adrenal cortex development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adrenal cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The adrenal cortex is located at the periphery of the adrenal gland and controls glucose and electrolyte metabolism, response to stress and sexual development through the production of different classes of steroid hormones (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and androgens).


D-arabinonolactonase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinono-1,4-lactone + H2O = D-arabinonate + H+.


pheophorbidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: pheophorbide a + H2O = pyropheophorbide a + methanol + CO2. The reaction occurs in two steps; pheophoridase catalyzes the conversion of pheophorbide a to a precursor of pyropheophorbide a, C-13(2)-carboxylpyropheophorbide a, by demethylation, and then the precursor is decarboxylated non-enzymatically to yield pyropheophorbide a.


Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylserine + H2O = 2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine + fatty acid.


mycophenolic acid acyl-glucuronide esterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: mycophenolic acid O-acyl-glucuronide(1-) + H2O <=> mycophenolate + H+ + D-glucopyranuronate.


all-trans-retinyl-ester hydrolase, 11-cis retinol forming activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + all-trans-retinyl ester = 11-cis-retinol + fatty acid.


Gly-tRNA(Ala) hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of misacylated Gly-tRNA(Ala).


Catalysis of the reaction: a long-chain-acyl ethyl ester + H2O = a long-chain carboxylic acid + ethanol.


acetylajmaline esterase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: 17-O-acetylajmaline + H2O = ajmaline + acetate, and 17-O-acetylnorajmaline + H2O = norajmaline + acetate.


pectinesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: pectin + n H2O = n methanol + pectate.


tropinesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: atropine + H2O = H+ + tropate + tropine.


acetylxylan esterase activity

Catalysis of the deacetylation of xylans and xylo-oligosaccharides.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + poly[(R)-3-hydroxyoctanoate](n) = poly[(R)-3-hydroxyoctanoate](x) + poly[(R)-3-hydroxyoctanoate](n-x); x is 1-5.


fusarinine-C ornithinesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N5-acyl-L-ornithine ester + H2O = N5-acyl-L-ornithine + an alcohol.


steroid-lactonase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + testololactone = H+ + testolate.


calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate. This reaction requires Ca2+.


aclacinomycin A methylesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: aclacinomycin A + H2O <=> 15-demethoxy-aclacinomycin A + methanol + H+.


acylcarnitine hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: O-acylcarnitine + H2O = a fatty acid + L-carnitine.


triacetate-lactonase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + triacetate lactone = triacetate.


phosphatidylinositol deacylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + H2O = 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-D-myo-inositol + a carboxylate + H+.


L-ascorbate 6-phosphate lactonase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-ascorbate 6-phosphate + H2O = 3-keto-L-gulonate 6-phosphate.


juvenile-hormone esterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: methyl (2E,6E)-(10R,11S)-10,11-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyltrideca-2,6-dienoate + H2O = (2E,6E)-(10R,11S)-10,11-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyltrideca-2,6-dienoate + methanol. A carboxylesterase that hydrolyzes the ester linkage of juvenile hormone.


endosulfan lactone lactonase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: endosulfan lactone + H2O = endosulfan hydroxycarboxylate + H+.


Catalysis of the removal of acetylesters (as acetate) from galacturonic acid residues in the backbone of rhamnogalacturonan.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycerol + H2O = 1-alkyl-sn-glycerol + acetate + H+.


Ala-tRNA(Thr) hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of misacylated ala-tRNA(thr).


Catalysis of the reaction: chitooligosaccharide with N-acetylglucosamine at nonreducing terminal + H2O = chitooligosaccharide with glucosamine at nonreducing terminal + acetate. This reaction is the deacetylation of a chitooligosaccharide at the nonreducing N-acetylglucosamine residue; chitooligosaccharide are composed of (1->4)-linked D-glucosamine (GlcN) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) in varying proportions.


1,4-lactonase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a 1,4-lactone = a 4-hydroxyacid.


Catalysis of the reaction: bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate + H2O = 2-ethylhexan-1-ol + 2-ethylhexyl phthalate + H+.


orsellinate-depside hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + orsellinate depside = 2 o-orsellinate + H+.


feruloyl esterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: feruloyl-polysaccharide + H2O = ferulate + polysaccharide.


acetylcholinesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetylcholine + H2O = choline + acetate.


cephalosporin-C deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cephalosporin C + H2O = acetate + deacetylcephalosporin C + H+.


primary fluorescent dioxobilin-type chlorophyll catabolite methylesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + primary fluorescent dioxobilin-type chlorophyll catabolite = H+ + methanol + O13(4)-desmethyl pFCC.


alpha-amino-acid esterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-amino acid ester + H2O = an alpha-amino acid + an alcohol.


6-acetylglucose deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 6-acetyl-D-glucose + H2O = D-glucose + acetate + H+.


tannase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: digallate + H2O = 2 gallate + H+.


cetraxate benzylesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: benzyl cetraxate + H2O = benzyl alcohol + cetraxate + H+.


Ala-tRNA(Pro) hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of misacylated Ala-tRNA(Pro).


palmitoleyl hydrolase activity

Catalysis of a hydrolase reaction that removes a palmitoleyl moiety, a 16-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid (C16:1), from some substrate.


Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-3-[(R)-3-hydroxybutanoyloxy]butanoate + H2O = 2 (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate + H+.


retinyl-palmitate esterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: retinyl palmitate + H2O = retinol + palmitate + H+.


lactonohydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of lactone rings (intramolecular cyclic esters) to produce a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group.


methyl indole-3-acetate esterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: methyl indole-3-acetate + H2O = indole-3-acetate + methanol + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-oxa-2-oxocycloheptane + H2O = 6-hydroxyhexanoate.


arylesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a phenyl acetate + H2O = a phenol + acetate.


Ser(Gly)-tRNA(Ala) hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of misacylated Ser-tRNA(Ala) and Gly-tRNA(Ala).


dihydrocoumarin hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3,4-dihydrocoumarin + H2O = 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutanoate](n) = poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutanoate](x) + poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutanoate](n-x); x is 1-5.


L-seryl-tRNA(Thr) hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of misacylated Ser-tRNA(Thr).


all-trans-retinyl-palmitate hydrolase, 11-cis retinol forming activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + all-trans-retinyl palmitate = 11-cis-retinol + H+ + palmitate.


1-16:0-2-18:2-phosphatidylcholine sn-1 acylhydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-phosphatidylcholine + H2O <=> 1-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + hexadecanoate + H+.


vinylacetate caboxylester hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: but-3-enoate + H2O <=> allyl alcohol + formate.


deoxylimonate A-ring-lactonase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: deoxylimonoate + H2O = deoxylimononate D-ring-lactone + H+.


wax-ester hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a wax ester + H2O = a long-chain alcohol + a long-chain carboxylate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxo-3-(5-oxofuran-2-ylidene)propanoate + H2O <=> 3-maleylpyruvate + H+.


phorbol-diester hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + phorbol 12,13-dibutanoate = butanoate + H+ + phorbol 13-butanoate.


