modulation by virus of host gene expression

The process in which a virus effects a change in gene expression in its host organism. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.


biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + dolichyl phosphate = UDP + dolichyl N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl phosphate.


sorbose transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of sorbose from one side of a membrane to the other. Sorbose is the ketohexose xylo-2-hexulose; L-sorbose is formed by bacterial oxidation of sorbitol. Sorbose is produced commercially by fermentation and is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of ascorbic acid.


methylglyoxal biosynthetic process

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, the aldehyde of pyruvic acid.


intron homing

Lateral transfer of an intron to a homologous allele that lacks the intron, mediated by a site-specific endonuclease encoded within the mobile intron.


dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve to attain its fully functional state.


glutathione deglycation

The removal of a sugar or dicarbonyl from glycated glutathione. Glutathione is the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine.


T-helper 2 cell lineage commitment

The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 2 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote immunological processes often associated with resistance to extracellular organisms such as helminths, enhanced production of particular antibody isotypes, and pathological conditions such as allergy.


positive regulation of outer hair cell apoptotic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of outer hair cell apoptotic process.


plant-type cell wall cellulose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cellulose, a linear beta1-4 glucan of molecular mass 50-400 kDa with the pyranose units in the -4C1 conformation, as part of the organization and biogenesis of the cell wall.


negative regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin.


regulation of copper ion transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of copper ion transmembrane transport.


negative regulation of phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.


positive regulation of nuclear migration during mitotic telophase

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration during mitotic telophase.


mannitol 2-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-mannitol + NADP+ = D-fructose + H+ + NADPH.


adenyl nucleotide binding

Binding to an adenyl nucleotide, an adenosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate.


positive regulation of amine metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines.


iron ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of iron (Fe) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


regulation of Notch signaling pathway involved in somitogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Notch signaling pathway involved in somitogenesis.


callose localization

Any process in which callose is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. Callose is a linear 1,3-beta-d-glucan formed from UDP-glucose and is found in certain plant cell walls.


trans-synaptic signaling by soluble gas, modulating synaptic transmission

Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the release and reception of gaseous molecules, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.


pons maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the pons to attain its fully functional state. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.


positive regulation of juvenile hormone secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of juvenile hormone.


mammary gland branching involved in thelarche

The process in which the branching structure of the mammary gland duct is generated and organized during the period of sexual maturity in mammals. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.


hatching

The emergence of an immature organism from a protective structure.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-nucleosyl)tetraphosphate into two nucleotides.


N-terminal peptidyl-alanine methylation

The methylation of the N-terminal alanine of proteins.


ceramide glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + N-acylsphingosine = UDP + D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine.


proximal convoluted tubule segment 2 development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the S2 portion of the proximal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The S2 portion of the tubule is involved in reabsorption of water and sodium chloride.


induction by symbiont of host programmed cell death

Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


reduced coenzyme F420 dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: methanophenazine + reduced coenzyme F420 = dihydromethanophenazine + coenzyme F420.


mercury ion binding

Binding to a mercury ion (Hg).


negative regulation of endothelial cell migration

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.


regulation of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway.


detection of carbon dioxide by vasomotor center

The process by a carbon dioxide stimulus is received and converted to a molecular signal by the vasomotor center of the central nervous system.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + trichlorophenol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + trichloroanisole.


2-iminopropanoate deaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-iminopropanoate + H2O = NH4(+) + pyruvate.


Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylglycerol + phosphatidylethanolamine = cardiolipin + ethanolamine.


synaptic transmission, glycinergic

The vesicular release of glycine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of glycine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


cell wall glycoprotein biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall glycoproteins, any cell wall protein that contains covalently bound sugar residues.


carbamate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + NH3 + CO2 = ADP + carbamoyl phosphate.


D-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinitol + NAD+ = D-xylulose + NADH.


regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.


oxidized base lesion DNA N-glycosylase activity

Catalysis of the removal of oxidized bases by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site.


negative regulation of thrombin-activated receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thrombin-activated receptor protein signaling pathway activity. A thrombin receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a thrombin-activated receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


response to risperidone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a risperidone stimulus.


priming of cellular response to stress

The process that enables cells to respond in a more rapid and robust manner than nonprimed cells to much lower levels of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.


negative regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.


descending aorta morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the descending aorta are generated and organized. The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.


response to hepatocyte growth factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.


regulation of thermomorphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of thermomorphogenesis.


deoxyadenosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxyadenosine, 2-deoxyribosyladenine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.


negative regulation of acute inflammatory response to non-antigenic stimulus

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to a non-antigenic stimulus.


ephrin receptor activity

Combining with an ephrin receptor ligand to initiate a change in cell activity.


thymine binding

Binding to thymine.


His-Purkinje system cell fate commitment

The commitment of cells to His-Purkinje cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into His-Purkinje cells. These cells form the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles.


positive regulation of ribonucleoprotein complex localization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ribonucleoprotein complex localization.


sulfite reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: hydrogen sulfide + acceptor + 3 H2O = sulfite + reduced acceptor.


galactoglucomannan catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a galactoglucomannan.


asparaginyl-tRNA aminoacylation

The process of coupling asparagine to asparaginyl-tRNA, catalyzed by asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase. The asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of an asparagine-accetping tRNA.


suppression of host T-cell mediated immune response

Any process in which a symbiont stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the T-cell mediated immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


thrombospondin receptor activity

Combining with thrombospondin and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2 + 2-(2,3-dihydropentaprenyloxy)phenazine = 2-dihydropentaprenyloxyphenazine.


progression of morphogenetic furrow involved in compound eye morphogenesis

The morphogenetic furrow is a dorsoventral indentation which sweeps anteriorly across the eye disc. Ommatidia begin to form along the furrow, resulting in a graded series of ommatidial development across the anterior/posterior axis of the disc.


aspartate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.


reorganization of host cellular membranes to establish sites of replication

A process in which a virus triggers host intracellular membranes to be reorganized, forming membranous webs, which are thought to be the site of replication or certain viruses, for example the HPV virus.


xylonate dehydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-xylonate = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabinonate + H2O.


kojic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of kojic acid.


taurine binding

Binding to taurine.


regulation of glycine secretion, neurotransmission

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycine secretion, neurotransmission.


negative regulation of vascular permeability

Any process that reduces the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.


