relaxation of vascular associated smooth muscle

A negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction resulting in relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. The relaxation is mediated by a decrease in the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain. This can be achieved by removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases leading to a decrease myosin light chain kinase activity, and through calcium-independent pathways leading to a increase in myosin light chain phosphatase activity.


neuropeptide F receptor activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Combining with neuropeptide F and transmitting the signal within the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. Neuropeptide F is an arthropod peptide of more than 28 residues (typically 28-45) with a consensus C-terminal RxRFamide (commonly RPRFa, but also RVRFa.


rhamnogalacturonan II metabolic process

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The chemical reactions and pathways involving rhamnogalacturonan II, a low molecular mass (5-10KDa) pectic polysaccharide. The backbone of RG-II contains at least 8 1,4-linked alpha-D-GalpA residues.


pyoverdine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the siderochrome pyoverdine.


regulation of somatic muscle development

Any process that regulates the rate, frequency or extent of somatic muscle development.


2-oxo-acid reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a (2R)-hydroxy-carboxylate + acceptor = a 2-oxo-carboxylate + reduced acceptor.


negative regulation of alcohol biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alcohol biosynthetic process.


regulation of cholesterol import

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cholesterol import. Cholesterol import is the directed movement of cholesterol into a cell or organelle.


glycolate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolate, the anion of hydroxyethanoic acid (glycolic acid).


interleukin-17 receptor activity

Combining with any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


tolerance induction in gut-associated lymphoid tissue

Tolerance induction taking place in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).


muscle organ development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work.


raucaffricine beta-glucosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + raucaffricine = D-glucose + vomilenine.


Catalysis of the reaction: isovitexin + UDP-D-glucose = H+ + isovitexin 2''-O-beta-D-glucoside + UDP.


negative regulation of cartilage condensation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cartilage condensation.


regulation of renal water transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of renal water transport.


fructan biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fructan a polysaccharide consisting of fructose residues.


regulation of developmental growth

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth.


negative regulation of locomotion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.


cardiolipin synthase (CMP-forming)

Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-diacylglycerol + phosphatidylglycerol = CMP + diphosphatidylglycerol.


beta-hydroxybutyrate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of beta-hydroxybutyrate from one side of a membrane to the other. Beta-hydroxybutyrate is the conjugate base of (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid.


vacuolar localization

Any process in which the vacuole is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


negative regulation of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA-directed 5'-3' RNA polymerase activity.


nephron morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephron are generated and organized. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.


nucleobase catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid.


positive regulation of adenosine receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the adenosine receptor signaling pathway. The adenosine receptor pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adenosine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


streptomycin metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving streptomycin, a commonly used antibiotic in cell culture media. It acts only on prokaryotes and blocks transition from initiation complex to chain elongating ribosome.


pyridine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridine, a nitrogenous base (C5H5N) obtained from the distillation of bone oil or coal tar, and by the decomposition of certain alkaloids, as a colorless liquid with a peculiar pungent odor.


spindle pole body anchor activity

The binding activity of a protein that brings together the spindle pole body and one or more other molecules, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-polyprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2-polyprenyl-6-methoxyphenol + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, signal sequence recognition

The process in which SRP binds to the signal peptide in a nascent protein, causing protein elongation to pause, during cotranslational membrane targeting.


glucuronoside metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucuronosides, any compound formed by combination in glycosidic linkage of a hydroxy compound with the anomeric carbon atom of a glucuronate.


regulation of lateral root development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lateral root development.


monocyte extravasation

The migration of a monocyte from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.


pyrimidine dimer repair by nucleotide-excision repair

The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T, and C-C dimers by the recognition and removal of the damaged DNA strand from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate + H+ = 2,5-dioxopentanoate + CO2 + H2O.


cellular response to flavonoid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a flavonoid stimulus.


macrolide binding

Binding to a macrolide, any of a large group of structurally related antibiotics produced by Streptomyces species.


instar larval or pupal morphogenesis

The process, occurring during instar larval or pupal development, by which anatomical structures are generated and organized.


protein folding in endoplasmic reticulum

A protein folding process that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Secreted, plasma membrane and organelle proteins are folded in the ER, assisted by chaperones and foldases (protein disulphide isomerases), and additional factors required for optimal folding (ATP, Ca2+ and an oxidizing environment to allow disulfide bond formation).


putrescine binding

Binding to putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane, the polyamine formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.


response to rest involved in regulation of muscle adaptation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a rest stimulus. This process occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.


P-type magnesium transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Mg2+(out) = ADP + phosphate + Mg2+(in).


Catalysis of the reaction: cystine + 2 reduced glutathione = oxidized glutathione + 2 L-cysteine.


stipitatonate decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + stipitatonate = CO2 + H+ + stipitatate.


3-isopropylmalate dehydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (2R,3S)-3-isopropylmalate = (2S)-2-isopropylmalate.


regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.


negative regulation of humoral immune response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.


bicyclic nitroimidazole metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving bicyclic nitroimidazoles, imidazole derivatives with two rings and a nitro group attached to one ring.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = 2,4-dihydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one + NAD(P)+ + H2O.


Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + gentamicin C(1a) = N(2')-acetylgentamicin C(1a) + CoA + H+. This is acetylation of the 2'-amino group of the 6-deoxy-6-aminoglucose ring.


optic cup formation involved in camera-type eye development

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the optic cup, a two-walled vesicle formed from the optic vesicle.


oxidative stress-induced premature senescence

A cellular senescence process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to oxidative stress, e.g. high levels of reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals.


cysteine biosynthetic process via S-sulfo-L-cysteine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, via the intermediate S-sulfo-L-cysteine.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of (17Z)-protosta-17(20),24-dien-3beta-ol.


positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway activity.


methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (ferredoxin) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate + oxidized ferredoxin = 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + reduced ferredoxin.


cellular response to resveratrol

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a resveratrol stimulus.


negative regulation of prostaglandin catabolic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of prostaglandin catabolic process.


negative regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the growth hormone receptor signaling pathway. The growth hormone receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand.


interleukin-16 production

The appearance of interleukin-16 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


selenomethionine-tRNA ligase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-selenomethionine + tRNA(Met) => AMP + diphosphate + selenomethionyl-tRNA(Met).


bradykinin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the peptide bradykinin.


sperm plasma membrane disassembly

The gradual disintegration of the sperm plasma membrane following insemination. This process is seen in Drosophila after entry of the entire sperm, surrounded by its plasma membrane, into the egg.


regulation of somitomeric trunk muscle development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somitomeric trunk muscle development.


