primary alcohol

A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.


polyphenol

Members of the class of phenols that contain 2 or more benzene rings each of which is substituted by at least one hydroxy group.


flavonols

Any hydroxyflavone in which is the ring hydrogen at position 3 of the heterocyclic ring is replaced by a hydroxy group.


sodium salt

Any alkali metal salt having sodium(1+) as the cation.


Any alcohol in which two hydroxy groups are bonded to the same atom.


organosulfonate salt

Any organic salt prepared using an organosulfonic acid as the acid component.


scopolamine hydrobromide (anhydrous)

A hydrobromide that is obtained by reaction of scopolamine with hydrogen bromide.


hydroxytoluene

Any member of the class of  toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.


Any hydroxyflavone with a hydroxy substituent at position 3'.


A halophenol in which the halogen atom is bonded to the carbon atom adjacent to the C-OH group.


secondary allylic alcohol

An allylic alcohol in which the carbon atom that links the double bond to the hydroxy group is also attached to one other carbon and one hydrogen.


hydroperoxide

A monosubstitution product of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH.


glycol salicylate

A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of carboxy group of  salicylic acid with one of the hydroxy groups of ethylene glycol


A mononitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group at position 2 is replaced by a nitro group.


phlorotannin

A type of tannin usually found in brown algae such as kelps and rockweeds. Unlike the hydrolysable or condensed tannins, these compounds are oligomers of phloroglucinol.


tetrahydroxyflavone

Any hydroxyflavone carrying four hydroxy substituents.


SODIUM BROMIDE

An inorganic sodium salt having bromide as the counterion.


benzyl halide

Any compound containing a (halomethyl)benzene skeleton.


AMIKACIN SULFATE

An aminoglycoside sulfate salt obtained by combining amikacin with two molar equivalents of sulfuric acid.


2,5-diaminotoluene sulfate

An organic sulfate salt obtained by combining 2,5-diaminotoluene with one molar equivalent of sulfuric acid; occurs as an intermediate during hair dye formulation.


ABACAVIR SULFATE

An azaheterocycle sulfate salt that is the sulfate salt of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor abacavir.


sulfonamide antibiotic

A class of sulfonamides whose members generally have bacteriostatic antibiotic properties.


salt

A salt is an assembly of cations and anions.


alkaloid

Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is  exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids.


indole alkaloid

An alkaloid containing an indole skeleton.


isoquinoline alkaloid

Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.


cinchona alkaloid

An alkaloid based on a cinchonan skeleton.


glycoalkaloid

A glycoside that is a compound containing one or more hydrophilic glycoside moieties combined with an alkaloid. Found in Solanaceae plants such as courgettes, paprika, aubergines, tomatoes and potatoes.


oxoaporphine alkaloid

Any aporphine alkaloid that has a 7-keto-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline skeleton. The oxoaporphine alkaloids are found in members of the Anonacea, Aracea, Hernandiaceae, Lauraceae, Magnoliaceae, Menispermaceae, Monimiaceae, Papaveraceae, and Ranunculaceae families.


monoterpenoid indole alkaloid

A terpenoid indole alkaloid which is biosynthesised from L-tryptophan and diisoprenoid (usually secolaganin) building blocks.


alkaloid antibiotic

Any alkaloid that has significant antibiotic properties.


hemiterpenoid indole alkaloid

A terpenoid indole alkaloid which is biosynthesised from L-tryptophan and monoisoprenoid (usually dimethylallyl pyrophosphate or isopentenyl pyrophosphate) building blocks


Erythrina alkaloid

Any alkaloid found in Erythrina species, a genus of plants widely distributed throughout the tropical and semi-tropical regions of the world.


morphinane alkaloid

An  isoquinoline alkaloid based on a morphinan skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


benzylisoquinoline alkaloid

Any isoquinoline alkaloid based on a benzylisoquinoline skeleton.


vinca alkaloid

A group of indole-indoline dimers which are alkaloids obtained from the Vinca genus of plants, together with semi-synthetic and fully synthetic analogues.


ergoline alkaloid

One of a class of naturally occurring alkaloids with a structure based on that of ergoline.


terpenoid indole alkaloid

An indole alkaloid which is biosynthesised from L-tryptophan and isoprenoid building blocks.


aporphine alkaloid

Any benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that has a structure based on 4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline or its 3-methyl derivative.


anthracycline

Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.


ether lipid

A lipid similar in structure to a glycerolipid but in which one or more of the carbon atoms on glycerol is bonded to an alkyl chain via an ether linkage, as opposed to the usual ester linkage.


A monoalkylglycerol that is a derivative of glycerol in which the hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted to an ether.


monoalkylglycerol

An ether lipid that is glycerol carrying a single alkyl substituent in an unspecified position.


organothiophosphorus compound

An organothiophosphorus compound is an organophosphorus compound which contains a phosphorus-sulfur bond.


thiocarboxylic ester

An ester in which one or both oxygens of an ester group have been replaced by divalent sulfur.


organic trisulfide

An organosulfur compound with structure Compounds of structure R(1)SSSR(2) in which R(1) and R(2) are organic groups.


organosulfur compound

An organosulfur compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-sulfur bond.


dithiocarbamic acids

Any organic acid in which both oxygens of a carbamic acid have been replaced by sulfur.


thioenol

An alkenethiol; the term refers specifically to vinylic thiols, which have the structure HSCR=CR'R''.


methanesulfonates

Esters or salts of methanesulfonic acid.


glutathione derivative

Any organonitrogen compound derived from the Glu-Cys-Gly tripeptide glutathione.


thioureas

Compounds of general formula RR'NC(=S)NR''R'''.


S-substituted glutathione

A glutathione derivative that is glutathione in which the hydrogen of the thiol has been replaced by any other group.


aryl thiol

An aryl thiol is a thiol in which a sulfanyl group, SH, is attached to an aryl group.


S-glycosyl compound

A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and a S atom bound to a carbon atom, thus creating a C-S bond.


thiocarbonyl compound

Any compound containing the thiocarbonyl group, C=S.


L-methionine (S)-S-oxide

The (S)-oxido diastereomer of L-methionine S-oxide.


organic sulfide

Compounds having the structure RSR (R =/= H). Such compounds were once called thioethers.


alkanethiol

An alkanethiol is a compound in which a sulfanyl group, -SH, is attached to an alkyl group.


