anion binding

Binding to an anion, a charged atom or group of atoms with a net negative charge.


GTP binding

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Binding to GTP, guanosine triphosphate.


ion binding

Binding to an ion, a charged atoms or groups of atoms.


defense response to bacterium

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.


response to bacterium

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium.


defense response to Gram-positive bacterium

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.


endoplasmic reticulum organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum.


protein-containing complex organization

Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein complex.


protein-containing complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex.


PROTO-ONCOGENE TYROSINE-PROTEIN KINASE RECEPTOR RET


VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 1


EPITHELIAL DISCOIDIN DOMAIN-CONTAINING RECEPTOR 1


TYROSINE-PROTEIN KINASE TRANSMEMBRANE RECEPTOR ROR2


VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 3


PROTO-ONCOGENE TYROSINE-PROTEIN KINASE ROS


RECEPTOR-TYPE TYROSINE-PROTEIN KINASE FLT3


PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR ALPHA


PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR BETA


VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2


MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR 1 RECEPTOR


MUSCLE, SKELETAL RECEPTOR TYROSINE-PROTEIN KINASE


INACTIVE TYROSINE-PROTEIN KINASE TRANSMEMBRANE RECEPTOR ROR1


MAST_STEM CELL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR KIT


HIGH AFFINITY NERVE GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR


receptor complex

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Any protein complex that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.


plasma membrane signaling receptor complex

Any protein complex that is part of the plasma membrane and which functions as a signaling receptor.


protein kinase complex

A protein complex which is capable of protein kinase activity.


plasma membrane bounded cell projection

A prolongation or process extending from a cell and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon.


transferase complex, transferring phosphorus-containing groups

A transferase complex capable of catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


axon

The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.


neuron projection

A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.


cell projection

A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.


basal plasma membrane

The region of the plasma membrane located at the basal end of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.


basal part of cell

The region of a cell situated near the base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the basal surface rests on the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue.


FGF signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


Insulin/IGF pathway-protein kinase B signaling cascade


protein tyrosine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein tyrosine = ADP + protein tyrosine phosphate.


transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity

Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.


transmembrane receptor protein kinase activity

Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.


growth factor binding

Binding to a growth factor, proteins or polypeptides that stimulate a cell or organism to grow or proliferate.


fibroblast growth factor binding

Binding to a fibroblast growth factor.


collagen binding

Binding to collagen, a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).


protein-containing complex binding

Binding to a macromolecular complex.


Wnt-protein binding

Binding to a Wnt-protein, a secreted growth factor involved in signaling.


hormone binding

Binding to an hormone, a naturally occurring substance secreted by specialized cells that affect the metabolism or behavior of cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. Hormones may be produced by the same, or different, cell as express the receptor.


growth factor receptor binding

Binding to a growth factor receptor.


regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anatomical structure morphogenesis.


positive regulation of cellular metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.


positive regulation of molecular function

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.


regulation of angiogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.


regulation of multicellular organismal development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multicellular organismal development.


positive regulation of transferase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.


positive regulation of metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.


regulation of vasculature development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.


positive regulation of biological process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.


transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of phosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.


positive regulation of catalytic activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme.


positive regulation of phosphorus metabolic process

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.


positive regulation of developmental process

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).


positive regulation of cellular process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.


enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the receptor possesses catalytic activity or is closely associated with an enzyme such as a protein kinase, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of phosphate metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.


regulation of developmental process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).


positive regulation of kinase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.


positive regulation of multicellular organismal process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, any of the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.


positive regulation of signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.


regulation of intracellular signal transduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.


regulation of signal transduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.


positive regulation of signaling

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.


leukocyte activation

A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


cell activation

A multicellular organismal process by which exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand results in a change in the morphology or behavior of a cell.


response to wounding

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism.


leukocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a leukocyte. A leukocyte is an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.


positive regulation of cell communication

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.


mononuclear cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mononuclear cell.


platelet activation

A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug.


