description: The multiplication or reproduction of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Oligodendrocyte progenitors give rise to oligodendrocytes, which form the insulating myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system.


regulation of glial cell proliferation

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.


microcystin transport

description: The directed movement of a microcystin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


name: negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.


myosin filament organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a filament composed of myosin molecules.


karyomere membrane fusion

description: Process whereby karyomere membranes fuse during interphase to form a single lobed nucleus.


pronuclear fusion

description: The merging of two pronuclei in a fertilized egg to fuse and produce a single zygotic genome.


name: regulation of store-operated calcium channel activity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of store-operated calcium channel activity.


name: neuromast hair cell differentiation involved in neuromast regeneration

description: Differentiation of new neuromast sensory hair cells to replace those lost or destroyed by injury.


name: establishment of endothelial blood-brain barrier

description: Establishment of the endothelial barrier between the blood and the brain. The endothelial cells in the brain capillaries are packed tightly together preventing the passage of most molecules from the blood into the brain. Only lipid soluble molecules or those that are actively transported can pass through the blood-brain barrier.


regulation of phospholipase activity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.


name: negative regulation of oocyte development

description: Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


detoxification of mercury ion

description: Any process that reduce or remove the toxicity of mercuric ion. These include transport of mercury away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of mercury ion and/or reduction of mercury ion (Hg[II]) to metallic mercury (Hg[0]).


regulation of muscle organ development

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development.


arginine N-methyltransferase activity

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Enables the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to an amino group of an arginine residue.


name: transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase activity

description: Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.


lateral line system development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral line system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lateral line system is a network of sensory organs (neuromasts) and lateral line nerves located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head and body of all fishes and most amphibians. The lateral line system develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated between the eye and ear.


cone photoresponse recovery

description: The processes required for a cone photoreceptor to recover, following light activation, so that it can respond to a subsequent light stimulus. Cone recovery requires the shutoff of active participants in the phototransduction cascade, including the visual pigment and downstream signal transducers.


optic vesicle formation

description: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the optic vesicle from the lateral wall of the forebrain. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the vesicle and ends when the vesicle has evaginated. The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup.


name: immune response-activating signaling pathway

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The series of molecular signals generated by a ligand binding to its receptor that lead to the activation or perpetuation of an immune response.


ammonium homeostasis

description: Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ammonium.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + m(7)G(5')pppAm = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + m(7)G(5')pppm(6)Am.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + protein = UDP + 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein.


embryonic medial fin morphogenesis

description: The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the medial fin are generated and organized. Medial fins are unpaired fins of fish, usually located dorsomedially or ventromedially and primarily used for stability while swimming.


polymeric cytoskeletal fiber

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A component of the cytoskeleton consisting of a homo or heteropolymeric fiber constructed from an indeterminate number of protein subunits.


ventriculo bulbo valve morphogenesis

description: The process in which the structure of the ventriculo bulbo valve is generated and organized.


regulation of myofibril size

description: Any process that modulates the size of myofibrils. A myofibril is the contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle. It is a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism.


regulation of cellular response to drug

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to drug.


name: negative regulation of vasculature development

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.


corticotropin receptor activity

description: Combining with corticotropin to initiate a change in cell activity.


formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: formaldehyde + H2O + NAD+ = formate + 2 H+ + NADH.


formaldehyde metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving formaldehyde (methanal, H2C=O), a colorless liquid or gas with a pungent odor, commonly used as a fixative or an antibacterial agent.


octanol metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving octanol, the 8-carbon alcohol with the formula C8H17OH.


name: negative regulation of cardiac muscle tissue regeneration

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue regeneration.


absorption of visible light

description: The reception of a (visible light) photon by a cell, visible light being defined as having a wavelength within the range 380-780 nm.


facial nerve formation

description: The process that gives rise to the facial nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial ophthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities.


name: myelination of anterior lateral line nerve axons

description: The formation of compact myelin sheaths around the axons of the anterior lateral line nerve.


name: efferent axon development in posterior lateral line nerve

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an efferent axon in the posterior lateral line nerve over time from its formation to the mature structure. This process includes axonogenesis and pathfinding of the efferent axons in the posterior lateral line nerve.


name: afferent axon development in posterior lateral line nerve

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an afferent axon in the posterior lateral line nerve over time from its formation to the mature structure. This process includes axonogenesis and pathfinding of the afferent axons in the posterior lateral line nerve.


name: paraxial mesodermal cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a paraxial mesoderm cell.


growth hormone activity

description: The action characteristic of growth hormone, a peptide hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary or the placenta into the circulation, and binds to membrane receptors in target tissues to stimulate body growth.


name: spindle assembly involved in female meiosis II

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during meiosis II of a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


regulation of muscle hypertrophy

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy.


germ cell nucleus

description: The nucleus of a germ cell, a reproductive cell in multicellular organisms.


name: specification of pronephric distal tubule identity

description: The process in which the distal tubule of the pronephric nephron acquires its identity.


regulation of cholesterol efflux

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.


chemokine binding

description: Binding to a chemokine. Chemokines are a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.


non-myelinated axon ensheathment

description: The process in which a non-myelinating glial cell membrane closes around an axon.


ionocyte differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of an ionocyte. Ionocytes are specialized epithelial cells that contribute to osmotic homeostasis.


S-adenosylmethionine cycle

description: A cyclic series of interconversions involving S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, L-cysteine, and L-methionine. Couples utilization of the methyl group of SAM with recycling of the homocysteinyl group and regeneration of methionine.


name: cardiac muscle tissue growth involved in heart morphogenesis

description: The developmental growth of cardiac muscle tissue that contributes to the shaping of the heart.


cardiac chamber ballooning

description: The morphogenic growth in which the chambers of the heart expand in size, contributing to their shaping.


name: regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.


neuropeptide binding

description: Interacting selectively and non-covalently and stoichiometrically with neuropeptides, peptides with direct synaptic effects (peptide neurotransmitters) or indirect modulatory effects on the nervous system (peptide neuromodulators).


circadian sleep/wake cycle, wakefulness

description: The part of the circadian sleep/wake cycle where the organism is not asleep.


orexin receptor binding

description: Binding to an orexin receptor.


name: establishment or maintenance of microtubule cytoskeleton polarity

description: Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized microtubule-based cytoskeletal structures.