(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine

An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.


methionine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of methionine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of methionine  by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing methionine residues.


aryl sulfide

Any organic sulfide in which the sulfur is attached to at least one aromatic group.


sulfide

Any sulfur molecular entity that involves either covalently bonded or anionic sulfur.


sulfoximide

Compounds having the structure RS(=O)=NR.


dithioacetal

A thioacetal having the structure R2C(SR')2. The term includes dithioketals (R =/= H, R' =/= H) as a subclass.


glutathione conjugate

Any bioconjugate in which glutathione is one of the components


sulfone

An organosulfur compound having the structure RS(=O)2R (R =/= H).


L-methionine (R)-S-oxide

The (R)-oxido diastereomer of L-methionine S-oxide.


methyl sulfide

Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.


thiosemicarbazone

A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.


isothiocyanate

An organosulfur compound with the general formula R-N=C=S.


sulfoxide

An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H).


thioacetal

The sulfur analogue of 'acetal'.  The term includes monothioacetals having the structure R2C(OR')(SR') (subclass monothioketals, R =/= H); and dithioacetals having the structure R2C(SR')2 (subclass dithioketals, R =/= H, R' =/= H).


thiol

An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.


thiosugar

A carbohydrate derivative in which one or more of the oxygens or hydroxy groups of the parent carbohydrate is replaced by sulfur or -SR, where R can be hydrogen or any group.


monothioacetal

A thioacetal having the structure R2C(OR')(SR'). The term includes monothioketals, R =/= H, as a subclass.


dithioester

A compound of general formula RC(=S)SR'.


dithioketal

A dithioacetal of formula R2C(SR')2, R =/= H, R' =/= H.


Any 6-carbon amino monosaccharide with at least one alcoholic hydroxy group replaced by an amino group.


N-acylsphingosine

The parent compounds of the ceramide family, composed of sphingosine having an unspecified fatty acyl group attached to the nitrogen.


formamides

Amides with the general formula R(1)R(2)NCHO (R(1) and R(2) can be H).


pnictogen molecular entity

A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen.


oxime

Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.


glycine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of glycine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.


L-tryptophan derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-tryptophan at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-tryptophan by a heteroatom.


triazene derivative

A nitrogen molecular entity resulting from the formal substitution of one or more of the hydrogens of triazene.


L-tyrosine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-tyrosine by a heteroatom.


Any carbohydrate derivative that consists of glycan moieties covalently attached to the side chains of the amino acid residues that constitute the peptide.


An oligosaccharide derivative that consists of the dodecasaccharide alpha-D-Ara-(1->5)-[alpha-D-Ara-(1->5)-alpha-D-Ara-(1->3)]-alpha-D-Ara-(1->5)-alpha-D-Ara-(1->5)-alpha-D-Ara-(1->2)-[alpha-D-Man-(1->6)]-alpha-D-Man-(1->6)-[alpha-D-Man-(1->2)]-alpha-D-Man-(1->6)-alpha-D-Man-(1->6)-alpha-D-Man linked at the reducing end glycosidically to a 6-azidohexyl group.


hydroxylamines

Hydroxylamine, H2N-OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.


nitroglycerin

A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.


amino acid derivative

Any derivative of an amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing amino acid residues.


L-threonine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-threonine  at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-threonine  by a heteroatom.


mononitroglycerol

A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which one nitro group replaces the hydrogen(s) attached to one of the hydroxy groups.


polyamine

Any organic amino compound that contains two or more amino groups.


nitrohydrocarbon

A C-nitro compound that is a hydrocarbon in which one or more of the hydrogens has been replaced by nitro groups.


L-phenylalanine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-phenylalanine  at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-phenylalanine  by a heteroatom.


N-nitrosoureas

A nitroso compound that is any urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group


ammonium compound

Compounds (NH4(+))Y(-) and derivatives, in which one or more of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent groups.


A beta-D-glucoside that is the 2-azidoethyl glycoside of a tetrasaccharide (Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 14 tetrasaccharide) consisting of at the reducing end an N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine residue to which are linked (1->4) and (1->6) respectively a beta-D-glucose residue and a beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl disaccharide unit.


N-acylethanolamine phosphate

Any carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with the amino group of O-phosphoethanolamine (2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate).


reactive nitrogen species

A family of nitrogen molecular entities which are highly reactive and derived from nitric oxide (.NO) and superoxide (O2.(-)) produced via the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and NADPH oxidase respectively.


N-palmitoyl-sphingoid base

A ceramide where the N-acyl is a palmitoyl chain but the sphingoid base is not defined


sphingoid

Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.


primary diamine

A primary diamine is a compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing two hydrogen atoms by amino groups.


pentaerithrityl tetranitrate

A pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex.


primary amide

A derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.


oxime O-ether

O-organyl oximes R2C=NOR' (R' =/= H).


acetyl-amino acid

Any amino acid derivative that is the N-acetyl or O-acetyl derivative of an amino acid.


azo compound

Derivatives of diazene with the general structure R-N=N-R'.


D-tryptophan derivative

A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-tryptophan  at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-tryptophan  by a heteroatom.


amide

An amide is a derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.


amide antifungal agent

A compound that has significant antifungal properties whose structure contains an amide moiety.


isocyanates

Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).


acetamides

Compounds with the general formula RNHC(=O)CH3.


carbohydrazide

A hydrazide consisting of hydrazine carrying one or more carboacyl groups.


carboxamide

An amide of a carboxylic acid, having the structure RC(=O)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)NH2 group including its carbon atom.


nucleoside analogue

An analogue of a nucleoside, being an N-glycosyl compound in which the nitrogen-containing moiety is a modified nucleotide base. They are commonly used as antiviral products to prevent viral replication in infected cells.


azine

An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.


N-methyl-amino acid

An amino acid derivative in which at least one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a methyl group.


phosphoramide

A compound in which one or more of the OH groups of phosphoric acid have been replaced with an amino or substituted amino group. The term is commonly confined to the phosphoric triamides, P(=O)(NR2)3, since replacement of one or two OH groups produces phosphoramidic acids: P(=O)(OH)(NR2)2 , P(=O)(OH)2(NR2).


hydrazone

Compounds having the structure R2C=NNR2, formally derived from aldehydes or ketones by replacing =O by =NNH2 (or substituted analogues).