regulation of signaling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.


wound healing

The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.


positive regulation of response to stimulus

Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.


natural killer cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


negative regulation of programmed cell death

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.


hemopoiesis

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates.


positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.


regulation of programmed cell death

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.


regulation of cell communication

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.


regulation of apoptotic process

Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process.


lymphocyte activation

A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


hemostasis

The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part.


negative regulation of apoptotic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process.


coagulation

The process in which a fluid solution, or part of it, changes into a solid or semisolid mass.


cell development

The cellular developmental process in which a specific cell progresses from an immature to a mature state. Cell development start once cell commitment has taken place.


lymphocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of a lymphocyte. A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.


blood coagulation

The sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers.


regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction.


regulation of MAPK cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade.


positive regulation of MAPK cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade.


homeostatic process

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state.


glucose homeostasis

Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within an organism or cell.


chemical homeostasis

Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a chemical.


carbohydrate homeostasis

A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a carbohydrate within an organism or cell.


anatomical structure morphogenesis

The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.


tube morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system.


vasculature development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism.


circulatory system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the circulatory system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The circulatory system is the organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis.


blood vessel morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.


tube development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tube over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts.


anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.


angiogenesis

Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.


blood vessel development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.


regulation of lipid biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.


regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.


regulation of lipid metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.


positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.


regulation of cellular response to stress

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular response to stress. Cellular response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).


regulation of JNK cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.


regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via a stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.


insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to an insulin-like growth factor receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.


regulation of cellular component organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.


regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of plasma membrane bounded cell projections.


regulation of neuron projection development

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).


regulation of cell projection organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.


positive regulation of cellular component organization

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.


positive regulation of cell population proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.


neuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron.


regulation of cell population proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.


cell population proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


regulation of cell migration

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.


epithelial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Epithelial cells make up the epithelium, the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances.


positive regulation of locomotion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.


regulation of locomotion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.


endothelial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Endothelial cells are thin flattened cells which line the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.


positive regulation of cell motility

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.


regulation of cell motility

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.


positive regulation of epithelial cell migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.


positive regulation of cell migration

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.


cell projection organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.


cell projection morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell projection are generated and organized.


plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plasma membrane bounded prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a cilium or axon.


axonogenesis

De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.


plasma membrane bounded cell projection morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection are generated and organized.


cell part morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell part are generated and organized.


cell morphogenesis

The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized.


cellular component morphogenesis

The process in which cellular structures, including whole cells or cell parts, are generated and organized.


neuron projection development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).


axon development

The progression of an axon over time. Covers axonogenesis (de novo generation of an axon) and axon regeneration (regrowth), as well as processes pertaining to the progression of the axon over time (fasciculation and defasciculation).


cell morphogenesis involved in neuron differentiation

The process in which the structures of a neuron are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a neuron.


neuron development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


neuron projection morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites.


vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


regulation of cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features.


positive regulation of cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.


liver development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes.


animal organ development

Development of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.


gland development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A gland is an organ specialised for secretion.


regulation of TOR signaling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling.


positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.


response to cytokine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.


B cell activation

The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.


cytokine-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


response to organic substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus.


cellular response to chemical stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.


cellular response to organic substance

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus.


B cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell. A B cell is a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.


cellular response to cytokine stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.


response to growth factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.


response to endogenous stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism.


cellular response to endogenous stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism.


cellular response to growth factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.


skeletal system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton).


chordate embryonic development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through a stage including a notochord and neural tube until birth or egg hatching.


embryonic organ development

Development, taking place during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.


embryo development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.


animal organ morphogenesis

Morphogenesis of an animal organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.


embryonic morphogenesis

The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants.


chemotaxis

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).


cell chemotaxis

The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).


locomotion

Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another.


taxis

The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to an external stimulus.


endothelial cell differentiation

The process in which a mesodermal, bone marrow or neural crest cell acquires specialized features of an endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell. A layer of such cells lines the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.