U6 snRNA binding

Binding to a U6 small nuclear RNA (U6 snRNA).


GUU codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GUU codon.


reception of an inductive signal

The process in which one cell or group of cells receives, transduces, and responds to a signal generated by another cell or group of cells of different ancestry and developmental potential, such that the recipient cell(s) undergo a developmental change.


regulation of signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of pheromone-dependent signal transduction during conjugation with cellular fusion.


B-1 B cell proliferation

The expansion of a B-1 B cell by cell division. Follows B cell activation.


interleukin-37 production

The appearance of interleukin-37 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + oxalate = acetate + oxalyl-CoA.


mitochondrion-plasma membrane adaptor activity

The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a mitochondrion and a plasma membrane either via membrane lipid binding or by interacting with a mitochondrial outer membrane protein, to establish or maintain the localization of the mitochondrion.


organic heteropentacyclic compound catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic heteropentacyclic compound.


IDP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of IDP, inosine 5'-diphosphate.


peptidyl-lysine dimethylation

The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysine.


negative regulation of chondrocyte proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.


Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate + L-valine = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-isoleucine.


auxin-activated signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of the plant hormone auxin to a receptor, and ending with modulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


mesenchymal smoothened signaling pathway involved in prostate gland development

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane Smoothened-type protein in the mesenchymal cells of the prostate that contribute to the progression of the prostate over time. This process contributes to lung development.


cytidine salvage

Any process that generates cytidine, cytosine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


ornithine N5-monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-ornithine + O2 + H+ = N5-hydroxy-L-ornithine + H2O.


metaphase chromosome alignment

A chromosome localization process whereby chromosomes are positioned in a specific order and orientation at the metaphase plate (spindle equator), during chromosome segregation. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive the correct number of chromosomes during cell division.


atrioventricular valve morphogenesis

The process in which the structure of the atrioventricular valve is generated and organized.


hexose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.


betaine reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl phosphate + trimethylamine + thioredoxin disulfide = N,N,N-trimethylglycine + phosphate + thioredoxin.


positive regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.


lobar bronchus development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lobar bronchus from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lobar bronchus and ends with the mature structure. The lobar bronchus is the major airway within the respiratory tree that starts by division of the principal bronchi on both sides and ends at the point of its own subdivision into tertiary or segmental bronchi.


positive regulation by virus of viral protein levels in host cell

Any process where the infecting virus increases the levels of viral proteins in a cell.


signal recognition particle binding

Binding to a signal recognition particle.


regulation of horizontal cell localization

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of horizontal cell localization.


multinuclear osteoclast differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a multinuclear osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.


positive regulation of ribosomal large subunit export from nucleus

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ribosomal large subunit export from nucleus.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-hydroxypentanoate + acetyl-CoA = 5-hydroxy-pentanoyl-CoA + acetate.


podocyte cell migration

The orderly movement of a podocyte from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism or multicellular structure. A podocyte is a specialized kidney epithelial cell.


lithocholate 6beta-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + lithocholate + NADPH + O2 = 6-beta-hydroxylithocholate + H2O + NADP+.


perithecium formation

The process of producing flask-shaped fruiting bodies, called perithecia. In the ascomycetous fungi such as Neurospora crassa and Sordaria macrospora, these perithecia are formed in the sexual phase and they discharge ascospores through the ostiolum at the tip of the perithecial neck.


secondary active cyanate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of cyanate from one side of a membrane to the other.


N-acetylcitrulline deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-L-citrulline + H2O = citrulline + acetate.


negative regulation of hemocyte proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of hemocyte proliferation. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->2) and (1->3) linkages in mannan, releasing mannose.


positive regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of gram-negative bacterium

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed killing of a gram-negative bacterium by a neutrophil.


negative regulation of cell wall organization or biogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell wall organization or biogenesis.


thiocyanate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thiocyanate, any anion of thiocyanic acid.


blood vessel lumenization

The process in which a developing blood vessel forms an endothelial lumen through which blood will flow.


sesquisabinene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate(3-) <=> diphosphoric acid + sesquisabinene.


aldehyde-lyase activity

Catalysis of the cleavage of a C-C bond in a molecule containing a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group to form two smaller molecules, each being an aldehyde or a ketone.


post-embryonic anal fin morphogenesis

The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the anal fin are generated and organized. An anal fin is an unpaired medial fin on the ventral aspect near the caudal end of a fish, which provides lateral stability while swimming.


positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by circulating norepinephrine

The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.


regulation of cellular response to heat

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to heat.


regulation of inhibin secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of inhibin from a cell.


lipid modification

The covalent alteration of one or more fatty acids in a lipid, resulting in a change in the properties of the lipid.


regulation of action potential firing pattern

Any process that regulates the temporal pattern of a sequence of action potentials in a neuron.


proteinase-activated receptor activity

A G protein-coupled receptor activity that is activated by cleavage by a serine protease, exposing a tethered ligand corresponding to the new N-terminus, which binds to the receptor and activates it.


negative regulation of lactose biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lactose biosynthetic process.


low-affinity nitrate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of nitrate ions (NO3-) from one side of a membrane to the other. In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.


establishment of glial blood-brain barrier

Establishment of the glial barrier between the blood and the brain. The glial cells in the brain are packed tightly together preventing the passage of most molecules from the blood into the brain. Only lipid soluble molecules or those that are actively transported can pass through the blood-brain barrier.


glycosyl compound biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosyl compound.


regulation of interphase mitotic telomere clustering

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic telomere clustering during interphase.


larval turning behavior

Fine-tuning the spatial position of a larva in response to variability in their environment. For example, reorientation of a larva in the direction of a food source.


positive regulation of L-tyrosine import across plasma membrane

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of L-tyrosine import into the cell.


guanosine pentaphosphate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanine pentaphosphate (5'-pppGpp-3'), a derivative of guanine riboside with five phosphates.


migration in host

The directional movement of an organism from one place to another within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


glucarate dehydratase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucarate = 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucarate + H2O.


cyanamide metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyanamide, NCNH2, a cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.


recruitment of helicase-primase complex to DNA lesions

The recruitment of the helicase-primase complex to viral DNA lesions during viral DNA repair.


syringal lignin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of syringal lignin.


response to nickel cation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nickel cation stimulus.


response to cytokine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.


negative regulation of gonad development

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development.


activating MHC class I receptor activity

Combining with a MHC class I protein complex to mediate signaling that activates a lymphocyte.


gastric inhibitory peptide receptor activity

Combining with gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and transmitting the signal across the membrane to activate an associated G-protein.


regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.


snRNA binding

Binding to a small nuclear RNA (snRNA).


symbiont-mediated suppression of host autophagy

Any process in which a symbiont organism decreases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


brown fat cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of brown fat cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A brown fat cell is a fat cell found the thermogenic form of adipose tissue found in newborns of many species.


Pup transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of Pup from one protein to another via the reaction X-Pup + Y = Y-Pup + X, where both X-Pup and Y-Pup are covalent linkages.


acetylenecarboxylate hydratase activity, producing 3-oxopropanoate

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-oxopropanoate = propynoate + H2O.


Golgi vesicle uncoating

The process in which Golgi vesicle coat proteins are depolymerized, and released for reuse.


central nervous system maturation

A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the central nervous system to attain its fully functional state. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.


epithelium-like organization

The organization of a polarized cell layer during morphogenesis in protozoa; an example is found during culmination in D. discoideum, involving alpha and beta catenins.


fruit abscission

The controlled shedding of a fruit.


Catalysis of the transfer of ethanolamine phosphate to a mannose residue in the GPI lipid precursor.


sphingolipid delta-8 desaturase activity

Catalysis of the formation of a double bond between C8 and C9 of the long chain base of a sphingolipid. For example, sphinganine (d18:0) = 8-sphingenine (d18:1delta8); phytosphinganine (t18:0) = 8-phytosphingenine (t18:1delta8); and 4-sphingenine (18:1delta4) = 4,8-sphingadienine (d18:2delta4,8).


pyloric canal smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within gastric smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the distal part of the pylorus between the pyloric antrum and the pyloric sphincter.


aorta morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of an aorta are generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.


GTP cyclohydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the imidazole ring of GTP, releasing formate. Two C-N bonds are hydrolyzed and the pentase unit is isomerized.


citrulline metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrulline, N5-carbamoyl-L-ornithine, an alpha amino acid not found in proteins.


perception of rate of movement

The series of events by which an organism senses the speed and direction of movement of the body and its parts.


telomeric 3' overhang formation

The formation of the single stranded telomeric 3' overhang, a conserved feature that ranges in length from 12 nt in budding yeast to approximately 500 nt in humans.


cellular response to putrescine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a putrescine stimulus.


intermediate filament depolymerization

Disassembly of intermediate filaments by the removal of component monomers from a filament.


regulation of somitogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somitogenesis.


negative regulation of signal transduction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.


masculinization of hermaphrodite soma

Promotion of male sex and sexual phenotypes in the hermaphroditic nematode soma. An example of this is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.


modulation of process of another organism

The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of another organism.


glomerular epithelial cell fate commitment

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a glomerular epithelial cell. Glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the glomerulus; there are two types, glomerular parietal epithelial cells and glomerular visceral epithelial cells.


ammonium ion binding

Binding to ammonium ions (NH4+).


(Z)-gamma-bisabolene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = (Z)-gamma-bisabolene + diphosphate.


D-pinitol dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5D-5-O-methyl-chiro-inositol + NADP+ = 2D-5-O-methyl-2,3,5/4,6-pentahydroxycyclohexanone + H+ + NADPH.


starch alpha-glucosidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: starch + H2O = alpha-D-glucose.


response to formaldehyde

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a formaldehyde stimulus.


alcohol dehydrogenase (cytochrome c) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 [Fe(III)cytochrome c] + a primary alcohol = 2 [Fe(II)cytochrome c] + an aldehyde + 2 H+.


serine family amino acid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propanol = 4,4'-dihydroxy-alpha-methylstilbene + H2O.


negative regulation of acylglycerol transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of acylglycerol transport.


mesonephric tubule morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric tubule are generated and organized. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros.


centripetally migrating follicle cell migration

The cell migration process in which a follicle cell migrates as part of an epithelial sheet between the nurse cells and the oocyte. At the end of migration, they cover the anterior of the oocyte.


synthetic cannabinoid binding

Binding to synthetic cannabinoid.


lymphatic vascular process in circulatory system

A circulatory process that occurs at the level of the lymphatic vasculature.


epidermis development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species.


regulation of pronephric nephron tubule development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pronephric nephron tubule development.


xanthophore differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a xanthophore cell. Xanthophores are pigment cells derived from the neural crest. They contain pteridine and/or carotenoid pigments in structures called pterinosomes or xanthosomes. This makes them yellow to orange in appearance.


purine nucleoside metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


positive regulation of response to drug

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to drug.


carnosine synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-histidine + beta-alanine = AMP + diphosphate + carnosine.


tyramine receptor activity

Combining with the biogenic amine tyramine to initiate a change in cell activity. Tyramine is a sympathomimetic amine derived from tyrosine with an action resembling that of epinephrine.


negative regulation of deacetylase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of deacetylase activity.


regulation of neural retina development

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.


trinitrotoluene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving trinitrotoluene, a methylated benzene molecule with three NO2 groups attached to it. This includes the explosive TNT, 1-methyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene.


positive regulation of epinephrine secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of epinephrine.


glutathionylspermidine amidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N1-(gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycyl)-spermidine + H2O = gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine + spermidine.


antigen processing and presentation of exogenous protein antigen via MHC class Ib, TAP-dependent

The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and is dependent on TAP transport from the cytosol to ER for association with the MHC class Ib molecule. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E gene family.


stomach fundus smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the fundus of stomach. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The fundus is the portion of the stomach that lies above the cardiac notch.


response to vitamin E

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin E stimulus.


lymphocyte migration into lymphoid organs

The movement of a lymphocyte within the lymphatic system into lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen or Peyer's patches, and its subsequent positioning within defined functional compartments such as sites of cell activation by antigen.


interleukin-28A production

The appearance of interleukin-28A due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


positive regulation of neurotrophin production

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a neurotrophin.


membrane depolarization

The process in which membrane potential decreases with respect to its steady-state potential, usually from negative potential to a more positive potential. For example, the initial depolarization during the rising phase of an action potential is in the direction from the negative steady-state resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.


type IV pilus assembly

The assembly from its constituent parts of a type IV pilus.


regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney morphogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation that contributes to the shaping of the kidney.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a tetrahydromethanopterin.


interleukin-18 receptor activity

Combining with interleukin-18 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


alkane catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alkane, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2.


embryonic hemopoiesis

The stages of blood cell formation that take place within the embryo.


positive regulation of endothelial cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.


dopamine receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


R7 cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of the R7 photoreceptor.


ensheathment of neurons

The process in which glial cells envelop neuronal cell bodies and/or axons to form an insulating layer. This can take the form of myelinating or non-myelinating ensheathment.


response to oxidopamine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxidopamine stimulus.


positive regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of regulatory T cells.


connective tissue growth factor production

The appearance of connective tissue growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


proton-dependent peptide secondary active transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a peptide from one side of a membrane to the other, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by proton movement.


dCMP catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate.


endosulfan diol dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: endosulfan diol = endosulfan hydroxyether + 2 H+ + 2 e-.


Catalysis of the reaction: N-beta-alanyl histamine + H2O = histamine + beta-alanine.


cellular response to lectin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lectin stimulus. A lectin is a carbohydrate-binding protein, highly specific for binding sugar moieties.


flower calyx development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the flower calyx over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


Wnt-Frizzled-LRP5/6 complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a Wnt-Frizzled-LRP5/6 complex.


inferior salivary nucleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inferior salivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


negative regulation of response to type II interferon

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a response to type II interferon (interferon-gamma). Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.


metanephric cap formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric cap from unspecified parts. The metanephric cap is formed by the condensation of metanephric mesenchymal cells surrounding the ureteric bud tip.


nephron tubule formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.


positive regulation of granuloma formation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of granuloma formation.


granzyme B localization to T cell secretory granule

Any process in which the protease granzyme B is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a secretory granule in a T cell.


prevention of polyspermy during double fertilization

The regulation of double fertilization forming a zygote and endosperm process that ensures that only a single sperm cell fertilizes one egg cell and another single sperm cell fertilizes one central cell.


mRNA modification

The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an mRNA molecule to produce an mRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.


atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization

The process in which ions are transported across the plasma membrane of an atrial cardiac muscle cell such that the membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, toward the steady state potential. For example, the repolarization during an action potential is from a positive membrane potential towards a negative resting potential.


3-cyano-L-alanine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 3-cyano-L-alanine.


regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via a stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.


kaempferol 3-rhamnoside 7-O-rhamnosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: kaempferol-3-rhamnoside + UDP-L-rhamnose <=> kaempferol-3-rhamnoside-7-rhamnoside + UDP.


2-carene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate <=> (+)-2-carene + diphosphoric acid.


Catalysis of the reaction: L-histidinol-phosphate + 2-oxoglutarate = 3-(imidazol-4-yl)-2-oxopropyl phosphate + L-glutamate.


circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep

All sleep stages in the circadian sleep/wake cycle other than REM sleep. These stages are characterized by a slowing of brain waves and other physiological functions.


Catalysis of the reaction: 11-deoxycorticosterone = 20-hydroxy-3-oxopregn-4-en-21-al.


ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a complex containing RNA and proteins. Includes the biosynthesis of the constituent RNA and protein molecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the ribonucleoprotein complex.


bile acid signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by bile acid binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


positive regulation of estrone secretion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of estrone secretion.


regulation of kainate selective glutamate receptor signaling pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tge kainate selective glutamate receptor signaling pathway.


stress response to zinc ion

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis caused by a zinc ion stimulus.


peptidyl-aspartic acid hydroxylation to form L-erythro-beta-hydroxyaspartic acid

The hydroxylation of peptidyl-aspartic acid to form peptidyl-L-erythro-beta-hydroxyaspartic acid; catalyzed by peptide-aspartate beta-dioxygenase (EC:1.14.11.16).


histone H4K20 monomethyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-lysyl20-[histone H4] + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + N6-methyl-L-lysyl20-[histone H4] + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the unmethylated lysine residue at position 20 of histone H4, producing histone H4K20me.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced iron-sulfur protein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced iron-sulfur protein and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.


snRNA metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving snRNA, small nuclear RNA, any of various low-molecular-mass RNA molecules found in the eukaryotic nucleus as components of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein.


response to transition metal nanoparticle

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transition metal nanoparticle.


culmination involved in sorocarp development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the culminant over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Culmination begins with a morphogenetic change of the finger-like or migratory slug giving rise to an organized structure containing a stalk and a sorus. This process is the final stage of sorocarp development.


synaptic signaling via neuropeptide

Cell-cell signaling to or from a synapse, mediated by a peptide.


ATPase-coupled carboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + carboxylic acid(out/in) = ADP + phosphate + carboxylic acid(in/out).


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + 5-(D-galactosyloxy)-L-lysine-procollagen = UDP + 1,2-D-glucosyl-5-D-(galactosyloxy)-L-lysine-procollagen.


endoplasmic reticulum membrane fusion

The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the endoplasmic reticulum.


negative regulation of L-lysine import across plasma membrane

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of L-lysine import into cell.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside)-1D-myo-inositol + L-cysteine + ATP = 1-D-myo-inosityl-2-L-cysteinylamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside + AMP + diphosphate + 2 H+. 1-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside)-1D-myo-inositol is also known as glucosaminyl-inositol or GlcN-Ins, and 1-D-myo-inosityl-2-L-cysteinylamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside as desacetylmycothiol or Cys-GlcN-Ins.


regulation of cardiac ventricle formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation.


regulation of DNA primase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA primase activity.


sialic acid binding

Binding to a sialic acid, a N- or O- substituted derivative of neuraminic acid, a nine carbon monosaccharide. Sialic acids often occur in polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria.


cytoneme morphogenesis

The process in which the anatomical structures of a cytoneme are shaped. A cytoneme is a long, thin and polarized actin-based cytoplasmic extension that projects from a cell.


tatiopterin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tatiopterin.


protein K27-linked deubiquitination

A protein deubiquitination process in which a K27-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 27 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.


negative regulation of cellular response to alcohol

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to alcohol.


Catalysis of the reaction: octanoyl-CoA + a malonyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = a 3-oxodecanoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + CoA + CO2.


CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment

The process in which an immature T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell.


spermidine binding

Binding to spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.


trabecular meshwork development

The progression of the trabecular meshwork over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trabecular meshwork is a fenestrated endothelial-like tissue situated at the intersection of the cornea and the iris. The trabecular meshwork provides drainage for the aqueous humor.


cellular response to sodium phosphate

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sodium phosphate stimulus.


MHC class I protein complex binding

Binding to a class I major histocompatibility complex.


nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


cell wall integrity MAPK cascade

A MAPK cascade that contributes to cell wall organization or biogenesis.


bile acid binding

Binding to a bile acid, a steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.


positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by neuronal epinephrine

The process in which the release of epinephrine from nerve endings modulates the force of heart muscle contraction.


embryonic heart tube formation via epithelial folding

The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube by the cells of the heart field along a linear axis.


adhesin autotransporter activity

Enables the transfer of adhesin from the periplasm to the external milieu; the adhesin and the porin are the N- and C-terminal regions of the same protein, respectively.


positive regulation of apoptotic process in bone marrow cell

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in the bone marrow.


paranodal junction assembly

Formation of the junction between an axon and the glial cell that forms the myelin sheath. Paranodal junctions form at each paranode, i.e. at the ends of the unmyelinated nodes of Ranvier.


coenzyme M metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme M (2-thioethansulfonate), a coenzyme involved in the utilization of methane by methanogenic prokaryotes.


2-dehydro-3-deoxygluconokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-gluconate + ATP = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-6-phospho-D-gluconate + ADP + 2 H+.


regulation of pigmentation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition or modulates the distribution of coloring matter in an organism.


extracellular matrix binding

Binding to a component of the extracellular matrix.


isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoquinoline alkaloids, alkaloid compounds that contain bicyclic N-containing aromatic rings and are derived from a 3,4-dihydroxytyramine (dopamine) precursor that undergoes a Schiff base addition with aldehydes of different origin.


positive regulation of small intestinal transit

Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of any small intestinal transit process, the migration of ingested material along the length of the small intestine.


memory T cell extravasation

The migration of a memory T cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue. A memory T cell is a distinctly differentiated long-lived T cell that has the phenotype CD45RO-positive and CD127-positive.


regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development.


regulation of short-day photoperiodism, flowering

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of short-day photoperiodism, where the response associated with the photoperiodism is flowering. Flowering is defined by the switch from the vegetative to the reproductive phase.


flavonoid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton including flavones, flavonols and flavanoids, and anthocyanins.


nucleologenesis

A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a nucleolus, a small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.


Hulle cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of Hulle cells over time, from their formation to the mature structures. Hulle cells are specialized multinucleate cells that originate from a nest-like aggregation of hyphae during sexual development and serve as nurse cells to the developing cleistothecium, or fruiting body.


positive regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process

Any process that increases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.


ta-siRNA processing

A process leading to the generation of a functional trans-acting small interfering RNA (ta-siRNA). ta-siRNAs function like miRNAs to guide cleavage of target mRNAs.


cardiolipin synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylglycerol + phosphatidylglycerol = diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin) + glycerol.


symbiont-mediated suppression of host cGAS-STING signal transduction

A process in which a virus interferes with, inhibits or disrupt a cGAS/STING signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


positive regulation of stomatal complex development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stomatal complex development.


endothelial stalk cell fate specification

The process involved in the specification of identity of an endothelial stalk cell. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment. An endothelial stalk cell is a specialized endothelial cell which follows behind the tip cell of an angiogenic sprout.


radial glial cell fate commitment in forebrain

The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a radial glial cell in the forebrain.


positive regulation of glial cell proliferation

Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.


UTP diphosphatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UTP + H2O = UMP + H+ + diphosphate.


hydroperoxide reductase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2 RSH + ROOH = RSSR + ROH + H2O. This reaction is the thiol-dependent conversion of an organic hydroperoxide to the corresponding alcohol.


retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway involved in spinal cord dorsal/ventral patterning

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a retinoic acid receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that contributes to the dorsal ventral patterning of the spinal cord.


Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + [acyl-carrier protein] = CoA + acetyl-[acyl-carrier protein].


The 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation of a lysine residue in a protein.


fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in lung induction

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor-type receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands resulting in the formation of the lung bud along the lateral-esophageal sulcus.


double fertilization forming a zygote and endosperm

Fertilization where one of the two sperm nuclei from the pollen tube fuses with the egg nucleus to form a 2n zygote, and the other fuses with the two polar nuclei to form the 3n primary endosperm nucleus and then develops into the endosperm. The ploidy level of the 2n zygote and 3n primary endosperm nucleus is determined by the ploidy level of the parents involved. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


protein localization to mitotic spindle midzone

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a mitotic spindle midzone.


ABC-type ferric-enterobactin transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + ferric-enterobactin(out) = ADP + phosphate + ferric-enterobactin(in).


nitrite efflux transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of nitrite from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.


UDP-D-apiose biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-D-apiose, uridinediphosphoapicose, a substance composed of apiose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


positive regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor protein signaling pathway. An adrenergic receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adrenergic receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


cellular response to phenylpropanoid

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a phenylpropanoid stimulus.


cephalosporin C catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cephalosporin C.


regulation of primary heart field cardioblast proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the primary heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle.


methyl/ethyl malonyl-CoA decarboxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA + H+ = CO2 + propanoyl-CoA or (2S)-ethylmalonyl-CoA + H+ = butanoyl-CoA + CO2.


vacuole inheritance

The distribution of vacuoles into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between vacuoles and the cytoskeleton.


methane monooxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: methane + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = methanol + NAD(P)+ + H2O.


lateral semicircular canal development

The progession of the lateral semicircular canal from its initial formation to the mature structure.


response to fluoxetine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluoxetine stimulus. Fluoxetine increases the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by inhibiting its reuptake into the presynaptic cell, increasing the level of serotonin available to bind to the postsynaptic receptor.