B vitamin

Any member of the group of eight water-soluble vitamins originally thought to be a single compound (vitamin B) that play important roles in cell metabolism. The group comprises of vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12 (Around 20 other compounds were once thought to be B vitamins but are no longer classified as such).


mixed diacylamine

Any imide in which the acyl substituents are any two from carboacyl, sulfonyl and phosphoryl


imine

Compounds having the structure RN=CR2 (R = H, hydrocarbyl). Thus analogues of aldehydes or ketones, having NR doubly bonded to carbon; aldimines have the structure RCH=NR, ketimines have the structure R'2C=NR (where R' is not H). Imines include azomethines and Schiff bases. Imine is used as a suffix in systematic nomenclature to denote the C=NH group excluding the carbon atom.


vitamin B9

Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.


sphingolipid

Sphingolipids are a complex family of compounds that share a common structural feature, a sphingoid base backbone.


amide fungicide

Compounds that contain an amide group as a key feature of their structure and which have been used as fungicides.


asparagine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of asparagine at the amino group, the carboxy group, or the carboxamide, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of asparagine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing asparagine residues.


organonitrogen compound

Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.


D-tyrosine derivative

A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-tyrosine by a heteroatom.


N-glycosyl compound

A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to a nitrogen atom, thus creating a C-N bond.


nitrogen mustard

Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.


carbodiimide

Any organonitrogen compound that consists of two primary amino groups joined to a central carbon atom via N=C linkages.


hydrazide

Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH  by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).


nitroarene

A nitrohydrocarbon that consists of an arene skeleton substituted by one or more nitro groups at unspecified positions.


N-nitro compound

A compound having the nitro group (-NO2) attached to a nitrogen atom.


phosphonic acids

HP(=O)(OH)2  (phosphonic acid) and its P-substituted derivatives.


organic amino compound

A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.


A beta-D-glucoside that is the 2-azidoethyl glycoside of a tetrasaccharide (Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 tetrasaccharide) consisting of two beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl disaccharide units linked (1->3).


N-acylsphingoid

A ceramide consisting of an undefined sphingoid base linked to an undefined fatty acid via an amide bond.


A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups while the other is substituted by a phenyl group which carries two unspecified groups at positions 3 and 4 of the phenyl ring.


amidine

Derivatives of oxoacids RnE(=O)OH in which the hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group and the oxo group is replaced by =NR. In organic chemistry an unspecified amidine is commonly a carboxamidine.


valine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of valine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of valine  by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing valine  residues.


nitroglycerol

A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.


nitroguanidine derivative

Any N-nitro compound obtained by formal replacement of one or more of the hydrogens of a nitroguanidine by an organyl group.


sphingosine-based sphingolipid

A family of sphingolipids that share a common structural feature, a sphingosine base backbone.


ornithine derivative

A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of ornithine at the amino group, the carboxy group, or the side-chain amino group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of ornithine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing ornithine residues.


cysteine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of cysteine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing cysteine residues.


amino acid amide

An amide of an amino acid formed formally by conversion of the carboxy group to a carboxamido group.


L-asparagine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-asparagine at the amino group, the carboxy group, or the carboxamide, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-asparagine by a heteroatom.


quaternary nitrogen compound

A nitrogen molecular entity that is electronically neutral but which contains a quaternary nitrogen.


L-valine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-valine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-valine by a heteroatom.


hemiaminal ether

An organic amino compound that is a hemiaminal in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group has been replaced by an organyl group. General formula: R2C(OR')NR2 ( R =/= H ). Also known as alpha-amino ethers.


diphenhydramine salicylate

The salicylic acid salt of diphenhydramine.


cyclopropylcarboxamide

Carboxamides RC(=O)NR'R'' where R is a cyclopropyl group.


quinone imine

An imine formed formally from a quinone by replacement of one or more atoms of quinonoid oxygen by =NH or =NR.


diisocyanate

An isocyanate compound containing two isocyanate functional groups. Manufactured for reaction with polyols in the production of polyurethanes.


threonine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of threonine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of threonine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing threonine residues.


monoamine

An aralylamino compound which contains one amino group connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain. Monoamines are derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and the thyroid hormones by the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes.


benzanilide fungicide

Any anilide fungicide whose structure contains a benzanilide group [ArC(=O)N(R)Ar', where Ar and Ar' are phenyl or substituted phenyl groups].


N-sulfonylcarboxamide

A mixed diacylamine resulting from the formal condensation of the nitrogen of a carboxamide with a sulphonic acid.


L-cysteine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from the formal reaction of L-cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-cysteine by a heteroatom.


nitrate ester

Any member of the class of nitrates resulting from the esterification of nitric acid with an alcohol.


phenylhydrazines

Any member of the class of  hydrazines carrying a phenyl substituent.


vitamin B3

Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).


phenylureas

Any member of the class of ureas in which at least one of the nitrogens of the urea moiety is substituted by a phenyl or substituted phenyl group.


D-phenylalanine derivative

A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-phenylalanine by a heteroatom.


glycosylceramide

A ceramide compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxy group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.


mononitrotoluene

A nitrotoluene bearing a single nitro substituent at any position. A "closed class".


bleomycin

A glycopeptide produced by the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus. The term, 'bleomycin' refers to a family of structurally related compounds. When used as an anti-cancer agent, the chemotherapeutical forms are primarily bleomycin A2 and B2.


cyanides

Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.


anilide fungicide

Any amide fungicide whose structure contains an anilide group.


alanine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of alanine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing alanine residues.


D-serine derivative

A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-serine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-serine by a heteroatom.


ceramide

Ceramides (N-acyl-sphingoid bases) are a major subclass of sphingoid base derivatives with an amide-linked fatty acid. The fatty acids are typically saturated or monounsaturated with chain lengths from 14 to 26 carbon atoms; the presence of a hydroxyl group on carbon 2 is fairly common. Ceramides are generally precursors of more complex sphingolipids. In the illustrated generalised structure, R(1) = OH, OX (where X = acyl, glycosyl, phosphate, phosphonate, etc.), or H.


vitamin B7

Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.


D-proline derivative

A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-proline by a heteroatom.