Catalysis of the reaction ATP + molybdopterin = diphosphate + adenylyl-molybdopterin.


pancreas induction

The close range interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes the cells of the gut to change their fates and specify the development of the pancreas.


telomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Catalyzes extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time using an internal RNA template that encodes the telomeric repeat sequence.


oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler activity

Enables the transfer of protons from mitochondrial intermembrane space into mitochondrial matrix, dissipating the proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane established by the electron transport chain during the oxidative phosphorylation (proton leak). Proton leak uncouples the processes of electron transport/proton generation and ATP synthesis.


negative regulation of Roundabout signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Roundabout signaling pathway.


alginic acid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alginic acid, a hydrophilic polysaccharide occurring in, for example, the cell walls of brown algae (brown seaweeds).


diorcinol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diorcinol.


regulation of proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, iron-sulfur protein as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an iron-sulfur protein.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (S)-7,8,13,14-tetrahydroprotoberberine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + cis-N-methyl-(S)-7,8,13,14-tetrahydroprotoberberine.


cellular response to alkane

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkane stimulus.


erythrocyte enucleation

The process in which nucleated precursor cells lose their nucleus during erythrocyte maturation.


NADHX epimerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-NADHX = (S)-NADHX.


dolichyl diphosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dolichyl diphosphate, a diphosphorylated dolichol derivative. In eukaryotes, these function as carriers of mono- and oligosaccharide residues in the glycosylation of lipids and proteins within intracellular membranes.


uredospore formation

The process which specific outcome is the formation of an asexual, dikaryotic, often rusty-colored spore, produced in a structure called a uredinium; mostly found in the rust fungus.


lipid X metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipid X, 2,3-diacylglucosamine 1-phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: D-erythrose 4-phosphate + H2O + NAD+ = 4-phospho-D-erythronate + 2 H+ + NADH.


ABC-type phosphonate transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + phosphonate(out) = ADP + phosphate + phosphonate(in). A phosphonate is any salt, anion, or ester of phosphonic acid (HPO(OH)2).


positive regulation of icosanoid secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of an icosanoid from a cell.


SUMO-ubiquitin ligase activity

Isoenergetic transfer of SUMO from one protein to an existing ubiquitin chain via the reaction X-ubiquitin + Y-ubiquitin = Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin + X, where both the X-ubiquitin and Y-ubiquitin-ubiquitin linkages are thioester bonds between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and a sulfhydryl side group of a cysteine residue.


positive regulation of cellular response to drug

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to drug.


isovaleryl-CoA(4-) metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving isovaleryl-CoA(4-).


negative regulation of acetylcholine metabolic process

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.


acetoacetic acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetoacetic acid, a beta-keto acid of the keto acid group, empirical formula is C4H6O3 or CH3COCH2COOH.


hepatic stellate cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of hepatic stellate cells, resulting in the expansion of a hepatic stellate cell population. Hepatic stellate cells are found in the perisinusoidal space of the liver, and are capable of multiple roles including storage of retinol, presentation of antigen to T cells (including CD1d-restricted NKT cells), and upon activation, production of extracellular matrix components. This cell type comprises approximately 8-15% of total cells in the liver.


Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoate + CoA-SH + ATP = H2O + ADP/AMP + mono/diphosphate + (3R)-3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoyl-CoA.


branchiomotor neuron axon guidance in neural tube

The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone in the neural tube is directed to a specific target site in the neural tube. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.


arbuscular mycorrhizal association

A form of mutualism between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant, where hyphae of the fungus penetrate the plant cell wall and invaginate its cell membrane. Once inside, the fungus forms highly branched structures for nutrient exchange with the plant called arbuscules. Aids in the acquisition by the plant of nutrients such as phosphorus from the soil.


brassinosteroid homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of brassinosteroids within an organism or cell.


lung neuroendocrine cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroendocrine cell of the lung epithelium.


response to raffinose

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a raffinose stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1,5-bisdiphospho-1D-myo-inositol 2,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate + H2O = 1-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol 2,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + phosphate + H+.


negative regulation of cell wall integrity MAPK cascade

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAPK cascade involved in cell wall organization or biogenesis.


Catalysis of the reaction: DNA (containing 6-O-methylguanine) + (protein)-L-cysteine = DNA (without 6-O-methylguanine) + protein S-methyl-L-cysteine.


phosphate ion binding

Binding to a phosphate ion.


interleukin-6 production

The appearance of interleukin-6 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


positive regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential.


positive regulation of neuron differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.


negative regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation.


eosinophil homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of eosinophils such that the total number of eosinophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


negative regulation of serine C-palmitoyltransferase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serine C-palmitoyltransferase activity.


mesonephric glomerular mesangial cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development

The multiplication or reproduction of glomerular mesangial cells in the mesonephros, resulting in the expansion of the population.


dorsal/ventral axon guidance

The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site along the dorsal-ventral body axis in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.


structural constituent of bone

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of bone.


voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in Purkinje myocyte cell action potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel across the plasma membrane of an Purkinje myocyte cell that contributes to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


2-oxobutyrate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxobutanoate + CoA + oxidized ferredoxin = propanoyl-CoA + CO2 + reduced ferredoxin.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxypimelyl-CoA + NAD+ = 3-oxopimelyl-CoA + H+ + NADH.


negative regulation of leukocyte migration

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.


cellular response to interleukin-3

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-3 stimulus.


embryonic caudal fin morphogenesis

The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the caudal fin are generated and organized. The caudal fin is an unpaired medial fin mounted at the caudal end of the fish and is the main fin used for propulsion.


proline catabolic process to glutamate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline into other compounds, including glutamate.


disruption by symbiont of host cell wall

A process carried out by a symbiont that breaks down the cell wall of its host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


histone H2AK127 ubiquitin ligase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a ubiquitin molecule to histone 2A at the lysine-127 residue.


3-ketoglucose-reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + 3-dehydro-alpha-D-glucose = NADPH + alpha-D-glucose.


lysine-pyruvate 6-transaminase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysine + pyruvate = L-alanine + L-allysine.


cellular response to biphenyl

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biphenyl stimulus.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin <=> S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + 7-hydroxy-8-methoxycoumarin + H+.


negative regulation of lipid biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.


zeaxanthin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of zeaxanthin.


proepicardium development

The progression of the proepicardium from its formation to the mature structure. The proepicardium is an outpouching of the septum transversum.


carbohydrate-exporting ABC transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + carbohydrate(in) -> ADP + phosphate + carbohydrate(out).


facial suture morphogenesis

The process in which any suture between facial bones is generated and organized.


regulation of Schwann cell migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Schwann cell migration.