4-sulfomuconolactone hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (5-oxo-2-sulfonato-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yl)acetate + H2O <=> maleylacetate + sulfite + 2 H+.


sterol esterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a steryl ester + H2O = a sterol + a fatty acid.


5-valerolactone hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 5-valerolactone + H2O = 5-hydroxyvalerate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate + H2O = 4-methylumbelliferone + acetate + H+.


prenylcysteine methylesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein C-terminal S-farnesyl-L-cysteine methyl ester + H2O = protein C-terminal S-farnesyl-L-cysteine + methanol + H+.


butyrolactone hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: butyrolactone + H2O = 4-hydroxybutanoate.


L-rhamnono-1,4-lactonase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-rhamnono-1,4-lactone + H2O = L-rhamnonate + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-acyl-2-lysophosphatidylserine + H2O = sn-glycerol-phosphoserine + a carboxylate.


pheophytinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: pheophytin + H2O = phytol + pheophorbide.


diphthine methylesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: diphthine methyl ester + H2O = diphthine + H+ + methanol.


gluconolactonase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H2O = D-gluconate.


D-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) deacylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) = D-tyrosine + tRNA(Tyr). Hydrolysis of the removal of D-tyrosine from tyrosine residues in charged tRNA.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a 1,3-diglyceride = a monoglyceride + a fatty acid.


protein C-terminal methylesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: C-terminal protein amino acid methyl ester + H2O = protein amino acid + methanol.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acetate.


Cys-tRNA(Pro) hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of misacylated Cys-tRNA(Pro).


methyl jasmonate esterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: a methyl jasmonate + H2O = a jasmonic acid + methanol.


4-methyloxaloacetate esterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-methoxy-2,4-dioxobutanoate + H2O = H+ + methanol + oxaloacetate.


protein methylesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein amino acid methyl ester + H2O = protein amino acid + methanol.


Catalysis of the reaction: [X]-4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid + H2O = [X]-OH + methyl-D-glucuronic acid. This reaction is the hydrolysis of the ester linkage between 4-O-methyl-D-glucuronic acid (MeGlcA) and an alcohol (-OH) group attached to a molecule, denoted here as [X].


Catalysis of the reaction: 11-cis-retinyl palmitate + H2O = 11-cis-retinol + H+ + palmitate.


pheophytinase b activity

Catalysis of the reaction: pheophytin b + H2O <=> H+ + pheophorbide b + phytol.


sulfolactone hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-sulfolactone + OH- = HSO3(-) + maleylacetate.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-(4-acetoxybut-1-ynyl)-2,2'-bithiophene + H2O = 5-(4-hydroxy-but-1-ynyl)-2,2'-bithiophene + acetate + H+.


all-trans-retinyl-palmitate hydrolase, all-trans-retinol forming activity

Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinyl palmitate + H2O = all-trans-retinol + H+ + palmitate.


acetylsalicylate deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetylsalicylate + H2O = acetate + H+ + salicylate.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + an N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone <=> H+ + an N-acyl-L-homoserine.


trans-permethrin hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (-)-trans-permethrin + H2O <=> H+ + (3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol + (1S,3R)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + polyneuridine aldehyde = 16-epivellosimine + CO2 + methanol.


D-leucyl-tRNA(Leu) deacylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-leucyl-tRNA(Leu) = D-leucine + tRNA(Leu). Hydrolysis of the removal of D-leucine from residues in charged tRNA(Leu).


L-arabinonolactonase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-arabinono-1,4-lactone + H2O = L-arabinonate + H+.


3-oxoadipate enol-lactonase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-oxoadipate enol-lactone + H2O = 3-oxoadipate.


heparan sulfate N-deacetylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + [heparan sulfate]-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = acetate + H+ + [heparan sulfate]-alpha-D-glucosamine.


limonin-D-ring-lactonase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: limonoate D-ring-lactone + H2O = limonoate.


chlorogenate hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: chlorogenate + H2O = (-)-quinate + cis-caffeate + H+.


uronolactonase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucurono-6,2-lactone + H2O = D-glucuronate.


brefeldin A esterase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of brefeldin A to produce brefeldin A acid. Brefeldin A is also known as gamma,4-dihydroxy-2-(6-hydroxy-1-heptenyl)-4-cyclopentanecrotonic acid lambda-lactone.


6-phosphogluconolactonase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 6-O-phosphono-D-glucono-1,5-lactone + H2O = 6-phospho-D-gluconate + H+.


galactolipase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1,2-diacyl-3-beta-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol + 2 H2O = 3-beta-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerol + 2 carboxylates.


actinomycin lactonase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: actinomycin + H2O = actinomycinic monolactone.


methyl salicylate esterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: methyl salicylate + H2O = salicylic acid + methanol + H+.


calcium-independent phospholipase A2 activity

Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylcholine + H2O = 1-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate. This reaction does not require Ca2+.


4-pyridoxolactonase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-pyridoxolactone + H2O = 4-pyridoxate + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-(3,4-diacetoxybut-1-ynyl)-2,2'-bithiophene + H2O = 5-(3-hydroxy-4-acetoxybut-1-ynyl)-2,2'-bithiophene + acetate + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: epsilon-rhodomycinone + H2O <=> 15-demethoxy-epsilon-rhodomycinone + methanol + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol = a monoglyceride + a fatty acid.


pimelyl-[acyl-carrier protein] methyl ester esterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: pimelyl-[acyl-carrier protein] methyl ester + H2O = pimelyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + methanol.


Catalysis of the reaction: 1-18:1-2-16:0-monogalactosyldiacylglycerol + H2O <=> sn-1-lyso-2-16:0-monogalactosyldiacylglycerol + oleate + H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-glutamate O(5)-methyl ester + H2O = protein L-glutamate + methanol.


hormone-sensitive lipase activity

Catalysis of the reactions: diacylglycerol + H2O = monoacylglycerol + a carboxylate; triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate; and monoacylglycerol + H2O = glycerol + a carboxylate.


acyloxyacyl hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3-(acyloxy)acyl group of bacterial toxin = 3-hydroxyacyl group of bacterial toxin + a fatty acid.


Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + N-acetyl-D-galactosaminoglycan = acetate + D-galactosaminoglycan.


acetylesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an acetic ester + H2O = an alcohol + acetate.


lipoprotein lipase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate, where the triacylglycerol is part of a lipoprotein.


xylono-1,4-lactonase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-xylono-1,4-lactone + H2O = D-xylonate.


pectin acetylesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: pectin + H2O = pectate + acetate. This reaction is the hydrolysis of acetyl esters of pectin, producing pectate, partially esterified pectin.


carboxymethylenebutenolidase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-4-olide + H2O = 4 oxohex-2-enedioate.


sinapine esterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: O-sinapoylcholine + H2O = choline + H+ + sinapate.


