male meiosis I

description: A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis I, the first meiotic division in the male germline.


name: ZN410_HUMAN Zinc finger protein 410 (sprot)

description: A zinc finger protein 410 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: JUN_HUMAN Transcription factor Jun (sprot)

description: A transcription factor Jun that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: FOXM1_HUMAN Forkhead box protein M1 (sprot)

description: A forkhead box protein M1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: IRAK4_HUMAN Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (sprot)

description: An interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: MYD88_HUMAN Myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 (sprot)

description: A myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: IRAK2_HUMAN Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-like 2 (sprot)

description: An interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-like 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NCAP_SARS2 Nucleoprotein (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the N gene in SARS-CoV-2.


VME1_SARS2 Membrane protein (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the M gene in SARS-CoV-2.


name: mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein isoform h1 (human)

description: A mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q7Z434-1.


name: IMA1_HUMAN Importin subunit alpha-1 (sprot)

description: An importin subunit alpha-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: antiviral innate immune response receptor RIG-I isoform h2 (human)

description: An antiviral innate immune response receptor RIG-I (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O95786-2.


ORF9B_SARS2 ORF9b protein (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the ORF9b gene in SARS-CoV-2.


name: TOM70_HUMAN Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM70 (sprot)

description: A mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM70 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TNF receptor-associated factor 3 isoform h2 (human)

description: A TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q13114-2.


NS6_SARS2 ORF6 protein (sprot)

A protein that is a translation product of the ORF6 gene in SARS-CoV-2.


name: TCAM2_HUMAN TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 2 (sprot)

description: A TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: IKBA_HUMAN NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (sprot)

description: An NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TIRAP_HUMAN Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter protein (sprot)

description: A Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ECSIT_HUMAN Evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathway, mitochondrial (sprot)

description: An evolutionarily conserved signaling intermediate in Toll pathway, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


TLR4_HUMAN Toll-like receptor 4 (sprot)

A Toll-like receptor 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TCAM1_HUMAN TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 1 (sprot)

description: A TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta isoform h2 (human)

description: An interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P40189-2.


name: interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha isoform 2 (human)

description: An interleukin-6 receptor subunit alpha isoform 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: IL6RB_HUMAN Interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta (sprot)

description: An interleukin-6 receptor subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL6_HUMAN Interleukin-6 (sprot)

An interleukin-6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: IL2RA_HUMAN Interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

description: An interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: JAK3_HUMAN Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK3 (sprot)

description: A tyrosine-protein kinase JAK3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL2_HUMAN Interleukin-2 (sprot)

An interleukin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: IL2RB_HUMAN Interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta (sprot)

description: An interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: IL2RG_HUMAN Cytokine receptor common subunit gamma (sprot)

description: A cytokine receptor common subunit gamma that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: IL4RA_HUMAN Interleukin-4 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

description: An interleukin-4 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL4_HUMAN Interleukin-4 (sprot)

An interleukin-4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: IL3RA_HUMAN Interleukin-3 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

description: An interleukin-3 receptor class 2 alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL3_HUMAN Interleukin-3 (sprot)

An interleukin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: IL3RB_HUMAN Cytokine receptor common subunit beta (sprot)

description: A cytokine receptor common subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL5_HUMAN Interleukin-5 (sprot)

An interleukin-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: IL5RA_HUMAN Interleukin-5 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

description: An interleukin-5 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: I11RA_HUMAN Interleukin-11 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

description: An interleukin-11 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL11_HUMAN Interleukin-11 (sprot)

An interleukin-11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: I12R2_HUMAN Interleukin-12 receptor subunit beta-2 (sprot)

description: An interleukin-12 receptor subunit beta-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: I12R1_HUMAN Interleukin-12 receptor subunit beta-1 (sprot)

description: An interleukin-12 receptor subunit beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL10_HUMAN Interleukin-10 (sprot)

An interleukin-10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL15_HUMAN Interleukin-15 (sprot)

An interleukin-15 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: I15RA_HUMAN Interleukin-15 receptor subunit alpha (sprot)

description: An interleukin-15 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: MTOR_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR (sprot)

description: A serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: 1433Z_HUMAN 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta (sprot)

description: A 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: IKKE_HUMAN Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon (sprot)

description: An inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: IL9R_HUMAN Interleukin-9 receptor (sprot)

description: An interleukin-9 receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL9_HUMAN Interleukin-9 (sprot)

An interleukin-9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: INGR1_HUMAN Interferon gamma receptor 1 (sprot)

description: An interferon gamma receptor alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


IFNG_HUMAN Interferon gamma (sprot)

An interferon gamma that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: DUSP_VACCW Dual specificity protein phosphatase OPG106 (sprot)


name: TANK_HUMAN TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator (sprot)

description: A TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: HDAC4_HUMAN Histone deacetylase 4 (sprot)

description: A histone deacetylase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


regulation of coreceptor activity

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of coreceptor activity, combining with an extracellular or intracellular messenger, and in cooperation with a nearby primary receptor, initiating a change in cell activity.


name: PG003_VAR67 Ankyrin repeat protein OPG003 (sprot)


name: KBTB1_VACCW Kelch repeat and BTB domain-containing protein A55 (sprot)


name: US03_HHV11 Serine/threonine-protein kinase US3 (sprot)


IPO5_HUMAN Importin-5 (sprot)

An importin-5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TGFB1_HUMAN Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein (sprot)

description: A TGF-beta 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: MDM2_HUMAN E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 (sprot)

description: An E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: IRGM_HUMAN Immunity-related GTPase family M protein (sprot)

description: An immunity-related GTPase family M protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TAB3_HUMAN TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 3 (sprot)

description: A TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 3 that is a translation product of the TAB3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PP2BB_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform (sprot)

description: A serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TAB2_HUMAN TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 (sprot)

description: A TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 and MAP3K7-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARK2N_HUMAN Protein ARK2N (sprot)