P granule organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of polar granules, cytoplasmic, non-membranous RNA/protein complex aggregates in the primordial germ cells of many higher eukaryotes.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-glycoprotein = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-glycoprotein + H+.


name: regulation of beta-catenin-TCF complex assembly

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of beta-catenin-TCF complex assembly.


name: testosterone 17-beta-dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + testosterone = NADPH + H+ + androst-4-ene-3,17-dione.


name: AMPA selective glutamate receptor signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to an AMPA-selective glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleoside 3'-phosphate.


CDP-glycerol diphosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-glycerol + H2O = sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + CMP + 2 H+.


name: commitment of multipotent stem cells to neuronal lineage in forebrain

description: The initial commitment of cells whereby the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into some type of neuron in the forebrain.


name: regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.


name: posterior lateral line neuromast mantle cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a posterior lateral line neuromast mantle cell. (N.B. This may be development of neuromast mantle cell type or a set of cells of neuromast mantle cell type. This will involve the change of a cell or set of cells from one cell identity to another). Mantle cells are non-sensory cells that surround the sensory strip, separating the neuromast from the epidermis. Mantle cells secrete the cupula in which the ciliary bundles of all of the hair cells are embedded.


phorbol ester receptor activity

description: Combining with a phorbol ester and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.


oculomotor nerve formation

description: The process that gives rise to the oculomotor nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This motor nerve innervates all extraocular muscles except the superior oblique and the lateral rectus muscles. The superior division supplies the levator palpebrae superioris and superior rectus muscles. The inferior division supplies the medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles. This nerve also innervates the striated muscles of the eyelid. Pupillary constriction and lens movement are mediated by this nerve for near vision. In the orbit the inferior division sends branches that enter the ciliary ganglion where they form functional contacts (synapses) with the ganglion cells. The ganglion cells send nerve fibers into the back of the eye where they travel to ultimately innervate the ciliary muscle and the constrictor pupillae muscle.


phagosome maturation

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the arrangement of constituent parts of a phagosome within a cell. Phagosome maturation begins with endocytosis and formation of the early phagosome and ends with the formation of the hybrid organelle, the phagolysosome.


name: regulation of podocyte apoptotic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process.


name: negative regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.


name: regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.


hepaticobiliary system process

description: An system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the hepaticobiliary system. The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins.


midbrain-hindbrain boundary initiation

description: The regionalization process that gives rise to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.


gamma-glutamyl-peptidase activity

description: Catalysis of the cleavage of a gamma-linked glutamate bond.


name: regulation of late endosome to lysosome transport

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of late endosome to lysosome transport.


late stripe melanocyte differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a late stripe melanocyte (LSM). In zebrafish, LSMs develop during the second phase (3-4 weeks of development) of the larva-to-adult transition (2-4 weeks of development).


description: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule; dependent on the presence of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: a beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphing-4-enine + UDP-alpha-D-galactose = a beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc-(1<->1)-Cer(d18:1(4E)) + H+ + UDP.


regulation of RIG-I signaling pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the RIG-I signaling pathway.


name: G/U mismatch-specific uracil-DNA glycosylase activity

description: Hydrolyzes mismatched double-stranded DNA and polynucleotides, releasing free uracil and leaving an apyrimidinic (AP) site.


name: detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch

description: The series of events involved in the perception of touch in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


deoxyribonuclease I activity

description: Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to 5'-phosphodinucleotide and 5'-phosphooligonucleotide end products.


name: regulation of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway.


name: mechanosensory lateral line system development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mechanosensory lateral line system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mechanosensory lateral line system consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head and body of all fishes and most amphibians. The neuromasts are innervated by several lateral line nerves, which project primarily to the hindbrain. The mechanosensory lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance.


name: cytoskeletal rearrangement involved in phagocytosis, engulfment

description: The assembly, arrangement, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures that is involved in the internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis.


name: regulation of inner ear receptor cell differentiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of inner ear receptor cell differentiation.


acyl binding

description: Binding to an acyl group, any group formally derived by removal of the hydroxyl group from the acid function of a carboxylic acid.


heterocyclic compound binding

description: Binding to heterocyclic compound.


name: voltage-gated calcium channel complex assembly

description: Cellular protein complex assembly that results in the formation of a voltage-gated calcium channel complex.


name: negative regulation of neural crest formation

description: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation proceeds.


response to vitamin B3

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin B3 stimulus.


response to prostaglandin

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin stimulus.


H3K27me3 modified histone binding

description: Binding to a histone H3 in which the lysine residue at position 27 has been modified by trimethylation.


name: negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway, calcium modulating pathway

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC).


name: negative regulation of type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway

description: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of an interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway.


name: negative regulation of type B pancreatic cell development

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development.


name: regulation of excitatory synapse assembly

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of excitatory synapse assembly.


cytokinetic process

description: A cellular process that is involved in cytokinesis (the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells).


all-trans retinal binding

description: Binding to all-trans retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. All-trans retinal (trans r., visual yellow) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A.


name: cilium movement involved in otolith formation

description: The directed, self-propelled movement of cilia of inner ear epithelial cells, resulting the aggregation of otolith seed particles.


2-phenylethylamine receptor activity

description: Combining with the biogenic amine 2-phenylethylamine to initiate a change in cell activity.


polyamine binding

description: Binding to a polyamine, an organic compound containing two or more amino groups.


putrescine binding

description: Binding to putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane, the polyamine formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.


name: detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell

description: The series of events involved in the perception of smell in which an olfactory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


soluble molecule recognition

description: The recognition of soluble molecules in the environment.


bulbus arteriosus formation

description: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the bulbus arteriosus from unspecified parts. The bulbus arteriosus is an elastic chamber of the heart.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: testosterone + donor-H2 + O2 = 6-beta-hydroxytestosterone + H2O.


name: midbrain-hindbrain boundary structural organization

description: The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary structure. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.


name: regulation of transcription of nucleolar large rRNA by RNA polymerase I

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of nuclear large rRNA mediated by RNA polymerase I.


nucleolar chromatin organization

description: Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of nucleolar chromatin.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan = UDP + alpha-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl-proteoglycan.


pronuclear migration

description: The directed movement of the male and female pronuclei towards each other prior to their fusion.


monoatomic anion homeostasis

description: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monoatomic anions within an organism or cell. Monatomic anions (also called simple anions) are anions consisting of exactly one atom.


name: negative regulation of nodal signaling pathway

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nodal signaling pathway.


name: regulation of synaptic transmission, glycinergic

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycinergic synaptic transmission. Glycinergic synaptic transmission is the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glycine.


name: regulation of nervous system development

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.


vitamin A biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid. Animals cannot synthesize vitamin A de novo, but form it through oxidative cleavage of carotenoids.