D-aminoacyl-tRNA deacylase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: D-aminoacyl-tRNA = D-amino acid + tRNA. Hydrolysis of the removal of D-amino acids from residues in charged tRNA.


cutinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: cutin + H2O = cutin monomers.


aclacinomycin T methylesterase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: aclacinomycin T(1+) + H2O <=> 15-demethylaclacinomycin T + methanol + H+.


Ser-tRNA(Ala) hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the hydrolysis of misacylated Ser-tRNA(Ala).


Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6)-beta-D-mannosyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,4-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,2)-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3-(beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6)-beta-D-mannosyl-R.


hercynylcysteine sulfoxide synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-cysteine + N-alpha,N-alpha,N-alpha-trimethyl-L-histidine (hercynine) + O2 = hercynylcysteine sulfoxide + H2O.


ammon gyrus development

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ammon gyrus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ammon gyrus, often subdivided into the CA1 and CA3 regions, is one of the two interlocking gyri of the hippocampus that is rich in large pyramidal neurons.


anaerobic L-alanine catabolic process

The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine, yielding energy in the form of ATP.


alanine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid.


alanine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid.


D-alanine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-alanine, the D-enantiomer of the amino acid alanine, i.e. (2R)-2-aminopropanoic acid.


L-alanine oxidation to pyruvate via D-alanine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine to pyruvate, with D-alanine as an intermediate.


beta-alanine catabolic process to L-alanine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-alanine into other compounds, including L-alanine.


L-alanine catabolic process, by transamination

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine by transamination.


L-alanine oxidation to D-lactate and ammonia

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine to D-lactate and ammonia.


D-alanine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-alanine, the D-enantiomer of the amino acid alanine, i.e (2R)-2-aminopropanoic acid.


D-alanine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-alanine, the D-enantiomer of the amino acid alanine.


L-alanine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid.


arginine catabolic process to alanine via ornithine

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine into other compounds, including alanine, via ornithine.


L-alanine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid.


voltage-gated sodium channel activity involved in SA node cell action potential

Enables the transmembrane transfer of a sodium ion by a voltage-gated channel through the plasma membrane of an SA node cardiac muscle cell contributing to the depolarization phase of an action potential. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


arabitol transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of an arabitol from one side of a membrane to the other. Arabitol is the pentitol derived from arabinose or lyxose by reduction of the aldehyde group. The D enantiomer is present in lichens and mushrooms.


2,4,6-trinitrotoluene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 1-methyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, a highly explosive pale yellow crystalline solid.


trinitrotoluene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of trinitrotoluene, a methylated benzene entity with three NO2 groups attached to it. This includes the explosive TNT, 1-methyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene.


anaerobic 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 1-methyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, a highly explosive pale yellow crystalline solid, in the absence of oxygen.


clearance of foreign intracellular nucleic acids

A defense process that protects an organism from DNA or RNA from an invading organism.


defense response to other organism

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of another organism that act to protect the cell or organism from damage caused by that organism.


suppression of viral release by host

A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the release of a virus with which it is infected, from its cells.


antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide

An immune response against microbes mediated by anti-microbial peptides in body fluid.


jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance

The jasmonic acid and ethylene (ethene) dependent process that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease in response to wounding or a pathogen.


cytolysis by host of symbiont cells

The killing by an organism of a cell in its symbiont organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


antibacterial humoral response

An immune response against bacteria mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are the antibacterial humoral responses in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.


innate immune response in mucosa

Any process of the innate immune response that takes place in the mucosal tissues.


CRISPR-cas system

A defense response of that serves to clear host cells of foreign DNA and RNA. It has three distinct stage: acquisition of foreign DNA by integration into CRISPR loci in the host chromosome, CRISPR RNA (crRNA) biogenesis, and target interference. CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat, which describes the nature of the loci.


induced systemic resistance

A response to non-pathogenic bacteria that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling.


neutrophil-mediated killing of bacterium

The directed killing of a bacterium by a neutrophil.


natural killer cell mediated immunity

The promotion of an immune response by natural killer cells through direct recognition of target cells or through the release of cytokines.


neutrophil-mediated killing of gram-positive bacterium

The directed killing of a gram-positive bacterium by a neutrophil.


induction of bacterial agglutination

Any process in which infecting bacteria are clumped together by a host organism.


natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell

An immune response mediated by a natural killer cell triggered in response to the presence of a tumor cell.


suppression of symbiont entry into host

Any process in which an organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into a second organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.


defense response to symbiont

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a symbiont that act to protect the cell or organism from damage caused by that symbiont.


antiviral innate immune response

A defense response against viruses mediated through an innate immune response. An innate immune response is mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.


neutrophil-mediated killing of symbiont cell

The directed killing of a symbiont target cell by a neutrophil. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


male-specific defense response to bacterium

A set of reactions, specific to males, that are triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.


clearance of foreign intracellular DNA

A defense process that protects an organism from invading foreign DNA.


natural killer cell cytokine production

Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a natural killer cell.


defense response to oomycetes

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of oomycetes that act to protect the cell or organism.


antifungal innate immune response

An defense response against a fungus mediated through an innate immune response. An innate immune response is mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.


natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target

The directed killing of a tumor cell by a natural killer cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.


antibacterial innate immune response

An defense response against a bacteria mediated through an innate immune response. An innate immune response is mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.


neutrophil-mediated killing of fungus

The directed killing of a fungal cell by a neutrophil.


male-specific antibacterial humoral response

An immune response against bacteria, specific to males and mediated through a body fluid.


defense response to parasitic plant

Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a parasitic plant that act to protect an organism.


killing by host of symbiont cells

Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


hemolymph coagulation

Any process in which factors in the hemolymph (the invertebrate equivalent of vertebrate blood and lymph) precipitate into insoluble clots in order to prevent loss of body fluid, and at the same time prevent the movement of microbes. Hemolymph coagulation is also part of the invertebrate humoral immune response.


melanotic encapsulation of foreign target

Formation of a multilayered, melanized sheath of cells around a foreign invader.


natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity

The directed killing of a target cell by a natural killer cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.


antimicrobial humoral response

An immune response against microbes mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are seen in the antimicrobial humoral response of Drosophila melanogaster and Mus musculus.


systemic acquired resistance

The salicylic acid mediated response to a pathogen which confers broad spectrum resistance.


melanization defense response

The blackening of the wounded area of the cuticle or the surface of invading pathogens, parasites or parasitoids, resulting from a proteolytic cascade leading to the de novo synthesis and deposition of melanin.


neutrophil-mediated killing of gram-negative bacterium

The directed killing of a gram-negative bacterium by a neutrophil.


