The series of events in which a muscle activity stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 1-phospho-2-deoxyribose.


Catalysis of the reaction: 9beta-pimara-7,15-diene + NADPH + O2 + H+ <=> 6beta-hydroxy-syn-pimaradiene + NADP + H2O.


Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + dTTP = diphosphate + dTDP-D-galactose.


mating-type M-factor pheromone receptor activity

Combining with the mating-type peptide pheromone M-factor and transmitting the signal across the membrane to initiate a change in cell activity. M-factor is a nine-membered oligopeptide that consists of tyrosyl, threonyl, prolyl, lysyl, valyl, prolyl, tyrosyl, methionyl and methyl S-farnesylcysteinate residues joined in sequence, and is a peptide pheromone released by Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells of the cellular mating type Minus.


regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion.


response to serotonin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a serotonin stimulus.


glycerophospholipid acyltransferase (CoA-dependent) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-radyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine + 1-radyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine = 1-radyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + 1-radyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine.


negative regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.


rhodopsin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of rhodopsin, a brilliant purplish-red, light-sensitive visual pigment found in the rod cells of the retinas.


positive regulation of epidermal cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-chlorophenylacetate + NADH + O2 = 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate + chloride + NAD+.


siderophore biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances made by aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria, especially when growing under iron deficient conditions. The complexes of Fe(3+)-siderophores have very high stability constants and are taken up by specific transport systems by microorganisms; the subsequent release of iron requires enzymatic action.


Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)+ + L-asparagine = nicotinamide + N2-(ADP-D-ribosyl)-L-asparagine.


rhombomere 4 development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 4 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.


Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + (9R,10S)-dihydroxystearate + O2 + NADPH <=> 9,10,18-trihydroxystearate + H2O + NADP.


benzyl isoquinoline alkaloid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzyl isoquinoline alkaloids, compounds with bicyclic N-containing aromatic rings.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + betanidin <=> H+ + gomphrenin I + UDP.


regulation of starch catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of starch catabolic process.


ceramide phosphoethanolamine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-ethanolamine + a ceramide = CMP + a ceramide phosphoethanolamine.


adenine binding

Binding to adenine, a purine base.


alditol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.


pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside 5-O-glucosyltransferase (acyl-glucose dependent) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside + 1-O-vanilloyl-beta-D-glucose <=> anthocyanidin 3,5-di-O-beta-D-glucoside + vanillate + H+.


UDP-glucose 4-epimerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose = UDP-galactose.


cGMP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.


regulation of protein ADP-ribosylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein ADP-ribosylation. Protein ADP-ribosylation is the transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids.


rhombomere 1 morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of rhombomere 1 is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in an anterior to posterior order.


fructosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a fructosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.


methionine catabolic process to succinyl-CoA

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methionine into other compounds, including succinyl-CoA.


adenylate cyclase-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway

An adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by serotonin binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


medium-chain acyl-CoA hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a medium-chain acyl-CoA = a medium-chain carboxylate + CoA. A medium chain is a chain of between eight and twelve carbons in length.


phosphatidylcholine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-diacylglycerol + choline = 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + CMP + H+.


levopimaradienol hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + levopimaradienol + NADPH + O2 <=> levopiramadiene-diol + NADP + H2O.


regulation of cell wall polysaccharide catabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell wall polysaccharide catabolic process.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: myo-inositol(out) + H+(out) = myo-inositol(in) + H+(in).


energy quenching

The process by which excess light energy absorbed by chlorophyll and not used to drive photosynthesis is emitted by nonphotochemical quenching or chlorophyll fluorescence.


chromatin remodeling at centromere

Dynamic structural changes in centromeric DNA.


group III metabotropic glutamate receptor activity

A G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by L-AP-4 and inhibits adenylate cyclase activity.


sclerenchyma cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a sclerenchyma cell. A sclerenchyma cell is a plant cell with thick lignified walls, normally dead at maturity and specialized for structural strength. Includes fiber cells, that are greatly elongated; and sclereids, that are more isodiametric. Intermediate types exist. Cells may or may not be devoid of protoplasm at maturity. Cell form and size are variable.


conus arteriosus morphogenesis

The process in which the conus arteriosus is generated and organized. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk.


adaptive immune effector response

An adaptive immune response that involves one or more immune effector processes and takes place during the effector phase of the adaptive immune response.


8-hydroxy-dADP phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 8-hydroxy-dADP + H2O = 8-hydroxy-dAMP + phosphate.


anaphase

The cell cycle phase, following metaphase, during which the chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle.


geranylgeranyl diphosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate = ADP + diphospho-1D-myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate. The isomeric configuration of diphospho-1D-myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate is unknown.


UTP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate.


plasmacytoid dendritic cell differentiation involved in immune response

The process in which an immature plasmacytoid dendritic cell acquires the specialized features of a mature plasmacytoid dendritic cell contributing to an immune response.


susceptibility to natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity

The process of causing a cell to become susceptible to natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.


estrous cycle phase

The progression of physiological phases, occurring in the endometrium during the estrous cycle that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years. The estrous cycle is an ovulation cycle where the endometrium is resorbed if pregnancy does not occur.


photoperiodism

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a period of light or dark of a given length, measured relative to a particular duration known as the 'critical day length'. The critical day length varies between species.


glutamyl-tRNA reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-4-amino-5-oxopentanoate + NADP+ + tRNA(Glu) = L-glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) + H+ + NADPH.


