cucurbitacin B

A cucurbitacin in which a lanostane skeleton is multi-substituted with hydroxy, methyl and oxo substituents, with unsaturation at positions 5 and 23; a hydroxy function at C-25 is acetylated.


A  monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-aminonicotinic acid with ammonia. An inhibitor of the NADP(+)-dependent enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, it interferes with glycolysis, resulting in ATP depletion and synergizes with DNA-crosslinking chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin, in killing cancer cells.


isocyanates

Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).


STIGMASTEROL

A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.


PYRROLOQUINOLINE QUINONE

A pyrroloquinoline having oxo groups at the 4- and 5-positions and carboxy groups at the 2-, 7- and 9-positions.


cobimetinib

A member of the class of N-acylazetidines obtained by selective formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,4-difluoro-2-(2-fluoro-4-iodoanilino)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group from the azetidine ring of 3-[(2S)-piperidin-2-yl]azetidin-3-ol. An inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase that is used (as its fumarate salt) in combination with vemurafenib for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma.


ceritinib

A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 2,6-diamino-5-chloropyrimidine in which the amino groups at positions 2 and 6 are respectively carrying 2-methoxy-4-(piperidin-4-yl)-5-methylphenyl and 2-(isopropylsulfonyl)phenyl substituents. Used for the treatment of ALK-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.


TPCK

The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.


LEPTOMYCIN B

A leptomycin having a (2E,10E,12E,16Z,18E)-double bond configuration as well as an ethyl substituent at position 17.


aceclofenac

A monocarboxylic acid that is the carboxymethyl ester of diclofenac. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug related to diclofenac, it is used in the management of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.


A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.


captopril

A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.


salt

A salt is an assembly of cations and anions.


dabrafenib

An organofluorine compound and antineoplastic agent, used as its mesylate salt in treatment of metastatic melanoma.


TTNPB

A  retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).


alvespimycin

A 19-membered macrocyle that is geldanamycin in which the methoxy group attached to the benzoquinone moiety has been replaced by a 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamino group.


L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate

An aldonolactone phosphate that is the 2-phosphate ester of L-ascorbic acid. It can stimulate collagen formation.


fosinopril

A phosphinate ester-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. A pro-drug, it is hydrolysed in vivo to the corresponding phosphininc acid, fosinoprilat, which is the active metabolite.


terbinafine

A tertiary amine that is N-methyl-1-naphthalenemethylamine in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3-(tertbutylethynyl)allyl group. An antifungal agent administered orally (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of skin and nail infections.


poly(ethylene glycol monomethacrylate)

A poly(ethylene glycol) derivative that is poly(ethylene glycol) in which one of the terminal hydroxy groups has been acylated by formal condensation with methacrylic acid.


vemurafenib

A pyrrolopyridine that is 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine which is substituted at position 5 by a p-chlorophenyl group and at positions 3 by a 3-amino-2,6-difluorobenzoyl group, the amino group of which has undergone formal condensation with propane-1-sulfonic acid to give the corresponding sulfonamide. An inhibitor of BRAF and other kinases.


A member of the class of indolones that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one which is substituted by a (2,6-dichlorobenzyl)sulfonyl group at position 5 and by a (1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylidene group at position 2, the pyrrole ring of which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 5, and by a [2-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]carbonyl group at position 4 (the Z,R isomer).


LOBELINE

An optically active piperidine alkaloid having a 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl group at the 6-position.


PROPOXUR

A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.


chlorpropamide

An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.


MEPANIPYRIM

A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine carrying additional methyl and 1-propynyl substituents at positions 4 and 6 respectively. A fungicide used to control a wide range of diseases including grey mould on strawberries, tomatoes and cucumabers, and scab on apples and pears.


antipsychotic agent

Antipsychotic drugs are agents that control agitated psychotic behaviour, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect.


IODOACETIC ACID

A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.


An  ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.


tipifarnib

A quinolone that is 1-methylquinolin-2-one which carries a 3-chlorophenyl and an amino(4-chlorophenyl)(1-methyl-imidazol-5-yl)methyl groups at the 4 and 6 positions, respectively (the R-isomer).


galunisertib

A pyrrolopyrazole that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 6-methylpyridin-2-yl and 6-(aminocarbonyl)quinolin-4-yl groups, respectively. A Transforming growth factor-betaRI (TGF-betaRI) kinase inhibitor, it blocks TGF-beta-mediated tumor growth in glioblastoma.


FLAVOKAWAIN B

A member of the class of chalcones that consists of trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy group at positions 2' and methoxy groups at positions 4' and 6'. Isolated from Piper methysticum and Piper rusbyi, it exhibits antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities.


JUGLONE

A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A plant-derived 1,4-naphthoquinone with confirmed antibacterial and antitumor activities.


PI3K/mTOR Kinase Inhibitor PF-04691502 is an agent targeting the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway, with potential antineoplastic activity.


LACTACYSTIN

L-Cysteine substituted at nitrogen by an acetyl group and at sulfur by a substituted-lactam carbonyl group.


BUTANONE

A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.


levamisole

A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.


flavanones

Members of the class of flavans with a 3,4-dihydro-2-aryl-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


phalloidin

A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.


SODIUM CYANIDE

A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.


azelaic acid

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.


immunological adjuvant

A substance that augments, stimulates, activates, potentiates, or modulates the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. A classical agent (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contains bacterial antigens. It could also be endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Its mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy is related to its antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.


NITROBENZENE

A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.


rifaximin

A semisynthetic member of the class of rifamycins and non-systemic gastrointestinal site-specific broad spectrum antibiotic. Used in the treatment of traveller's diarrhoea, hepatic encephalopathy and irritable bowel syndrome.


polydatin

A stilbenoid that is trans-resveratrol substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.


SODIUM AZIDE

The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).


LIQUIRTIGENIN

A dihydroxyflavanone compound having the two hydroxy substituents at the 4'- and 7-positions. Isolated from the root of Glycyrrhizae uralensis, it is a selective agonist for oestrogen receptor beta.


The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.


josamycin

A macrolide antibiotic produced by certain strains of Streptomyces narbonensis var. josamyceticus.


vismodegib

A benzamide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoic acid and the anilino group of 4-chloro-3-(pyridin-2-yl)aniline. Used for the treatment metastatic basal cell carcinoma.


QUINOLINIC ACID

A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.


(S)-timolol hemihydrate

A hydrate, which is the hemihydrate form of the (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol.


