detection of cAMP

description: The series of events in which a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal; cAMP is the nucleotide cyclic AMP.


otolith development

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the otolith over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


neuromast hair cell development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuromast hair cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


name: meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation

description: Any meiotic cell cycle process that is involved in oocyte maturation.


regulation of MAPK cascade

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade.


name: fibroblast growth factor receptor binding

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Binding to a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR).


neutrophil migration

description: The movement of a neutrophil within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


regulation of peptidase activity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.


name: Q6DR99_MOUSE Pro-neuregulin-1, membrane-bound isoform (trembl)

description: A pro-neuregulin-1, membrane-bound isoform (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q6DR99.


name: SLIT2_HUMAN Slit homolog 2 protein (sprot)

description: A slit homolog 2 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


DCD_HUMAN Dermcidin (sprot)

A dermcidin that is encoded in the genome of human.


gamma-secretase complex

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A protein complex that has aspartic-type endopeptidase activity and contains a presenilin catalytic subunit (either PSEN1 or PSEN2), an APH1 subunit (multiple genes and splice variants exist), nicastrin (NCT), and presenilin enhancer (aka PEN-2 or Psenen), as the core complex. Variants of the complex with different subunit compositions differ in localization and specific substrates. Additionally, variants of the complex exist that contain a additional regulatory subunit as well as the four core subunits; known regulatory subunits include gamma-secretase-activating protein (aka gSAP), TMP1 (aka TMED10), and CD147 antigen (aka basigin). Gamma-secretase cleaves type I transmembrane protein substrates, including the cell surface receptor Notch and the amyloid-beta precursor protein.


protein unfolding

description: The process of assisting in the disassembly of non-covalent linkages in a protein or protein aggregate, often where the proteins are in a non-functional or denatured state.


mitochondrial genome maintenance

description: The maintenance of the structure and integrity of the mitochondrial genome; includes replication and segregation of the mitochondrial chromosome.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-galactose + N-acetylglucosamine = galactose-beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosamine + UDP.


galactosyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a galactosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.


pseudohyphal growth

description: The process in which cells grow as a chain of physically attached, elongated cells in response to an environmental stimulus or stimuli.


invasive filamentous growth

description: The growth of colonies in filamentous chains of cells into a substrate.


name: CHM2A_HUMAN Charged multivesicular body protein 2a (sprot)

description: A charged multivesicular body protein 2a that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: GOSR1_HUMAN Golgi SNAP receptor complex member 1 (sprot)

description: A Golgi SNAP receptor complex member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BET1L_HUMAN BET1-like protein (sprot)

A BET1-like protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


STX18_HUMAN Syntaxin-18 (sprot)

A syntaxin-18 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: USE1_HUMAN Vesicle transport protein USE1 (sprot)

description: A vesicle transport protein USE1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: VAMP3_HUMAN Vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 (sprot)

description: A vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


STX10_HUMAN Syntaxin-10 (sprot)

A syntaxin-10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CHMP7_HUMAN Charged multivesicular body protein 7 (sprot)

description: A charged multivesicular body protein 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CHMP6_HUMAN Charged multivesicular body protein 6 (sprot)

description: A charged multivesicular body protein 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CHMP3_HUMAN Charged multivesicular body protein 3 (sprot)

description: A charged multivesicular body protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: VPS4A_HUMAN Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4A (sprot)

description: A vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4A that is encoded in the genome of human.


IST1_HUMAN IST1 homolog (sprot)

An IST1 homolog that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CHM4B_HUMAN Charged multivesicular body protein 4b (sprot)

description: A charged multivesicular body protein 4b that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CHM4C_HUMAN Charged multivesicular body protein 4c (sprot)

description: A charged multivesicular body protein 4c that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: C2D1B_HUMAN Coiled-coil and C2 domain-containing protein 1B (sprot)

description: A coiled-coil and C2 domain-containing protein 1B that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CHM2B_HUMAN Charged multivesicular body protein 2b (sprot)

description: A charged multivesicular body protein 2b that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CHM4A_HUMAN Charged multivesicular body protein 4a (sprot)

description: A charged multivesicular body protein 4a that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ASCC2_HUMAN Activating signal cointegrator 1 complex subunit 2 (sprot)

description: An activating signal cointegrator 1 complex subunit 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


octopamine receptor activity

description: Combining with the biogenic amine octopamine to initiate a change in cell activity. Octopamine is found in both vertebrates and invertebrates and can have properties both of a hormone and a neurotransmitter and acts as an adrenergic agonist.


ochratoxin A biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ochratoxin A.


zearalenone biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of zearalenone, a mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium species, is most commonly found as a contaminant in stored grain and has chronic estrogenic effects on mammals.


terrequinone A biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terrequinone A.


regulation of catalytic activity

description: Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme.


name: non-ribosomal peptide synthetase activity

description: Catalysis of a multistep reaction that produce non-ribosomal peptides. The key chain-building reaction, a C-N bond-forming reaction, involves the generation of the characteristic peptide bond by nucleophilic attack of the amino group of an amino-acyl donor unit covalently bound to a downstream peptidyl carrier protein module (amino acyl-S-PCP) on the acyl group of an upstream electrophilic acyl- or peptidyl acyl-S-PCP chain, catalyzed by a condensation (C) domain. Supplementing these core chain-elongation domains are variable numbers of auxiliary domains that are responsible for modification of the growing polypeptide chain by a small set of iterated reactions including epimerization, N-methylation, and heterocyclization.


name: transcription regulator activator activity

description: A molecular function regulator that increases the activity of a transcription regulator via direct binding and/or post-translational modification.


name: positive regulation of catalytic activity

description: Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme.


malonyl-CoA

The S-malonyl derivative of coenzyme A.


acetyl CoA

An acyl-CoA having acetyl as its S-acetyl component.


ochratoxin A

A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.