membrane raft distribution

description: The process that establishes the spatial arrangement of membrane rafts within a cellular membrane.


regulation of buoyancy

description: Any process that modulates an organism's tendency or ability to rise or float in a fluid medium such as water or air, often through the use of stored gases.


interleukin-4 binding

description: Binding to interleukin-4.


cardiac neuron development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac neuron over time, from its formation to the mature state.


eurydendroid cell differentiation

description: The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature eurydendroid cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a eurydendroid cell fate. A eurydendroid cell is an efferent neuron found in the cerebellar cortex of teleosts.


disaccharide binding

description: Binding to a disaccharide. Disaccharides are sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.


pore complex

description: A protein complex providing a discrete opening in a membrane that allows the passage of gases and/or liquids.


positive regulation of wound healing

description: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.


name: regulation of intestinal lipid absorption

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal lipid absorption.


name: regulation of metaphase plate congression

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of metaphase plate congression, the alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the spindle.


name: leukocyte chemotaxis involved in immune response

description: The movement of an immune cell in response to an external stimulus a part of an immune response.


primary piRNA processing

description: The process involved in converting precursor piRNAs into non-overlapping, contiguous primary piRNAs (approximately 24-30-nt piRNAs with a preference for a 5' uridine (U) via the endonucleolytic activity of cytosolic PIWI. This may include pre-piRNA maturation of 3' ends by trimming and 2'-O-methylation.


L-tyrosine binding

description: Binding to L-tyrosine, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.


monocarboxylic acid binding

description: Binding to a monocarboxylic acid, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (COOH) group or anion (COO-).


name: ATP-activated inward rectifier potassium channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an inwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel, where the inward rectification is due to a voltage-dependent block of the channel pore by ATP. An inwardly rectifying current-voltage relation is one where at any given driving force the inward flow of K+ ions exceeds the outward flow for the opposite driving force.


melanocyte proliferation

description: The multiplication or reproduction of melanocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A melanocyte is a pigment cell derived from the neural crest. It contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which give a brown to black appearance.


name: ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex

description: A complex for the transport of metabolites into and out of the cell, typically comprised of four domains; two membrane-associated domains and two ATP-binding domains at the intracellular face of the membrane, that form a central pore through the plasma membrane. Each of the four core domains may be encoded as a separate polypeptide or the domains can be fused in any one of a number of ways into multidomain polypeptides. In Bacteria and Archaebacteria, ABC transporters also include substrate binding proteins to bind substrate external to the cytoplasm and deliver it to the transporter.


name: regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in axis elongation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of planar cell polarity pathway involved in axis elongation.


detoxification of hydrogen peroxide

description: Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of hydrogen peroxide. These include transport of hydrogen peroxide away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration.


name: protein-disulfide reductase (NAD(P)H) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: protein-dithiol + NAD(P)+ = protein-disulfide + NAD(P)H + H+.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: benzo(a)pyrene + O2 = benzo(a)pyrene-cis-9,10-dihydrodiol.


benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dioxygenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: benzo(a)pyrene + O2 = benzo(a)pyrene-cis-7,8-dihydrodiol.


name: positive regulation of cortical granule exocytosis by positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cortical granule exocytosis by directing movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into the cytosol.


name: regulation of polarized epithelial cell differentiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polarized epithelial cell differentiation.


atrial cardiac muscle cell development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an atrial cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The atrium is the part of the heart that receives blood into the organ.


name: epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development

description: The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an epithelial cell that characterize the cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.


name: positive regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation.


name: negative regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation.


regulation of ERAD pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ERAD pathway.


name: mRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation

description: Splicing of mRNA substrates via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons.


name: calcium-dependent cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity

description: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a calcium-dependent cysteine-type endopeptidase, any enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds in polypeptides by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile in a calcium-dependent manner.


tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphotyrosyl groups formed as covalent intermediates (in DNA backbone breakage) between a DNA topoisomerase and DNA.


negative regulation of hemopoiesis

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.


regulation of cell projection size

description: A process that modulates the size of a cell projection.


rhodopsin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving rhodopsin, a brilliant purplish-red, light-sensitive visual pigment found in the rod cells of the retinas.


type 2 neuropeptide Y receptor binding

description: Binding to a type 2 neuropeptide Y receptor.


type 4 neuropeptide Y receptor binding

description: Binding to a type 4 neuropeptide Y receptor.


serotonin transport

description: The directed movement of serotonin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems.


manganese ion homeostasis

description: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of manganese ions within an organism or cell.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: cytolipin-H + CMP-N-acetylneuraminate = alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide + CMP. Alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-beta-D-glucosylceramide is also known as GM3.


opioid receptor binding

description: Binding to an opioid receptor.


IgM immunoglobulin complex

description: A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgM isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and in its circulating form complexed with J chain in polymeric forms. An IgM immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.


tubulin-glycine ligase activity

description: Catalysis of the posttranslational transfer of one or more glycine residues to a specific glutamate residue on a target tubulin molecule; acts on alpha or beta tubulin.


name: symbiont-mediated activation of host NF-kappaB cascade

description: A process that initiates, promotes, or enhances a host NF-kappaB-mediated signaling cascade. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


protein palmitoleylation

description: The covalent attachment of a palmitoleyl group to a protein.


regulation of compound eye pigmentation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of a pattern of pigment in the compound eye.


tachykinin receptor activity

description: Combining with a tachykinin neuropeptide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein.


name: negative regulation of lens fiber cell differentiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lens fiber cell differentiation.


description: Binding to 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), a naturally occurring mixed anhydride. It is an intermediate in the formation of a variety of sulfo compounds in biological systems.


hindbrain formation

description: The process that gives rise to the hindbrain. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.


name: regulation of extracellular matrix constituent secretion

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell or a group of cells.


name: heparan sulfate sulfotransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + heparan sulfate = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + sulfated heparan sulfate.


central nervous system maturation

description: A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the central nervous system to attain its fully functional state. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.


anal fin morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the anal fin are generated and organized. An anal fin is an unpaired medial fin on the ventral aspect near the caudal end of a fish, which provides lateral stability while swimming.


pteridine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pteridine, pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine), the parent structure of pterins and the pteroyl group.


developmental process

description: A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition.


name: regulation of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation.


melatonin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine).