epithelium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.


epithelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium.


tissue development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


osteoclast differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of an osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.


myeloid cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages.


modulation of chemical synaptic transmission

Any process that modulates the frequency or amplitude of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. Amplitude, in this case, refers to the change in postsynaptic membrane potential due to a single instance of synaptic transmission.


regulation of trans-synaptic signaling

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trans-synaptic signaling.


regulation of neuron differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.


regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction

Any process that modulates the canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade.


positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a canonical  NF-kappaB signaling cascade.


regulation of protein modification process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.


positive regulation of protein modification process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.


hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation

The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells.


regulation of MAP kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.


positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


regulation of protein phosphorylation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into an amino acid in a protein.


regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor signaling via JAK-STAT.


positive regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds.


regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor signaling via STAT.


regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.


positive regulation of protein phosphorylation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein.


regulation of protein kinase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.


positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity

Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.


positive regulation of protein metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein.


positive regulation of protein kinase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.


positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway activity.


supramolecular complex

A cellular component that consists of an indeterminate number of proteins or macromolecular complexes, organized into a regular, higher-order structure such as a polymer, sheet, network or a fiber.


kinetochore

A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.


condensed chromosome, centromeric region

The region of a condensed chromosome that includes the centromere and associated proteins, including the kinetochore. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.


condensed chromosome

A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct structure.


chromosome, centromeric region

The region of a chromosome that includes the centromeric DNA and associated proteins. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.


chromosomal region

Any subdivision of a chromosome along its length.


negative regulation of sister chromatid segregation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation.


negative regulation of mitotic sister chromatid separation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid separation.


regulation of mitotic nuclear division

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.


protein localization to chromosome

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a specific location on a chromosome.


negative regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.


regulation of chromosome segregation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.


mitotic cell cycle checkpoint signaling

A signaling process that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a mitotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage.


negative regulation of chromosome organization

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization.


regulation of chromosome separation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome separation.


negative regulation of mitotic nuclear division

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mitosis. Mitosis is the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother.


negative regulation of nuclear division

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.


negative regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.


mitotic cell cycle process

A process that is part of the mitotic cell cycle.


negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle phase transition.


mitotic cell cycle

Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent.


protein localization to kinetochore

Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the kinetochore.


negative regulation of organelle organization

Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.


regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.


protein localization to organelle

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an organelle.


negative regulation of cellular component organization

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.


regulation of chromosome organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a chromosome.


regulation of mitotic sister chromatid separation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid separation. Mitotic sister chromatid separation is the process in which sister chromatids are physically detached from each other during mitosis.


regulation of nuclear division

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.


regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle phase transition.


regulation of organelle organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.


regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle.


mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling

A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that delays mitotic sister chromatid separation and consequently the mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle. Spindle assembly checkpoint signaling begins with the activated Mph family kinase, and results in the inhibition of the Anaphase Promoting Complex and its activator Sleepy/Cdc20 by the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC).


negative regulation of chromosome segregation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.


negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.


regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.


negative regulation of chromosome separation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome separation.


regulation of sister chromatid segregation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation.


regulation of mitotic cell cycle

Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle.


negative regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle.


transcription regulator complex

A protein complex that is capable of associating with DNA by direct binding, or via other DNA-binding proteins or complexes, and regulating transcription.


cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by some RNA polymerase. The proximal promoter is in cis with and relatively close to the core promoter.


transcription regulatory region nucleic acid binding

Binding to a nucleic acid region that regulates a nucleic acid-based process. Such processes include transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair.


nucleic acid binding

Binding to a nucleic acid.


DNA-binding transcription factor activity

A transcription regulator activity that modulates transcription of gene sets via selective and non-covalent binding to a specific double-stranded genomic DNA sequence (sometimes referred to as a motif) within a cis-regulatory region. Regulatory regions include promoters (proximal and distal) and enhancers. Genes are transcriptional units, and include bacterial operons.


RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls the transcription of a gene or cistron by RNA polymerase II.


double-stranded DNA binding

Binding to double-stranded DNA.


transcription factor binding

Binding to a transcription factor, a protein required to initiate or regulate transcription.


transcription cis-regulatory region binding

Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls transcription of that section of the DNA. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.


sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding

Binding to double-stranded DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA, e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding.


sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding.


DNA binding

Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).


RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II.


DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific

A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II.


DNA MISMATCH REPAIR PROTEIN  MLH, PMS, MUTL


nuclear protein-containing complex

A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together in the nucleus.


ATP-dependent activity

A molecular function characterized by the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to other steps of a reaction mechanism to make the reaction energetically favorable, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient.


ATP hydrolysis activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + H+ phosphate. ATP hydrolysis is used in some reactions as an energy source, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient.


mismatch repair

A system for the correction of errors in which an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination.


GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR IONOTROPIC, KAINATE 1


GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR IONOTROPIC, KAINATE 4


GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR IONOTROPIC, KAINATE 5


GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR IONOTROPIC, KAINATE 2


GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR IONOTROPIC, KAINATE 3


synapse

The junction between an axon of one neuron and a dendrite of another neuron, a muscle fiber or a glial cell. As the axon approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic terminal bouton, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the terminal bouton is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic terminal bouton secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.


postsynaptic specialization

A network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.


postsynaptic density

An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymmetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.


postsynaptic membrane

A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.


cell junction

A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells, or between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or between two membrane-bound components of a cell, such as flagella.


neuron to neuron synapse

A synapse in which pre and post-synaptic cells are neurons.


synaptic membrane

A specialized area of membrane on either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic side of a synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.


asymmetric synapse

A type of synapse occurring between an axon and a dendritic spine or dendritic shaft. Asymmetric synapses, the most abundant synapse type in the central nervous system, involve axons that contain predominantly spherical vesicles and contain a thickened postsynaptic density. Most or all synapses of this type are excitatory.


postsynaptic density membrane

The membrane component of the postsynaptic density. This is the region of the postsynaptic membrane in which the population of neurotransmitter receptors involved in synaptic transmission are concentrated.


postsynapse

The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.


dendrite

A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, morphology. Dendrites receive and integrate signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conduct nerve impulses towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.


dendritic tree

The entire complement of dendrites for a neuron, consisting of each primary dendrite and all its branches.


dendritic spine

A small, membranous protrusion from a dendrite that forms a postsynaptic compartment, typically receiving input from a single presynapse. They function as partially isolated biochemical and an electrical compartments. Spine morphology is variable:they can be thin, stubby, mushroom, or branched, with a continuum of intermediate morphologies. They typically terminate in a bulb shape, linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity.


presynapse

The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell.


sodium channel complex

An ion channel complex through which sodium ions pass.


presynaptic membrane

A specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane.


Metabotropic glutamate receptor group III pathway


Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 1 and 3 signaling pathway


neurotransmitter receptor activity

Combining with a neurotransmitter and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.


glutamate receptor activity

Combining with glutamate and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of sodium ions (Na+) from one side of a membrane to the other.


sodium channel activity

Enables the facilitated diffusion of a sodium ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


synaptic transmission, glutamatergic

The vesicular release of glutamate from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of glutamate receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to a glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


glutamate receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of glutamate to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


regulation of synaptic plasticity

A process that modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.


positive regulation of synaptic transmission

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.


