name: epithelial cell maturation involved in prostate gland development

description: The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell of the prostate gland to attain its fully functional state. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.


name: secretory columnal luminar epithelial cell differentiation involved in prostate glandular acinus development

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell acquires specialized features of a secretory columnal luminar epithelial cell of the prostate.


name: OSPC3_SHIFL Arginine ADP-riboxanase OspC3 (sprot)


name: OSPC1_SHIFL Arginine ADP-riboxanase OspC1 (sprot)


cell division

description: The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells.


lens fiber cell development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lens fiber cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a lens fiber cell fate. A lens fiber cell is any of the elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in a camera-type eye.


layer of retina

category: biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Any of the layers that make up the retina[MP].


name: retinoic acid receptor gamma isoform 2 (mouse)

description: A retinoic acid receptor gamma (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P18911-2.


name: Wilms tumor protein homolog isoform 2 (mouse)

description: A Wilms tumor protein isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


roof of mouth development

description: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the roof of the mouth from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The roof of the mouth is the partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities.


name: GDF6_HUMAN Growth/differentiation factor 6 (sprot)

description: A growth/differentiation factor 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


description: The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.


embryonic skeletal system morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase.


postcranial axial skeletal system

category: biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the postcranial axial skeleton plus associated joints.


name: regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.


embryonic post-anal tail

description: An embryonic structure that will either develop into a post-anal tail or recede into a vestigial remnant of the tail.


ectoplacental cone

description: Thickened trophoblast of the blastocyst in rodents that becomes the fetal portion of the placenta.


presumptive midbrain

description: A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a midbrain.


forelimb bud

description: A limb bud that develops into a forelimb.


female reproductive system

description: The organs and associated structures associated with bearing offspring in a female animal.


name: negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway.


name: transmembrane receptor protein phosphatase activity

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate.


name: sonic hedgehog protein N-product dually lipidated 1 (mouse)

description: A sonic hedgehog protein N-product in mouse that has been further modified on the N-terminal Cys residue by palmitoylation and the C-terminal Gly residue by cholesterylation. UniProtKB:Q62226, 25-198, Cys-25, MOD:00069|Gly-198, MOD:00314.


motile cilium

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A cilium which may have a variable arrangement of axonemal microtubules and also contains molecular motors. It may beat with a whip-like pattern that promotes cell motility or transport of fluids and other cells across a cell surface, such as on epithelial cells that line the lumenal ducts of various tissues; or they may display a distinct twirling motion that directs fluid flow asymmetrically across the cellular surface to affect asymmetric body plan organization. Motile cilia can be found in single as well as multiple copies per cell.


axoneme

description: The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.


protein localization to cilium

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cilium.


name: CCD40_HUMAN Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 40 (sprot)

description: A coiled-coil domain-containing protein 40 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: DRC4_HUMAN Dynein regulatory complex subunit 4 (sprot)

description: A dynein regulatory complex subunit 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CCD39_HUMAN Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 39 (sprot)

description: A coiled-coil domain-containing protein 39 that is encoded in the genome of human.


cilium organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.


name: Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport

description: The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane.


cilium movement

description: The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.


trans-Golgi network membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments that make up the trans-Golgi network.


ciliated cell

category: biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A cell that has a filiform extrusion of the cell surface.


cultured cell

description: A cell in vitro that is or has been maintained or propagated as part of a cell culture.


name: DRC3_HUMAN Dynein regulatory complex subunit 3 (sprot)

description: A dynein regulatory complex subunit 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ASAP1_HUMAN Arf-GAP with SH3 domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1 (sprot)

description: An Arf-GAP with SH3 domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: RFIP3_HUMAN Rab11 family-interacting protein 3 (sprot)

description: A Rab11 family-interacting protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: RB11A_HUMAN Ras-related protein Rab-11A (sprot)

description: A Ras-related protein Rab-11A that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ARF4_HUMAN ADP-ribosylation factor 4 (sprot)

description: An ADP-ribosylation factor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: RAB8A_HUMAN Ras-related protein Rab-8A (sprot)

description: A Ras-related protein Rab-8A that is encoded in the genome of human.


positive regulation of cilium assembly

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a cilium.


axonemal dynein complex

description: A dynein complex found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella; the motor domain heads interact with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding force which is converted to a bending motion.


polycystin complex

description: A stable heterodimeric complex composed of polycystin-1 and polycystin-2.


SMO_MOUSE Protein smoothened (sprot)

A protein smoothened that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


sperm flagellum

description: A microtubule-based flagellum (or cilium) that is part of a sperm, a mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid.


9+2 motile cilium

description: A motile cilium where the axoneme has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets plus two central microtubules (and is therefore called a 9+2 axoneme).


photoreceptor cell cilium

description: A specialised 9+0 non-motile cilium found in photoreceptor cells. A ciliary transition zone called 'photoreceptor connecting cilium' links the photoreceptor outer segment to the inner segment.


photoreceptor outer segment

description: The outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor that contains a stack of membrane discs embedded with photoreceptor proteins.


flagellated sperm cell

description: A motile sperm cell that contains a slender threadlike microscopic appendage that enables motion.


nephron tubule epithelial cell

description: An epithelial cell that is part of a nephron tubule.


9+0 motile cilium

description: A motile cilium where the axoneme has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets but no central microtubules (and is therefore called a 9+0 axoneme).


radial spoke head 1

description: The portion of the radial spoke 1 that is orthogonal to the elongated stalk and which projects towards the central pair of microtubules within the ciliary axoneme.


radial spoke head 3

description: The portion of the radial spoke 3 that is orthogonal to the elongated stalk and which projects towards the central pair of microtubules within the ciliary axoneme.


name: CFA61_HUMAN Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 61 (sprot)

description: A cilia- and flagella-associated protein 61 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: cilia- and flagella-associated protein 61 isoform h4 (human)

description: A cilia- and flagella-associated protein 61 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8NHU2-4.


name: cystin-1 isoform 1, N-terminal myristoylated form (mouse)

description: A cystin-1 isoform 1, N-terminal myristoylated form in mouse. UniProtKB:Q8R4T1-1, 2-145, Gly-2, MOD:00068.