A protein ARK2N that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CSK2B_HUMAN Casein kinase II subunit beta (sprot)

description: A casein kinase II subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: NEMO_HUMAN NF-kappa-B essential modulator (sprot)

description: An NF-kappa-B essential modulator that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: FBW1B_HUMAN F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 11 (sprot)

description: An F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: RRAGC_HUMAN Ras-related GTP-binding protein C (sprot)

description: A Ras-related GTP-binding protein C that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: MORN3_HUMAN MORN repeat-containing protein 3 (sprot)

description: A MORN repeat-containing protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SMAD6_HUMAN Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6 (sprot)

description: A smad6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: BMP4_HUMAN Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (sprot)

description: A bone morphogenetic protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: WDR48_HUMAN WD repeat-containing protein 48 (sprot)

description: A WD repeat-containing protein 48 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: BMP2_HUMAN Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (sprot)

description: A bone morphogenetic protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


FLCN_HUMAN Folliculin (sprot)

A folliculin that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: FNIP1_HUMAN Folliculin-interacting protein 1 (sprot)

description: A folliculin-interacting protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: BRD2_HUMAN Bromodomain-containing protein 2 (sprot)

description: A bromodomain-containing protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: LOXL3_HUMAN Lysyl oxidase homolog 3 (sprot)

description: A lysyl oxidase homolog 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ETAA1_HUMAN Ewing's tumor-associated antigen 1 (sprot)

description: An Ewing's tumor-associated antigen 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: UBP25_HUMAN Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 25 (sprot)

description: A ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 25 that is encoded in the genome of human.


pattern specification process

description: Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.


mitral valve morphogenesis

description: The process in which the structure of the mitral valve is generated and organized.


metanephros development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.


name: convergent extension involved in gastrulation

description: The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis usually resulting in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.


metanephric tubule development

description: The progression of a metanephric tubule over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros.


name: embryonic cranial skeleton morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the cranial skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase.


cell-cell adhesion

description: The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.


filopodium assembly

description: The assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.


lamellipodium assembly

description: Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.


lamellipodium organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lamellipodium. A lamellipodium is a thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a crawling fibroblast; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.


name: regulation of extracellular matrix assembly

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.


positive regulation of cell migration

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.


negative regulation of cell migration

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.


regulation of cell migration

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.


mitral valve leaflet

category: biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A valve leafleft that is part of a mitral valve.


cardiovascular system

category: biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels.


lymphangioblast

category: biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Lymphatic progenitor cells.


endothelial tip cell

description: A specialized endothelial cell that senses extracellular signals and guides the directed growth of blood vessels.


blood vessel endothelial cell

description: An endothelial cell that lines the vasculature.


name: kidney inner medulla collecting duct epithelial cell

description: An epithelial cell that is part of some inner medullary collecting duct.


oligodendrocyte

description: A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Form the insulating myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system.


pericyte

description: An elongated, contractile cell found wrapped about precapillary arterioles outside the basement membrane. Pericytes are present in capillaries where proper adventitia and muscle layer are missing (thus distingushing this cell type from adventitial cells). They are relatively undifferentiated and may become fibroblasts, macrophages, or smooth muscle cells.


name: RAC1_HUMAN Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (sprot)

description: A Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


melanoblast

description: A cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into a pigment cell.


brain microvascular endothelial cell

description: Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a brain.


migratory trunk neural crest cell

description: Cell that is part of the migratory trunk neural crest population. Migratory trunk neural crest cells develop from premigratory trunk neural crest cells and have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination.


mononuclear cell

description: A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form.


multi-potent skeletal muscle stem cell

description: A multifate stem cell found in skeletal muscle than can differentiate into many different cell types, including muscle. Distinct cell type from satellite cell.


progenitor cell of endocrine pancreas

description: A progenitor cell that is able to differentiate into the pancreas alpha, beta and delta endocrine cells. This cell type expresses neurogenin-3 and Isl-1.


myofibroblast cell

description: An animal cell that has characteristics of both a fibroblast cell and a smooth muscle cell.


protein localization to plasma membrane

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.


memory T cell differentiation

description: The process in which a newly activated T cell acquires specialized features of a memory T cell.


wound healing

description: The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.


Wnt-protein binding

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Binding to a Wnt-protein, a secreted growth factor involved in signaling.


fibronectin binding

description: Binding to a fibronectin, a group of related adhesive glycoproteins of high molecular weight found on the surface of animal cells, connective tissue matrices, and in extracellular fluids.


frizzled binding

description: Binding to a frizzled (fz) receptor.


name: transcriptional regulator ERG isoform containing exon 3 (mouse)

description: A transcriptional regulator ERG (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA containing the sequence in exon 3 for the ERG gene.


integrin beta-1 isoform beta-1A (mouse)

An integrin beta-1 isoform beta-1A that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


ependymal cell

description: A neurectoderm derived cell that lines the neural lumen.


basolateral plasma membrane

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.


cell-cell junction

description: A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells of an organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic intercellular bridges, such as ring canals in insects.


adherens junction

description: A cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex. The epithelial cadherins, or E-cadherins, of each interacting cell extend through the plasma membrane into the extracellular space and bind to each other. The E-cadherins bind to catenins on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, where the E-cadherin-catenin complex binds to cytoskeletal components and regulatory and signaling molecules.


lamellipodium

description: A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a migrating cell or extending cell process; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.


intercalated disc

description: A complex cell-cell junction at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes; mediates mechanical and electrochemical integration between individual cardiomyocytes. The intercalated disc contains regions of tight mechanical attachment (fasciae adherentes and desmosomes) and electrical coupling (gap junctions) between adjacent cells.


apicolateral plasma membrane

description: The apical end of the lateral plasma membrane of epithelial cells.


fascia adherens

description: A cell-cell junction that contains the transmembrane protein N-cadherin, which interacts with identical molecules from neighbouring cells to form a tight mechanical intercellular link; forms a large portion of the intercalated disc, the structure at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes.


embryonic fibroblast

description: Any fibroblast that is part of a embryo.


cerebral cortex development

description: The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon.


cell adhesion

description: The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.


name: negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway

description: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.


striated muscle cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a striated muscle cell; striated muscle fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and voluntary muscle are types of striated muscle.