TERREQUINONE A

A bisindole alkaloid that is quinone bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2, a 3,3-dimethylallyl group at position 5 and two indol-3-yl groups at positions 3 and 6, one of which is carrying a 1,1-dimethylallyl group at position 2.


name: OTAD_ASPNC Flavin-dependent halogenase otaD (sprot)


name: OTAA_ASPNC Highly reducing polyketide synthase otaA (sprot)


name: OTAD_ASPC5 Flavin-dependent halogenase otaD (sprot)


name: ZEA1_GIBZE Non-reducing polyketide synthase ZEA1 (sprot)


name: TDIE_EMENI Probable methyltransferase tdiE (sprot)


uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase

A protein that is a translation product of the human UROD gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


type II iodothyronine deiodinase

A protein that is a translation product of the human DIO2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


type I iodothyronine deiodinase

A protein that is a translation product of the human DIO1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


name: OTAB_ASPNC Nonribosomal peptide synthetase otaB (sprot)


name: OTAC_ASPNC Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase otaC (sprot)


name: OTAB_ASPC5 Nonribosomal peptide synthetase otaB (sprot)


name: OTAC_ASPC5 Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase otaC (sprot)


name: OTAA_ASPC5 Highly reducing polyketide synthase otaA (sprot)


name: ZEB2_GIBZE Transcription factor ZEB2 (sprot)


name: ZEA2_GIBZE Highly reducing polyketide synthase ZEA2 (sprot)


name: TDIB_EMENI Indole prenyltransferase tdiB (sprot)


name: TDIA_EMENI Didemethylasterriquinone D synthetase tdiA (sprot)


name: TDIC_EMENI Probable NADPH-dependent quinone reductase tdiC (sprot)


GDP-mannose biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.


alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate

A D-mannose 1-phosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.


hydrochloric acid

A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.


name: antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I

description: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.


name: positive regulation of protein-pyridoxal-5-phosphate linkage

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein-pyridoxal-5-phosphate linkage.


name: US06_HCMVA Unique short US6 glycoprotein (sprot)


Golgi apparatus mannose trimming

description: Any protein alpha-1,2-demannosylation that takes place in the Golgi apparatus.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-(alpha-D-mannosyl)-beta-D-mannosyl-R + UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine = 3-(2-[N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl]-alpha-D-mannosyl)-beta-D-mannosyl-R + H+ + UDP.


name: endoplasmic reticulum quality control compartment

description: A subcompartment of the endoplasmic reticulum in which proteins with improper or incorrect folding accumulate. Enzymes in this compartment direct proteins with major folding problems to translocation to the cytosol and degradation, and proteins with minor folding problems to the ER, to interact with chaperon proteins.


An N(4)-glycosylated asparagine residue in which the glycan moiety is a branched nonasaccharide consisting of seven D-mannosyl residues and two N-acetylglucosamine residues, one of which at the reducing end is bonded to the asparagine N(4) atom.


An N-glycan residue involved in post-translational modification of proteins.


An N(4)-glycosylated asparagine residue in which the glycan moiety is a branched decasaccharide consisting of eight D-mannosyl residues and two N-acetylglucosamine residues, one of which at the reducing end is bonded to the asparagine N(4) atom.


name: MA1A2_HUMAN Mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase IB (sprot)

description: A mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase IB that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: MA1A1_HUMAN Mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase IA (sprot)

description: A mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase IA that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: MA1C1_HUMAN Mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase IC (sprot)

description: A mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase IC that is encoded in the genome of human.


inosine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs.


AMP catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of AMP, adenosine monophosphate.


dGMP catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dGMP, deoxyguanosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate).


xanthine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xanthine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine but not present in nucleic acids.


GMP catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of GMP, guanosine monophosphate.


dAMP catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate).


IMP catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of IMP, inosine monophosphate.


hypoxanthine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate.


guanine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, a purine that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of a number of phosphorylated guanosine derivatives whose metabolic or regulatory functions are important.


deoxyinosine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyinosine, hypoxanthine deoxyriboside.


deoxyguanosine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyguanosine, a nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose.


name: RL4_MOUSE Large ribosomal subunit protein uL4 (sprot)

description: A eukaryotic-type large ribosomal subunit protein uL4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: HMGB2_MOUSE High mobility group protein B2 (sprot)

description: A high mobility group protein B2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: 3BP2_MOUSE SH3 domain-binding protein 2 (sprot)

description: An SH3 domain-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: KNDC1_MOUSE Kinase non-catalytic C-lobe domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

description: A kinase non-catalytic C-lobe domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: PTPRO_MOUSE Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase O (sprot)

description: A receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase O that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: 3BP1_MOUSE SH3 domain-binding protein 1 (sprot)

description: A protein that is a translation product of the Sh3bp1 gene in mouse.


name: PO2F2_MOUSE POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2 (sprot)

description: A POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ERMES complex

description: A protein complex that links the endoplasmic reticulum with mitochondria and may have a role in promoting exchange of calcium and phospholipids between the two organelles.


name: apoptotic process in response to mitochondrial fragmentation

description: Any apoptotic process that occurs as a result of mitochondrial fragmentation.


mannose metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. The D-(+)-form is widely distributed in mannans and hemicelluloses and is of major importance in the core oligosaccharide of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins.


D-mannose 6-phosphate

A mannose phosphate in which the phosphate group is attached to position 6.


D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate

The pyranose form of D-mannose 6-phosphate.


alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate(2-)

An organophosphate oxoanion that is the dianion of alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate.


Golgi medial cisterna

description: The middle Golgi cisterna (or cisternae).


name: positive regulation by host of viral process

description: A process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.


peptidyl-L-cysteine S-palmitoylation

description: The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a sulfur (S) atom within a cysteine residue to form peptidyl-S-palmitoyl-L-cysteine.


protein localization to membrane raft

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a membrane raft.


structural constituent of virion

description: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a virion.


estrogen receptor isoform h3 (human)

An estrogen receptor (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P03372-3.


name: ESR2_HUMAN Estrogen receptor beta (sprot)

description: An estrogen receptor beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ZDH20_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC20 (sprot)

description: A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC20 that is encoded in the genome of human.


HMOX1_HUMAN Heme oxygenase 1 (sprot)

A heme oxygenase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: HM13_HUMAN Minor histocompatibility antigen H13 (sprot)

description: A minor histocompatibility antigen H13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: calcium ion import into sarcoplasmic reticulum

description: The directed movement of calcium ions into a sarcoplasmic reticulum.


calcium ion-transporting ATPase complex

description: Protein complex that carries out the reaction: ATP + H2O + Ca2+(out) = ADP + phosphate + Ca2+(in).


name: cuticle development involved in collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle molting cycle

description: Synthesis and deposition of a collagen and cuticulin-based noncellular, hardened, or membranous secretion from an epithelial sheet, occurring as part of the molting cycle. An example of this process is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.


name: positive regulation of protein processing

description: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage.


phagolysosome

description: A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by maturation of an early phagosome following the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis; during maturation, phagosomes acquire markers of late endosomes and lysosomes.


p-nitrophenyl butyrate

A butyrate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 4-nitrophenol with the carboxy group of butyric acid.


presqualene monophosphate

A triterpenyl phosphate that is presqualene in which the hydroxy hydrogen has been replaced by a monophosphate group.


diketone

A compound that contains two ketone functionalities.


pseudouridine

A C-glycosyl pyrimidine that consists of uracil having a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue attached at position 5. The C-glycosyl isomer of the nucleoside uridine.


