RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat S7 kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + RNA polymerase II large subunit CTD heptapeptide repeat (consensus YSPTSPS) = ADP + H+ + RNA polymerase II large subunit phosphoserine (position 7).


RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat Y1 kinase activity

biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + RNA polymerase II large subunit CTD heptapeptide repeat (consensus YSPTSPS) = ADP + H+ + RNA polymerase II large subunit phosphotyrosine (position 1).


RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat T4 kinase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + RNA polymerase II large subunit CTD heptapeptide repeat (consensus YSPTSPS) = ADP + H+ + RNA polymerase II large subunit phosphothreonine (position 4).


roof of mouth development

biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the roof of the mouth from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The roof of the mouth is the partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities.


secondary palate development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The secondary palate is the part of the palate formed from the fusion of the two palatine shelves, extensions of the maxillary prominences.


primitive palate development

The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primitive palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure.


primary palate development

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a primary palate over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


ligase activity, forming nitrogen-metal bonds

Catalysis of the joining of a metal ion to a molecule via a nitrogen-metal bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.


ligase activity, forming nitrogen-metal bonds, forming coordination complexes

Catalysis of the ligation of two substances via a nitrogen-metal bond, forming a coordination complex.


cobaltochelatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + Co(2+) + H2O + hydrogenobyrinate a,c-diamide = ADP + cob(II)yrinate a,c diamide + 4 H+ + phosphate.


magnesium chelatase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + Mg2+ + protoporphyrin IX = ADP + 3 H+ + Mg-protoporphyrin IX + phosphate.


The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose.


TRAM-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

biolink:Pathway biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:OntologyClass biolink:Occurrent biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor 4 where the TRAM adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 4 receptors are pattern recognition receptors that bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response.


activation of immune response

Any process that initiates an immune response.


toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 7.


toll-like receptor 8 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 8.


activation of innate immune response

Any process that initiates an innate immune response. Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. Examples of this process include activation of the hypersensitive response of Arabidopsis thaliana and activation of any NOD or TLR signaling pathway in vertebrate species.


B cell receptor apoptotic signaling pathway

An extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.


Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis

An Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway that contributes to the endocytic engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes.


innate immune response activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a cell surface receptor that leads to the activation of an innate immune response.


TRAM-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor where the TRAM adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.


toll-like receptor 12 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 12.


endosomal pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand to an intracellular vesicle pattern recognition receptor (PRR). PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species.


toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 5.


peptidoglycan recognition protein signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of peptidoglycan to a receptor and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process. The main outcome of the Imd signaling is the production of antimicrobial peptides.


toll-like receptor 15 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 15.


TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like 4 receptor where the TRIF adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 4 receptors are pattern recognition receptors that bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response.


endolysosomal toll-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to an endolysosomal pattern recognition receptor (PRR) of the toll-like family. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species.


induced systemic resistance, ethylene mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene) involved in induced systemic resistance.


toll-like receptor TLR6:TLR2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding of a heterodimeric TLR6:TLR2 complex, followed by transmission of the signal by the activated receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand (such as a bacterial peptidoglycan) to a cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) protein receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process.


toll-like receptor 10 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 10.


Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.


MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like 4 receptor, where the MyD88 adaptor molecule mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 4 receptors bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response.


TIRAP-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor 4 where the TIRAP/MAL adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 4 receptors are pattern recognition receptors that bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to initiate an innate immune response.


toll-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor of a target cell. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.


RIG-I signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding ssRNA or dsRNA from another organism to the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) RIG-1 (also known as DDX58). RIG-I detects RNA synthesized during viral replication or shed by non-viral pathogens, and triggers a signaling pathway to protect the host against infection, for example by inducing the expression of cytokines.


toll-like receptor TLR1:TLR2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding of a heterodimeric TLR1:TLR2 complex, followed by transmission of the signal by the activated receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand (such as a bacterial peptidoglycan) to a cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 (NOD1) protein receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process.


complement activation, lectin pathway

Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the lectin pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes.


inflammasome-mediated signaling pathway

An intracellular signal transduction pathway that starts with a ligand binding to a pattern recognition receptor (PRR), assembly of the inflammasome complex, leading to the activation of CASP1 and inducing an inflammatory response. In some cases, inflammasome-mediated signal transduction can lead to programmed cell death, such as pyroptosis.


TIRAP-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor where the TIRAP/MAL adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.


complement activation, classical pathway

Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes.


toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 3.


antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B or T cell.


induced systemic resistance, jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid involved in induced systemic resistance.


immune response-activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of a cell, leading to the activation or perpetuation of an immune response.


pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a pattern recognition receptor (PRR), and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.


cytosolic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand from another organism to a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor (PRR). PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species.


complement receptor mediated signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a component of the complement pathway binding to a complement receptor. Such components include both whole complement proteins and fragments of complement proteins generated through the activity of the complement pathway.


toll-like receptor 21 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 21.


toll-like receptor 11 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 11.


pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding of a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) to activate a plant innate immune response. PAMP-triggered immunity PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species.


B cell receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.


cell surface pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a cell surface pattern recognition receptor (PRR). PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species.


complement activation

Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the complement cascade, which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes; the initial steps of complement activation involve one of three pathways, the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway, all of which lead to the terminal complement pathway.


MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like 2 receptor where the MyD88 adaptor molecule mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like 2 receptors are pattern recognition receptors that bind microbial pattern motifs to initiate an innate immune response.


MDA-5 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of dsRNA from another organism to the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1). MDA-5 detects RNA synthesized during viral replication or shed by non-viral pathogens, and triggers a signaling pathway to protect the host against infection, for example by inducing the expression of cytokines.


MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway

A toll-like receptor signaling pathway in which the MyD88 adaptor molecule mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.


nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor (NLR), and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process. NLRs are cytoplasmic receptors defined by their tripartite domain architecture that contains: a variable C-terminus, a middle nucleotide-binding domain, and a LRR domain that is variable in the repeats composition and number.


toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 9.


cGAS/STING signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a double-stranded DNA or RNA from another organism to cytosolic cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) that activates innate immune responses through production of the second messenger cGAMP, which activates the adaptor STING.


activation of membrane attack complex

The activation of the membrane attack complex components of the complement cascade which can result in death of a target cell through cytolysis.


innate immune response-activating signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated by a ligand binding to its receptor that lead to the activation or perpetuation of an innate immune response.


toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 2.


complement component C5a signaling pathway

A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a C5a component of the complement pathway binding to a complement receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process. C5a is a peptide derived from the C5 complement factor.


MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway

A toll-like receptor signaling pathway not relying on the MyD88 adaptor molecule. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate an immune response.


toll-like receptor 13 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 13.


immune response-activating signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals generated by a ligand binding to its receptor that lead to the activation or perpetuation of an immune response.


toll-like receptor 1 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 1.


complement activation, alternative pathway

Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes.


positive regulation of mast cell activation by Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway

An Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway that results in the change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors.


toll-like receptor 6 signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 6.


cell surface toll-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a cell surface pattern recognition receptor (PRR) of the toll-like family.


stimulatory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor signaling pathway

The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor capable of cellular activation.


cardiac blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a blood vessel endothelial cell of the heart. Blood vessel endothelial cells are thin flattened cells that line the inside surfaces of blood vessels.


blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a blood vessel endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of blood vessels.


arterial endothelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of an arterial endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of arteries.


venous endothelial cell differentiation

The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of a venous endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of veins.


negative regulation of pre-miRNA processing

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pre-microRNA processing.


allene oxide synthase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: 13(S)-hydroperoxylinolenate = 12,13(S)-epoxylinolenate + H2O.


hemidesmosome

biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

A cell-substrate junction (attachment structure) found in epithelial cells that links intermediate filaments to extracellular matrices via transmembrane complexes. In vertebrates, hemidesmosomes mediate contact between the basal side of epithelial cells and the basal lamina. In C. elegans, hemidesmosomes connect epithelial cells to distinct extracellular matrices on both the apical and basal cell surfaces.


gap junction

A cell-cell junction composed of pannexins or innexins and connexins, two different families of channel-forming proteins.


paranodal junction

A highly specialized cell-cell junction found in vertebrates, which forms between a neuron and a glial cell, and has structural similarity to Drosophila septate junctions. It flanks the node of Ranvier in myelinated nerve and electrically isolates the myelinated from unmyelinated nerve segments and physically separates the voltage-gated sodium channels at the node from the cluster of potassium channels underneath the myelin sheath.


apical ectoplasmic specialization

Testis-specific junction between mature spermatids and Sertoli cells at the luminal end of the Sertoli cell.


tricellular tight junction

An specialized occluding junction where three epithelial cells meet. It is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that run perpendicularly to the bicellular tight junction at the point of contact between three epithelial cells in an epithelial sheet.


primary plasmodesma

A plasmodesma that consists of a simple, single channel; found predominantly in young tissue and formed as a function of cell plate formation during cytokinesis.


nephrocyte diaphragm

A specialized cell-cell junction found between nephrocytes of the insect kidney, which is adapted for filtration of hemolymph. The insect nephrocyte is anatomically and functionally similar to the glomerular podocyte of vertebrates.


muscle tendon junction

A cell-substrate junction found at the terminal anchorage site of skeletal muscle cells to tendons.


focal adhesion

A cell-substrate junction that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. In insects focal adhesion has also been referred to as hemi-adherens junction (HAJ).


cell-cell junction

A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells of an organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic intercellular bridges, such as ring canals in insects.


intercellular canaliculus

An extremely narrow tubular channel located between adjacent cells. An instance of this is the secretory canaliculi occurring between adjacent parietal cells in the gastric mucosa of vertebrates.


fascia adherens

A cell-cell junction that contains the transmembrane protein N-cadherin, which interacts with identical molecules from neighbouring cells to form a tight mechanical intercellular link; forms a large portion of the intercalated disc, the structure at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes.


host-symbiont bicellular tight junction

An occluding cell-cell junction formed between the membranes of the apical end of an invading cell (e.g. a merozoite in Plasmodium) and a host target cell (e.g. erythrocyte for Plasmodium infection). The junction is a stable yet dynamic structure that moves around the symbiont cell during invasion, enclosing it in a vacuole surrounded by a membrane.


peg and socket contact

A cell-cell contact zone that consists of membrane invaginations extending from either cell, which contain tight-, gap-, and adherens junctions. Peg and socket contacts form between endothelial cells and pericytes, and between lens fiber cells.


tight junction

A cell-cell junction that seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other.


cell-substrate junction

A cell junction that forms a connection between a cell and the extracellular matrix.


spot adherens junction

A small cell-cell adherens junction assembled during the cellularization stage of insect embyrogenesis; spot adherens junctions later fuse to form the zonula adherens.


desmosome

A cell-cell junction in which: on the cytoplasmic surface of each interacting plasma membrane is a dense plaque composed of a mixture of intracellular anchor proteins; a bundle of keratin intermediate filaments is attached to the surface of each plaque; transmembrane adhesion proteins of the cadherin family bind to the plaques and interact through their extracellular domains to hold the adjacent membranes together by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism.


filtration diaphragm

A specialized cell-cell junction found between the cells of the excretory system, which provides a barrier for filtration of blood or hemolymph.


smooth septate junction

A septate junction that lacks the regular arrays of electron-dense septae found in pleated septate junctions.


septate junction

A cell-cell junction that forms a continuous band around each cell in an epithelium; within the septate junction the membranes of adjacent cells maintain a constant distance of approximately 15 nm; found in arthropods.


zonula adherens

A cell-cell adherens junction which forms a continuous belt near the apex of epithelial cells.


secondary plasmodesma

A plasmodesma with a branched structure, often with many channels leading into a larger central cavity; found in older tissues and usually derived from preexisting primary plasmodesmata.


pleated septate junction

A septate junction in which regular arrays of electron-dense septae span the intermembrane space.


basal ectoplasmic specialization

Testis-specific junction between mature Sertoli cells involved in establishing the blood-testis barrier of the Sertoli cell.


cell-cell contact zone

Extended zone of intimate apposition between two cells containing one or more types of intercellular junctions, e.g., the intercalated disk of muscle.


slit diaphragm

A specialized cell-cell junction found between the interdigitating foot processes of the glomerular epithelium (the podocytes) in the vertebrate kidney, which is adapted for facilitating glomerular filtration.


apical junction complex

A functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells, which in vertebrates is composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens, and desmosomes and in some invertebrates, such as Drosophila, is composed of the subapical complex (SAC), the zonula adherens and the septate junction. Functions in the regulation of cell polarity, tissue integrity and intercellular adhesion and permeability.


puncta adhaerentia

A small version of the zonula adherens type junction, characterized by a symmetrical adherent point between two cells.


plasmodesma

A fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell.


bicellular tight junction

An occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet; the outer leaflets of the two interacting plasma membranes are seen to be tightly apposed where sealing strands are present. Each sealing strand is composed of a long row of transmembrane adhesion proteins embedded in each of the two interacting plasma membranes.


flagellum attachment zone

A network of cytoskeletal and membranous connections responsible for the lateral attachment of the cilium to the cell body in some trypanosomatid species.


intercalated disc

A complex cell-cell junction at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes; mediates mechanical and electrochemical integration between individual cardiomyocytes. The intercalated disc contains regions of tight mechanical attachment (fasciae adherentes and desmosomes) and electrical coupling (gap junctions) between adjacent cells.


caffeate 3,4-dioxygenase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: trans-caffeate + O2 = 3-(2-carboxyethenyl)-cis,cis-muconate + 2 H+.


angiogenic sprout fusion

The connection of an angiogenic sprout to another vessel or sprout during the formation of vascular networks by sprouting angiogenesis.


Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxo-2H-pyran-4,6-dicarboxylate + H2O = 4-carboxy-2-hydroxyhexa-2,4-dienedioate + H+.


microvillus

Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells.


mesenchymal stem cell maintenance involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis

The process in which an organism retains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that contributes to the shaping of a nephron in the metanephros. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.


somatic stem cell population maintenance

Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.


mesenchymal stem cell maintenance involved in mesonephric nephron morphogenesis

The process in which an organism retains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that contributes to the shaping of a nephron in the mesonephros. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.


skeletal muscle satellite stem cell maintenance involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

Any process by which the number of skeletal muscle satellite stem cells in a skeletal muscle is maintained during skeletal muscle regeneration. There are at least two mechanisms by which this is achieved. Skeletal muscle satellite stem cell asymmetric division ensures satellite stem cell numbers are kept constant. Symmetric division of these cells amplifies the number of skeletal muscle satellite stem cells.


mesenchymal stem cell maintenance involved in nephron morphogenesis

The process in which an organism retains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that contributes to the shaping of a nephron. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.


regulation of trans-synaptic signaling by BDNF, modulating synaptic transmission

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trans-synaptic signaling by BDNF, modulating synaptic transmission.


(S)-citramalyl-CoA lyase activity

Catalysis of the reaction: (3S)-citramalyl-CoA = acetyl-CoA + pyruvate.


host-seeking behavior

The specific behavior of an organism that are associated with finding a host organism; may include behavioral responses to light, temperature, or chemical emanations from the prospective host.


RNA polymerase V complex

RNA polymerase V is a multisubunit RNA polymerase complex found in the nucleus of plants and involved in accumulation of siRNAs and in DNA methylation-dependent silencing of endogenous repeated sequences. Pol V is composed of subunits that are paralogous or identical to the 12 subunits of Pol II. Two large subunits comprise the most conserved portion including the catalytic site and share similarity with other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The second largest subunit is also found in RNA polymerase IVa, while the largest subunit is found only in the IVa complex and contains an extended C-terminal domain (CTD) that includes multiple repeats of a 16 amino-acid consensus sequence as well as other sequences. The remainder of the complex is composed of smaller subunits.


ABC-type molybdate transporter activity

Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + molybdate(out) = ADP + phosphate + molybdate(in).


molybdate ion transmembrane transporter activity

Enables the transfer of molybdate (MoO4 2-) ions from one side of a membrane to the other. Molybdate is the bivalent anion derived from molybdic acid.


prostaglandin binding

Binding to prostaglandin.


spermidine import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of spermidine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


transport

The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or a transporter complex, a pore or a motor protein.


icosanoid transport

The directed movement of icosanoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Icosanoids are unsaturated C20 fatty acids and skeletally related compounds.


branched-chain amino acid transport

The directed movement of branched-chain amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Branched-chain amino acids are amino acids with a branched carbon skeleton without rings.


folic acid transport

The directed movement of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.


oligosaccharide transport

The directed movement of oligosaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oligosaccharides are molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.


cortisol secretion

The regulated release of cortisol, a steroid hormone that in humans is the major circulating hormone of the cortex, or outer layer, of the adrenal gland.


(+)-abscisic acid D-glucopyranosyl ester transmembrane transport

The process in which (+)-abscisic acid D-glucopyranosyl este is transported across a membrane.


L-valine transmembrane transport

The directed movement of L-valine across a membrane.


glutathione transport

The directed movement of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


ceramide transport

The directed movement of ceramides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Ceramides are a class of lipid composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid.


acyl carnitine transport

The directed movement of acyl carnitine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane.


intestinal phytosterol absorption

Any process in which phytosterols are taken up from the contents of the intestine.


extracellular amino acid transport

The directed extracellular movement of amino acids.


maltodextrin transmembrane transport

The directed movement of maltodextrin, any polysaccharide of glucose residues in beta-(1,4) linkage, across a membrane.


anterograde axonal transport of mitochondrion

The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in axons away from the cell body and towards the presynapse.


pantothenate import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of pantothenate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


siderophore transmembrane transport

The directed movement of siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances, from one side of a membrane to the other, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


zinc ion import into zymogen granule

The directed import of zinc(2+) from the cytosol, across an organelle membrane, into a zymogen granule.


nicotinamide mononucleotide transport

The directed movement of nicotinamide mononucleotide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Nicotinamide mononucleotide is a ribonucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-n-glycosidic linkage with the c-1 position of D-ribose. It is a constituent of NAD and NADP.


mitochondrial manganese ion transmembrane transport

The process in which a manganese ion is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.


The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell, in which the norepinephrine acts as a neurotransmitter.


intracellular transport

The directed movement of substances within a cell.


The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal fibers such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell.


MAPK phosphatase export from nucleus, leptomycin B sensitive

Leptomycin B-sensitive movement of a MAPK phosphatase from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.


fructose import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of fructose substance from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


hydrogen peroxide transmembrane transport

The process in which hydrogen peroxide is transported across a membrane.


neurotransmitter reuptake

The directed movement of neurotransmitter molecules from the extrasynaptic space into the presynaptic cytosol.


glutamine transport

The directed movement of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


taurine transport

The directed movement of taurine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


exocytic insertion of neurotransmitter receptor to postsynaptic membrane

The exocytic fusion of neurotransmitter receptor containing vesicles with the postsynaptic membrane resulting in the integration of NT receptors, enabling them to participate in neurotransmitter reception. This process includes tethering and docking steps that prepare vesicles for fusion.


post-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles.


water transport

The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


dendritic transport of mitochondrion

The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in nerve cell dendrites.


A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in extracellular vesicles between cells; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the extracellular vesicle membrane.


actin filament-based transport

The transport of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along actin filaments.


leukotriene transport

The directed movement of leukotrienes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Leukotrienes are linear C20 endogenous metabolites of arachidonic acid (icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid) containing a terminal carboxy function and four or more double bonds (three or more of which are conjugated) as well as other functional groups.


milk ejection reflex

A reflex that occurs in response to suckling, beginning with a nerve impulse from a receptor in the mammary gland and ending with the ejection of milk from the gland. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness.


glycine import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of glycine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


oligopeptide transport

The directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.