innate immunity memory response

An immune response mediated by the innate immune system and directed against a previously encountered immunologic stimulus, being quicker and quantitatively better compared with the initial response to that stimulus.


defense response against perturbation of plasma membrane integrity

The cellular processes and signaling pathways by which a cell responds to disruption of the integrity of its plasma membrane by another organism. Some toxins produced by other organisms can form pores in membranes, or affect the membrane permeability.


age-related resistance

An innate immune response that is positively correlated with host plant development. As a plant develops, its innate resistance to pathogenic infections increases. The mechanisms involved in age-related resistance differ in nature or in aspects of regulation from the hypersensitive response (HR), systemic acquired resistance (SAR), or induced systemic resistance (ISR).


antifungal humoral response

An immune response against a fungus mediated through a body fluid. An example of this process is the antifungal humoral response in Drosophila melanogaster.


clearance of foreign intracellular RNA

A defense process that protects an organism from invading foreign RNA.


columella

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A rod-like element of the sexine and ectexine, supporting either the tectum (the layer of sexine which forms a roof over the columella), or supporting a caput (an architectural element on top of a columella).


melanosome membrane

The lipid bilayer surrounding a melanosome.


pigment granule membrane

Any membrane that is part of a pigment granule.


epicardium-derived cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell that was derived from the epicardium over time, from its formation to the mature state.


vascular associated smooth muscle cell development

The process aimed at the progression of a vascular smooth muscle cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels.


cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state.


Catalysis of the reaction: cis-2-chloro-4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-1,4-olide = trans-2-chloro-4-carboxymethylenebut-2-en-1,4-olide.


cellular response to puromycin

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a puromycin stimulus.


detection of reduced oxygen by carotid body chemoreceptor signaling

The process in which information about the levels of oxygen are received and are converted to a molecular signal by chemoreceptors in a carotid body.


reservosome lumen

The volume enclosed by the membranes of a reservosome.


negative regulation of bone trabecula formation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone trabecula formation.


regulation of bone trabecula formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone trabecula formation.


positive regulation of bone trabecula formation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone trabecula formation.


elastin biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of elastin, a fibrous glycoprotein found in elastic tissues such as the walls of arteries.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4,4'-dihydroxy-alpha-methylstilbene + O2 = 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde + 4-hydroxyacetophenone + 2 H+ + 2 e-.


collagen type VII trimer

A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(VII) chains; type VII collagen triple helices form antiparallel dimer, which in turn associate laterally to form anchoring fibrils that connect type IV collagen in the basal lamina to plaques in the underlying connective tissue. It binds laminin.


isoflavonoid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of isoflavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives, isomeric with flavonoids.


phenylpropanoid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid.


cinnamic acid catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid.


p-hydroxyphenyl lignin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of p-hydroxyphenyl lignin.


anaerobic lignin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lignin in the absence of oxygen. Lignin is a class of polymers of phenylpropanoid units.


chalcone catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chalcone, phenyl steryl ketone or its hydroxylated derivatives.


coumarin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of coumarins, compounds derived from the phenylacrylic skeleton of cinnamic acids.


eugenol catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of eugenol, a colorless, aromatic, liquid hydrocarbon (C10H12O2) found in clove oil.


isoflavonoid phytoalexin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of isoflavonoid phytoalexins, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives isomeric with flavonoids that possess antibiotic activity and are produced by plant tissues in response to infection.


cinnamic acid ester catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ester derivatives of cinnamic acid, phenylpropenoic acid.


lignin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lignins, a class of polymers of phenylpropanoid units.


guaiacyl lignin catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guaiacyl lignin.


negative regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction.


visual perception

The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image.


visual perception involved in equilibrioception

The series of events during equilibrioception required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual input plays an important role in the ability of an organism to perceive its orientation with respect to gravity.


negative regulation of sevenless signaling pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the sevenless signaling pathway.


Catalysis of the reaction: phenanthrene-4-carboxylate + 2 H+ + 2 e- + O2 = cis-3,4-phenanthrenedihydrodiol-4-carboxylate.


eosinophil chemotaxis

The movement of an eosinophil in response to an external stimulus.


positive regulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.


GAC codon-amino acid adaptor activity

A triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity that recognizes a GAC codon.


diphosphate-purine nucleoside kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: diphosphate + a purine nucleoside = monophosphate + a purine mononucleotide.


germarium-derived female germ-line cyst formation

Formation, in a germarium, of a group of interconnected cells derived from a single female gonial founder cell (a cystoblast). The germarium is the most anterior portion of an insect ovariole. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


thermospermine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thermospermine.


thermospermine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving thermospermine.


thermospermine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thermospermine.


cytosolic small ribosomal subunit

The small subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.


aspartate kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-aspartate + ATP = 4-phospho-L-aspartate + ADP + H+.


amino acid kinase activity

Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to an amino acid substrate.


glutamate 5-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-glutamate + ATP = L-glutamyl 5-phosphate + ADP + H+.


homoserine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-homoserine + ATP = O-phospho-L-homoserine + ADP + 2 H+.


hydroxylysine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine + GTP = 5-phosphonooxy-L-lysine + GDP + 2 H+.


Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + N-acetyl-L-2-aminoadipate = ADP + N-acetyl-L-2-aminoadipate 6-phosphate.


arginine kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + ATP = N(omega)-phospho-L-arginine + ADP + 2 H+.


GMP catabolic process to IMP

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanosine monophosphate into other compounds, including inosine monophosphate.


extraglomerular mesangial cell proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of extraglomerular glomerular mesangium cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Extraglomerular mesangial cells (also known as lacis cells, Goormaghtigh cells) are light-staining cells in the kidney found outside the glomerulus, near the vascular pole and macula densa.


mesonephric extraglomerular mesangial cell proliferation involved in mesonephros development

The multiplication or reproduction of extraglomerular glomerular mesangium cells in the mesonephros by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Extraglomerular mesangial cells (also known as lacis cells, Goormaghtigh cells) are light-staining cells in the kidney found outside the glomerulus, near the vascular pole and macula densa.


negative regulation of granulosa cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of granulosa cell proliferation.


adenylate cyclase-inhibiting adrenergic receptor signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an adrenergic receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


chanoclavine-I aldehyde biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chanoclavine-I aldehyde. Chanoclavine-I aldehyde is at a branching point in the biosynthetic pathways of fumigaclavine C and ergotamine.


negative regulation of positive chemotaxis to cAMP by DIF-2

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of directed movement of a motile cell or organism up a concentration gradient of 3',5'-cAMP by the action of DIF-2. DIF-2 is a chlorinated alkylphenone.


positive regulation of ERBB signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB signaling pathway.


positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.


positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process.


positive regulation of ERBB3 signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB3 signaling pathway.