homeostasis of number of cells

description: Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells.


brain morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the brain are generated and organized. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).


telencephalon development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the telencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The telencephalon is the paired anteriolateral division of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis from which the olfactory lobes, cerebral cortex, and subcortical nuclei are derived.


blood vessel morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.


name: homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules

description: The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell.


radial glial cell differentiation

description: The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to radial glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the brain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


positive regulation of MAPK cascade

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade.


name: calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules

description: The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction.


name: heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules

description: The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell.


neuroepithelial cell differentiation

description: The process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.


name: regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation.


mesenchymal cell migration

description: The orderly movement of a mesenchymal cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.


protein localization

description: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


name: protein localization to adherens junction

description: Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the adherens junction.


otic pit

description: The pair of depressions of thickened otic placode epithelium, that further develops into the otic vesicles.


neural tube lateral wall

description: Portion of tissue on the side of the lumen of the neural tube.


apical part of cell

description: The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue.


kidney development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.


post-anal tail morphogenesis

description: The process in which a post-anal tail is generated and organized. A post-anal tail is a muscular region of the body that extends posterior to the anus. The post-anal tail may aid locomotion and balance.


neural tube development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium.


name: ossification involved in bone maturation

description: The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state.


cochlea development

description: The progression of the cochlea over time from its formation to the mature structure. The cochlea is the snail-shaped portion of the inner ear that is responsible for the detection of sound.


name: branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis

description: The process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.


name: condensed mesenchymal cell proliferation

description: The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a condensed mesenchymal cell population. A condensed mesenchymal cell population is a population of adherent mesenchymal cells.


nephron development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.


basement membrane organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the basement membrane.


tight junction organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a tight junction. A tight junction seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other.


cell adhesion mediator activity

description: The binding by a cell-adhesion protein on a cell surface to an adhesion molecule on another cell surface or an external substrate, to mediate adhesion of the cell to the external substrate or to another cell.


name: negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.


name: positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion

description: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.


cell surface

description: The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.


capillary plexus

description: A network of capillaries.


name: steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The series of molecular signals mediated by a steroid hormone binding to a receptor.


progesterone receptor signaling pathway

description: A nuclear receptor-mediated signaling pathway initiated by a progesterone binding to an intracellular receptor of the nuclear receptor protein family, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


androgen receptor signaling pathway

description: A nuclear receptor-mediated signaling pathway initiated by an androgen binding to an intracellular receptor of the nuclear receptor protein family, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


response to increased oxygen levels

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting an increase in the level of oxygen.


palmitoyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl (CH3-[CH2]14-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.


description: Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl (systematic name, hexadecanoyl) group to a sulfur atom on the cysteine of a protein molecule, in the reaction hexadecanoyl-CoA + L-cysteinyl-[protein] = CoA + S-hexadecanoyl-L-cysteinyl-[protein].


protein-membrane adaptor activity

description: The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a protein or a protein complex with a membrane, or bringing together two membranes, either via membrane lipid binding or by interacting with a membrane protein, to establish or maintain the localization of the protein, protein complex or organelle.


name: negative regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.


name: ZDHC7_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC7 (sprot)

description: A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ZDHC5_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC5 (sprot)

description: A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CD36_HUMAN Platelet glycoprotein 4 (sprot)

description: A platelet glycoprotein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ESR1_HUMAN Estrogen receptor (sprot)

An estrogen receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


estrogen receptor isoform h4 (human)

An estrogen receptor (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P03372-4.


name: PRGR_HUMAN Progesterone receptor (sprot)

description: A progesterone receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


ANDR_HUMAN Androgen receptor (sprot)

An androgen receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ARF6_HUMAN ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (sprot)

description: An ADP-ribosylation factor 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ZDHC4_HUMAN Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC4 (sprot)

description: A palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: RPGP2_HUMAN Rap1 GTPase-activating protein 2 (sprot)

description: A Rap1 GTPase-activating protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: NCKX4_MOUSE Sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 4 (sprot)

description: A sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: WDR24_HUMAN GATOR2 complex protein WDR24 (sprot)

description: A GATOR2 complex protein WDR24 that is encoded in the genome of human.


visual learning

description: Any process in an organism in which a change in behavior of an individual occurs in response to repeated exposure to a visual cue.


name: presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission

description: Any process, acting in the presynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.


triglyceride catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.


triglyceride lipase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate.


long-term synaptic potentiation

description: A process that modulates synaptic plasticity such that synapses are changed resulting in the increase in the rate, or frequency of synaptic transmission at the synapse.


synapse organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).


exploration behavior

description: The specific behavior of an organism in response to a novel environment or stimulus.


short-term synaptic potentiation

description: The process by which synaptic transmission, induced by the arrival of a spike (action potential) at a synapse, acts to increase the amount of neurotransmitter released in response to the arrival of subsequent spikes. This effect is seen when a train of closely space spikes arrives at a synapse with a low initial release probability. It occurs in a timeframe of tens to hundreds of milliseconds.


name: regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity

description: A process that modulates neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.


name: amyloid beta precursor protein binding family B member 1 isoform 1 (mouse)

description: An amyloid beta precursor protein binding family B member 1 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: protein serine phosphate + H2O = protein serine + phosphate, and protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate.


retinyl-palmitate esterase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: retinyl palmitate + H2O = retinol + palmitate + H+.


acylglycerol lipase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + acylglycerol = a fatty acid + glycerol.


lipase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.


locomotory behavior

description: The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.


brain

description: The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP].


cholesterol

A cholestanoid consisting of cholestane having a double bond at the 5,6-position as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group.


name: PP1A_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-alpha catalytic subunit (sprot)

description: A serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-alpha catalytic subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: FABP4_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte (sprot)

description: A fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte that is encoded in the genome of human.