G protein-coupled receptor internalization

The process that results in the uptake of a G protein-coupled receptor into an endocytic vesicle.


amide transport

The directed movement of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


octopamine secretion

The controlled release of octopamine by a cell.


thiamine import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of thiamine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


L-arginine transmembrane import into vacuole

The directed movement of L-arginine into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane.


Golgi vesicle transport

The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles.


UDP-galactose transmembrane import into Golgi lumen

The directed movement of UDP-galactose into the Golgi lumen across the Golgi membrane.


positive regulation of signal transduction by receptor internalization

Any process in which the internalization of a signaling receptor activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. Receptor internalization can enhance signaling by concentrating signaling molecules in one location, or by moving a ligand-activated receptor to the location of downstream signaling proteins. Endosomes for example can serve as important intracellular signaling platforms.


B cell receptor transport into immunological synapse

The directed movement of a B cell receptor into an immunological synapse.


methylammonium transmembrane transport

The process in which methylammonium is transported across a membrane.


arabinotriose transport

The directed movement of an arabinotrioseacetate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


cGMP transport

The directed movement of cyclic GMP (cGMP), into, out of or within a cell.


energy coupled proton transmembrane transport, against electrochemical gradient

The transport of protons across a membrane and against an electrochemical gradient, using energy from a source such as ATP hydrolysis, light, or electron transport.


The regulated release of acetylcholine by a cell. The acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter that acts in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS).


epinephrine transport

The directed movement of epinephrine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


natural killer cell degranulation

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as perforin and granzymes by a natural killer cell.


microtubule-based transport

A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules.


nuclear migration involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange

The net movement of nuclei towards one another, leading to the bilateral transfer of genetic material in organisms undergoing conjugation without cellular fusion.


follicle-stimulating hormone secretion

The regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone, a gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary.


peroxisomal transport

Transport of substances into, out of or within a peroxisome, a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.


spermidine transmembrane transport

The process in which spermidine is transported across a membrane.


L-histidine transmembrane export from vacuole

The directed movement of L-histidine out of the vacuole, across the vacuolar membrane.


xenobiotic transport across blood-nerve barrier

The directed movement of a xenobiotic through the blood-nerve barrier.


guanine nucleotide transmembrane transport

The process in which a guanyl nucleotide is transported across a membrane.


choline transport

The directed movement of choline into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.


glutamine secretion

The controlled release of glutamine by a cell.


positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway by insulin receptor internalization

Any process in which internalization of an insulin receptor activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the insulin receptor signaling pathway. Endocytosis of activated receptors can concentrate receptors within endosomes and allow the insulin receptor to phosphorylate substrates that are spatially distinct from those accessible at the plasma membrane.


aminophospholipid translocation

The movement of an aminophospholipid molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet.


L-glutamate import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of L-glutamate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


ceramide translocation

The movement of a ceramide molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet.


methionine transport

The directed movement of methionine, 2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


carbohydrate transport

The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.


vesicle cargo loading

The formation of a macromolecular complex between the coat proteins and proteins and/or lipoproteins that are going to be transported by a vesicle.


protein transport along microtubule to mitotic spindle pole body

The directed movement of a protein along a microtubule to the mitotic spindle pole body, mediated by motor proteins.


methylgalactoside transport

The directed movement of methylgalactoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Methylgalactoside is a compound in which the H of the OH group on carbon-1 of galactose is replaced by a methyl group.


copper ion transport across blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier

The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions passing through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.


L-ascorbic acid transmembrane transport

The process in which L-ascorbic acid is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. L-ascorbate, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate, is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species.


icosanoid secretion

The controlled release of icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids from a cell or a tissue.


phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system

The uptake and phosphorylation of specific carbohydrates from the extracellular environment; uptake and phosphorylation are coupled, making the PTS a link between the uptake and metabolism of sugars; phosphoenolpyruvate is the original phosphate donor; phosphoenolpyruvate passes the phosphate via a signal transduction pathway, to enzyme 1 (E1), which in turn passes it on to the histidine protein, HPr; the next step in the system involves sugar-specific membrane-bound complex, enzyme 2 (EII), which transports the sugar into the cell; it includes the sugar permease, which catalyzes the transport reactions; EII is usually divided into three different domains, EIIA, EIIB, and EIIC.


symbiont intracellular protein transport in host

The directed movement of a symbiont's proteins within a cell of the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


bicyclomycin transmembrane transport

The directed movement of bicyclomycin across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. Bicyclomycin (or bicozamycin) is an antibacterial drug often used as a livestock feed additive.


pyrimidine-containing compound transmembrane transport

The process in which a pyrimidine-containing compound is transported across a membrane. A pyrimidine-containing compound is any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.


renin secretion into blood stream

The regulated release of renin into the blood stream by juxtoglomerular cells.


glutathione transmembrane import into vacuole

The directed movement of glutathione into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane.


The process in which glycerol-2-phosphate is transported across a membrane. Glycerol-2-phosphate is a phosphoric monoester of glycerol.


axonal transport of mitochondrion

The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in nerve cell axons.


glycolipid transport

The directed movement of glycolipids, compounds containing (usually) 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


protein transmembrane import into intracellular organelle

The directed movement of proteins into an intracellular organelle, across a membrane.


iron ion transmembrane transport

A process in which an iron ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


cysteine transmembrane transport

The directed movement of cysteine across a membrane.


release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol

The process in which calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus or mitochondria are released into the cytosolic compartment.


epinephrine uptake

The directed movement of epinephrine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Epinephrine is a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.


bicarbonate transport

The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


nuclear migration along microfilament

The directed movement of the nucleus along microfilaments within the cell, mediated by motor proteins.


beta-glucan transport

The directed movement of beta-glucans into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Beta-glucans are compounds composed of glucose residues linked by beta-glucosidic bonds.