NLRP3 inflammasome complex

description: An inflammasome complex that consists of three components, NLRP3 (NALP3), PYCARD and caspase-1. It is activated upon exposure to whole pathogens, as well as a number of structurally diverse pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs) and environmental irritants. Whole pathogens demonstrated to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome complex include the fungi Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, bacteria that produce pore-forming toxins, including Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, and viruses such as Sendai virus, adenovirus, and influenza virus.


regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.


regulation of sarcomere organization

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.


name: regulation of mitochondrion organization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.


neuromast regeneration

description: The regrowth of a neuromast following its loss or destruction.


undifferentiated genital tubercle

category: biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The embryonic anlage of the external genitalia, which emerges as paired swellings ventral to the cloacal membrane, is proposed to be derived from all three germ layers, and gives rise to the penis, clitoris, scrotum, labia, and foreskin.


lipid droplet formation

description: A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts of a lipid droplet.


cytosolic lipolysis

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipid droplets and hydrolysis of stored triglycerides occurring through the orchestrated activation of cytosolic lipases.


diacylglycerol metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.


name: regulation of multicellular organism growth

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size.


mammary gland development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk. Its development starts with the formation of the mammary line and ends as the mature gland cycles between nursing and weaning stages.


glandular epithelial cell maturation

description: The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a glandular epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.


name: partitioning defective 3 homolog isoform 3 (mouse)

description: A partitioning defective 3 homolog (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q99NH2-3.


name: oocyte animal/vegetal axis specification

description: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the animal/vegetal axis in the oocyte. The animal/vegetal axis of an oocyte is defined by the placement of the nucleus in the oocyte and can sometimes be identified by the asymmetric placement of other substances such as yolk in the oocyte. The pole of the egg that is closest to the nucleus defines the animal end, with the axis passing through the nucleus.


name: regulation of glial cell differentiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.


embryonic camera-type eye development

description: The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


name: optic cup formation involved in camera-type eye development

description: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the optic cup, a two-walled vesicle formed from the optic vesicle.


regulation of receptor internalization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.


notochord cell development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a notochord cell over time, from its formation to its mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


rhombomere development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the rhombomere over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates.


anterior lateral line development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the anterior lateral line over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The anterior lateral line consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head of all fishes and most amphibians. The anterior lateral line develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated between the eye and ear.


pigment cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a pigmented cell, such as a melanocyte.


pronephric duct development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephric duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pronephric duct collects the filtrate from the pronephric tubules and opens to the exterior of the pronephric kidney.


trigeminal ganglion development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trigeminal ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


taste bud formation

description: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the taste bud from unspecified parts. The taste bud is a specialized area of the tongue that contains taste receptors.


lateral line nerve development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral line nerve over time, form its formation to the mature structure. Lateral line nerves project primarily to an octavolateralis column in the hindbrain that consists of the medial octavolateralis nucleus (MON), the caudal octavolateralis nucleus, and the magnocellular nucleus.


ganglion of central nervous system

description: A ganglion that is part of a central nervous system [Automatically generated definition].


commissural neuron

category: biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


optic chiasma

description: A decussation of the diencephalon where the fibers of the optic nerve cross.


spinal accessory motor neuron

description: A motor neuron that is located in the cervical region of the spinal cord and selectively innervates the sternocleidmastoid or trapezius muscle. Unlike other motor neurons, they extend axons dorsally along lateral margins of the spinal cord.


name: IAPP_MOUSE Islet amyloid polypeptide (sprot)

description: An islet amyloid polypeptide that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


clathrin adaptor complex

description: A membrane coat adaptor complex that links clathrin to a membrane.


palmitoleoyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoleoyl group, a 16-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid (C16:1), to an acceptor molecule.


calyx of Held

description: The terminal specialization of a calyciferous axon which forms large synapses in the mammalian auditory central nervous system.


name: negative regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.


name: D7PBZ9_CARAU Syntaxin 3B (Fragment) (trembl)


cardiac jelly development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac jelly over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac jelly is an acellular gelatinous matrix secreted by the myocardium and plays a central role in the septation of the heart.


endothelial to hematopoietic transition

description: The generation of hematopoietic stem cells from hemogenic endothelial cells by a process that includes tight-junction dissolution and loss of cell polarity followed by delamination from the endothelium.


regulation of interleukin-13 production

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production.


primitive erythrocyte differentiation

description: Erythrocyte differentiation which occurs as part of the process of primitive hemopoiesis.


forebrain neuroblast division

description: The division of a neuroblast located in the forebrain. Neuroblast division gives rise to at least another neuroblast.


elicited macrophage

description: A macrophage which develops from an inflammatory monocyte and is recruited into the tissues in response to injury and infection as part of an inflammatory response. Markers include CD11b-positive, CD68-positive, and F4/80-positive.


neural rod formation

description: The formation of a solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts.


name: negative regulation of ceramide biosynthetic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a ceramide biosynthetic process.


name: negative regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process.


name: negative regulation of inositol biosynthetic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of inositol biosynthetic process.


name: negative regulation of phosphatidylserine biosynthetic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylserine biosynthetic process.


name: negative regulation of pseudohyphal growth

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pseudohyphal growth.


name: negative regulation of invasive growth in response to glucose limitation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of invasive growth in response to glucose limitation.


name: negative regulation of dipeptide transport

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dipeptide transport.


mating type determination

description: Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of mating type upon an individual. Mating types are the equivalent in microorganisms of the sexes in higher organisms.


negative regulation of sterol import

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sterol import.


name: negative regulation of mating type switching

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mating type switching.


name: positive regulation of induction of conjugation with cellular fusion

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of induction of conjugation with cellular fusion.


name: negative regulation of filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of filamentous growth of a population of unicellular organisms.


name: negative regulation of arginine catabolic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of arginine catabolic process.


name: negative regulation of oligopeptide transport

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oligopeptide transport.


protein poly-ADP-ribosylation

description: The transfer of multiple ADP-ribose residues from NAD to a protein amino acid, forming a poly(ADP-ribose) chain.


histone H3K deacetylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from a histone H3.


SKI_HUMAN Ski oncogene (sprot)

A ski oncogene that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SNW1_HUMAN SNW domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

description: A SNW domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


AT1B4_HUMAN Protein ATP1B4 (sprot)

A protein ATP1B4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KCTD1_HUMAN BTB/POZ domain-containing protein KCTD1 (sprot)

description: A BTB/POZ domain-containing protein KCTD1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KCD15_HUMAN BTB/POZ domain-containing protein KCTD15 (sprot)

description: A BTB/POZ domain-containing protein KCTD15 that is encoded in the genome of human.