A monoglyceride in which the acyl substituent is located at position 2.


triglyceride

Any glyceride resulting from the condensation of all three hydroxy groups of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with fatty acids.


long-chain fatty acid anion

A fatty acid anion with a chain length of C13 to C22.


glycerol

A triol with a structure of propane substituted at positions 1, 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.


retinol

Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.


hexadecanoate

A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid); major species at pH 7.3.


cholesteryl ester

A sterol ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of cholesterol.


vitamin A palmitate

An all-trans-retinyl ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic (hexadecanoic acid) with the hydroxy group of all-trans-retinol. It is used in cosmetic products to treat various skin disorders such as acne, skin aging, wrinkles, dark spots, and also protect against psoriasis.


FABP6_HUMAN Gastrotropin (sprot)

A gastrotropin that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: LIPS_HUMAN Hormone-sensitive lipase (sprot)

description: A hormone-sensitive lipase that is encoded in the genome of human.


PLIN1_HUMAN Perilipin-1 (sprot)

A perilipin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PLPL4_HUMAN Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 4 (sprot)

description: A patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ABHD5_HUMAN 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase ABHD5 (sprot)

description: A 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase ABHD5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PLPL5_HUMAN Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 5 (sprot)

description: A patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


MGLL_HUMAN Monoglyceride lipase (sprot)

A monoglyceride lipase that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: FABPL_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein, liver (sprot)

description: A fatty acid-binding protein, liver that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: FABP5_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein 5 (sprot)

description: A fatty acid-binding protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: FABP7_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein, brain (sprot)

description: A fatty acid-binding protein, brain that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: FBP12_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein 12 (sprot)

description: A fatty acid-binding protein 12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: FABPH_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein, heart (sprot)

description: A fatty acid-binding protein, heart that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: FABPI_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal (sprot)

description: A fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PP1G_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-gamma catalytic subunit (sprot)

description: A serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-gamma catalytic subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PP1B_HUMAN Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-beta catalytic subunit (sprot)

description: A serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-beta catalytic subunit that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: FABP9_HUMAN Fatty acid-binding protein 9 (sprot)

description: A fatty acid-binding protein 9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


mitochondrial fission

description: The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.


name: positive regulation of mitochondrial fission

description: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mitochondrial fission. Mitochondrial fission is the division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.


cellular lipid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, as carried out by individual cells.


acylglycerol acyl-chain remodeling

description: Remodeling the acyl chains of an acylglycerol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate an acylglycerol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.


name: regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity

description: Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CoA + triacylglycerol.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + 2-acylglycerol = CoA + diacylglycerol.


lipoprotein lipase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate, where the triacylglycerol is part of a lipoprotein.


acylglycerol O-acyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the acylglycerol molecule.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-choline + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CMP + a phosphatidylcholine.


ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-ethanolamine + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CMP + a phosphatidylethanolamine.


extracellular region

description: The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.


fatty acid

Any aliphatic monocarboxylic acid derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil or wax. Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of 4 to 28 carbons (usually unbranched and even-numbered), which may be saturated or unsaturated. By extension, the term is sometimes used to embrace all acyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids.


diglyceride

A glyceride that is glycerol in which any two of the hydroxy groups have been acylated. In the structure shown, two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.


name: PLPL2_HUMAN Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 2 (sprot)

description: A patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PLPL3_HUMAN 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase PNPLA3 (sprot)

description: A 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase PNPLA3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: DGAT2_HUMAN Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (sprot)

description: A diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: AWAT2_HUMAN Acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferase 2 (sprot)

description: An acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


response to morphine

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a morphine stimulus. Morphine is an opioid alkaloid, isolated from opium, with a complex ring structure.


response to amphetamine

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amphetamine stimulus. Amphetamines consist of a group of compounds related to alpha-methylphenethylamine.


name: positive regulation of neuronal action potential

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential.


name: negative regulation of neuronal action potential

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential.


dopamine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.


neuromuscular process

description: Any process pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism.


response to xenobiotic stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


motor behavior

description: The specific neuromuscular movement of a single organism in response to external or internal stimuli.


vocalization behavior

description: The behavior in which an organism produces sounds by a mechanism involving its respiratory system.


social behavior

description: Behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species. Occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group.


multicellular organism growth

description: The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth.


learning

description: Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience.


name: neuromuscular process controlling posture

description: Any process in which an organism voluntarily modulates its posture, the alignment of its anatomical parts.


grooming behavior

description: The specific behavior of an organism relating to grooming, cleaning and brushing to remove dirt and parasites.


name: G protein-coupled dopamine receptor signaling pathway

description: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a dopamine binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


name: excitatory chemical synaptic transmission

description: Synaptic transmission that results in an excitatory postsynaptic potential.


response to odorant

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an odorant stimulus. An odorant is any substance capable of stimulating the sense of smell.


walking behavior

description: The behavior of an organism relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg.


name: D(2) dopamine receptor isoform 1 (mouse)

description: A D(2) dopamine receptor isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


cranial nerve II

description: Cranial nerve fiber tract which is comprised of retinal ganglion cell axons running posterior medially towards the optic chiasm, at which some of the axons cross the midline and after which the structure is termed the optic tract. Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain[ZFA].


corpus callosum

description: White matter structure containing massive numbers of commissural fibers connecting cortical areas in the two cerebral hemispheres.it is subdivided into a genu, a rostrum, a body, and a splenium. (MM).


cortical intermediate zone

description: The region of the developing mammalian cortex that extends between the ventricular zone and the cortical plate (CP); normally, the IZ is a region of tangential migration of cells, and at midgestation, the lower part of the IZ develops into the subventricular zone.


pontine nuclear group

description: Nuclei in the basal pons, intermingled among the descending axons from the cortex, that receive neocrotcial input and give rise to many axons that cross the midline to enter the contralateral cerebellum (Butler and Hodos, Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy, 2nd ed., 2005, pg 135).


paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

description: Nucleus in the anterior part of the hypothalamus. (MSH) * one of the magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei, an elongated plate of large, deeply staining cells located close to the third ventricle in the anterior hypothalamic area; major source of oxytocin and to a lesser extent, of antidiuretic hormone, neurohormones, which are carried to the neurohypophysis along the paraventriculohypophysial tract. (CSP).