stomach development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stomach over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The stomach is an expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ.


name: fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane involved in single fertilization

description: The binding and fusion of a sperm, with the plasma membrane of the oocyte as part of the process of single fertilization. In sperm with flagella, binding occurs at the posterior (post-acrosomal) region of the sperm head.


name: maintenance of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum

description: Any process in which a protein is maintained in the endoplasmic reticulum and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration within the endoplasmic reticulum, protein stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that escape the endoplasmic reticulum.


name: regulation of protein-containing complex assembly

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.


name: negative regulation of protein-containing complex assembly

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.


pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

description: A multi-enzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA. The complex comprises multiple copies of three enzymes referred to as E1, E2 and E3: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1, which may be a homodimer or a heterotetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits, depending on species), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). Additional proteins may also be present.


gamma-tubulin small complex

description: A complex usually comprising two gamma-tubulin molecules and two conserved non-tubulin proteins. Some gamma-tubulin small complexes are thought to be the repeating unit making up the core of the gamma-tubulin ring complex.


TRAPPII protein complex

description: A complex that mediates intra-Golgi traffic, Golgi exit, endosome-to-Golgi traffic, and the trafficking of autophagy proteins from Golgi to the phagophore assembly site. Binds to a component of the COPI coat. In yeast it includes the following subunits: Bet3 (as homodimer), Bet5, Tca17, Trs20, Trs23, Trs31, Trs33, Trs65, Trs120, Trs130. The whole complex is thought to dimerize with itself.


SAGA complex

description: A SAGA-type histone acetyltransferase complex that deubiquitinates H2A and/or H2B. This complex is organized into several functional submodules: a structural core including the activator binding module and consisting of ADA1 or a homolog, members of the SPT and TAF protein families as well as promotor recruitment factor TRRAP/TRA1, a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) module consisting of GCN5/KAT2A or PCAF/KAT2B, ADA2, ADA3/NGG1, and SGF29 or homologues thereof, a histone deubiquitinase (DUB) module consisting of ATXN7/SGF73, ATXN7L3/SGF11, ENY2/SUS1 and USP22/UBP8 or homologues thereof, and in some taxa a splicing module consisting of SF3B3 and SF3B5 or homologues thereof (not in fungi). In budding yeast also contains Spt8 which distinguishes it from SAGA-like (SLIK) complex (GO:0046695).


name: mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex

description: A proton-transporting ATP synthase complex found in the mitochondrial membrane.


name: mitochondrial outer membrane translocase complex

description: A large complex of the mitochondrial outer membrane that mediates transport of proteins into all mitochondrial compartments.


name: mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV

description: A protein complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that forms part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Contains the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2).


catenin complex

description: Complex of peripheral cytoplasmic proteins (alpha-, beta- and gamma-catenin) that interact with the cytoplasmic region of uvomorulin/E-cadherin to connect it to the actin cytoskeleton.


clathrin coat

description: A membrane coat found on coated pits and some coated vesicles; consists of polymerized clathrin triskelions, each comprising three clathrin heavy chains and three clathrin light chains, linked to the membrane via one of the AP adaptor complexes.


name: vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex

description: A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex found in the vacuolar membrane, where it acts as a proton pump to mediate acidification of the vacuolar lumen.


mitochondrial respirasome

description: The protein complexes that form the mitochondrial electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.


interferon regulatory factor 3 complex

description: An interferon regulatory factor complex that consists of a homodimer of interferon regulatory factor 3.


gamma-tubulin ring complex

description: A complex of gamma tubulin and associated proteins thought to be formed by multimerization of gamma-tubulin small complexes. An example of this structure is found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.


SLIK (SAGA-like) complex

description: A SAGA-type histone acetyltransferase complex that contains a smaller form of Spt7 (lacking the SPT8 binding region) than the fungal SAGA complex, and consequently lacks Spt8. The complex is involved in the yeast retrograde response pathway, which is important for gene expression changes during mitochondrial dysfunction.


MICOS complex

description: Mitochondrial inner membrane complex involved in maintenance of crista junctions, inner membrane architecture, and formation of contact sites to the outer membrane. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the complex has six subunits: MIC10, MIC12, MIC19, MIC26, MIC27, and MIC60.


name: vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V0 domain

description: The V0 domain of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase found in the vacuolar membrane.


CBF3 complex

description: A multisubunit protein complex that binds to centromeric DNA and initiates kinetochore assembly. In yeast, this complex consists of four subunits, namely Ctf13p, Skp1p, Cep3p and Cbf2p.


category: biolink:MacromolecularComplex biolink:MacromolecularMachineMixin biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing


ciliary basal body organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a ciliary basal body, a short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium (also called flagellum).


basal body patch

description: The region in the apical portion of multiciliated epithelial cells where the ciliary basal bodies cluster.


cerebrospinal fluid circulation

description: The neurological system process driven by motile cilia on ependymal cells of the brain by which cerebrospinal fluid circulates from the sites of secretion to the sites of absorption. In ventricular cavities, the flow is unidirectional and rostrocaudal, in subarachnoid spaces, the flow is multi-directional.


motile cilium assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a motile cilium.


axoneme assembly

description: The assembly and organization of an axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.


choroid plexus epithelial cell

description: Specialized ependymal cell that produces the cerebrospinal fluid from the blood and secretes it into the lumen of the brain and spinal chord.


name: glycolytic process through fructose-6-phosphate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide into pyruvate, occurring through a fructose-6-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of ATP and NADH.


name: positive regulation of glycolytic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.


name: negative regulation of glycolytic process through fructose-6-phosphate

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycolytic process through fructose-6-phosphate.


name: negative regulation of glycolytic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.


beta-D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate

A D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.


An organophosphate oxoanion that is the tetraanion of beta-D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate.


canonical glycolysis

description: The glycolytic process that begins with the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate by glucokinase activity. Glycolytic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP.


citric acid

A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.


beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate(2-)

An organophosphate oxoanion that is the dianion of beta-D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups.