SKIL_HUMAN Ski-like protein (sprot)

A ski-like protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TGIF1_HUMAN Homeobox protein TGIF1 (sprot)

description: A homeobox protein TGIF1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TGIF2_HUMAN Homeobox protein TGIF2 (sprot)

description: A homeobox protein TGIF2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: cellular response to increased oxygen levels

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting an increase in the level of oxygen.


tumor protein 63 isoform 6 (mouse)

A tumor protein 63 isoform 6 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: FOG2_MOUSE Zinc finger protein ZFPM2 (sprot)

description: A zinc finger protein ZFPM2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: positive regulation of glial cell differentiation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.


name: negative regulation of glial cell differentiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.


gliogenesis

description: The process that results in the generation of glial cells. This includes the production of glial progenitors and their differentiation into mature glia.


cellular response to dithiothreitol

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dithiothreitol stimulus.


name: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (succinyl-transferring) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + lipoamide + H+ = S-succinyldihydrolipoamide + CO2.


A nine-membered branched glucosamine oligosaccharide consisting of eight D-mannosyl residues and one N-acetylglucosamine residue (the latter being located at the reducing end). An intermediate glycan structure of glycosylated proteins.


isocitrate dehydrogenase complex (NAD+)

description: Complex that possesses isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.


oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

description: A multi-enzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate (also known as 2-oxoglutarate) to form succinyl-CoA. The complex comprises multiple copies of three enzymes referred to as E1, E2 and E3: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase (E2) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). Additional proteins may also be present.


name: succinate-CoA ligase complex (ADP-forming)

description: A heterodimeric enzyme complex, composed of an alpha and beta chain, most usually found in (but not limited to) bacteria. Functions in the TCA cycle, hydrolyzing succinyl-CoA into succinate and CoA, thereby forming ATP.


name: succinate-CoA ligase complex (GDP-forming)

description: A heterodimeric enzyme complex, usually composed of an alpha and beta chain. Functions in the TCA cycle, hydrolyzing succinyl-CoA into succinate and CoA, thereby forming GTP.


name: gamma-aminobutyric acid:proton symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: gamma-aminobutyric acid(out) + H+(out) = gamma-aminobutyric acid(in) + H+(in).


name: positive regulation of monoatomic ion transport

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


CTNS_HUMAN Cystinosin (sprot)

A cystinosin that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 2 isoform 1 (mouse)

description: A small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel protein 2 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


Eumycetozoan cell

description: Any cell that only exists in Eumycetozoa.


name: DEAF1_MOUSE Deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor 1 homolog (sprot)

description: A deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ETS1_MOUSE Protein C-ets-1 (sprot)

A protein C-ets-1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: PAX7_MOUSE Paired box protein Pax-7 (sprot)

description: A paired box protein Pax-7 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: COE3_MOUSE Transcription factor COE3 (sprot)

description: A transcription factor COE3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: COE2_MOUSE Transcription factor COE2 (sprot)

description: A transcription factor COE2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: COE1_MOUSE Transcription factor COE1 (sprot)

description: A transcription factor COE1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: T2FA_MOUSE General transcription factor IIF subunit 1 (sprot)

description: A general transcription factor IIF subunit 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: IKZF4_MOUSE Zinc finger protein Eos (sprot)

description: A zinc finger protein Eos that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: PROX1_MOUSE Prospero homeobox protein 1 (sprot)

description: A prospero homeobox protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: zinc finger protein ZFPM2 isoform 1 (mouse)

description: A zinc finger protein ZFPM2 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


neural crest formation

description: The formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation proceeds.


name: regulation of mating-type specific transcription, DNA-templated

description: Any mating-type specific process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.


name: negative regulation of white fat cell proliferation

description: Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of white fat cell proliferation.


name: positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation

description: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of brown fat cell differentiation. Brown fat cell differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria.


receptor antagonist activity

description: The activity of a gene product that interacts with a receptor to decrease the ability of the receptor agonist to bind and activate the receptor.


receptor transactivation

description: The process in which a receptor is activated by another receptor. Receptor transactivation can occur through different mechanisms and includes cross-talk between signaling pathways where one receptor activates a receptor for a different ligand, and also activation of subunits within a receptor oligomer.


Ketoacidosis

category: biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: Acidosis resulting from accumulation of ketone bodies.


secondary heart field specification

description: The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, arterial pole (outflow tract) and venous pole (inflow tract).


nuclear receptor corepressor 2

A protein that is a translation product of the human NCOR2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


nuclear receptor corepressor 1

A protein that is a translation product of the human NCOR1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


name: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha

description: A protein that is a translation product of the human PPARA gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


name: negative regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate specification.


name: regulation of double-strand break repair

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair.


negative regulation of angiogenesis

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.


name: regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.


regulation of oogenesis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis.


response to X-ray

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz).


name: DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, resulting in the induction of the transcription of p21 (also known as WAF1, CIP1 and SDI1) or any equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.


cellular senescence

description: A cell aging process stimulated in response to cellular stress, whereby normal cells lose the ability to divide through irreversible cell cycle arrest.


name: apoptotic process involved in blood vessel morphogenesis

description: Any apoptotic process that is involved in blood vessel morphogenesis.


name: positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process.


retrotransposon silencing

description: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of retrotransposition. Retrotransposons are a subset of transposable elements that use an RNA intermediate and reverse transcribe themselves into the genome.


negative regulation of cell division

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.


response to methylmercury

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methylmercury stimulus.


armadillo repeat domain binding

description: Binding to an armadillo repeat domain, an approximately 40 amino acid long tandemly repeated sequence motif first identified in the Drosophila segment polarity protein armadillo. Arm-repeat proteins are involved in various processes, including intracellular signaling and cytoskeletal regulation.


muscle cell migration

description: The orderly movement of a muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.


name: convergent extension involved in organogenesis

description: The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis contribution to the shaping of an organ.


SMAD binding

description: Binding to a SMAD signaling protein.


name: Spemann organizer formation at the embryonic shield

description: Formation of the specialized region of the embryonic shield of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the teleost body plan.


axial mesoderm morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the axial mesoderm are generated and organized.


notochord formation

description: The formation of the notochord from the chordamesoderm. The notochord is composed of large cells packed within a firm connective tissue sheath and is found in all chordates at the ventral surface of the neural tube. In vertebrates, the notochord contributes to the vertebral column.


name: axial mesodermal cell fate specification

description: The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an axial mesoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


kinesin complex

description: Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily, a group of related proteins that contain an extended region of predicted alpha-helical coiled coil in the main chain that likely produces dimerization. The native complexes of several kinesin family members have also been shown to contain additional peptides, often designated light chains as all of the noncatalytic subunits that are currently known are smaller than the chain that contains the motor unit. Kinesin complexes generally possess a force-generating enzymatic activity, or motor, which converts the free energy of the gamma phosphate bond of ATP into mechanical work.


neuromast development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neuromast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neuromast is the sensory organ of the lateral line and is composed of a population of sensory hair cells, and nonsensory supporting cells and mantle cells. Neuromasts are located superficially on the epithelium or in lateral line canals.


nose development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nose over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity).