NAD binding

description: Binding to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; binding may be to either the oxidized form, NAD+, or the reduced form, NADH.


galactosylceramide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.


name: regulation of endodermal cell differentiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation.


name: regulation of neuroinflammatory response

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response.


name: negative regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of luteinizing hormone.


retinal binding

description: Binding to retinal, one of the forms of vitamin A. Retinal plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates, combining with opsins to form visual pigments in the retina.


name: growth hormone-releasing hormone activity

description: The action characteristic of growth hormone-releasing hormone, any of a family of peptide hormones that act on the anterior pituitary to stimulate the secretion of growth hormone and exert a trophic effect on the gland.


regulation of response to food

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a food stimulus.


endocardial cell development

description: The progression of an endocardial cell over time, from its formation to the mature cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart.


name: regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart valve morphogenesis

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell proliferation that contributes to the shaping of a heart valve.


regulation of male mating behavior

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male mating behavior.


detection of pheromone

description: The series of events in which a pheromone stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


name: anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell. Neuromast hair cells are the sensory receptors of the neuromast and are located in a portion of the neuromast called the sensory strip. Each hair cell of the neuromast is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. There are approximately seven hair cells within each neuromast, with each hair cell innervated by afferent and efferent neurons.


CNBH domain intrinsic ligand binding

description: Interacting selectivity and noncovalently with a cyclic nucleotide mimicking protein motif that is part of the same protein. The CNBHD is a domain on KCNH channels that creates a binding pocket on the KCNH channel that resembles the cyclic nucleotide- binding domain on other ion channels. It binds to a peptide motif that is part of the same protein rather than a cyclic nucleotide.


name: negative regulation of plasminogen activation

description: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.


name: negative regulation of epiboly involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epiboly involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second.


glucuronokinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucuronate + ATP = 1-phospho-alpha-D-glucuronate + ADP + 2 H+.


ABC-type protein transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + protein(out) = ADP + phosphate + protein(in).


name: regulation of transmission of nerve impulse

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.


regulation of wound healing

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.


name: phagolysosome assembly involved in apoptotic cell clearance

description: The process in which a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, fuses with a lysosome as a part of apoptotic cell clearance.


name: negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.


name: regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.


vitelline envelope

description: A glycoprotein-based structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the egg before fertilization.


pancreatic A cell development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic A cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.


CD154 receptor binding

description: Binding to CD154, a receptor found on the surface of some activated lymphocytes.


serine O-acyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the serine molecule.


peptidyl-serine octanoylation

description: The octanoylation of peptidyl-serine to form peptidyl-O3-octanoyl-L-serine, typical of the protein ghrelin.


frontonasal suture morphogenesis

description: The process in which the frontonasal suture, between frontal and nasal bones, is generated and organized.


regulation of lymphocyte proliferation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte proliferation.


asynchronous neurotransmitter secretion

description: Release of neurotransmitter at the synapse that persists for tens to hundreds of milliseconds after action potential invasion.


germ-line stem cell division

description: The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the gametes.


response to vitamin D

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin D stimulus.


name: amino-acid betaine transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of betaine from one side of a membrane to the other. Betaine is the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.


motilin receptor binding

description: Binding to a motilin receptor.


CBM complex

description: A protein complex comprising Bcl10, MALT1 and a CARD domain-containing protein (CARD9, CARD10 or CARD11); plays a role in signal transduction during NF-kappaB activation.


response to cobalt ion

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cobalt ion (Co2+) stimulus.


response to manganese ion

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a manganese ion stimulus.


regulation of myoblast fusion

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast fusion.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + H2O + NADP+ = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + CO2 + H+ + NADPH.


CD40 receptor binding

description: Binding to CD40, a receptor found on the surface of all B-lymphocytes.


DNA strand elongation

description: The DNA metabolic process in which an existing DNA strand is extended by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand.


DNA polymerase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1); the synthesis of DNA from deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates in the presence of a nucleic acid template and a 3'hydroxyl group.


thymocyte migration

description: The movement of a thymocyte through distinct intrathymic niches (e.g. medulla, cortex), where it receives a unique set of developmental cues required for T-cell development.


name: negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.


name: regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, wakefulness

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the wakeful phase of the circadian sleep/wake cycle. The wakeful phase is the part of the circadian sleep/wake cycle where the organism is not asleep.


name: open rectifier potassium channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an open rectifier voltage-gated channel. An open rectifier current-voltage relationship is one in which the direction of rectification depends on the external potassium ion concentration.


prostacyclin receptor activity

description: Combining with prostacyclin (PGI(2)) to initiate a change in cell activity.


name: establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity

description: Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system.


name: regulation of microtubule depolymerization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.


basement membrane disassembly

description: The controlled breakdown of the basement membrane in the context of a normal process such as imaginal disc eversion.


thigmotropism

description: The movement of an organism, or part of an organism, such as leaves or tendrils, in response to a touch stimulus, usually toward or away from it.


thromboxane A2 receptor activity

description: Combining with thromboxane A2 (TXA(2)) and transmitting the signal across the membrane to activate an associated G-protein.


biotin binding

description: Binding to biotin (cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid), the (+) enantiomer of which is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.


name: regulation of serine-type endopeptidase activity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type endopeptidase activity.


name: positive regulation of pancreatic A cell differentiation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic A cell differentiation.


name: positive regulation of synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction.


name: axon regeneration at neuromuscular junction

description: The regrowth of axons following their loss or damage at the neuromuscular junction. Motor axons regenerate after injury and they form neuro-muscular junctions with skeletal myofibers similar to normal ones.


name: atrial cardiac muscle cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell in the atrium. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The atrium is the part of the heart that receives blood into the organ.


pancreatic D cell development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pancreatic delta cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A delta cell is a cell of the pancreas that produces somatostatin.


name: lateral line nerve glial cell development

description: The process aimed at the progression of a lateral line glial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


regulation of cardiac chamber formation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation.


neuromast hair cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuromast hair cell. Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the neuromast and are located in a portion of the neuromast called the sensory strip. Each hair cell of the neuromast is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. There are approximately seven hair cells within each neuromast, with each hair cell innervated by afferent and efferent neurons.


cellular response to alcohol

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus.


neuropeptide Y receptor binding

description: Binding to a neuropeptide Y receptor.


core-binding factor complex

description: A heterodimeric transcription factor complex that contains an alpha subunit (Runx1, Runx2 or Runx3 in human) that binds DNA and a non-DNA-binding beta subunit (CBFbeta), and binds to a consensus sequence 5'-YGYGGTY-3' found in several enhancers and promoters; the beta subunit enhances the DNA binding of the alpha subunit.