supraoptic nucleus

description: The supraoptic nucleus (SON) is a nucleus of magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus of the mammalian brain. The nucleus is situated at the base of the brain, adjacent to the optic chiasm. [WP,unvetted].


trigeminal nerve

description: Cranial nerve that has three branches - the ophthalmic (supplying the skin of the nose and upper jaw), the maxillary and the mandibular (supplying the lower jaw).


caudate-putamen

description: Regional part of telencephalon in some species, e.g., rodent, equivalent to the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen). Unlike the dorsal striatum of primates, for example, the caudoputamen is not split into separate nuclei by the fibers of the internal capsule. Rather, the internal capsule splits into fiber bundles which course through the structure.


cranial ganglion

description: The groups of nerve cell bodies associated with the twelve cranial nerves.


cranial nerve

description: Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord.


rhombic lip

description: The posterior section of the developing metencephalon recognized transiently within the vertebrate embryo; the rhombic lip extends posteriorly from the roof of the fourth ventricle to dorsal neuroepithelial cell and can be divided into eight structural units based on rhombomeres 1-8 (r1-r8), recognized at early stages of hindbrain development; producing granule cells and five brainstem nuclei, the rhombic lip plays an important role in developing a complex cerebellar neural system.


medial habenular nucleus

description: The habenular nuclei comprise a small group of nuclei that are part of the epithalamus of the diencephalon, situated at the posterior end of the thalamus, on its upper surface. The habenular nuclei are typically divided into: lateral habenular nucleus medial habenular nucleus The pineal gland is attached to the brain in this region. Nerve impulses from the habenular nuclei are transmitted to the septal nuclei via the stria medullaris, which is found on the medial surface of the thalamus.


olfactory nerve

description: Nerve that carries information from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb[Butler and Hodos].


internal capsule of telencephalon

description: White matter regional part of brain which is flanked by nuclear masses, consisting of both afferent and efferent fibers projecting between the cerebral cortex and the brainstem and spinal cord. It consists of three distinct parts: an anterior limb, posterior limb, and genu. (Adapted from MSH by Maryann Martone).


nerve fiber layer of retina

description: Layer of the retina formed by expansion of the fibers of the optic nerve.


lateral geniculate body

description: The group of neurons that serve as the primary processor of visual information received from the retina via the optic tract and send processed information to the visual cortex of the occipital lobe.


septum of telencephalon

description: Gray matter structure located on the midline of the forebrain consisting of the septum pellucidum (in some species) and the septal nuclei (Heimer, 1996).


medial vestibular nucleus

description: The medial vestibular nucleus is one of the vestibular nuclei. It is located in the medulla oblongata. Lateral vestibulo-spinal tract (lateral vestibular nucleus 'Deiters')- via ventrolateral medulla and spinal cord to ventral funiculus (lumbo-sacral segments). Ipsilaterally for posture Medial vestibulo-spinal tract (medial, lateral, inferior, vestibular nuclei), bilateral projection via descending medial longitudinal fasciculus to cervical segments. DESCENDING MLF. Bilaterally for head/neck/eye movements [WP,unvetted].


anterior commissure

description: A bundle of myelinated nerve fibers passing transversely through the lamina terminalis and connecting symmetrical parts of the two cerebral hemispheres; it consists of a smaller anterior part (pars anterior commissurae anterioris) and a larger posterior part (pars posterior commissurae anterioris).


olfactory bulb glomerular layer

description: The glomerular layer is the most superficial layer, consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. Periglomerular cells contact multiple mitral cell dendrites within the glomeruli and provide lateral inhibition of neighboring glomeruli while allowing excitation of a specific mitral cell dendritic tree. Each mitral cell is contacted by at least 1000 olfactory nerve fibers[BTO]. Portion of tissue which is located in between the primary olfactory fiber layer and the external cellular layer of the olfactory bulb[ZFA].


substantia nigra

description: Predominantly gray matter midbrain structure lying dorsal to the crus cerebri and ventral to the midbrain tegmentum. It is divided into a dorsal, cellularly compact region known as the pars compacta and a more ventrally located, containing more loosely packed cells, the pars reticulata. The most lateral region of the reticulata is identified as the pars lateralis (MM).


hippocampus fimbria

description: Regional part of fornix consisting of a prominent white matter structure adjacent to the hippocampus on the ventricular side continuous with the alveus. Near the splenium the fimbria separates from the hippocampus as the crus of the fornix. [adapted from Wikipedia] (MM: 2006-10-26).


nucleus accumbens

description: A region of the brain consisting of a collection of neurons located in the forebrain ventral to the caudate and putamen. (caudoputamen in rodent) and continuous with these structures. There is no distinct boundary between the nucleus accumbens and the caudate/putamen, but in rodents, it can be identified by its lack of traversing fiber bundles in comparison to the dorsal striatum. Its principle neuron is the medium spiny neuron. Together with the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), the nucleus accumbens forms the striatum.


name: accessory olfactory bulb mitral cell layer


medial geniculate body

description: Nuclear complex of the thalamus situated on the caudal, subpial aspect of the thalamus (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg 622).


anterior nuclear group

description: Mostly gray regional part of anterior thalamic region, consisting of the anterior medial, anterior dorsal and anterior lateral thalamic nuclei in primates. In rodents, it consists of anterior medial and anterior ventral divisions, with several subdivisions of each, according to Paxinos (MM: 2006-10-26).


name: accessory olfactory bulb glomerular layer


ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus

description: The ventromedial nucleus (sometimes referred to as the ventromedial hypothalamus) is a nucleus of the hypothalamus. [WP,unvetted].


spiral sulcus

description: A concavity in the floor of the cochlear duct, formed by either the overhanging vestibular lip (inner spiral sulcus) or the spiral prominence and the spiral organ (outer spiral sulcus).


parietal cortex

description: Gray matter of the parietal region of the neocortex, located in the parietal lobe of gyrencephalic animals. It is continuous anteriorly with the frontal cortex, posteriorly with the occipital cortex and medially with the insular cortex and with the temporal cortex on the posterior/inferior border.