Catalysis of the reaction: luteolin + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucosiduronate + UDP.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate + NAD+ = 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + NADH.


negative regulation of natural killer cell differentiation involved in immune response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation as part of an immune response.


positive regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway.


embryonic cleavage

The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg.


killing by virus of host cell during superinfection exclusion

The viral-killing of a host cell by a pre-existing virus in response to a subsequent infection of the host cell by second virus.


dopamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.


disaccharide binding

Binding to a disaccharide. Disaccharides are sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.


thymine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base.


phenylpropanoyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: baccatin III + (3R)-3-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl-CoA = N-debenzoyl-(3'-RS)-2'-deoxytaxol + coenzyme A.


scopoletin glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: scopoletin + UDP-D-glucose = H+ + scopolin + UDP.


methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA = trans-3-methylglutaconyl-CoA + H2O.


negative regulation of interleukin-4-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-4-mediated signaling pathway.


cellular response to isolation stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lack of contact with other members of the same species.


allantoin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea, an intermediate or end product of purine catabolism.


tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into ER membrane

A process of protein insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in which a tail-anchored (TA) transmembrane protein is incorporated into an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. TA transmembrane protein, also named type II transmembrane proteins, contain a single C- terminal transmembrane region.


7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ chlorophyll a + 2 oxidized ferredoxin + H2O.


CAC codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a CAC codon.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate.


Catalysis of the reaction: (polyphosphate)n + AMP = (polyphosphate)n-1 + ADP.


oenocyte development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the oenocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The oenocytes are large secretory cells found in clusters underlying the epidermis of larval abdominal segments.


disruption by virus of host cell wall peptidoglycan during virus entry

A process carried out by a virus that breaks down peptidoglycans in the cell wall of its host during viral entry.


positive regulation of polyamine transmembrane transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of polyamine transmembrane transport.


2'-5'-RNA ligase activity

Catalysis of the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the 2'-hydroxyl group at the end of one DNA chain and the 5'-phosphate group at the end of another.


chemokinesis

A response by a motile cell to a soluble chemical that involves an increase or decrease in speed (positive or negative orthokinesis) or of frequency of movement or a change in the frequency or magnitude of turning behavior (klinokinesis).


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + biotin + apo-(3-methylcrotonoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)) = AMP + diphosphate + (3-methylcrotonoyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)).


positive regulation of host-seeking behavior

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of any behavior associated with finding a host organism.


Catalysis of the reaction: a very-long-chain 2,3-saturated fatty acyl-CoA + H+ + oxidized [electron-transfer flavoprotein] = a very-long-chain (2E)-enoyl-CoA + reduced [electron-transfer flavoprotein]. A very long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid which has a chain length greater than C22.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, oxygen as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.


baroreceptor detection of arterial stretch

The series of events by which the change in diameter of an artery is detected and converted to a molecular signal.


positive regulation of cholesterol import

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol import.


glutamate-gated calcium ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


fastigial nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fastigial nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand to a beta-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFbeta) on the surface of a signal-receiving cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


envenomation resulting in modulation of blood pressure in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant modulation of the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system of the bitten/stung organism.


11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an 11-beta-hydroxysteroid + NAD+ = an 11-oxosteroid + NADH + H+.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the Q nucleoside precursor 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine, also known as 2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile or preQo.


mitochondrial membrane fission

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the separation of a single continuous mitochondrial membrane into two membranes and contributes to mitochondrial fission.


L-serine hydro-lyase (adding indole, L-tryptophan-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: indole + L-serine = L-tryptophan + H2O.


tryptophan catabolic process to indole-3-acetate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including indole-3-acetate.


S-adenosyl-L-methionine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of S-adenosylmethionine from one side of a membrane to the other. S-adenosylmethionine is S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.


anthranilate 1,2-dioxygenase (deaminating, decarboxylating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: anthranilate + NADPH + H+ + O2 = catechol + CO2 + NADP+ + NH3.


negative regulation of fertilization

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).


thymine dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: thymine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = 5-hydroxymethyluracil + succinate + CO2.


strictosidine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3alpha(S)-strictosidine + H2O = secologanin + tryptamine.


diguanidinobutanase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1,4-diguanidinobutane + H2O = agmatine + urea.


oligonucleotidase activity

Catalysis of the exonucleolytic cleavage of oligonucleotides to yield nucleoside 5'-phosphates.


dATP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate).


structural constituent of albumen

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of albumen (also called egg white). Albumen is the clear liquid contained within an egg and consists of water and proteins, among which are ovomucin and ovomucoid. It protects the egg yolk and provides additional nutrition for the growth of the embryo.


histone H3K9 demethylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.


Catalysis of the reaction: 6-(alpha-D-glucosaminyl)-1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol = 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + 6-(alpha-D-glucosaminyl)-1D-myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate.


dibenzothiophene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydrodibenzothiophene + NAD+ = 1,2-dihydroxydibenzothiophene + H+ + NADH.


isoflavone 3'-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: formononetin + NADPH + O2 = calycosin + NADP+ + H2O.


depsipeptide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of depsipeptides, a linear or cyclic compound composed of both amino acids and hydroxy acids in peptide and ester bonds respectively.


tungstate binding

Binding to tungstate.


Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphatidate + a sterol = a sterol ester + a lysophosphatidate.


regulation of T-helper 1 cell activation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell activation.


dense core granule organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a dense core granule. A dense core granule is a secretory organelle found in endocrine cells.


retinoic acid metabolic process in spinal cord anterior-posterior patterning

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the synthesis and degradation of retionic acid that results in the spatial identity of regions along the anterior-posterior axis of the spinal cord.