L-aspartate transmembrane transport

The directed movement of L-aspartate across a membrane.


lipoate transmembrane transport

The process in which lipoate is transported across a membrane.


zinc ion export from vacuole

The directed movement of zinc ions from inside the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane and into the cytosol.


immunoglobulin transcytosis in epithelial cells

The process of transporting immunoglobulin, via transcytosis, from one side of an epithelial cell to the other.


vitamin B6 transport

The directed movement of any of the vitamin B6 compounds -- pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate -- into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


mitochondrial alpha-ketoglutarate transmembrane transport

The process in which alpha-ketoglutarate is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.


evoked neurotransmitter secretion

Neurotransmitter secretion that occurs in the presence of the action of a secretagogue or a presynaptic action potential.


juvenile hormone secretion

The regulated release of juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.


caveolin-mediated endocytosis

An endocytosis process that begins when material is taken up into plasma membrane caveolae, which then pinch off to form endocytic caveolar carriers.


intermembrane phospholipid transfer

The transport of phospholipids between membranes in which a phospholipid molecule is transported through an aqueous phase from the outer leaflet of a donor membrane to the outer leaflet of an acceptor membrane.


tetracycline transmembrane transport

The directed movement of tetracycline from one side of a membrane to the other. Tetracycline is a broad spectrum antibiotic that blocks binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosomes of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (and those of organelles).


D-glucuronate transmembrane transport

The process in which D-glucuronate, the D-enantiomer of glucuronate, is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.


mitochondrial rRNA export from mitochondrion

The process in which a rRNA, ribosomal ribonucleic acid, is transported from the mitochondrial matrix into the cytosol.


thiosulfate transport

The directed movement of thiosulfate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


ATP transport

The directed movement of ATP, adenosine triphosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


export from cell

The directed movement of some substance from a cell, into the extracellular region. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via exocytosis.


quinolinic acid transmembrane transport

The process in which quinolinic acid is transported across a membrane.


The process in which phosphoglycerate is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.


aspartate secretion, neurotransmission

The regulated release of aspartate by a cell in which the aspartate acts as a neurotransmitter.


N-acetylglucosamine transport

The directed movement of N-acetylglucosamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


glycolate transport

The directed movement of a glycolate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


macropinocytosis involved in viral entry into host cell

Any macropinocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell.


hydroxycinnamic acid transport

The directed movement of a hydroxycinnamic acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


arabinitol transmembrane transport

The process in which arabitol is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. Arabitol is the pentitol derived from arabinose or lyxose by reduction of the aldehyde group. The D enantiomer is present in lichens and mushrooms.


misfolded protein transport

The directed movement of misfolded proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell.


NAD transport

The directed movement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore; transport may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.


zinc ion transmembrane transport

A process in which a zinc II ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


basement membrane constituent secretion

The controlled release of molecules that form the basement membrane, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell.


endocytic heme import into cell

The directed movement into cell of externally available heme by receptor-mediated endocytosis.


threonine transport

The directed movement of threonine, (2R*,3S*)-2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


import into cell

The directed movement of some substance from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.


surfactant secretion

The regulated release of surfactant by a cell or tissue.


phytochelatin transmembrane transport

The process in which a phytochelatin is transported across a membrane. Phytochelatins are a group of peptides that bind metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Hg) in thiolate coordination complexes.


L-histidine import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of L-histidine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


late endosome to lysosome transport

The directed movement of substances from late endosome to lysosome.


inorganic cation import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of inorganic cations from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


uracil transport

The directed movement of uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


The directed movement of peptidoglycan peptides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Peptidoglycan peptides are the oligopeptides found in peptidoglycan networks which cross-link the polysaccharide chains.


peroxisome transport along microtubule

The directed movement of a peroxisome along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.


fast, calcium ion-dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitter

The fast, initial phase of calcium ion-induced neurotransmitter release, via exocytosis, into the synaptic cleft. This depends on low affinity calcium sensors and typically begins a fraction of a millisecond after Ca2+ influx, and decays rapidly (1-10ms) with a decay constant of around 5-10ms. The underlying molecular mechanisms of this process are distinct from those of the later, slow phase of release.


renal sodium ion absorption involved in negative regulation of renal sodium excretion

Any process where sodium ions are taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron, which contributes to decreasing the amount of sodium that is excreted in urine per unit time.


proteasome core complex import into nucleus

The directed movement of the proteasome core complex (AKA core particle (CP)) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.


postsynaptic endocytosis

A vesicle-mediated transport process in which the postsynapse take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.


acetylcholine-induced gastric acid secretion

The regulated release of gastric acid by parietal cells in response to acetylcholine.


release of sequestered calcium ion into postsynaptic cytosol

The process in which calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus or mitochondria are released into the postsynaptic cytosol.


serotonin secretion by mast cell

The regulated release of serotonin by a mast cell or group of mast cells.


establishment of protease localization to T cell secretory granule

The directed movement of a protease to a location within a secretory granule in a T cell.


cholesterol import

The directed movement of cholesterol into a cell or organelle.


intraciliary retrograde transport

The directed movement of large protein complexes along microtubules from the tip of a cilium (also called flagellum) toward the cell body, mediated by motor proteins.


BMP secretion

The controlled release of a member of the BMP family of proteins from a cell.


citric acid secretion

The controlled release of citric acid, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, by a cell or a tissue.


adenine nucleotide transport

The directed movement of adenine nucleotides, ATP, ADP, and/or AMP, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


histamine secretion mediated by immunoglobulin

Histamine release triggered by the binding of an antigen to an immunoglobulin bound to the cell surface.


dehydroepiandrosterone secretion

The regulated release of dehydroepiandrosterone (3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one) into the circulatory system.


purine ribonucleotide transport

The directed movement of a purine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine ribonucleoside (a purine organic base attached to a ribose sugar) esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.


acetyl-CoA transmembrane transport

The process in which acetyl-CoA is transported across a membrane. Acetyl-CoA is a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated; it is a metabolite derived from several pathways (e.g. glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino-acid catabolism) and is further metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is a key intermediate in lipid and terpenoid biosynthesis.


biotin transport

The directed movement of biotin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Biotin is cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid; the (+) enantiomer is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.


phloem loading

The process of loading solutes into the sieve tube or companion cell of the phloem for long distance transport from source to sink.


neurotransmitter uptake

The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.


triose phosphate transport

The directed movement of triose phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


acidic amino acid transport

The directed movement of acidic amino acids, amino acids with a pH below 7, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


homoserine transport

The directed movement of homoserine, alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cystathionine, threonine and methionine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


proline transmembrane transport

The directed movement of proline, pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


anterograde neuronal dense core vesicle transport

The directed movement of substances in neuronal dense core vesicles along axonal microtubules towards the presynapse.


protein targeting to vacuole

The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole, usually using signals contained within the protein.


nuclear migration

The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell.


adenosine transport

The directed movement of adenosine, adenine riboside, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


isoleucine transmembrane transport

The directed movement of isoleucine across a membrane.


vascular transport

The directed movement of substances, into, out of or within a cell, either in a vascular tissue or in the vascular membrane.


mineralocorticoid secretion

The regulated release of any mineralocorticoid into the circulatory system. Mineralocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that regulate water and electrolyte metabolism.


lipid transport across blood-brain barrier

The directed movement of lipid molecules passing through the blood-brain barrier.


heme import into cell

The directed movement of a heme from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.


succinate transport

The directed movement of succinate, the dianion of ethane dicarboxylic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


protein transport out of membrane raft

The directed movement of a protein out of a membrane raft. Membrane rafts are small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes.


