name: KPCD2_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase D2 (sprot)

description: A serine/threonine-protein kinase D2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PA2GF_HUMAN Group IIF secretory phospholipase A2 (sprot)

description: A group IIF secretory phospholipase A2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TNKS2_HUMAN Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2 (sprot)

description: A poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ATX3L_HUMAN Ataxin-3-like protein (sprot)

description: A protein that is a translation product of the ATXN3L gene in human.


name: DEFI6_HUMAN Differentially expressed in FDCP 6 homolog (sprot)

description: A differentially expressed in FDCP 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: OSBL3_HUMAN Oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 3 (sprot)

description: An oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: DEN2D_HUMAN DENN domain-containing protein 2D (sprot)

description: A DENN domain-containing protein 2D that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: DOCK5_HUMAN Dedicator of cytokinesis protein 5 (sprot)

description: A dedicator of cytokinesis protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PGES2_HUMAN Prostaglandin E synthase 2 (sprot)

description: A prostaglandin E synthase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PANK3_HUMAN Pantothenate kinase 3 (sprot)

description: A pantothenate kinase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: EKI1_HUMAN Ethanolamine kinase 1 (sprot)

description: An ethanolamine kinase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PDE11_HUMAN Dual 3',5'-cyclic-AMP and -GMP phosphodiesterase 11A (sprot)

description: A dual 3',5'-cyclic-AMP and -GMP phosphodiesterase 11A that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PLAT1_HUMAN Phospholipase A and acyltransferase 1 (sprot)

description: An HRAS-like suppressor that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PDE7B_HUMAN 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase 7B (sprot)

description: A 3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase 7B that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: EKI2_HUMAN Ethanolamine kinase 2 (sprot)

description: An ethanolamine kinase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PLAT2_HUMAN Phospholipase A and acyltransferase 2 (sprot)

description: A phospholipase A and acyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FA13B_HUMAN Protein FAM13B (sprot)

A protein FAM13B that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: MSRB1_HUMAN Methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase B1 (sprot)

description: A methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase B1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: GMIP_HUMAN GEM-interacting protein (sprot)

description: A GEM-interacting protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: RHG23_HUMAN Rho GTPase-activating protein 23 (sprot)

description: A Rho GTPase-activating protein 23 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: RHG20_HUMAN Rho GTPase-activating protein 20 (sprot)

description: A Rho GTPase-activating protein 20 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: RHG28_HUMAN Rho GTPase-activating protein 28 (sprot)

description: A Rho GTPase-activating protein 28 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PPR1B_HUMAN Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1B (sprot)

description: A protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1B that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: RABX5_HUMAN Rab5 GDP/GTP exchange factor (sprot)

description: A Rab5 GDP/GTP exchange factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PARP4_HUMAN Protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP4 (sprot)

description: A protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: BAG5_HUMAN BAG family molecular chaperone regulator 5 (sprot)

description: A BAG family molecular chaperone regulator 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PLAT4_HUMAN Phospholipase A and acyltransferase 4 (sprot)

description: A phospholipase A and acyltransferase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: DEN2A_HUMAN DENN domain-containing protein 2A (sprot)

description: A DENN domain-containing protein 2A that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: RIMKB_HUMAN Beta-citrylglutamate synthase B (sprot)

description: A beta-citrylglutamate synthase B that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PKHG1_HUMAN Pleckstrin homology domain-containing family G member 1 (sprot)

description: A pleckstrin homology domain-containing family G member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CNOT6_HUMAN CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 6 (sprot)

description: A CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CBPC1_HUMAN Cytosolic carboxypeptidase 1 (sprot)

description: A cytosolic carboxypeptidase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DYN3_HUMAN Dynamin-3 (sprot)

A dynamin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PDE10_HUMAN cAMP and cAMP-inhibited cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 10A (sprot)

description: A cAMP and cAMP-inhibited cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 10A that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: MSRB2_HUMAN Methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase B2, mitochondrial (sprot)

description: A methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase B2, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: 3BP1_HUMAN SH3 domain-binding protein 1 (sprot)

description: An SH3 domain-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: STA13_HUMAN StAR-related lipid transfer protein 13 (sprot)

description: A StAR-related lipid transfer protein 13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: FARP1_HUMAN FERM, ARHGEF and pleckstrin domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

description: A FERM, ARHGEF and pleckstrin domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: RPGF2_HUMAN Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 (sprot)

description: A Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TTLL3_HUMAN Tubulin monoglycylase TTLL3 (sprot)

description: A tubulin monoglycylase TTLL3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: GMPPB_HUMAN Mannose-1-phosphate guanyltransferase beta (sprot)

description: A mannose-1-phosphate guanyltransferase beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: DUS10_HUMAN Dual specificity protein phosphatase 10 (sprot)

description: A dual specificity protein phosphatase 10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


inflammatory response

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages.


name: miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing

description: A post-transcriptional gene silencing pathway in which regulatory microRNAs (miRNAs) elicit silencing of specific target genes. miRNAs are endogenous 21-24 nucleotide small RNAs processed from stem-loop RNA precursors (pre-miRNAs). Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), miRNAs can downregulate protein production by either of two posttranscriptional mechanisms: endonucleolytic cleavage of the RNA (often mRNA) or mRNA translational repression, usually accompanied by poly-A tail shortening and subsequent degradation of the mRNA. miRNAs are present in all the animals and in plants, whereas siRNAs are present in lower animals and in plants.