L-proline derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-proline  by a heteroatom.


isoleucine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of isoleucine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of isoleucine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing isoleucine residues.


azobenzenes

Any member of the wide class of molecules that share the core azobenzene structure, comprising two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond, which may have different functional groups extending from the rings.


monoamine molecular messenger

A group of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group  (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.


organophosphorus compound

An organophosphorus compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-phosphorus bond, but the term is often extended to include esters and thioesters.


ynamide

An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid amide of general formula R(1)C#C-C(=O)NR(2)R(3) in which the amide C=O function is conjugated to a C#C triple bond at the alpha,beta position.


proline derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of proline by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing proline residues.


diamine

Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.


glutamic acid derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing glutamic acid residues.


dicarboximide

An imide in which the two acyl substituents on nitrogen are carboacyl groups.


aromatic amine

An amino compound in which the amino group is linked directly to an aromatic system.


ethylenediamine derivative

Any organic amino compound that is a derivative of  ethylenediamine.


phenylalanine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of phenylalanine  by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing phenylalanine  residues.


nitroso compound

Compounds having the nitroso group, -NO, attached to carbon, or to another element, most commonly nitrogen or oxygen.


monoazo compound

Compounds containing single -N=N- group.


ketimine

Any imine derived from a ketone.


hydrazines

Hydrazine (diazane) and its substituted derivatives.


glycosphingolipid

A glycosphingolipid is a glycolipid that is a carbohydrate-containing derivative of a sphingoid or ceramide. It is understood that the carbohydrate residue is attached by a glycosidic linkage to O-1 of the sphingoid.


homocysteine derivative

A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of homocysteine at the amino group, the carboxy group, or the side-chain amino group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of homocysteine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing homocysteine residues.


tryptophan derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of tryptophan  at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of tryptophan  by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing tryptophan residues.


aldimine

Imines derived from aldehydes, i.e. compounds having the structure RCH=NR.


C-nitro compound

A nitro compound having the nitro group (-NO2) attached to a carbon atom.


nitrotoluene

Any member of the class of  toluenes bearing one or more nitro substituents on the benzene ring.


guanidines

Any organonitrogen compound containing a carbamimidamido (guanidino) group. Guanidines have the general structure (R(1)R(2)N)(R(3)R(4)N)C=N-R(5) and are related structurally to amidines and ureas.


secondary carboxamide

A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with a primary amine; formula RC(=O)NHR(1).


tyrosine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, any substitution of phenyl hydrogens, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of tyrosine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing tyrosine residues.


biguanides

A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.


L-serine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-serine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-serine by a heteroatom.


isoamyl nitrite

A nitrite ester having isopentyl as the alkyl group.


L-ornithine derivative

An ornithine derivative resulting from reaction of L-ornithine at the amino group, the carboxy group or the side-chain amino group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-ornithine by a heteroatom.


The N-glycosyl compound formed from the deoxy trisaccharide 2-deoxy-alpha-D-Gal-(1->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc by replacement of the OH at the anomeric centre of the glucose residue by an azido group.


proteinogenic amino acid derivative

Any derivative of a proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, or a side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom.


serine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of serine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of serine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing serine residues.


toluene meta-diisocyanate

A diisocyanate that consists of toluene bearing two isocyanato functional groups positioned meta to one another.


valinamide fungicide

An amide fungicide whose structure contains a valine amide moiety.


aromatic amide

An amide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aromatic system.


secondary amino compound

A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.


The carbohydrate acid derivative that is the allyl glycoside of 7-azido-7-deoxy-7-epi-Kdo.


anilide

Any aromatic amide obtained by acylation of aniline.


secondary amide

A derivative of two oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which two acyl groups are attached to the amino or substituted amino group.


cyanine dye

Cyanine dyes are synthetic dyes with the general formula R2N[CH=CH]nCH=N(+)R2    <-> R2N(+)=CH[CH=CH]nNR2 (n is a small number) in which the nitrogen and part of the conjugated chain usually form part of a heterocyclic system, such as imidazole, pyridine, pyrrole, quinoline and thiazole.


L-glutamic acid derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-glutamic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-glutamic acid by a heteroatom.


N-acylurea

A member of the class of ureas that has the general formula R-CO-NH-CO-NH2 or R-CO-NH-CO-NH-CO-R', formally derived by the acylation of one or both of the nitrogens of a urea moiety.


non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative

Any derivative of a non-proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group or carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom.


amyl nitrite

A nitrite ester having n-pentyl as the alkyl group.


hydroxamic acid ester

A carboxamide that is a hydroxamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is replaced by an organyl group.


aralkylamino compound

An organic amino compound in which an aminoalkyl group is linked to an arene.


D-valine derivative

A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-valine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-valine by a heteroatom.


nitro compound

A compound having a nitro group, -NO2 (free valence on nitrogen), which may be attached to carbon, nitrogen (as in nitramines), or oxygen (as in nitrates), among other elements (in the absence of specification, C-nitro compounds are usually implied).


L-alanine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-alanine by a heteroatom.


triamine

Any polyamine that contained three amino groups.


dinitroglycerol

A nitroglycerol carrying two nitro groups at unspecified positions.


thiocarboxamide

Any primary amide having its amide oxygen replaced by sulfur.


name: alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid amide

description: A monocarboxylic amide of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)NR(4)R(5)  or R(1)C#C-C(=O)NR(2)R(3) in which the amide C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.


1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)

Any member of the class of phosphonic acids in which a carbon atom is directly attached to two phosphonic acid groups. They are analogues of pyrophosphates (with the central oxygen atom replaced by a carbon atom) and like pyrophosphates they tend to have a strong affinity for bone, so are frequently used for their antiresorptive and hypocalcaemic properties.


N-acylglutamic acid

A glutamic acid derivative that is glutamic acid in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an acyl group.


histidine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of histidine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of histidine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing alanine residues.


raffinose family oligosaccharide

Any oligosaccharide that has a biosynthetic pathway in common with that of raffinose.