neuronal cell body

description: The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites.


presynaptic active zone

description: A specialized region of the plasma membrane and cell cortex of a presynaptic neuron; encompasses a region of the plasma membrane where synaptic vesicles dock and fuse, and a specialized cortical cytoskeletal matrix.


axon

description: The long process of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses, usually away from the cell body to the terminals and varicosities, which are sites of storage and release of neurotransmitter.


neuron projection

description: A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.


excitatory synapse

description: A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell increases the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell.


dendrite

description: A neuron projection that has a short, tapering, morphology. Dendrites receive and integrate signals from other neurons or from sensory stimuli, and conduct nerve impulses towards the axon or the cell body. In most neurons, the impulse is conveyed from dendrites to axon via the cell body, but in some types of unipolar neuron, the impulse does not travel via the cell body.


cytoplasmic stress granule

description: A dense aggregation in the cytosol composed of proteins and RNAs that appear when the cell is under stress.


perinuclear region of cytoplasm

description: Cytoplasm situated near, or occurring around, the nucleus.


postsynaptic density

description: An electron dense network of proteins within and adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane of an asymmetric, neuron-neuron synapse. Its major components include neurotransmitter receptors and the proteins that spatially and functionally organize them such as anchoring and scaffolding molecules, signaling enzymes and cytoskeletal components.


neuronal ribonucleoprotein granule

description: A ribonucleoprotein complex that is found in the cytoplasm of axons and dendrites, and transports translationally silenced mRNAs to dendritic synapses, where they are released and translated in response to specific exogenous stimuli.


perikaryon

description: The portion of the cell soma (neuronal cell body) that excludes the nucleus.


cell leading edge

description: The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement.


juxtaparanode region of axon

description: A region of an axon near a node of Ranvier that is between the paranode and internode regions.


dendritic spine

description: A small, membranous protrusion from a dendrite that forms a postsynaptic compartment, typically receiving input from a single presynapse. They function as partially isolated biochemical and an electrical compartments. Spine morphology is variable:they can be thin, stubby, mushroom, or branched, with a continuum of intermediate morphologies. They typically terminate in a bulb shape, linked to the dendritic shaft by a restriction. Spine remodeling is though to be involved in synaptic plasticity.


synaptic vesicle

description: A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.


dendritic shaft

description: Cylindric portion of the dendrite, directly stemming from the perikaryon, and carrying the dendritic spines.


cis-Golgi network

description: The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the convex side of the Golgi apparatus, which abuts the endoplasmic reticulum.


trans-Golgi network

description: The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination.


postsynaptic membrane

description: A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.


clathrin-coated vesicle

description: A vesicle with a coat formed of clathrin connected to the membrane via one of the clathrin adaptor complexes.


nuclear speck

description: A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy.


growth cone

description: The migrating motile tip of a growing neuron projection, where actin accumulates, and the actin cytoskeleton is the most dynamic.


filopodium

description: Thin, stiff, actin-based protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal or dendritic growth cone, or a dendritic shaft.


microtubule cytoskeleton

description: The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins.


axolemma

description: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding an axon; it is a specialized trilaminar random mosaic of protein molecules floating within a fluid matrix of highly mobile phospholipid molecules, 7-8 nm in thickness.


presynaptic membrane

description: A specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane.


inhibitory synapse

description: A synapse in which an action potential in the presynaptic cell reduces the probability of an action potential occurring in the postsynaptic cell.


terminal bouton

description: Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it.


growth cone membrane

description: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a growth cone.


axon hillock

description: Portion of the neuronal cell soma from which the axon originates.


mitochondrion organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components.


apoptotic signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


name: G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to its receptor, in which the activated receptor promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane.


protein kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.


establishment of cell polarity

description: The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.


MAPK cascade

description: An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAP kinase (MAPK). It starts with the activation of a MAP3K, and the consecutive activation of a MPK2K and a MAPK. The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.


synaptic vesicle exocytosis

description: Fusion of intracellular membrane-bounded vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell resulting in release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.


axonogenesis

description: De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.


name: activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

description: Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process.


microtubule cytoskeleton organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.


axon extension

description: Long distance growth of a single axon process involved in cellular development.


neuron apoptotic process

description: Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.


name: negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.


name: negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol.


neuron projection development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).


intracellular calcium ion homeostasis

description: A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of calcium ions within a cell.


endoplasmic reticulum organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum.


name: response to endoplasmic reticulum stress

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.


regulation of membrane potential

description: Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.


lipid storage

description: The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.


cell surface receptor signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor located on the cell surface. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation

description: The phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine to form peptidyl-O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine.


excitatory postsynaptic potential

description: A process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.


endocytosis

description: A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a part of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.


neuron projection morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites.


response to ethanol

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.


dendrite morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendrite are generated and organized.


inhibitory postsynaptic potential

description: A process that causes a temporary decrease in postsynaptic membrane potential due to the flow of negatively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an IPSP is an inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) and makes it more difficult for the neuron to fire an action potential.


endosomal transport

description: The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.


name: axon extension involved in axon guidance

description: The long distance growth of a single cell process, that is involved in the migration of an axon growth cone, where the migration is directed to a specific target site by a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


dorsal/ventral pattern formation

description: The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.


name: G protein-coupled adenosine receptor signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a receptor binding to extracellular adenosine and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity.


name: establishment or maintenance of cell polarity

description: Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.


name: central nervous system neuron axonogenesis

description: Generation of a long process from a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. The process carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.


calcium-mediated signaling

description: Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via calcium ions.


intracellular copper ion homeostasis

description: A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of copper ions within a cell.


potassium ion transmembrane transport

description: A process in which a potassium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other.


neurofilament cytoskeleton organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising neurofilaments and their associated proteins.


calcium ion transmembrane transport

description: A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


neuron remodeling

description: The developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate the extra dendrites and axons projections set up in early stages of nervous system development.


dendritic spine development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.


name: protein localization to juxtaparanode region of axon

description: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the juxtaparanode region of an axon.


intracellular transport

description: The directed movement of substances within a cell.


cellular metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.


palmitoyl-(protein) hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-protein + H2O = palmitate + protein.


oligosaccharide catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.


phospholipid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phospholipid, a lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


L-glutamate import

description: The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L-enantiomer of the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into a cell or organelle.


synapse assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. This process ends when the synapse is mature (functional).


action potential

description: A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities.


voltage-gated calcium channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


adenylate cyclase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate.


collateral sprouting

description: The process in which outgrowths develop from the shafts of existing axons.


response to ischemia

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a inadequate blood supply.


protein metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification.


monoatomic ion transmembrane transport

description: A process in which a monoatomic ion is transported across a membrane. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.