name: transcription initiation at RNA polymerase I promoter

description: A transcription initiation process that takes place at a RNA polymerase I gene promoter. Ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase I.


name: negative regulation of MAP kinase activity

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.


name: positive regulation of MAP kinase activity

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.


regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.


immature alpha-beta T cell

category: biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: An alpha-beta T cell that has an immature phenotype and has not completed T cell selection.


name: AMFR_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase AMFR (sprot)

description: An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase AMFR that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: HLGB_STAA8 Gamma-hemolysin component B (sprot)

description: A protein that is a translation product of the hlgB gene in Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus NCTC 8325.


metal-dependent deubiquitinase activity

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: An metal-dependent isopeptidase activity that cleaves ubiquitin from a target protein to which it is conjugated.


cellular response to muramyl dipeptide

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muramyl dipeptide stimulus. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.


name: toll-like receptor TLR6:TLR2 signaling pathway

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding of a heterodimeric TLR6:TLR2 complex, followed by transmission of the signal by the activated receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: peptide:proton symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: peptide(out) + H+(out) = peptide(in) + H+(in), up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by hydrogen ion movement.


name: positive regulation of peptidoglycan recognition protein signaling pathway

description: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the peptidoglycan recognition protein signaling pathway.


phagocytic vesicle membrane

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a phagocytic vesicle.


name: S15A2_HUMAN Solute carrier family 15 member 2 (sprot)

description: A solute carrier family 15 member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


platelet aggregation

description: The adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.


hematopoietic stem cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hematopoietic stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.


response to muscle activity

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle activity stimulus.


name: positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.


name: natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity

description: The directed killing of a target cell by a natural killer cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.


name: positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.


name: oxidised low-density lipoprotein particle receptor activity

description: Combining with an oxidised low-density lipoprotein particle and delivering the oxidised low-density lipoprotein particle into the cell via endocytosis.


Notch binding

description: Binding to a Notch (N) protein, a surface receptor.


intracellular signal transduction

description: The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell.


platelet

description: A non-nucleated disk-shaped cell formed by extrusion from megakaryocytes, found in the blood of all mammals, and mainly involved in blood coagulation.


lipopolysaccharide

Liposaccharide natural compounds consisting of a trisaccharide repeating unit (two heptose units and octulosonic acid) with oligosaccharide side chains and 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid units (they are a major constituent of the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria).


name: HCST_HUMAN Hematopoietic cell signal transducer (sprot)

description: A hematopoietic cell signal transducer that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the non-canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade.


name: NKG2D_HUMAN NKG2-D type II integral membrane protein (sprot)

description: An NKG2-D type II integral membrane protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


CAV1_HUMAN Caveolin-1 (sprot)

A caveolin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: RAB13_HUMAN Ras-related protein Rab-13 (sprot)

description: A Ras-related protein Rab-13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: GDIA_HUMAN Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor alpha (sprot)

description: A Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: MICA_HUMAN MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A (sprot)

description: An MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ULBP1_HUMAN UL16-binding protein 1 (sprot)

description: A UL16-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


response to lipopolysaccharide

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.


NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the NLRP3 inflammasome complex, occurring at the level of an individual cell.


name: nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand (such as a bacterial peptidoglycan) to a cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 (NOD1) protein receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process.


NLRP6 inflammasome complex assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a NLRP6 inflammasome complex.


NLRP1 inflammasome complex assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a NLRP1 inflammasome complex.


name: nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand (such as a bacterial peptidoglycan) to a cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) protein receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process.


name: polarized epithelial cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a polarized epithelial cell. The polarized epithelial cell can be any of the cells within an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis.


name: pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a pattern recognition receptor (PRR), and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.


chaperone-mediated autophagy

description: The autophagy process which begins when chaperones and co-chaperones recognize a target motif and unfold the substrate protein. The proteins are then transported to the lysosome where they are degraded.


name: positive regulation of Rac protein signal transduction

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Rac protein signal transduction.


name: enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the receptor possesses catalytic activity or is closely associated with an enzyme such as a protein kinase, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.


name: extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors

description: The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with a ligand binding to a death domain receptor on the cell surface, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


name: protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the endoplasmic reticulum.


name: negative regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.


TLR2_HUMAN Toll-like receptor 2 (sprot)

A Toll-like receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TLR6_HUMAN Toll-like receptor 6 (sprot)

A Toll-like receptor 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: Toll-like receptor 2-Toll-like receptor 6 protein complex

description: A heterodimeric protein complex containing Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6).


tumor necrosis factor receptor activity

description: Combining with tumor necrosis factor, a proinflammatory cytokine produced by monocytes and macrophages, to initiate a change in cell function.


name: negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway

description: Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.


name: transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activator activity

description: Binds to and increases the activity of a transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase.


protein-glutamine glutaminase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-glutamine + H2O = protein L-glutamate + NH3.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + sphingomyelin = ceramide + choline phosphate + H+.


indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: tryptophan + O2 = N-formylkynurenine. The product of the reaction depends on the substrate; D-tryptophan produces N-formyl-D-kynurenine, and L-tryptophan produces N-formyl-L-kynurenine.


name: postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.


name: skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering

description: The accumulation of acetylcholine-gated cation channels in a narrow, central region of muscle fibers, in apposition to nerve terminals.


name: lipoteichoic acid immune receptor activity

description: Combining with lipoteichoic acid and transmitting the signal to initiate an innate immune response.


ceramide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid.


cell cortex

description: The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.


mitochondrial membrane

description: Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the mitochondrion and form the mitochondrial envelope.


endoplasmic reticulum

description: The irregular network of unit membranes, visible only by electron microscopy, that occurs in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells. The membranes form a complex meshwork of tubular channels, which are often expanded into slitlike cavities called cisternae. The ER takes two forms, rough (or granular), with ribosomes adhering to the outer surface, and smooth (with no ribosomes attached).