An amino disaccharide consisting of beta-D-galactose linked via a (1->3)-glycosidic bond to N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine. beta-D-Galp-(1->3)-beta-D-GlcpNAc in which the configuration at the reducing-end anomeric centre is beta.


methoxybenzenes

Any aromatic ether that consists of a benzene skeleton substituted with one or more methoxy groups.


asarone

A phenylpropanoid that is benzene substituted by methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4 and a propen-1-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from Acorus.


dimethoxybenzene

Any methoxybenzene that consists of a benzene skeleton substituted with two methoxy groups and its derivatives.


alanine zwitterion

An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of alanine; major species at pH 7.3.


ester

A compound formally derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l > 0) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter.


sultone

An intramolecular cyclic ester of a hydroxy sulfonic acid, analogous to lactone.


aromatic ester

An ester where the ester linkage is bonded directly to an aromatic system.


polar amino acid zwitterion

Zwitterionic form of a polar amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.


carbonates

Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.


ferrous carbonate

A carbonate salt in which the counter-ion is iron in the +2 oxidation state.


biphenyls

Benzenoid aromatic compounds containing two phenyl or substituted-phenyl groups which are joined together by a single bond.


CIS/TRANS-ISOEUGENOL

A phenylpropanoid that is an isomer of eugenol in which the allyl substituent is replaced by a prop-1-enyl group.


benzenes

Any benzenoid aromatic compound consisting of the benzene skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


tetracenes

Compounds containing a tetracene skeleton.


angucycline

Polyketides produced by Actinomycetes which have structures based on the benz[a]anthracene ring system, several of which bear hydrolysable sugars.


alkenylbenzene

A member of the class of benzenes that is benzene substituted with one or more alkenyl groups. It is a group of naturally occurring compounds that are synthesized as secondary metabolites in various plants, including nutmeg and basil.


para-terphenyl

A ring assembly based on a 1,4-diphenylbenzene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.


toluenes

Any member of the class of benzenes that is a substituted benzene in which the substituents include one (and only one) methyl group.


acenes

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.


name: carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives

description: Any organooxygen compound that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone, or a compound derived from one. Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and usually have an empirical formula Cm(H2O)n; carbohydrate derivatives may contain other elements by substitution or condensation.


O-amino sugar

Any sugar having one or more alcoholic hydrogen moieties replaced by amino groups.


triose

A monosaccharide containing three carbon atoms, which is important in respiration. Only two trioses occur naturally: the aldotriose glyceraldehyde and the ketotriose dihydroxyacetone.


monosaccharide

Parent monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H-[CHOH]n-C(=O)[CHOH]m-H with three or more carbon atoms. The generic term 'monosaccharide' (as opposed to oligosaccharide or polysaccharide) denotes a single unit, without glycosidic connection to other such units. It includes aldoses, dialdoses, aldoketoses, ketoses and diketoses, as well as deoxy sugars, provided that the parent compound has a (potential) carbonyl group.


glycoside

A glycosyl compound resulting from the attachment of a glycosyl group to a non-acyl group RO-, RS-, RSe-, etc. The bond between the glycosyl group and the non-acyl group is called a glycosidic bond. By extension, the terms N-glycosides and C-glycosides are used as class names for glycosylamines and for compounds having a glycosyl group attached to a hydrocarbyl group respectively. These terms are misnomers and should not be used. The preferred terms are glycosylamines and C-glycosyl compounds, respectively.


aldehydo-D-galactose

An aldohexose that is the C-4 epimer of glucose.


oligosaccharide derivative

A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from an oligosaccharide.


amino monosaccharide

Any  amino sugar that is a monosaccharide in which one alcoholic hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group.


anthocyanidin glycoside

Any anthocyanidin cation having one or more glycosyl residues attached at unspecified positions.


anhydro sugar

Intramolecular ethers formally arising by elimination of water from two hydroxy groups of a single molecule of a monosaccharide (aldose or ketose) or monosaccharide derivative.


carbohydrate acid derivative

A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a carbohydrate acid.


aureolic acid

Glycoside compounds that have a 1-keto-8,9-dihydroxyanthracene skeleton, a functionalized alkyl chain at the 3- position, and two oligosaccharide chains of variable lengths.


D-aldohexose

Any D-aldose having a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.


oligosaccharide

A compound in which monosaccharide units are joined by glycosidic linkages. The term is commonly used to refer to a defined structure as opposed to a polymer of unspecified length or a homologous mixture. When the linkages are of other types the compounds are regarded as oligosaccharide analogues.


D-glucoside

Any glucoside in which the glycoside group is derived from D-glucose.


carbohydrate

Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.


L-fucose

Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.


tetronic acid derivative

An aldonic acid derivative that is formally obtained from a tetronic acid.


An amino trisaccharide consisting of N-acetylglucosamine having a fucosyl residue attached at the 3-position via an alpha-linkage and a galactosyl residue attached at the 4-position via a beta-linkage.


glycosyl compound

A carbohydrate derivative arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to an oxygen, carbon, nitrogen or sulfur atom of a separate entity.


L-fucose

Any form of fucose having L configuration.


galloyl beta-D-glucose

A class of beta-D-glucose compounds having an unspecified number of O-galloyl groups in undeined positions.


trisaccharide derivative

An oligosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a trisaccharide.


D-mannose

A mannose with D-configuration.


D-fructose

Fructose is a levorotatory monosaccharide and an isomer of glucose.  Although fructose is a hexose (6 carbon sugar), it generally exists as a 5-member hemiketal ring (a furanose).


anthocyanin cation

Any flavonoid that is a glycoside derivative of an anthocyanidin cation.


N-acetylmannosamine

Any mannosamine carrying an N-acetyl substituent


aldohexose

A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.


beta-D-talopyranose

A D-talopyranose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.


deoxyhexose derivative

A deoxy sugar derivative that is formally obtained from a deoxyhexose.


amino tetrasaccharide

A tetrasaccharide derivative having one or more substituted or unsubstituted amino groups in place of hydroxy groups at unspecified positions.


flavone C-glycoside

Any C-glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to a flavone skeleton, thus creating a C-C bond.


aldose

Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.


beta-D-glucoside

Any D-glucoside in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration.


disaccharide derivative

A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a disaccharide.


ketohexose

Any hexose containing a single ketone group.


saponin

A glycoside that is a compound containing one or more hydrophilic glycoside moieties combined with a lipophilic triterpenoid or steroid derivative. Found in particular abundance in plant species.


D-glucosamine

A 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose that is D-glucosamine having a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.


tetrasaccharide derivative

An oligosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a tetrasaccharide.