[citrate (pro-3S)-lyase] ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetate + (citrate (pro-3S)-lyase) (thiol form) = AMP + diphosphate + (citrate (pro-3S)-lyase) (acetyl form).


negative regulation of inositol biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of inositol biosynthetic process.


RNA-mediated DNA recombination

The reverse transcription of an RNA molecule followed by recombination between the resultant cDNA and its homologous chromosomal allele.


negative regulation of intracellular transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.


myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production

Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a myeloid dendritic cell.


pressure natriuresis

The process in which the volume of blood increases renal pressure and thereby results in both an increase in urine volume (diuresis) and an increase in the amount of sodium excreted in the urine (natriuresis).


organomercurial transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of organomercurial compounds from one side of a membrane to the other. Organomercurial substances are any organic compound containing a mercury atom.


regulation of inflammasome-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an inflammasome-mediated signaling pathway.


brassinosteroid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving brassinosteroids, any of a group of steroid derivatives that occur at very low concentrations in plant tissues and may have hormone-like effects.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + kaempferol-3-rhamnoside <=> kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-glucoside + UDP.


D-arabinitol 2-dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinitol + NAD+ = D-ribulose + H+ + NADH.


farnesyl diphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving farnesyl diphosphate, an intermediate in carotenoid, sesquiterpene, squalene and sterol biosynthesis, as well as a substrate in protein farnesylation.


Schwann cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a Schwann cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function.


negative regulation of cyclodextrin metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclodextrin metabolic process.


methionine decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-methionine + H+ = 3-methylthiopropanamine + CO2.


membrane raft assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane raft, a small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalizes cellular processes.


asperthecin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of asperthecin, an anthraquinone pigment obtained from the mould Aspergillus nidulans.


2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 1-phospho-2-deoxyribose.


O-glycan processing, core 8

The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 8 O-glycan structure, Gal-alpha-(1->3)-GalNAc.


negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.


regulation of hypersensitivity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.


Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N1-methylguanine37 in tRNAPhe = L-methionine + 5'-deoxyadenosine + carbon dioxide + H2O + 4-demethylwyosine37 in tRNAPhe.


regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane potential

Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in a cardiac muscle cell (a cardiomyocyte). A membrane potential is the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.


posterior mRNA localization involved in anterior/posterior axis specification

Any process in which a mRNA is transported to and maintained in the oocyte and/or syncytial embryo contributing to the specification of the anterior/posterior axis.


exit of virus from host cell nucleus through nuclear pore

The directed movement of the viral genome or a viral particle out of the host cell nucleus through the nuclear pore.


positive regulation of cellular response to hypoxia

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to hypoxia.


citrate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate. Citrate is widely distributed in nature and is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.


violaceol I catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of violaceol I.


positive regulation of turning behavior involved in mating

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of turning behavior involved in mating. Turning behavior is the sharp ventral turn performed by the male as he approaches either the hermaphrodite head or tail, whilst trying to locate his partner's vulva. Turning occurs via a sharp ventral coil of the male's tail.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvate + NADPH + O2 + H+ <=> indole-3-acetate + carbon dioxide + NADP + H2O.


rhombomere 2 formation

The process that gives rise to rhombomere 2. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.


anterior/posterior pattern specification, imaginal disc

The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis of the imaginal disc. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that rapidly develop into adult appendages during metamorphosis from larval to adult form.


neuroblast division

The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into daughter cells. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.


sno(s)RNA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA, any of a class of small RNAs that are associated with the eukaryotic nucleus as components of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins. They participate in the processing or modifications of many RNAs, mostly ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) though snoRNAs are also known to target other classes of RNA, including spliceosomal RNAs, tRNAs, and mRNAs via a stretch of sequence that is complementary to a sequence in the targeted RNA.


positive regulation of protein kinase A signaling

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.


synaptic vesicle budding

Evagination of a membrane to form a synaptic vesicle.


oxidative photosynthetic carbon pathway

The reactions of the C2 pathway bring about the metabolic conversion of two molecules of 2-phosphoglycolate to one molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate, which can be used by the C3 cycle, and one molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2).


regulation of secondary cell septum biogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary cell septum biogenesis.


Catalysis of the reaction: ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-sandaracopimara-8(14),15-diene + diphosphate.


regulation of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development.


isovaleryl-CoA(4-) catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of isovaleryl-CoA(4-).


membrane depolarization during Purkinje myocyte cell action potential

The process in which Purkinje myocyte membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.


melanocyte proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of melanocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A melanocyte is a pigment cell derived from the neural crest. It contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which give a brown to black appearance.


regulation of reverse cholesterol transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reverse cholesterol transport.


alditol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.


cellular response to very-low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a very-low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus.


glomerular parietal epithelial cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a glomerular parietal epithelial cell. Glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport. These cells may also give rise to podocytes.


B cell homeostatic proliferation

The non-specific expansion of B cell populations within a whole or part of an organism to reach to a total number of B cells which will then remain stable over time in the absence of an external stimulus.


non-classical arabinogalactan protein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cell wall arabinogalactan II glycoprotein where other amino acids besides Hyp, Ala, Ser, Thr and Gly can be present and grouped into regions, such as a Cys-rich or Asn-rich domains.


cytoskeletal anchor activity

The binding activity of a protein that brings together a cytoskeletal protein (either a microtubule or actin filament, spindle pole body, or protein directly bound to them) and one or more other molecules, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.


mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (GDP) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate + GDP + H+ = GDP-alpha-D-mannose + phosphate.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in amylaceous polysaccharides, to remove successive maltotetraose residues from the non-reducing chain ends.