Golgi localization

description: Any process in which the Golgi is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


name: regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.


cytokinesis

description: The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its partitioning into two daughter cells.


axon midline choice point recognition

description: The recognition of molecules at the central nervous system midline choice point by an axon growth cone; this choice point determines whether the growth cone will cross the midline.


ephrin receptor signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by ephrin binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


glutamate secretion

description: The controlled release of glutamate by a cell. The glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system.


receptor clustering

description: The receptor metabolic process that results in grouping of a set of receptors at a cellular location, often to amplify the sensitivity of a signaling response.


neurotransmitter secretion

description: The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium-regulated exocytosis during synaptic transmission.


name: maintenance of apical/basal cell polarity

description: Retaining the established polarization of a cell along its apical/basal axis.


axon target recognition

description: The process in which an axon recognizes and binds to a set of cells with which it may form stable connections.


gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion

description: The regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid by a cell or a tissue. The gamma-aminobutyric acid is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain but is also found in several extraneural tissues.


cellular response to lithium ion

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus.


synaptic vesicle endocytosis

description: A vesicle-mediated transport process, in which the synaptic vesicle membrane constituents are retrieved from the presynaptic membrane on the axon terminal after neurotransmitter secretion by exocytosis. Synaptic vesicle endocytosis can occur via clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent mechanisms.


synaptic vesicle priming

description: A process that converts synaptic vesicles to a state of competence for calcium triggered fusion with the active zone membrane by bringing the two membranes into very close proximity. Priming typically (but not always) occurs after docking (Jahn and Fasshauer, 2012). Primed vesicles are also capable of spontaneously fusing with the active zone membrane.


SNARE complex disassembly

description: The disaggregation of the SNARE protein complex into its constituent components. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.


receptor recycling

description: The process that results in the return of receptor molecules to an active state and an active cellular location after they have been stimulated by a ligand. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive a signal.


name: central nervous system projection neuron axonogenesis

description: Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells in a different central nervous system region.


name: acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activity

description: Selectively enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens upon binding acetylcholine.


synaptic vesicle maturation

description: Steps required to form an initiated synaptic vesicle into a fully formed and transmissible synaptic vesicle.


axo-dendritic transport

description: The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in neuron projections.


name: mitochondrion transport along microtubule

description: The directed movement of a mitochondrion along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins.


name: regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.


microtubule depolymerization

description: The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule.


name: calcium ion-regulated exocytosis of neurotransmitter

description: The release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis of synaptic vesicles, where the release step is dependent on a rise in cytosolic calcium ion levels.


monoatomic ion-gated channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a specific ion stimulus.


name: smooth endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis

description: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a cell or between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and its surroundings.


synaptic vesicle transport

description: The directed movement of synaptic vesicles.


name: establishment of monopolar cell polarity

description: The specification and formation of monopolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. Monopolar cell organization is directional organization along an axis.


name: regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.


synaptic vesicle docking

description: The initial (indirect) attachment of a synaptic vesicle membrane to the presynaptic active zone membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane and proteins of the presynaptic active zone cytoplasmic component. Synaptic vesicle tethering is the first step in this process.


name: dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission

description: The directed movement of dopamine into a presynaptic neuron or glial cell. In this context, dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.


name: negative regulation of cell motility involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration

description: The intracellular signaling pathway that results in the cessation of cell movement involved in lamination of the cerebral cortex.


name: collateral sprouting in absence of injury

description: The process in which outgrowths develop from the axons of intact undamaged neurons.


name: positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.


name: kainate selective glutamate receptor activity

description: An ionotropic glutamate receptor activity that exhibits fast gating by glutamate, acts by opening a cation channel permeable to sodium and potassium, and for which kainate is an agonist.


ganglioside catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ganglioside, a ceramide oligosaccharide carrying, in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic residues.


exocyst assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of various polypeptides into the exocyst complex.


ephrin receptor activity

description: Combining with an ephrin receptor ligand to initiate a change in cell activity.


neuron differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron.


neurogenesis

description: Generation of cells within the nervous system.


neuron migration

description: The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature.


cerebral cortex neuron differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron residing in the cerebral cortex.


cell proliferation in forebrain

description: The creation of greater cell numbers in the forebrain due to cell division of progenitor cells.


forebrain neuron differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron that will reside in the forebrain.


name: cerebral cortex radially oriented cell migration

description: The migration of cells in the developing cerebral cortex in which cells move from the ventricular and/or subventricular zone toward the surface of the brain.


name: central nervous system neuron differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system.


cerebral cortex tangential migration

description: The migration of cells in the cerebral cortex in which cells move orthogonally to the direction of radial migration and do not use radial glial cell processes as substrates for migration.


forebrain cell migration

description: The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the forebrain.


forebrain neuron development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron that resides in the forebrain, from its initial commitment to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


cerebral cortex cell migration

description: The orderly movement of cells from one site to another in the cerebral cortex.


cell differentiation in hindbrain

description: The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cells of the hindbrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


name: cell motility involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration

description: The movement of a cell along the process of a radial glial cell involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration.


name: striatal medium spiny neuron differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a medium spiny neuron residing in the striatum.


description: A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, and syntaxin 1a (or orthologs thereof).


name: synaptobrevin 2-SNAP-25-syntaxin-1a-complexin I complex

description: A SNARE complex that contains synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2), SNAP-25, syntaxin 1a, and complexin I (or orthologs thereof).


oxidoreductase activity

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.


name: DHB13_HUMAN 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 13 (sprot)

description: A 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 13 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: HLPDA_HUMAN Hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated protein (sprot)

description: A hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: FITM1_HUMAN Fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 1 (sprot)

description: A fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: FITM2_HUMAN Acyl-coenzyme A diphosphatase FITM2 (sprot)

description: An acyl-coenzyme A diphosphatase FITM2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


presynapse

description: The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell.


postsynapse

description: The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.


phagophore

description: A disk-like structure that expands, rounds up into a cup-shaped structure, and eventually closes around its cargo (for example cytoplasmic components) to become an autophagosome or Cvt vesicle.


pancreas

description: An endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating hormones[GO].


olfactory receptor cell

description: Any neuron that is capable of some detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell.