A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate(4-) that is the conjugate base of beta-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate.


sperm principal piece

description: The segment of the sperm flagellum where the mitochondrial sheath ends, and the outer dense fibers (ODFs) associated with outer axonemal doublets 3 and 8 are replaced by the 2 longitudinal columns of the fibrous sheath (FS) which run the length of the principal piece and are stabilized by circumferential ribs. The principal piece makes up ~2/3 of the length of the sperm flagellum and is defined by the presence of the FS and of only 7 (rather than 9) ODFs which taper and then terminate near the distal end of the principal piece.


phosphofructokinase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a phosphofructose substrate molecule.


glycogen catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.


name: positive regulation of insulin secretion

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.


name: glycolysis from storage polysaccharide through glucose-1-phosphate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a storage polysaccharide into pyruvate through a glucose-1-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the reduction of NAD to NADH.


protein localization to cytoskeleton

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the cytoskeleton.


D-xylulose 5-phosphate(2-)

An organophosphate oxoanion that is the dianion of D-xylulose 5-phosphate arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.


cell body

description: The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections.


acrosomal vesicle

description: A structure in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases, and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. It lies just beneath the plasma membrane and is derived from the lysosome.


outer acrosomal membrane

description: The acrosomal membrane region that underlies the plasma membrane of the sperm. This membrane fuses with the sperm plasma membrane as part of the acrosome reaction.


nuclear inner membrane

description: The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope.


sperm midpiece

description: The highly organized segment of the sperm flagellum which begins at the connecting piece and is characterized by the presence of 9 outer dense fibers (ODFs) that lie outside each of the 9 outer axonemal microtubule doublets and by a sheath of mitochondria that encloses the ODFs and the axoneme; the midpiece terminates about one-fourth of the way down the sperm flagellum at the annulus, which marks the beginning of the principal piece.


axonemal A tubule inner sheath

description: A structural network of microtubule inner proteins (MIPs) located inside the lumen of the A tubule of the axonemal microtubule doublet that helps stabilize the A tubule.


axonemal B tubule inner sheath

description: A structural network of microtubule inner proteins (MIPs) located inside the lumen of the B tubule of the axonemal microtubule doublet that helps stabilize the B tubule.


sperm fibrous sheath

description: A cytoskeletal structure surrounding the axoneme and outer dense fibers of the sperm flagellum. Consists of two longitudinal columns connected by closely arrayed semicircular ribs that assemble from distal to proximal throughout spermiogenesis. The fibrous sheath probably influences the degree of flexibility, plane of flagellar motion, and the shape of the flagellar beat.


acrosomal membrane

description: The membrane that surrounds the acrosomal lumen. The acrosome is a special type of lysosome in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization.


acrosomal matrix

description: A structural framework, or 'dense core' at the interior of an acrosome. May regulate the distribution of hydrolases within the acrosome and their release during the acrosome reaction.


sperm mitochondrial sheath

description: The tightly packed helical sheath of ATP-producing mitochondria restricted to the midpiece of the sperm flagellum.


axonemal central apparatus

description: Part of the 9+2 axoneme, that occurs in most motile cilia, consisting of the pair of two single central microtubules and their associated structures which include the central pair projections, the central pair bridges linking the two tubules, and the central pair caps which are attached to the distal or plus ends of the microtubules.


sperm cytoplasmic droplet

description: A small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane that is generally retained in spermatozoa after spermiogenesis, when the majority of the cytoplasm is phagocytosed by Sertoli cells to produce what are called residual bodies. Initially, the droplet is located at the neck just behind the head of an elongated spermatid. During epididymal transit, the cytoplasmic droplet migrates caudally to the annulus at the end of the midpiece; the exact position and time varies by species. The cytoplasmic droplet consists of lipids, lipoproteins, RNAs, a variety of hydrolytic enzymes, receptors, ion channels, and Golgi-derived vesicles. The droplet may be involved in regulatory volume loss (RVD) at ejaculation, and in most species, though not in humans, the cytoplasmic droplet is lost at ejaculation. Note that the cytoplasmic droplet is distinct from 'excessive residual cytoplasm' that sometimes remains in epididymal spermatozoa, particularly when spermiogenesis has been disrupted.


inner acrosomal membrane

description: The acrosomal membrane region that underlies the acrosomal vesicle and is located toward the sperm nucleus. This region is responsible for molecular interactions allowing the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida and fuses with the egg plasma membrane.


glycocalyx

description: A carbohydrate rich layer at the outermost periphery of a cell.


protein disulfide isomerase activity

description: Catalysis of the rearrangement of both intrachain and interchain disulfide bonds in proteins.


inner dynein arm assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal dynein inner arm, an inner arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes.


protein polyglutamylation

description: The addition of one or more alpha-linked glutamyl units to the gamma carboxyl group of peptidyl-glutamic acid.


flagellated sperm motility

description: The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium (aka flagellum) that contributes to the movement of a flagellated sperm.


glycolytic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the reduction of NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. Glycolysis begins with the metabolism of a carbohydrate to generate products that can enter the pathway and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to acetyl-coenzyme A, ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules.


calcium channel regulator activity

description: Modulates the activity of a calcium channel.


cytoskeleton organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.


establishment of protein localization

description: The directed movement of a protein to a specific location.


name: regulation of cilium beat frequency involved in ciliary motility

description: Any process that modulates the frequency of cilium beating involved in ciliary motility.


nuclear envelope organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope.


beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-hexosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminides.


spermatid development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


acrosome reaction

description: The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following the sperm's attachment to the zona pellucida of the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the exocytosis of the acrosomal contents into the zona pellucida.


store-operated calcium entry

description: A calcium ion entry mechanism in the plasma membrane activated by the depletion of calcium ion from the internal calcium ion store in the endoplasmic reticulum.


sperm axoneme assembly

description: The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellar axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of the eukaryotic sperm flagellum, and is responsible for movement.


acrosome assembly

description: The formation of the acrosome from the spermatid Golgi.


name: P-type sodium:potassium-exchanging transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Na+(in) + K+(out) = ADP + phosphate + Na+(out) + K+(in).


unidimensional cell growth

description: The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in one [spatial] dimension or along one axis, resulting in the morphogenesis of the cell.