Kupffer's vesicle

description: Small but distinctive epithelial sac containing fluid, located midventrally posterior to the yolk cell or its extension, and transiently present during most of the segmentation period. Kimmel et al, 1995. Kupffer's vesicle has been compared to the mouse embryonic node. Drummond et al, 2005.


SMO_HUMAN Protein smoothened (sprot)

A protein smoothened that is encoded in the genome of human.


PTHB1_HUMAN Protein PTHB1 (sprot)

A protein PTHB1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: BBS4_HUMAN Bardet-Biedl syndrome 4 protein (sprot)

description: A Bardet-Biedl syndrome 4 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: BBIP1_HUMAN BBSome-interacting protein 1 (sprot)

description: A BBSome-interacting protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: BBS7_HUMAN Bardet-Biedl syndrome 7 protein (sprot)

description: A Bardet-Biedl syndrome 7 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: BBS1_HUMAN Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1 protein (sprot)

description: A Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TTC8_HUMAN Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 8 (sprot)

description: A tetratricopeptide repeat protein 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SSR3_HUMAN Somatostatin receptor type 3 (sprot)

description: A somatostatin receptor type 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PKD1_HUMAN Polycystin-1 (sprot)

A polycystin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PKD2_HUMAN Polycystin-2 (sprot)

A polycystin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CYS1_HUMAN Cystin-1 (sprot)

A cystin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NPHP3_HUMAN Nephrocystin-3 (sprot)

A nephrocystin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


adult feeding behavior

description: Feeding behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.


Axin-1 isoform 1 (mouse)

An Axin-1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


phosphoamidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: N-phosphocreatine + H2O = creatine + phosphate.


name: heme B transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of heme B from one side of a membrane to the other.


name: BH3-interacting domain death agonist isoform 1 cleaved 1 (mouse)

description: A BH3-interacting domain death agonist isoform 1 cleaved 1 in mouse. UniProtKB:P70444-1, 61-195.


name: heme transporter FLVCR1 isoform m2 (mouse)

description: A heme transporter FLVCR1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:B2RXV4-2.


retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi

description: The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.


name: negative regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.


5'-inosine monophosphate

A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having hypoxanthine as the nucleobase.


A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.


lipoteichoic acid

A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.


A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.


oxidised phospholipid

The oxidised form of phospholipids, and a possible biomarker of atherogenesis.


L-FUCOSE

The pyranose form of L-fucose.


dextran sulfate

A polymer composed of repeating (1->6)-alpha-linked anhydroglucose sulfate units.


carrageenan

A family of sulfated polysaccharides extracted from red seaweeds. The name is derived from a common name of red algae Chondrus crispus, "carrageen moss" (Irish moss).


name: scavenger receptor class B member 1 isoform 1 (human)

description: A scavenger receptor class B member 1 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SRCRL_HUMAN Soluble scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain-containing protein SSC5D (sprot)

description: A soluble scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain-containing protein SSC5D that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SREC_HUMAN Scavenger receptor class F member 1 (sprot)

description: A scavenger receptor class F member 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


STAB2_HUMAN Stabilin-2 (sprot)

A stabilin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


STAB1_HUMAN Stabilin-1 (sprot)

A stabilin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: HYOU1_HUMAN Hypoxia up-regulated protein 1 (sprot)

description: A hypoxia up-regulated protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: OMPB1_NEIGO Major outer membrane protein P.IB (sprot)


name: SG3A2_HUMAN Secretoglobin family 3A member 2 (sprot)

description: A secretoglobin family 3A member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


hematite nanoparticle

An iron oxide nanoparticle composed of hematite (Fe2O3).


silicon dioxide nanoparticle

A nanoparticle consisting of silicon dioxide.


titanium dioxide nanoparticle

A nanoparticle consisting of titanium dioxide.


name: SUH_HUMAN Recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless (sprot)

description: A recombining binding protein suppressor of hairless that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: MAMD1_HUMAN Mastermind-like domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

description: A mastermind-like domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: MAML2_HUMAN Mastermind-like protein 2 (sprot)

description: A mastermind-like protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: MAML1_HUMAN Mastermind-like protein 1 (sprot)

description: A mastermind-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: MAML3_HUMAN Mastermind-like protein 3 (sprot)

description: A mastermind-like protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


protein PML isoform m1 (mouse)

A protein PML (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q60953-1.


WNT11_MOUSE Protein Wnt-11 (sprot)

A protein Wnt-11 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: sentrin-specific protease 2 isoform 2 (mouse)

description: A sentrin-specific protease 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q91ZX6-2.


name: VDTA1_BYSSP Non-reducing polyketide synthase VdtA (sprot)


DNA translocase activity

description: Generation of movement along a single- or double-stranded DNA molecule, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


RSC-type complex

description: A SWI/SNF-type complex that contains a bromodomain containing-protein, such as yeast Rsc1 or Rsc4 or mammalian PB1/BAF180. The RSC complex is generally recruited to RNA polymerase III promoters and is specifically recruited to RNA polymerase II promoters by transcriptional activators and repressors; it is also involved in non-homologous end joining.


SWI/SNF complex

description: A SWI/SNF-type complex that contains 8 to 14 proteins, including both conserved (core) and nonconserved components; contains the ATPase product of the yeast SNF2 or mammalian SMARCA4/BAF190A/BRG1 gene, or an ortholog thereof.


Ino80 complex

description: A multisubunit protein complex that contains the Ino80p ATPase; exhibits chromatin remodeling activity.


H31T_HUMAN Histone H3.1t (sprot)

A histone H3.1t that is encoded in the genome of human.


H33_HUMAN Histone H3.3 (sprot)

A histone H3.3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: negative regulation of adipose tissue development

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development.


name: NMNA1_HUMAN Nicotinamide/nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 (sprot)

description: A nicotinamide/nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: transcription factor Ovo-like 2 isoform 1 (mouse)

description: A transcription factor Ovo-like 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8CIV7-1.


name: SC61B_HUMAN Protein transport protein Sec61 subunit beta (sprot)

description: A protein transport protein Sec61 subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


C-8 sterol isomerase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction which results in unsaturation at C-7 in the B ring of sterols.


squalene synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: presqualene diphosphate + NADPH = squalene + NADP+ + diphosphate.