S-methylmethionine transport

The directed movement of S-methylmethionine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


catecholamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission

The uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters by neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.


nuclear cortical migration

The symmetric outward movement of the syncytial nuclei from their positions in the ellipsoid toward the periphery of the embryo, during mitotic cycles 8 and 9. This movement results in the placement of nuclei in a uniform monolayer at the cortex of the developing embryo.


endosome to lysosome transport

The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes.


5'-adenylyl sulfate transmembrane transport

The process in which 5'-adenylyl sulfate is transported across a membrane.


heme export

The directed movement of heme out of a cell or organelle.


transepithelial water transport

The directed movement of water (H2O) from one side of an epithelium to the other.


adenine import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of adenine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


aminergic neurotransmitter loading into synaptic vesicle

The active transport of aminergic neurotransmitters into a synaptic vesicle. This import is fuelled by an electrochemical gradient across the vesicle membrane, established by the action proton pumps.


establishment of granzyme B localization to T cell secretory granule

The directed movement of the protease granzyme B to a location within a secretory granule in a T cell.


silver ion transmembrane transport

The directed movement of silver ion across a membrane.


microtubule polymerization based protein transport

The transport of a protein driven by polymerization of a microtubule to which it is attached.


calcitonin secretion

The regulated release of calcitonin, a peptide hormone that participates in calcium and phosphorus metabolism, from a cell.


purine nucleotide import into lysosome

The directed import of purine nucleotide from the cytosol, across the lysosomal membrane, into the lysosome.


chromaffin granule amine transport

The directed movement of amines into, out of or within chromaffin granules.


L-cystine transport

The directed movement of L-cystine (also known as dicysteine) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


D-aspartate import across plasma membrane

The directed import of D-aspartate from the extracellular region across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


nitrate transmembrane transport

The directed movement of nitrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


protein secretion by the type IV secretion system

The process in which proteins are transferred into the extracellular milieu or directly into host cells, via the type IV protein secretion system.


arsenite transport

The directed movement of arsenite into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


protein import

The targeting and directed movement of proteins into a cell or organelle. Not all import involves an initial targeting event.


UDP-glucuronic acid transmembrane transport

The directed movement of UDP-glucuronic acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. UDP-glucuronic acid is a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


protein secretion by the type VIII secretion system

Protein secretion through the outer membrane via the mechanism used for the secretion of curli subunits.


dendritic transport of ribonucleoprotein complex

The directed movement of a ribonucleoprotein complex along microtubules in nerve cell dendrites.


mitochondrial citrate transmembrane transport

The directed movement of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, into or out of a mitochondrial matrix.


hormone transport

The directed movement of hormones into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


Golgi calcium ion transport

The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus.


A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the internalization of a neurotransmitter receptor.


myo-inositol transport

The directed movement of myo-inositol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Myo-inositol is 1,2,3,4,5/4,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.


pancreatic amylase secretion

The controlled release of amylase from a cell of the pancreas.


minus-end-directed organelle transport along microtubule

The directed movement of an organelle towards the minus end of a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination.


propanoate transmembrane transport

The directed movement of propionate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


clathrin-dependent extracellular exosome endocytosis

The clathrin-mediated endocytosis of an extracellular exosome.


amino acid import

The directed movement of amino acids into a cell or organelle.


neurotransmitter transport

The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.


L-ornithine import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of L-ornithine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


protein import into peroxisome matrix

The import of proteins into the peroxisomal matrix. A peroxisome targeting signal (PTS) binds to a soluble receptor protein in the cytosol, and the resulting complex then binds to a receptor protein in the peroxisome membrane and is imported. The cargo protein is then released into the peroxisome matrix.


cytokinin transport

The directed movement of cytokinins, a class of adenine-derived compounds that can function in plants as growth regulators, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


postsynaptic dense core vesicle exocytosis

The secretion of molecules (e.g. neuropeptides, insulin-related peptides or neuromodulators such as serotonin and dopamine) contained within a postsynaptic dense core vesicle by fusion of the granule with the plasma membrane of the postsynapse in response to increased cytosolic calcium levels.


endosomal transport

The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.


tellurite transport

The directed movement of tellurite into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


insulin receptor internalization

A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of an insulin receptor from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell.


enterobactin transport

The directed movement of the siderochrome enterobactin, a cyclic trimer of 2, 3 dihydroxybenzoylserine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


L-alanine transmembrane transport

The directed movement of L-alanine across a membrane.


fumarate transport

The directed movement of fumarate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


lactate transport

The directed movement of lactate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lactate is 2-hydroxypropanoate, CH3-CHOH-COOH; L(+)-lactate is formed by anaerobic glycolysis in animal tissues, and DL-lactate is found in sour milk, molasses and certain fruit juices.


heme transport

The directed movement of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


siderophore-dependent iron import into cell

A process in which iron (Fe3+) is solubilized by ferric iron-specific chelators, known as siderophores, excreted by a cell; the iron-siderophore complex is then transported into the cell by specific cell surface receptors.


fatty acid derivative transport

The directed movement of a fatty acid derivative into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


The directed movement of phosphoenolpytuvate across a membrane.


energy coupled proton transport, down electrochemical gradient

The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that provides energy for the synthesis of ATP or GTP.


acid secretion

The controlled release of acid by a cell or a tissue.


intracellular lipid transport

The directed movement of lipids within cells.


establishment of protease localization to mast cell secretory granule

The directed movement of a protease to a location within a secretory granule in a mast cell.


histamine secretion

The regulated release of histamine by a cell or tissue. It is formed by decarboxylation of histidine and it acts through receptors in smooth muscle and in secretory systems.


uracil transmembrane transport

The process in which uracil is transported across a membrane.


aminotriazole transport

The directed movement of aminotriazole into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Aminotriazole is an effective weed killer that also possesses some antithyroid activity.


vacuolar transport

The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a vacuole.


cadaverine transport

The directed movement of cadaverine, 1,5-pentanediamine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


dsRNA transport

The directed movement of dsRNA, double-stranded ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


transepithelial transport

The directed movement of a substance from one side of an epithelium to the other.


microtubule-based protein transport

A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of proteins.


tripeptide import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of a tripeptide from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


folate transmembrane transport

The process in which a folic acid, or one of its derivatives (dihydrofolate, tetrahydrofolate, methylene-tetrahydrofolate or methyl-tetrahydrofolate) is transported across a membrane.


neutrophil degranulation

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as proteases, lipases, and inflammatory mediators by a neutrophil.


anterograde synaptic vesicle transport

The directed movement of synaptic vesicle along axonal microtubules from the cell body to the presynapse.


intraciliary transport

The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium, mediated by motor proteins.


neutral amino acid transmembrane import into vacuole

The directed movement of neutral amino acids into the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane.


fast endocytic recycling

The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from peripheral endocytic compartments back to the plasma membrane where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.


histamine uptake

The directed movement of histamine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.


endosome to lysosome transport of low-density lipoprotein particle

The directed movement of low-density lipoprotein particle from endosomes to lysosomes.


p-coumaryl alcohol transport

The directed movement of a p-coumaryl alcohol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


tetraterpenoid transport

The directed movement of tetraterpenoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Tetraterpenoids are terpenoids with eight isoprene units.


L-leucine import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of L-leucine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


sophorose transport

The directed movement of a sophoroseacetate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


L-idonate transmembrane transport

The process in which L-idonate is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. L-idonate is an aldonic acid derived from L-idose, an aldohexose which is epimeric with D-glucose.


L-aspartate import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of L-aspartate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


minus-end-directed vesicle transport along microtubule

The directed movement of a vesicle towards the minus end of a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination.


endosome transport via multivesicular body sorting pathway

The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes or vacuoles by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the target compartment.


basophil degranulation

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine, serotonin, and neutral proteases by a basophil.


dopamine secretion

The regulated release of dopamine by a cell. Dopamine is a catecholamine and a precursor of adrenaline and noradrenaline. It acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system but it is also produced peripherally and acts as a hormone.


galacturonate transmembrane transport

The process in which galacturonate is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.


pancreatic polypeptide secretion

The regulated release of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) from a cell. Pancreatic polypeptide is a 36 amino acid polypeptide secreted by islets of Langerhans cells in the pancreas.


ER to Golgi ceramide transport

The directed movement of a ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi. Ceramides are a class of lipid composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid.


tear secretion

The regulated release of the aqueous layer of the tear film from the lacrimal glands. Tears are the liquid product of a process of lacrimation to clean and lubricate the eyes. Tear fluid contains water, mucin, lipids, lysozyme, lactoferrin, lipocalin, lacritin, immunoglobulins, glucose, urea, sodium, and potassium.


aldosterone secretion

The regulated release of aldosterone into the circulatory system. Aldosterone is a pregnane-based steroid hormone produced by the outer-section (zona glomerulosa) of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland, and acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney to cause the conservation of sodium, secretion of potassium, increased water retention, and increased blood pressure. The overall effect of aldosterone is to increase reabsorption of ions and water in the kidney.


endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol auxin transport

The directed movement of auxins from endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol.


glucuronate transmembrane transport

The process in which glucuronate is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.


lipoprotein transport

The directed movement of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


fructose transmembrane transport

The directed movement of fructose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey.


vitamin transport

The directed movement of vitamins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A vitamin is one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.


The directed movement of CMP-N-acetylneuraminate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


dense core granule exocytosis

The secretion of molecules (e.g. neuropeptides, insulin-related peptides or neuromodulators such as serotonin and dopamine) contained within a membrane-bounced dense core granule by fusion of the granule with the plasma membrane of a cell in response to increased cytosolic calcium levels.


mitochondrion to lysosome transport

Transport from the mitochondrion to the lysosome, mediated by mitochondrion-derived vesicles.


aspartate transmembrane transport

The process in which aspartate is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.


lithium ion export across the plasma membrane

The directed movement of lithium ion out of a cell or organelle.


dehydroascorbic acid transport

The directed movement of dehydroascorbate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Dehydroascorbate, 5-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)furan-2,3,4(5H)-trione, is an oxidized form of vitamin C.


protein transport along microtubule to spindle pole body

The directed movement of a protein along a microtubule to the spindle pole body, mediated by motor proteins.


protein transport into plasma membrane raft

The directed movement of a protein into a plasma membrane raft.


L-glutamate transmembrane export from vacuole

The directed movement of L-glutamate out of the vacuole, across the vacuolar membrane.


lipid droplet transport along microtubule

The directed movement of a lipid droplet along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.


retrograde axonal protein transport

The directed movement of proteins along microtubules from the cell periphery toward the cell body in nerve cell axons.


zinc ion transport

The directed movement of zinc (Zn II) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


histidine transport

The directed movement of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


corticosterone secretion

The regulated release of corticosterone into the circulatory system. Corticosterone is a 21-carbon steroid hormone of the corticosteroid type produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands.


The process in which 5-amino-1-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide is transported across a membrane.


fluoride transmembrane transport

The process in which fluoride is transported across a membrane.


putrescine transport

The directed movement of putrescine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Putrescine is 1,4-diaminobutane, the polyamine formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.


sodium-dependent organic anion transport

The directed, sodium-dependent, movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


acetylcholine uptake

The directed movement of acetylcholine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.


neutral amino acid transmembrane export from vacuole

The directed movement of neutral amino acids out of the vacuole, across the vacuolar membrane.


sucrose transmembrane transport

The process in which sucrose is transported across a membrane.


sodium-independent icosanoid transport

The directed, sodium-independent, movement of icosanoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Icosanoids are unsaturated C20 fatty acids and skeletally related compounds.


protein transport along microtubule

The directed movement of a protein along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.


sperm entry

An endocytosis process that results in penetration of the egg shell through the micropyle (a specialized anterior opening in the vitelline envelope) and entry of the entire sperm, including the surrounding plasma membrane and the sperm tail, into the egg cytoplasm. This step in fertilization is seen in Drosophila, where a plasma membrane fusion event between the sperm and the egg does not occur.


The process in which a glycerophosphodiester is transported across a membrane. Glycerophosphodiesters are small molecules composed of glycerol-3-phosphate and an alcohol, for example, glycerophosphoinositol.


tripeptide transmembrane transport

The directed movement of a tripeptide across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A tripeptide is a compound containing three amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.


succinate transmembrane transport

The process in which succinate is transported across a membrane.


adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate transmembrane transport

The process in which adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate is transported across a membrane.


flavonoid transport from endoplasmic reticulum to plant-type vacuole

The directed movement of flavonoid from endoplasmic reticulum to plant-type vacuole.