potassium ion transport

description: The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


sperm capacitation

description: A process required for sperm to reach fertilization competence. Sperm undergo an incompletely understood series of morphological and molecular maturational processes, termed capacitation, involving, among other processes, protein tyrosine phosphorylation and increased intracellular calcium.


name: nitric oxide mediated signal transduction

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: An intracellular signaling cassette that starts with production of nitric oxide, detection by receptors/sensors for nitric oxide (such as soluble guanylyl cyclase/sGC) and ends with the activation of downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. Nitric oxide transmits its downstream effects through either cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent or independent mechanisms.


regulation of acrosome reaction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the acrosome reaction.


regulation of calcium ion transport

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


name: cilium movement involved in cell motility

description: Movement of cilia mediated by motor proteins that contributes to the movement of a cell.


spermatid nucleus differentiation

description: The specialization of the spermatid nucleus during the development of a spermatid into a mature male gamete competent for fertilization.


sperm mitochondrion organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of sperm mitochondria; the process in which they take on their characteristic morphology; they are flattened, elongated, and arranged circumferentially into a tight helical coil around the tail-dense fibers of the mature sperm.


peptidyl-tyrosine sulfation

description: The sulfation of peptidyl-tyrosine residues to form peptidyl-O4'-sulfo-L-tyrosine.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + protein tyrosine = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + protein tyrosine-O-sulfate.


name: cell motility in response to calcium ion

description: Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another as a result of a calcium ion stimulus.


microtubule sliding

description: The movement of one microtubule along another microtubule.


acrosomal vesicle exocytosis

description: The calcium ion regulated exocytosis which results in fusion of the acrosomal vesicle with the plasma membrane of the sperm as part of the acrosome reaction.


antibacterial humoral response

description: An immune response against bacteria mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are the antibacterial humoral responses in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.


name: glycolytic process through glucose-6-phosphate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, occurring through a glucose-6-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP.


name: establishment of mitochondrion localization

description: The directed movement of the mitochondrion to a specific location.


name: cellular anatomical entity morphogenesis

description: The process in which a cellular entity is generated and organized. A cellular entity has granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system.


spermatid differentiation

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


calcineurin complex

description: A heterodimeric calcium ion and calmodulin dependent protein phosphatase composed of catalytic and regulatory subunits; the regulatory subunit is very similar in sequence to calmodulin.


name: dynein axonemal heavy chain 8 isoform 1 (mouse)

description: A dynein axonemal heavy chain 8 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q91XQ0-1.


name: acrosin-binding protein isoform m1 cleaved 1 (mouse)

description: An acrosin-binding protein isoform m1 (mouse) that has been processed by proteolytic cleavage. UniProtKB:Q3V140-1, 273-540.


gluconeogenesis

description: The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, an important intermediate in glycolysis.


name: malate transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of malate from one side of a membrane to the other. Malate is a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid, hydroxybutanedioic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.


name: oxoglutarate:malate antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: oxoglutarate(out) + malate(in) = oxoglutarate(in) + malate(out).


pyruvate carboxylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + bicarbonate + pyruvate = ADP + 2 H+ + oxaloacetate + phosphate.


name: acidic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of acidic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Acidic amino acids have side chains with a negative charge at pH 7.3.


name: pyruvate transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate, from one side of a membrane to the other.


name: dicarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of dicarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A dicarboxylic acid is an organic acid with two COOH groups.


name: alpha-ketoglutarate transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of alpha-ketoglutarate from one side of a membrane to the other. Alpha-ketoglutarate (or oxoglutarate) is a compound with important roles in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, especially in transamination reactions and as a component of the TCA cycle.


name: glucose 6-phosphate:phosphate antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glucose 6-phosphate(out) + phosphate(in) = glucose 6-phosphate(in) + phosphate(out).


glucose-6-phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate + H2O = D-glucose + phosphate. D-glucopyranose is also known as D-glucose 6-phosphate.


phosphonatoenolpyruvate

An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy and phosphate groups of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.


An organophosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH and carboxy groups of 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid; major species at pH 7.3.


name: MDHM_HUMAN Malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial (sprot)

description: A malate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: DIC_HUMAN Mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier (sprot)

description: A mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PYC_HUMAN Pyruvate carboxylase, mitochondrial (sprot)

description: A pyruvate carboxylase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ODC_HUMAN Mitochondrial 2-oxodicarboxylate carrier (sprot)

description: A mitochondrial 2-oxodicarboxylate carrier that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PCKGM_HUMAN Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [GTP], mitochondrial (sprot)

description: A phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [GTP], mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus

description: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.


ATP

An adenosine 5'-phosphate in which the 5'-phosphate is a triphosphate group. It is involved in the transportation of chemical energy during metabolic pathways.


D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate(2-)

Dianion of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate arising from deprotonation of both OH groups of the phosphate.


alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate(2-)

A D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate(2-) obtaned by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate; major species at pH 7.3.


alpha-D-glucose

D-Glucopyranose having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.


3',5'-cyclic AMP(1-)

An organophosphate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of 3',5'-cyclic AMP arising from deprotonation of the free phosphate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.


pyruvate

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of pyruvic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.


An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.


Dianion of NADH arising from deprotonation of the two diphosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.


3-phosphonato-D-glyceroyl phosphate(4-)

Tetraanion of 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl dihydrogen phosphate arising from deprotonation of both phosphate groups.


An organophosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the carboxy and phosphate OH groups of 3-phospho-D-glyceric acid; major species at pH 7.3.


hexokinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-hexose = ADP + D-hexose 6-phosphate.


regulation of translation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.


name: negative regulation of glucokinase activity

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glucokinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a glucose molecule.


oxidative phosphorylation

description: The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.


tricarboxylic acid cycle

description: A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle.


name: acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate.


GAIT complex

description: A protein complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes. The complex binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements in the 3'-UTR of diverse inflammatory mRNAs and suppresses their translation by blocking the recruitment of the 43S ribosomal complex to m7G cap-bound eIF4G. In humans it includes RPL13A, EPRS, SYNCRIP and GAPDH; mouse complexes lack SYNCRIP.


multicellular organism development

description: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).


name: negative regulation of oxidoreductase activity

description: Any process that stops or reduces the rate of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered.