ADHESION G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR E4P-RELATED


heparin binding

Binding to heparin, a member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells and which consist predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.


glycosaminoglycan binding

Binding to a glycan (polysaccharide) containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues.


extracellular matrix binding

Binding to a component of the extracellular matrix.


adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation or inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).


adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent increase in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).


phagocytosis

A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.


endocytosis

A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a part of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.


membrane invagination

The infolding of a membrane.


apoptotic cell clearance

The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.


phagocytosis, engulfment

The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis.


peripheral nervous system development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.


cell-cell adhesion via plasma-membrane adhesion molecules

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that are at least partially embedded in the plasma membrane.


cell-cell adhesion

The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.


cell adhesion

The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.


heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules

The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell.


heart development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.


gliogenesis

The process that results in the generation of glial cells. This includes the production of glial progenitors and their differentiation into mature glia.


glial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell.


heart morphogenesis

The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.


myelination

The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.


HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN HSP 90-BETA 2-RELATED


HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 75 KDA, MITOCHONDRIAL


HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN HSP 90-BETA-3-RELATED


perinuclear region of cytoplasm

Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.


envelope

A multilayered structure surrounding all or part of a cell; encompasses one or more lipid bilayers, and may include a cell wall layer; also includes the space between layers.


mitochondrial membrane

Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope.


mitochondrial inner membrane

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the mitochondrial envelope. It is highly folded to form cristae.


organelle inner membrane

The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope; usually highly selective to most ions and metabolites.


organelle envelope

A double membrane structure enclosing an organelle, including two lipid bilayers and the region between them. In some cases, an organelle envelope may have more than two membranes.


mitochondrial envelope

The double lipid bilayer enclosing the mitochondrion and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.


unfolded protein binding

Binding to an unfolded protein.


ATP binding

Binding to ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.


enzyme binding

Binding to an enzyme, a protein with catalytic activity.


protein kinase binding

Binding to a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate.


kinase binding

Binding to a kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group.


response to heat

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.


protein folding

The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure.


cellular response to heat

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.


regulation of protein stability

Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein, altering the likelihood of its degradation or aggregation.


response to temperature stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus.


response to abiotic stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (not derived from living organisms) stimulus.


protein stabilization

Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation.


protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.


organonitrogen compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organonitrogen compound.


modification-dependent macromolecule catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, initiated by covalent modification of the target molecule.


proteolysis

The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.


proteasomal protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome.


proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process

The hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein as part of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by individual cells.


modification-dependent protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent modification of the target protein.


response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.


proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.


ERAD pathway

The protein catabolic pathway which targets endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins for degradation by the cytoplasmic proteasome. It begins with recognition of the ER-resident protein, includes retrotranslocation (dislocation) of the protein from the ER to the cytosol, protein modifications necessary for correct substrate transfer (e.g. ubiquitination), transport of the protein to the proteasome, and ends with degradation of the protein by the cytoplasmic proteasome.


response to organonitrogen compound

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.


ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein.


response to nitrogen compound

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen compound stimulus.


ubiquitin-dependent ERAD pathway

The series of steps necessary to target endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins for degradation by the cytoplasmic proteasome. Begins with recognition of the ER-resident protein, includes retrotranslocation (dislocation) of the protein from the ER to the cytosol, protein ubiquitination necessary for correct substrate transfer, transport of the protein to the proteasome, and ends with degradation of the protein by the cytoplasmic proteasome.


SNARE complex

A protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers. One well-characterized example is the neuronal SNARE complex formed of synaptobrevin 2, syntaxin 1a, and SNAP-25.


retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG.


INACTIVE POLYPEPTIDE N-ACETYLGALACTOSAMINYLTRANSFERASE-LIKE PROTEIN 5


glycosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


hexosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a hexosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


UDP-glycosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from a UDP-sugar to a small hydrophobic molecule.


glycoprotein biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.


macromolecule glycosylation

The covalent attachment of a glycosyl residue to one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule.


carbohydrate derivative metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate derivative.


macromolecule biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


protein glycosylation

A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.


protein O-linked glycosylation

A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or via the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine, forming an O-glycan.


organonitrogen compound biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organonitrogen compound.


organic substance biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.


biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.


carbohydrate derivative biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrate derivative.