23S rRNA (guanine(2445)-N(2))-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanosine(2445) in 23S rRNA = N(2)-methylguanosine(2445) in 23S rRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


regulation of secondary growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary growth.


aspartate 1-decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate = beta-alanine + CO2.


regulation of timing of plant organ formation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of plant organ formation at a consistent predetermined time point during development.


microtubule bundle maintenance

The organization process that preserves a microtubule bundle in a stable functional or structural state.


cellular oxidant detoxification

Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity superoxide radicals or hydrogen peroxide.


cellular response to exogenous dsRNA

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus.


DNA replication termination

The process in which DNA replication at a replication fork ceases; occurs when the replication fork reaches a specific termination site or when two replication forks meet.


negative regulation of prostaglandin-E synthase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of prostaglandin-E synthase activity.


carbon utilization

A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary carbon sources and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary carbon source and to transport and metabolize alternative carbon sources such as carbon dioxide or carbonic acid. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects carbon levels, includes the activation of genes whose products detect, transport or metabolize carbon-containing substances, and ends when carbon is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism.


galactosylceramidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O = D-galactose + N-acylsphingosine.


mannose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. The D-(+)-form is widely distributed in mannans and hemicelluloses and is of major importance in the core oligosaccharide of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins.


positive regulation of sequestering of triglyceride

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.


prolactin secreting cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a prolactin secreting cell. A prolactin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces prolactin.


aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell surrounding the aorta.


cerebellar molecular layer development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar molecular layer nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The molecular layer is the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the parallel fibers of the granule cells, interneurons such as stellate and basket cells, and the dendrites of the underlying Purkinje cells.


leaf senescence

The last stage of leaf development during which programmed degradation of macromolecules and nutrient recycling take place.


regulation of meiotic cell cycle phase transition

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle phase transition.


clathrin coat assembly

The process that results in the assembly of clathrin triskelia into the ordered structure known as a clathrin cage.


poly(G) binding

Binding to a sequence of guanine residues in an RNA molecule.


pyrimidine nucleobase binding

Binding to a pyrimidine nucleobase, an organic nitrogenous base with a pyrimidine skeleton.


synaptic vesicle to endosome fusion

Fusion of a synaptic vesicle with an endosome.


opsonin receptor activity

Combining with an opsonin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


L-altrarate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-altrarate.


Catalysis of the reaction: rhamnetin + S-adenosyl-L-methionine <=> 3',4',5-trihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


regulation of thymocyte migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte migration.


spermidine acetylation

The modification of spermidine by addition of acetyl groups.


negative regulation of intracellular sterol transport

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols within cells.


methyl-branched fatty acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving methyl-branched fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with methyl branches on the main chain.


peptidyl-histidine phosphorylation

The phosphorylation of peptidyl-histidine to form peptidyl-1'-phospho-L-histidine (otherwise known as tau-phosphohistidine, tele-phosphohistidine) or peptidyl-3'-phospho-L-histidine (otherwise known as pi-phosphohistidine, pros-phosphohistidine).


negative regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation.


ammonia ligase activity

Catalysis of the ligation of ammonia (NH3) to another substance via a carbon-nitrogen bond with concomitant breakage of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate.


exosporium assembly

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the formation of an exosporium, the outermost layer of a bacterial endospore.


inosine nucleosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: inosine + H2O = D-ribose + hypoxanthine.


negative regulation of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway.


positive regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells.


regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.


vomilenine glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-D-glucose + vomilenine = H+ + raucaffricine + UDP.


cellular response to far red light

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of far red light stimulus. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.


glycosphingolipid deacylase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of gangliosides and neutral glycosphingolipids, releasing fatty acids to form the lyso-derivatives.


specification of animal organ identity

The regionalization process in which the identity of an animal organ primordium is specified. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


regulation of (R)-carnitine transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of (R)-carnitine transmembrane transport.


11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an 11-beta-hydroxysteroid + NADP+ = an 11-oxosteroid + NADPH + H+.


outward migration of deep nuclear neurons

The directed movement of a deep nuclear neuron from their ventrolateral origin to a rostrodorsal region of the cerebellar plate.


plant-type cell wall cellulose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cellulose, a linear beta1-4 glucan of molecular mass 50-400 kDa with the pyranose units in the -4C1 conformation, as part of the organization and biogenesis of the cell wall.


diphosphoinositol polyphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a diphosphoinositol polyphosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol with one or more diphosphate groups and multiple monophosphate groups attached.


plastoquinone biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of plastoquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme present in the chloroplast.


leaflet formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a leaflet from unspecified parts. A leaflet is one of the ultimate segments of a compound leaf.


negative regulation of cardiac ventricle formation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation.


positive regulation of ornithine catabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ornithine catabolic process.


choloylglycine hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholan-24-oylglycine + H2O = 3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholanate + glycine.


neutral, basic amino acid:sodium:chloride symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: neutral/basic amino acid(out) + Na+(out) + Cl-(out) = neutral/basic amino acid(in) + Na+(in) + Cl-(in).


response to butan-1-ol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a butan-1-ol stimulus.


glycosylceramide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.


ursolic aldehyde 28-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ursolic aldehyde + NADPH + O2 + H+ <=> ursolic acid + NADP + H2O.


primary branching, open tracheal system

Formation of primary branches in the open tracheal system. These form from small groups of cells that migrate out at specific positions, organizing into tubes as they migrate. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


orbitofrontal cortex development

The progression of the orbitofrontal cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The orbitofrontal cortex is a cerebral cortex region located in the frontal lobe.