neuroblast delamination

description: The negative regulation of cell adhesion process in which a neuroblast splits off of a neurectodermal sheet.


embryonic anal fin morphogenesis

description: The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the embryonic anal fin are generated and organized. An anal fin is an unpaired medial fin on the ventral aspect near the caudal end of a fish, which provides lateral stability while swimming.


all-trans-retinol binding

description: Binding to all-trans-retinol.


oleic acid binding

description: Binding to oleic acid, the 18-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid (9Z)-octadec-9-enoic acid.


subthalamus development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the subthalamus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The subthalamus is the anterior part of the diencephalon that lies between the thalamus, hypothalamus, and tegmentum of the mesencephalon, including subthalamic nucleus, zona incerta, the fields of Forel, and the nucleus of ansa lenticularis.


anterior lateral line nerve development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the anterior lateral line nerve over time, form its formation to the mature structure. The anterior lateral line nerve contains efferent axons that innervate hair cells of the ALL and afferent axons that project to an octavolateralis column in the hindbrain. The octavolateralis column consists of the medial octavolateralis nucleus (MON), the caudal octavolateralis nucleus, and the magnocellular nucleus.


name: negative regulation of axial mesodermal cell fate specification

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axial mesoderm cell fate specification.


name: paraxial mesodermal cell fate specification

description: The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a paraxial mesoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


cardioblast cell midline fusion

description: The attachment of cardiac progenitor cells to one another that contributes to the formation of the heart rudiment.


endodeoxyribonuclease complex

description: A protein complex which is capable of endodeoxyribonuclease activity.


DNA recombinase complex

description: A protein-DNA complex consisting of a higher-order oligomer of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) on single-stranded DNA.


name: double-stranded DNA endonuclease activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within a double-stranded DNA molecule by creating internal breaks.


name: somatic diversification of immune receptors via germline recombination within a single locus

description: The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through recombination of the germline genetic elements within a single genetic locus.


posterior commissure morphogenesis

description: Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the midbrain towards target cells in the diencephalon.


name: early neuron differentiation in forebrain

description: The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of neurons. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


cellular response to vitamin A

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin A stimulus.


mesodermal-endodermal cell signaling

description: Any process that mediates the transfer of information from mesodermal cells to endodermal cells.


dendrite guidance

description: The process in which the migration of a dendrite is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


peptide receptor activity

description: Combining with an extracellular or intracellular peptide to initiate a change in cell activity.


name: positive regulation of inositol phosphate biosynthetic process

description: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of inositol phosphate biosynthesis. Inositol phosphate biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.


embryonic pelvic fin morphogenesis

description: The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the pelvic fin are generated and organized. The pelvic fins are bilaterally paired fins mounted in a ventral-lateral position on most fish. These fins are used primarily for lateral mobility and propulsion.


name: inner ear sensory epithelium regeneration

description: The regrowth of lost or destroyed inner ear sensory epithelia.


name: regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in regulation of contraction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell contributing to the regulation of its contraction.


name: nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3

description: A protein that is a translation product of the human NR1I3 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


ketone body

A carbonyl compound produced as a water-soluble byproduct when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver. There are three endogenous ketone bodies: acetone, acetoacetic acid, and (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid; others may be produced as a result of the metabolism of synthetic triglycerides.


multicellular organism

category: biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell.


NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 1

A protein that is a translation product of the human MT-ND1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


hepatic oval stem cell

category: biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A transient hepatic stem cell observed after liver injury with a high nuclear to cytoplasm ratio that can differentiate into mature hepatocytes and bile duct cells. Arises from more than one tissue.


N(alpha)-methyl-L-tryptophan zwitterion

An N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion derived from N(alpha)-methyl-L-tryptophan.


entinostat

A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of the pyridin-3-ylmethyl carbamate derivative of p-(aminomethyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an inhibitor of histone deacetylase isoform 1 (HDAC1) and isoform 3 (HDAC3).


PENTANAL

A saturated fatty aldehyde composed from five carbons in a straight chain.


A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]sulfonyl and tert-butyl groups at position 1 and 4, respectively. It is an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells (IC50 = 10 muM) and prevents the activation of NF-kappaB.


TRINITROTOLUENE

A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.


A member of the class of  phenols that phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 5.


mesalazine

A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.


belinostat

A hydroxamic acid-type histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with antineoplastic activity.


A nitroarene that is  fluorene substituted by a nitro group at position 2.


TRIADIMEFON

A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.


An alpha-diketone that is pentane substituted at the 2- and 3-positions by oxo groups.


acetohydrazide

A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.


N-nitrosoureas

A nitroso compound that is any urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group


nitrophenol

Any member of the class of  phenols or substituted phenols carrying  at least 1 nitro group.


NONANAL

A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.


thymol

A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.


A retinoid that is all-trans-retinol in which the hydrogens at position 4 have been replaced by an oxo group.


8-hydroxyoctanoic acid

An omega-hydroxy fatty acid that is caprylic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group is replaced by a hydroxy group.


3beta-hydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid

A steroid acid resulting from the oxidation of one of the terminal methyl groups of cholesterol to the corresponding aldehyde.


meldonium

An ammonium betaine that is beta-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a trimethylamino group. A clinically used cardioprotective drug that is used for treatment of heart failure, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, atherosclerosis and diabetes.


naphthalenes

Any benzenoid aromatic compound having a skeleton composed of two ortho-fused benzene rings.


ALOE-EMODIN

A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is  chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.


glycodeoxycholic acid

A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.


D-monapterin

A neopterin in which the 1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl side-chain is in 1S,2S configuration.


(S)-nornicotine

A pyridine alkaloid that is nicotine lacking the methyl group on the pyrrolidine nitrogen.


Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7)

An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.


monoethylglycinexylidide

Amino acid amide formed from 2,6-dimethylaniline and N-ethylglycine components; an active metabolite of lidocaine, formed by oxidative deethylation. Used as an indicator of hepatic function.


QUINOXALINE

A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.


name: malondialdehyde-low density lipoprotein, human


glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

An aldotriose phosphate that is the 3-phospho derivative of glyceraldehyde. It is an important metabolic intermediate in several central metabolic pathways in all organisms.


A nitrosamine that has butyl and 4-hydroxybutyl substituents. In mice, it causes high-grade, invasive cancers in the urinary bladder, but not in any other tissues.


1,7-dimethyluric acid

An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione substituted by methyl groups at N-1 and N-7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and is often found in human urine samples.