Catalysis of the reaction: <stereo>cis,trans</stereo>-4-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde + H2O + NAD+ = 2 H+ + maleylacetate + NADH.


tolerance induction

A process that directly activates any of the steps required for tolerance, a physiologic state in which the immune system does not react destructively against the components of an organism that harbors it or against antigens that are introduced to it.


response to high fluence blue light stimulus by blue high-fluence system

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the detection of a high fluence blue light stimulus by the blue high-fluence system. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm. The blue high-fluence system responds to blue light at levels between 100 and 1000 micromols/m2.


ascending thin limb development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an ascending thin limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ascending thin limb is a segment of a nephron tubule lying in the inner medulla that is permeable to ions but not to water and has a simple epithelium; active transepithelial solute transport is absent.


interleukin-24 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-24 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


positive regulation of heat dissipation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of heat dissipation.


positive regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway.


cellular response to glycoprotein

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glycoprotein stimulus.


positive regulation of membrane depolarization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane depolarization.


Catalysis of the reaction: triferuloyl spermidine + NADPH + O2 = diferuloyl mono-(hydroxyferuloyl) spermidine + NADP+ + H2O.


acetaldehyde metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetaldehyde, a colorless, flammable liquid intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol.


Catalysis of the reaction: an anthocyanin + UDP-D-glucose = an anthocyanin-5-O-glucoside + UDP.


motor neuron precursor migration involved in dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve formation

The orderly movement of a motor neuron precursor cell that contributes to formation of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve.


polyamine acetylation

The modification of polyamines by addition of acetyl groups.


response to trehalose-6-phosphate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a trehalose-6-phosphate stimulus.


positive regulation of gastrin-induced gastric acid secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastrin-induced gastric acid secretion.


regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cytokine mediated signaling pathway.


peptidyl-aspartic acid 3-dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-aspartate + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = protein 3-hydroxy-L-aspartate + succinate + CO2.


L-xylitol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-xylitol, a five-carbon sugar alcohol derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group.


Catalysis of the reaction: di-trans-poly-cis-decaprenyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = diphosphate + di-trans-poly-cis-undecaprenyl diphosphate.


response to dimethyl sulfoxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dimethyl sulfoxide stimulus.


GPI anchor binding

Binding to a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. GPI anchors serve to attach membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-leucine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-glutamate.


memory

The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task).


DNA methylation on cytosine within a CNG sequence

The covalent transfer of a methyl group, to C-5 or N-4, of a cytosine located within a CNG sequence in a DNA molecule. N stands for any nucleotide.


termination of RNA polymerase I transcription

A transcription termination process that completes the production of a ribosomal RNA transcript. RNAP I termination requires binding of a terminator protein to specific sequences downstream of the transcription unit.


vocalization behavior

The behavior in which an organism produces sounds by a mechanism involving its respiratory system.


C-5 methylation of cytosine

The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 of cytosine in a DNA molecule.


cellular component maintenance

The organization process that preserves a cellular component in a stable functional or structural state.


intestinal epithelial structure maintenance

A tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of the structure of the intestinal epithelium.


regulation of Notch signaling pathway involved in heart induction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell that contributes to heart induction.


regulation of sporangium development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sporangium development, a process that leads to the formation of sporangium, a single-celled or many-celled structure in which spores are produced, as in fungi, algae, mosses, and ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms.


NMDA glutamate receptor activity

An cation channel that opens in response to binding by extracellular glutmate, but only if glycine is also bound and the membrane is depolarized. Voltage gating is indirect, due to ejection of bound magnesium from the pore at permissive voltages.


response to actinomycin D

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an actinomycin D stimulus.


cellular response to cholesterol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cholesterol stimulus.


cell wall macromolecule biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule destined to form part of a cell wall.


organic hydroxy compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic hydroxy compound.


cerebellar granular layer formation

The process that gives rise to the cerebellar granule layer. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.


voltage-gated proton channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a proton by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


negative regulation of voltage-gated chloride channel activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated chloride channel activity.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + N-formylmethanofuran + H+ = N(5)-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + methanofuran.


rhamnogalacturonan II backbone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the backbone structure of pectic rhamnogalacturonan II. The back bone contains at least 8 1,4-linked alpha-D-GalpA residues.


interleukin-8 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-8 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


endoplasmic reticulum cisternal network organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternal network. The ER cisternal network is the ER part that comprises the membranes with low curvature in cross-section.


promoter-specific chromatin binding

Binding to a section of chromatin that is associated with gene promoter sequences of DNA.


negative regulation of heart growth

Any process that decreases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.


BRE binding

Binding to a BRE RNA element (Bruno response element).


Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: allantoin(out) + H+(out) = allantoin(in) + H+(in) by secondary active transport.


amylin receptor 2 signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular amylin, or another ligand, combining with an amylin receptor 2 (AMY2), a G protein-coupled receptor complex, on the surface of the target cell. The AMY2 signaling pathway can also be initiated by adrenomedullin (AM/ADM).


RNA polymerase II sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factor recruiting activity

The function of binding to a specific DNA sequence and recruiting another transcription factor to the DNA in order to modulate transcription. The recruited factor may bind DNA directly, or may be colocalized via protein-protein interactions.


low-affinity IgG receptor activity

Combining with low affinity with an immunoglobulin of an IgG isotype via the Fc region, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


galactarate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of galactaric acid anion (galactarate) from one side of a membrane to the other.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxybenzothiazole + 1/2 O2 = 2,6-dihydroxybenzothiazole.


type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity

Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates and 3' hydroxyls. Cleavage is dependent on the presence in the DNA of a specific recognition site; cleavage occurs at or very near this recognition site.


post-translational protein targeting to membrane, docking

The process in which the signal sequence of a translated protein binds to and forms a complex with the Sec complex.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose = 1,5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-glycero-hex-3-en-2-ulose + H2O.


myosin filament disassembly

The disassembly of a filament composed of myosin molecules.


chromatin looping

A chromatin organization process that starts with the loading of an extrusion motor (by an SMC family complex) onto the chromatin, followed by chromatin extrusion that stops at loop anchoring sites on the chromosome.


protein transporter activity

Directly binding to a specific protein and delivering it to a specific cellular location.


hypophosphite dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: hypophosphite + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = succinate + phosphite + CO2.