C-22 sterol desaturase activity

description: Catalysis of the formation of the C-22(23) double bond in the sterol side chain. An example reaction: 5,7,24(28)-ergostatrienol + O2 + NADPH = 5,7,22,24(28)-ergostatetraenol + 2 H2O + NADP+.


name: peptide transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a peptide from one side of a membrane to the other.


3-hydroxybenzyl alcohol

A hydroxybenzyl alcohol that is phenol substituted at position C-3 by a hydroxymethyl group.


name: regulated endocrine-specific protein 18 isoform 1 (mouse)

description: A regulated endocrine-specific protein 18 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: serine/threonine-protein kinase LMTK1 isoform 3 (mouse)

description: A serine/threonine-protein kinase LMTK1 isoform 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: ATP-dependent (S)-NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratase isoform m3 (mouse)

description: An ATP-dependent (S)-NAD(P)H-hydrate dehydratase (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9CZ42-3.


ceramide synthase isoform 3 (mouse)

A ceramide synthase (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q7TNV1-3.


ceramide synthase isoform 2 (mouse)

A ceramide synthase isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: CR3L4_MOUSE Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 (sprot)

description: A cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 7 isoform 1 (mouse)

description: A patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 7 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:A2AJ88-1.


name: patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 7 isoform 2 (mouse)

description: A patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 7 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:A2AJ88-2.


name: patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 7 isoform 3 (mouse)

description: A patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 7 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:A2AJ88-3.


name: PATI_PENEN Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase patI (sprot)


name: PATH_PENEN Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase patH (sprot)


name: MPAB2_PENBR ER-bound oxygenase mpaB' (sprot)


name: MPDE2_PENBR Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase mpaDE' (sprot)


name: TAP2_HUMAN Antigen peptide transporter 2 (sprot)

description: An antigen peptide transporter 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A protein that is a translation product of the human PORCN gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


name: paired box protein Pax-6 isoform 3 sumoylated 1 (mouse)

description: A paired box protein Pax-6 isoform 3 sumoylated 1 in mouse. UniProtKB:P63015-3, Lys-91, MOD:01149.


name: epigenetic programming in the zygotic pronuclei

description: The global programming of epigenetic modifications in the zygote following fertilization. The paternal genome undergoes active DNA demethylation before the first cell division, while the adjacent maternal genome is protected from this process.


name: negative regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.


name: CCND2_HUMAN G1/S-specific cyclin-D2 (sprot)

description: A G1/S-specific cyclin-D2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CCND3_HUMAN G1/S-specific cyclin-D3 (sprot)

description: A G1/S-specific cyclin-D3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A member of the class of hydroxyindoles that is 1H-indole in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.


female organism

category: biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Gonochoristic organism that can produce female gametes.


name: vacuole-mitochondrion membrane contact site

description: A zone of apposition between the vacuolar membrane and the mitochondrial outer membrane, important for transfer of lipids between the two organelles.


name: endoplasmic reticulum-vacuole membrane contact site

description: A zone of apposition between endoplasmic-reticulum and lytic vacuole membranes, structured by bridging complexes.


name: protein transport to vacuole involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway

description: The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole that contributes to protein catabolism via the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway.


viral DNA genome replication

description: The replication of a viral DNA genome.


positive regulation of mitophagy

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy.


name: negative regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.


name: SPHK2_HUMAN Sphingosine kinase 2 (sprot)

description: A sphingosine kinase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


photoreceptor cell development

description: Development of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light.


name: post-embryonic retina morphogenesis in camera-type eye

description: The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized in a camera-type eye during the post-embryonic life stage.


name: ZRAN1_HUMAN Ubiquitin thioesterase ZRANB1 (sprot)

description: A ubiquitin thioesterase ZRANB1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


leukocyte activation

description: A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


regulation of axonogenesis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis, the generation of an axon, the long process of a neuron.


noradrenergic cell

description: A cell capable of producting norepiniphrine. Norepiniphrine is a catecholamine with multiple roles including as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. In addition, epiniphrine is synthesized from norepiniphrine by the actions of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enzyme.


motor neuron axon guidance

description: The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


axon arborization

description: The process in which the terminal anatomical structures of an axon are generated and organized into branches of specialised projections, or boutons. An axon is the long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminal branches.


name: synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction

description: The assembly of a synapse at a neuromuscular junction.


name: regulation of neuromuscular junction development

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development.


name: regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance.


name: positive regulation of oxidative phosphorylation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative phosphorylation.


peripheral nervous system neuron

description: A neuron that is part of a peripheral nervous system.


basket cell

description: Basket cells are inhibitory GABAergic interneurons of the brain. In general, dendrites of basket cells are free branching and contain smooth spines. Axons are highly branched. The branched axonal arborizations give rise to basket-like structures that surround the soma of the target cell. Basket cells form axo-somatic synapses, meaning their synapses target somas of other cells.


name: roundabout homolog 3 isoform ROBO3.2 (mouse)

description: A roundabout homolog 3 (mouse) that has a unique C-terminal sequence due to retention of the intron between exons 26 and 27.


name: roundabout homolog 3 isoform ROBO3.1 (mouse)

description: A roundabout homolog 3 (mouse) that has a C-terminal sequence that includes the region encoded by exons 26, 27 and 28. The resulting 78 amino acid peptide is highly enriched in arginine/serine dipeptide repeats.


reticulon-4 isoform A (mouse)

A reticulon-4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q99P72-2.


yolk

description: Nutrient store for embryonic development in the form of semicrystalline phospholipoprotein and contained within yolk granules. Kimmel et al, 1995.


cortical microtubule organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane of a cell.


name: invagination involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second

description: The infolding of the epithelial sheet into the embryo involved in deuterostomic gastrulation.


name: negative regulation of beta-catenin-TCF complex assembly

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of beta-catenin-TCF complex assembly.


regulation of germ cell proliferation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation.


yolk syncytial layer development

description: The progression of the yolk syncytial layer over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The yolk syncytial layer is the peripheral layer of the yolk cell including nuclei and non-yolky cytoplasm.


name: epiboly involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second

description: The expansion of one cell sheet over other cells involved in deuterostomic gastrulation.


connexin complex

description: An assembly of six molecules of connexin, made in the Golgi apparatus and subsequently transported to the plasma membrane, where docking of two connexons on apposed plasma membranes across the extracellular space forms a gap junction.


spinal cord ependyma

description: The ependymal cell layer that lines the spinal cord.


voltage-gated channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


gap junction hemi-channel activity

description: A wide pore channel activity that enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a gap junction hemi-channel. Two gap junction hemi-channels coupled together form a complete gap junction.


caudal fin morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the caudal fin are generated and organized. A caudal fin is an unpaired medial fin mounted at the caudal end of the fish, and is the main fin used for propulsion.


embryonic skeletal joint morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of skeletal joints are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. A skeletal joint is the connecting structure between the bones of the skeleton.


cell communication

description: Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.


medial fin development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a medial fin over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


mitotic sister chromatid cohesion

description: The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome, from their formation in S phase through metaphase during a mitotic cell cycle. This cohesion cycle is critical for high fidelity chromosome transmission.


regulation of protein processing

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein processing, a protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.


name: negative regulation of protein processing

description: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of protein maturation by peptide bond cleavage.


name: ADAM3_MOUSE A disintegrin and metallopeptidase domain 3 (sprot)

description: A protein that is a translation product of the Adam3 gene in mouse.


regulation of protein secretion

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.


name: negative regulation of protein secretion

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.


serine protease inhibitor complex

description: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains a serine protease inhibitor and a protease; formation of the complex inhibits serine protease activity.


positive regulation of angiogenesis

description: Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis.


name: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 binding

description: Binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2.


Q8K3G7_MOUSE Reticulon (trembl)

A reticulon-4 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8K3G7.


name: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2

description: A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor that is a translation product of the human KDR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


name: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1

description: A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor that is a translation product of the human FLT1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


vascular element of right lung

description: A vascular plexus that is part of a right lung.


vascular element of left lung

description: A vascular plexus that is part of a left lung.


cranial ganglion development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


hatching behavior

description: The specific behavior of an organism during the emergence from an egg shell. In Drosophila for example, the larva swings its head reiteratively through a semicircular arc, using its mouth hooks to tear apart the chorion in front of it and thus free itself from within the egg shell.


dendrite self-avoidance

description: The process in which dendrites recognize and avoid contact with sister dendrites from the same cell.


inferior olivary complex

description: Largest nucleus situated in the olivary body, part of the medulla oblongata. It is closely associated with the cerebellum, but its specific function is voluntary body movements.


autonomic neuron

description: A neuron whose cell body is within an autonomic ganglion.


name: primary sensory neuron (sensu Teleostei)

description: A primary neuron (sensu Teleostei) that has a sensory function.


muscle cell apoptotic process

description: A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte, that forms one of three kinds of muscle.


name: positive regulation of programmed cell death

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes.


MPP+

A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.


glycogen

A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.


histamine

A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole substituted at position C-4 by a 2-aminoethyl group.


estrone sulphate

A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfate of estrone.


A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 4.


A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.


phenylephrine

A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.


coumestrol

A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.


glucose

An aldohexose used as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate.


An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, amino, and phenyl groups, respectively. It is the most abundant of the mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat and fish.


L-ascorbic acid

The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.


hymecromone

A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone substituted by a methyl group at position 4.


glibenclamide

An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.


oxalate

A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid.


ovulation cycle

description: The type of sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.


resveratrol

A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.


ZEARALENONE

A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.


GLYCITEIN

A  methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4'. It has been isolated from the mycelia of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis.


menadione

A member of the class of 1,4-naphthoquinones that is 1,4-naphthoquinone which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group. It is used as a nutritional supplement and for the treatment of hypoprothrombinemia.


diethylstilbestrol

An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.


geldanamycin

An ansamycin consisting of a 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It shows antimicrobial activity against many Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria.


BENZO[DEF]CHRYSENE

An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.


bisphenol A

A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.


mercuric chloride

A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.


CHLORPYRIFOS

An  organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.


bezafibrate

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-chlorobenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-[4-(2-aminoethyl)phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid. Benafibrate is used for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.


An arsenite ion resulting from the removal of all three protons from the hydroxy groups of arsenous acid.


decamethrin

A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol. It is the active insecticide of the proinsecticide tralomethrin.


cadmium dichloride

A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.


KEPONE

An  organochlorine compound with insecticidal activity.


VINCLOZOLIN

A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in which the imide hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group.


ENDOSULFAN

A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.


clofenotane

A chlorophenylethane that is 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-diphenylethane substituted by additional chloro substituents at positions 4 of the phenyl substituents. It is a commonly used organochlorine insecticide.


POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL 126

A pentachlorobiphenyl in which the chlorines are located at the 3, 4, 5, 3', and 4' positions.


phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate

A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.


ATRAZINE

A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6 while one of hydrogens of each amino group is replaced respectively by an ethyl and a propan-2-yl group.


cadmium atom

An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.


A sulfone that is diphenyl sulfone in which both of the para hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy groups.


permethrin

A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester in which the esterifying alcohol is 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol and the cyclopropane ring is substituted with a 2,2-dichlorovinyl group and with gem-dimethyl groups.


cobalt dichloride

A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.


copper(II) chloride dihydrate

A hydrate that is the dihydrate form of copper(II) chloride. It occurs naturally as the mineral eriochalcite.


ethinylestradiol

A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a  xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.


phytoestrogen

Any compound produced by a plant that happens to have estrogenic activity.


phenols

Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring.


genistein

A 7-hydroxyisoflavone with additional hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4'. It is a phytoestrogenic isoflavone with antioxidant properties.


triclosan

An aromatic ether that is phenol which is substituted at C-5 by a chloro group and at C-2 by a 2,4-dichlorophenoxy group. It is widely used as a preservative and antimicrobial agent in personal care products such as soaps, skin creams, toothpaste and deodorants as well as in household items such as plastic chopping boards, sports equipment and shoes.


DIELDRIN

An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.


RALOXIFENE HYDROCHLORIDE

A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.


BIS(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE

A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.


BETA-HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE

The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.


luteolin

A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3', 4', 5 and 7. It is thought to play an important role in the human body as an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger, an anti-inflammatory agent and an immune system modulator as well as being active against several cancers.


T-2 TOXIN

A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.


geraniol

A monoterpenoid consisting of two prenyl units linked head-to-tail and functionalised with a hydroxy group at its tail end.


nickel dichloride

A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.


PENTACHLOROPHENOL

A  chlorophenol that is phenol substituted by 5 chloro groups.


bisphenol AF

An organofluorine compound that is  bisphenol A with its methyl hydrogens replaced by fluorines.


apigenin

A trihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4', 5 and 7.  It induces autophagy in leukaemia cells.


kaempferol

A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'. Acting as an antioxidant by reducing oxidative stress, it is currently under consideration as a possible cancer treatment.


mestranol

A terminal acetylenic compound that is (17alpha)-17-ethynylestra-1(10),2,4-triene substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and a hydroxy group at position 17.


daidzein

A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone substituted by an additional hydroxy group at position 4'.


estriol

A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol substituted by additional hydroxy groups at positions 16 and 17 (16alpha,17beta-stereoisomer).


BUTYLATED HYDROXYANISOLE

An aromatic ether that is 4-methoxyphenol in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a tert-butyl group.


metavanadate

A vanadium oxoanion in which a central vanadium is divalently bound to two oxygens and monovalently bound to a hydroxide.


bromochlorodifluoromethane

A one-carbon compound that is methane in which the hydrogens have been replaced by two fluorines, a bromine, and a chlorine. Widely used in 'vapourising liquid'-type fire extinguishers, its use is now generally banned under the Montreal Protocol (ozone-depleting substances), although it is still used in certain applications (e.g. aviation).


ALACHLOR

An aromatic amide that is N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide substituted by a methoxymethyl group at at the nitrogen atom while one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a chlorine atom.


warfarin

A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.


ALPHA-NAPHTHOFLAVONE

An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).


PHTHALIC ACID

A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.


AFIMOXIFENE

A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.


methyltestosterone

A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.


LY 294002

A chromone substituted with a phenyl group at position 8 and a morpholine group at position 2.


guaiacol

A  monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.


eugenol

A phenylpropanoid formally derived from guaiacol with an allyl chain substituted para to the hydroxy group. It is a major component of clove essential oil, and exhibits antibacterial, analgesic and antioxidant properties. It has been widely used in dentistry to treat toothache and pulpitis.


DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHYLENE

A chlorophenylethylene that is ethylene substituted by two 4-chlorophenyl groups at position 1 and two chlorine atoms at position 2.


NAPHTHALENE

An aromatic hydrocarbon comprising two fused benzene rings. It occurs in the essential oils of numerous plant species e.g. magnolia.


An aryl sulfide that is (2Z,3Z)-bis[amino(sulfanyl)methylidene]butanedinitrile in which the sulfanyl hydrogens are replaced by 2-aminophenyl groups. An inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase that also exhibits anti-cancer properties.


A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.


aldrin

An organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene. A proinsecticide (by epoxidation of the non-chlorinated double bond to give dieldrin), it was widely used as an insecticide before being banned in the 1970s as a persistent organic pollutant.


metformin

A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.


A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.


biochanin A

A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone which is substituted by an additional hydroxy group at position 5 and a methoxy group at position 4'. A phytoestrogen, it has putative benefits in dietary cancer prophylaxis.


bisphenol F

A bisphenol that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups.


toxaphene

A highly complex mixture of several hundred polychlorinated compounds obtained by chlorination of camphene to an overall chlorine content of 67-69% by weight and having an overall empirical formula of C10H10Cl8 (including optical isomers, it could theoretically contain over 32,000 congeners). Toxaphene was used from the mid-1940s as an agricultural insecticide (mostly in the USA, particularly on corn and soybeans). Use increased with the phasing out of DDT in the 1970s (it became the most heavily manufactured pesticide in the US) but it is now banned due to concerns about toxicity and carcinogenicity. Total production since its first use is estimated at around 500,000 tons. In the environment, most of the components of toxaphene get metabolised, but from 10 to >100 resist biodegradation, depending on the medium and the specialisation of the enzyme system. Breathing, drinking or eating high levels of toxaphene can damage the lungs, kidneys, and nervous system.


A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.


PERCHLOROBENZENE

A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.


HEPTACHLOR

A cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methanoindene substituted by chlorine atoms at positions 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 8. Formerly used to kill termites, ants and other insects in agricultural and domestic situations.


CYANAZINE

A chloro-1,3,5-triazine that is 2-chloro-1,3,5-triazine substituted by an ethyl amino and a (2-cyanopropan-2-yl)amino group at positions 6 and 4 respectively.


carbaryl

A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of  1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.


DICOFOL

A tertiary alcohol that is DDT in which the benzylic hydrogen has been replaced by a hydroxy group.


A member of the class of benzamides that is 4-(imidazol-2-yl)benzamide carrying additional 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl and pyridin-2-yl substituents at positions 4 and 5 respectively on the imidazole ring.


hexachlorophene

An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.


NARINGENIN

The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.


QUINOLINE

The simplest member of the quinoline class of compounds, comprising a benzene ring ortho fused to C-2 and C-3 of a pyridine ring.


A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at position 3 and 4 on each phenyl group are replaced by chlorines.


TFMPP

A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group at position 1. A serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.


ANETHOLE

The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.


sodium hypochlorite

An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.


DIBROMOACETIC ACID

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which two of the methyl hydrogens are replaced by bromo groups.


BENOMYL

A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is the methyl ester of  [1-(butylcarbamoyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamic acid. A foliar fungicide used to control a wide range of Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti in a wide range of crops.


A phenanthrol that is phenanthrene in which a hydrogen attached to a carbon in the central ring has been replaced by a hydroxy group.


benzenes

Any benzenoid aromatic compound consisting of the benzene skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


A methylquinoline carrying a methyl substituent at position 8.


QUINALDINE

A quinoline compound in which the quinoline skeleton is substituted at C-2 with a methyl group.


fusidic acid

A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.


benzyl benzoate

A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of benzoic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Polyalthia.


A organochlorine compound that is  4,4'-dichlorodiphenylmethane in which one of the methylene hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxymethyl group.


A monohydroxyquinoline carrying a hydroxy group at position 4.


A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 6.


5-hydroxybisphenol A

A bisphenol (methylenediphenol) having hydroxy functions at C-3, C-4 and C-4', and gem-dimethyl groups on the methylene bridge.


ADEFOVIR

A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.


perfluorooctanoic acid

A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.


ketoconazole

A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-ketoconazole.


calcipotriol

A seco-cholestane that is 26,27-cyclo-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10,22-tetraene carrying additional hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 3 and 24. It is used (as its hydrate) in combination with betamethasone dipropionate, a corticosteroid, for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adult patients.


response to hormone

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.


name: positive regulation of sarcomere organization

description: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.


name: thyroid hormone receptor signaling pathway

description: A nuclear receptor-mediated signaling pathway initiated by a thyroid hormone  binding to an intracellular receptor of the nuclear receptor protein family, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


estradiol binding

description: Binding to estradiol.


steroid hormone binding

description: Binding to a steroid hormone.


response to estradiol

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.


vitamin D response element binding

description: Binding to a vitamin D response element (VDRE), a short sequence with dyad symmetry found in the promoters of some of the cellular immediate-early genes, regulated by serum.


inner ear receptor cell development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an inner ear receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


fentin hydroxide

An organotin compound that is triphenylstannane in which the hydrogen attached to tin is replaced by a hydroxy group. A fungicide used to control a variety of infections including blight on potatoes, leaf spot on sugar beet and alternaria blight on carrots.


flurbiprofen

A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.