D-ribofuranose 5-phosphate(2-)

An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of D-ribofuranose-5-phosphate; major species at pH 7.3.


sedoheptulose 7-phosphate

A ketoheptose phosphate consisting of sedoheptulose having a phosphate group at the 7-position. It is an intermediate metabolite in the pentose phosphate pathway.


glucose metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.


embryo development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.


ciliary membrane

description: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cilium.


mesoderm formation

description: The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.


erythrocyte homeostasis

description: Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism.


name: voltage-gated monoatomic anion channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an anion by a voltage-gated channel. An anion is a negatively charged ion. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


pyruvate dehydrogenase activity

description: Catalysis of the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate.


norepinephrine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.


cognition

description: The operation of the mind by which an organism becomes aware of objects of thought or perception; it includes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory.


response to wounding

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism.


sympathetic neuron

description: Sympathetic neurons are part of the sympathetic nervous system and are primarily adrenergic producing the neurotransmitter noradrenalin along with other neuropeptides.


blood vessel remodeling

description: The reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.


sympathetic nervous system development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter.


name: positive regulation of neurotransmitter secretion

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.


OSTCN_HUMAN Osteocalcin (sprot)

An osteocalcin that is encoded in the genome of human.


cell projection membrane

description: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a plasma membrane bounded cell surface projection.


SH3 domain binding

description: Binding to a SH3 domain (Src homology 3) of a protein, small protein modules containing approximately 50 amino acid residues found in a great variety of intracellular or membrane-associated proteins.


name: positive regulation of membrane tubulation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane tubulation.


name: positive regulation of podosome assembly

description: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of podosome assembly.


response to amino acid starvation

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of amino acids.


cellular response to starvation

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nourishment.


name: negative regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.


A phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate in which the two phosphate groups are at C-4 and C-5 of the inositol moiety which has the 1D-myo configuration.


name: GNAO_HUMAN Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha (sprot)

description: A guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 complex

description: Complex of three heterogeneous polypeptide chains, that form a ternary complex with initiator methionyl-tRNA and GTP. This ternary complex binds to free 40S subunit, which subsequently binds the 5' end of mRNA.


name: Arf-GAP with SH3 domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1 isoform m1 unphosphorylated 1 (mouse)

description: An Arf-GAP with SH3 domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1 isoform m1 (mouse) that lacks phosphorylated Tyr-308 and Tyr-782. UniProtKB:Q9QWY8-1, Tyr-308/Tyr-782, PR:000026291.


GATOR1 complex

description: A GTPase-activating protein (GAP) complex that regulates TORC1 signaling by interacting with the Rag GTPase. In human, the GATOR1 complex consists of DEPDC5, NPRL2, and NPRL3. In S. cerevisiae, this complex is referred to as SEACIT and contains the Iml1p, Npr2p, and Npr3p proteins.


name: RASA1_HUMAN Ras GTPase-activating protein 1 (sprot)

description: A Ras GTPase-activating protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLXB1_HUMAN Plexin-B1 (sprot)

A plexin-B1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


XRP2_HUMAN Protein XRP2 (sprot)

A protein XRP2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLXA4_HUMAN Plexin-A4 (sprot)

A plexin-A4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLXA2_HUMAN Plexin-A2 (sprot)

A plexin-A2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLXA3_HUMAN Plexin-A3 (sprot)

A plexin-A3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLXA1_HUMAN Plexin-A1 (sprot)

A plexin-A1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: UBC9_HUMAN SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9 (sprot)

description: A SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: RHOF_HUMAN Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoF (sprot)

description: A Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoF that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: RCC1_HUMAN Regulator of chromosome condensation (sprot)

description: A regulator of chromosome condensation that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SH2/SH3 adapter protein NCK1 isoform 1 (mouse)

description: An SH2/SH3 adapter protein NCK1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 isoform 2 (mouse)

description: A phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 1 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


morphogenesis of a polarized epithelium

description: The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of a polarized epithelium are generated and organized. A polarized epithelium is an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis.


kidney

description: A paired organ of the urinary tract that produces urine and maintains bodily fluid homeostasis, blood pressure, pH levels, red blood cell production and skeleton mineralization.


name: hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any ester bond.


detection of cell density

description: The series of events in which information about the density of cells in a population is received and converted into a molecular signal.


cellular response to anisomycin

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an anisomycin stimulus.


name: intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxia

description: The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to hypoxia (lowered oxygen tension). Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. The pathway ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


name: protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane

description: The process that results in the incorporation of a protein into a mitochondrial membrane.


regulation of apoptotic process

description: Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process.


name: positive regulation of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion.


signaling

description: The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered.


retinal cone cell development

description: Development of a cone cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Cone cells contain the photopigment iodopsin or cyanopsin and are responsible for photopic (daylight) vision.


atrophy of testis

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: Loss of testicular volume.


DN4 thymocyte

description: A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-negative, CD25-negative, and pre-TCR-positive.


epithelial cell of proximal tubule

description: An epithelial cell of the proximal tubule of the kidney.


chief cell of parathyroid gland

description: An epithelial cell of the parathyroid gland that is arranged in wide, irregular interconnecting columns; responsible for the synthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormone.


lung endothelial cell

description: Any endothelial cell of vascular tree that is part of some lung.


follicle cell of egg chamber

description: A somatic epithelial cell of the insect egg chamber.


pachytene

description: The cell cycle phase which follows zygotene during prophase I of meiosis, and during which crossing over occurs between a chromatid in one partner and another chromatid in the homologous chromosome.


thyroxine 5-deiodinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H+ = L-thyroxine + AH2.


tumor protein 63 DeltaN isoform (mouse)

A tumor protein 63 (mouse) that encodes any of the DeltaN splice variants.


aryl hydrocarbon receptor

A protein that is a translation product of the human AHR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof.


thyroid hormone transport

description: The directed movement of thyroid hormone into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


exocyst

description: A protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where vesicles dock and fuse. At least eight complex components are conserved between yeast and mammals.


ciliary base

description: Area of the cilium (also called flagellum) where the basal body and the axoneme are anchored to the plasma membrane. The ciliary base encompasses the distal part of the basal body, transition fibers and transition zone and is structurally and functionally very distinct from the rest of the cilium. In this area proteins are sorted and filtered before entering the cilium, and many ciliary proteins localize specifically to this area.