KYNURENINE

A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.


aloin

A diastereoisomeric mixture of aloin A (barbaloin) and aloin B (isobarbaloin), which have similar properties. It is a bitter-tasting, yellow-brown colored compound found in the exudate of at least 68 Aloe species at levels of up to 6.6% of leaf dry weight (making between 3% and 35% of the total exudate), and in another 17 species at indeterminate levels. It is used as a stimulant-laxative, treating constipation by inducing bowel movements.


nitrous oxide

A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.


SODIUM SULFITE

An inorganic sodium salt having sulfite as the counterion.


moxifloxacin

A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.


A sialotriaosylceramide consisting of beta-D-GalNAc-(1->4)-[alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)]-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc attached to the primary hydroxy function of ceramide(d18:1/24:1(15Z)).


indoprofen

A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)phenyl group. Initially used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic, it was withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been subsequently found to increase production of the survival motor neuron protein.


GLABRIDIN

A member of the class of  hydroxyisoflavans that is (R)-isoflavan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2' and 4' and a 2,2-dimethyl-2H-pyran group across positions 7 and 8 respectively.


para-coumaric acid

The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.


Benzaldehyde substituted at the ortho-position with a nitro group.


PHYSCION

A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 8, a methoxy group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 6. It has been widely isolated and characterised from both terrestrial and marine sources.


ANTHRAROBIN

An anthracenetriol having the three hydroxy substituents at the 1-, 2- and 10-positions.


A dec-2-enal in which the olefinic double bond has E configuration.


ISOIMPERATORIN

A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 5. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.


RUBIDIUM CHLORIDE

An inorganic chloride composed of rubidium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio.


HELENALIN

A sesquiterpene lactone that is 3,3a,4,4a,7a,8,9,9a-octahydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2,5-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 4a and 8 and a methylidene group at position 3 (the 3aS,4S,4aR,7aR,8R,9aR stereoisomer).


estazolam

A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.


A nucleobase analogue that is cytosine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a hydroxymethyl group.


PHENYLETHYL ALCOHOL

A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.


saracatinib

A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by (5-chloro-2H-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)amino, (oxan-4-yl)oxy and 2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethoxy groups at positions 4, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a dual inhibitor of the tyrosine kinases c-Src and Abl (IC50 = 2.7 and 30 nM, respectively). Saracatinib was originally developed by AstraZeneca for the treatment of cancer but in 2019 it was granted orphan drug designation by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a type of lung disease that results in scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs.


HYDROXYAMINE

The simplest hydroxylamine, consisting of ammonia bearing a hydroxy substituent. It is an intermediate in the biological nitrification by microbes like bacteria.


DIPHENYLACETIC ACID

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by two phenyl groups respectively.


A member of the class of phenylacetaldehydes that is phenylacetaldehyde in which a hydrogen alpha to the aldehyde carbonyl group has been replaced by a methyl group. The major species at pH 7.3.


A C21-steroid hormone that is 5alpha-pregnane substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 20. It is a metabolite of progestrone.


(5alpha)-3-oxocholestan-26-oic acid

A cholestanoid that is (5alpha)-cholestan-26-oic acid in which the hydrogens at position 3 are replaced by an oxo group.


sapropterin

A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).


BILIVERDIN

A linear tetrapyrrole produced in the reticuloendothelial system by the first step of heme degradation, catalysed by heme oxygenase.


all-trans-dehydroretinal

A retinal which contains an additional double bond between the 3 and 4 positions of the six-membered ring, and in which all of the double bonds in the side chain have the E-configuration.


CYCLOPENTANOL

The simplest member of the class of  cyclopentanols bearing a single hydroxy substituent. The parent of the class of cyclopentanols.


ETIOCHOLANOLONE

An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.


polyamine

Any organic amino compound that contains two or more amino groups.


A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2' ,4, 4', and 6' respectively.


doxercalciferol

A hydroxy seco-steroid and synthetic vitamin D2 analogue that undergoes metabolic activation in vivo to form 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 (1alpha,25-(OH)2D2), a naturally occurring, biologically active form of vitamin D2. It is used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism, a condition in which the body produces excess parathyroid hormone (PTH; a natural substance needed to control the amount of calcium in the blood) in certain people with chronic kidney disease.


DUROQUINONE

A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.


The hydroxypyrimidine that is pyrimidine mono-substituted at C-2 by a hydroxy group.


A pentahydroxyflavone that is luteolin with an additional hydroxy group at position 6.


daunorubicinol

The (13S)-diastereomer of 13-dihydrodaunorubicin.


A dimethylnaphthalene carrying methyl groups at positions 2 and 6.


BENZAMIDOXIME

A member of the class of amidoximes obtained by formal condensation of the carbonyl group of benzamide with hydroxylamine.


The 2,3,5,6-isomer of tetrachlorophenol


A retinoid that is all-trans-retinal carrying an oxo substituent at position 4 on the cyclohexenyl ring.


tetrastearoyl cardiolipin

A cardiolipin derivative in which all four of the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as stearoyl (octadecanoyl).


cefixime

A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.


acenaphthylene

A ortho- and peri-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon that occurs in coal tar.


1-naphthaleneacetic acid

A naphthylacetic acid substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 1.


THIOCTIC ACID AMIDE

A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of lipoic acid with ammonia.


sulfadiazine

A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.


A 2-pentenal in which the double bond has (E)-configuration. It is found in cigarette smoke, virgin olive oil, and milk.


NORVERAPAMIL

A secondary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.


A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.


ortho-vanillin

A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is  salicylaldehyde substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.


DAURICINE

A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid resulting from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 4-{[(1R)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl]methyl}phenol by attachment of the phenolic oxygen of one molecule to the benzene ring of the second (ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group of the latter).


N-acetyl-S-phenyl-L-cysteine

The S-phenyl derivative of N-acetyl-L-cysteine. It is a urinary metabolite of benzene and used as a biomarker to assess benzene exposure.


PHENYL PROPIONIC ACID

A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 3 by a phenyl group.


hydratropic acid

A 2-arylpropionic acid carrying a phenyl group at position 2. It is a metabolite of alpha-methylstyrene (AMS), a volatile hydrocarbon.


A retinoid that is all-trans-retinal carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the cyclohexenyl ring.


carbocisteine

An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.


2,3-dimethylsuccinic acid

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid substituted by two methyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively.


VITAMIN A2

A retinoid derived from 3,4-desaturation of the beta-ionone ring of all-trans-retinol.


ecgonine methyl ester

The O-debenzoyl analogue of cocaine.