1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme activity (using a glucosylated glycogenin as primer for glycogen synthesis)

Catalysis of the reaction: a glucosylated glycogenin = a glycogen.


structural constituent of postsynaptic density

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a postsynaptic density.


cell proliferation involved in embryonic placenta development

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the embryonic placenta.


glucagon receptor activity

Combining with glucagon and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


negative regulation of germ cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation.


response to maltose

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a maltose stimulus.


dUTP biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dUTP, deoxyuridine (5'-)triphosphate.


gynoecium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gynoecium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gynoecium is the collective name for the carpels of a flower.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H2O = adenine + S-D-ribosyl-L-homocysteine.


positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction.


negative regulation of iodide transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of iodide transport.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate.


regulation of progesterone secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of progesterone secretion.


thermoception

The series of events required for an organism to receive a temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Thermoception in larger animals is mainly done in the skin; mammals have at least two types of sensor, for detecting heat (temperatures above body temperature) and cold (temperatures below body temperature).


swimming behavior

The response to external or internal stimuli that results in the locomotory process of swimming. Swimming is the self-propelled movement of an organism through the water.


ammonia oxidation

The chemical reactions and pathways by which ammonia or ammonium is converted to molecular nitrogen or another nitrogen compound, with accompanying loss of electrons.


netrin receptor activity

Combining with a netrin signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


isopentenyl diphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids.


mycotoxin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a mycotoxin, any poisonous substance produced by a fungus.


negative regulation of early endosome to late endosome transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to late endosome transport.


pteridine-containing compound metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid.


glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor activity

Combining with glucagon-like peptide 1 and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.


leukocyte activation-dependent arrest

The formation of an integrin-dependent strong adhesive bond between leukocytes and blood vessel endothelial cells which is dependent on prior activation of the leukocyte and leads to the firm attachment of the leukocyte to the endothelial surface, typically the third step in cellular extravasation.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2,4'-dihydroxyacetophenone + O2 = 4-hydroxybenzoate + formate + 2 H+.


positive regulation of retrograde dense core granule transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde dense core granule transport.


regulation of trehalose metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trehalose metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine + O2 + a reduced electron acceptor <=> 1-16:0-2-18:3-phosphatidylcholine + 2 H2O + an oxidized electron acceptor.


positive regulation of coagulation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation.


Wnt signaling pathway involved in regulation of cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of a cell in the dorsal spinal cord that affects the rate of its division.


stromal-epithelial cell signaling involved in prostate gland development

The process of transferring information from a stromal cell to an epithelial cell where it is received and interpreted, as part of prostate gland development.


P granule assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a P granule.


plastid inner membrane organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the inner membrane of a plastid.


negative regulation of collagen catabolic process

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.


beta-alanine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins.


definitive erythrocyte differentiation

Erythrocyte differentiation which occurs as part of the process of definitive hemopoiesis.


pigment granule organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pigment granule.


chemoattraction of branchiomotor neuron axon in branchial arch mesenchyme

The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone in the branchial arch mesenchyme is directed to a specific target site in the branchial arch mesenchyme in response to an attractive chemical cue. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.


oocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized immature germ cell acquires the specialized features of a mature female gamete.


alginic acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alginic acid, a hydrophilic polysaccharide occurring in, for example, the cell walls of brown algae (brown seaweeds).


prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9-alpha,11-alpha,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate + NADP+ = (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11-alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,13-dienoate + NADPH.


9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene desaturation to 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene

The series of reactions in which 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene is desaturated to 7,9,9'-tri-cis-neurosporene, and then 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene. The overall reaction for this process is: 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene + 2 quinone = 2 quinol + 7,9,7',9'-tetra-cis-lycopene.


DNA (6-4) photolyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: pyrimidine-pyrimidone (6-4) photoproduct (in DNA) = 2 pyrimidine residues (in DNA). Catalyzes the reactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated DNA.


tumor necrosis factor receptor activity

Combining with tumor necrosis factor, a proinflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages, to initiate a change in cell function.


stress-induced premature senescence

A cellular senescence process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to environmental factors such as hydrogen peroxide or X-rays.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + m(7)G(5')pppAm = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + m(7)G(5')pppm(6)Am.


wound healing involved in inflammatory response

The series of events that restore integrity to damaged tissue that contribute to an inflammatory response.


Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-glucose + H2O = AMP + glucose-1-phosphate.


uridine to cytidine editing

The conversion of a uridine residue to cytosine in an RNA molecule by amination.


L-threonine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-threonine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-threonine is (2R*,3S*)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid.


positive regulation of leukocyte differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.


betaine aldehyde metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving betaine aldehyde.


copper incorporation into metallo-sulfur cluster

The incorporation of copper into a metallo-sulfur cluster.


anthranilate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of anthranilate (2-aminobenzoate).


trisaccharide binding

Binding to a trisaccharide. Trisaccharides are sugars composed of three monosaccharide units.


protein nitrosylation

The covalent addition of a nitric oxide group to an amino acid within a protein.


protein trans-autophosphorylation

The phosphorylation by a protein of a residue on an identical protein. For example, phosphorylation by the other kinase within a homodimer.


cyclic nucleotide-gated mechanosensitive monoatomic ion channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an monoatomic ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress and when a cyclic nucleotide has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


dephospho-[reductase kinase] kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + dephospho-[[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase] = ADP + [[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase].