GABA-ergic synapse

description: A synapse that uses GABA as a neurotransmitter. These synapses are typically inhibitory.


smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.


olfactory tubercle

description: Region in the ventral telencephalon, prominent in rodents, but present in all mammals, consisting of a laminated cortical part and the cap/hilus region. It is traditionally viewed as part of the olfactory cortex but recognized by some as having a striatal character. According to many authors, the structure of the OT transitions from cortical like to striatal like along the lateral medial axis. (Maryann Martone).


cerebellum

description: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement[MESH]. A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum , and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe[BTO]. Brain structure derived from the anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain. The cerebellum plays a role in somatic motor function, the control of muscle tone, and balance[ZFA].


G protein-coupled receptor activity

description: Combining with an extracellular signal and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


chemokine receptor binding

description: Binding to a chemokine receptor.


CXCR chemokine receptor binding

description: Binding to a chemokine receptor in the CXCR family.


proton channel activity

description: Enables the facilitated diffusion of a hydrogen ion (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


sphingosine hydroxylase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydroxylation of sphingolipid long chain bases.


phospholipid homeostasis

description: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phospholipid within an organism or cell.


name: maltose transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of maltose from one side of a membrane to the other. Maltose is the disaccharide 4-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose, an intermediate in the enzymatic breakdown of glycogen and starch.


wide pore channel activity

description: Enables the energy-independent facilitated diffusion of propanediol through a large pore, un-gated channel. Examples include gap junctions, which transport substances from one cell to another; and porins which transport substances in and out of bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts.


type I interferon receptor activity

description: Combining with a type I interferon and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


name: protein binding involved in heterotypic cell-cell adhesion

description: Binding to a protein or protein complex contributing to the adhesion of two different types of cells.


name: bile acid transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of bile acid from one side of a membrane to the other. Bile acids are any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.


protein-hormone receptor activity

description: Combining with a protein hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.


description: Binding to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 4' position.


name: NAR1_MOUSE GPI-linked NAD(P)(+)--arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase 1 (sprot)

description: A GPI-linked NAD(P)(+)--arginine ADP-ribosyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase 5 isoform 1 (mouse)

description: An ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase 5 isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: dual specificity protein kinase TTK isoform m1 (mouse)

description: A dual specificity protein kinase TTK (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P35761-1.


name: serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 2 (mouse)

description: A serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. This isoform is shorter than isoform 1 at the C-terminal region due to usage of exon IXb. This isoform has predominant expression in the testis.


name: serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 1 farnesylated 1 (mouse)

description: A serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 isoform 1 (mouse) that has a farnesyl moiety on a Cys residue in the most C-terminal Cys. UniProtKB:Q9WTK7-1, Cys-433, MOD:00111.


name: CEACAM1a-4 N-glycosylasparagine form (mouse)

description: A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, signal peptide removed form that is the signal cleavage product of allele CEACAM1a in mouse with four copies of the Ig domain and includes at least one N-glycosylasparagine.


name: CEACAM1a-2 N-glycosylasparagine form (mouse)

description: A carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1, signal peptide removed form that is the signal cleavage product of allele CEACAM1a in mouse with two copies of the Ig domain and includes at least one N-glycosylasparagine.


name: CTL1_MOUSE Choline transporter-like protein 1 (sprot)

description: A choline transporter-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform long (mouse)

description: A glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 isoform long that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: interleukin-3 receptor subunit alpha isoform m2 (mouse)

description: An interleukin-3 receptor subunit alpha (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P26952-3.


name: interleukin-3 receptor subunit alpha isoform m1 (mouse)

description: An interleukin-3 receptor subunit alpha (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P26952-1.


name: protein kinase C beta type isoform Beta-II (mouse)

description: A protein kinase C beta type isoform 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: protein kinase C beta type isoform Beta-I (mouse)

description: A protein kinase C beta type isoform 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: CCL5_HUMAN C-C motif chemokine 5 (sprot)

description: A C-C motif chemokine 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


IL8_HUMAN Interleukin-8 (sprot)

An interleukin-8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SDF1_HUMAN Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (sprot)

description: A stromal cell-derived factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CXL11_HUMAN C-X-C motif chemokine 11 (sprot)

description: A C-X-C motif chemokine 11 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GSDMD_HUMAN Gasdermin-D (sprot)

A gasdermin-D that is encoded in the genome of human.


GSDME_HUMAN Gasdermin-E (sprot)

A gasdermin-E that is encoded in the genome of human.


PERF_HUMAN Perforin-1 (sprot)

A perforin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: INAR1_HUMAN Interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 (sprot)

description: An interferon-alpha/beta receptor alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: INAR2_HUMAN Interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 (sprot)

description: An interferon alpha/beta receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


GSDMA_HUMAN Gasdermin-A (sprot)

A gasdermin-A that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: BAIG_CLOSV Bile acid transporter (sprot)


EXTL3_HUMAN Exostosin-like 3 (sprot)

An exostosin-like 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


postsynaptic density membrane

description: The membrane component of the postsynaptic density. This is the region of the postsynaptic membrane in which the population of neurotransmitter receptors involved in synaptic transmission are concentrated.


synaptic vesicle membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a synaptic vesicle.