A 4,5-dihydrocortisone that has beta- configuration at position 5.


reactive nitrogen species

A family of nitrogen molecular entities which are highly reactive and derived from nitric oxide (.NO) and superoxide (O2.(-)) produced via the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and NADPH oxidase respectively.


PROSTAGLANDIN B1

A member of the class of prostaglandins B that is prosta-8(12),13-dien-1-oic acid carrying oxo and hydroxy substituents at positions 9 and 15 respectively (the 13E,15S-stereoisomer).


A member of the class of furans that is furan in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.


VALEROPHENONE

An aromatic ketone that consists of benzene substituted by a pentanoyl group.


A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by a methyl substituent at C-3 and by hydroxy groups at C-1, C-2 and C-8.


DIHYDROCAFFEIC ACID

A monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropionic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. Also known as dihydrocaffeic acid, it is a metabolite of caffeic acid and exhibits antioxidant activity.


CYCLOPENTANONE

A cyclic ketone that consists of cyclopentane bearing a single oxo substituent.


1-piperideine-6-carboxylic acid

A tetrahydropyridine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine having a carboxy group at the 2-position.


INDENE

An ortho-fused bicyclic arene comprising of benzene and cyclopentene rings.


An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of chloroacetic acid with the amnio group of 2,6-diethylaniline.


A steroid aldehyde that is cortisol carrying a formyl group at position 18.


NG,NG-dimethyl-L-arginine

A L-arginine derivative  having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.


A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is (2E)-hept-2-ene which is carrying an oxo group at position 1. Found in the peel of Malaysian pink and white pomelo peel and in the scent gland secretion of the rice stink bug Oebalus pugnax.


An indoleacetaldehyde that is acetaldehyde in which one of the methyl hydrogens are replaced by a indol-3-yl group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the metabolism of tryptophan.


A heptadienal in which the two double bonds are located at positions 2 and 4 (the E,E-geoisomer).


7-oxolithocholic acid

A bile acid that is lithocholic acid carrying an additional oxo substituent at position 7.


N-arachidonoylserotonin

An N-acylserotonin obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the primary amino group of serotonin.


9-hydroxystearic acid

A hydroxyoctadecanoic acid that is octadecanoic acid (stearic acid) which has been substituted by a hydroxy group at position 9.


S-methylcysteine

A cysteine derivative that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur is replaced by a methyl group.


4-formylbenzoic acid

A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by a formyl group at position 4.


benzyl alcohols

Compounds containing a phenylmethanol skeleton.


2-hydroxyestradiol 3-methyl ether

A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a hydroxy group and the phenolic hydrogen at position 3 has bee replaced by a methyl group.


3-METHYLBUTANOIC ACID

A C5, branched-chain saturated fatty acid.


sulfoglycolithocholic acid

The 3-O-sulfo derivative of glycolithocholic acid.


LITHOGLYCOCHOLATE

The glycine conjugate of lithocholic acid.


DIHYDROSANGUINARINE

A benzophenanthridine alkaloid obtained by selective hydrogenation of the 13,14-position of sanguinarine.


PIDOLIC ACID

An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.


BENZOYL FORMIC ACID

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is glyoxylic acid in which the aldehyde hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.


hematoporphyrin

A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.


dehydrocholic acid

An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.


Gly-Gln zwitterion

A peptide zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino terminus of Gly-Gln.


2,2-dimethylsuccinic acid

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid substituted by two methyl groups at positions 2 and 2 respectively.


A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone hydroxylated at C-2' and -4'.


diclofenac beta-D-glucosiduronic acid

A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid (beta-D-glucuronide) that is a metabolite of diclofenac.


methylisothiazolinone

A 1,2-thazole that is 4-isothiazolin-3-one bearing a methyl group on the nitrogen atom. It is a powerful biocide and preservative and is the minor active ingredient in the commercial product Kathon(TM).


The (2S,3R)-stereoisomer of 1-{[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)oxiran-2-yl]methyl}-1H-1,2,4-triazole.


FRAXETIN

A hydroxycoumarin that is 6-methoxycoumarin in which the hydrogens at positions 7 and 8 have been replaced by hydroxy groups.


glafenine

A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.


nabumetone

A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.


name: manganese tetrakis-(N-methyl-2 pyridyl) porphyrin


ponatinib

A benzamide obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-3-ylethynyl)-4-methylbenzoic acid with the anilino group of 4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. It is a multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets ABL, SRC, FGFR, and others and was designed to overcome the resistance of BCR-ABL mutation to imatinib, in particular the gatekeeper mutation ABL(T315I).


surfactant

A substance which lowers the surface tension of the medium in which it is dissolved, and/or the interfacial tension with other phases, and, accordingly, is positively adsorbed at the liquid/vapour and/or at other interfaces.


ciguatoxin CTX1B

A ciguatoxin comprising a sequence of twelve trans-fused six-, seven-, eight- and nine-membered rings and a spiro-fused five-membered ring. A commonly encountered fish toxin.


phloroglucinol

A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.


chloropicrin

A C-nitro compound that is nitromethane in which all three hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. It is a severe irritant, and can cause immediate, severe inflammation of the eyes, nose and throat, and significant injuries to the upper and lower respiratory tract. Formerly stockpiled as a chemical warfare agent, it has been widely used in the US as a soil fumigant, particularly for strawberry crops. It is not approved for use within the European Union.


roflumilast

A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-(difluoromethoxy)benzoic acid with the amino group of 3,5-dichloropyridin-4-amine. Used for treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.


GLUFOSINATE

A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is 2-aminobutanoic acid which is substituted at position 4 by a hydroxy(methyl)phosphoryl group.


CASTICIN

A tetramethoxyflavone that consists of quercetagetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6, 7 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It has been isolated from Eremophila mitchellii.


ribose

Any aldopentose where the open-chain form has all the hydroxy groups on the same side in the Fischer projection. Occurrs in two enantiomeric forms, D- and L-ribose, of which only the former is found in nature.


A chloropropane-1,2-diol that is propane-1,2-diol substituted by a chloro group at position 3.


GINSENOSIDE RB1

A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is ginsenoside Rd in which the beta-D-glucopyranoside group at position 20 is replaced by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside group.


PICOXYSTROBIN

An enoate ester that is the methyl ester of (2E)-3-methoxy-2-[2-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid.  A cereal fungicide used to control a wide range of diseases including brown rust, tan spot, powdery mildew and net blotch.


methapyrilene

A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.


tiagabine

A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.


A 2-monoglyceride where the acyl group is hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl).


PHENOXYCARB

A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.