L-tyrosine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of L-tyrosine from one side of a membrane to the other. L-tyrosine is 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.


p38MAPK cascade

An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a p38 MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.


cellular response to 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide stimulus.


mechanosensitive monoatomic cation channel activity

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a monoatomic cation by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress.


phenylalanine 4-hydroxylase (N10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate dependent) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-phenylalanine + O2 + an N10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate <=> L-tyrosine + a 10-formyltetrahydrofolate-4a-carbinolamine.


naphthyl-2-oxomethyl-succinyl-CoA succinyl transferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: naphthyl-2-oxomethyl-succinyl-CoA + CoASH = 2-naphthoyl-CoA + succinyl-CoA.


protein catenane formation

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a protein structure comprising two or more rings that are interlocked but not covalently joined; resembling the links of a chain.


lymphoid lineage cell migration into thymus

The movement of a lymphoid lineage cell (also called a lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell) into the thymus. Lymphoid lineage cells enter and exit the thymus several times as part of this process.


positive regulation of mitotic cytokinetic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cytokinetic process.


cellular response to sulfate starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of sulfate.


ATP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving ATP, adenosine triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.


response to antimycin A

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antimycin A stimulus.


adhesion of symbiont hyphopodium to host

The attachment of a hyphopodium of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


mesenchymal-epithelial cell signaling involved in prostate gland development

Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell where it is received and interpreted contributing to the progression of the prostate gland over time.


negative regulation of ductus arteriosus closure

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ductus arteriosus closure.


macrophage tolerance induction

A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in macrophages.


glycol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycol, a diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent.


programmed cell death

A process which begins when a cell receives an internal or external signal and activates a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway). The process ends with the death of the cell.


negative regulation of signal transduction in absence of ligand

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction in absence of ligand.


envenomation resulting in fibrinolysis in another organism

The process which begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with fibrinolysis, a process that solubilizes fibrin, chiefly by the proteolytic action of plasmin, in the bloodstream of the bitten/stung organism.


mitochondrial outer membrane fusion

The membrane organization process that joins two mitochondrial outer membranes to form a single membrane.


fructose 5-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose + NADP+ = 5-dehydro-D-fructose + NADPH.


imaginal disc-derived appendage development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an appendage over time, from its formation in the imaginal disc to the mature structure. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism.


rhamnulokinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-rhamnulose = ADP + L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate.


lead ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of lead (Pb) ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + taurine = L-alanine + sulfoacetaldehyde.


neuropeptide receptor activity

Combining with a neuropeptide to initiate a change in cell activity.


cell wall polysaccharide biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide destined to form part of a cell wall.


urinary tract smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary tract. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary tract consists of organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.


positive regulation of septum digestion after cytokinesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of physically separating the septal cell wall material by enzymatic digestion, that occurs after daughter cells are separated by cytokinesis.


vesicle tethering to Golgi

The initial, indirect interaction between a transport vesicle membrane and the membrane of the Golgi. This interaction is mediated by tethering factors (or complexes), which interact with both membranes. Interaction can occur via direct binding to membrane phospholipids or membrane proteins, or via binding to vesicle coat proteins. This process is distinct from and prior fusion.


positive regulation of intraciliary retrograde transport

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intraciliary retrograde transport.


uracil salvage

Any process that generates uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


nicotine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotine, (S)(-)-3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + phosphoethanolamine = acetaldehyde + NH4 + phosphate.


perturbation of host MAPK signal transduction pathway

A process in which a symbiont alters or subverts a MAP kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


positive regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium.


cilium-dependent cell motility

Cell motility due to the motion of one or more eukaryotic cilia. A eukaryotic cilium is a specialized organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.


The chemical reactions and pathways involving 18-methylnonadec-1-ene.


somatic diversification of DSCAM-based immune receptors

The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of the DSCAM-based immune receptors of insects.


positive regulation of vasculature development

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.


glial cell migration in posterior lateral line nerve

The movement of a glial cell along the axons in the posterior lateral line nerve.


locus ceruleus development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the locus ceruleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic.


negative regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in bone marrow.


Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-glucose + long chain polyphosphate = glucose-6-phosphate + long chain polyphosphate.


aerobic respiration, using ferrous ions as electron donor

The metabolic process in which ferrous ions (Fe2+) are oxidized to ferric ions (Fe3+) to generate energy, coupled to the reduction of carbon dioxide.


regulation of pigment cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pigmented cell differentiation.


methylsilanetriol hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: methylsilanetriol + O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e- = H2O + hydroxymethylsilanetriol.


undecaprenol kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + undecaprenol = ADP + undecaprenyl phosphate.


compound eye pigment cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a compound eye pigment cell, a cell of the retina containing screening pigments that functions to screen photoreceptors from light leaking from adjacent ommatidia.


cerebral cortex tangential migration

The migration of cells in the cerebral cortex in which cells move orthogonally to the direction of radial migration and do not use radial glial cell processes as substrates for migration.


N-terminal protein N-methyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) to the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal amino or imino acid residue of a protein substrate. For example, yeast Tae1p and mammalian family member METTL11A preferentially modify the N-terminal residue of substrates with the N-terminal sequence X-Pro-Lys, where X can be Pro, Ala, or Ser.


bicyclomycin transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of bicyclomycin from one side of a membrane to the other. Bicyclomycin (or bicozamycin) is an antibacterial drug often used as a livestock feed additive.


pentose metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.


plasmid copy number maintenance

The maintenance of the number of copies of extrachromosomal plasmid DNA.


response to ionizing radiation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.


type I hypersensitivity mediated by mast cells

An inflammatory response driven by antigen recognition by antibodies bound to Fc receptors on mast cells, occurring within minutes after exposure of a sensitized individual to the antigen, and leading to the release of a variety of inflammatory mediators such as histamines.


regulation of hair follicle cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle cell proliferation.


response to radiation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.


suppression by virus of host cell lysis in response to superinfection

The prevention or delay of host cell lysis by a pre-existing virus in response to a subsequent infection of the host cell by second virus.


glycogen (starch) synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = UDP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-mercaptobenzothiazole-cis-6,7-dihydrodiol = 6,7-dihydroxy-2-mercaptobenzothiazole + 2 H+ + 2 e-.


dCTP metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving dCTP, deoxycytidine triphosphate.