Golgi membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.


neuromuscular junction

description: The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential.


name: ASC_HUMAN Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (sprot)

description: An apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 isoform h1 (human)

description: A receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O43353-1.


CAPR1_HUMAN Caprin-1 (sprot)

A caprin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SCRIB_HUMAN Protein scribble homolog (sprot)

description: A protein LAP4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 isoform hLAMP-2A (human)

description: A lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P13473-1.


name: ZNRF4_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZNRF4 (sprot)

description: An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZNRF4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


INSR_HUMAN Insulin receptor (sprot)

An insulin receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ITP_HHV11 Inner tegument protein (sprot)


name: EPHA4_HUMAN Ephrin type-A receptor 4 (sprot)

description: An ephrin type-A receptor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ZDH12_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC12 (sprot)

description: A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CPT1A_HUMAN Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform (sprot)

description: A carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CLC7A_HUMAN C-type lectin domain family 7 member A (sprot)

description: A C-type lectin domain family 7 member A that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: G protein-coupled peptide receptor activity

description: Combining with a peptide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


cardiolipin binding

description: Binding to cardiolipin.


cytotoxic T cell pyroptotic cell death

description: A pyroptotic cell death process that occurs in a cytotoxic T cell.


killing by host of symbiont cells

description: Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


gut granule

description: A lysosome-related organelle contained within the intestinal cells of the nematode C. elegans. Gut granules are acidified, birefringent, autofluorescent, and contain the vacuolar H+-ATPase. They also serve as sites of cellular zinc storage.


sensory perception of sound

description: The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound.


ossification

description: The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.


name: auditory receptor cell stereocilium organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of auditory hair cells.


stereocilium maintenance

description: The organization process that preserves a stereocilium in a stable functional or structural state.


regulation of actin filament length

description: Any process that controls the length of actin filaments in a cell.


inner ear development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inner ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


morphogenesis of an epithelium

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube.


mucus secretion

description: The regulated release of mucus by the mucosa. Mucus is a viscous slimy secretion consisting of mucins and various inorganic salts dissolved in water, with suspended epithelial cells and leukocytes. The mucosa, or mucous membrane, is the membrane covered with epithelium that lines the tubular organs of the body. Mucins are carbohydrate-rich glycoproteins that have a lubricating and protective function.


inner ear morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively.


name: inhibition of non-skeletal tissue mineralization

description: A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of non-mineral tissue, by preventing mineralization of non-skeletal tissue.


auditory receptor cell development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an auditory receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


middle ear morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the middle ear are generated and organized. The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window).


name: mechanosensitive monoatomic cation channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a monoatomic cation by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress.


name: voltage-gated potassium channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


name: voltage-gated calcium channel activity involved in positive regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium levels

description: Positive regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentrations via the directed movement of calcium ions across the plasma-membrane into the cytosol via the action of voltage-gated calcium ion channels. This is the first step in synaptic transmission.


stereocilium tip

description: A distinct compartment at the tip of a stereocilium, distal to the site of attachment to the apical cell surface. It consists of a dense matrix bridging the barbed ends of the stereocilium actin filaments with the overlying plasma membrane, is dynamic compared to the shaft, and is required for stereocilium elongation.


An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of L-glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group


A monoatomic monocation obtained from potassium.


name: CAC1D_HUMAN Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D (sprot)

description: A voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 2 isoform WA (human)

description: A plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 2 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KCMA1_HUMAN Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 (sprot)

description: A calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: AT2B1_HUMAN Plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 1 (sprot)

description: A plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization

description: Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in a ventricular cardiomyocyte.


dynamin-1 isoform an (mouse)

A dynamin-1 (mouse) that is the a-type isoform.


synaptic transmission, glutamatergic

description: The vesicular release of glutamate from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of glutamate receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


neuronal action potential

description: An action potential that occurs in a neuron.


ether lipid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ether lipids, lipids that contain (normally) one lipid alcohol in ether linkage to one of the carbon atoms (normally C-1) of glycerol.


monocyte differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a monocyte.


neutrophil differentiation

description: The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a neutrophil.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-palmitoylglycerol-3-phosphate + NADP+ = palmitoylglycerone phosphate + NADPH + H+.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + glycerone phosphate = 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphate + CoA.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-acyl-glycerone 3-phosphate + a long-chain alcohol = 1-alkyl-glycerone 3-phosphate + a long-chain acid anion.


bone marrow

category: biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The soft tissue that fills the cavities of bones.


peroxisomal membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a peroxisome.


Tetraanion of NADPH arising from deprotonation of the diphosphate and phosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.


glycerone phosphate(2-)

A dianionic form of glycerone phosphate arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.


coenzyme A(4-)

Tetraanion of coenzyme A.


An organophosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of NADP(+); major species at pH 7.3.


cetyl alcohol

A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is hexadecane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.


A saturated fatty acyl-CoA(4-) that is palmitoyl-CoA in which the phosphate and diphosphate groups have been deprotonated to give the corresponding tetra-anion.