D-talose

A talose that is the C-2 epimer of D-galactose.


aldonic acid derivative

A carbohydrate acid derivative that is formally obtained from an aldonic acid.


deoxyhexose

Any C6 deoxy sugar having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.


carbohydrate-containing antibiotic

Any carbohydrate derivative that exhibits antibiotic activity.


amino disaccharide

A disaccharide derivative that is a disaccharide having one or more substituted or unsubstituted amino groups in place of hydroxy groups at unspecified positions.


glucosamines

Any  hexosamine that is glucose in which at least one of the hydroxy groups has been replaced by an amino group.


deoxyaldohexose derivative

A deoxy sugar derivative that is formally obtained from a deoxyaldopentose.


aldehydo-D-glucosamine

The open-chain form of D-glucosamine.


glucooligosaccharide

An oligosaccharide comprised of glucose residues.


deoxy sugar derivative

A carbohydrate derivative formally obtained from a deoxy sugar.


luteolin O-glucuronoside

A glycosyloxyflavone that is an O-glucuronidated derivative of luteolin.


myricetin O-glucoside

A glycosyloxyflavone that is an  O-glucosylated derivative of myricetin.


neohesperidoside

A glycoside containing alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue as the sugar unit.


alditol derivative

A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from an alditol.


beta-glucoside

A glucoside in which the anomeric carbon of the glycosidic bond is in a beta configuration


pentasaccharide derivative

An oligosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a pentasaccharide.


galactopyranose

The pyranose form of galactose.


glycolipid

Any member of class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide). Some substances classified as bacterial glycolipids have the sugar part acylated by one or more fatty acids and the glycerol part may be absent.


D-fructofuranose

A fructofuranose that has D configuration.


alpha-D-talopyranose

D-Talopyranose having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.


amino sugar

Any sugar having one or more alcoholic hydroxy groups replaced by substituted or unsubstituted amino groups.


A beta-D-Galp-(1->3)-D-GlcpNAc in which the N-acetylaminoglucose moiety has alpha configuration.


kaempferol O-glucuronide

A glycosyloxyflavone that is an O-glucuronidated derivative of kaempferol.


mannose

An aldohexose that is the C-2 epimer of glucose.


kaempferol O-glucoside

A glycosyloxyflavone that is an O-glucosylated derivative of kaempferol.


glucosiduronic acid

Any substance produced by linking glucuronic acid to another substance via a glycosidic bond.


GLUCOSAMINE

A 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.


glycan

Any oligosaccharide, polysaccharide or their derivatives consisting of monosaccharides or monosaccharide derivatives linked by glycosidic bonds. See also http://www.ontobee.org/ontology/GNO?iri=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GNO_00000001.


beta-D-glucosiduronic acid

A glucosiduronic acid resulting from the formal condensation of any substance with beta-D-glucuronic acid to form a glycosidic bond.


talose

An aldohexose that is the C-2 epimer of galactose.


C-glycosyl compound

A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to a carbon atom, thus creating a C-C bond.


carbohydrate derivative

Any organooxygen compound derived from a carbohydrate by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. The term also includes derivatives of these compounds.


heptasaccharide

An oligosaccharide comprising seven monomeric monosaccharide units.


D-hexose

A hexose that has D-configuration at position 5.


beta-L-fucose

A L-fucopyranose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.


hexose

Any six-carbon monosaccharide which in its linear form contains either an aldehyde group at position 1 (aldohexose) or a ketone group at position 2 (ketohexose).


ketose

Ketonic parent sugars (polyhydroxy ketones H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)[CH(OH)]mH) and their intramolecular hemiketals.


beta-D-galactoside

Any D-galactoside having beta-configuration at its anomeric centre.


glycosyloxyflavone

A member of the class of flavones having one or more glycosyl residues attached at unspecified positions.


mannopyranose

The pyranose form of mannose.


deoxy sugar

Any sugar having a hydroxy group replaced with a hydrogen atom.


quercetin O-glycoside

Any glycosyloxyflavone that is an O-glycosylated derivative of quercetin.


D-glucosamine

An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.


amino trisaccharide

An amino oligosaccharide that is a trisaccharide having one or more substituted or unsubstituted amino groups in place of hydroxy groups at unspecified positions.


olefinic compound

Any organic molecular entity that contains at least one C=C bond.


enyne

An  acetylenic and an olefinic  compound containing a carbon chain that contains a carbon-carbon double bond and a carbon-carbon triple bond.


stilbenoid

Any olefinic compound characterised by a 1,2-diphenylethylene backbone.


phenylpropanoid

Any organic aromatic compound with a structure based on a phenylpropane skeleton. The class includes naturally occurring phenylpropanoid esters, flavonoids, anthocyanins, coumarins and many small phenolic molecules as well as their semi-synthetic and synthetic analogues. Phenylpropanoids are also precursors of lignin.


norlignan

Any member of the group of plant secondary metabolites with a diphenylpentane skeleton.


lignan

Any phenylpropanoid  derived from phenylalanine via dimerization of substituted cinnamic alcohols, known as monolignols, to a dibenzylbutane skeleton. Note that while individual members of the class have names ending ...lignane, ...lignene, ...lignadiene, etc., the class names lignan, neolignan, etc., do not end with an "e".


guaiacyl lignin

Lignin composed principally of coniferol (guaiacyl) units.


lignin

A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.


neolignan

A phenylpropanoid that includes plant products formed primarily from oxidative coupling of two para-propylphenol moities. Unlike lignan, the units are coupled at  positions other than their beta-carbon atoms.


imidazolium ion

The cation resulting from protonation or quaternisation at the 3-position of any 1H-imidazole.


acetylenic compound

Any organic molecule containing a C#C bond.


terminal acetylenic compound

An acetylenic compound which a carbon of the C#C moiety is attached to a hydrogen atom.


tetracyclines

A subclass of polyketides having an octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide skeleton, substituted with many hydroxy and other groups.


antibiotic fungicide

Any antibiotic antifungal agent that has been used as a fungicide.


decaketide

Decaketides are polyketide compounds that are synthesized from ten ketide units. They are derivatives of a 20-carbon skeleton.


organometalloidal compound

A compound having bonds between one or more metalloid atoms and one or more carbon atoms of an organyl group.


transition element molecular entity

A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a transition element.


organomercury compound

A compound containing at least one carbon-mercury bond.


d-block molecular entity

A d-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a d-block element.


organic molecular entity

Any molecular entity that contains carbon.