histone H2AT120 kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: histone H2A-threonine (position 120) + ATP = histone H2A-phosphothreonine (position 120) + ADP. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to the threonine residue at position 120 of histone H2A.


regulation of endothelial cell migration

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.


calcineurin-mediated signaling

Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell by activation of a transcription factor as a consequence of dephosphorylation by Ca(2+)-activated calcineurin. The process begins with calcium-dependent activation of the phosphatase calcineurin. Calcineurin is a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase with a conserved function in eukaryotic species from yeast to humans. In yeast and fungi, calcineurin regulates stress signaling and cell cycle, and sporulation and virulence in pathogenic fungi. In metazoans, calcineurin is involved in cell commitment, organogenesis and organ development and immune function of T-lymphocytes. By a conserved mechanism, calcineurin phosphatase activates fungal Crz1 and mammalian NFATc by dephosphorylation and translocation of these transcription factors to the nucleus to regulate gene expression.


branching involved in submandibular gland morphogenesis

The process in which the branching structure of the submandibular gland is generated and organized.


regulation of transformation of host cell by virus

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transformation of host cell by virus.


wybutosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving wybutosine, 3H-imidazo[1,2-alpha]purine-7-butanoic acid, 4,9-dihydro- alpha-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]- 4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo- 3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl methyl ester, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.


proline catabolic process to 2-oxoglutarate

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline into other compounds, including 2-oxoglutarate.


glycerophospholipid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.


membrane repolarization during SA node cell action potential

The process in which an SA node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.


spore dispersal

Any process in which an organism disseminates its spores.


vibriobactin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vibriobactin, the major siderophore produced by Vibrio cholerae.


regulation of potassium:proton exchanging ATPase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen:potassium-exchanging ATPase activity.


determination of liver left/right asymmetry

Determination of the asymmetric location of the liver with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.


positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration

Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the endoplasmic reticulum.


m-cresol metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving m-cresol (3-hydroxytoluene), the meta-isoform of cresol. Used to produce agricultural chemicals, and in specialty resins, pharmaceuticals and pressure-sensitive dyes.


regulation of monoatomic cation transmembrane transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport.


regulation of protein folding

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein folding.


histone H3K27 acetyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 27) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 27).


regulation of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation.


post-translational protein acetylation

The addition of an acetyl group to one or more amino acids in a protein, occurring after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome.


regulation of mast cell proliferation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mast cell proliferation.


positive regulation of apolipoprotein A-I-mediated signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apolipoprotein A-I-mediated signaling pathway.


negative regulation of neurogenesis

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system.


positive regulation of viral genome replication

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.


cardiac muscle adaptation

The process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.


oxidoreductase activity, acting on diphenols and related substances as donors, oxygen as acceptor

Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a diphenol, or related compound, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.


single-species submerged biofilm formation

A process in which planktonically growing microorganisms of the same species aggregate and grow on solid substrates under the flow of a liquid and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in a change in the organisms' growth rate and gene transcription.


ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the N-end rule pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin, via the N-end rule pathway. In the N-end rule pathway, destabilizing N-terminal residues (N-degrons) in substrates are recognized by E3 ligases (N-recognins), whereupon the substrates are linked to ubiquitin and then delivered to the proteasome for degradation.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosylmethionine + cobalt-precorrin 6B = S-adenosylhomocysteine + cobalt-precorrin 7.


Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine 5'-triphosphate,3'-diphosphate + H2O = guanosine 5'-diphosphate,3'-diphosphate + phosphate.


cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex.


sperm-egg recognition

The initial contact step made between the sperm plasma membrane and outer layer of the egg during fertilization.


negative regulation of maternal process involved in parturition

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of maternal process involved in parturition.


posterior lateral line nerve glial cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a glial cell in the posterior lateral line nerve over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


Catalysis of the reaction: a hydroxyjasmonate + 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate = a hydroxyjasmonate sulfate + adenosine-3',5'-diphosphate.


cell-cell adhesion involved in sealing an epithelial fold

The attachment of one cell to another cell along the edges of two epithelial folds, giving rise to the lumen of an epithelial tube.


cellular component organization or biogenesis

A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.


envenomation resulting in negative regulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant stopping, prevention or reduction of the activity of a high voltage-gated calcium channel in the bitten organism.


oligodendrocyte differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system.


protein localization to tricellular tight junction

A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a tricellular tight junction.


Catalysis of the movement of phosphatidylethanolamine from the exoplasmic to the cytosolic leaftlet of a membrane, using energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.


cellular lipid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, as carried out by individual cells.


imaginal disc fusion, thorax closure

The joining of the parts of the wing imaginal discs, giving rise to the adult thorax.


soyasapogenol E UDP-glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-alpha-D-glucose + soyasapogenol E <=> UDP + a soyasapogenol E monoglucoside.


negative regulation of response to biotic stimulus

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.


cotyledon boundary formation

The process in which boundaries between a cotyledon and the surrounding tissue are established and maintained.


organelle disassembly

The disaggregation of an organelle into its constituent components.


cardioblast proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of cardioblasts, resulting in the expansion of the population in the heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


embryonic brain development

The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


esophagus smooth muscle contraction

A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the esophagus. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The esophagus is the muscular membranous segment between the pharynx and the stomach in the upper gastrointestinal tract.


secretory granule organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion.


succinate-CoA ligase (ADP-forming) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + succinate + CoA = ADP + succinyl-CoA + phosphate.


iron-sulfur transferase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a iron-sulfur cluster from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


antigen sampling in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

The process of apical-to-basolateral delivery of soluble and particulate antigens to underlying mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue.


regulation of nerve growth factor production

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of nerve growth factor (NGF).


aryl-aldehyde oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an aromatic aldehyde + O2 + H2O = an aromatic acid + hydrogen peroxide.


glycine betaine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycine betaine, N-trimethylglycine.


cellular response to codeine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a codeine stimulus.


behavioral response to chemical pain

Any process that results in a change in the behaviour of an organism as a result of a chemical pain stimulus.


tensidol B biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tensidol B.


internode patterning

Determines the spacing between two shoot nodes. A shoot node is the region of the shoot where the spikelet, flower, floret, branch, bud and/or leaves are attached.


aromatic amino acid family biosynthetic process, prephenate pathway

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phenylalanine and tyrosine from other compounds, including chorismate, via the intermediate prephenate.