1-hexadecyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate

A 1-alkyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate in which the 1-alkyl group is specified as hexadecyl.


1-alkylglycerone 3-phosphate(2-)

An anionic phospholipid obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of any 1-alkylglycerone 3-phosphate.


palmitic acid

A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.


1-palmitoylglycerone 3-phosphate(2-)

An organophosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of 1-palmitoylglycerone 3-phosphate; major species at pH 7.3.


name: DRS7B_HUMAN Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 7B (sprot)

description: A dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 7B that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: GNPAT_HUMAN Dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (sprot)

description: A dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose

description: Any process involving glucose that decreases the frequency, rate or extent or transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.


glycogen granule

description: Cytoplasmic bead-like structures of animal cells, visible by electron microscope. Each granule is a functional unit with the biosynthesis and catabolism of glycogen being catalyzed by enzymes bound to the granule surface.


lipid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.


cell development

description: The cellular developmental process in which a specific cell progresses from an immature to a mature state. Cell development start once cell commitment has taken place.


tissue development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


name: establishment of endothelial intestinal barrier

description: The establishment of a barrier between endothelial cell layers of the intestine to exert specific and selective control over the passage of water and solutes, thus allowing formation and maintenance of compartments that differ in fluid and solute composition.


cellular response to interleukin-4

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-4 stimulus.


B cell differentiation

description: The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell. A B cell is a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.


chromatin DNA binding

description: Binding to DNA that is assembled into chromatin.


name: immunoglobulin heavy chain V-D-J recombination

description: The process in which immunoglobulin heavy chain V, D, and J gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS).


regulation of cell development

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


negative regulation of cell development

description: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


positive regulation of cell development

description: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


intestine

description: Segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine.


pro-B cell

description: A progenitor cell of the B cell lineage, with some lineage specific activity such as early stages of recombination of B cell receptor genes, but not yet fully committed to the B cell lineage until the expression of PAX5 occurs.


melanocyte

description: A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which gives a brown to black appearance.


somatotropin secreting cell

description: A peptide hormone secreting cell that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.


prolactin secreting cell

description: A peptide hormone cell that secretes prolactin.


binucleate cell

description: Any cell that has characteristic some binucleate.


mature natural killer cell

description: A natural killer cell that is developmentally mature and expresses a variety of inhibitory and activating receptors that recognize MHC class I and other stress related molecules.


condensin complex

description: A multisubunit protein complex that plays a central role in chromosome condensation in meiosis and mitosis.


peritoneal cavity

category: biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Anatomical cavity bounded by visceral and parietal peritoneum.


external side of plasma membrane

description: The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.


filamentous actin

description: A two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin.


cortical actin cytoskeleton

description: The portion of the actin cytoskeleton, comprising filamentous actin and associated proteins, that lies just beneath the plasma membrane.


name: reactive oxygen species metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.


pyroptotic inflammatory response

description: A gasdermin-dependent inflammatory response that is associated with the generation of pyrogenic mediators such as IL-1beta and IL-18. Gasdermins are activated by caspase-1 or caspase-4/11, or by certain granzymes. In some, but not all cells, it can lead to pyroptotic programmed cell death.


response to cytokine

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.


interleukin-6 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-6 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


name: phosphatidylserine exposure on apoptotic cell surface

description: A phospholipid scrambling process that results in the appearance of phosphatidylserine on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of an apoptotic cell, which acts as an 'eat-me' signal for engulfing cells. Phosphatidylserine is exposed on the apoptotic cell surface by a phospholipid scramblase activity.


positive regulation of GTPase activity

description: Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase.


cellular response to cytokine stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus.


tumor necrosis factor production

description: The appearance of tumor necrosis factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Tumor necrosis factor is an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis.


phagocytosis

description: A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.


stress-activated MAPK cascade

description: A MAPK cascade that starts with the activation of a stress-activated MAP kinase cascade.


hydrogen peroxide catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).


neutrophil degranulation

description: The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as proteases, lipases, and inflammatory mediators by a neutrophil.


respiratory burst

description: A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.


hypochlorous acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hypochlorous acid.


name: respiratory burst involved in defense response

description: A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as part of a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.


name: homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue

description: Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells in a tissue.


cell maturation

description: The cellular developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a specific cell to attain its fully functional state.


neutrophil chemotaxis

description: The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.


neutrophil homeostasis

description: The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of neutrophils such that the total number of neutrophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


leukocyte migration

description: The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


neutrophil extravasation

description: The migration of a neutrophil from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.


white adipose tissue

description: Connective tissue consisting of fat-storing cells and arranged in lobular groups or along minor blood vessels[MP,modified].


inner cell mass derived hypoblast

description: A thin monolayer of small cuboidal cells that make up the lower layer of the bilaminar embryonic disc, beneath the epiblast.


chemokine receptor activity

description: Combining with a chemokine, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Chemokines are a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.


name: positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration

description: Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.


C-C chemokine receptor activity

description: Combining with a C-C chemokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. C-C chemokines do not have an amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four-cysteine motif.


response to ATP

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) stimulus.


interleukin-1 beta production

description: The appearance of interleukin-1 beta due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-18 receptor activity

description: Combining with interleukin-18 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


cell chemotaxis

description: The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).


name: granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production

description: The appearance of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


negative regulation of phagocytosis

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.


name: extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand

description: The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with withdrawal of a ligand from a cell surface receptor, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


name: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 production

description: The appearance of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


name: CXL17_HUMAN C-X-C motif chemokine 17 (sprot)

description: A C-X-C motif chemokine 17 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: GPR35_HUMAN G-protein coupled receptor 35 (sprot)

description: A G-protein coupled receptor 35 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CCR1_HUMAN C-C chemokine receptor type 1 (sprot)

description: A C-C chemokine receptor type 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: RNA polymerase II core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

description: Binding to a DNA sequence that is part of the core promoter of a RNA polymerase II-transcribed gene.


aflatoxin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aflatoxin, a fungal metabolite found as a contaminant in moldy grains that induces liver cancer. Aflatoxin induces a G to T transversion at codon 249 of p53, leading to its inactivation. Aflatoxin is converted to a chemical carcinogen by P450.


fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group.


name: tricarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of tricarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Tricarboxylic acid are organic acids with three COOH groups.


name: positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter by glucose

description: Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter.


carbon dioxide

A one-carbon compound with formula CO2 in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond. A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, it is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food.


name: TXTP_HUMAN Tricarboxylate transport protein, mitochondrial (sprot)

description: A tricarboxylate transport protein, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: negative regulation of monocyte differentiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.


name: positive regulation of monocyte differentiation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.


yolk sac hematopoietic stem cell

description: A hematopoietic stem found in the yolk sac. In mice, this cell type is Sca-1-negative, CD45-negative, MHC-negative, HSA-positive, AA4.1-positive, CD44-positive.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate = CoA + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate.


peroxisome

description: A small organelle enclosed by a single membrane, and found in most eukaryotic cells. Contains peroxidases and other enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic processes including free radical detoxification, lipid catabolism and biosynthesis, and hydrogen peroxide metabolism.


regulation of gene expression

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).


brown fat cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria.


adipose tissue development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of adipose tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Adipose tissue is specialized tissue that is used to store fat.


name: regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cold-induced thermogenesis.


type 2 immune response

description: An immune response which is associated with resistance to extracellular organisms such as helminths and pathological conditions such as allergy, which is orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines, most notably IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, by any of a variety of cell types including T-helper 2 cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and nuocytes, resulting in enhanced production of certain antibody isotypes and other effects.


cytokine production

description: The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


monocyte aggregation

description: The adhesion of one monocyte to one or more other monocytes via adhesion molecules.


diapedesis

description: The passage of a leukocyte between the tight junctions of endothelial cells lining blood vessels, typically the fourth and final step of cellular extravasation.


name: neutrophil activation involved in immune response

description: The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


name: neutrophil-mediated killing of bacterium

description: The directed killing of a bacterium by a neutrophil.


establishment of T cell polarity

description: The directed orientation of T cell signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with antigen presenting cell.


protein K48-linked deubiquitination

description: A protein deubiquitination process in which a K48-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.


name: lipopolysaccharide immune receptor activity

description: Combining with a lipopolysaccharide and transmitting the signal across the cell membrane to initiate an innate immune response. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, making them prime targets for recognition by the immune system.


name: positive regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.


regulation of inflammatory response

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents.


T-helper 2 cell

description: A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype GATA-3-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, and is capable of producing interleukin-4.


name: VCAM1_HUMAN Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (sprot)

description: A vascular cell adhesion protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction.


CD40 signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cell surface receptor CD40 to one of its physiological ligands, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


B cell mediated immunity

description: Any process involved with the carrying out of an immune response by a B cell, through, for instance, the production of antibodies or cytokines, or antigen presentation to T cells.


eosinophil homeostasis

description: The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of eosinophils such that the total number of eosinophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


immunoglobulin production

description: The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


neutrophil activation

description: The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


response to heat

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.


behavioral response to pain

description: Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli.


TOR signaling

description: The series of molecular signals mediated by TOR (Target of rapamycin) proteins, members of the phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase related kinase (PIKK) family that act as serine/threonine kinases in response to nutrient availability or growth factors.


response to metformin

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metformin stimulus.


CFAH_HUMAN Complement factor H (sprot)

A complement factor H that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: interleukin-1 alpha isoform 1 cleaved 1 (mouse)

description: An interleukin-1 alpha isoform 1 cleaved 1 in mouse. UniProtKB:P01582-1, 115-270.


extracellular matrix organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix.


name: neural crest cell migration involved in autonomic nervous system development

description: Any neural crest cell migration that is involved in autonomic nervous system development.


secretory granule

description: A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules.


cell fate commitment

description: The cellular developmental process by which a cell establishes the intrinsic character of a cell or tissue region irreversibly committing it to a particular fate.


name: glandular epithelial cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glandular epithelial cell. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.


epithelial cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium.


epithelial cell development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.


intestinal epithelial cell development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


lung goblet cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung goblet cell. A goblet cell is a cell of the epithelial lining that produces and secretes mucins.


name: regulation of extracellular matrix organization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.


arterial system

description: The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all arteries.


venous system

description: The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all venous vessels. In vertebrates with a double circulation, this can be divided into systemic and pulmonary portions.


glomerular basement membrane

description: The layer of extracellular matrix that lies between the endothelium of the glomerular capillaries and the podocytes of the inner or visceral layer of the Bowman capsule; it is a fusion of the endothelial cell and podocyte basal laminas and acts as a physical barrier and an ion-selective filter.


FINC_HUMAN Fibronectin (sprot)

A fibronectin that is encoded in the genome of human.


CADH1_HUMAN Cadherin-1 (sprot)

A cadherin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBN1_HUMAN Fibrillin-1 (sprot)

A fibrillin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


hyaluronic acid

A mucopolysaccharide composed of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid subunits. It is found in the connective tissues of vertebrates. A principal constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM), it mediates the growth and metastasis of tumour cells.


CD44_HUMAN CD44 antigen (sprot)

A CD44 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.


TSP1_HUMAN Thrombospondin-1 (sprot)

A thrombospondin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A divalent metal cation in which the metal is manganese.


galactosylceramide sulfate

A galactosylceramide substituted at O(3) of galactose by a sulfo group.


hydroxylapatite

A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).


name: PTPRS_HUMAN Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase S (sprot)

description: A receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase S that is encoded in the genome of human.


SPRC_HUMAN SPARC (sprot)

A SPARC protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PAI1_HUMAN Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (sprot)

description: A plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NID1_HUMAN Nidogen-1 (sprot)

A nidogen-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PGBM_HUMAN Basement membrane-specific heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein (sprot)

description: A basement membrane-specific heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


PGS2_HUMAN Decorin (sprot)

A decorin that is encoded in the genome of human.


OSTP_HUMAN Osteopontin (sprot)

An osteopontin that is encoded in the genome of human.


BASI_HUMAN Basigin (sprot)

A basigin that is encoded in the genome of human.


ELN_HUMAN Elastin (sprot)

An elastin that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBLN5_HUMAN Fibulin-5 (sprot)

A fibulin-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: FGF2_HUMAN Fibroblast growth factor 2 (sprot)

description: A fibroblast growth factor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 isoform 1 (human)

description: A mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: COIA1_HUMAN Collagen alpha-1(XVIII) chain (sprot)

description: A collagen alpha-1(XVIII) chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: JAM1_HUMAN Junctional adhesion molecule A (sprot)

description: A junctional adhesion molecule A that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: JAM3_HUMAN Junctional adhesion molecule C (sprot)

description: A junctional adhesion molecule C that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CD47_HUMAN Leukocyte surface antigen CD47 (sprot)

description: A CD47 molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PECA1_HUMAN Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (sprot)

description: A platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SIAL_HUMAN Integrin-binding sialoprotein (sprot)

description: A bone sialoprotein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


LUM_HUMAN Lumican (sprot)

A lumican that is encoded in the genome of human.


VTNC_HUMAN Vitronectin (sprot)

A vitronectin that is encoded in the genome of human.


TENA_HUMAN Tenascin (sprot)

A tenascin that is encoded in the genome of human.


AGRIN_HUMAN Agrin (sprot)

An agrin that is encoded in the genome of human.


NET4_HUMAN Netrin-4 (sprot)

A netrin-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DMD_HUMAN Dystrophin (sprot)

A dystrophin that is encoded in the genome of human.


NRX1A_HUMAN Neurexin-1 (sprot)

A neurexin-1-alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: DSPP_HUMAN Dentin sialophosphoprotein (sprot)

description: A dentin sialophosphoprotein that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: DMP1_HUMAN Dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (sprot)

description: A dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DAG1_HUMAN Dystroglycan 1 (sprot)

A dystroglycan 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: HPLN1_HUMAN Hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (sprot)

description: A hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: NCAN_HUMAN Neurocan core protein (sprot)

description: A neurocan core protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: NCAM1_HUMAN Neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (sprot)

description: A neural cell adhesion molecule 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ICAM3_HUMAN Intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (sprot)

description: An intercellular adhesion molecule 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ICAM2_HUMAN Intercellular adhesion molecule 2 (sprot)

description: An intercellular adhesion molecule 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MATN3_HUMAN Matrilin-3 (sprot)

A matrilin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MATN4_HUMAN Matrilin-4 (sprot)

A matrilin-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CO4A1_HUMAN Collagen alpha-1(IV) chain (sprot)

description: A collagen alpha-1(IV) chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ICAM1_HUMAN Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sprot)

description: An intercellular adhesion molecule 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CO4A2_HUMAN Collagen alpha-2(IV) chain (sprot)

description: A collagen alpha-2(IV) chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TGFB3_HUMAN Transforming growth factor beta-3 proprotein (sprot)

description: A TGF-beta 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CSPG2_HUMAN Versican core protein (sprot)

description: A versican core protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PGCA_HUMAN Aggrecan core protein (sprot)

description: An aggrecan core protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


PGS1_HUMAN Biglycan (sprot)

A biglycan that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: MATN1_HUMAN Cartilage matrix protein (sprot)

description: A cartilage matrix protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBN2_HUMAN Fibrillin-2 (sprot)

A fibrillin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CO4A4_HUMAN Collagen alpha-4(IV) chain (sprot)

description: A collagen alpha-4(IV) chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: MFAP2_HUMAN Microfibrillar-associated protein 2 (sprot)

description: A microfibrillar-associated protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TGFB2_HUMAN Transforming growth factor beta-2 proprotein (sprot)

description: A TGF-beta 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CO4A3_HUMAN Collagen alpha-3(IV) chain (sprot)

description: A collagen alpha-3(IV) chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


FMOD_HUMAN Fibromodulin (sprot)

A fibromodulin that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: MFAP5_HUMAN Microfibrillar-associated protein 5 (sprot)

description: A microfibrillar-associated protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NID2_HUMAN Nidogen-2 (sprot)

A nidogen-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ICAM4_HUMAN Intercellular adhesion molecule 4 (sprot)

description: An intercellular adhesion molecule 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FBN3_HUMAN Fibrillin-3 (sprot)

A fibrillin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PGCB_HUMAN Brevican core protein (sprot)

description: A brevican core protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


ASPN_HUMAN Asporin (sprot)

An asporin that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ICAM5_HUMAN Intercellular adhesion molecule 5 (sprot)

description: An intercellular adhesion molecule 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


skin development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.


in utero embryonic development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.


cartilage development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.


collagen fibril organization

description: Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix.


chondrocyte differentiation

description: The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.


limb joint morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of a limb joint are generated and organized. A limb joint is a flexible region that separates the rigid sections of a limb to allow movement in a controlled manner.


chondroitin sulfate

A chondroitin sulfate in which the site of sulfation is carbon 4 of the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) sugar.


name: beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 isoform 1 (mouse)

description: A beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


migratory enteric neural crest cell

description: A neural crest cell that gives rise to cells of the enteric nervous system.


neural crest cell migration

description: The characteristic movement of cells from the dorsal ridge of the neural tube to a variety of locations in a vertebrate embryo.


enteric nervous system development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the enteric nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation.


node of Ranvier

description: An axon part that is a gap in the myelin where voltage-gated sodium channels cluster and saltatory conduction is executed.


follicular dendritic cell

description: A cell with extensive dendritic processes found in the B cell areas (primary follicles and germinal centers) of lymphoid tissue. They are unrelated to the dendritic cell associated with T cells. Follicular dendritic cells have Fc receptors and C3b receptors, but unlike other dendritic cells, they do not process or present antigen in a way that allows recognition by T cells. Instead, they hold antigen in the form of immune complexes on their surfaces for long periods and can present antigen to B cells during an immune response.


renal system

description: The renal system in an anatomical system that maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products.


name: extracellular matrix structural constituent

description: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix.


name: cochlin, signal peptide removed form (mouse)

description: A cochlin (mouse) that the signal peptide has been removed. UniProtKB:Q62507, 27-552.


cochlin p40 (mouse)

A cochlin, signal peptide removed form (mouse) that results from further cleavage of the LCCL domain (Pfam:PF03815) after aggrecanases proteolytic activity. UniProtKB:Q62507, 135-552.


name: unique cartilage matrix-associated protein isoform 1 (mouse)

description: A unique cartilage matrix-associated protein isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: interleukin-1 receptor-like 1 isoform B (mouse)

description: An interleukin-1 receptor-like 1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P14719-2.


name: Q810U6_MOUSE Phosphacan short isoform (trembl)

description: A receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase zeta (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q810U6.


name: transforming growth factor beta receptor binding

description: Binding to a transforming growth factor beta receptor.


nervous system development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.


name: cell surface receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: positive regulation of cell population proliferation

description: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.


peristalsis

description: A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along a tubelike structure, such as the intestine, impelling the contents onwards.


peripheral nervous system development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.


name: positive regulation of cell differentiation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation.


organ induction

description: The interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes them to change their fates and specify the development of an organ.


ureteric bud development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureteric bud over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


name: regulation of morphogenesis of a branching structure

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized.


postsynaptic membrane organization

description: A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynaptic membrane, the specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft).


basement membrane

description: A collagen-containing extracellular matrix consisting of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers.


description: An extracellular matrix consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that provides not only essential physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents but can also initiate crucial biochemical and biomechanical cues required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis. The components are secreted by cells in the vicinity and form a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells.


peptidase activator activity

description: Binds to and increases the activity of a peptidase.


proteoglycan binding

description: Binding to a proteoglycan, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.


cell-matrix adhesion

description: The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules.


cell-substrate junction assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate.


positive regulation of axon extension

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension.


description: The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction.


collagen binding

description: Binding to collagen, a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).


name: GDNF_HUMAN Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (sprot)

description: A glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


lung

description: Respiration organ that develops as an outpocketing of the esophagus.


respiratory system mucosa

description: The mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract.


macrophage chemotaxis

description: The movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.


chemokine-mediated signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by a chemokine binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

description: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent increase in the intracellular concentration of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).


name: negative regulation of interleukin-2 production

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production.


lipid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.


name: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-gated calcium channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


channel activator activity

description: Direct interaction with a channel (binding or modification), resulting in its opening. A channel catalyzes energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.


adenylate cyclase inhibitor activity

description: Binds to and decreases the activity of adenylate cyclase.


progesterone

A C21-steroid hormone in which a pregnane skeleton carries oxo substituents at positions 3 and 20 and is unsaturated at C(4)-C(5). As a hormone, it is involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy and embryogenesis of humans and other species.


dihydrotestosterone

A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.


acetate

A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of acetic acid.


propionate

The conjugate base of propionic acid; a key precursor in lipid biosynthesis.


A dicarboxylic acid dianion resulting from the removal of a proton from both of the carboxy groups of succinic acid.


lysophosphatidylserine

An acylglycerophosphoserine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylserine, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R(1) = acyl, R(2) = H or where R(1) = H, R(2) = acyl. Formula C7H13NO9PR, where R represents the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acyl group.


lactate

A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of lactic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.


An N-acylethanolamine 22:6 that is the ethanolamide of (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid.


A nucleoside 5'-diphosphate(3-) obtained by deprotonation of the three diphosphate OH groups of guanosine 5'-diphosphate (GMP); major species at pH 7.3.


name: regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.


name: SUCR1_HUMAN Succinate receptor 1 (sprot)

description: A succinate receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: GP174_HUMAN Probable G-protein coupled receptor 174 (sprot)

description: A probable G-protein coupled receptor 174 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: GPC6A_MOUSE G-protein coupled receptor family C group 6 member A (sprot)

description: A G-protein coupled receptor family C group 6 member A that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: PAR3_HUMAN Proteinase-activated receptor 3 (sprot)

description: A proteinase-activated receptor 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PAR4_HUMAN Proteinase-activated receptor 4 (sprot)

description: A proteinase-activated receptor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: GNA14_HUMAN Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-14 (sprot)

description: A guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: GNA11_HUMAN Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 (sprot)

description: A guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: GNA15_HUMAN Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-15 (sprot)

description: A guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-15 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: GNAQ_HUMAN Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha (sprot)

description: A guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


monocyte chemotaxis

description: The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus.


early endosome

description: A membrane-bounded organelle that receives incoming material from primary endocytic vesicles that have been generated by clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis; vesicles fuse with the early endosome to deliver cargo for sorting into recycling or degradation pathways.


intracellular anatomical structure

description: A component of a cell contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.


ruffle

description: Projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork.


podosome

description: An actin-rich adhesion structure characterized by formation upon cell substrate contact and localization at the substrate-attached part of the cell, contain an F-actin-rich core surrounded by a ring structure containing proteins such as vinculin and talin, and have a diameter of 0.5 mm.


phagolysosome membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a phagolysosome.


endolysosome

description: An transient hybrid organelle formed by fusion of a late endosome with a lysosome, and in which active degradation takes place.


phagocytic cup

description: An invagination of the cell membrane formed by an actin dependent process during phagocytosis. Following internalization it is converted into a phagosome.


protein-containing complex assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex.


signaling receptor binding

description: Binding to one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.


type II interferon production

description: The appearance of interferon-gamma due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.


interleukin-1 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


protein secretion

description: The controlled release of proteins from a cell.


chemokine production

description: The appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.


heme transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of heme from one side of a membrane to the other.


macrophage migration

description: The orderly movement of a macrophage from one site to another.


symbiont entry into host cell

description: The process by which a symbiont breaches the plasma membrane or cell envelope and enters the host cell. The process ends when the symbiont or its genome is released into the host cell.


protein transport

description: The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


Rho protein signal transduction

description: An intracellular signaling cassette in which a small monomeric GTPase of the Rho subfamily relays a signal.


cholesterol efflux

description: The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.


lipoprotein transport

description: The directed movement of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


I-kappaB phosphorylation

description: The process of introducing a phosphate group into an inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing bound NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.


T cell chemotaxis

description: The directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.


cell motility

description: Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another.


interleukin-10 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-10 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


response to exogenous dsRNA

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus.


fatty acid oxidation

description: The removal of one or more electrons from a fatty acid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen.


resolution phase response

description: An active host response phase of acute inflammation driven by specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) and signaling pathways, enabling timely tissue regeneration and return of function.


regulation of transferase activity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.


name: cellular response to oxidised low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxidized lipoprotein particle stimulus.


myeloid cell apoptotic process

description: Any apoptotic process in a myeloid cell, a cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage.


name: positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.


interleukin-18 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-18 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


response to muramyl dipeptide

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muramyl dipeptide stimulus. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.


aconitate decarboxylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: cis-aconitate + H+ = CO2 + itaconate.


extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with either a ligand binding to a cell surface receptor, or a ligand being withdrawn from a cell surface receptor (e.g. in the case of signaling by dependence receptors), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


alpha-tubulin acetylation

description: The addition of an acetyl group to the lysine 40 residue of alpha-tubulin.


acute inflammatory response

description: Inflammation which comprises a rapid, short-lived, relatively uniform response to acute injury or antigenic challenge and is characterized by accumulations of fluid, plasma proteins, and granulocytic leukocytes. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response.


name: negative regulation by host of viral genome replication

description: A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.


name: negative regulation of interferon-beta production

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.


DNA catabolic process

description: The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one.


cholesterol transport

description: The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


interferon-beta production

description: The appearance of interferon-beta due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


name: regulation of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.


programmed necrotic cell death

description: A necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.


positive regulation of phagocytosis

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.


phagocytosis, engulfment

description: The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis.


nitric oxide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.


description: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Lipopolysaccharides are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, making them prime targets for recognition by the immune system.


name: positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.


phagolysosome assembly

description: The process that results in the fusion of a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, with a lysosome.


opsonization

description: The process in which a microorganism (or other particulate material) is rendered more susceptible to phagocytosis by coating with an opsonin, a blood serum protein such as a complement component or antibody.


name: negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.


name: positive regulation of interleukin-6 production

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.


interleukin-12 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-12 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


name: acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

description: An acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response.


toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 2.


name: positive regulation of chemokine production

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.


macrophage cytokine production

description: The appearance of a macrophage cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


name: cellular response to bacterial lipopeptide

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.


cellular response to lipoteichoic acid

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoteichoic acid stimulus; lipoteichoic acid is a major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria and typically consists of a chain of glycerol-phosphate repeating units linked to a glycolipid anchor.


name: positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.


name: regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production.


name: regulation of tumor necrosis factor production

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor production.