quinomethanes

Methylidenecyclohexadienones and dimethylidenecyclohexadienes, formally derived from quinones by replacement of one or both of the quinone oxygens by methylidene groups.


strobilurin antifungal agent

Any antibiotic antifungal agents whose structure is based on the antifungal agents originally isolated from the fungus Strobilurus tenacellus.


pentamethoxyflavone

A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by a five methoxy groups.


one-carbon compound

An organic molecular entity containing a single carbon atom (C1).


ether

An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.


organic molecule

Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity.


serine zwitterion

An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of serine.


diether

A polyether in which the number of ether linkages is 2.


monomethoxyflavone

Any methoxyflavone with a single methoxy substituent.


organometallic compound

A compound having bonds between one or more metal atoms and one or more carbon atoms of an organyl group.


dipeptide zwitterion

Any peptide zwitterion comprising two amino acid residues. Major structure at pH 7.3.


semisynthetic derivative

Any organic molecular entity derived from a natural product by partial chemical synthesis.


anthoxanthin

are a type of flavonoid pigments in plants. Anthoxanthins are water-soluble pigments which range in color from white or colorless to a creamy to yellow, often on petals of flowers.


bioconjugate

A molecular entity consisting of at least 2 biological molecules covalently linked together.


cyclopropanes

Cyclopropane and its derivatives formed by substitution.


acid anhydride

Compounds consisting of two acyl groups bonded to the same oxygen atom acyl-O-acyl.


benzyl ether

A compound of formula PhCH2OR (R =/= H).


N-alkylglycine zwitterion

An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of any N-alkylglycine; major species at pH 7.3.


statin (naturally occurring)

Any statin that occurs in nature. The class includes compactin (also known as mevastatin), isolated from a fermentation broth of Penicillium citrinum, and lovastatin, isolated from Aspergillus terreus.


antibiotic antifungal agent

Heteroorganic entities that are microbial metabolites (or compounds derived from them) which have significant antifungal properties.


2,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion

The zwitterionic form of a 2,2-dialkylglycine.


methoxyflavone

Any member of the class of flavones with at least one methoxy substituent.


heteroorganic entity

A heteroorganic entity is an organic molecular entity in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms.


lipid

'Lipids' is a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids.


ketene acetal

An organooxygen compound having the structure RR'C=C(OR'')(OR''') where R'', R''' =/= H. Formally, they are ethers of the enolic form of esters. They bear the same structural relationship to ketenes that acetals bear to aldehydes and ketones.


organoboron compound

A compound containing at least one carbon-boron bond.


name: methoxyiminoacetate strobilurin antifungal agent


tetramethoxyflavone

Any methoxyflavone with four methoxy substituents.


glycerol ether

Any ether having glyceryl as at least one of the O-substituents.


acetal

An organooxygen compound having the structure RR'C(OR'')(OR''') (R'', R''' =/= H). Mixed acetals have R'' and R''' groups which differ.


peptide zwitterion

Zwitterionic form of any peptide where, in general, the amino terminus is positively charged and the carboxy terminus is negatively charged.


alpha-amino acid zwitterion

An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of any alpha-amino acid; major species at pH 7.3.


bridged diphenyl antifungal agent

Any organic aromatic compound containing two phenyl (or substituted phenyl) groups attached to a single carbon or heteroatom and which has significant antifungal properties.


poly(ethylene glycol) derivative

A polyether that is any poly(ethylene glycol) in which one or both of the terminal hydroxy groups has been substituted or undergone modification.


aliphatic compound

Any acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compound, excluding aromatic compounds.


aromatic ether

Any ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent.


aromatic amino-acid zwitterion

An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of any aromatic amino-acid.


flavones

A member of the class of flavonoid with a 2-aryl-1-benzopyran-4-one (2-arylchromen-4-one) skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


Any methoxyflavone with a methoxy substituent at position 3'.


polyether

Any ether that contains more than one ether linkage.


L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion

Zwitterionic form of an L-alpha-amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.


meroterpenoid

Meroterpenoids are complex organooxygen natural products produced from polyketide and terpenoid precursors.


Any anthocyanidin cation that carries a hydroxy substituent at position 5.


cyclic acid anhydride

Acid anhydrides derived by loss of water between two oxoacid functions RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) (carboxylic, sulfonic, etc.) in the same molecule so as to close a ring.


carbocyclic compound

A homocyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms.


ortho ester

Any organooxygen compound that has the general formula RC(OR(1))(OR(2))(OR(3)), where R(1), R(2), R(3) =/= H.


statin (synthetic)

A statin which does not occur naturally and which is not obtained by chemical transformation of a naturally occurring statin.


flavonoid

Any member of the 'superclass' flavonoids whose skeleton is based on 1-benzopyran with an aryl substituent at position 2. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.


tetracenomycin

A polyketide based on a tetracene ring structure.


bridged diphenyl fungicide

Any organic aromatic compound containing two phenyl (or substituted phenyl) groups attached to a single carbon or heteroatom and which has been used as a fungicide.


ketal

An acetal of formula R2C(OR)2 (R =/= H) derived from a ketone by replacement of the oxo group by two hydrocarbyloxy groups. The class name 'ketals', once abandoned by IUPAC, has been reinstated as a subclass of acetals.


trimethoxyflavone

A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by three methoxy groups.


anthocyanidin cation

Any organic cation that is an aglycon of anthocyanin cation; they are oxygenated derivatives of flavylium (2-phenylchromenylium).


flavonoid phytoalexin

Any of a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton, which possess antibiotic activity and are produced by plant tissues in response to infection.


organic cyclic compound

Any organic molecule that consists of atoms connected in the form of a ring.


zwitterion

A neutral compound having formal unit electrical charges of opposite sign on non-adjacent atoms. Sometimes referred to as inner salts, dipolar ions (a misnomer).


organochalcogen compound

An organochalcogen compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chalcogen bond.


organooxygen compound

An organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond.


amino acid zwitterion

The zwitterionic form of an amino acid having a negatively charged carboxyl group and a positively charged amino group.


polyketide

Natural and synthetic compounds containing alternating carbonyl and methylene groups ('beta-polyketones'), biogenetically derived from repeated condensation of acetyl coenzyme A (via malonyl coenzyme A), and usually the compounds derived from them by further condensations, etc. Considered by many to be synonymous with the less frequently used terms acetogenins and ketides.