A member of the class of thianthrenes that is thianthrene substituted by a 6-(morpholin-4-yl)-4-oxo-4H-pyran-2-yl group at position 1. It is potent inhibitor of ATM kinase.


lumiracoxib

An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.


epichlorohydrin

An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.


noscapine

A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.


GOSSYPETIN

A hexahydroxyflavone having the hydroxy groups placed at the 3-, 3'-, 4'-, 5- 7- and 8-positions.


AURAPTENE

A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a geranyl group. Ii is isolated from several edible fruits and vegetables and exhibits a variety of therapeutic properties.


ruxolitinib

A pyrazole substituted at position 1 by a 2-cyano-1-cyclopentylethyl group and at position 3 by a pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl group. Used as the phosphate salt for the treatment of patients with intermediate or high-risk myelofibrosis, including primary myelofibrosis, post-polycythemia vera myelofibrosis and post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis.


name: Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (35-55)


THIOPENTAL SODIUM

An organic sodium salt having thiopental(1-) as the counter-ion.


glycolaldehyde

The glycolaldehyde derived from ethylene glycol. The parent of the class of glycolaldehydes.


An organic anion that is the conjugate base of 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane, obtained by deprotonation of the N-hydroxy group.


CAFESTOL

An organic heteropentacyclic compound and furan diterpenoid with formula C20H28O3 obtained from the unsaponifiable fraction of coffee oil (a lipid fraction obtained from coffee beans by organic solvent extraction).


porfimer

The sodium salt of porfimer. The purified component of haematoporphyrin derivative, it consists of a mixture of oligomeric porphyrins formed by ether and ester linkages of up to eight porphyrin units (n = 0-6), where R = CH(OH)Me and/or CH=CH2. After addition of hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide to pH 7.2 - 7.9, it is used as a photosensitiser in photodynamic therapy of non-small cell lung cancer, oesophageal cancer, and superficial bladder cancer. The drug is administered by slow intravenous injection and accumulates in malignant tissue. After 40-50 hours, it is activated by laser light at 630 nm, delivered to the tumour using a fibre optic guide. Subsequent spin transfer to oxygen molecules within the tissue, generates highly reactive singlet oxygen, and subsequent radical reactions generate superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Propagation of radical reactions ultimately kills the tumour cells.


teprenone

A terpene ketone in which a (9E,13E)-geranylgernayl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone (it is a mixture of 5E- and 5Z-geoisomers in a 3:2 ratio).


N,O-dimethyltyramine

A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.


oleamide

A fatty amide derived from oleic acid.


A member of the class of ureas that is 1-tert-butylurea in which one of the hydrogens attached to N(3) is substituted by a pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl group, which is itself substituted at positions 2 and 6 by a 4-(diethylamino)butyl]amino group and a 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group, respectively. It is a FGF/VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor.


A member of the class of imidazoles carrying 4-hydroxycyclohexyl, 4-fluorophenyl and 2-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl substituents at positions 1, 4 and 5 respectively.


2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid

The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.


A 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-methylbenzyl 3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.


streptomycin

A amino cyclitol glycoside that consists of streptidine having a disaccharyl moiety attached at the 4-position. The parent of the streptomycin class


cladribine

2'-Deoxyadenosine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine ring has been substituted by chlorine. It inhibits the synthesis and repair of DNA, particularly in  lymphocytes and monocytes, and is used as an antimetabolite antineoplastic drug for the treatment of lymphoid malignancies including  hairy-cell leukaemia and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.


An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.


flavonols

Any hydroxyflavone in which is the ring hydrogen at position 3 of the heterocyclic ring is replaced by a hydroxy group.


A pyrrolotriazine that is pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine which is substituted at position 2 by the pyrrolidine nitrogen of (2S)-N-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-2-methylprolinamide, and at position 4 by a (5-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino group. It is a potent, reversible inhibitor of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor/insulin receptor family kinases.


PENTOSALEN

A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.


A tocol in which the hydrocarbon chain at position 2 contains three double bonds.


eosin b

An organic sodium salt which is the disodium salt of eosin b diphenol.


oxiconazole

An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.


torin 2

A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-2-one carrying additional 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and 6-aminopyridin-3-yl substituents at positions 1 and 9 respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of mTOR and exhibits anti-cancer properties.


econazole

A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.


ACIFLUORFEN

A member of the class of benzoic acids that is 2-nitrobenzoic acid in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group. It is a herbicide used for the post-emergence control of a variety of annual broadleaf weeds.


ivabradine

A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.


pristane

A norterpene that is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon derived from phytane by loss of its C-16 terminal methyl group.


LATRUNCULIN A

A bicyclic macrolide natural product consisting of a 16-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica and from the Fiji Islands sponge Cacospongia mycofijiensis. Latrunculin A inhibits actin polymerisation, microfilament organsation and microfilament-mediated processes.


dibucaine

A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.


indole-3-propionic acid

An  indol-3-yl carboxylic acid that is  propionic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3.


sonolisib

An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is obtained from wortmanin via aminolysis of its furan ring by diallyl amine.


neoglucobrassicin

An indolyl carbohydrate that is glucobrassicin methoxy substituted at position 1 of the indole moiety.


magnesium sulfate

A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.


perifosine

A phospholipid consisting of 1,1-dimethylpiperidinium-4-yl hydrogen phosphate in which the hydrogen is replaced by a stearyl (octadecyl) group.


DIBENZOYLMETHANE

A beta-diketone that is acetylacetone (acac) in which both methyl groups have been replaced by phenyl groups. It is a minor constituent of the root extract of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and exhibits antimutagenic and anticancer effects.


diphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid

An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of  anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.


teniposide

A furonaphthodioxole that is a synthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with anti-tumour activity; causes single- and double-stranded breaks in DNA and DNA-protein cross-links and prevents repair by topoisomerase II binding.


antineoplastic agent

A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.


remifentanil

A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.


ajmaline

A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that consists of ajmalan substituted at positions 17 and 21 by hydroxy groups.


(S)-salsolinol

A 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol that has S-configuration.


varenicline

An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.


PAXILLINE

An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.


stilbenoid

Any olefinic compound characterised by a 1,2-diphenylethylene backbone.


omega-6 fatty acid

A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the n-6 position, i.e., the sixth bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid.


enflurane

An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.


vasopressin

The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.


oxcarbazepine

A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.


TEMEFOS

An organic sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which the hydrogen at the para position of each of the phenyl groups has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group.


bicuculline

A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.


paromomycin

An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.


An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.


oral contraceptive

A compound, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy.


AMINOCHROME

A member of the class of indoledione that is 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-indole carrying oxo groups at positions 5 and 6; major microspecies at pH 7.3. It is an endogenous compound formed during dopamine oxidation and can induce neurotoxicity under certain aberrant conditions and induce Parkinson-like syndrome.


ISOXABEN

A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid and the amino group of 3-(3-methylpentan-3-yl)-1,2-oxazol-5-amine.


benoxaprofen

A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.


anthracycline antibiotic

An organic compound that has a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine and which exhibits antibiotic activity.


isophorone diisocyanate

A diisocyanate in which the two isocyanate groups are linked by an isophorone substituent.


DIAMINOPYRIMIDINE

An aminopyrimidine in which a pyrimidine nucleus is substituted with amino groups at C-2 and C-4.


acesulfame

A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.


broxuridine

A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-bromouracil as the nucleobase.


MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE

A hydrate that is the hexahydrate form of magnesium dichloride.


kanamycin

Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.


TIRAPAZAMINE

A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.


METHOMYL

A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of  methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of  1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.


retigabine

A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An  anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.


A PYR-41 that has (Z)-configuration.


transfluthrin

A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl alcohol.


fotemustine

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fotemustine. It is an alkylating agent used in the treatment of malignant melanoma.


safranal

A monoterpenoid formally derived from beta-cyclocitral by dehydrogenation.


PIRIMICARB

An aminopyrimidine that is N,N,4,5-tetramethylpyrimidin-2-amine substituted by a (dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy group at position 4.


GUTHION

A member of the class of  benzotriazines that is  1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.


emodepside

A cyclooctadepsipeptide consisting of  D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, and N-methyl-L-leucyl residues joined in sequence to give a 24-membered macrocycle. An anthelmintic, it is used with praziquantel for the treatment and control of hookworm, roundworm and tapeworm infections in cats.


FENPROPATHRIN

A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between  2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.


compound E

An L-alanine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-[(3,5-difluorophenyl)acetyl]-L-alanine with the amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. An inhibitor of memapsin 2 (gamma-secretase).


DHβE

An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the partial hydrogenation of the 1,3-diene moiety of beta-erythroidine to give the corresponding 2-ene.


ALPHA-TOCOTRIENOL

A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, 7 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2. It has been found in palm oil derived from Elaeis guineensis.


sonidegib

A member of the classo of biphenyls that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-methyl-4'-(trifluoromethoxy)[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 6-(2,6-dimethylmorpholin-4-yl)pyridin-3-amine. Used (as its phosphate salt) for treatment of locally advanced basal cell carcinoma.


etomidate

The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.


A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.


STREPTONIGRIN

Complex cytotoxic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces flocculus or S. rufochronmogenus. It is used in advanced carcinoma and causes leukopenia.


HEPTANOATE

A C7, straight-chain fatty acid that contributes to the odour of some rancid oils. Used in the preparation of esters for the fragrance industry, and as an additive in cigarettes.


chlordiazepoxide

A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.


ETOFENPROX

An aromatic ether that is the 3-phenoxybenzyl ether of 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol.


CHLORAMINE-T ANHYDROUS

An  organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.


TECHTOCHRYSIN

A monohydroxyflavone that is  flavone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 7 respectively.


aliskiren

A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.


N,N-dimethylacetamide

A member of the class of  acetamides that is  acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.


A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.


flurazepam

A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.


disinfectant

An antimicrobial agent that is applied to non-living objects to destroy harmful microorganisms or to inhibit their activity.


desmethylnaproxen

A member of the class of naphthols that is naproxen in which the 6-methoxy group has been demethylated.


parecoxib

An N-acylsulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of valdecoxib with propionic acid. It is a prodrug for valdecoxib.


cangrelor

A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.


An N-substituted ethylenediamine compound having 1-naphthyl as the substituent.


A hexadienal that is hexanal with trans double bonds at positions 2 and 4. It is found in tomatoes, kiwi fruit, mangoes, potato chips, herbs and spices.


A member of the class of  hydroquinones that is benzene-1,4-diol substituted by tert-butyl groups at position 2 and 5.


allyl cyanide

An aliphatic nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an allyl group.


GERANYLGERANOIC ACID

A diterpenoid obtained by formal oxidation of the CH2OH group of (E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol to the corresponding carboxylic acid.


A trisubstituted guanidine, carrying 4-cyanophenyl, diphenylmethyl and carboxymethyl substituents, which is known to act as a highly potent sweetening agent.


tranilast

An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.


calcium channel blocker

One of a class of drugs that acts by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools.


GINSENOSIDE RD

A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside.


opioid analgesic

A narcotic or opioid substance, synthetic or semisynthetic agent producing profound analgesia, drowsiness, and changes in mood.


CLOSANTEL

An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid with the amino group of aniline substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by methyl, (4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl, and methyl groups respectively.


name: Carbamic acid, N,N-dimethyl-, 6-(1-naphthalenyl)pyrrolo(2,1-d)(1,5)benzoxazepin-7-yl ester


3-hydroxypyruvic acid

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate involved in the glycine and serine metabolism.


CHLORPROPHAM

A carbamate ester that is the isopropyl ester of 3-chlorophenylcarbamic acid.


DIPHENYLAMINE

An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.


adapalene

A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.


A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.


plitidepsin

A didemnin that is didemin B in which the hydroxy group of the 1-(2-hydroxypropanoyl)-L-prolinamide moiety has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. It was originally isolated from the Mediterranean tunicate Aplidium albicans.


A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 5.


anticoagulant

An agent that prevents blood clotting.


ETANIDAZOLE

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine. Used as a radiosensitising agent for hypoxic tumour cells.


spinosad

A two-component mixture comprising spinosyn A and spinosyn D in a ratio of approximately 5:1. Obtained from the fermentation of the naturally occurring soil dwelling bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa, it is used for the topical treatment of head lice.


cyanates

Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.


A triazolopyrimidine that is [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing an amino substituent at position 7.


SULFURIC ACID DIMETHYL ESTER

The dimethyl ester of sulfuric acid.


miltefosine

A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.


COFORMYCIN

An N-glycosyl in which (8R)-3,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1,3]diazepin-8-ol is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(3)-glycosidic bond. compound The parent of the class of coformycins.


FLUOPYRAM

A member of the class of benzamides, obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid with the amino group of 2-[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethylamine. A fungicide used for foiliar application and as a seed treatment in order to control botrystis, powdery mildew and other diseases.


name: EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor

description: An EC 1.5.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3).


PIERICIDIN A

A member of the class of monohydroxypyridines that acts as an irreversible mitochondrial Complex I inhibitor that strongly associates with ubiquinone binding sites in both mitochondrial and bacterial forms of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase


A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.


QUESTIOMYCIN B

The aminophenol which has the single amino substituent located ortho to the phenolic -OH group.


NU 1025

A member of the class of  quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(1H)-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8 and a methyl group at position 2. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against  poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.


N-(3-oxododecanoyl)homoserine lactone

A N-acyl homoserine lactone that is the monocarboxylic acid amide arising from formal condensation of homoserine lactone with 3-oxododecanoic acid.


NITROBLUE TETRAZOLIUM CHLORIDE

An organic chloride salt having nitro blue tetrazolium(2+) as the counterion.


SULFENTRAZONE

A member of the class of triazoles that is 5-oxo-1,2,4-triazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3, and 4 by 2,4-dichloro-5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenyl, methyl, and difluoromethyl groups, respectively. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it is used as a herbicide to control broad-leaved weeds in soya and tobacco crops. Not approved for use within the European Union.


METHYLAMINE

The simplest of the methylamines, consisting of ammonia bearing a single methyl substituent.


alkylating agent

Highly reactive chemical that introduces alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevents their proper functioning. It could be used as an antineoplastic agent, but it might be very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. It could also be used as a component of poison gases.


QUIZALOFOP ETHYL ESTER

An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoic acid with ethanol.


ibogaine

An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is ibogamine in which the indole hydrogen para to the indole nitrogen has been replaced by a methoxy group.


mescaline

A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.


A member of the class of pyrazoles that is N-[4-(pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl]glycinamide in which the pyrazole ring is substituted at positions 3 and 5 by trifluoromethyl and phenanthrene-2-yl groups respectively.


hydroquinones

Benzenediols that have the hydroxy substituents in the 1- and 4-positions.


anthracenes

Compounds containing an anthracene skeleton.


An alanine derivative that is L-alanine bearing a 5-fluorouracil-1-yl substituent at position 3. A more potent and selective AMPA receptor agonist (at hGluR1 and hGluR2) than AMPA itself (Ki = 14.7, 25.1, and 1820 nM for hGluR1, hGluR2 and hGluR5 respectively).


STIGMATELLIN

A member of the class of chromones that is isolated from Stigmatella aurantiaca Sg a15.


epothilone

Any member of the class of 16-membered macrolide natural products, or their analogues, normally containing a double bond or its epoxide at positions 12-13 and bearing hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 8, methyl groups at positions 5, 5, 7, and 9, an oxo group at position 6, and a 1-(2-substituted-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)prop-1-en-2-yl substituent at position 15.


isobutyronitrile

An aliphatic nitrile that is acetonitrile in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.


The simplest member of the class of 2-pyranones that is 2H-pyran with an oxo substituent at position 2.


A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by 4-chlorobenzyl and formyl groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is an anti-cancer agent that is active against lung cancer cells with K-Ras mutations.


rodenticide

A substance used to destroy rodent pests.


ancitabine

An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.


A glutathione conjugate in which the thiol hydrogen of glutathione has been replaced by a 2,5-dihydroxyphenyl group.


SPINOSYN A

A spinosyn in which the sugar amino and hydroxy groups are globally methylated. One of the two active ingredients of spinosad.


EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor

An EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitor which interferes with the action of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14) and so reduces production of estrogenic steroid hormones.


8-epi-prostaglandin E2

A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.


ramiprilat

A dipeptide that is the active metabolite of ramipril. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.


clobazam

7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.


satraplatin

A platinum coordination entity that consists of a central platunum atom bound to chloro (x2), acetate (x2), amino, and cyclohexylamino groups. Used for treatment of advanced prostate cancer.


infigratinib

A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group, while the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 6-{[4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]amino}pyrimidin-4-yl group. It is a potent and selective fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor.


demeclocycline

Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.


cyclohexyl isocyanate

An isocyanate comprising a cyclohexane core with a single isocyanato substituent.


A 2-methylbutyronitrile that has S configuration.


A monocarboxylic acid that is the 5-hydroxylated metabolite of diclofenac.


isoamyl acetate

The acetate ester of isoamylol.


A tertiary carboxamide that is piperazine in which one of the amino groups has undergone condensation with the carboxy group of N-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-L-serine, while the other has undergone condensation with the carboxy group of N-(1-benzothiophen-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-leucine. It is a cell-permeable, potent and selective agonist of the TRPV4 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 4) channel.


SEMUSTINE

An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.


peroxides

Compounds of structure ROOR'.


eluxadoline

An amino acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-L-phenylalanine with the secondary amino group of 2-methoxy-5-({[(1S)-1-(4-phenylimidazol-2-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid. It has mixed opioid receptor activity and is used for treatment of  irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea.


A hydroxytoluene that is phenol substituted by amino and methyl groups at positions 2 and 4, respectively. It is a metabolite of disperse yellow 3.


piclidenoson

A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.


A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.


A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.


ATPGAMMAS

A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.


A monocarboxylic acid that is the 4'-hydroxylated metabolite of diclofenac.


A trichlorobiphenyl that is 1,4-dichlorobenzene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a 3-chlorophenyl group.


name: DIPHOSPHOMETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID ADENOSYL ESTER


regulation of glutamate secretion

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.


name: positive regulation of glutamate secretion

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.


peptidyl-lysine trimethylation

description: The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine.


peptidyl-lysine monomethylation

description: The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-methyl-L-lysine.


name: N-terminal protein N-methyltransferase activity

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) to the alpha-amino group of the N-terminal amino or imino acid residue of a protein substrate. For example, yeast Tae1p and mammalian family member METTL11A preferentially modify the N-terminal residue of substrates with the N-terminal sequence X-Pro-Lys, where X can be Pro, Ala, or Ser.


name: hindbrain-spinal cord boundary formation

description: The process whose specific outcome is the formation of the hindbrain-spinal cord boundary.


name: mitotic DNA replication DNA duplex unwinding

description: Any DNA duplex unwinding involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.


name: L-ascorbate:sodium symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: L-ascorbate(out) + Na+(out) = L-ascorbate(in) + Na+(in).


regulation of protein dephosphorylation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.


nascent polypeptide-associated complex

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A heterodimeric protein complex that can reversibly bind to ribosomes, and is located in direct proximity to newly synthesized polypeptide chains as they emerge from the ribosome.


tooth replacement

description: The process whose specific outcome is the replacement of an existing tooth with another tooth.


name: nucleolar large rRNA transcription by RNA polymerase I

description: The synthesis of the large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript which encodes several rRNAs, e.g. in mammals 28S, 18S and 5.8S, from a nuclear DNA template transcribed by RNA polymerase I.


alpha-ketoglutarate reductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor -> (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor.


name: serine family amino acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.


name: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex

description: A complex of several polypeptides that plays at least two important roles in protein synthesis: First, eIF3 binds to the 40S ribosome and facilitates loading of the Met-tRNA/eIF2.GTP ternary complex to form the 43S preinitiation complex. Subsequently, eIF3 apparently assists eIF4 in recruiting mRNAs to the 43S complex. The eIF3 complex contains five conserved core subunits, and may contain several additional proteins; the non-core subunits are thought to mediate association of the complex with specific sets of mRNAs.


nicotinamidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: nicotinamide + H2O = nicotinate + NH3.


NAD salvage

description: Any process that generates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis; salvage is usually from the degradation products nicotinic acid (Na) and nicotinamide (Nam).


CENP-A recruiting complex

description: A protein complex that includes Mis16(Yippee family) and/or Mis18 (WD repeat) subunits that is involved in the deposition of centromere specific (CENP-A containing) nucleosomes at the centromere.


negative regulation of phosphorylation

description: Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.


name: extracellular matrix organization involved in endocardium development

description: A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix of the endocardium. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + [dinitrogen reductase] = nicotinamide + ADP-D-ribosyl-[dinitrogen reductase].


description: A protein complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate beta-D-mannosyltransferase activity; contains a catalytic subunit, a regulatory subunit, and a third subunit that stabilizes the complex. In human and several other metazoa, the subunits are named DPM1, DPM2 and DPM3, respectively.


corticospinal tract

category: biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The corticospinal fibers that arise from the pyramidal cells within the cerebral cortex layer V of the precentral motor area, the premotor area and the postcentral gyrus, then descend into and through the medulla to form the lateral corticospinal tract and the anterior corticospinal tract.


late endosome to Golgi transport

description: The directed movement of substances from late endosomes to the Golgi.


An unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of (7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)-3-oxodocosatetraenoic acid.


A 3-oxo-fatty acyl-CoA arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate functions of 3-oxodocosanoyl-CoA; principal microspecies at pH 7.3.


chitin synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + [->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1-](n) = UDP + [->4)-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-(1-](n+1).


ecdysis, chitin-based cuticle

description: The shedding of the old chitin-based cuticlar fragments during the molting cycle. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


cuticle

description: Tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Cuticles are non-homologous, differing in their origin, structure and chemical composition[WP].


hemolymphoid system

description: Anatomical cluster consisting of the hematopoietic system and the lymphoid system, or its analogs.


photoreceptor inner segment layer

description: Layer of the retina composed of the inner segments of the photoreceptor cells.


response to leptin

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leptin stimulus. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body. It plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism].


STRN4_HUMAN Striatin-4 (sprot)

A striatin-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


alpha-actinin binding

description: Binding to alpha-actinin, one of a family of proteins that cross-link F-actin as antiparallel homodimers. Alpha-actinin has a molecular mass of 93-103 KDa; at the N-terminus there are two calponin homology domains, at the C-terminus there are two EF-hands. These two domains are connected by the rod domain. This domain is formed by triple-helical spectrin repeats.


patched binding

description: Binding to a patched (ptc) protein, a receptor for hedgehog proteins.


olfactory behavior

description: The behavior of an organism in response to an odor.


response to cycloheximide

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cycloheximide stimulus. Cycloheximide (actidione) is an antibiotic produced by some Streptomyces species which interferes with protein synthesis in eukaryotes.


DOK2_HUMAN Docking protein 2 (sprot)

A docking protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DOK6_HUMAN Docking protein 6 (sprot)

A docking protein 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DOK4_HUMAN Docking protein 4 (sprot)

A docking protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SHAN3_HUMAN SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 3 (sprot)

description: An SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PDLI7_HUMAN PDZ and LIM domain protein 7 (sprot)

description: A PDZ and LIM domain protein 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DOK5_HUMAN Docking protein 5 (sprot)

A docking protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: regulation of actin filament-based process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton.


wound healing, spreading of cells

description: The migration of a cell along or through a wound gap that contributes to the reestablishment of a continuous surface.


choroidal cell of the eye

category: biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A structural cell that is part of optic choroid.


cochlea auditory hair cell

description: An auditory hair cell found in the cochlea.


glutathione import into mitochondrion

description: The process in which glutathione is transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix.


mucosal immune response

description: An immune response taking place in mucosal tissues, including those of the intestinal tract, nasal and upper respiratory tract, and genital tract.


name: negative regulation of autophagic cell death

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic cell death.


name: antigen processing and presentation of endogenous antigen

description: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.


name: positive regulation of protein modification process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a protein.


intracellular amino acid homeostasis

description: A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of amino acids within a cell.


regulation of pigmentation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition or modulates the distribution of coloring matter in an organism.


endothelial tip cell fate specification

description: The process involved in the specification of identity of an endothelial tip cell. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment. An endothelial tip cell is a specialized endothelial cell localized to the leading edge of an angiogenic sprout that senses extracellular signals and guides the directed growth of blood vessels.


name: regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the catecholamine neurotransmitter dopamine into a cell.


name: positive regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of dopamine into a cell.


name: G protein-coupled receptor catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a G protein-coupled receptor.


GDP-mannose metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.


pronephric nephron tubule development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pronephric nephron tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron and connects the filtration unit (glomerulus or glomus) of the pronephros to the pronephric duct.


name: PTPRD_HUMAN Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase delta (sprot)

description: A receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase delta that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: positive regulation of protein localization to synapse

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to synapse.


name: regulation of trans-synaptic signaling by endocannabinoid, modulating synaptic transmission

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trans-synaptic signaling by endocannabinoid, modulating synaptic transmission.


name: positive regulation of synapse maturation

description: Any process that increases the extent of synapse maturation, the process that organizes a synapse so that it attains its fully functional state.


new growing cell tip

description: A cell tip that was newly formed at the last cell division, and that has started to grow after the cell has activated bipolar cell growth (i.e. in which new end take-off, NETO, has taken place). New end take-off is when monopolar cells initiate bipolar growth.


name: group III metabotropic glutamate receptor activity

description: A G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by L-AP-4 and inhibits adenylate cyclase activity.


dark adaptation

description: The process by which the rods of the retina gradually become fully responsive to dim light when no longer exposed to bright light.


maintenance of animal organ identity

description: The process in which the identity of an animal organ is maintained. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


name: CD11B_HUMAN Cyclin-dependent kinase 11B (sprot)

description: A cyclin-dependent kinase 11B that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric

description: The cell cycle process in which centromeres of sister chromatids are joined during mitosis.


synapse pruning

description: A cellular process that results in the controlled breakdown of synapse. After it starts the process is continuous until the synapse has disappeared.


Sin3-type complex

description: Any of a number of evolutionarily conserved histone deacetylase complexes (HDACs) containing a core consisting of a paired amphipathic helix motif protein (e.g. Sin3p in S. cerevisiae, Pst1 in S. pombe or Sin3A in mammals) at least one class I histone deacetylase (e.g. Rpd3p in S. cerevisiae, Clr6 in S. pombe, or HDAC1 and HDAC2 in mammals), and at least one WD40 repeat protein (e.g. Ume1p in S. cerevisiae, Prw1 in S. pombe, or RbAp46 and RbAp48 in mammals). These complexes also contain a variable number of other proteins that direct histone binding, DNA binding, or add other functionality to the complex.


Snt2C complex

description: A histone deacetylase complex that is part of the chromatin remodeling machinery. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae this complex contains Snt2p, Ecm5p and Rpd3p.


name: protein localization to nucleolar rDNA repeats

description: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the rDNA repeats on a chromosome in the nucleolus.


maintenance of location

description: Any process in which a cell, substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere.


name: regulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lysosomal protein catabolic process.


name: GABAergic neuron differentiation in basal ganglia

description: The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a GABAergic inhibitory neuron in the basal ganglia. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a GABAergic neuron.


response to thyroid hormone

description: A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyroid hormone stimulus.


name: positive regulation of protein localization to early endosome

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to early endosome.


name: vestibular receptor cell stereocilium organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of vestibular hair cells.


name: triplet codon-amino acid adaptor activity

description: The codon binding activity of a tRNA that positions an activated amino acid, mediating its insertion at the correct point in the sequence of a nascent polypeptide chain during protein synthesis.


selenocysteine incorporation

description: The incorporation of selenocysteine into a peptide; uses a special tRNA that recognizes the UGA codon as selenocysteine, rather than as a termination codon. Selenocysteine is synthesized from serine before its incorporation; it is not a posttranslational modification of peptidyl-cysteine.


name: SHB_HUMAN SH2 domain-containing adapter protein B (sprot)

description: An SH2 domain-containing adapter protein B that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SH22A_HUMAN SH2 domain-containing protein 2A (sprot)

description: An SH2 domain-containing protein 2A that is encoded in the genome of human.


peptidoglycan binding

description: Interacting selectively and non-covalently, in a non-covalent manner, with peptidoglycan, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.


name: negative regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.


name: positive regulation of RIG-I signaling pathway

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RIG-I signaling pathway.


name: immunoglobulin production in mucosal tissue

description: The synthesis and release of immunoglobulin in the mucosal tissue.


L-ascorbic acid transmembrane transport

description: The process in which L-ascorbic acid is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. L-ascorbate, (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate, is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species.


name: regulation of trans-synaptic signaling by BDNF, modulating synaptic transmission

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trans-synaptic signaling by BDNF, modulating synaptic transmission.


name: regulation of postsynaptic dense core vesicle exocytosis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynaptic dense core vesicle exocytosis.


name: negative regulation of neurotransmitter secretion

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.


name: regulation of neurotransmitter secretion

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell.


substance P secreting cell

description: A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes substance P.


mRNA 5'-splice site recognition

description: Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.


serine phosphorylation of STAT protein

description: The process of introducing a phosphate group to a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


name: positive regulation of protein targeting to membrane

description: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.


superior olivary nucleus maturation

description: A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the superior olivary nucleus to attain its fully functional state. The superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound.


epinephrine secretion

description: The regulated release of epinephrine by a cell. Epinephrine is a catecholamine hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter, released by certain neurons and active in the central nervous system.


adrenal chromaffin cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of an adrenal chromaffin cell. An adrenal chromaffin cell is a neuroendocrine cell that stores epinephrine secretory vesicles.


type I enteroendocrine cell

description: An enteroendocrine cell commonest in the duodenum and jejunum, rare in ileum, that secretes cholecystokinin. This cell type is involved in the regulation of digestive enzymes and bile.


mitotic spindle midzone

description: The area in the center of the anaphase spindle consisting of microtubules, microtubule bundling factors and kinesin motors where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap in an antiparallel manner.


mitotic metaphase chromosome alignment

description: A chromosome localization process whereby chromosomes are positioned in a specific order and orientation at the metaphase plate (spindle equator), during mitotic chromosome segregation. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive the correct number of chromosomes during cell division.


name: regulation of vasoconstriction by circulating norepinephrine

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels as a result of secretion of norepinephrine into the bloodstream.


longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum

description: The portion of the free sarcoplasmic reticulum consisting of longitudinal tubules that connect terminal cisternae.


skeletal muscle adaptation

description: Any process in which skeletal muscles change their phenotypic profiles in response to altered functional demands and a variety of signals.


name: regulation of excitatory postsynaptic membrane potential involved in skeletal muscle contraction

description: Any process, involved in skeletal muscle contraction, that modulates the establishment or extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.


name: positive regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.


name: negative regulation of synaptic plasticity

description: A process that decreases synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.


name: negative regulation of protein export from nucleus

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.


acetylcholine binding

description: Binding to acetylcholine, an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline that functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.


rRNA acetylation

description: The modification of rRNA structure by addition of an acetyl group to rRNA. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.


name: protein complex involved in cell adhesion

description: Any protein complex that is capable of carrying out some part of the process of cell adhesion to the cell matrix or to another cell.


name: inducible T-cell costimulator isoform 1 (human)

description: An inducible T-cell costimulator isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TNR14_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14 (sprot)

description: A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: BTLA_HUMAN B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (sprot)

description: A B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator that is encoded in the genome of human.


ICOSL_HUMAN ICOS ligand (sprot)

An ICOS ligand that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: positive regulation of centriole replication

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centriole replication.


name: WW domain-binding protein 5 isoform 1 (mouse)

description: A transcription elongation factor A protein-like 9 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


neuroblast fate determination

description: The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuroblast cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.


name: regulation of timing of subpallium neuron differentiation

description: The process controlling the timing and/or rate at which a relatively unspecialized cell in the subpallium acquires features of a neuron. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon.


platelet alpha granule

description: A secretory organelle found in blood platelets, which is unique in that it exhibits further compartmentalization and acquires its protein content via two distinct mechanisms: (1) biosynthesis predominantly at the megakaryocyte (MK) level (with some vestigial platelet synthesis) (e.g. platelet factor 4) and (2) endocytosis and pinocytosis at both the MK and circulating platelet levels (e.g. fibrinogen (Fg) and IgG).


cerebellar granular layer morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellar granular layer is generated and organized. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.


name: negative regulation of platelet activation

description: Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.


mating plug formation

description: The deposition of a plug of sperm or other gelatinous material into the opening of the vulva by a male at the termination of copulation. Probably acts to prevent subsequent matings by other males.


seminal vesicle epithelium development

description: The progression of the seminal vesicle epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


histone acetyltransferase binding

description: Binding to an histone acetyltransferase.


glutamate-cysteine ligase complex

description: An enzyme complex that catalyzes the ligation of glutamate to cysteine, forming glutamylcysteine.


name: negative regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.


name: regulation of mitochondrial depolarization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the change in the membrane potential of the mitochondria from negative to positive.


name: regulation of interleukin-1 beta production

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.


Myb complex

description: A multisubunit complex consisting of Myb and other proteins that regulates site specific DNA replication, gene amplification and transcriptional repression.


leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity

description: The directed killing of a target cell by a leukocyte.


name: positive regulation of focal adhesion assembly

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of focal adhesion assembly, the establishment and maturation of focal adhesions.


positive regulation of actin nucleation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation, the initial step in the formation of an actin filament in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament.


ureteric bud invasion

description: The process in which the ureteric bud grows along its axis and contributes to the formation of the metanephros.


name: dynamin-1-like protein isoform m2 (mouse)

description: A dynamin-1-like protein (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8K1M6-2.


phospholipid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


regulation of phospholipase A2 activity

description: Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2.


name: regulation of phospholipid catabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of phospholipid catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


name: STAP2_HUMAN Signal-transducing adaptor protein 2 (sprot)

description: A signal-transducing adaptor protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: proprioception involved in equilibrioception

description: The series of events contributing to equilibrioception by which an organism senses the position, location, orientation, and movement of the body and its parts. Proprioception plays an important role in the ability of an organism to perceive its orientation with respect to gravity.


cellular response to interleukin-3

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-3 stimulus.


neural fold bending

description: The morphogenesis of the neural fold elevations that results in the movement of the tips of the elevations towards each other in order to fuse.


name: midbrain-hindbrain boundary maturation during brain development

description: A developmental process occurring after the brain has been specified along the neural axis that is required for the midbrain-hindbrain boundary to attain its fully functional state. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.


name: planar cell polarity pathway involved in outflow tract morphogenesis

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract.


name: heterotrimeric G-protein complex assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


pyruvate kinase PKM isoform M1 (mouse)

A pyruvate kinase PKM isoform M1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: regulation of epidermal cell differentiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.


MutSalpha complex

description: A heterodimer involved in the recognition and repair of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MSH2 and MSH6.


guanine/thymine mispair binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a G/T mispair.


mismatched DNA binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing one or more mismatches.


name: somatic recombination of immunoglobulin genes involved in immune response

description: The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, also known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus following the induction of and contributing to an immune response.


name: positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator.


name: negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator.


name: MSH3_HUMAN DNA mismatch repair protein Msh3 (sprot)

description: A DNA mismatch repair protein Msh3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: MSH6_HUMAN DNA mismatch repair protein Msh6 (sprot)

description: A DNA mismatch repair protein Msh6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: convergent extension involved in somitogenesis

description: The morphogenetic process in which a presomitic mesoderm narrows along the left-right axis and lengthens in the rostral-caudal axis contributing to somitogenesis.


tau-protein kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + tau-protein = ADP + O-phospho-tau-protein.


name: negative regulation of neuron maturation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation.


name: positive regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation

description: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.


phosphatidylglycerol metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol. They are important constituents of cell membranes.


name: cerebellar Purkinje cell layer maturation

description: A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer to attain its fully functional state. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.


name: inhibition of neuroepithelial cell differentiation

description: Any process that prevents the activation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation. Neuroepithelial cell differentiation is the process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.


salivary gland development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the salivary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Salivary glands include any of the saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity.


glandular epithelial cell development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glandular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.


APOA_HUMAN Apolipoprotein(a) (sprot)

An apolipoprotein(a) that is encoded in the genome of human.


intussusceptive angiogenesis

description: The formation of new blood vessels as a result of the insertion and extension of lumenal tissue pillars.


keratinocyte migration

description: The directed movement of a keratinocyte, epidermal cells which synthesize keratin, from one site to another.


nuclear receptor binding

description: Binding to a nuclear receptor protein. Nuclear receptor proteins are DNA-binding transcription factors which are regulated by binding to a ligand.


myosin filament assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a filament composed of myosin molecules.


striated muscle cell apoptotic process

description: A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. Striated muscle cells make up striated muscle fibers which are divided by transverse bands into striations.


name: stimulatory C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of C-type lectin to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and resulting in cellular activation.


name: natural killer cell inhibitory signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of a natural killer cell capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response.


name: regulation of forebrain neuron differentiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of forebrain neuron differentiation.


craniofacial suture morphogenesis

description: The process in which any suture between cranial and/or facial bones is generated and organized.


name: forebrain ventricular zone progenitor cell division

description: The mitotic division of a basal progenitor giving rise to two neurons.


name: stomach neuroendocrine cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroendocrine cell of the stomach epithelium.


name: lung neuroendocrine cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroendocrine cell of the lung epithelium.


name: carotid body glomus cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a glomus cell of the carotid body. The carotid body is a specialized chemosensory organ that helps respond to hypoxia.


pituicyte

description: A glial cell of astrocytic lineage with long processes running parallel to adjacent axons in the proximal infundibulum of the neurohypophysis. These processes form a three-dimensional network among the axons of the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells and are connected by gap junctions which provide for their metabolic coupling. This cell type constitutes most of the nonexcitable tissue in the neurohypophsis; function may include possibly acting as an intermediate in the modulation of oxytocin and vasopressin release. This cell type is highly variable in size and shape and commonly contain lipid droplets and deposits of lipochrome pigment.


description: A myoepithelial cell that is part of a mammary gland and is located in the basal layer. During lactation, a basal-myoepithelial cell of mammary gland contracts under the stimulation of oxytocin. In humans, a basal-myoepithelial cell of mammary gland can be identified by high levels of CD49f and low levels of EpCAM.


name: calcium ion binding involved in regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration

description: The directed change of presynaptic cytosolic free calcium ion concentration in the cytosol via the reversible binding of calcium ions to calcium-binding proteins in the cytosol thereby modulating the spatial and temporal dynamics of changes in presynaptic cytosolic calcium concentrations.


name: antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-dependent

description: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex following intracellular transport via a TAP-dependent ER pathway. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell and becomes associated with the MHC class I molecule in the ER following TAP-dependent transport from the cytosol. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.


name: protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum exit site

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location at an endoplasmic reticulum exit site.


membrane coat

description: Any of several different proteinaceous coats that can associate with membranes. Membrane coats include those formed by clathrin plus an adaptor complex, the COPI and COPII complexes, and possibly others. They are found associated with membranes on many vesicles as well as other membrane features such as pits and perhaps tubules.


copper ion transport

description: The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


5-methylcytosine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving 5-methylcytosine, a methylated base of DNA.


name: positive regulation of gene expression via chromosomal CpG island demethylation

description: An epigenetic gene regulation mechanism that positively regulates gene expression by demethylation of cytosine residues in chromosomal CpG islands. CpG islands are genomic regions that contain a high frequency of the CG dinucleotide and are often associated with the transcription start site of genes.


basal cortex

description: The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the basal edge of a cell.


RNA metabolic process

description: The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.


pinocytosis

description: An endocytosis process that results in the uptake of liquid material by cells from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, called pinosomes, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane.


name: positive regulation of cell-matrix adhesion

description: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to an extracellular matrix.


optic fissure

description: Groove that is in the developing ventral optic cup and through which blood vessels pass to the enclosed mesenchyme[ZFA]. a ventral fissure in the developing optic cup through which blood vessels pass to the enclosed mesenchyme[Free online medical dictionary].


regulation of corticosterone secretion

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of corticosterone secretion.


name: squamous basal epithelial stem cell differentiation involved in prostate gland acinus development

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell acquires specialized features of a squamous basal epithelial stem cell of the prostate.


soft palate development

description: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the soft palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. The soft palate is the posterior portion of the palate extending from the posterior edge of the hard palate.


name: negative regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.


importin-alpha family protein binding

description: Binding to a member of the importin-alpha family.


late recombination nodule

description: An electron dense structure that is associated with meiotic chromosomes in pachytene during meiosis I.


meiotic spindle midzone assembly

description: The formation of the spindle midzone, the area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap, as a part of the process of meiosis.


name: meiotic metaphase I homologous chromosome alignment

description: A cell cycle process whereby homlogous chromosomes are positioned in a specific order and orientation at the metaphase plate (spindle equator) by the spindle machinery and centromere/kinetochore arrangement during meiosis I chromosome segregation. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive the correct number of chromosomes during cell division.


name: DNA double-strand break processing involved in repair via single-strand annealing

description: The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang that results in the repair of a double strand break via single-strand annealing.


name: negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation

description: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.


AATF_HUMAN Protein AATF (sprot)

A protein AATF that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-4 isoform JM-B CYT-2 (mouse)

description: A receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-4 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: TSC22 domain family protein 1 isoform 2 (mouse)

description: A TSC22 domain family protein 1 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: Bcl-2-modifying factor isoform 2 (mouse)

description: A Bcl-2-modifying factor (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by [LM]DPGAEPWHHNSEAETLSWSHPGE followed by the sequence in UniProtKB:Q91ZE9-1. It is uncertain whether Leu or Met is the starting residue. The authors in PMID:20706276 claim the use of a non-conventional CUG-translation initiation site.


name: Bcl-2-modifying factor isoform 1 (mouse)

description: A Bcl-2-modifying factor (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q91ZE9-1.


name: Bcl-2-like protein 1 isoform Bcl-X(S) (mouse)

description: A Bcl-2-like protein 1 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


DLL3_HUMAN Delta-like protein 3 (sprot)

A delta-like protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NOGG_HUMAN Noggin (sprot)

A noggin that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: MESP2_HUMAN Mesoderm posterior protein 2 (sprot)

description: A mesoderm posterior protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PALS1_HUMAN Protein PALS1 (sprot)

A protein PALS1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CRUM3_HUMAN Protein crumbs homolog 3 (sprot)

description: A protein crumbs homolog 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


INADL_HUMAN InaD-like protein (sprot)

An InaD-like protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD5_HUMAN Claudin-5 (sprot)

A claudin-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD4_HUMAN Claudin-4 (sprot)

A claudin-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD11_HUMAN Claudin-11 (sprot)

A claudin-11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD7_HUMAN Claudin-7 (sprot)

A claudin-7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD9_HUMAN Claudin-9 (sprot)

A claudin-9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD14_HUMAN Claudin-14 (sprot)

A claudin-14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD1_HUMAN Claudin-1 (sprot)

A claudin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD15_HUMAN Claudin-15 (sprot)

A claudin-15 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD6_HUMAN Claudin-6 (sprot)

A claudin-6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD8_HUMAN Claudin-8 (sprot)

A claudin-8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD12_HUMAN Claudin-12 (sprot)

A claudin-12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD17_HUMAN Claudin-17 (sprot)

A claudin-17 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD18_HUMAN Claudin-18 (sprot)

A claudin-18 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD20_HUMAN Claudin-20 (sprot)

A claudin-20 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD2_HUMAN Claudin-2 (sprot)

A claudin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD10_HUMAN Claudin-10 (sprot)

A claudin-10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD19_HUMAN Claudin-19 (sprot)

A claudin-19 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD22_HUMAN Claudin-22 (sprot)

A claudin-22 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD23_HUMAN Claudin-23 (sprot)

A claudin-23 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CLD16_HUMAN Claudin-16 (sprot)

A claudin-16 that is encoded in the genome of human.


calcitonin receptor activity

description: Combining with calcitonin and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


name: negative regulation of T-helper 17 cell differentiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell differentiation.


MRF binding

description: Binding to Myogenic Regulatory Factor (MRF), a member of the basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) superfamily of transcription factors.


name: cell migration involved in endocardial cushion formation

description: The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.


Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to an Fc-gamma receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.


multinuclear osteoclast differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a multinuclear osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.


name: positive regulation of cytochrome-c oxidase activity

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytochrome-c oxidase activity.