GPI anchor biosynthetic process via N-asparaginyl-glycosylphosphatidylinositolethanolamine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a C-terminal peptidyl-asparagine ethanolamide-linked glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor following hydrolysis of a asparaginyl-peptide bond in the carboxy-terminal region of a membrane-associated protein.


cardiac glial cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac glial cell over time, from its formation to the fully functional mature cell.


delta14-sterol reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 4,4-dimethyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3-beta-ol = NADPH + H+ + 4,4-dimethyl-5-alpha-cholesta-8,14,24-trien-3-beta-ol.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 6-phosphate = acetate + D-galactosamine 6-phosphate.


cell wall (1->3)-alpha-glucan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving (1->3)-alpha-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-alpha-D-glucosidic bonds, found in the walls of cells.


angiogenesis involved in wound healing

Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.


mesonephric S-shaped body morphogenesis

The process in which the mesonephric S-shaped body is generated and organized. The mesonephric S-shaped body is the successor of the mesonephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the mesonephros.


cytoplasmic actin-based contraction involved in rearward cell motility

The actin filament-based movement by which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in a contraction that propels the cell in the direction that has been defined as the rear of the cell.


selenoneine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of selenoneine.


negative regulation of Schwann cell chemotaxis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell chemotaxis.


prenol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prenols, isoprenoids of general formula (H-CH2-C(CH3)=CH-CH2-)n-OH, any primary monohydroxy alcohol whose carbon skeleton consists of two or more isoprenoid residues linked head to tail.


aggressive behavior

A behavioral interaction between organisms in which one organism has the intention of inflicting physical damage on another individual.


single-stranded 3'-5' DNA helicase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, in the presence of single-stranded DNA; drives the unwinding of the DNA helix in the direction 3' to 5'.


negative regulation of positive chemotaxis to cAMP by chlorinated alkylphenone

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of directed movement of a motile cell or organism up a concentration gradient of 3',5'-cAMP by the action of a chlorinated alkylphenone. An alkylphenone is an aromatic polyketide with methyl and chlorine substitutions.


neural crest cell fate commitment

The process in which a cell becomes committed to become a neural crest cell.


galactose catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose.


VCP-NPL4-UFD1 AAA ATPase complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a VCP-NPL4-UFD1 AAA ATPase complex.


negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.


light-independent bacteriochlorophyll biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a bacteriochlorophyll, which occur in the absence of light. Bacteriochlorophylls are any of the chlorophylls of photosynthetic bacteria; they differ structurally from the chlorophylls of higher plants.


formaldehyde assimilation via xylulose monophosphate cycle

The pathway in which formaldehyde is used as a carbon source in the xylulose monophosphate cycle. Methylotrophic yeasts, but not bacteria, utilize the xylulose monophosphate cycle to fix formaldehyde and convert it into metabolically useful organic compounds.


fatty acid alpha-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the conversion of a fatty acid to an alpha-hydroxylated fatty acid. A hydroxyl group is added to the second carbon, counted from the carboxyl end, of a fatty acid chain.


chlorinated hydrocarbon metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving chlorinated hydrocarbons, compounds derived from hydrocarbons by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with chlorine atoms.


establishment of Sertoli cell barrier

Establishment of a structure near the basement membrane in adjacent Sertoli cells of the seminiferous epithelium for maintaining spermatogenesis. The structure consists of tight junctions, basal ectoplasmic specializations, and desmosome-like junctions.


nephrocyte filtration

The process by which hemolymph is filtered based on size and charge through a nephrocyte filtration barrier formed by the basement membrane and nephrocyte diaphragm.


regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.


lipopolysaccharide core heptosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: glucosyl-heptosyl2-KDO2-lipid A-phosphate + ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose = glucosyl-heptosyl3-KDO2-lipid A-phosphate + ADP + H+.


double-strand break repair via transcription-associated homologous recombination

A mechanism of homologous recombination and DNA repair in which transcript RNA is used as a template for DSB repair.


metanephric capsule formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric capsule from unspecified parts. The metanephric capsule is the tough fibrous layer surrounding the metanephros, covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue. It provides some protection from trauma and damage.


columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.


pollen tube adhesion

The process in which the pollen tube adheres to cells of the stigma and style.


Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule; dependent on the presence of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate.


negative regulation of cardiocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation.


arteriole smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the arteriole. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The arteriole is the smallest division of the artery located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries.


response to polycyclic arene

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a polycyclic arene stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: (6S)-6-hydroxyhyoscyamine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = CO2 + H2O + H+ + scopolamine + succinate.


Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-galactosidic linkages in arabinogalactans.


defecation

The expulsion of feces from the rectum.


heat generation

Any homeostatic process in which an organism produces heat, thereby raising its internal temperature.


menopause

Cessation of menstruation, occurring in (e.g.) the human female usually around the age of 50.


lung-associated mesenchyme development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung-associated mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung-associated mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Lung-associated mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the lung.


tyrosine binding

Binding to 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.


negative regulation of thyroid gland epithelial cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid gland epithelial cell proliferation.


response to reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reverse transcriptase inhibitor stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate + 7 isopentenyl diphosphate = 7 diphosphate + all-trans-decaprenyl diphosphate.


histone H2AK129 ubiquitin ligase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin molecule to histone 2A at the lysine-129 residue.


bursa of Fabricius development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bursa of Fabricius over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The bursa of Fabricius is an organ found in birds involved in B cell differentiation.


high molecular weight B cell growth factor receptor activity

Combining with a high molecular weight B cell growth factor and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.


positive regulation of digestive system process

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.


Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-xylose 1-phosphate + UTP = UDP-D-xylose + diphosphate.


soluble molecule recognition

The recognition of soluble molecules in the environment.


negative regulation of xanthophore differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of xanthophore differentiation.


polyamine binding

Binding to a polyamine, an organic compound containing two or more amino groups.


chitin-based embryonic cuticle biosynthetic process

Synthesis, including the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chitin and other components, and deposition of a chitin-based embryonic cuticle by the underlying epidermal epithelium. This tough, waterproof cuticle layer is essential to provide structural integrity of the larval body. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-17A binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


purine ribonucleoside binding

Binding to a purine ribonucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to ribose.


regulation of acetylcholine metabolic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.


F-9775B metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving F-9775B.


viomycin kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + viomycin = ADP + O-phosphoviomycin.


bromoxynil metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving bromoxynil, C7H3Br2NO, a dibrominated phenol derivative with a cyano (-CN) group attached. Bromoxynil is used as a herbicide for post-emergent control of annual broadleaf weeds and works by inhibiting photosynthesis in the target plants.


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: thiamine(out) + H+(out) = thiamine(in) + H+(in).


glutarate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5-oxopentanoate + NADP + H2O = glutarate + NADPH + 2 H+.


slow-twitch skeletal muscle fiber contraction

A process in which force is generated within slow-twitch skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The slow-twitch skeletal muscle is characterized by slow time parameters, low force development and resistance to fatigue.


orexin receptor activity

Combining with orexin to initiate a change in cell activity.


triterpenoid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units.


renal system process involved in regulation of blood volume

A slow mechanism of blood pressure regulation that responds to changes in pressure resulting from fluid and salt intake by modulating the quantity of blood in the circulatory system.


rhabdomere membrane biogenesis

A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a rhabdomere membrane.


abducens nerve morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structure of the abducens nerve is generated and organized. The motor function of the abducens nerve is to contract the lateral rectus which results in abduction of the eye.


regulation of timing of neuron differentiation

The process controlling the activation and/or rate at which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires features of a neuron.


peptidyl-glutamine 2-methylation

The methylation of glutamine to form 2-methyl-L-glutamine.


ATP-dependent polydeoxyribonucleotide 5'-hydroxyl-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 5'-dephospho-DNA = ADP + 5'-phospho-DNA.


protein N-linked glycosylation via arginine

The glycosylation of protein via peptidyl-arginine, omega-N-glycosyl-L-arginine.


alpha-(1,2)-fucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an L-fucosyl group from GDP-beta-L-fucose to an acceptor molecule to form an alpha-(1->2) linkage.


isopentenyl adenine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the cytokinin 6-isopentenyladenine.


N-acetylglucosamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein.


hemaglutinin autotransporter activity

Enables the transfer of hemaglutinin from the periplasm to the external milieu; the hemaglutinin and the porin are the N- and C-terminal regions of the same protein, respectively.


neural plate development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural plate over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neural plate is a flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system.


membrane disassembly

The controlled breakdown of any cell membrane in the context of a normal process such as autophagy.


positive regulation of organic acid transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel activity.


hexulose-6-phosphate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribulose 5-phosphate + formaldehyde = D-arabino-3-hexulose 6-phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: homogentisic acid + geranylgeranyl diphosphate = 2-methyl-6-geranylgeranylplastoquinol.


eosinophil fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a eosinophil cell. A eosinophil is any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and which can be stained by the dye eosin.


UGA codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a UGA codon.


positive regulation of activin secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of activin from a cell.


negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.


mitochondrial tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine modification

The attachment of a carbonyl group and a threonine to the amino group of the adenine residue immediately 3' of the anticodon, in mitochondrial tRNAs that decode ANN codons (where N is any base).


codeine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of codeine, an alkaloid found in the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum var. album. Codeine has analgesic, anti-tussive and anti-diarrhoeal properties.


cellular stress response to acidic pH

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in the homeostasis of organismal or cellular pH (with pH < 7). pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.


Catalysis of the reaction: trans-3,4-dihydrodiolphenanthrene + 2 X-SO3(-) = 2 HX + phenanthrene-3,4-dihydrodiolsulfate conjugate.


xylulose 5-phosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylulose 5-phosphate, a derivative of the ketopentose xylulose phosphorylated at the 5 carbon; it is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway.


regulation of stem cell division

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell division.


wax metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving wax, a compound containing C16 and C18 fatty acids.


right horn of sinus venosus development

The progression of the right horn of the sinus venosus from its formation to the mature structure.


candicidin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of candicidin.


positive regulation of pancreatic stellate cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic stellate cell proliferation.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, a natural product found in plant tissues. It is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of ethylene (ethene), a fruit-ripening hormone in plants.


positive regulation of fear response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fear response.


sex comb development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sex comb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sex combs are the male specific chaetae located on the prothoracic tarsal segment of the prothoracic leg.


Enterobacter ribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage to 3'-phosphomononucleotides and 3'-phosphooligonucleotides with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates.


regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in neural tube closure

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of planar cell polarity pathway involved in neural tube closure.


metanephric glomerulus morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric glomerulus are generated and organized. The metanephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney, or metanephros.


osteoclast fusion

The plasma membrane fusion process that results in fusion of mononuclear osteoclasts to form a multinuclear osteoclast.


high-affinity secondary active ammonium transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of ammonium from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


fucose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fucose (6-deoxygalactose).


isoflavonoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoflavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives, isomeric with flavonoids.


negative regulation of trophoblast cell migration

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration.


tRNA C3-cytosine methylation

The process whereby a cytosine in a tRNA is methylated at position 3 of the cytosine.


Catalysis of the reaction: 17-O-acetylnorajmaline + NADP+ = 1,2-dihydrovomilenine + H+ + NADPH.


response to amine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amine stimulus. An amine is a compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.


reverse transcription

A DNA synthesis process that uses RNA as the initial template for synthesis of DNA, but which also includes an RNase activity to remove the RNA strand of an RNA-DNA heteroduplex produced by the RNA-dependent synthesis step and use of the initial DNA strand as a template for DNA synthesis.


protein localization to medial cortex

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the medial cortex.


positive regulation of mucus secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.


protein serine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-cyclohexylformamide + OH- = cyclohexylamine + formate.


glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+) (phosphorylating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphate + NADP+ + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate = NADPH + 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl-phosphate.


leucine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.


nitric oxide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.


endothelial cell fate determination

A process involved in cell fate commitment of an endothelial cell. Once determination has taken place, a cell becomes committed to differentiate down a particular pathway regardless of its environment.


endocardium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.


meiotic anaphase II

The cell cycle phase during which chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle the as part of meiosis II.


cellular extravasation

The migration of a leukocyte from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.


cocaine binding

Binding to cocaine (2-beta-carbomethoxy-3-beta-benzoxytropane), an alkaloid obtained from dried leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca or by chemical synthesis.


cholecystokinin receptor activity

Combining with cholecystokinin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein to initiate a change in cell activity. Cholecystokinin can act as a neuropeptide or as a gastrointestinal hormone.


trans-synaptic signaling by endocannabinoid, modulating synaptic transmission

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the release and reception of endocannabinoid ligands, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.


establishment of endothelial blood-brain barrier

Establishment of the endothelial barrier between the blood and the brain. The endothelial cells in the brain capillaries are packed tightly together preventing the passage of most molecules from the blood into the brain. Only lipid soluble molecules or those that are actively transported can pass through the blood-brain barrier.


negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.


prephenate dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + prephenate = (4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate + CO2 + NADPH.


head involution

Movement of the anterior ectoderm to the interior of the embryo.


mandelate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mandelate, the anion of mandelic acid. Mandelic acid (alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid) is an 8-carbon alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) that is used in organic chemistry and as a urinary antiseptic.


regulation of oospore formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oospore formation, a process in which male and female gametangia develop and fuse to form a thick-walled resting spore of oomycetes.


sequestering of manganese ion

The process of binding or confining manganese ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.


positive regulation of intracellular lipid transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.


parkin-mediated stimulation of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization

A positive regulation of the macromitophagy pathway that is triggered by mitochondrial depolarization and requires the function of a parkin-family molecule.


spermidine deacetylation

The modification of acetylspermadine by the removal of acetyl groups.


centromere complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and centromeric DNA molecules to form a centromeric protein-DNA complex. Includes the formation of the chromatin structures which form a platform for the kinetochore, and assembly of the kinetochore onto this specialized chromatin. In fission yeast and higher eukaryotes this process also includes the formation of heterochromatin at the outer repeat (pericentric) regions of the centromere.


single-species surface biofilm formation

A process in which microorganisms produce an extracellular matrix and form multicellular aggregates at an air-liquid interface.


butanediol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of butanediol; the biologically relevant isomer is 2,3-butanediol, CH3CH(OH)CH(OH)CH3.


positive regulation of activation of membrane attack complex

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade.


regulation of alcohol biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alcohol biosynthetic process.


cellular response to absence of light

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an absence of light stimuli.


neuronal signal transduction

The process in which an activated neuronal cell receptor conveys information down a signaling pathway, resulting in a change in the function or state of a cell. This process may be intracellular or intercellular.


G/U mismatch-specific uracil-DNA glycosylase activity

Hydrolyzes mismatched double-stranded DNA and polynucleotides, releasing free uracil and leaving an apyrimidinic (AP) site.


N-acetylmannosamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylmannosamine, the acetylated derivative of mannosamine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose.


D-myo-inositol (1,3,4,6)-tetrakisphosphate 2-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate(8-) + ATP = H+ + 1L-myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,6-pentakisphosphate(10-) + ADP.


oligoxyloglucan reducing-end-specific cellobiohydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of cellobiose from the reducing end of xyloglucans consisting of a beta-(1->4) linked glucan carrying alpha-D-xylosyl groups on O-6 of the glucose residues. To be a substrate, the first residue must be unsubstituted, the second residue may bear a xylosyl group, whether further glycosylated or not, and the third residue, which becomes the new terminus by the action of the enzyme, is preferably xylosylated, but this xylose residue must not be further substituted.


tagatose kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-tagatose + ATP = D-tagatose 6-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.


trachea morphogenesis

The process in which a trachea is generated and organized. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.


3',2'-cyclic GMP-AMP binding

Binding to 3',2' cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) nucleotide, a cyclic purine dinucleotide that consists of AMP and GMP units cyclized via 3',5' and 2',5' linkages.


negative regulation of cystathionine beta-synthase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cystathionine beta-synthase activity.


negative regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth.


metanephros development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.