9+0 non-motile cilium

description: A non-motile cilium where the axoneme has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets but no central microtubules (and is therefore called a 9+0 axoneme).


name: negative regulation of non-motile cilium assembly

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of non-motile cilium assembly.


preosteoblast

description: Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to transform into an osteoblast, and develops from neural crest or mesodermal cells.


limb bud

description: An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb. The limb bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP].


name: kidney medulla collecting duct epithelial cell

description: An epithelial cell that is part of a renal medulla collecting duct.


corneal endothelial cell

description: An hexagonal, flattened, mitochondria-rich endothelial cell that forms a monolayer on the posterior surface of the cornea (the corneal endothelium). Corneal endothelial cells are derived from the neural crest and are responsible for keeping the cornea transparent by maintaining the tissue in a semi-dry state through the action of their ionic pumps and tight junction barrier.


name: growth plate cartilage chondrocyte differentiation

description: The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the growth of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.


bed nucleus of stria terminalis

description: A brain structure in the forebrain wrapped around the stria terminalis. It's largest extent can be found around the crossing of the anterior commissure[INCF].


cytotoxic T cell

description: A mature T cell that differentiated and acquired cytotoxic function with the phenotype perforin-positive and granzyme-B positive.


name: regulation of establishment of planar polarity

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the establishment of planar polarity, the coordinated organization of groups of cells in a tissue, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.


midbody

description: A thin cytoplasmic bridge formed between daughter cells at the end of cytokinesis. The midbody forms where the contractile ring constricts, and may persist for some time before finally breaking to complete cytokinesis.


vesicle docking involved in exocytosis

description: The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, that contributes to exocytosis.


name: positive regulation of mitotic cytokinetic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cytokinetic process.


name: EXOC7_HUMAN Exocyst complex component 7 (sprot)

description: An exocyst complex component 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


intermediate epitheliocyte

description: An epithelial cell present in the trachea and bronchi; columnar in shape; generally lack cilia; immature forms of ciliated or secretory cells which have been formed from stem cells.


centriolar satellite

description: A small (70-100 nm) cytoplasmic granule that contains a number of centrosomal proteins; centriolar satellites traffic toward microtubule minus ends and are enriched near the centrosome.


proximal portion of axoneme

description: The portion of the axoneme that is close to the base of the cilium.


left/right axis specification

description: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the left/right axis. The left/right axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes. Each side is defined from the viewpoint of the organism rather of the observer (as per anatomical axes).


name: epithelial cilium movement involved in determination of left/right asymmetry

description: The movement of cilia of epithelial cells of the Left Right Organizer (LRO), also referred to as the node in mouse or the Kupffer's vesicle in zebrafish, resulting in the leftward fluid flow across the LRO and generation or transport of a signal which determines asymmetry in an organism's body plan with respect to the left and right halves.


protein localization to motile cilium

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a motile cilium.


name: regulation of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway.


name: Spemann organizer formation at the anterior end of the primitive streak

description: Formation of the specialized region at the anterior end of the primitive streak of the embryo that acts as the main signaling center establishing the body plan.


beta-catenin-TCF complex assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a beta-catenin-TCF complex.


definitive endoderm

description: An embryonic structure that is the internal layer of the embryonic gut, formed by the recruitment of epiblast cells through the primitive streak.


name: cell migration involved in mesendoderm migration

description: The orderly movement of epithelial cells from one site to another that contributes to the migration of mesendodermal tissue.


astrocyte differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an astrocyte. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.


cerebral cortex regionalization

description: The regionalization process that results in the creation of areas within the cerebral cortex that will direct the behavior of cell migration and differentiation as the cortex develops.


trophectodermal cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trophectoderm cell.


blastocyst development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm.


stem cell population maintenance

description: The process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of stem cells of a single type. This can be achieved by a number of mechanisms: stem cell asymmetric division maintains stem cell numbers; stem cell symmetric division increases them; maintenance of a stem cell niche maintains the conditions for commitment to the stem cell fate for some types of stem cell; stem cells may arise de novo from other cell types.


olfactory bulb development

description: The progression of the olfactory bulb over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory bulb coordinates neuronal signaling involved in the perception of smell. It receives input from the sensory neurons and outputs to the olfactory cortex.


cardioblast differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


name: core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding

description: Binding to a sequence of DNA that is part of a core promoter region. The core promoter is composed of the transcription start site and binding sites for the RNA polymerase and the basal transcription machinery. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.


midbrain development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles).


cell fate specification

description: The cellular developmental process involved in cell fate commitment in which the cell is designated to follow a developmental path, unless they receive extrinsic cues that direct an alternative fate.


oligodendrocyte differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system.


central nervous system development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.


neuron fate commitment

description: The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron.


anatomical structure development

description: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.


primitive streak formation

description: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the primitive streak from unspecified parts. The primitive streak is a ridge of cells running along the midline of the embryo where the mesoderm ingresses. It defines the anterior-posterior axis.


name: cellular response to leukemia inhibitory factor

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leukemia inhibitory factor stimulus.


name: somite rostral/caudal axis specification

description: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the rostro-caudal axis of a somite, prior to the morphological formation of a somite boundary.


neuron fate determination

description: The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuron regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


metencephalon development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


telencephalon regionalization

description: The regionalization process that creates areas within the forebrain that will direct the behavior of cell migration in differentiation as the telencephalon develops.


diencephalon morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the diencephalon are generated and organized. The diencephalon is the paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus are derived; these regions regulate autonomic, visceral and endocrine function, and process information directed to the cerebral cortex.


eye photoreceptor cell fate commitment

description: The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an eye photoreceptor cell. A photoreceptor cell is a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation. Different classes of photoreceptor have different spectral sensitivities and express different photosensitive pigments.


anterior/posterior axis specification

description: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.


gastrulation with mouth forming second

description: A gastrulation process in which the initial invagination becomes the anus and the mouth forms second.


head development

description: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a head from an initial condition to its mature state. The head is the anterior-most division of the body.


cell-cell signaling

description: Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.