evasion of host immune response via modulation of host complement system

Any mechanism of active immune avoidance which works by regulating the host complement system, e.g. by possessing complement receptors which mediate attachment to, then infection of, host macrophages, which are eventually destroyed. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


ER body

A novel compartment found in plant cells that is derived from the ER. The structures have a characteristic shape and size (10 mm long and 0.5 mm wide) and are surrounded with ribosomes. They have been found in Arabidopsis thaliana and related Brassicaceae species.


extrathymic T cell differentiation

The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway independent of the thymus.


old cell tip after activation of bipolar cell growth

A cell tip which has existed for at least one complete cell cycle, and at which polarized growth occurs, which is part of a cell that has activated bipolar cell growth (i.e. in which new end take-off, NETO, has taken place). For example, in fission yeast the cell end that existed prior to cell division grows immediately after division, and contains a distinctive complement of proteins including actin cytoskeletal structures.


regulation of dehydroaustinol biosynthetic process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dehydroaustinol biosynthetic process.


negative regulation of dehydroaustinol biosynthetic process

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dehydroaustinol biosynthetic process.


mannose-specific flocculation

The non-sexual aggregation of single-celled organisms mediated by the binding of cell wall proteins on one cell to mannose residues on the other.


peptidyl-lysine 5-dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = protein 5-hydroxy-L-lysine + succinate + CO2.


gastric emptying

The process in which the liquid and liquid-suspended solid contents of the stomach exit through the pylorus into the duodenum.


ethylene binding

Binding to ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.


glucarate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucarate, the anion of glucaric acid.


glucarate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucarate, the dianion of glucaric acid, an aldaric acid derived from either glucose or gulose. There are two enantiomers L- and D-glucarate.


glucarate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucarate, the anion of glucaric acid.


D-glucarate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-glucarate, the D-enantiomer of glucarate.


D-glucarate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-glucarate, the D-enantiomer of glucarate. D-glucarate is derived from either D-glucose or L-gulose.


D-glucarate biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-glucarate, the D-enantiomer of glucarate.


(3R)-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NAD) activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 3R-hydroxyacyl-CoA + NAD+ = 3-oxoacyl-CoA + NADH.


cholesterol biosynthetic process via desmosterol

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, via the intermediate desmosterol.


cholesterol biosynthetic process via 24,25-dihydrolanosterol

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, via the intermediate 24,25-dihydrolanosterol.


proline racemase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-proline = D-proline.


modulation by symbiont of host protein localization to phagocytic vesicle

Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localisation to the host phagosome. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


cellular hypotonic salinity response

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.


hypotonic salinity response

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.


mutator focus

A type of punctate focus localized to the perinuclear region of germline cytoplasm in C. elegans. Mutator foci are required for RNA interference (RNAi) and serve as sites of small inhibitory RNA (siRNA) amplification. As such, proteins that localize to mutator foci include RNA-directed RNA polymerases (RdRPs) and beta-nucleotidyltransferases. Mutator foci are distinct from, but adjacent to or partially overlap, P granules.


Catalysis of the reaction: 6-hydroxynicotinate + H2O + O2 = 2,6-dihydroxynicotinate + H2O2.


regulation of type IIa hypersensitivity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.


regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.


negative regulation of type IIa hypersensitivity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.


negative regulation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to nonself antigen.


positive regulation of T-helper 17 cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell differentiation.


positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.


negative regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation.


negative regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.


regulation of type III hypersensitivity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.


positive regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.


positive regulation of B cell mediated immunity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.


positive regulation of germinal center formation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.


regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.


negative regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.


regulation of type IV hypersensitivity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type IV hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.


positive regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.


regulation of T-helper 17 cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell differentiation.


positive regulation of complement activation, classical pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the classical pathway.


regulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.


positive regulation of type II hypersensitivity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.


negative regulation of B cell antigen processing and presentation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.


regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.


negative regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.


regulation of T cell mediated immunity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.


positive regulation of type IIa hypersensitivity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IIa hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.


negative regulation of complement activation, classical pathway

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation by the classical pathway.


regulation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to nonself antigen.


positive regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation.


regulation of germinal center formation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.


positive regulation of T cell mediated immunity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.


positive regulation of B cell antigen processing and presentation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.


negative regulation of type IIb hypersensitivity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type IIb hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.


positive regulation of T-helper 17 type immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 type immune response.


regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.


negative regulation of T-helper 17 cell lineage commitment

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell lineage commitment.


helper T cell enhancement of B cell mediated immune response

Positive regulation of a B cell mediated immune response mediated via cytokine production by a helper T cell.


positive regulation of type IIb hypersensitivity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IIb hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.


regulation of B cell antigen processing and presentation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell antigen processing and presentation.


negative regulation of type II hypersensitivity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.


regulation of type I hypersensitivity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.


negative regulation of immunoglobulin mediated immune response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immunoglobulin mediated immune response.


regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.


negative regulation of T cell antigen processing and presentation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell antigen processing and presentation.


regulation of T-helper 17 cell lineage commitment

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell lineage commitment.


positive regulation of peripheral tolerance induction

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.


negative regulation of T-helper 17 cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell differentiation.


negative regulation of T cell mediated immunity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.


positive regulation of tolerance induction to nonself antigen

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction to nonself antigen.


helper T cell enhancement of T cell mediated immune response

Positive regulation of a T cell mediated immune response mediated via cytokine production by a helper T cell.


regulation of complement activation, classical pathway

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the classical pathway of complement activation.


regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.


negative regulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.


positive regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.


negative regulation of B cell mediated immunity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.


regulation of peripheral tolerance induction

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.


regulation of type II hypersensitivity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type II hypersensitivity.


positive regulation of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction dependent upon immune response.


negative regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.


susceptibility to T cell mediated cytotoxicity

The process of causing a cell to become susceptible to T cell mediated cytotoxicity.


regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.


regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation.


negative regulation of type III hypersensitivity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.


negative regulation of type I hypersensitivity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.


regulation of type IIb hypersensitivity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of type IIb hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.


positive regulation of type IV hypersensitivity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type IV hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.


positive regulation of type III hypersensitivity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type III hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.


helper T cell enhancement of adaptive immune response

Positive regulation of an adaptive immune response mediated via cytokine production by helper T cell.


negative regulation of peripheral tolerance induction

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peripheral tolerance induction.


negative regulation of germinal center formation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.


positive regulation of type I hypersensitivity

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of type I hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.


regulation of B cell mediated immunity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.


positive regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains. An example of this process is found in the Gnathostomata.


regulation of T-helper 17 type immune response

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 type immune response.


negative regulation of type IV hypersensitivity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of type IV hypersensitivity, a type of inflammatory response.


negative regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.


negative regulation of T-helper 17 type immune response

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 type immune response.