threonine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


cellular response to cocaine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cocaine stimulus. Cocaine is a crystalline alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the coca plant.


spermatogenesis

The developmental process by which male germ line stem cells self renew or give rise to successive cell types resulting in the development of a spermatozoa.


chondroitin B lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dermatan sulfate = n 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate. This reaction is the eliminative cleavage of dermatan sulfate containing 1,4-beta-D-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucurosonyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages to disaccharides containing 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups to yield a 4,5-unsaturated dermatan-sulfate disaccharide (DeltaUA-GalNAC-4S). Chondroitin sulfate B is also known as dermatan sulfate.


planar dichotomous subdivision of terminal units involved in lung branching morphogenesis

The process in which a lung bud bifurcates parallel to the plane of the previous bud.


akinete formation

The process in which an akinete, a thick-walled (encysted) dormant cell derived from the enlargement of a vegetative cell, is formed. Akinetes typically have granular cytoplasm, are more resistant to environmental extremes than vegetative cells, and are characteristic of several groups of Cyanobacteria.


telomerase catalytic core complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a telomerase catalytic core complex.


envenomation resulting in negative regulation of calcium channel activity in another organism

A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the resultant stopping, prevention or reduction of the activity of a calcium channel in the bitten organism.


colnelenate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (10E,12Z,15Z)-9-hydroperoxyoctadeca-10,12,15-trienoate <=> colnelenate + H2O.


lombricine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + lombricine = ADP + N-phospholombricine.


regulation of proton-transporting ATPase activity, rotational mechanism

Any process that modulates the rate of ATP hydrolysis by an ATPase. Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + H+(in) = ADP + phosphate + H+(out), by a rotational mechanism.


endothelial tube formation

The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an endothelial tube.


Atg1/ULK1 kinase complex assembly

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an Atg1/UKL1 kinase complex.


pyridoxamine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 4-(aminomethyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol, one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate.


hyalurononglucosaminidase activity

Catalysis of the random hydrolysis of (1->4) linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate.


taxoid 14-beta-hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 10beta-hydroxytaxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate + O2 + NADPH + H+ = 10beta,14beta-dihydroxytaxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate + NADP+ + H2O.


sinapate 1-glucosyltransferase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + sinapate = UDP + 1-sinapoyl-D-glucose.


endocrine process

The process that involves the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.


keratinocyte activation

A change in the morphology or behavior of a keratinocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. Upon activation, keratinocytes become migratory and hyperproliferative, and produce growth factors and cytokines.


branched 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + [(1->3)-beta-D-glucosyl](n) = UDP + a branched [(1->3)-beta-D-glucosyl](n+1).


regulation of conidiophore development

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of conidiophore development, a process that leads to the formation of a conidiophore. The conidiophore is a specialized hypha that extends aerially from the growth substrate and bears conidia, or asexual spores.


2-haloacid dehalogenase (configuration-inverting) activity

Catalysis of the reactions: (S)-2-haloacid + H2O = (R)-2-hydroxyacid + halide, and (R)-2-haloacid + H2O = (S)-2-hydroxyacid + halide.


adenylate cyclase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 6-hydroxymellein + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 6-methoxymellein + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


developmental pigmentation

The developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell.


basophil homeostasis

The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of basophils such that the total number of basophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


protein histidyl modification to diphthamide

The modification of peptidyl-histidine to 2'-(3-carboxamido-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl)-L-histidine, known as diphthamide, found in translation elongation factor EF-2. The process occurs in eukaryotes and archaea but not eubacteria.


ventral spinal cord interneuron differentiation

The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of ventral spinal cord interneurons. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


integrin activation

The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits, that lead to the increased affinity of the integrin for its extracellular ligands.


regulation of vesicle-mediated transport

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell.


C4-dicarboxylate transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of C4-dicarboxylate from one side of a membrane to the other.


cell junction disassembly

The disaggregation of a cell junction into its constituent components.


regulation of transferase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.


Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + heparan alpha-D-glucosaminide = CoA + heparan N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminide.


6-oxocampestanol hydroxylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + 6-oxocampestanol + O2 + NADPH = cathasterone + H2O + NADP.


cis-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + NADP+ = cis-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + NADPH.


epithelial cell differentiation involved in salivary gland development

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an epithelial cell of the salivary gland.


organic cation transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of organic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that contain carbon in covalent linkage.


regulation of cellular response to oxidopamine

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidopamine.


protein lipidation

The covalent attachment of lipid groups to an amino acid in a protein.


presynaptic process involved in chemical synaptic transmission

The pathway leading to secretion of a neurotransmitter from the presynapse as part of synaptic transmission.


regulation of oogenesis

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.


9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal cleavage oxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2 <=> carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal.


negative regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium concentration

Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in the presynaptic cytosol.


neuromedin U receptor activity

Combining with neuromedin U to initiate a change in cell activity.


regulation of aspartate secretion

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aspartate secretion.


response to nematode

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a nematode.


periplasmic space organization

A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the periplasmic space, the region between the inner (cytoplasmic) and outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria, or the inner membrane and cell wall in fungi.


ribonuclease P RNA binding

Binding to RNA subunit of ribonuclease P.


reelin-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of reelin (a secreted glycoprotein) to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


regulation of sodium-dependent phosphate transport

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium-dependent phosphate transport.


secondary-alcohol oxidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: secondary alcohol + O2 = H2O2 + ketone.


interleukin-32 production

The appearance of interleukin-32 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


protein-phosphocysteine-mannitol phosphotransferase system transporter activity

Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein S-phosphocysteine + mannitol(out) = protein cysteine + mannitol phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


positive regulation of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance

Any process the increases the rate, frequency or extent of intestinal epithelial structure maintenance, a tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of the structure of the intestinal epithelium.


negative regulation of phospholipid transport

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid transport.


peptidyl-isoleucine modification

The modification of peptidyl-isoleucine.


negative regulation of intestinal phytosterol absorption

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of phytosterols into the blood by absorption from the small intestine.


lens induction in camera-type eye

Signaling at short range between the head ectoderm and the optic vesicle that results in the head ectoderm forming a lens.


regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in programmed necrotic cell death

Any regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in programmed necrotic cell death.