BUTOXYETHANOL

A primary alcohol that is ethanol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a butoxy group. A high-boiling (171degreeC) colourless liquid, it is used as a solvent for paints and inks, as well as in some dry cleaning solutions.


panobinostat

A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-3-[4-({[2-(2-methylindol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor used (as its lactate salt) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma.


mercury dibromide

A mercury coordination entity composed of mercury and bromine with the formula HgBr2.


BROMOCHLOROACETIC ACID

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.


A dinitrotoluene carrying nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6.


QUERCITRIN

A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.


demecolcine

A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.


kenpaullone

An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).


2-PICOLINIC ACID

A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.


DIETHANOLAMINE

A member of the class of ethanolamines that is ethanolamine having a N-hydroxyethyl substituent.


An amino-nitrotoluene that is 4,6-dinitrotoluene substituted at position 2 by an amino group.


FLUORANTHENE

An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a naphthalene and benzene unit connected by a five-membered ring.


thallium(I) acetate

An acetate salt comprising equal numbers of acetate and thallium ions.


cantharidin

A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria.  Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.


CHINOMETHIONAT

A dithioloquinoxaline that results from the formal condensation of 6-methylquinoxaline-2,3-dithiol with phosgene. It has been used as a fungicide and acaricide for the control of mites and powdery mildew on citrus, vegetables, and walnuts, but is not approved for use in the EU.


zaragozic acid A

A polyketide isolated from fungi that is a potent inhibitor of fungal and mammalian squalene synthase.


TEFLUBENZURON

A N-acylurea that is N-carbamoyl-2,6-difluorobenzamide substituted by a 3,5-dichloro-2,4-difluorophenyl group at the terminal nitrogen atom.


crospovidone

A vinyl polymer composed of repeating -CH2-CR- units where R is a 2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl group.


vancomycin

A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.


arbutin

A monosaccharide derivative that is  hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.


CEPHAELINE

A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having a hydroxy group at the 6'-position and methoxy substituents at the 7'-, 10- and 11-positions.


plerixafor

An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.


CLOBETASOL

A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.


XANTHOHUMOL

A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from Humulus lupulus, it induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells.


CARNOSIC ACID

An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 11 and 12 and a carboxy group at position 20. It is isolated from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and common sage (Salvia officinalis) and exhibits anti-angiogenic, antineoplastic, antioxidant and anti-HIV activity.


adefovir dipivoxil

An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.


DIBENZOTHIOPHENE

A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.


UNDECANE

A straight-chain alkane with 11 carbon atoms.


A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.


alpha-phellandrene

One of a pair of phellandrene cyclic monoterpene double-bond isomers in which both double bonds are endocyclic (cf. alpha-phellandrene, where one of them is exocyclic).


gatifloxacin

A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.


A fatty amide obtained by the formal condensation of arachidonic acid with 2-chloroethanamine. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor (Ki = 1.4 nM) and also has a low affinity for the CB2 receptor (Ki = 3100 nM).


iberin

An isothiocyanate that is 1-isothiocyanatopropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a methylsulfinyl group. A glucosinolate hydrolysis product found in many members of the Brassicaceae family, it is a quorum-sensing inhibitor (QSI) of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa.


mitogen

A chemical substance that encourages a cell to commence cell division, triggering mitosis.


ALPHA-PINENE

A pinene that is bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 6 and 6 respectively.


Any mixture of complex, colloidal, macromolecular plant galacturonans containing a large proportion of D-galactopyranosyluronic acid residues in alpha-(1->4) linkage, the carboxy groups of which may be esterified to varying degrees by methyl groups or be partially or completely converted into salts. The structure shown is that of the parent polygalacturonan.


mutagen

An agent that increases the frequency of mutations above the normal background level, usually by interacting directly with DNA and causing it damage, including base substitution.


FLUSILAZOLE

An organosilicon compound that is dimethylsilane in which the hydrogens attached to the silicon are replaced by p-fluorophenyl groups and a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups is replaced by a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group. It is a broad-sepctrum fungicide used to protect a variety of crops.


TRITICONAZOLE

A member of the class of cyclopentanols carrying 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl and 4-chlorobenzylidene and geminal dimethyl substituents at positions 1, 2 and 5 respectively.


(-)-ANTOFINE

An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is (13aR)-9,11,12,13,13a,14-hexahydrodibenzo[f,h]pyrrolo[1,2-b]isoquinoline substituted at positions 2, 3 and 6 by methoxy groups. It is an alkaloid produced by relatives of the milkweed family and exhibits antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antiadipogenic and antitumorigenic activities.


iohexol

A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.


An isoquinolinol that is isoquinoline in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by hydroxy groups.


name: protein-bound polysaccharide K, Basidiomycetes


An amino-nitrotoluene that is 2,6-dinitrotoluene substituted at position 4 by an amino group.


climbazole

A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-climbazole. It is a topically applied antifungal agent used to treat human fungal skin infections.


iopromide

A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.


perfluorooctanesulfonamide

A perfluorinated compound that is perfluorooctane in which one of the terminal fluorines has been replace by a sulfamoyl group.


FOLPET

A member of the class of phthalimides that is phthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethylthio group. An agricultural fungicide, it has been used to control mildew, leaf spot, and other diseases in crops sice the 1950s.


lonafarnib

A 4-{2-[4-(3,10-dibromo-8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl)piperidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}piperidine-1-carboxamide that has R configuration. It is used as oral farnesyltransferase inhibitor.


bosutinib

An aminoquinoline that is 4-[(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino]-7-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy]quinoline bearing additional cyano and methoxy substituents at positions 3 and 6 respectively.


An organobromine compound that consists of pentanedinitrile bearing bromo and bromomethyl substituents at position 2.


toxin

Poisonous substance produced by a biological organism such as a microbe, animal or plant.


bathocuproine disulfonic acid

A phenanthroline that consists of 1,10-phenanthroline bearing two methyl groups at position 2 and 9 as well as two 4-sulfophenyl groups at positions 4 and 7.


DIBENZOFURAN

A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.


kojic acid

A pyranone that is 4H-pyran substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5, a hydroxymethyl group at position 2 and an oxo group at position 4. It has been isolated from the fungus Aspergillus oryzae.


ETHIONINE

An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.


icariside II

A glycosyloxyflavone that is 3,5,7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-8-prenylflavone in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted into its alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside.


A diketone that is hexane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5. It is a toxic metabolite of hexane and of 2-hexanone


perflubron

A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.


CHLOROPRENE

A macromolecule composed of repeating (2Z)-2-chlorobut-2-ene-1,4-diyl units.