cyanidin 7-O-(6-O-(4-O-(glucosyl)-oxybenzoyl)-glucoside) acyltransferase (acyl-glucose dependent) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cyanidin 3-O-glucoside-7-O-(6-O-(4-O-(glucosyl)-oxybenzoyl)-glucoside) + 1-O-4-hydroxybenzoyl-beta-D-glucose <=> cyanidin 3-O-glucoside-7-O-(6-O-(4-O-(6-O-(p-hydroxybenzoyl)-glucosyl)-oxybenzoyl)-glucoside) + beta-D-glucose.


regulation of monocyte differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.


posterior Malpighian tubule development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the posterior Malpighian tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pair of posterior tubules arise from a ventrolateral region of the embryonic hindgut and project backwards through the body cavity. A Malpighian tubule is a fine, thin-walled excretory tubule in insects which connects with the posterior part of the gut.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2,6-dihydroxypseudooxynicotine + H2O = 2,6-dihydroxypyridine + 4-methylaminobutyrate.


cell fate commitment involved in formation of primary germ layer

The commitment of cells to specific cell fates of the endoderm, ectoderm, or mesoderm as a part of gastrulation.


mesonephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis

The process in which the mesonephric comma-shaped body is generated and organized. The mesonephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the mesonephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the mesonephros.


actin filament network formation

The assembly of a network of actin filaments; actin filaments on different axes and with differing orientations are crosslinked together to form a mesh of filaments.


4-hydroxybenzoate 3-monooxygenase [NADPH] activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybenzoate + H+ + NADPH + O2 = 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + H2O + NADP+.


B-1 B cell differentiation

The process in which a hemopoietic stem cell acquires the specialized features of a B-1 B cell. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.


vitamin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamins. Vitamin is a general term for a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. Vitamins may be water-soluble or fat-soluble and usually serve as components of coenzyme systems.


Catalysis of the reaction: 9-phenanthrol + UDP-glucuronate = 9-phenanthryl-beta-D-glucuronide + UDP.


peroxynitrite isomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: peroxynitrite = nitrate.


nitroethane oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: nitroethane + H2O + O2 = acetaldehyde + nitrite + H2O2.


Catalysis of the reaction: pryrole-2-carboxylate + H+ = pyrrole + CO2.


meiotic G2 phase

The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of DNA segregation by meiosis.


protein-RNA complex disassembly

The disaggregation of a protein-RNA complex into its constituent components.


Catalysis of the reaction: 6-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = H2O + 5,6-dihydroxy-3-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoline.


cell wall assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cell wall. A cell wall is a rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal, and most prokaryotic cells.


asymmetric protein localization to new mitotic spindle pole body

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained to the new mitotic spindle pole body resulting in its being distributed asymmetrically.


mast cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors.


pyridoxine binding

Binding to pyridoxine, 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol, a form of vitamin B6.


positive regulation of hypersensitivity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.


Catalysis of the reaction: kaempferol 3-O-glucoside + UDP-alpha-D-glucose <=> kaempferol-3-gentiobioside + UDP.


suppression of host defenses by symbiont

Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of host defense(s) by active mechanisms that normally result in the shutting down of a host pathway. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


beta-glucoside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-glucoside.


endoplasmic reticulum-endosome tether activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together an endosome and an ER membrane either via membrane lipid binding or by interacting with an endosome protein, to establish and facilitate organelle exchange.


positive regulation of establishment of endothelial barrier

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of endothelial barrier.


negative regulation of central tolerance induction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of central tolerance induction.


negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.


vanillin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving vanillin, an aromatic hydrocarbon which occurs naturally in black vanilla bean pods and can be obtained as a by-product of the pulp and paper industry by the oxidative breakdown of lignin.


Catalysis of the reaction: vinylacetyl-CoA = (2E)-butenoyl-CoA.


regulation of bicoid mRNA localization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which bicoid mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


negative regulation of cumulus cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ovarian cumulus cell differentiation.


peptide-methionine (S)-S-oxide reductase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: peptide-L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = peptide-L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + thioredoxin, and L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + thioredoxin. Can act on oxidized methionine in peptide linkage with specificity for the S enantiomer. Thioredoxin disulfide is the oxidized form of thioredoxin.


calcium-dependent carbohydrate binding

Binding to a carbohydrate in the presence of calcium.


cellular response to acetaldehyde

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acetaldehyde stimulus.


sideretin biosynthesis

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sideretin.


peptidoglycan-based cell wall organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the peptidoglycan-based cell wall.


isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate by the mevalonate-independent pathway. Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) is the fundamental unit in isoprenoid biosynthesis and is biosynthesized from pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate via intermediates, including 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinamide nucleotide = diphosphate + NAD+.


Catalysis of the reaction: biphenyl-2-ol + H+ + NADH + O2 = biphenyl-2,3-diol + H2O + NAD+.


Catalysis of the reaction: diphosphate + nicotinate D-ribonucleotide = 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate + H+ + nicotinate.


forebrain regionalization

The regionalization process resulting in the creation of areas within the forebrain that will direct the behavior of cell migration in differentiation as the forebrain develops.


positive regulation of ecdysone receptor-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of any ecdysone receptor-mediated signaling pathway.


histone pre-mRNA DCP binding

Binding to the downstream cleavage product (DCP) generated by histone pre-mRNA 3'-end processing.


CCL2-activated CCR2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the C-C chemokine CCL2 to a C-C chemokine type 2 receptor (CCR2) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


Golgi lumen acidification

Any process that reduces the pH of the Golgi lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.


melanization of appressorium wall

The process in which melanin is produced in the appressorium of the symbiont. Melanization of the appressorium increases turgor pressure in the appressorium.


The glucuronylation of the N-terminal glycine of proteins to form the derivative D-glucuronyl-N-glycine.


gerfelin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gerfelin.


cupric reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: Cu+ + NAD+ + H+ = Cu2+ + NADH.


alcohol-forming very long-chain fatty acyl-CoA reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a very long chain fatty acyl-CoA + NADPH + H+ = a very long chain primary alcohol + NADP+ + CoA. A very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) is a fatty acid with an aliphatic tail of 22 or more carbons.


protein polyamination

The modification of a protein amino acid by polyamination.


enniatin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of enniatins, any of various cyclodepsipeptide antibiotics from Fusarium species that function as ionophores.


response to immobilization stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of being rendered immobile.


response to dexamethasone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dexamethasone stimulus.


tricetin O-methytransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: tricetin + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + 3'-O-methyltricetin + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


telomeric D-loop disassembly

A telomere loop disassembly process that results in the disassembly of telomeric D-loops. A telomeric D-loop is a three-stranded DNA displacement loop that forms at the site where the telomeric 3' single-stranded DNA overhang (formed of the repeat sequence TTAGGG in mammals) is tucked back inside the double-stranded component of telomeric DNA molecule, thus forming a t-loop or telomeric-loop and protecting the chromosome terminus.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + dolichyl phosphate = UMP + N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-diphosphodolichol.


peptidyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: peptidyl-tRNA(1) + aminoacyl-tRNA(2) = tRNA(1) + peptidylaminoacyl-tRNA(2). This reaction is catalyzed by a ribozyme.


pyrimidine ribonucleoside biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which a pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.


ligand-gated ion channel signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a ligand-gated ion channel on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a ligand-gated ion channel and ends with a molecular function that directly regulates a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


phenylacetate-CoA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + CoA + phenylacetate = AMP + diphosphate + H+ + phenylacetyl-CoA.


protein K29-linked deubiquitination

A protein deubiquitination process in which a K29-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 29 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.


positive regulation of cell migration in another organism

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration in a second organism.


Catalysis of the reaction: a (3R)-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] = a (2E)-enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] + H2O.


olfactory sociosexual communication

The use of external chemical cues called pheromones to send social and sexual information between members of the same species, leading to specific behavioral responses. Pheromones may be detected by two olfactory sensory circuits, the main olfactory pathway and the vomeronasal system.


guanyl deoxyribonucleotide binding

Binding to a guanyl deoxyribonucleotide, any compound consisting of guanosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety.


pheromone metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving pheromones, a substance that is secreted and released by an organism and detected by a second organism of the same or a closely related species, in which it causes a specific reaction, such as a definite behavioral reaction or a developmental process.


negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.


endocardial cushion cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an endocardial cushion cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.


uridylyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of an uridylyl group to an acceptor.


positive regulation of inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). IPSP is a temporary decrease in postsynaptic membrane potential due to the flow of negatively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an IPSP is an inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) and makes it more difficult for the neuron to fire an action potential.


glucuronoxylan catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a glucuronoxylan.


catechol oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 L-dopa + O2 = 2 H2O + 2 L-dopaquinone. This reaction catalyzes exclusively the oxidation of catechols (i.e., o-diphenols) to the corresponding o-quinones.


(R)-2-haloacid dehalogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-2-haloacid + H2O = (S)-2-hydroxyacid + halide.


lysine decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysine + H+ = cadaverine + CO2.


glucose 1-dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose + NAD+ = D-glucono-1,5-lactone + NADH.


regulation of collagen catabolic process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of collagen catabolism. Collagen catabolism is the proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix.


meiotic metaphase II

The cell cycle phase, following prophase II, during which chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell as part of meiosis II.


cementum mineralization

The process in which calcium salts, mainly carbonated hydroxyapatite, are deposited into the initial acellular cementum.


response to follicle-stimulating hormone

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus.


protein maturation by [2Fe-2S] cluster transfer

The transfer of an assembled [2Fe-2S] cluster from a scaffold protein to an acceptor protein that contributes to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.


phloretin hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + phloretin = H+ + phloretate + phloroglucinol.


protein deacylation

The removal of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, from a protein amino acid.


L-arabinose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-arabinose, the D-enantiomer of arabino-pentose. L-arabinose occurs free, e.g. in the heartwood of many conifers, and in the combined state, in both furanose and pyranose forms, as a constituent of various plant hemicelluloses, bacterial polysaccharides etc.


regulation of DNA damage checkpoint

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a DNA damage checkpoint.


regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving dehydro-D-arabinono-1,4-lactone, the gamma-lactone (5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2(5H)-one.


negative regulation of convergent extension involved in axis elongation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of convergent extension involved in axis elongation.


alpha-1,4-glucosidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing alpha-(1->4)-linked alpha-D-glucose residues with release of alpha-D-glucose.


monocyte migration into blood stream

The movement of a monocyte from the bone marrow to the blood stream.


cell differentiation involved in metanephros development

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the metanephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.


inorganic triphosphate phosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + inorganic triphosphate = diphosphate + phosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methylpropanal oxime + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-methylpropanal O-methyloxime + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxyvalerate + NAD+ = 5-oxovalerate + NADH.


Catalysis of the transfer of an L-fucosyl group from GDP-beta-L-fucose to a galactoside acceptor molecule, usually an N-glycan, to form an alpha(1,6)-fucosylated galactoside.


negative regulation of ferroptosis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ferroptosis.


mesonephric duct formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a mesonephric duct. A mesonephric duct is a tube that drains the mesonephros.


dTDP-galactose 6-dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-D-galactose + 2 NADP+ + H2O = dTDP-D-galacturonate + 2 NADPH + 2 H+.


mitotic G2 phase

The cell cycle 'gap' phase which is the interval between the completion of DNA synthesis and the beginning of DNA segregation by mitosis.


appressorium maturation

The process in which specialized features of the symbiont appressorium are acquired post initiation, to aid in infection of the host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-4-amino-4-deoxy-beta-L-arabinopyranose + 2-oxoglutarate = UDP-beta-L-threo-pentapyranos-4-ulose + L-glutamate.


glutamin-(asparagin-)ase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + L-glutamine = NH3 + L-glutamate; and H2O + L-asparagine = NH3 + L-aspartate.


biotin carboxyl carrier protein biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the biotin carboxyl carrier protein, a subunit of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase.


Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein S-phosphocysteine + sugar(out) = protein cysteine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


positive regulation of natural killer cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation.


N-terminal protein palmitoylation

The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein.


S-adenosylmethionine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.


negative regulation of leucine import in response to ammonium ion

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of leucine import as a result of an ammonium ion stimulus. Leucine import is the directed movement of leucine into a cell or organelle.


regulation of leukotriene production involved in inflammatory response

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the synthesis or release of any leukotriene following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response.


cytoplasmic alanyl-tRNA aminoacylation

The process of coupling alanine to alanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by alanyl-tRNA synthetase involved in cytoplasmic translation.


pinocembrin 2-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: pinocembrin + NADPH + O2 + H+ <=> 2,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone + NADP + H2O.


response to auditory stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an auditory stimulus.


retina vasculature morphogenesis in camera-type eye

The process in which the vasculature of the retina is generated and organized.


regulation of RNA import into nucleus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of movement of RNA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.


enterobactin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway.


protein-DNA covalent cross-linking repair

The removal of covalent cross-link between DNA and a protein.


(S)-mandelate dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate + acceptor = 2-oxo-2-phenylacetate + reduced acceptor.


regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by neurotransmitter

The regulation of blood pressure mediated by a neurotransmitter. A neurotransmitter is any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.


bacteriocin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a bacteriocin from one side of a membrane to the other.


canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of apoptotic process

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in the positive regulation of apoptotic process.


detection of carbohydrate stimulus

The series of events in which a carbohydrate stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


excinuclease ABC activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid at sites flanking regions of damaged DNA to which the Uvr ABC excinuclease complexes bind.


convergent extension involved in gastrulation

The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis usually resulting in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.


deoxyguanosine salvage

Any process that generates deoxyguanosine from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


L-amino-acid alpha-ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + an L-amino acid + an L-amino acid = ADP + phosphate + L-aminoacyl-L-amino acid.


monosaccharide transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a monosaccharide from one side of a membrane to the other.


1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybutanoate + NAD+ = H+ + NADH + succinate semialdehyde.


histamine oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histamine + H2O + O2 = imidazole-4-acetaldehyde + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide + H+.


cellular response to hypoxia

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.


female pronucleus assembly

Assembly of the haploid nucleus of the unfertilized egg.


structural constituent of pupal chitin-based cuticle

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the chitin-based cuticle of a pupa. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


positive regulation of antral ovarian follicle growth

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of antral ovarian follicle growth.


positive regulation of circulating fibrinogen levels

Any process that increases the quantity of fibrinogen circulating in the bloodstream.


plasmatocyte differentiation

The process in which a hemocyte precursor cell acquires the characteristics of the phagocytic blood-cell type, the plasmatocyte. Plasmatocytes are a class of arthropod hemocytes important in the cellular defense response.


negative regulation of receptor recycling

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of receptor recycling.


stem cell population maintenance

The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of stem cells of a single type. This can be achieved by a number of mechanisms: stem cell asymmetric division maintains stem cell numbers; stem cell symmetric division increases them; maintenance of a stem cell niche maintains the conditions for commitment to the stem cell fate for some types of stem cell; stem cells may arise de novo from other cell types.


Catalysis of the reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + H2O = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + formate + H+.


oenocyte delamination

The negative regulation of cell adhesion process in which an oenocyte splits off of an existing epithelial sheet.


regulation of transepithelial transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transepithelial transport.


phenylglyoxylate dehydrogenase (acylating) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: CoA + NAD+ + phenylglyoxylate = benzoyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH.


establishment of planar polarity involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis

Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an epithelium that contributes to the shaping of a nephron in the mesonephros.


glutamine catabolic process to fumarate, using glutaminase

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamine into fumarate, beginning with conversion of glutamine into glutamate catalyzed by the enzyme glutaminase (EC:3.5.1.2).


response to host immune response

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the immune response of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


neural plate pattern specification

The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the neural plate to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.


riboflavin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).


methionine catabolic process via 2-oxobutanoate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methionine, via the intermediate 2-oxobutanoate.


acyl-lysine deacylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N6-acyl-L-lysine = L-lysine + a carboxylate.


positive regulation of epithelial tube formation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation.


endothelial cell fate commitment

The commitment of a cell to an endothelial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an endothelial cell.


extracellularly ATP-gated monoatomic cation channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a monoatomic cation by a channel that opens when ATP is bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane.


negative regulation of anterior neural cell fate commitment of the neural plate

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate at which a cell adopts an anterior neural cell fate.


prepupal development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prepupa over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prepupal stage is a life stage interposed between the larval and the pupal stages in insects that undergo a complete metamorphosis. The start of the pre-pupal stage is marked by pupariation, and the end is marked by pupation.


anti-Mullerian hormone signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of anti-Mullerian hormone to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


leucoanthocyanidin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving leucoanthocyanidins, a class of colorless intermediates in the biosynthetic pathway of the pigmented flavonoids.


fluoride transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of fluoride from one side of a membrane to the other.


urethra epithelium development

The progression of the urethra epithelium over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. The epithelium is the tubular, planar layer of cells through which the urine passes.


dopachrome isomerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-dopachrome = 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylate.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-acyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate = N-acyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate.


RNA adenosine-uridine insertion

The modification of an RNA molecule by insertion of an adenosine-uridine dinucleotide.


corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor activity

Combining with corticotropin-releasing hormone and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.


modulation by virus of host cell division

Any process where an infecting virus modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of its host's cell into daughter cells.


Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-ol = CoA + taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate.


4-methylthiopropyl glucosinolate S-oxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-methylthiopropyl-glucosinolate = 4-methylsulfinylpropyl-glucosinolate.


detection of hypoxic conditions in blood by carotid body chemoreceptor signaling

The process in which information about a lack of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies.


ribitol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ribitol, a pentitol derived formally by reduction of the -CHO group of either D- or L-ribose.


chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the C-C chemokine CCL19 to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


negative regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of polarized epithelial cell differentiation.


regulation of pronephros size

Any process that modulates the size of a pronephric kidney.


aralkylamine dehydrogenase (azurin) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an aralkylamine + H2O + 2 oxidized [azurin] = an aromatic aldehyde + 2 H+ + NH4+ + 2 reduced [azurin].


progesterone 5beta- reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + progesterone + NADPH <=> 5beta-pregnane-3,20-dione + NADP.


positive regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate specification.


negative regulation of aconitate hydratase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aconitate hydratase activity.


purine deoxyribonucleoside binding

Binding to a purine deoxyribonucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to deoxyribose.


CDP-diacylglycerol biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CDP-diacylglycerol, CDP-1,2-diacylglycerol, a substance composed of diacylglycerol in glycosidic linkage with cytidine diphosphate.


FADH2 metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving the reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide.


orcinol O-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: orcinol + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + 3-methoxy-5-hydroxytoluene + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


Catalysis of the reaction: 3-carboxy-2,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-acetate = 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate.


Catalysis of the reaction: heparosan-N-sulfate D-glucuronate = heparosan-N-sulfate L-iduronate.


regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process.


negative regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction.


aspartic-type endopeptidase activity involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process

Any aspartic-type endopeptidase activity that is involved in amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.


ornithine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.


D-ribose 5-phosphate:D-fructose 6-phosphate transaldolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 6-phosphate + D-ribose 5-phosphate <=> D-glycero-D-altro-octulose 8-phosphate + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.


response to nitrite

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrite stimulus.


regulation of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity. Vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity catalyzes the hydroxylation of C-24 of any form of vitamin D.


ectoderm formation

The formation of ectoderm during gastrulation.


histone H4K16 propionyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H4 L-lysine (position 16) + propionyl-CoA = CoA + H+ + histone H3 N6-propionyl-L-lysyl (position 16).


emboliform nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the emboliform nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


response to lipoprotein particle

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoprotein particle stimulus.


T-helper 2 cell cytokine production

Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T-helper 2 cell.


positive regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.


bitter taste receptor activity

Combining with soluble bitter compounds to initiate a change in cell activity. These receptors are responsible for the sense of bitter taste.


dihydrobiopterin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a dihydrobiopterin, a reduced pteridine derivative related to folic acid; it acts as an electron carrier in tyrosine biosynthesis and its quinoid form is produced by oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin in several biological hydroxylation reactions.


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + lipopolysaccharide = UDP + 1,5 alpha-D-galactosyl-lipopolysaccharide.


bacterial-type flagellum-dependent swimming motility

Bacterial-type flagellum-dependent cell motility that results in the smooth movement of a cell through a liquid medium.


ionocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of an ionocyte. Ionocytes are specialized epithelial cells that contribute to osmotic homeostasis.


structural constituent of peritrophic membrane

The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the peritrophic membrane, a tubular sheath of cuticle that shields the epithelial cells of the midgut from the gut contents. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


Catalysis of the reaction: hydroxymethylsilanetriol + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = 2 H2O + formylsilanetriol.


acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activity

Selectively enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens upon binding acetylcholine.


bisphenol A catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of bisphenol A, 4,4'-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol, a synthetic, aromatic organic compound used as a monomer in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastic and in the manufacture of epoxy resins.


positive regulation of immune complex clearance by monocytes and macrophages

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process of immune complex clearance by monocytes or macrophages.


Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-[alpha-D-Man-(1->6)]-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + 2 GDP-alpha-D-mannose = an alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-[alpha-D-Man-(1->6)]-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + 2 GDP + 2 H+. This reaction is the transfer of an alpha-D-mannosyl residue from GDP-mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->2)-D-mannosyl-D-mannose linkage.


thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a thyroid hormone.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + acyl-CoA = L-phosphatidate + CoA.


positive regulation of xenobiotic detoxification by transmembrane export across the plasma membrane

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of xenobiotic transmembrane export. A xenobiotic is a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetylneuraminate + acetyl-CoA = N-acetyl-4-O-acetylneuraminate + CoA.


catechol dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: catechol + O2 = a muconate.


MHC protein complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MHC protein complex.


Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-choline + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CMP + a phosphatidylcholine.


antigen processing and presentation of exogenous antigen

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.


endonucleolytic cleaveage between LSU-rRNA and 4.5S rRNA of tetracistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, LSU-rRNA, 4.5S-rRNA, 5S-rRNA)

Endonucleolytic cleavage between the LSU-rRNA and the 4.5S rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tetracistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, Large Subunit (LSU) the 4.5S rRNA, and the 5S rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Note that the use of the word tetracistronic refers only to the number of mature rRNA molecules which will be produced from the primary transcript and ignores tRNAs that may also be present within the primary transcript.


histone reader activity

A chromatin adaptor that recognizes specific forms of histones, either modified by a post-translational modification, or the unmodified form. Histone readers have roles in many processes, including in centromere function or in modulating the accessibility of cis-regulatory regions to the transcription machinery.


protein-membrane adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a protein or a protein complex with a membrane, or bringing together two membranes, either via membrane lipid binding or by interacting with a membrane protein, to establish or maintain the localization of the protein, protein complex or organelle.


positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


positive regulation of heart rate by epinephrine-norepinephrine

The process in which the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream activates, maintains or increases the rate of heart contraction.


UDP-glucose-glycoprotein glucose phosphotransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: glycoprotein D-mannose + UDP-D-glucose = glycoprotein 6-(D-glucose-1-phospho)-D-mannose + UMP.


pyrogallol hydroxytransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene + 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene = 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene + 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene.


myoblast migration involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

The process in which a myoblast migrates along an entire fiber to the site of injury. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


peptidyl-L-2',4',5'-topaquinone biosynthetic process from peptidyl-tyrosine

The modification of protein tyrosine to L-2',4',5'-topaquinone, characteristic of the active site of copper amine oxidases.


fumarate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving fumarate, the anion of trans-1,2-ethenedicarboxylic acid, the diastereoisomer of maleate. It is a key intermediate in metabolism and is formed in the TCA cycle from succinate and converted into malate.


linuron hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: linuron + H2O <=> N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine + carbon dioxide + 3,4-dichloroaniline.


amine-lyase activity

Catalysis of the release of amines by the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond or the reverse reaction with an amine as a substrate.


phosphoribokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 5-phosphate + ATP = D-ribose 1,5-diphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.


class III/IV DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) endonuclease activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of an AP site 3' and 5' of the baseless site, generating a 3'-phosphate and a 5'-OH.


positive regulation of cell adhesion molecule production

Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of cell adhesion molecule production. Cell adhesion molecule production is the appearance of a cell adhesion molecule as a result of its biosynthesis or a decrease in its catabolism.


negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


negative regulation of execution phase of apoptosis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.


alpha-linolenic acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving alpha-linolenic acid, an unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid that has the molecular formula C18H32O2.


physiological cardiac muscle hypertrophy

The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division. This process contributes to the developmental growth of the heart.


spermine:oxygen oxidoreductase (spermidine-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + O2 + spermine = 3-aminopropanal + H2O2 + spermidine.


homogalacturonan catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of homogalacturonan, a pectidic polymer, characterized by a backbone of 1,4-linked alpha-D-GalpA residues that can be methyl-esterified at C-6 and carry acetyl groups on O-2 and O-3.


regulation protein catabolic process at postsynapse

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the postsynapse.


juxtaglomerulus cell differentiation

The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the juxtaglomerulus cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.


hepatocyte proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of hepatocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Hepatocytes form the main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.


voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium levels

Regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentrations via the action of voltage-gated calcium ion channels.


NMN nucleosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + nicotinamide mononucleotide = D-ribose 5-phosphate + H+ + nicotinamide.


hyperosmotic response

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hyperosmotic environment, i.e. an environment with a higher concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.


long-chain fatty acid transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a long-chain fatty acid from one side of a membrane to the other. A long-chain fatty acid is a fatty acid with an aliphatic tail of 13 to 21 carbons.


regulation of cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.


heart rudiment formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart rudiment.


homocarnosine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: gamma-aminobutyric acid + L-histidine + ATP = H+ + homocarnosine + ADP + hydrogenphosphate.


positive regulation of Schwann cell proliferation

Any process that increases the frequency or rate of the multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.


positive regulation of sporulation

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sporulation, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore over time, from its initiation to the mature structure.


cell migration in hindbrain

The orderly movement of a cell that will reside in the hindbrain.


endothelial to hematopoietic transition

The generation of hematopoietic stem cells from hemogenic endothelial cells by a process that includes tight-junction dissolution and loss of cell polarity followed by delamination from the endothelium.


vitamin B6 binding

Binding to a vitamin B6 compound: pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine, or the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.


uridine nucleosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + uridine = ribofuranose + uracil.


determination of stimulus location

The determination of where on the body surface, within the body or in the environment a stimulus originates.


negative regulation of hepatocyte differentiation

Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of hepatocyte differentiation.


chemoattraction of axon

The process in which a neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to an attractive chemical signal.


phenylmercury acetate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phenylmercury acetate, an organomercurial compound composed of a mercury atom attached to a benzene ring and an acetate group.


prostanoid receptor activity

Combining with a prostanoid, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure, to initiate a change in cell activity.


homomethionine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving homomethionine, a non-protein amino acid synthesized from methionine via chain elongation.


flaviolin monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: flaviolin-2-olate + NADH + H+ + O2 <=> mompain + NAD + H2O.


regulation of spindle elongation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the spindle.


paraxial mesodermal cell fate determination

The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a paraxial mesoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


lutein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lutein.


bilirubin secondary active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of bilirubin from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.


negative regulation of osmolarity-sensing cation channel activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osmolarity-sensing cation channel activity.


pyridoxal kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pyridoxal = ADP + pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.


dTTP diphosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dTTP + H2O = dTMP + H+ + diphosphate.


Catalysis of the cleavage of a beta-(1->4) bond in the backbone of a xyloglucan and transfers the xyloglucanyl segment on to O-4 of the non-reducing terminal glucose residue of an acceptor, which can be a xyloglucan or an oligosaccharide of xyloglucan.


threonine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


dAMP salvage

Any process which produces a dAMP from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


glucomannan metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucomannan, a polysaccharide composed of D-glucose and D-mannose. The mannose units form the backbone structure (a linear main chain) with the D-glucose as single side-units.


Catalysis of the reaction: cyclooctat-9-en-5,7-diol + O2 + NADPH + H+ <=> cyclooctatin + H2O + NADP.


thymine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base.


leukocyte migration involved in immune response

The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body as part of an immune response.


positive regulation of acute inflammatory response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.


suppression by symbiont of host programmed cell death

Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


phosphoglucokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + ATP = alpha-D-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.


formation of plant organ boundary

The regionalization process that specifies plant organ primordium boundaries resulting in a restriction of organogenesis to a limited spatial domain and keeping the organ separate from surrounding tissues.


ATP:coenzyme F420 adenylyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + factor gamma-F420-2 + H+ = coenzyme F390-A + diphosphate.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates), polyesters of 3-hydroxyacids produced as intracellular granules by a large variety of bacteria.


UDP-glucuronate 5'-epimerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = UDP-L-iduronate.


regulation of Wnt signaling pathway, calcium modulating pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC).


proximal tubule development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the proximal tubule is a nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle. It has a brush border epithelial morphology.


gibberellin A25,oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: gibberellin A25 + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 <=> gibberellin A13 + succinate + carbon dioxide.


viral entry into host cell

The process that occurs after viral attachment by which a virus, or viral nucleic acid, breaches the plasma membrane or cell envelope and enters the host cell. The process ends when the viral nucleic acid is released into the host cell cytoplasm.


plant organ senescence

A plant organ developmental process during which a plant dismantles cellular components to reclaim the cellular building blocks and nutrients that have been deposited in the plant organs during growth.


spermatocyte division

The meiotic divisions undergone by the primary and secondary spermatocytes to produce haploid spermatids.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose, an ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre of the heptose. ADP-L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose (also called ADP-L-beta-D-heptose or ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose) is a nucleotide-sugar precursor of the inner core lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from D-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptose 7-phosphate.


positive regulation of macrophage tolerance induction

Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell tolerance induction.


dehydroascorbic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of dehydroascorbate, 5-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)furan-2,3,4(5H)-trione, from one side of a membrane to the other.


histone H2AS121 kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H2A-serine (position 121) + ATP = histone H2A-phosphoserine (position 121) + ADP. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to the serine residue at position 121 of histone H2A.


tRNA 3'-end processing

The process in which the 3' end of a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to that of a mature tRNA.


amino acid adenylylation by nonribosomal peptide synthase

Activation of an amino acid for incorporation into a peptide by a nonribosomal process, catalyzed by subunits of nonribosomal peptide synthase. The amino acid is adenylated at its carboxylate group (ATP-dependent) then transferred to the thiol group of an enzyme-bound phosphopantetheine cofactor.


retinal rod cell development

Development of a rod cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Rod cells contain the photopigment rhodopsin or porphyropsin and are responsible for vision in dim light.


ureter epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell in the urothelium. The urothelium is the epithelial tube of the ureter.


myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity

Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a myeloid leukocyte.


regulation of trans-synaptic signaling by endocannabinoid, modulating synaptic transmission

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trans-synaptic signaling by endocannabinoid, modulating synaptic transmission.


cellular response to human chorionic gonadotropin stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a human chorionic gonadotropin stimulus.


regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by circulatory epinephrine-norepinephrine

The process in which epinephrine-norepinephrine modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.


establishment of protein localization to mitochondrial membrane involved in mitochondrial fission

The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the mitochondrial membrane that contributes to mitochondrial fission.


ecdysteroid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecdysteroids, a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids which initiate post-embryonic development.


coenzyme A-peptidyl-cysteine covalent linking

The covalent linkage of coenzyme A and peptidyl-cysteine to form L-cysteine coenzyme A disulfide.


sebaceous gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sebaceous gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


negative regulation of erythrocyte differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.