amyloid-beta clearance

The process in which amyloid-beta is removed from extracellular brain regions by mechanisms involving cell surface receptors.


sialic acid:proton symporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sialate(out) + H+(out) = sialate(in) + H+(in).


caste determination, influence by genetic factors

The process in which individuals, having the potential to develop any of several distinct developmental paths, have their individual developmental fate determined in response to genetic cues. Individuals with distinct developmental fates perform different functions in a colony of social insects.


polyphenic determination

The process in which individuals that have the potential to develop any of several possible distinct developmental paths have their individual developmental fates determined in response to environmental and/or genetic cues.


caste determination

The process in which individuals, having the potential to develop any of several distinct developmental paths, have their individual developmental fate determined in response to environmental and/or genetic cues. Individuals with distinct developmental fates perform different functions in a colony of social insects.


polyphenic determination, influence by environmental factors

The process in which individuals that have the potential to develop any of several possible distinct developmental paths have their individual developmental fates determined in response to environmental cues.


caste determination, influence by environmental factors

The process in which individuals, having the potential to develop any of several distinct developmental paths, have their individual developmental fate determined in response to environmental cues. Individuals with distinct developmental fates perform different functions in a colony of social insects.


polyphenic determination, influence by genetic factors

The process in which individuals that have the potential to develop any of several possible distinct developmental paths have their individual developmental fates determined in response to genetic cues.


copper-nicotianamine transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of the copper chelate copper-nicotianamine (Cu-NA) from one side of a membrane to the other.


regulation of somatic stem cell division

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division.


positive regulation of somatic stem cell division

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division.


negative regulation of somatic stem cell division

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division.


epinephrine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.


plastoglobule

A lipoprotein particle present in chloroplasts. They are rich in non-polar lipids (triglycerides, esters) as well as in prenylquinones, plastoquinone and tocopherols. Plastoglobules are often associated with thylakoid membranes, suggesting an exchange of lipids with thylakoids.


Fused-Smurf ubiquitin ligase complex

A ubiquitin ligase complex. In D. melanogaster, it regulates ubiquitination and proteolysis of the BMP receptor Thickveins in cystoblasts, potentially by controlling Tkv ubiquitination and degradation.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + O-demethylpuromycin = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + puromycin.


citrate (Si)-synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + H2O + oxaloacetate = citrate + CoA, where the acetyl group is added to the si-face of oxaloacetate; acetyl-CoA thus provides the two carbon atoms of the pro-S carboxymethyl group.


citrate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + H2O + oxaloacetate = citrate + CoA.


citrate (Re)-synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + H2O + oxaloacetate = citrate + CoA, where the acetyl group is added to the re-face of oxaloacetate; acetyl-CoA provides the two carbon atoms of the pro-R carboxymethyl group.


modulation of relaxation of smooth muscle in another organism

The process in which an organism effects a change in the relaxation of smooth muscle in a second organism.


positive regulation of relaxation of uterine smooth muscle in another organism

The process in which an organism increases the extent of relaxation of smooth muscle in the uterus of a second organism.


modulation of relaxation of uterine smooth muscle in another organism

The process in which an organism effects a change in the relaxation of smooth muscle in the uterus of a second organism.


translation at presynapse

Translation that occurs at the presynapse.


translation at presynapse, modulating chemical synaptic transmission

Translation that occurs at the presynapse, and that modulates chemical synaptic transmission.


negative regulation of oxidoreductase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the rate of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered.


negative regulation of glutathione peroxidase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutathione peroxidase activity.


negative regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.


negative regulation of thioredoxin peroxidase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thioredoxin peroxidase activity.


negative regulation of tyrosinase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a tyrosinase enzyme.


negative regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity.


negative regulation of malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP+) activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP+) activity.


negative regulation of monooxygenase activity

Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a monooxygenase.


negative regulation of succinate dehydrogenase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of succinate dehydrogenase activity.


negative regulation of heme oxygenase activity

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency or rate of heme oxygenase activity.


negative regulation of primary amine oxidase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of primary amine oxidase activity.


negative regulation of cytokinin dehydrogenase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytokinin dehydrogenase activity.


negative regulation of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NAD(P)H) activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NAD(P)H) activity.


negative regulation of peroxidase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peroxidase activity.


negative regulation of D-amino-acid oxidase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of D-amino-acid oxidase activity.


regulation of advanced glycation end-product receptor activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of advanced glycation end-product receptor activity.


negative regulation of advanced glycation end-product receptor activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of advanced glycation end-product receptor activity.


extracellular matrix of synaptic cleft

The portion of the extracellular matrix that lies within the synaptic cleft.


cranial suture morphogenesis

The process in which any suture between cranial bones is generated and organized.


coronal suture morphogenesis

The process in which the coronal suture is generated and organized.


frontal suture morphogenesis

The process in which the frontal suture is generated and organized.


lambdoid suture morphogenesis

The process in which the lambdoid suture is generated and organized.


sagittal suture morphogenesis

The process in which the sagittal suture is generated and organized.


positive regulation of BMP signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity.


cellular response to L-canavanine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a L-canavanine stimulus. L-canavanine is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group.


response to L-canavanine

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a L-canavanine stimulus.


positive regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages that are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates.


positive regulation of odontogenesis

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.


positive regulation of dentin-containing tooth bud formation by mesenchymal-epithelial signaling

Any process that initiates the formation of a tooth bud by the secretion of a signal from a mesenchymal cell and its reception and subsequent change in the identity of an epithelial cell of the tooth bud.


positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process

Any process that increases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death.


cellular response to phosphate starvation

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of phosphate.


(S)-limonene 1,2-monooxygenase NADPH activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (4S)-limonene + NADPH+= + H+ + O2 = NADP+ + H2O + (4S)-limonene-1,2-epoxide.


Catalysis of the reaction: choline + O2 = betaine aldehyde + hydrogen peroxide.


D-nopaline dehydrogenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: N2-(D-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-arginine + NADP+ + H2O = L-arginine + 2-oxoglutarate + NADPH.


keratinization

The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns.


mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in renal vesicle formation

A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the renal vesicle.


mesenchymal to epithelial transition

A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell.


mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephric renal vesicle formation

A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephric renal vesicle.


mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis

A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.


mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephric renal vesicle formation

A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the mesonephric renal vesicle.


mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in mesonephros morphogenesis

A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the mesonephros.