glycosylation

The covalent attachment and further modification of carbohydrate residues to a substrate molecule.


glycoprotein metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.


male gamete generation

Generation of the male gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a female gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.


cellular process involved in reproduction in multicellular organism

A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a multicellular organism.


spermatid differentiation

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


regulation of Notch signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.


spermatogenesis

The developmental process by which male germ line stem cells self renew or give rise to successive cell types resulting in the development of a spermatozoa.


reproductive process

A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.


multicellular organismal reproductive process

The process, occurring above the cellular level, that is pertinent to the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. This includes the integrated processes at the level of tissues and organs.


germ cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism.


gamete generation

The generation and maintenance of gametes in a multicellular organism. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell.


multicellular organism reproduction

The biological process in which new individuals are produced by one or two multicellular organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.


developmental process involved in reproduction

A developmental process in which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism, germline or somatic, specifically contributes to its ability to form offspring.


spermatid development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


reproduction

The production of new individuals that contain some portion of genetic material inherited from one or more parent organisms.


sexual reproduction

A type of reproduction that combines the genetic material of two gametes (such as a sperm or egg cell or fungal spores). The gametes have an haploid genome (with a single set of chromosomes, the product of a meiotic division) and combines with one another to produce a zygote (diploid).


EUKARYOTIC TRANSLATION INITIATION FACTOR 4E-BINDING PROTEIN


EUKARYOTIC TRANSLATION INITIATION FACTOR 4E-BINDING PROTEIN 2


EUKARYOTIC TRANSLATION INITIATION FACTOR 4E-BINDING PROTEIN 3


EUKARYOTIC TRANSLATION INITIATION FACTOR 4E-BINDING PROTEIN 1


translation initiation factor binding

Binding to a translation initiation factor, any polypeptide factor involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.


negative regulation of biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.


regulation of amide metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.


regulation of translational initiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.


negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


negative regulation of translation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.


negative regulation of amide metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.


post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of an RNA transcript.


regulation of translation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.


negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.


glucosidase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of glucosyl compounds, substances containing a group derived from a cyclic form of glucose or a glucose derivative.


hydrolase activity, acting on glycosyl bonds

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any glycosyl bond.


hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any O-glycosyl bond.


fibroblast growth factor receptor binding

Binding to a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR).


fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


response to fibroblast growth factor

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fibroblast growth factor stimulus.


cellular response to fibroblast growth factor stimulus

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an fibroblast growth factor stimulus.


anchoring junction

A cell junction that mechanically attaches a cell (and its cytoskeleton) to neighboring cells or to the extracellular matrix.


focal adhesion

A cell-substrate junction that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. In insects focal adhesion has also been referred to as hemi-adherens junction (HAJ).


cell-substrate junction

A cell junction that forms a connection between a cell and the extracellular matrix.


transmembrane transporter binding

Binding to a transmembrane transporter, a protein or protein complex that enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.


channel regulator activity

Binds to and modulates the activity of a channel. A channel catalyzes energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.


regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.


blood circulation

The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products.


regulation of sodium ion transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


actin filament-based movement

Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins.


regulation of metal ion transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of metal ion transport. Metal ion transport is the directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of localization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


regulation of monoatomic cation transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport.


actin-mediated cell contraction

The actin filament-based process in which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in contraction of all or part of the cell body.


actin filament-based process

Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.


cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contraction

An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell and is involved in its contraction.


regulation of transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that modulates the activity of an ion transporter.


regulation of transmembrane transporter activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane transporter activity.


regulation of monoatomic ion transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of transporter activity

Any process that modulates the activity of a transporter.


regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


regulation of transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.


cardiac muscle contraction

Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue.


heart contraction

The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.


striated muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope.


circulatory system process

A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the circulatory system. The circulatory system is an organ system that moves extracellular fluids to and from tissue within a multicellular organism.


muscle system process

A organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers.


heart process

A circulatory system process carried out by the heart. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.


muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis.


PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 1 REGULATORY SUBUNIT 37


CAPPING PROTEIN, ARP2_3 AND MYOSIN-I LINKER PROTEIN 2


CAPPING PROTEIN, ARP2_3 AND MYOSIN-I LINKER PROTEIN 3


cell leading edge

The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement.


lamellipodium

A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a migrating cell or extending cell process; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.


membrane-enclosed lumen

The enclosed volume within a sealed membrane or between two sealed membranes. Encompasses the volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the space between the two lipid bilayers of a double membrane surrounding an organelle, e.g. nuclear envelope lumen.


organelle lumen

The internal volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle; includes the volume enclosed by a single organelle membrane, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the volume enclosed by the innermost of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope, e.g. nuclear lumen.


nucleoplasm

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus.


intracellular organelle lumen

An organelle lumen that is part of an intracellular organelle.


nuclear lumen

The volume enclosed by the nuclear inner membrane.


regulation of supramolecular fiber organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of supramolecular fiber organization.


regulation of cytoskeleton organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.


regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.


regulation of actin filament organization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament organization.


regulation of actin filament-based process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton.


CELLULAR RETINOIC ACID-BINDING PROTEIN 1


CELLULAR RETINOIC ACID-BINDING PROTEIN 2


FATTY ACID-BINDING PROTEIN 5-LIKE PROTEIN 3-RELATED


fatty acid binding

Binding to a fatty acid, an aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.


carboxylic acid binding

Binding to a carboxylic acid, an organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).


lipid binding

Binding to a lipid.


organic acid binding

Binding to an organic acid, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.


monocarboxylic acid transport

The directed movement of monocarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


organic anion transport

The directed movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.


fatty acid transport

The directed movement of fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.


organic acid transport

The directed movement of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


carboxylic acid transport

The directed movement of carboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).


lipid localization

Any process in which a lipid is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


lipid transport

The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.


RHO GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTOR 16


RHO GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTOR 19


RHO GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTOR 15


RHO GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTOR 26


regulation of GTPase activity

Any process that modulates the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase.


positive regulation of GTPase activity

Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase.


activation of GTPase activity

Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase through the replacement of GDP by GTP.


positive regulation of hydrolase activity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.


Angiotensin II-stimulated signaling through G proteins and beta-arrestin


serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity

Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a serine-type endopeptidase.


negative regulation of angiogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.


extracellular structure organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures in the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane, and also covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.


external encapsulating structure organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of external structures that lie outside the plasma membrane and surround the entire cell.


supramolecular fiber organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a supramolecular fiber, a polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure.


collagen fibril organization

Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix.


extracellular matrix organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix.


antioxidant activity

Inhibition of the reactions brought about by dioxygen (O2) or peroxides. Usually the antioxidant is effective because it can itself be more easily oxidized than the substance protected. The term is often applied to components that can trap free radicals, thereby breaking the chain reaction that normally leads to extensive biological damage.


tetrapyrrole binding

Binding to a tetrapyrrole, a compound containing four pyrrole nuclei variously substituted and linked to each other through carbons at the alpha position.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on peroxide as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the peroxide group acts as a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


heme binding

Binding to a heme, a compound composed of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.


GEMININ COILED-COIL DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN 1


regulation of DNA metabolic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.


negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process

Any cellular process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.


negative regulation of DNA metabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.


catalytic activity, acting on DNA

Catalytic activity that acts to modify DNA.


DNA nuclease activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.


execution phase of apoptosis

A stage of the apoptotic process that starts with the controlled breakdown of the cell through the action of effector caspases or other effector molecules (e.g. cathepsins, calpains etc.). Key steps of the execution phase are rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.


DNA catabolic process

The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one.


programmed cell death

A process which begins when a cell receives an internal or external signal and activates a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway). The process ends with the death of the cell.


cellular component disassembly

A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cellular component.


apoptotic process

A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.