organic acid

Any organic molecular entity that is acidic and contains carbon in covalent linkage.


dipolar compound

An  organic molecule that is electrically neutral carrying a positive and a negative charge in one of its major canonical descriptions. In most dipolar compounds the charges are delocalized; however the term is also applied to species where this is not the case.


aromatic fungicide

An organic aromatic compound that has been used as a fungicide.


botanical anti-fungal agent

Heteroorganic entities that are plant metabolites which have significant antifungal properties.


heptaketide

Polyketide compounds that are synthesized from seven ketide units. They are derivatives of a 14-carbon skeleton.


fatty acid derivative

Any organic molecular entity derived from a fatty acid.


organic cation

Any organic ion with a net positive charge.


alkylglycerol

A glycerol ether having at least one alkyl substituent on oxygen.


organoselenium compound

An organoselenium compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-selenium bond.


cyclopentanes

Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.


biaryl

An organic aromatic compound whose structure contains two aromatic rings or ring systems, joined to each other by a single bond.


antibiotic antifungal drug

Any antibiotic antifungal agent used to treat fungal infections in humans or animals.


alicyclic compound

An aliphatic compound having a carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system.


bridged diphenyl antifungal drug

Any bridged diphenyl antifungal agent used for the treatment of fungal infections in humans or animals.


cyclobutanes

Cyclobutane and its derivatives formed by substitution.


statin

Any organooxygen compound whose structure is related to compactin (mevastatin) and which may be used as an anticholesteremic drug due its EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitory properties.


cyclopropenes

A carbocyclic compound that is cyclopropene and its derivatives formed by substitution.


phenylethanoid

Any organic aromatic compound with a structure based on a phenethyl alcohol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


flavonoids

Any organic molecular entity whose stucture is based on derivatives of a phenyl-substituted 1-phenylpropane possessing a C15 or C16 skeleton, or such a structure which is condensed with a C6-C3 lignan precursors. The term is a 'superclass' comprising all members of the classes of flavonoid, isoflavonoid, neoflavonoid, chalcones, dihydrochalcones, aurones, pterocarpan, coumestans, rotenoid, flavonolignan, homoflavonoid and flavonoid oligomers. Originally restricted to natural products, the term is also applied to synthetic compounds related to them.


saccharolipid

Lipids that contain a carbohydrate moiety.


elemental molecular entity

A molecular entity all atoms of which have the same atomic number.


metal cation allergen

Any metal cation which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.


monoatomic entity

A monoatomic entity is a molecular entity consisting of a single atom.


halide anion

A monoatomic monoanion resulting from the addition of an electron to any halogen atom.


divalent metal cation

A metal cation with a valence of two.


zinc-65 atom

A zinc atom in which the nucleus contains 35 neutrons. It has a half-life of 244 days, decaying by emission of a positron (beta(+) decay), and is the most abundant and stable of the 25 known radioisotopes of zinc.


radical

A molecular entity possessing an unpaired electron.


carbene

The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).


Carbenes containing an imidazol-2-ylidene skeleton.


cation

A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the proton.


monovalent inorganic cation

An atom or small molecule with a positive charge that does not contain carbon in covalent linkage, with a valency of one.


divalent inorganic cation

An inorganic cation with a valency of two.


p-block molecular entity

A main group molecular entity that contains one or more atoms of a p-block element.


chalcogen molecular entity

Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen.


acyl group

An organic group formed by removing one or more hydroxy groups from an oxoacid that has the general structure RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0). Although the term is almost always applied to organic compounds, with carboxylic acid as the oxoacid, acyl groups can in principle be derived from other types of acids such as sulfonic acids or phosphonic acids.


carboacyl group

A carboacyl group is a group formed by loss of at least one OH from the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid.


divalent carboacyl group

A divalent carboacyl group is a group formed by loss of OH from two carboxy groups of a polycarboxylic acid.


gas molecular entity

Any main group molecular entity that is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP; 0degreeC and 100 kPa).


ion

A molecular entity having a net electric charge.


monovalent inorganic anion

Any inorganic anion with a valency of one.


anion

A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the electron.


trivalent inorganic anion

Any inorganic anion with a valency of three.


nickel ion

A nickel atom having a net electric charge.


polyatomic ion

An ion consisting of more than one atom.


divalent inorganic anion

Any inorganic anion with a valency of two.


terpyridines

Compounds containing three linked pyridine rings.


metal atom

An atom of an element that exhibits typical metallic properties, being typically shiny, with high electrical and thermal conductivity.


aromatic compound

A cyclically conjugated molecular entity with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure (e.g. Kekule structure) is said to possess aromatic character.


macrocycle

A cyclic compound containing nine or more atoms as part of the cyclic system.


chemical entity

A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances.


main group molecular entity

A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table.


cyclic compound

Any molecule that consists of a series of atoms joined together to form a ring.


chemical substance

A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types.


heterocyclic compound

A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements.


polyatomic entity

Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom.


inorganic molecular entity

A molecular entity that contains no carbon.


alkali metal molecular entity

A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkali metal.


atom

A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element.


isotopically modified compound

Any molecular entity in which the isotopic ratio of nuclides for at least one element deviates measurably from that occurring in nature. The term includes both isotopically substituted compounds (in which essentially all the molecules of the compound have only the indicated nuclide(s) at each designated position) and isotopically labeled compounds (a formal mixture of an isotopically unmodified compound with one or more analogous isotopically substituted compound(s).


ring assembly

Two or more cyclic systems (single rings or fused systems) which are directly joined to each other by double or single bonds are named ring assemblies when the number of such direct ring junctions is one less than the number of cyclic systems involved.


bicyclic compound

A molecule that features two fused rings.


mancude ring

Any molecular entity that consists of a ring having (formally) the maximum number of noncumulative double bonds.


group

A defined linked collection of atoms or a single atom within a molecular entity.


molecule

Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom.


organic group

Any substituent group or skeleton containing carbon.


transition element atom

An element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell.


heterobicyclic compound

A bicyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one skeletal heteroatom.


s-block molecular entity

An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element.


alkaline earth molecular entity

An alkaline earth molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkaline earth metal.


homocyclic compound

A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of the same element only.


molecular entity

Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity.