dense core granule maturation

description: Steps required to transform a dense core granule generated at the trans-Golgi network into a fully formed and transmissible dense core granule. Dense core granule maturation proceeds through clathrin-mediated membrane remodeling events and is essential for efficient processing of cargo within dense core granules as well as for removing factors that might otherwise interfere with dense core granule trafficking and exocytosis.


tRNA methylthiolation

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The addition of a methylthioether group (-SCH3) to a nucleotide in a tRNA molecule.


category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Catalysis of the methylthiolation (-SCH3 addition) at the C2 of the adenosine ring of N6-threonylcarbomyladenosine (t6A) in tRNA, to form 2-methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (ms2t6A).


type B pancreatic cell development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a type B pancreatic cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.


immature T cell

category: biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A T cell that has not completed T cell selection.


NK T cell differentiation

description: The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a NK T cell.


natural killer cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell.


T cell mediated cytotoxicity

description: The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.


T cell differentiation in thymus

description: The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus.


apoptotic cell clearance

description: The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.


name: regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.


T cell proliferation

description: The expansion of a T cell population by cell division. Follows T cell activation.


leukocyte homeostasis

description: The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.


name: CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell.


name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.


regulation of T cell differentiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.


name: positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell differentiation.


lymphocyte proliferation

description: The expansion of a lymphocyte population by cell division.


T cell lineage commitment

description: The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming any type of T cell.


T cell receptor V(D)J recombination

description: The process in which T cell receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific locus, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS).


B cell lineage commitment

description: The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to become any type of B cell.


thymocyte apoptotic process

description: Any apoptotic process in a thymocyte, an immature T cell located in the thymus.


alpha-beta T cell differentiation

description: The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta T cell. An alpha-beta T cell is a T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex.


name: positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.


name: positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.


name: negative regulation of T cell differentiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.


hydrogen peroxide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.


name: positive regulation of T cell differentiation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation.


name: negative regulation of B cell differentiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.


alpha-beta T cell proliferation

description: The expansion of an alpha-beta T cell population by cell division.


name: positive regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.


dGTP metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dGTP, guanosine triphosphate.


immature T cell proliferation in thymus

description: The expansion of an immature T cell population by cell division in the thymus.


gamma-delta T cell lineage commitment

description: The process in which a pro-T cell becomes committed to becoming a gamma-delta T cell.


description: Catalysis of the transfer of a galactose residue from a donor molecule, such as GDP-galactose or UDP-galactose, to an oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->3) linkage.


glycosphingolipid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.


name: CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment

description: The process in which an immature T cell becomes committed to becoming a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell.


name: nuclear glucocorticoid receptor activity

description: Combining with a glucocorticoid and transmitting the signal within the cell trigger a change in cell activity or function.


immunoglobulin complex, circulating

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: An immunoglobulin complex that is secreted into extracellular space and found in mucosal areas or other tissues or circulating in the blood or lymph. In its canonical form, a circulating immunoglobulin complex is composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Some forms of are polymers of the basic structure and contain additional components such as J-chain and the secretory component.


type I interferon production

description: The appearance of type I interferon due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


aldosterone metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone, a corticosteroid hormone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance.


hormone secretion

description: The regulated release of hormones, substances with a specific regulatory effect on a particular organ or group of cells.


name: multicellular organismal-level iron ion homeostasis

description: A chemical homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of iron within extracellular body fluids, such as blood, xylem or phloem, of a multicellular organism. This is distinct from maintenance of cellular homeostasis, which occurs within a cell.


interleukin-2 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-2 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


androgen metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.


growth hormone secretion

description: The regulated release of growth hormone from secretory granules into the blood.


progesterone secretion

description: The regulated release of progesterone, a steroid hormone, by the corpus luteum of the ovary and by the placenta.


carnitine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.


antigen binding

description: Binding to an antigen, any substance which is capable of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, the specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Binding may counteract the biological activity of the antigen. Antigen binding by an MHC protein complex allows the antigen to be displayed to a T cell or NK cell.


name: macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha production

description: The appearance of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


glutamate-gated receptor activity

description: Catalysis of the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


name: negative regulation of calcium ion transport

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


smooth muscle myoblast

description: A precursor cell destined to differentiate into smooth muscle myocytes.


name: TRPC7_MOUSE Short transient receptor potential channel 7 (sprot)

description: A short transient receptor potential cation channel TRPC7 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ionotropic glutamate receptor complex

description: A multimeric assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand-gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex.


skeletal system development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton).


lung alveolus development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the alveolus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The alveolus is a sac for holding air in the lungs; formed by the terminal dilation of air passageways.


surfactant homeostasis

description: Any process involved in the maintenance of a steady-state level of a surface-active agent that maintains the surface tension of a liquid.


name: negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.


osteoblast development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an osteoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Osteoblast development does not include the steps involved in committing a cranial neural crest cell or an osteoprogenitor cell to an osteoblast fate. An osteoblast is a cell that gives rise to bone.


name: negative regulation of chondrocyte development

description: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.


mammary gland bud elongation

description: The process in which the mammary gland bud grows along its axis.


nipple sheath formation

description: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the nipple sheath from the unspecified epidermis. This process begins with a circular ingrowth of the epidermis around the region of the mammary sprout. It ends before the region begins to elevate.


organic phosphonate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphonates, any organic compounds containing one or more C-PO(OH)2 or C-PO(OR)2 (with R=alkyl, aryl) groups. Metabolism of phosphonic acid itself, an inorganic compound without the biochemically relevant C-P bond, is not included.


vibrissa follicle

category: biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: One of the tubular invaginations of the epidermis enclosing the hair roots and from which grow the vibrissae located on the muzzle and face of many species.


osteocyte

description: A mature osteoblast that has become embedded in the bone matrix. They occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi.


name: bone mineralization involved in bone maturation

description: The deposition of hydroxyapatite, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state.


biomineral tissue development

description: Formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds, and also contain a small amounts of organic matrices that are believed to play important roles in their formation.


post-embryonic forelimb morphogenesis

description: The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an organism.


bone trabecula formation

description: The process of creating a trabecula in the bone. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.


fat pad development

description: The progression of a fat pad from its initial formation to its mature structure. A fat pad is an accumulation of adipose tissue.


name: sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha phosphorylated 1 (mouse)

description: A sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha (mouse) that has been phosphorylated on the residue at the position equivalent to Ser-571 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9JJV9-1. Example: UniProtKB:Q9JJV9-1, Ser-571, MOD:00046.


name: positive regulation of signal transduction

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.


name: positive regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow

description: A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in the bone marrow.


name: negative regulation of apoptotic process in bone marrow cell

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in the bone marrow.


name: positive regulation of osteoclast proliferation

description: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population.


macromolecule biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


animal organ formation

description: The process pertaining to the initial formation of an animal organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. Organs are a natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole. The heart and lungs are organs of animals, and the petal and leaf are organs of plants. In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ.


glossopharyngeal nerve morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structure of the glossopharyngeal nerve is generated and organized. Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion.


specification of animal organ position

description: The regionalization process in which information that determines the correct position at which animal organ primordia are formed is generated and perceived resulting in correct positioning of the new animal organ.


response to vitamin B6

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin B6 stimulus. Vitamin B6 encompasses pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.


name: negative regulation of bone mineralization

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.


kinetochore binding

description: Binding to a kinetochore, a proteinaceous structure on a condensed chromosome, beside the centromere, to which the spindle fibers are attached.


name: mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that delays mitotic sister chromatid separation and consequently the mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle. Spindle assembly checkpoint signaling begins with the activated Mph family kinase, and results in the inhibition of the Anaphase Promoting Complex and its activator Sleepy/Cdc20 by the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC).


mitotic prometaphase

description: The cell cycle phase in higher eukaryotes which follows mitotic prophase and during which the nuclear envelope is disrupted and breaks into membrane vesicles, and the spindle microtubules enter the nuclear region. Kinetochores mature on each centromere and attach to some of the spindle microtubules. Kinetochore microtubules begin the process of aligning chromosomes in one plane halfway between the poles.


kinetochore

description: A multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.


meiotic prometaphase I

description: The meiotic cell cycle phase in eukaryotes between meiotic prophase I and meiotic metaphase I. During meiotic prometaphase I, the nuclear envelope breaks down and one kinetochore forms per chromosome. Chromosomes attach to spindle microtubules and begin to move towards the metaphase plate.


female meiosis chromosome segregation

description: The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a female.


name: protein localization to meiotic spindle midzone

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a meiotic spindle midzone.


name: meiotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling

description: A signal transduction process that contributes to a meiotic spindle assembly checkpoint, that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a meiotic cell cycle until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.


protein localization to chromosome

description: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a specific location on a chromosome.


protein localization to kinetochore

description: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the kinetochore.


spindle assembly checkpoint signaling

description: A signaling process that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.


name: TTK_MOUSE Dual specificity protein kinase TTK (sprot)

description: A dual specificity protein kinase TTK that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


heme catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.


heme metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.


heme export from vacuole to cytoplasm

description: The directed movement of heme from inside the vacuole across the vacuolar membrane and into the cytosol.


name: negative regulation of erythrocyte differentiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.


name: regulation of erythrocyte differentiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.


chloride ion homeostasis

description: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of chloride ions within an organism or cell.


potassium ion homeostasis

description: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of potassium ions within an organism or cell.


gastric acid secretion

description: The regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.


membrane repolarization

description: The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, toward the steady state potential. For example, the repolarization during an action potential is from a positive membrane potential towards a negative resting potential.


pigmentation

description: The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells.


hematopoietic stem cell migration

description: The orderly movement of a hematopoietic stem cell from one site to another. A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system.


name: lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation

description: The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages.


developmental pigmentation

description: The developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell.


name: negative regulation of programmed cell death

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.


germ cell development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism.


response to radiation

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.


chemotaxis

description: The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).


ectopic germ cell programmed cell death

description: Programmed cell death of an errant germ line cell that is outside the normal migratory path or ectopic to the gonad. This is an important mechanism of regulating germ cell survival within the embryo.


myeloid leukocyte differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage.


myeloid progenitor cell differentiation

description: The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a myeloid progenitor cell. Myeloid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the myeloid lineages.


glycosphingolipid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosphingolipids, any compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.


long term hematopoietic stem cell

description: A hematopoietic stem cell with long term self renewal capability. This cell is Kit-positive, Sca1-positive, CD150-positive, CD90-low, CD34-negative and Flt3-negative.


name: transcription cis-regulatory region binding

description: Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls transcription of that section of the DNA. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.


E-box binding

description: Binding to an E-box, a DNA motif with the consensus sequence CANNTG that is found in the promoters of a wide array of genes expressed in neurons, muscle and other tissues.


myeloid cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages.


definitive hemopoiesis

description: A second wave of blood cell production that, in vertebrates, generates long-term hemopoietic stem cells that continuously provide erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid lineages throughout adulthood.


angiogenesis

description: Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.


erythrocyte maturation

description: A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state.


embryonic hemopoiesis

description: The stages of blood cell formation that take place within the embryo.


generation of neurons

description: The process in which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons.


platelet formation

description: The process in which platelets bud from long processes extended by megakaryocytes.


hemangioblast cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the characteristics of a mature hemangioblast. Hemangioblasts are the proposed common precursor of blood and endothelial lineages.


name: spinal cord association neuron differentiation

description: The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of association neurons. Association neurons are cells located in the dorsal portion of the spinal cord that integrate sensory input. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


mast cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.


megakaryocyte development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a megakaryocyte cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Megakaryocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a megakaryocyte fate. A megakaryocyte is a giant cell 50 to 100 micron in diameter, with a greatly lobulated nucleus, found in the bone marrow.


astrocyte fate commitment

description: The commitment of a cells to a specific astrocyte fate and its restriction to develop only into an astrocyte.


name: regulation of stem cell population maintenance

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance.


megakaryocyte differentiation

description: The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of a megakaryocyte.


name: regulation of myeloid cell differentiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.


regulation of mast cell differentiation

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.


Peyer's patch development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of Peyer's patches over time, from their formation to the mature structure. Peyer's patches are typically found as nodules associated with gut epithelium with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.


rDNA chromatin condensation

description: The process in which the chromatin structure of the rDNA repeats is compacted. In S. cerevisiae, condensation and resolution of the rDNA occurs during anaphase.


histone H3K9 methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 9). This reaction is the addition of up to three methyl groups to the lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.


DNA-methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to a DNA molecule.


S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion

A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.


name: RAD21_HUMAN Double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog (sprot)

description: A double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog that is encoded in the genome of human.


nicotinamide

A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.


S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine

An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.


acetic acid

A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.


OAADPR

A nucleotide-sugar having ADP as the nucleotide fragment and 2-O-acetyl-D-ribofuranos-5-yl as the sugar component.


name: PDS5A_HUMAN Sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog A (sprot)

description: A sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog A that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: HDAC8_HUMAN Histone deacetylase 8 (sprot)

description: A histone deacetylase 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: HDA10_HUMAN Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10 (sprot)

description: A polyamine deacetylase HDAC10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KAT6A_HUMAN Histone acetyltransferase KAT6A (sprot)

description: A histone acetyltransferase KAT6A that is encoded in the genome of human.


inner cell mass cell proliferation

description: The proliferation of cells in the inner cell mass.


name: regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.


name: NAD-dependent histone H3K9 deacetylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 9) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.


name: NAD-dependent histone H3K56 deacetylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 56) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 56) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 56 of the histone H3 protein.


name: NAD-dependent histone H3K18 deacetylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 18) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 18) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 18 of the histone H3 protein.


DNA damage sensor activity

description: A molecule that recognises toxic DNA structures, for example, double-strand breaks or collapsed replication forks, and initiates a signaling response.


name: FAD-dependent H3K4me/H3K4me3 demethylase activity

description: Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a di- or a monomethyl-lysine residue at position 4 of the histone H3 protein. This is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent amine oxidation reaction.


name: protein ADP-ribosyltransferase-substrate adaptor activity

description: An enzyme-substrate adaptor that bings together a protein ADP-ribosyl transferase and its substrate.


name: NAD+-histone H2BE35 glutamate ADP-ribosyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of ADP-ribose groups to the glutamate-35 residue of the N-terminal tail of histone H2B (or an equivalent residue).


histone H2BS36 kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: histone H2B-serine (position 36) + ATP = histone H2B-phosphoserine (position 36) + ADP. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to the serine residue at position 36 of histone H2B.


name: histone H3K18 acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 18) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 18).


histone H3K4 demethylase activity

description: Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 4 of the histone H3 protein.


progesterone receptor isoform A (mouse)

A progesterone receptor (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q00175-2.


name: lysine-specific histone demethylase 2 isoform h4 (human)

description: A lysine-specific histone demethylase 2 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8NB78-4.


name: GLYR1_HUMAN Cytokine-like nuclear factor N-PAC (sprot)

description: A nuclear protein NP60 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CTNB1_HUMAN Catenin beta-1 (sprot)

A catenin beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: DDB2_HUMAN DNA damage-binding protein 2 (sprot)

description: A DNA damage-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: XPC_HUMAN DNA repair protein complementing XP-C cells (sprot)

description: A DNA repair protein complementing XP-C cells that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SPRTN_HUMAN DNA-dependent metalloprotease SPRTN (sprot)

description: A DNA-dependent metalloprotease SPRTN that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: regulation of neutrophil differentiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil differentiation.


eye development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight.


name: gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction

description: A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the gastro-intestinal system. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The gastro-intestinal system generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the mouth to anus, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (liver, pancreas and biliary tract).


immature B cell

description: An immature B cell is a B cell that has the phenotype surface IgM-positive and surface IgD-negative, and have not undergone class immunoglobulin class switching or peripheral encounter with antigen and activation.


name: symbiont-mediated activation of host transcription

description: A process in which a symbiont initiates, promotes, or enhances transcription of genes into mRNA in its host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: myelin proteolipid protein isoform DM-20 (mouse)

description: A myelin proteolipid protein (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P60202-2.


mitotic sister chromatid segregation

description: The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.


mitotic spindle pole

description: Either of the ends of a mitotic spindle, a spindle that forms as part of mitosis, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules.


nuclear body

description: Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins.


spindle midzone

description: The area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap.


Ras protein signal transduction

description: An intracellular signaling cassette in which a small monomeric GTPase of the Ras subfamily relays a signal.


exit from mitosis

description: The cell cycle transition where a cell leaves M phase and enters a new G1 phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.


name: regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.


cell projection organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.


name: G1 to G0 transition involved in cell differentiation

description: A cell cycle arrest process that results in arrest during G1 phase, whereupon the cell enters G0 phase, in the context of cell differentiation.


name: negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.


name: positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


microvillus assembly

description: Formation of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell.


dynein light chain binding

description: Binding to a light chain of the dynein complex.


name: regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.


name: positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.


establishment of spindle orientation

description: Any process that set the alignment of spindle relative to other cellular structures.


apical junction assembly

description: The formation of an apical junction, a functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens junction and the desmosomes, by the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of its constituents.


name: lateral ganglionic eminence cell proliferation

description: The multiplication or reproduction of lateral ganglionic eminence cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population.


name: CUGBP Elav-like family member 1 isoform 1 (mouse)

description: A CUGBP Elav-like family member 1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ventricular zone neuroblast division

description: The proliferation of neuroblasts in the ventricular zone of the cerebral cortex. The neuronal progenitors of these cells will migrate radially.


cellular component organization

description: A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.


chromocenter

description: A region in which centric, heterochromatic portions from more than one chromosomes form a compact structure.


island of Calleja

category: biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: One of the seven small groups of granule cells in the polymorph layer of the olfactory tubercle and one large group, the insula magna, which lies along the border between septum, nucleus accumbens and nucleus of the diagonal band.


chromosome

description: A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.


female meiotic nuclear division

description: A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline.


meiotic chromosome segregation

description: The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during M phase of the meiotic cell cycle.


chromosome, centromeric region

description: The region of a chromosome that includes the centromeric DNA and associated proteins. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.


single strand break repair

description: The repair of single strand breaks in DNA. Repair of such breaks is mediated by the same enzyme systems as are used in base excision repair.


kinetochore organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the kinetochore, a multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.


name: protein localization to chromosome, centromeric region

description: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the centromeric region of a chromosome.


condensed chromosome

description: A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct structure.


mitotic sister chromatid separation

description: The process in which sister chromatids are physically detached from each other during mitosis.


germinal vesicle

description: The enlarged, fluid filled nucleus of a primary oocyte, the development of which is suspended in prophase I of the first meiotic division between embryohood and sexual maturity.


meiotic chromosome separation

description: The process in which chromosomes are physically detached from each other during meiosis.


axon development

description: The progression of an axon over time. Covers axonogenesis (de novo generation of an axon) and axon regeneration (regrowth), as well as processes pertaining to the progression of the axon over time (fasciculation and defasciculation).


lysosomal transport

description: The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a lysosome.


name: positive regulation of dendrite development

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.


dendritic spine morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.


regulation of dendrite morphogenesis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.


name: regulation of cellular component organization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.


negative regulation of cell cycle

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.


positive regulation of cell cycle

description: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.


histone H4K20 demethylase activity

description: Catalysis of the removal of the methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 20 of the histone H4 protein. This is a dioxygenase reaction that is dependent on Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate.


name: RB_HUMAN Retinoblastoma-associated protein (sprot)

description: A retinoblastoma-associated protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


An oxo dicarboxylate obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of 2-oxoglutaric acid.


formalin

An aldehyde resulting from the formal oxidation of methanol.


MCPH1_HUMAN Microcephalin (sprot)

A microcephalin that is encoded in the genome of human.


SET_HUMAN Protein SET (sprot)

A protein SET that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: condensed chromosome, centromeric region

description: The region of a condensed chromosome that includes the centromere and associated proteins, including the kinetochore. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.


neurofilament cytoskeleton

description: Intermediate filament cytoskeletal structure that is made up of neurofilaments. Neurofilaments are specialized intermediate filaments found in neurons.


varicosity

description: Non-terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters.


apical pole of neuron

description: Portion of a neuron cell soma closest to the point where the apical dendrite emerges.


neuron development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


heterochromatin formation

description: An epigenetic gene silencing mechanism in which chromatin is compacted into heterochromatin, resulting in a chromatin conformation refractory to transcription. This process starts with heterochromatin nucleation, its spreading, and ends with heterochromatin boundary formation.


centrosome duplication

description: The replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.


axonal transport

description: The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in axons.


GMP salvage

description: Any process which produces guanosine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


centrosome cycle

description: The cell cycle process in which centrosome duplication and separation takes place. The centrosome cycle can operate with a considerable degree of independence from other processes of the cell cycle.


glycine binding

description: Binding to glycine, aminoethanoic acid.


name: forebrain radial glial cell differentiation

description: The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to radial glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the forebrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


plasma membrane organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane.


negative chemotaxis

description: The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a chemical.


astrocyte development

description: The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.


name: cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron migration

description: The migration of GABAergic interneuron precursors from the subpallium to the cerebral cortex.


alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity

description: Combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine to initiate a change in cell activity via activation of a G protein, with pharmacological characteristics of alpha1-adrenergic receptors; the activity involves transmitting the signal to the Gq alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein.


forebrain neuron fate commitment

description: The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron that resides in the forebrain.


name: cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex.


somatic stem cell division

description: The self-renewing division of a somatic stem cell, a stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.


name: amyloid precursor protein catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease.


formation of radial glial scaffolds

description: The formation of scaffolds from a radial glial cell. The scaffolds are used as a substrate for the radial migration of cells.


asymmetric cell division

description: The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity.


mRNA splice site recognition

description: Selection of a splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.


protein deglutamylation

description: The removal of a glutamate residue from a protein. Glutamate residues in proteins can be gene-encoded, or added as side chains during the protein modification process of polyglutamylation.


name: microtubule organizing center organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microtubule organizing center, a structure from which microtubules grow.


name: negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.


glycosaminoglycan catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.


name: cerebral cortex radial glia-guided migration

description: The radial migration of neuronal or glial precursor cells along radial glial cells during the development of the cerebral cortex.


purine ribonucleoside salvage

description: Any process which produces a purine nucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


glial cell fate determination

description: The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


name: cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron fate commitment

description: The process in which the developmental fate of a neuroblast becomes restricted such that it will develop into a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex.


subpallium neuron fate commitment

description: The process in which in the subpallium, the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon.


hypoxanthine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate.


oligodendrocyte cell fate commitment

description: The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an oligodendrocyte.


cerebellar cortex development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.


pronucleus

description: The nucleus of either the ovum or the spermatozoon following fertilization. Thus, in the fertilized ovum, there are two pronuclei, one originating from the ovum, the other from the spermatozoon that brought about fertilization; they approach each other, but do not fuse until just before the first cleavage, when each pronucleus loses its membrane to release its contents.


TCR signalosome

description: A multi-protein complex containing at least the T-cell receptor complex and the LAT (linker for activation of T cells) scaffold protein. Also contains a variety of signaling proteins including co-receptors, kinases, phosphatases and adaptors such as CD8. Connects events on the plasma membrane to distal signaling cascades to ultimately modulate T cell biology.


name: serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 1 phosphorylated 2 (mouse)

description: A serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 1 phosphorylated 2 in mouse. UniProtKB:Q9WTK7-1, Tyr-36/Tyr-261/Tyr-365, MOD:00048.


TCR signalosome assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a TCR signalosome.


T cell receptor signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.


name: CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation

description: The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell.


chromatin silencing complex

description: Any protein complex that mediates changes in chromatin structure that result in transcriptional silencing.


pericentric heterochromatin

description: Heterochromatin that is located adjacent to the CENP-A rich centromere 'central core' and characterized by methylated H3 histone at lysine 9 (H3K9me2/H3K9me3).


ribonucleoprotein complex binding

description: Binding to a complex of RNA and protein.


primary miRNA binding

description: Binding to a primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) transcript, an RNA molecule that is processed into a short hairpin-shaped structure called a pre-miRNA and finally into a functional miRNA. Both double-stranded and single-stranded regions of a pri-miRNA are required for binding.


name: negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle

description: Any signaling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.


name: cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress

description: The physiological enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division, as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis.


cellular response to hydrogen peroxide

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus.


G1 to G0 transition

description: A cell cycle arrest process that results in arrest during G1 phase, whereupon the cell enters a specialized resting state known as G0 or quiescence.


regulation of neurogenesis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells in the nervous system.


protein localization to chromatin

description: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.


hepatocyte homeostasis

description: Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hepatocytes within a population of cells. Hepatocytes are specialized epithelial cells of the liver that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.


response to tetrachloromethane

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tetrachloromethane stimulus.


regulation of gliogenesis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.


name: skeletal muscle satellite cell maintenance involved in skeletal muscle regeneration

description: Any process by which the number of skeletal muscle satellite cells in a skeletal muscle is maintained during muscle regeneration. There are at least three mechanisms by which this is achieved. Skeletal muscle satellite stem cell asymmetric division ensures satellite stem cell numbers are kept constant. Symmetric division of these cells amplifies the number of skeletal muscle satellite stem cells. Some adult skeletal muscle myoblasts (descendants of activated satellite cells) can develop back into quiescent satellite cells, replenishing the overall pool of satellite cells.


epidermal cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis.


name: negative regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.


name: DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation

description: Repression of transcription by methylation of DNA, leading to the formation of heterochromatin.


name: negative regulation of epidermal cell differentiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation.


cellular response to trichostatin A

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a trichostatin A stimulus.


response to purine-containing compound

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a purine-containing compound stimulus.


cellular response to forskolin

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a forskolin stimulus.


brown adipose tissue

description: A thermogenic form of adipose tissue that is composed of brown adipocytes[MP,modified].


progenitor cell

description: A precursor cell that has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell. They are descendants of stem cells, only they are more constrained in their differentiation potential or capacity for self-renewal, and are often more limited in both senses.


cAMP-mediated signaling

description: An intracellular signaling cassette that starts with production of cyclic AMP (cAMP), and ends with activation of downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.


nucleosome organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of one or more nucleosomes.


name: homologous chromosome pairing at meiosis

description: The meiotic cell cycle process where side by side pairing and physical juxtaposition of homologous chromosomes is created during meiotic prophase. Homologous chromosome pairing begins when the chromosome arms begin to pair from the clustered telomeres and ends when synaptonemal complex or linear element assembly is complete.


regulation of DNA damage checkpoint

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a DNA damage checkpoint.


MCM complex loading

description: The protein localization process in which two MCM complexes become associated with chromatin at replication origins. MCM loading begins when origin-bound ORC and Cdc6 (Cdc18 in fission yeast) recruit one MCM2-7/Cdt1 complex to the origin, includes formation of a succession of intermediate complexes and ATP hydrolysis-dependent Mcm2-7 ring closure, and ends when two MCM hexamers fully encircle DNA, and are oriented head-to-head. The double hexamer is inactive for DNA unwinding. MCM loading takes place during G1 phase, and precedes CMG complex assembly.


nucleosome assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.


name: positive regulation of stem cell differentiation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.


pericentric heterochromatin formation

description: The compaction of chromatin located adjacent to the CENP-A rich centromere 'central core' and characterized by methylation of histone H3K9, into heterochromatin, resulting in the repression of transcription at pericentric DNA.


subtelomeric heterochromatin formation

description: The compaction of chromatin into heterochromatin at the subtelomeric region.


mammary gland involution

description: The tissue remodeling that removes differentiated mammary epithelia during weaning.


SUMO polymer binding

description: Binding to a polymer of the small ubiquitin-like protein SUMO.


name: negative regulation of chromatin binding

description: Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.


name: positive regulation of chromatin binding

description: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.


chromosome, subtelomeric region

description: A region of the chromosome, adjacent to the telomere (on the centromeric side) that contains repetitive DNA and sometimes genes. This region is usually heterochromatin.


nuclear chromosome

description: A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact.


brown preadipocyte

description: A preadipocyte that is capable of differentiating into a brown adipocyte. This cell type expresses uncoupling protein-1, PPAR-gamma, PR-domain-containing 16; and PGC-1alpha (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) coactivator-1alpha).


Gr1-high myeloid suppressor cell

description: A myeloid suppressor cell that is Gr1-high and CD11c-negative.


name: hepatoma-derived growth factor-related protein 2 isoform 3 (mouse)

description: A hepatoma-derived growth factor-related protein 2 isoform 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: high mobility group nucleosome-binding domain-containing protein 3 isoform 1 (mouse)

description: A high mobility group nucleosome-binding domain-containing protein 3 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


PcG protein complex

description: A chromatin-associated multiprotein complex containing Polycomb Group proteins. In Drosophila, Polycomb group proteins are involved in the long-term maintenance of gene repression, and PcG protein complexes associate with Polycomb group response elements (PREs) in target genes to regulate higher-order chromatin structure.


RNA localization

description: A process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


name: positive regulation of B cell differentiation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.


regulation of B cell differentiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.


telomere assembly

description: A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a telomere at a non-telomeric double-stranded DNA end. A telomere is a terminal region of a linear chromosome that includes telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.


replication fork processing

description: The process in which a DNA replication fork that has stalled is restored to a functional state and replication is restarted. The stalling may be due to DNA damage, DNA secondary structure, bound proteins, dNTP shortage, or other causes.


helicase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix.


name: presynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton

description: The intermediate filament cytoskeleton that is part of a presynapse.


MMS22_HUMAN Protein MMS22-like (sprot)

A protein MMS22-like that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: Y-box-binding protein 3 isoform 1 (mouse)

description: A Y-box-binding protein 3 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: Y-box-binding protein 3 isoform 2 (mouse)

description: A Y-box-binding protein 3 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: RECQ5_HUMAN ATP-dependent DNA helicase Q5 (sprot)

description: An ATP-dependent DNA helicase Q5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


chromosome, telomeric region

description: The end of a linear chromosome, required for the integrity and maintenance of the end. A chromosome telomere usually includes a region of telomerase-encoded repeats the length of which rarely exceeds 20 bp each and that permits the formation of a telomeric loop (T-loop). The telomeric repeat region is usually preceded by a sub-telomeric region that is gene-poor but rich in repetitive elements. Some telomeres only consist of the latter part (for eg. D. melanogaster telomeres).


spindle

description: The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.


female pronucleus

description: The pronucleus originating from the ovum that is being fertilized.


synaptonemal complex

description: A proteinaceous scaffold found between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. It consists of 2 lateral elements and a central element, all running parallel to each other. Transverse filaments connect the lateral elements to the central element.


MutLalpha complex

description: A heterodimer involved in the recognition of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MLH1 and PMS2.


condensed nuclear chromosome

description: A highly compacted molecule of DNA and associated proteins resulting in a cytologically distinct nuclear chromosome.


lateral element

description: A proteinaceous core found between sister chromatids during meiotic prophase.


cortical cytoskeleton

description: The portion of the cytoskeleton that lies just beneath the plasma membrane.


female germ cell nucleus

description: The nucleus of the female germ cell, a reproductive cell in females.


central element

description: A structural unit of the synaptonemal complex found between the lateral elements.


meiotic spindle midzone

description: The area in the center of the meiotic spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap.


meiotic cohesin complex

description: A cohesin complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis; has a subunit composition distinct from that of the mitotic cohesin complex.


apical cortex

description: The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the apical edge of a cell.


mismatch repair complex

description: Any complex formed of proteins that act in mismatch repair.


actin cap

description: Polarized accumulation of cytoskeletal proteins (including F-actin) and regulatory proteins in a cell. An example of this is the actin cap found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


vitelline membrane formation

description: Construction of the vitelline membrane portion of the egg shell, a rigid structure required to maintain the shape of the egg.


oocyte maturation

description: A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization.


G2/MI transition of meiotic cell cycle

description: The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from meiotic G2 phase to M phase of meiosis I.


name: spindle assembly involved in female meiosis I

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during meiosis I of a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


microtubule polymerization

description: The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule.


telomerase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Catalyzes extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time using an internal RNA template that encodes the telomeric repeat sequence.


positive regulation of translation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.


homologous chromosome segregation

description: The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the first division of the meiotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner; this pairing off, referred to as synapsis, permits genetic recombination. One homolog (both sister chromatids) of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.


synaptonemal complex assembly

description: The cell cycle process in which the synaptonemal complex is formed. This is a structure that holds paired chromosomes together during prophase I of meiosis and that promotes genetic recombination.


name: transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling

description: An epigenetic mechanism of regulation of gene expression that involves chromatin remodeling to capacitate gene expression by either modifying the chromatin fiber, the nucleosomal histones, or the DNA.


meiotic nuclear division

description: One of the two nuclear divisions that occur as part of the meiotic cell cycle.


name: phosphatidylinositol phosphate phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol phosphate(n) + H2O = phosphatidylinositol phosphate(n-1) + phosphate. This reaction is the removal of a phosphate group from a phosphatidylinositol phosphate.


spindle assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.


meiotic cell cycle

description: Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions.


cytoplasm organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.


name: spindle assembly involved in female meiosis

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


vesicle organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle.


spindle checkpoint signaling

description: A signaling process that that controls a cell cycle checkpoint that originates from the mitotic or meiotic spindle.


chiasma assembly

description: The cell cycle process in which a connection between chromatids assembles, indicating where an exchange of homologous segments has taken place by the crossing-over of non-sister chromatids.


meiotic spindle organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.


meiotic DNA repair synthesis

description: During meiosis, the synthesis of DNA proceeding from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end that uses the homologous intact duplex as the template.


nucleus localization

description: Any process in which the nucleus is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


name: establishment of meiotic spindle localization

description: The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of the meiotic spindle to a specific location in the cell occurs.


chromatin looping

description: A chromatin organization process that starts with the loading of an extrusion motor (by an SMC family complex) onto the chromatin, followed by chromatin extrusion that stops at loop anchoring sites on the chromosome.


cytosolic mRNA polyadenylation

description: Any process by which dormant, translationally inactive mRNAs become activated, or mRNAs become stabilized, via the elongation of their poly(A) tails in the cytosol.


telomere maintenance via telomerase

description: The maintenance of proper telomeric length by the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.


transcription by RNA polymerase I

description: The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase I (RNAP I), originating at an RNAP I promoter.


name: attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore

description: The process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex.


name: meiotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric

description: The cell cycle process in which centromeres of sister chromatids are joined during meiosis.


name: maintenance of meiotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric

description: The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the length of the centromeric region is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate during a meiotic cell cycle.


female meiosis I

description: The cell cycle process in which the first meiotic division occurs in the female germline.


name: epigenetic programing of female pronucleus

description: The global programming of epigenetic modifications in the female pronucleus of the newly fertilized zygote. The maternal genome is protected from global DNA demethylation before the first division of the zygote, and instead undergoes passive, replication-dependent demethylation during early embryogenesis, arising from inhibition of the DNA maintenance methyltransferase Dnmt1.


meiotic spindle assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle that contributes to the process of meiosis.


regulation of meiotic cell cycle

description: Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.


name: polar body extrusion after meiotic divisions

description: The cell cycle process in which two small cells are generated, as byproducts destined to degenerate, as a result of the first and second meiotic divisions of a primary oocyte during its development to a mature ovum. One polar body is formed in the first division of meiosis and the other in the second division; at each division, the cytoplasm divides unequally, so that the polar body is of much smaller size than the developing oocyte. At the second division in which a polar body is formed, the polar body and the developing oocyte each contain a haploid set of chromosomes.


meiotic metaphase chromosome alignment

description: A chromosome localization process whereby chromosomes are positioned in a specific order and orientation at the metaphase plate (spindle equator), during meiotic chromosome segregation. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive the correct number of chromosomes during cell division.


meiotic cytokinesis

description: A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after meiosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.


spindle localization

description: Any process in which is the spindle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.


cytosolic transport

description: The directed movement of substances or organelles within the cytosol.


name: meiotic recombination checkpoint signaling

description: A signaling process that contributes to a meiotic recombination checkpoint, that acts during late prophase I (pachytene) and prevents segregation of homologous chromosomes until recombination is completed, ensuring proper distribution of the genetic material to the gametes.


name: cellular response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulus. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. GnRH is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus.


cohesin unloading

description: Negative regulation of sister chromatid cohesion by the topological unlinking of a cohesin ring to DNA.


oocyte growth

description: The developmental growth process in which an oocyte irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.


oocyte development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


name: eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 isoform 1 phosphorylated form (mouse)

description: An eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 isoform 1 (mouse) that includes at least one phosphorylated residue. UniProtKB:Q9QZ05-1, MOD:00696.


name: DCA13_HUMAN DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor 13 (sprot)

description: A DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor 13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


embryonic cleavage

description: The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg.


chromosome segregation

description: The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.


chromosome condensation

description: The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.


DNA topological change

description: The process in which a transformation is induced in the topological structure of a double-stranded DNA helix, resulting in a change in linking number.


cohesin complex

description: A protein complex that is required for sister chromatid cohesion in eukaryotes. The cohesin complex forms a molecular ring complex, and is composed of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) and kleisin proteins. For example, in yeast, the complex is composed of the SMC proteins Smc1p and Smc3p, and the kleisin protein Scc1p. In vertebrates, the complex is composed of the SMC1 (SMC1A or SMC1B) and SMC3 heterodimer attached via their hinge domains to a kleisin (RAD21, REC8 or RAD21L) which links them, and one STAG protein (STAG1, STAG2 or STAG3).


gonad development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonad is an animal organ that produces gametes; in some species it also produces hormones.


oogenesis

description: The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.


name: cellular response to follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus.


name: cellular response to human chorionic gonadotropin stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a human chorionic gonadotropin stimulus.


name: cellular response to luteinizing hormone stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a luteinizing hormone stimulus.


cGMP metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.


ethanol metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.


alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NAD+ = an aldehyde or ketone + NADH + H+.


luteinizing hormone signaling pathway

description: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by luteinizing hormone binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


NuRD complex

description: An approximately 2 MDa multi-subunit complex that exhibits ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling activity in addition to histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, and has been shown to establish transcriptional repression of a number of target genes in vertebrates, invertebrates and fungi. Amongst its subunits, the NuRD complex contains histone deacetylases, histone binding proteins and Mi-2-like proteins.


name: chromosome movement towards spindle pole

description: The directed movement of chromosomes in the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles, mediated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes.


tubulin complex

description: A heterodimer of tubulins alpha and beta that constitutes the protomer for microtubule assembly.


tubulin

A protein that has a core domain composition consisting of a Tubulin/FtsZ family, GTPase domain (Pfam:PF00091) at the N terminus, and a Tubulin C-terminal domain (Pfam:PF03953). Tubulins possess GTPase activity, and are the principle components of microtubules.


telomere maintenance via recombination

description: Any recombinational process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length.


protein palmitoylation

description: The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a protein.


name: protein localization to photoreceptor outer segment

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a photoreceptor outer segment.


name: positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.


name: positive regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway.


name: regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity

description: Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase.


retina

description: The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.


name: photoreceptor disk component PRCD unpalmitoylated 1 (mouse)

description: A photoreceptor disk component PRCD (mouse) that lacks S-palmitoylation of a Cys at position 2 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q00LT2. UniProtKB:Q00LT2, Cys-2, PR:000026291.


name: PRCD_HUMAN Photoreceptor disk component PRCD (sprot)

description: A photoreceptor disk component PRCD that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CKAP4_HUMAN Cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (sprot)

description: A cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: photoreceptor disk component PRCD palmitoylated 1 (mouse)

description: A photoreceptor disk component PRCD (mouse) that has been post-translationally modified to include S-palmitoylation at Cys-2 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q00LT2. UniProtKB:Q00LT2, Cys-2, MOD:00115.


name: ZDHC3_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC3 (sprot)

description: A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ZDH21_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC21 (sprot)

description: A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC21 that is encoded in the genome of human.


primary neuron (sensu Teleostei)

description: A neuron that develops during the early segmentation stages in teleosts, before the neural tube is formed.


secondary neuron (sensu Teleostei)

description: A neuron of teleosts that develops later than a primary neuron, typically during the larval stages.


name: [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine N-sulfotransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-N-sulfoglucosamine.


name: chondroitin sulfate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.


chondroitin 6-sulfotransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + chondroitin = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + chondroitin 6'-sulfate.


name: heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + heparan sulfate = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfate; results in 2-O-sulfation of iduronic acid residues in heparan sulfate.


name: [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 1 activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfate. The [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfate has a substrate consensus sequence of Glc(N2S>NAc)+/-6S GlcA GlcN2S*+/-6S GlcA>IdoA+/-2S Glc(N2S/NAc)+/-6S.


name: nucleotide-sugar transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a nucleotide-sugar from one side of a membrane to the other. A nucleotide-sugar is any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + H2O = D-glucosamine + acetate.


name: heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + heparan sulfate = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfate; results in 6-O-sulfation of glucosamine residues in heparan sulfate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,4)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,4)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-proteoglycan + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine = N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,4)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-proteoglycan + UDP.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: heparosan-N-sulfate D-glucuronate = heparosan-N-sulfate L-iduronate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucuronyl-N-acetyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosaminylproteoglycan + UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine = N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-1,4-beta-D-glucuronyl-N-acetyl-1,3-beta-D-galactosaminylproteoglycan + UDP.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1,3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1,4)-beta-D-glucuronosyl-proteoglycan + UDP.


UDP-glucuronate decarboxylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + UDP-alpha-D-glucuronate = CO2 + UDP-alpha-D-xylose.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucuronate + 3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein = UDP + 3-beta-D-glucuronosyl-3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein + UDP-galactose = 3-beta-D-galactosyl-4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein + UDP.


name: UDP-xylose transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of UDP-xylose from one side of a membrane to the other. UDP-xylose is a substance composed of xylose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


protein xylosyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a beta-D-xylosyl residue from UDP-D-xylose to the serine hydroxyl group of an acceptor protein substrate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + O-beta-D-xylosylprotein = UDP + 4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosylprotein.


name: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride synthesized from adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, from one side of a membrane to the other.


prenyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a prenyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


fucosyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a fucosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine + glycoprotein-alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2)-D-galactose = UDP + glycoprotein-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl-(1,3)-(alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2))-D-galactose.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + glycoprotein-alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2)-D-galactose = UDP + glycoprotein-alpha-D-galactosyl-(1,3)-(alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2))-D-galactose.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-fucose + beta-D-galactosyl-R = GDP + alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2)-beta-D-galactosyl-R.


description: Catalysis of the transfer of an L-fucosyl group from GDP-beta-L-fucose to an acceptor molecule to form an alpha-(1->3) linkage.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nicotinate ribonucleotide = diphosphate + deamido-NAD+.


calcineurin-mediated signaling

description: Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell by activation of a transcription factor as a consequence of dephosphorylation by Ca(2+)-activated calcineurin. The process begins with calcium-dependent activation of the phosphatase calcineurin. Calcineurin is a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase with a conserved function in eukaryotic species from yeast to humans. In yeast and fungi, calcineurin regulates stress signaling and cell cycle, and sporulation and virulence in pathogenic fungi. In metazoans, calcineurin is involved in cell commitment, organogenesis and organ development and immune function of T-lymphocytes. By a conserved mechanism, calcineurin phosphatase activates fungal Crz1 and mammalian NFATc by dephosphorylation and translocation of these transcription factors to the nucleus to regulate gene expression.


smoothened binding

description: Binding to a smoothened (smo) protein, which interacts with patched to transmit hedgehog signals.


name: XYLT2_HUMAN Xylosyltransferase 2 (sprot)

description: A xylosyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: B4GT7_HUMAN Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 (sprot)

description: A beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: S35B4_HUMAN Nucleotide sugar transporter SLC35B4 (sprot)

description: A nucleotide sugar transporter SLC35B4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SIA4A_HUMAN CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 (sprot)

description: A CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: FUT2_HUMAN Galactoside alpha-(1,2)-fucosyltransferase 2 (sprot)

description: A galactoside alpha-(1,2)-fucosyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.