cerebellum development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellum is the portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the pons. In mice, the cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, modulates the force and range of movement and is involved in the learning of motor skills.


name: cerebellar Purkinje cell differentiation

description: The process in which neuroblasts acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cerebellar Purkinje cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a neuroblast to a Purkinje cell fate. A Purkinje cell is an inhibitory GABAergic neuron found in the cerebellar cortex that projects to the deep cerebellar nuclei and brain stem.


post-embryonic development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development.


embryonic pattern specification

description: The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo.


name: anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis

description: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.


urogenital system development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urogenital system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


name: cerebellar Purkinje cell-granule cell precursor cell signaling involved in regulation of granule cell precursor cell proliferation

description: The process that mediates the transfer of information from Purkinje cells to granule cell precursors resulting in an increase in rate of granule cell precursor cell proliferation.


ectoderm formation

description: The formation of ectoderm during gastrulation.


ureter morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the ureter are generated and organized. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.


forebrain regionalization

description: The regionalization process resulting in the creation of areas within the forebrain that will direct the behavior of cell migration in differentiation as the forebrain develops.


endocrine pancreas development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.


lipid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.


lung development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.


adult locomotory behavior

description: Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.


name: epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis

description: The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.


cellular response to cadmium ion

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cadmium (Cd) ion stimulus.


dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning

description: The process in which the neural tube is regionalized in the dorsoventral axis.


regulation of lipid metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.


connective tissue development

description: The progression of a connective tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


name: positive regulation of neuron differentiation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.


dopaminergic neuron differentiation

description: The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a dopaminergic neuron, a neuron that secretes dopamine.


neuron fate specification

description: The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


lung epithelial cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell that contributes to the epithelium of the lung.


name: negative regulation of neuron differentiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.


name: signal transduction involved in regulation of gene expression

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another.


regulation of steroid metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.


steroid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.


name: positive regulation of smoothened signaling pathway

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.


negative regulation of gene expression

description: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).


gastrulation

description: A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.


spermatogenesis

description: The developmental process by which male germ line stem cells self renew or give rise to successive cell types resulting in the development of a spermatozoa.


hair follicle development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hair follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A hair follicle is a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open.


axon guidance

description: The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


single fertilization

description: The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote.


seminiferous tubule development

description: The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the seminiferous tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Seminiferous tubules are ducts located in the testicles, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of gametes, namely spermatozoa.


sebaceous gland development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sebaceous gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


brainstem development

description: The progression of the brainstem from its formation to the mature structure. The brainstem is the part of the brain that connects the brain with the spinal cord.


ovarian follicle development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


female gonad development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


male gonad development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


tissue morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of a tissue are generated and organized.


uterus development

description: The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the uterus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of binding

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.


name: positive regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone.


name: positive regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of luteinizing hormone.


regulation of hair follicle development

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.


formation of anatomical boundary

description: The process in which the limits of an anatomical structure are generated. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.


female gonad morphogenesis

description: The process in which a female gonad is generated and organized.


name: CO5A2_MOUSE Collagen alpha-2(V) chain (sprot)

description: A collagen alpha-2(V) chain that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: CO3A1_MOUSE Collagen alpha-1(III) chain (sprot)

description: A collagen alpha-1(III) chain that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


chordate embryonic development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through a stage including a notochord and neural tube until birth or egg hatching.


pharyngeal system development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pharyngeal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pharyngeal system is a transient embryonic complex that is specific to vertebrates. It comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the structure it contributes to are forming: the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear.


liver development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes.


LIM domain binding

description: Binding to a LIM domain (for Lin-11 Isl-1 Mec-3) of a protein, a domain with seven conserved cysteine residues and a histidine, that binds two zinc ions and acts as an interface for protein-protein interactions.


name: somatic stem cell population maintenance

description: Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.


positive regulation of cell adhesion

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.


name: nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 3 isoform mX1 (mouse)

description: A nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 3 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P97305-1.


name: zygotic determination of anterior/posterior axis, embryo

description: The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by products of genes expressed in the zygote; exemplified in insects by the gap genes, pair rule genes and segment polarity gene cascade.


name: establishment of animal organ orientation

description: The process that determines the orientation of an animal organ or tissue with reference to an axis.


actin filament binding

description: Binding to an actin filament, also known as F-actin, a helical filamentous polymer of globular G-actin subunits.


response to leukemia inhibitory factor

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leukemia inhibitory factor stimulus.


protein-RNA complex assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a ribonucleoprotein complex.


regulation of cell differentiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features.


inner plexiform layer of retina

description: Cytoarchitectural layer of the retina that is made up of a dense reticulum of fibrils formed by interlaced dendrites of retinal ganglion cells and cells of the inner nuclear layer (adapted from Wikipedia).


U2 snRNP

description: A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains small nuclear RNA U2, a heptameric ring of Sm proteins, as well as several proteins that are unique to the U2 snRNP, most of which remain associated with the U2 snRNA both while the U2 snRNP is free or assembled into a series of spliceosomal complexes.


plasma cell

description: A terminally differentiated, post-mitotic, antibody secreting cell of the B cell lineage with the phenotype CD138-positive, surface immunonoglobulin-negative, and MHC Class II-negative. Plasma cells are oval or round with extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, a well-developed Golgi apparatus, and a round nucleus having a characteristic cartwheel heterochromatin pattern and are devoted to producing large amounts of immunoglobulin.


Mueller cell

description: Astrocyte-like radial glial cell that extends vertically throughout the retina, with the nucleus are usually in the middle of the inner nuclear layer.


steroid hormone secreting cell

description: Any secretory cell that is capable of some steroid hormone secretion.


supporting cell

description: A cell whose primary function is to support other cell types.


pancreatic D cell

description: A D cell located in the pancreas. Peripherally placed within the islets like type A cells; contains somatostatin.


neural crest derived neuron

description: Any neuron that develops from some migratory neural crest cell.