L-lysine transport

The directed movement of a L-lysine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


tricarboxylic acid transmembrane transport

The process in which a tricarboxylic acid is transported across a membrane.


matrix metallopeptidase secretion

The regulated release of matrix metallopeptidases, a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that can degrade extracellular matrix proteins and process other types of proteins.


tartrate transmembrane transport

The process in which tartrate is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.


pyridoxamine transport

The directed movement of pyridoxamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Pyridoxamine, 4-(aminomethyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol, is one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate.


spontaneous exocytosis of neurotransmitter

The release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft, where the release step is independent of the presence of calcium ions (Ca2+). The neurotransmitter is contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle, and is released by fusion of the vesicle with the presynaptic plasma membrane of a nerve cell.


mannitol transmembrane transport

The directed movement of mannitol across a membrane. Mannitol is the alditol derived from D-mannose by reduction of the aldehyde group.


snRNA export from nucleus

The directed movement of snRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.


reverse cholesterol transport

The directed movement of peripheral cell cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, towards the liver for catabolism.


plastid to vacuole vesicle-mediated transport

The vesicle-mediated and directed movement of substances from plastid to vacuole.


ghrelin secretion

The regulated release of ghrelin from a cell. Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid hunger-stimulating peptide hormone.


heptasaccharide transport

The directed movement of a heptasaccharideacetate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


mast cell degranulation

The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine, serotonin, and neutral proteases by a mast cell.


cholesterol transport involved in cholesterol storage

The directed movement of cholesterol into cells that is part of their accumulation and maintenance.


copper ion import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of copper ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


D-glucarate transmembrane transport

The process in which D-glucarate, the D-enantiomer of glucarate, is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.


mitochondrial magnesium ion transmembrane transport

The process in which a magnesium ion (Mg2+) is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.


zinc ion import into lysosome

The directed import of zinc(2+) from the cytosol, across an organelle membrane, into a lysosome.


SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, translocation

The process during cotranslational membrane targeting wherein proteins move across a membrane. SRP and its receptor initiate the transfer of the nascent chain across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane; they then dissociate from the chain, which is transferred to a set of transmembrane proteins, collectively called the translocon. Once the nascent chain translocon complex is assembled, the elongating chain passes directly from the large ribosomal subunit into the centers of the translocon, a protein-lined channel within the membrane. The growing chain is never exposed to the cytosol and does not fold until it reaches the ER lumen.


mitochondrial oxaloacetate transmembrane transport

The process in which oxaloacetate is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.


D-alanine transport

The directed movement of D-alanine, the D-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


mitocytosis

A migrasome-mediated selective removal of damaged mitochondria process that maintains mitochondrion homeostasis in migrating cells.


trehalose transport in response to desiccation

The directed movement of trehalose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore, that occurs as a result of a desiccation stimulus. A desiccation stimulus signals extreme dryness resulting from the prolonged deprivation of water.


protein secretion by platelet

The regulated release of proteins by a platelet or group of platelets.


oxygen transport

The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


phloem nitrate loading

The process of loading nitrate into the sieve tube or companion cell of the phloem for long distance transport from source to sink.


L-tryptophan import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of L-tryptophan from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


neurotransmitter receptor cycle

The process during which neurotransmitter receptors, anchored in some region of the synaptic membrane, are recycled via the endosome. This cycle includes release from anchoring, diffusion in the synaptic membrane to an endocytic region, endocytosis, transport to the endosome, recycling in the endosome, transport back the synaptic membrane and subsequent anchoring (trapping).


oxaloacetate transport

The directed movement of oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


mitochondrial 2-oxoadipate transmembrane transport

The process in which 2-oxoadipate is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.


glycine secretion, neurotransmission

The controlled release of glycine by a cell, in which glycine acts as a neurotransmitter.


clathrin-coated vesicle cargo loading, AP-1-mediated

Formation of a macromolecular complex between proteins of the AP-1 adaptor complex and proteins and/or lipoproteins that are going to be transported by a clathrin-coated vesicle. The AP-1 adaptor protein complex is a component of the cytoplasmic coat found on clathrin-coated vesicles, and binds to sorting signals of cargo to facilitate their trafficking.


intramanchette transport

The movement of vesicles and protein complexes carried out by molecular motors, kinesins and dynein, along the microtubule tracks within the manchette and by myosin along actin filaments.


retrograde dendritic transport of mitochondrion

The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in dendrites towards the cell body and away from the postsynapse.


peptide hormone secretion

The regulated release of a peptide hormone from a cell.


pyridoxine transport

The directed movement of pyridoxine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Pyridoxine, 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine, is one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate.


anterograde axonal transport

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons.


purine nucleotide-sugar transmembrane transport

The process in which a purine nucleotide-sugar is transported across a membrane. Purine nucleotide-sugars are purine nucleotides in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.


intraciliary anterograde transport

The directed movement of large protein complexes along microtubules from the cell body toward the tip of a cilium (also called flagellum), mediated by motor proteins.


acetate transmembrane transport

The process in which acetate is transported across a membrane. Acetate is the 2-carbon carboxylic acid ethanoic acid.


heme import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of heme from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


axonal transport of messenger ribonucleoprotein complex

The directed movement of a messenger ribonucleoprotein complex along microtubules in axons.


L-tyrosine import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of L-tyrosine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


acropetal auxin transport

The unidirectional movement of auxin from the base towards the apex of an organ, including the shoot, leaf, primary root, or lateral root.


The directed movement of S-adenosyl-L-methionine across a membrane.


immunoglobulin transcytosis in epithelial cells mediated by polymeric immunoglobulin receptor

The process of transporting polymeric IgA and polymeric IgM immunoglobulin, via transcytosis mediated by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), from the basolateral surface to apical surface of an epithelial cell. At the apical surface the immunoglobulin binding portion of the pIgRis cleaved and remains bound to the transported immunoglobulin as secretory component (SC). The same process is used for the transport and excretion of IgA immune complexes to the luminal surface of the mucosa.


pyridoxine transmembrane transport

The process in which pyridoxine is transported across a membrane.


secretion of vasopressin involved in fast regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure

The regulated release of the hormone vasopressin into the blood stream by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland contributing to fast regulation of blood pressure.


The directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


gluconate import across plasma membrane

The directed movement of gluconate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


nitric oxide transport

The directed movement of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


monoatomic anion transport

The directed movement of a monoatomic anion, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic anions (also called simple anions) are negatively charged ions consisting of exactly one atom.


D-galactonate transmembrane transport

The process in which D-galactonate, the D-enantiomer of galactonate, is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.


transpiration

Release of water by the plant into the air as water vapor mainly through leaves.