The monomethylation of the N-terminal serine of proteins to form the derivative N-methylserine.


phosphonoacetate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphonoacetate, C2H4PO5, a substance composed of an acetate and a phosphonic acid residue.


cspyrone B1 biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cspyrone B1.


ecdysteroid 22-kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: an ecdysteroid + ATP = an ecdysteroid 22-phosphate + ADP + H+.


tartrate epimerase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: L-tartrate = (2R,3S)-tartrate.


bBAF complex

A brain-specific SWI/SNF-type complex that contains eight or nine proteins, including both conserved (core) and nonconserved components; contains the ATPase product of either the SMARCA4/BAF190A/BRG1 gene, the mammalian ortholog of the yeast SNF2 gene, or the SMARCA2/BAF190B/BRM gene, the mammalian ortholog of the Drosophila brm (brahma) gene, or an ortholog of either of these genes. Compared to the neuron-specific nBAF complex (GO:0071565) it does not contain DPF1, DPF3 or SMARCC1 or their orthologs. May contain PB1/BAF180.


GTP cyclohydrolase II activity

Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + 3 H2O = 2,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-4-(5-phosphoribosylamino)-pyrimidine + diphosphate + formate + 3 H+.


2-oxoglutarate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + CoA + oxidized ferredoxin = succinyl-CoA + CO2 + reduced ferredoxin.


(+)-2-epi-prezizaene synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 2-cis,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate <=> (+)-2-epi-prezizaene + diphosphoric acid.


2-cis,6-cis-farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: dimethylallyl diphosphate + 2 isopentenyl diphosphate <=> 2 diphosphate + (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate.


heart induction

The close range interaction between mesoderm and endoderm or ectoderm that causes cells to change their fates and specify the development of the heart.


Catalysis of the reaction: 5-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanate = pyruvate + chloroacetaldehyde.


Catalysis of the transfer of a beta-D-GlcNAc residue from UDP-D-GlcNAc to the fucose residue of a fucosylated protein acceptor.


negative regulation of substance P receptor binding

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of substance P receptor binding.


positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.


Catalysis of the reaction 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA + H2O = 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate + CoA.


toluene oxidation via 4-hydroxytoluene

The degradation of toluene to form p-hydroxybenzoate; the first step in the pathway is the oxidation of toluene to form 4-hydroxytoluene (4-cresol).


toluene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving toluene, a volatile monoaromatic hydrocarbon found in crude petroleum and petroleum products such as gasoline and commonly used as a paint thinning agent and in other solvent applications.


toluene oxidation to catechol

The formation from toluene of catechol, dihydroxybenzene, by successive oxidations followed by loss of carbon dioxide (CO2).


toluene oxidation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the loss of electrons from one or more atoms in toluene.


anaerobic toluene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving toluene, a volatile monoaromatic hydrocarbon found in crude petroleum and petroleum products, that occur in the absence of oxygen.


toluene oxidation via 2-hydroxytoluene

The degradation of toluene to form pyruvate and acetaldehyde; the first step in the pathway is the oxidation of toluene to form 2-hydroxytoluene (o-cresol).


toluene oxidation via 3-hydroxytoluene

The degradation of toluene to form pyruvate and acetaldehyde; the first step in the pathway is the oxidation of toluene to form 3-hydroxytoluene (m-cresol).


toluene oxidation via toluene-cis-1,2-dihydrodiol

The degradation of toluene to form pyruvate and acetaldehyde; the first step in the pathway is the oxidation of toluene to form toluene-cis-1,2-dihydrodiol.


toluene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of toluene, a volatile monoaromatic hydrocarbon found in crude petroleum and petroleum products.


anaerobic toluene catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of toluene, a volatile monoaromatic hydrocarbon found in crude petroleum and petroleum products, in the absence of oxygen.


negative regulation of amacrine cell differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amacrine cell differentiation.


regulation of amacrine cell differentiation

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amacrine cell differentiation.


positive regulation of amacrine cell differentiation

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amacrine cell differentiation.


muscle myosin complex

A filament of myosin found in a muscle cell of any type.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA + chloride + NADP+ = 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl-CoA + NADPH.


Catalysis of the reaction: 4-sulfobenzoate + H+ + NADH + O2 = 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate + NAD+ + sulfite.


alphaIIb-beta3 integrin-ICAM-4 complex

A protein complex that consists of an alphaIIb-beta3 integrin complex bound to the cell adhesion molecule ICAM-4.


lateral sprouting involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis

The process in which a branch forms along the side of a mammary duct.


negative regulation of androgen secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion.


negative regulation of secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.


negative regulation of defecation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defecation.


negative regulation of defecation rhythm

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defecation rhythm.


negative regulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion.


negative regulation of glucagon secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.


negative regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of luteinizing hormone.


negative regulation of ecdysteroid secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of ecdysteroid.


negative regulation of substance P secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of substance P secretion.


negative regulation of neurotransmitter secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.


negative regulation of corticosterone secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of corticosterone secretion.


negative regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone.


negative regulation of histamine secretion by mast cell

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of histamine secretion by mast cell.


negative regulation of androstenedione secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of androstenedione secretion.


negative regulation of renal sodium excretion

Any process that decreases the amount of sodium excreted in urine over a unit of time.


negative regulation of renal sodium excretion by angiotensin

The process in which angiotensin decreases the amount of sodium that is excreted in urine over a unit of time.


negative regulation of testosterone secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone secretion.


negative regulation of epinephrine secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of epinephrine.


negative regulation of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission.


negative regulation of gastrin-induced gastric acid secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastrin-induced gastric acid secretion.


negative regulation of dehydroepiandrosterone secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dehydroepiandrosterone secretion.


negative regulation of estradiol secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of estradiol secretion.


negative regulation of bile acid secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of bile acid from a cell or a tissue.


negative regulation of saliva secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of saliva secretion.


negative regulation of progesterone secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of progesterone secretion.


negative regulation of activin secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of activin from a cell.


negative regulation of pancreatic juice secretion

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of pancreatic juice secretion, the regulated release of pancreatic juice by the exocrine pancreas into the upper part of the intestine.


negative regulation of icosanoid secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of an icosanoid from a cell.


negative regulation of dopamine secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine.


negative regulation of growth hormone secretion

Any process that decreases or stops the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of growth hormone from a cell.


negative regulation of glycine secretion, neurotransmission

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycine secretion, neurotransmission.


negative regulation of glucocorticoid secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid secretion.


negative regulation of serotonin secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.


negative regulation of substance P secretion, neurotransmission

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of substance P secretion, neurotransmission.


negative regulation of corticosteroid hormone secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of corticosteroid hormone secretion.


negative regulation of estrogen secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of estrogen secretion.


negative regulation of somatostatin secretion

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas.


negative regulation of aldosterone secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aldosterone secretion.


negative regulation of aspartate secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aspartate secretion.


negative regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of corticotropin-releasing hormone from a cell.


negative regulation of hormone secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.


negative regulation of secretion by cell

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.


negative regulation of peptide hormone secretion

Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.


negative regulation of glutamate secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.


negative regulation of calcitonin secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcitonin secretion.


negative regulation of gastric acid secretion

Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.


negative regulation of mucus secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.


negative regulation of spontaneous neurotransmitter secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of spontaneous neurotransmitter secretion.


negative regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of parathyroid hormone secretion.


negative regulation of peptide secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.


negative regulation of mineralocorticoid secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mineralocorticoid secretion.


negative regulation of inhibin secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of inhibin from a cell.


negative regulation of steroid hormone secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion.


negative regulation of corticotropin secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of corticotropic hormone from a cell.


negative regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.


negative regulation of estrone secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of estrone secretion.


negative regulation of gonadotropin secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a gonadotropin.


negative regulation of cortisol secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of cortisol from a cell.


negative regulation of arachidonic acid secretion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of arachidonic acid secretion.


negative regulation of juvenile hormone secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of juvenile hormone.


negative regulation of catecholamine secretion

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine.


signal transduction involved in regulation of gene expression

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another.


Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + anthranilate = N-methylanthranilate + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


sequestering of calcium ion

The process of binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.


negative regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation.


negative regulation of dopaminergic neuron differentiation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic neuron differentiation.


unsaturated chondroitin disaccharide hydrolase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-4-deoxy-Delta(4)-GlcpA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc6S + H2O = 5-dehydro-4-deoxy-D-glucuronate + N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine 6-sulfate.


catagen

The regression phase of the hair cycle during which cell proliferation ceases, the hair follicle shortens, and an anchored club hair is produced.


hair cycle phase

The cyclical periods of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.


anagen

The growth phase of the hair cycle. Lasts, for example, about 3 to 6 years for human scalp hair.


exogen

The shedding phase of the hair cycle.


telogen

The resting phase of hair cycle.


1-undecene metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 1-undecene.


endothelial cell-cell adhesion

The attachment of an endothelial cell to another endothelial cell via adhesion molecules.


NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex

A complex having histone acetylase activity on chromatin, as well as ATPase, DNA helicase and structural DNA binding activities. The complex is thought to be involved in double-strand DNA break repair. Subunits of the human complex include HTATIP/TIP60, TRRAP, RUVBL1, BUVBL2, beta-actin and BAF53/ACTL6A. In yeast, the complex has 13 subunits, including the catalytic subunit Esa1 (homologous to human Tip60).


sphingoid metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingoids, any of a class of compounds comprising sphinganine and its homologues and stereoisomers, and derivatives of these compounds.


3-keto-sphinganine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-keto-sphinganine, a derivative of sphinganine with a ketone group at C3. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of sphingosine.


sphingosine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingosine (sphing-4-enine), trans-D-erytho-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol, a long chain amino diol sphingoid base that occurs in most sphingolipids in animal tissues.


sphinganine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphinganine, D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.


sphinganine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphinganine, D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.


phytosphingosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytosphingosine, (2S,3S,4R)-2-aminooctadecane-1,3,4-triol, a constituent of many plant sphingolipids.


sphingosine metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingosine (sphing-4-enine), trans-D-erytho-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol, a long chain amino diol sphingoid base that occurs in most sphingolipids in animal tissues.


sphingoid biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingoids, any of a class of compounds comprising sphinganine and its homologues and stereoisomers, and derivatives of these compounds.


phytosphingosine biosynthetic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytosphingosine, (2S,3S,4R)-2-aminooctadecane-1,3,4-triol.


shikimate metabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways involving shikimate, (3R,4S,5R)--3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate, the anion of shikimic acid. It is an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids.


shikimate catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of shikimate, (3R,4S,5R)--3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate, the anion of shikimic acid.


heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, linkage to polypeptide

The polymerization of one or more heparan sulfate chains via a xylose link onto serine residues in the core protein of a proteoglycan.


response to meiotic cell cycle checkpoint signaling

A process that acts directly to delay or stop progression through the cell cycle in response to signals generated as a result of meiotic cell cycle checkpoint signaling; contributes to a meiotic cell cycle checkpoint.


response to meiotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling

A process that occurs in response to signals generated as a result of meiotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling.


response to meiotic DNA replication checkpoint signaling

A process that occurs in response to signals generated as a result of meiotic DNA replication checkpoint signaling.


L-phenylalanine catabolic process

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylalanine, 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.


anaerobic phenylalanine oxidation

The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylalanine under anaerobic conditions; occurs via the intermediates phenylpyruvate and phenylacetaldehyde.


cytoplasmic side of apical plasma membrane

The side (leaflet) of the apical region of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm.


collagen type X trimer

A collagen homotrimer of alpha1(X) chains; type X collagen triple helices form hexagonal networks (sheets).


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hercynylselenocysteine.


positive regulation of response to formic acid

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to formic acid.


regulation of response to formic acid

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to formic acid.


negative regulation of response to formic acid

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to formic acid.


transcription factor TFIIIE complex

A transcription factor complex that is involved in regulating transcription from RNA polymerase III (Pol III) promoters. TFIIIE contains a specific subset of ribosomal proteins.


positive regulation of vitamin metabolic process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.


4-alpha-methyl-delta7-sterol oxidation

A lipid oxidation process proceeding through a series of three successive monooxygenations of the alpha methyl group on the C4 carbon (CH3 to CH2OH to CHO to COOH) and resulting in this overall reaction: 4-alpha-methyl-delta7-sterol + 3 NADPH + 3 H+ + 3 O2 = 4-alpha-carboxy,delta7-sterol + 3 NADP+ + 3 H2O.


regulation of protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity.


negative regulation of protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity.


miRNA binding

Binding to a microRNA, a 21-23 nucleotide RNA that is processed from a stem-loop RNA precursor (pre-miRNA) that is encoded within plant and animal genomes.


lachrymatory factor synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 1-propenylsulfenate = propanethiol S-oxide.


negative regulation of gamma-delta T cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell proliferation.


negative regulation of immature T cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation.


negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.


negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.


negative regulation of activated T cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.


negative regulation of immature T cell proliferation in thymus

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation in the thymus.


negative regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation.


negative regulation of NK T cell proliferation

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell proliferation.


positive regulation of centriole-centriole cohesion

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centriole-centriole cohesion.


regulation of centriole-centriole cohesion

Any process that modulates the extent to which the two centrioles within a centrosome remain tightly paired; may be mediated by the assembly and disassembly of a proteinaceous linker.


negative regulation of centriole-centriole cohesion

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of centriole-centriole cohesion.


negative regulation of age-related resistance

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the extent of age-related resistance.


keratinocyte proliferation

The multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Keratinocytes are epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo a characteristic change as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin.


pericardium development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pericardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the aorta, vena cava and the pulmonary artery.


Catalysis of the reaction: sterigmatocystin + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 7-O-methylsterigmatocystin + S-adenosyl-homocysteine.