PP cell

description: A cell that stores and secretes pancreatic polypeptide hormone.


synovial cell

description: A cell located in the synovial joint.


migratory cardiac neural crest cell

description: Any migratory neural crest cell that is part of a cardiac neural crest.


type I pneumocyte

description: A type I pneumocyte is a flattened, branched pneumocyte that covers more than 98% of the alveolar surface. This large cell has thin (50-100 nm) cytoplasmic extensions to form the air-blood barrier essential for normal gas exchange.


chondroblast

description: Skeletogenic cell that is typically non-terminally differentiated, secretes an avascular, GAG rich matrix; is not buried in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, located adjacent to cartilage tissue (including within the perichondrium), and develops from prechondroblast (and thus prechondrogenic) cell.


pinealocyte

description: This cell type produces and secretes melatonin and forms the pineal parenchyma. Extending from each cell body, which has a spherical, oval or lobulated mucleus, are one or more tortuous basophilic processes, containing parallel microtubules known as synaptic ribbons. These processes end in expanded terminal buds near capillaries or less, frequently, ependymal cells of the pineal recess. The terminal buds contain granular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and electron-dense cored vesicles, which store monoamines and polypeptide hormones, release of which appears to require sympathetic innervation.


glucagon secreting cell

description: A cell that secretes glucagon.


regulation of cell morphogenesis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process in which the shape of a cell is generated and organized.


myeloid suppressor cell

description: An immature myeloid leukocyte of heterogeneous phenotype found particularly in cancer and sepsis patients that is capable of suppressing activity of T cells in ex vivo assays. This cell type is CD45-positive, CD11b-positive.


extracellular matrix protein binding

description: Binding to a protein that is part of an extracellular matrix.


name: fibroblast growth factor receptor apoptotic signaling pathway

description: An apoptotic signaling pathway that starts with a ligand binding to, or being withdrawn from, a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR).


name: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


mammary gland specification

description: The regionalization process in which the mammary line is specified. The mammary line is a ridge of epidermal cells that will form the mammary placodes.


double-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte

description: A thymocyte expressing the alpha-beta T cell receptor complex as well as both the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors.


CD4-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte

description: An immature alpha-beta T cell that is located in the thymus and is CD4-positive and CD8-negative.


plasmacytoid dendritic cell

description: A dendritic cell type of distinct morphology, localization, and surface marker expression (CD123-positive) from other dendritic cell types and associated with early stage immune responses, particularly the release of physiologically abundant amounts of type I interferons in response to infection.


myeloid dendritic cell

description: A dendritic cell of the myeloid lineage.


gamma-delta T cell

description: A T cell that expresses a gamma-delta T cell receptor complex.


DN3 thymocyte

description: A thymocyte that has the phenotype CD4-negative, CD8-negative, CD44-negative, and CD25-positive and expressing the T cell receptor beta-chain in complex with the pre-T cell receptor alpha chain.


CD4-positive, alpha-beta memory T cell

description: A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has differentiated into a memory T cell.


name: naive thymus-derived CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell

description: An antigen inexperienced CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype CCR7-positive, CD127-positive and CD62L-positive. This cell type develops in the thymus. This cell type is also described as being CD25-negative, CD62L-high, and CD44-low.


F4/80-positive adipose macrophage

description: An adipose macrophage that does not express MHC-II but is F4/80-positive.


CD8-positive, alpha-beta thymocyte

description: An immature alpha-beta T cell that is located in the thymus and is CD8-positive and CD4-negative.


marginal zone B cell of spleen

description: A mature B cell that is located in the marginal zone of the spleen with the phenotype CD23-negative and CD21-positive and expressing a B cell receptor usually reactive to bacterial cell wall components or senescent self components such as oxidized-LDL. This cell type is also described as being CD19-positive, B220-positive, IgM-high, AA4-negative, CD35-high.


Langerhans cell

description: Langerhans cell is a conventional dendritic cell that has plasma membrane part CD207. A Langerhans cell is a stellate dendritic cell of myeloid origin, that appears clear on light microscopy and has a dark-staining, indented nucleus and characteristic inclusions (Birbeck granules) in the cytoplasm; Langerhans cells are found principally in the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, but they also occur in other stratified epithelia and have been identified in the lung, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus.


immature gamma-delta T cell

description: A gamma-delta T cell that has an immature phenotype.


follicular B cell

description: A resting mature B cell that has the phenotype IgM-positive, IgD-positive, CD23-positive and CD21-positive, and found in the B cell follicles of the white pulp of the spleen or the corticol areas of the peripheral lymph nodes. This cell type is also described as being CD19-positive, B220-positive, AA4-negative, CD43-negative, and CD5-negative.


ADP phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ADP + H2O = AMP + phosphate + H+.


name: interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 isoform m1 (mouse)

description: An interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O88786-1.


name: tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 isoform 1 (mouse)

description: A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 2 isoform 3 (mouse)

description: A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q925P2-3.


name: CEACAM1a-4S, signal peptide removed N-glycosylasparagine form (mouse)

description: A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, signal peptide removed form that is the signal cleavage product of isoform Short in mouse and includes at least one N-glycosylasparagine. UniProtKB:P31809-2, 35-458, MOD:00160.


CEACAM1a-2S (mouse)

A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 sequence variant CEACAM1a (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q3LFS8. This form contains the two copies of the Ig domain and is the version with shorter cytoplasmic tail.


name: CEACAM1a-4L, signal peptide removed N-glycosylasparagine form (mouse)

description: A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, signal peptide removed form that is the signal cleavage product of isoform Long in mouse and includes at least one N-glycosylasparagine. UniProtKB:P31809-1, 35-521, MOD:00160.


name: advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor isoform 10 (mouse)

description: An advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q62151-10.


name: fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand isoform 2 (mouse)

description: An fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P49772-2.


name: fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand isoform 1 (mouse)

description: An fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P49772-1.


name: NRG1_MOUSE Pro-neuregulin-1, membrane-bound isoform (sprot)

description: A pro-neuregulin-1, membrane-bound isoform that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis. Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis is the orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels contributing to the process of sprouting angiogenesis.


kidney vasculature

description: A vasculature that is part of a kidney.


endothelial cell-cell adhesion

description: The attachment of an endothelial cell to another endothelial cell via adhesion molecules.


name: small GTPase-mediated signal transduction

description: An intracellular signaling cassette in which a small monomeric GTPase relays a signal.


caveola assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a caveola. A caveola is a plasma membrane raft that forms a small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane.