response to hepatocyte growth factor

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.


uterine epithelium development

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The progression of an epithelium of the uterus over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.


name: response to 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate stimulus.


response to epidermal growth factor

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epidermal growth factor stimulus.


name: regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.


iris morphogenesis

description: The process in which the iris is generated and organized. The iris is an anatomical structure in the eye whose opening forms the pupil. The iris is responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and the amount of light reaching the retina.


nitric oxide binding

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Binding to nitric oxide (NO).


hemangioblast

category: biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A pluripotent cell in the yolk sac that can give rise to mesenchymal cells including erythrocytes and endothelial cells.


transmembrane transporter complex

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A transmembrane protein complex which enables the transfer of a substance from one side of a membrane to the other.


ATP-gated ion channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when ATP has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


CTP binding

description: Binding to CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate.


maintenance of protein complex location

description: Any process in which a protein complex is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration, stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of protein complexes that move away.


microspike assembly

description: Formation of a microspike, a dynamic, actin-rich projection extending from the surface of a migrating animal cell.


An oxysterol that is cholesterol which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 7alpha and 26 positions.


5beta-Cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24,26-pentol with S-configuration at C-24.


3alpha,7alpha,24-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-al with S-configuration at C-24.


3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-al with S-configuration at C-24.


5beta-Cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,24,26-tetrol with S-configuration at C-24.


A cholestanoid that is 5beta-cholestan-26-al substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7 and 12 respectively.


regulation of chondrocyte development

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.


name: acid-sensing ion channel 1 isoform m2 (mouse)

description: An acid-sensing ion channel 1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q6NXK8-2.


name: CAPON_HUMAN Carboxyl-terminal PDZ ligand of neuronal nitric oxide synthase protein (sprot)

description: A carboxyl-terminal PDZ ligand of neuronal nitric oxide synthase protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SRCN1_HUMAN SRC kinase signaling inhibitor 1 (sprot)

description: A SRC kinase signaling inhibitor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: RAC3_HUMAN Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 (sprot)

description: A Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: regulation of skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering.


acetylcholine receptor binding

description: Binding to an acetylcholine receptor.


name: negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.


name: regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated calcium channel activity.


name: regulation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of replication and segregation of genetic material in the embryo.


pulmonary artery morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the pulmonary artery are generated and organized. The pulmonary artery is the artery that carries blood from the heart to the lungs.


intrahepatic cholangiocyte

description: An epithelial cell of the intrahepatic portion of the bile duct. These cells are flattened or cuboidal in shape, and have a small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio relative to large/extrahepatic cholangiocytes.


glandular cell of stomach

description: A glandular epithelial cell that is part of the stomach.


urothelial cell

description: A cell of a layer of transitional epithelium in the wall of the proximal urethra, bladder, ureter or renal pelvis, external to the lamina propria.


1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase complex

description: A protein complex that catalyzes the transfer of a glucose group from UDP-glucose to a (1->3)-beta-D-glucan chain.


1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + [(1->3)-beta-D-glucosyl](n) = UDP + [(1->3)-beta-D-glucosyl](n+1).


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds.


name: cellular bud neck septin ring organization

description: Control of the formation, spatial distribution, and breakdown of a septin ring located at the bud neck.


name: positive regulation of protein kinase C signaling

description: Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.


name: regulation of secondary cell septum biogenesis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary cell septum biogenesis.


name: protein localization to mating projection tip

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a mating projection tip.


regulation of dendrite extension

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite extension.


stereocilia tip-link density

description: An electron-dense plaque at either end of a stereocilia tip link that provides the anchor in the stereocilia membrane.


ESCRT I complex

description: An endosomal sorting complex required for transport. It consists of the class E vacuolar protein sorting (Vps) proteins and interacts with ubiquitinated cargoes.


regulation of deacetylase activity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of deacetylase activity.


actin crosslink formation

description: The process in which two or more actin filaments are connected together by proteins that act as crosslinks between the filaments. The crosslinked filaments may be on the same or differing axes.


actin nucleation

description: The initial step in the formation of an actin filament, in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament. Nucleation is slow relative to the subsequent addition of more monomers to extend the filament.


protein-containing complex remodeling

description: The acquisition, loss, or modification of macromolecules within a complex, resulting in the alteration of an existing complex.


alpha-tubulin binding

description: Binding to the microtubule constituent protein alpha-tubulin.


protein deacylation

description: The removal of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, from a protein amino acid.


Hsp90 deacetylation

description: The modification of an Hsp90 protein by removal of acetyl groups.


cellular response to misfolded protein

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a misfolded protein stimulus.


aggresome assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an aggresome; requires the microtubule cytoskeleton and dynein.


name: regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.


name: positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle contraction

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle contraction.


endothelial tube lumen extension

description: Any endothelial tube morphogenesis process by which the tube is increased in length.


name: negative regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis

description: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis. Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis is the orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels contributing to the process of sprouting angiogenesis.


name: regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by endothelin

description: The process in which endothelin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. Endothelin is a hormone that is released by the endothelium, and it is a vasoconstrictor.


name: negative regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway.


actomyosin contractile ring

description: A cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin that forms beneath the plasma membrane of many cells, including animal cells and yeast cells, in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the spindle, i.e. the cell division plane. In animal cells, the contractile ring is located at the cleavage furrow. In budding fungal cells, e.g. mitotic S. cerevisiae cells, the contractile ring forms at the mother-bud neck before mitosis.


name: positive regulation of microtubule plus-end binding

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule plus-end binding.


neuron projection retraction

description: The organization process which results in the disassembly (either partial or complete) of constituent parts of a neuron projection. A neuron projection is a prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.


name: negative regulation of neuron projection regeneration

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron projection regeneration, the regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites following their loss or damage.


regulation of cellular component size

description: A process that modulates the size of a cellular component.


profilin binding

description: Binding to profilin, an actin-binding protein that forms a complex with G-actin and prevents it from polymerizing to form F-actin.


name: regulation of cell projection organization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.


regulation of spindle checkpoint

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the spindle checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.


name: negative regulation of sensory perception of pain

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception of pain.


catecholamine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.


mastication

description: The process of biting and mashing food with the teeth prior to swallowing.


response to corticosterone

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticosterone stimulus. Corticosterone is a 21 carbon steroid hormone of the corticosteroid type, produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands. In many species, corticosterone is the principal glucocorticoid, involved in regulation of fuel metabolism, immune reactions, and stress responses.


response to external stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus.


response to dopamine

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dopamine stimulus.


response to methylphenidate

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methylphenidate stimulus.


name: negative regulation of catecholamine metabolic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine.


phosphatidylserine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine.


membrane disassembly

description: The controlled breakdown of any cell membrane in the context of a normal process such as autophagy.


name: multivesicular body membrane disassembly

description: The controlled breakdown of the membranes of multivesicular bodies.


neutral lipid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.


name: benzil reductase [(S)-benzoin-forming] activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-benzoin + NADP(3-) = benzil + NADPH(4-) + H+.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, oxygen as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.


name: regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.


regulation of norepinephrine secretion

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.


name: inactivation of paternal X chromosome by genomic imprinting

description: Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global inactivation of all, or most of, the genes on the paternal X-chromosome in the XX sex by genomic imprinting.


ammonium excretion

description: The elimination of ammonium ions from an excretory cell.


name: regulation of sensory perception of pain

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the sensory perception of pain, the series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.


cytoplasm protein quality control

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins in the cytoplasm, which are either targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation or protected by chaperones to shield thermosensitive proteins from degradation until conditions allow disaggregation and refolding.


LUBAC complex

description: A ubiquitin ligase complex that catalyzes linear head-to-tail polyubiquitin conjugation on its targets. In human the complex consists of RBCK1, RNF31 and SHARPIN, and has an MW of approximately 600 kDa, suggesting a heteromultimeric assembly of its subunits. LUBAC stands for Linear Ubiquitin Chain Assembly Complex.


name: positive regulation of protein polyubiquitination

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein polyubiquitination.


septal nuclear complex

category: biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Collection of nerve cells in the medial forebrain lying generally in front of the anterior commissure (Maryann Martone).


name: SUMO1_HUMAN Small ubiquitin-related modifier 1 (sprot)

description: A small ubiquitin-related modifier 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SUMO3_HUMAN Small ubiquitin-related modifier 3 (sprot)

description: A small ubiquitin-related modifier 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SUMO2_HUMAN Small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 (sprot)

description: A small ubiquitin-related modifier 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: IF2B2_HUMAN Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (sprot)

description: An insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: IF2B1_HUMAN Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (sprot)

description: An insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: IF2B3_HUMAN Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 3 (sprot)

description: An insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


TNPO1_HUMAN Transportin-1 (sprot)

A transportin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: DCP1A_HUMAN mRNA-decapping enzyme 1A (sprot)

description: An mRNA-decapping enzyme 1A that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TTP_HUMAN mRNA decay activator protein ZFP36 (sprot)

description: An mRNA decay activator protein ZFP36 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TISB_HUMAN mRNA decay activator protein ZFP36L1 (sprot)

description: An mRNA decay activator protein ZFP36L1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PARN_HUMAN Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease PARN (sprot)

description: A poly(A)-specific ribonuclease PARN that is encoded in the genome of human.


Noc1p-Noc2p complex

description: A heterodimer associated with 90S and 66S preribosomes. Predominantly, but not exclusively, nucleolar; involved in ribosomal large subunit biogenesis.


name: regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.


name: Z385A_HUMAN Zinc finger protein 385A (sprot)

description: A zinc finger protein 385A that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PO4F1_HUMAN POU domain, class 4, transcription factor 1 (sprot)

description: A POU domain, class 4, transcription factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: IASPP_HUMAN RelA-associated inhibitor (sprot)

description: A RelA-associated inhibitor that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PO4F2_HUMAN POU domain, class 4, transcription factor 2 (sprot)

description: A POU domain, class 4, transcription factor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


BANP_HUMAN Protein BANP (sprot)

A protein BANP that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: HIPK1_HUMAN Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 (sprot)

description: A homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: BRD7_HUMAN Bromodomain-containing protein 7 (sprot)

description: A bromodomain-containing protein 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ASPP2_HUMAN Apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 2 (sprot)

description: An apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ASPP1_HUMAN Apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 1 (sprot)

description: An apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


sperm mitochondrial sheath assembly

description: The assembly and organization of the sperm mitochondrial sheath, the tightly packed helical sheath of ATP-producing mitochondria restricted to the midpiece of the sperm flagellum.


name: dopamine:sodium symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: dopamine(out) + Na+(out) + Cl-(out)= dopamine(in) + Na+(in) + Cl-(in).


name: TR10D_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10D (sprot)

description: A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10D that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: MSH2_HUMAN DNA mismatch repair protein Msh2 (sprot)

description: A DNA mismatch repair protein Msh2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CCNK_HUMAN Cyclin-K (sprot)

A cyclin-K that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CDK12_HUMAN Cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (sprot)

description: A cyclin-dependent kinase 12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TM219_HUMAN Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 receptor (sprot)

description: A transmembrane protein 219 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: NLRC4_HUMAN NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4 (sprot)

description: An NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: B2L14_HUMAN Apoptosis facilitator Bcl-2-like protein 14 (sprot)

description: An apoptosis facilitator Bcl-2-like protein 14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PERP_HUMAN p53 apoptosis effector related to PMP-22 (sprot)

description: A p53 apoptosis effector related to PMP-22 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PGTA_HUMAN Geranylgeranyl transferase type-2 subunit alpha (sprot)

description: A geranylgeranyl transferase type-2 subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PGTB2_HUMAN Geranylgeranyl transferase type-2 subunit beta (sprot)

description: A geranylgeranyl transferase type-2 subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human.


NDRG1_HUMAN Protein NDRG1 (sprot)

A protein NDRG1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: GA45A_HUMAN Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha (sprot)

description: A growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha that is encoded in the genome of human.


BTG2_HUMAN Protein BTG2 (sprot)

A protein BTG2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: RGCC_HUMAN Regulator of cell cycle RGCC (sprot)

description: A response gene to complement 32 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PLAL1_HUMAN Zinc finger protein PLAGL1 (sprot)

description: A zinc finger protein PLAGL1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: E2F8_HUMAN Transcription factor E2F8 (sprot)

description: A transcription factor E2F8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ARI3A_HUMAN AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 3A (sprot)

description: An AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 3A that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: E2F7_HUMAN Transcription factor E2F7 (sprot)

description: A transcription factor E2F7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: BNI3L_HUMAN BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3-like (sprot)

description: A BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3-like that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TRIA1_HUMAN TP53-regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (sprot)

description: A TP53-regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TR10A_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10A (sprot)

description: A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10A that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TR10B_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B (sprot)

description: A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TR10C_HUMAN Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10C (sprot)

description: A tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10C that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PLD3A_HUMAN PRELI domain containing protein 3A (sprot)

description: A PRELI domain containing protein 3A that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PRLD1_HUMAN PRELI domain-containing protein 1, mitochondrial (sprot)

description: A PRELI domain-containing protein 1, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human.


articular chondrocyte

description: Chondrocyte forming the hyaline cartilage found in joints.


beige adipocyte

description: An adipocyte that is beige in color, thermogenic, and which differentiates in white fat tissue from a Myf5-negative progenitor.


name: regulation of collagen fibril organization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization.


muscle system process

description: A organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers.


name: extracellular matrix structural constituent conferring tensile strength

description: A constituent of the extracellular matrix that enables the matrix to resist longitudinal stress.


response to polyamine macromolecule

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a polyamine macromolecule stimulus.


mitochondrial transmembrane transport

description: The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other into, out of or within a mitochondrion.


early stripe melanocyte differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an early stripe melanocyte (ESM). In zebrafish, ESMs develop during the first phase (2-3 weeks of development) of the larva to adult transition (2-4 weeks of development).


fetal thymocyte

description: A thymocyte found in the fetal thymus.


experimentally modified cell in vitro

description: A cell in vitro that has undergone physical changes as a consequence of a deliberate and specific experimental procedure.


mitotic anaphase A

description: The cell cycle phase during which the kinetochore microtubules shorten as chromosomes move toward the spindle poles as part of mitosis.


protein phosphatase type 1 complex

description: A protein complex that possesses magnesium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase (AMD phosphatase) activity, and consists of a catalytic subunit and one or more regulatory subunits that dictates the phosphatase's substrate specificity, function, and activity.


name: intracellular monoatomic ion homeostasis

description: A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of monoatomic ions within a cell. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.


name: regulation of protein localization to cell division site involved in cytokinesis

description: Any regulation of protein localization to cell division site that is involved in cytokinesis.


regulation of cell budding

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and growth of cell buds.


protein phosphatase 1 binding

description: Binding to a protein phosphatase 1.


pronephric nephron development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephric nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros.


name: negative regulation of hh target transcription factor activity

description: Any process that decreases the activity of a transcription factor that activates transcription of Hedgehog-target genes in response to Smoothened signaling. In Drosophila, Cubitus interruptus (Ci) is the only identified transcription factor so far in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. In vertebrates members of the Gli protein family are activated by Hedgehog signaling.


protein homooligomerization

description: The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.


name: smoothened signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord patterning

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened that results in the spatial identity of regions along the dorsal-ventral axis of the spinal cord.


death receptor binding

description: Binding to a member of the death receptor (DR) family. The DR family falls within the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and is characterized by a cytoplasmic region of ~80 residues termed the death domain (DD).


sodium lauryl sulfate

An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.


Triton X-100

A poly(ethylene glycol) derivative that is poly(ethylene glycol) in which one of the terminal hydroxy groups has been converted into the corresponding p-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-3-yl)phenyl ether.


METHYLENE BLUE ANHYDROUS

An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.


DIPHENYLENEIODONIUM

An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.


polysorbate 80

A polymer composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan, where the total number of poly(ethylene glycol) units is 20 (w + x + y + z = 20) and a single terminal is capped by an oleoyl group.


name: positive regulation of intracellular protein transport

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.


coproporphyrinogen III(4-)

Tetracarboxylate anion of coproporphyrinogen III.


Dicarboxylate anion of protoporphyrinogen.


uroporphyrinogen III(8-)

An octacarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of all eight carboxy groups of uroporphyrinogen III.


The dicarboxylate anion of protoporphyrin, obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups.


PYROGALLOL

A  benzenetriol carrying hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3.


BUTIN

A trihydroxyflavanone in which the three hydroxy substituents are located at positions 3', 4' and 7. It is found in Acacia mearnsii, Vernonia anthelmintica and Dalbergia odorifera and has a protective affect against oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.


caffeic acid

The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.


A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying a carboxy group at position 4.


TEMPAMINE

A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying an amino group at position 4.


tetrapyrrole binding

description: Binding to a tetrapyrrole, a compound containing four pyrrole nuclei variously substituted and linked to each other through carbons at the alpha position.


protoporphyrinogen IX metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving protoporphyrinogen IX, the specific substrate for the enzyme ferrochelatase, which catalyzes the insertion of iron to form protoheme. It is probably also the substrate for chlorophyll formation.


name: regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.


detection of UV

description: The series of events in which an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.


MEVALONIC ACID

The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: a (3R)-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] = a (2E)-enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] + H2O.


name: enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADPH) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a 2,3-saturated acyl-[ACP] + NADP+ = a (2E)-enoyl-[ACP] + H+ + NADPH.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + [acyl-carrier protein] = CoA + acetyl-[acyl-carrier protein].


name: entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod

description: The synchronization of a circadian rhythm to photoperiod, the intermittent cycle of light (day) and dark (night).


'de novo' GMP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP) through an inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) intermediate.


name: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit binding

description: Binding to a regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The regulatory subunit associates with the catalytic subunit to regulate both its activity and subcellular location.


protein heterooligomerization

description: The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers that are not all identical. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.


name: response to glial cell derived neurotrophic factor

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glial cell derived neurotrophic factor stimulus.


neurotrophin signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by neurotrophin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Neurotrophins are a family of secreted growth factors that induce the survival, development, and function of neurons.


Rab protein signal transduction

description: An intracellular signaling cassette in which a small monomeric GTPase of the Rab subfamily relays a signal.


name: negative regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade.


slow muscle cell migration

description: The orderly movement of a slow muscle cell from one site to another.


name: cellular biogenic amine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the breakdown of biogenic amines, any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.


tunicamycin

A mixture of antiviral nucleoside antibiotics produced by Streptomyces lysosuperificus. It contains at least 10 homologues comprising uracil, N-acetylglucosamine, an 11-carbon aminodialdose called tunicamine, and a fatty acid linked to the amino group of the tunicamine.  The homologues vary in the composition of the fatty acid moiety.


phosphatidic acid

A derivative of glycerol in which one hydroxy group, commonly but not necessarily primary, is esterified with phosphoric acid and the other two are esterified with fatty acids.


phosphatidylglycerol

A glycerophosphoglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen of one of the primary hydroxy groups has been replaced by a phosphatidyl group.


An acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate in which a single acyl substituent is located at position 2.


name: nicotinamide nucleotide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide nucleotides, any nucleotide that contains combined nicotinamide.


An octadecenoyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of trans-2-octadecenoic acid.


A 3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of 3-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid.


A 3-oxo-fatty acyl-CoA(4-) arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate groups of 3-oxooctadecanoyl-CoA; major species at pH 7.3.


Tetraanion of icosanoyl-CoA arising from deprotonation of phosphate and diphosphate functions.


sphinganine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphinganine, D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.


FAN_HUMAN Protein FAN (sprot)

A protein FAN that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: acyltransferase activity, transferring groups other than amino-acyl groups

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group, other than amino-acyl, from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


melanocyte apoptotic process

description: Any apoptotic process in a melanocyte, the main structural component of the epidermis.


stem cell fate commitment

description: The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a stem cell.


swim bladder formation

description: The process that gives rise to the swim bladder. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The swim bladder is used by some fishes to maintain buoyancy and may function in addition as a sound producing organ, a sound receptor, and a respiratory organ.


name: negative regulation of protein sumoylation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein.


name: cellular response to nerve growth factor stimulus

description: A process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nerve growth factor stimulus.


name: regulation of neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway.


name: outward rectifier potassium channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a potassium ion by an outwardly-rectifying voltage-gated channel. An outwardly rectifying current-voltage relation is one where at any given driving force the outward flow of K+ ions exceeds the inward flow for the opposite driving force.


extrinsic component of membrane

description: The component of a membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


regulation of macrophage migration

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration.


cardiac atrium formation

description: The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac atrium from unspecified parts. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.


name: CENPE_HUMAN Centromere-associated protein E (sprot)

description: A centromere-associated protein E that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KIFC1_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIFC1 (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIFC1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KIF15_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF15 (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF15 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KIFA3_HUMAN Kinesin-associated protein 3 (sprot)

description: A kinesin-associated protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KIF9_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF9 (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF9 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KI18A_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF18A (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF18A that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KIF28_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF28P (sprot)

description: A protein that is a translation product of the KIF28P gene in human.


name: KIF2A_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF2A (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF2A that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KIF3C_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF3C (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF3C that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KIF3B_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF3B (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF3B that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KIF1C_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF1C (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF1C that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KIF1B_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF1B (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF1B that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KI21B_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF21B (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF21B that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KIF4A_HUMAN Chromosome-associated kinesin KIF4A (sprot)

description: A chromosome-associated kinesin KIF4A that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KLC1_HUMAN Kinesin light chain 1 (sprot)

description: A kinesin light chain 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KIF1A_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF1A (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF1A that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KIF22_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF22 (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF22 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KI26B_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF26B (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF26B that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KIF19_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF19 (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF19 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KIF4B_HUMAN Chromosome-associated kinesin KIF4B (sprot)

description: A chromosome-associated kinesin KIF4B that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: Q66K46_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein (Fragment) (trembl)


name: KLC3_HUMAN Kinesin light chain 3 (sprot)

description: A kinesin light chain 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: Q6PKD1_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein (Fragment) (trembl)


name: KIF6_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF6 (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KI21A_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF21A (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF21A that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KIF27_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF27 (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF27 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KI18B_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF18B (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF18B that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KIF2B_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF2B (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF2B that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KIFC2_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIFC2 (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIFC2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KIF12_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF12 (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KI16B_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF16B (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF16B that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KI20B_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF20B (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF20B that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KIF2C_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF2C (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF2C that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KLC2_HUMAN Kinesin light chain 2 (sprot)

description: A kinesin light chain 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KI13B_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF13B (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF13B that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KLC4_HUMAN Kinesin light chain 4 (sprot)

description: A kinesin light chain 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KIF25_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF25 (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF25 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KI26A_HUMAN Kinesin-like protein KIF26A (sprot)

description: A kinesin-like protein KIF26A that is encoded in the genome of human.


TEMPOL

A member of the class of aminoxyls that is TEMPO carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4. It is a radical scavenger which exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.


cytoplasmic dynein complex

description: Any dynein complex with a homodimeric dynein heavy chain core that catalyzes movement along a microtubule. Cytoplasmic dynein complexes participate in many cytoplasmic transport activities in eukaryotes, such as mRNA localization, intermediate filament transport, nuclear envelope breakdown, apoptosis, transport of centrosomal proteins, mitotic spindle assembly, virus transport, kinetochore functions, and movement of signaling and spindle checkpoint proteins. Some complexes participate in intraflagellar transport. Subunits associated with the dynein heavy chain mediate association between dynein heavy chain and cargoes, and may include light chains and light intermediate chains.


name: regulation of basement membrane organization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, disassembly or arrangement of constituent parts of the basement membrane.


primary cell septum biogenesis

description: A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a primary cell septum following nuclear division.


name: protein localization to cell division site

description: A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the site of cell division.


name: protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1 isoform V1 (mouse)

description: A protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1 isoform V1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1 isoform V2 (mouse)

description: A protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1 isoform V2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


pterinosome

description: A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which pteridine pigments are synthesized and stored. Pterinosomes are synthesized in xanthophores and erythrophore cells and are yellow, orange or red in appearance.


footplate apical ectodermal ridge

description: An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a footplate.


name: negative regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids.


name: positive regulation of striated muscle contraction

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.


name: NALCN_HUMAN Sodium leak channel NALCN (sprot)

description: A sodium leak channel NALCN that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: positive regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.


name: regulation of cardiac muscle tissue regeneration

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue regeneration.


name: positive regulation of lymphocyte differentiation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.


name: negative regulation of lymphocyte differentiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.


group 3 innate lymphoid cell

description: An innate lymphoid cell that constituitively expresses RORgt and is capable of expressing IL17A and/or IL-22.


description: A B220-positive CD38-positive naive B cell is a CD38-positive naive B cell that has the phenotype B220-positive, CD38-positive, surface IgD-positive, surface IgM-positive, and CD27-negative, and that has not yet been activated by antigen in the periphery.


response to immobilization stress

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of being rendered immobile.


name: response to methamphetamine hydrochloride

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methamphetamine hydrochloride stimulus.


response to monoamine

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monoamine stimulus. A monoamine is any of a group of molecular messengers that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.


name: brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


response to environmental enrichment

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the provision of a combination of complex inanimate and social stimulations in the organism's housing environment.


name: regulation of short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity

description: A process that modulates short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change in the short-term as circumstances require. Short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increasing or decreasing synaptic sensitivity.


name: negative regulation of striated muscle contraction

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.


name: positive regulation of melanin biosynthetic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin.


mitotic actomyosin contractile ring

description: A cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments, myosin, and myosin-associated proteins that forms beneath the plasma membrane of many cells, including animal cells and yeast cells, in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the mitotic spindle, i.e. the cell division plane. Ring contraction is associated with centripetal growth of the membrane that divides the cytoplasm of the two future daughter cells. In animal cells, the mitotic contractile ring is located inside the plasma membrane at the location of the cleavage furrow. In budding fungal cells, e.g. mitotic S. cerevisiae cells, the mitotic contractile ring forms beneath the plasma membrane at the mother-bud neck before mitosis.


cellular response to cisplatin

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cisplatin stimulus.


omega-3 fatty acid

A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the omega-3 position, i.e., the third bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid.


fMet-Leu-Phe

A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.


coumaric acid

A monohydroxycinnamic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a hydroxyphenyl group at position 3.


propylthiouracil

A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.


LIGUSTRAZINE

A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum  wallichii).


antirheumatic drug

A drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.


sodium fluoride

A metal fluoride salt with a Na(+) counterion.


CHARCOAL, ACTIVATED

An allotropic form of the element carbon with cubic structure which is thermodynamically stable at pressures above 6 GPa at room temperature and metastable at atmospheric pressure. At low pressures diamond converts rapidly to graphite at temperatures above 1900 K in an inert atmosphere. The chemical bonding between the carbon atoms is covalent with sp(3) hybridization.


potassium chromate

A potassium salt consisting of potassium and chromate ions in a 2:1 ratio.


benazepril

A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.


TRIPTONIDE

A diterpene triepoxide that is triptobenzene K in which the acylhydroquinone moiety has undergone oxidation to the corresponding triepoxyketone derivative. It has been isolated from the roots of Tripterygium wilfordii.


DIETHYL MALEATE

A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.


IONOMYCIN

A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.


DEGUELIN

A rotenone that is 13,13a-dihydro-3H-chromeno[3,4-b]pyrano[2,3-h]chromen-7(7aH)-one substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10, and by two methyl groups at position 3 (the 7aS,13aS-stereoisomer). It exists in abundant quantities in the bark, roots, and leaves of the Leguminosae family of plants and reported to exert anti-tumour effects in various cancers.


An aromatic amine that is diphenylmethane substituted at the 4-position of each benzene ring by an amino group.


A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.


domoic acid

An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).


OZONE

An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.


oligomycin

Any of the 26-membered ring macrolides produced by Streptomyces species that can be toxic to other organisms through their ability to inhibit mitochondrial membrane-bound ATP synthases.


triclocarban

A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively.


cycloheximide

A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon  bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.


trimellitic anhydride

A 2-benzofuran compound having oxo groups at the 1- and 3-positions and a carboxy substituent at the 5-position; the cyclic anhydride formed from the carboxy groups at the 1- and 2-positions of trimellitic acid.


A dinitrotoluene in which the methyl group is ortho to one of the nitro groups and para to the other. It is the most common isomer of dinitrotoluene.


DEOXYNIVALENOL

A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.


ETHYL NITROSOUREA

A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.


aldicarb

The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.


temozolomide

An imidazotetrazine that is 3,4-dihydroimidazo[5,1-d][1,2,3,5]tetrazine which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 8 by methyl, oxo, and carboxamide groups, respectively. A prodrug for MTIC (5-(3-methyltriaz-1-en-1-yl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide, formed by spontaneous hydrolysis of temozolomide in the body), it is used as an oral alkylating agent for the treatment of newly diagnosed malignant  glioblastoma multiforme (concomitantly with radiotherapy) and malignant melanoma.


A bromoalkane consisting of cyclododecane bearing six bromo substituents at positions 1, 2, 5, 6, 9 and 10.


trovafloxacin

A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and  6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.


streptozocin

An N-nitrosourea that is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces achromogenes. It is used as an antineoplastic agent and to induce diabetes in experimental animals.


copper(II) oxide

A metal oxide that has the formula CuO. It has an ionic structure.


ANTIMYCIN A

A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.


ammonium chloride

An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.


oxaliplatin

A platinum coordination entity that is a commonly used chemothrepeutic drug for treatment of colorectal cancer.


fragrance

A substance, extract, or preparation for diffusing or imparting an agreeable or attractive smell.


Aroclor 1254

A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).


BAFILOMYCIN A1

The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.


CLOTHIANIDINE

A clothiadin that has E configuration at the C=N bond of the nitroguanidine moiety.


penicillamine

An optically active form of penicillamine having D-configuration. Pharmaceutical form (L-form is toxic) of chelating agent used to treat heavy metal poisoning.


A secondary nitroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a nitro group. Mainly used as a solvent (b.p. 120degreeC).


silibinin

A flavonolignan isolated from milk thistle, Silybum marianum, that has been shown to exhibit antioxidant and antineoplastic activities.


METHOXYACETIC ACID

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methoxy group.


cidofovir dihydrate

The dihydrate of the anhydrous form of cidofovir. A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.


alendronate

A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.


name: lipopolysaccharide, Escherichia coli O111 B4


IMATINIB MESYLATE

A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.


POTASSIUM CYANIDE

A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of potassium cations and cyanide anions.


potassium dichromate

A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.


midostaurin

An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.


METHANESULFONIC ACID ETHYL ESTER

A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.


melphalan

A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.


trientine

A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.


organic molecule

Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity.


pentetrazol

An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.


butyric acid

A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.


N-METHYL-N-NITROSUREA

A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.


CHLOROLITHIUM

A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.


maneb

A polymeric complex of manganese with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. An agrochemical fungicide, it is used to control a variety of diseases including blight, leaf spot, rust, downy mildew and scab.


mirdametinib

A hydroxamic acid ester that is benzhydroxamic acid (N-hydroxybenzamide) in which the hydroxamic acid group has been converted to the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and in which the benzene ring has been substituted at position 2 by a (2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino group and at positions 3 and 4 by fluorines (the R enantiomer).


griseofulvin

An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.


zinc acetate

An acetate salt in which the cationic component is zinc(2+).


dorsomorphin

A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.


benzoates

A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any benzoic acid.


diethyl malate

A malate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the two carboxy groups of malic acid with two molecules of ethanol respectively.


2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid

The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.


L-BMAA

A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methylamino group. A non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria, it is a neurotoxin that has been postulated as a possible cause of neurodegenerative disorders of aging such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC) syndrome of Guam.


An N-acylsphingosine consisting of sphing-4-enine bearing a hexanoyl group on nitrogen.


amlodipine

A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.


carfilzomib

A synthetic tetrapeptide consisting of morpholin-4-acetyl, L-2-amino-4-phenylbutanoyl, L-leucyl and L-phenylalanyl residues joined in sequence with the C-terminus connected to the amino group of (2S)-2-amino-4-methyl-1-[(2R)-2-methyloxiran-2-yl]-1-oxopentan-1-one via an amide linkage. Used for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma


nitenpyram

A nitenpyram in which the double bond has E configuration.


AHPN

A naphthoic acid that is 6-phenylnaphthylene-2-carboxyic acid in which the phenyl substituent has been substituted at positions 3 and 4 by adamant-1-yl and hydroxy groups, respectively. It acts as a selective agonist of retinoic acid receptor (RAR)gamma and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various cancer cells.


3-nitropropanoic acid

A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.


DELTA-TOCOTRIENOL

A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2.


A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.


A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 5 position of each benzene ring are replaced by chlorines.


PHOSPHINE

The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.


SENECIONINE

A pyrrolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant species of the genus Senecio.


A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.


PINOSTROBIN

A  monohydroxyflavanone that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 and a methoxy group at position 7 respectively.


SODIUM GLUTAMATE

An optically active form of monosodium glutamate having L-configuration.


pyrethrins

The active insecticidal constituents of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium flowers.


obeticholic acid

A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.


sodium selenite

An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.


cylindrospermopsin zwitterion

A zwitterion resulting from the transfer of a proton from the sulfooxy group to one of the nitrogens of the guanidine group of cylindrospermopsin.


PROPICONAZOLE

The cyclic ketal obtained by formal condensation of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethanone with pentane-1,2-diol. A triazole fungicide, it is used commercially as a diastereoisomeric mixture on soft fruit (including apricots, peaches, nectarines, plums and prunes), nuts (including peanuts, pecans and almonds), mushrooms, and grasses grown for seeds.


ISOALANTOLACTONE

A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group. It has been isolated from Inula helenium.


ceruletide

A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.


saccharin

A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.


A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.


andrographolide

A labdane diterpenoid isolated from the leaves and roots of Andrographis paniculata that exhibits anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic properties.


exisulind

A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps.  Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.


N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine

An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position


gingerol

A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.


DICYCLOHEXYLCARBODIIMIDE

A carbodiimide compound having a cyclohexyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.


A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.


abamectin

Mixture of 80% avermectin B1a and 20% avermectin B1b.


ACETAMIPRID

The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.


capecitabine

A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.


plumbagin

A  hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.


bucladesine

A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.


palbociclib

A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-{[5-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl]amino}pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one bearing additional methyl, acetyl and cyclopentyl substituents at positions 5, 6 and 8 respectively. It is used in combination with letrozole for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.


phosgene

An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.


dimethyl sulfoxide

A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.


aldehydo-D-glucosamine

The open-chain form of D-glucosamine.


CUCURBITACIN I

A  cucurbitacin that is 9,10,14-trimethyl-4,9-cyclo-9,10-secocholesta-2,5,23-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 16, 20 and 25 and oxo groups at positions 1, 11 and 22.


p-cresol sulfate

An aryl sulfate that is p-cresol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a sulfo group.


L-NAME

An alpha-amino acid ester that is the methyl ester of N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine.


PIRIMIPHOS METHYL

An  organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a diethylamino group at position 2.


A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.


pemetrexed

An N-acylglutamic acid in which the N-acyl group is specified as 4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).


tamibarotene

A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the condensation of one of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid with the amino group of 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine.


vigabatrin

A gamma-amino acid having a gamma-vinyl GABA structure. It is an irreversible inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric 664 acid transaminase


CATECHOL

A  benzenediol comprising of a benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents ortho to each other.


NOCODAZOLE

A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is benzimidalole which is substituted at position 2 by a (methoxycarbonyl)amino group and at position 5 by a 2-thienoyl group. It is an antineoplastic agent that exerts its effect by depolymerising microtubules.


A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.


A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.


torin 1

A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 9-(quinolin-3-yl)benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-2-one bearing an additional 4-(4-propionylpiperazin-1-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent at position 1. It is a potent inhibitor of mTOR and exhibits anti-cancer properties.


A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.


DOXYCYCLINE

The monohydrate form of doxycycline. A semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic, it is used to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and treat non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis, exacerbations of bronchitis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and adult periodontitis.


rofecoxib

A butenolide that is furan-2(5H)-one substituted by a phenyl group at position 3 and by a p-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl group at position 4. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was used from 1999 to 2004 for the treatment of ostoarthritis, but was withdrawn following concerns about an associated increased risk of heart attack and stroke.


pyrimidines

Any compound having a pyrimidine as part of its structure.


azacitidine

An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.


carbamate

Any ester of carbamic acid or its N-substituted derivatives.


N-acetylsphingosine

A N-acylsphingosine that has an acetamido group at position 2.


A chloroalkane that is propane in which a hydrogen from each of two adjacent carbons has been replaced by chlorines.


BROMOPYRUVATE

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine. Synthetic brominated derivative and structural analog of pyruvic acid. Highly reactive alkylating agent. Anti-cancer drug


ezetimibe

A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and  4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).


benzalkonium

A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of N-benzyl-N-methyldodecan-1-amine.


trabectedin

A tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid obtained from a Caribbean tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata. Used for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma and relapsed ovarian cancer.


carboplatin

A platinum coordination entity with cis square-planar geometry in which  platinum(II) is coordinated to two ammonia ligands and a bidentate cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylate ligand.


CROCIN

A diester that is crocetin in which both of the carboxy groups have been converted to their gentiobiosyl esters. It is one of the water-soluble yellow-red pigments of saffron and is used as a spice for flavouring and colouring food. Note that in India, the term 'Crocin' is also used by GlaxoSmithKline as a brand-name for paracetamol.


THYMOQUINONE

A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.


buparlisib

An aminopyridine that is 4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-amine substituted at position 5 by a 2,6-di(morpholin-4-yl)pyrimidin-4-y group. A selective PI3K inhibitor with anti-tumour properties.


trametinib

A pyridopyrimidine that is used (as its dimethyl sulfoxide addition compound) for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations, and who have not received prior BRAF inhibitor treatment.


nickel subsulfide

A nickel coordination entity with formula Ni3S2. Used in the manufacture of lithium batteries.


SULFOXAFLOR

A member of the class of pyridines that is 5-ethyl-2-trifluoromethylpyridine in which the ethyl group is substituted at position 1 by an N-cyano-S-methylsulfonimidoyl group. The insecticide sulfoxalor is a mixture of the four possible stereoisomers arising from the two tetrahedral stereocentres.


rottlerin

A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.


PUROMYCIN AMINONUCLEOSIDE

Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.


HEPTANAL

An n-alkanal resulting from the oxidation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of heptan-1-ol to the corresponding aldehyde. An endogenous aldehyde coming from membrane lipid oxidation, it is found in the blood of lung cancer patients and has been regarded as a potential biomarker of lung cancer.


celastrol

A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is 24,25,26-trinoroleana-1(10),3,5,7-tetraen-29-oic acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 2, a hydroxy substituent at position 3 and two methyl groups at positions 9 and 13. An antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Potently inhibits lipid peroxidation in mitochondria and inhibits TNF-alpha-induced NFkappaB activation. Also shown to inhibit topoisomerase II activity in vitro (IC50 = 7.41 muM).


ALLOXAN

A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.


ribonucleoside

Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.


aldehydo-D-galactosamine

The open-chain form of D-galactosamine.


A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 9H-fluoren-4-yl group.


cilazapril monohydrate

A hydrate that is the monohydrate of cilazapril. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.


lead chromate

A chromium coordination entity comprising chromate and lead(2+) ions in a 1:1 ratio


clethodim

An oxime O-ether resulting from the formal conversion ot the acyclic keto group of 5-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-propionylcyclohex-2-en-1-one to the corresponding oxime with subsequent O-alkylation of the oxime by an (E)-3-chloroallyl group. It is used as a selective postemergence herbicide for the control of annual and perennial grasses in numerous crops, including alfalfa, celery, clover, conifers, cotton, cranberries, garlic, onions, ornamentals, peanuts, soybeans, strawberries, sugarbeet, sunflowers, and vegetables; the (-)-enantiomer has been reported to be more active than the (+)-enantiomer.


amphibole asbestos

A class of asbestos minerals that includes silicates of magnesium, iron, calcium, and sodium.


epirubicin

An anthracycline that is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin.


DIHYDROXYACETONE

A ketotriose consisting of acetone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 3. The simplest member of the class of ketoses and the parent of the class of glycerones.


tocopherol

A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.


ALLYL ALCOHOL

A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.


crizotinib

A  3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)


benzoquinones

Any quinone resulting from the formal oxidation of catechol, hydroquinone, or their C-substituted derivatives.


zileuton

A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a 1-[carbamoyl(hydroxy)amino]ethyl group. A selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, it inhibits the formation of leukotrienes LTB4, LTC4, LDT4, and LTE4. It is used for the management of chronic asthma.


colistin

A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.


phosphocreatine

A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.


NONIVAMIDE

A capsaicinoid that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine with the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. It is the active ingredient in many pepper sprays.


cytochalasin D

An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.


picrotoxin

A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.


sodium aurothiomalate

An organic sodium salt which is the disodium salt of gold thiomalic acid, with a basic unit comprising two sodium cations and a divalent aurothiomalate anion.


A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.


abiraterone

A 3beta-sterol that is androsta-5,16-dien-3beta-ol substituted at position 17 by a 3-pyridyl group. Administered as the O-acetate, it is used for treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.


BRILLIANT GREEN HYDROCHLORIDE

An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.


dicloxacillin

A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.


CANDESARTAN

A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.


LIQUIRITIN

A flavanone glycoside that is  liquiritigenin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4' via a glycosidic linkage.


A dialkyl ketone with methyl and pentyl as the alkyl groups.


The phenol that is the N-methyl derivative of 4-aminophenol.


ALTERNARIOL

A benzochromenone that is 6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, and 9. It is the most important mycotoxin produced by the black mould Alternaria species, which are the most common mycoflora infecting small grain cereals worldwide.


salbutamol

A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).


afatinib

A quinazoline compound having a 3-chloro-4-fluoroanilino group at the 4-position, a 4-dimethylamino-trans-but-2-enamido group at the 6-position, and an (S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy group at the 7-position. Used (as its dimaleate salt) for the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.


A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the exocyclic amino group on the purine fragment is carrying a butyryl substituent.


osimertinib

A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.


BUPROFEZIN

A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has Z configuration.


PRODIGIOSIN

A member of the class of tripyrroles that is a red-coloured pigment with antibiotic properties produced by Serratia marcescens.


CARVONE

A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.


TENOFOVIR

A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of anhydrous tenovir.


An organic heterotricyclic compound that is pyrido[3',2':4,5]furo[3,2-d]pyrimidine substituted at positions 2 and 4 by 3-hydroxyphenyl and morpholin-4-yl groups respectively. A dual-kinase inhibitor with anti-cancer properties.


trimetaphan

A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension.


aclarubicin

An anthracycline antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces galilaeus and also has potent antineoplastic activity.


APHIDICOLIN

A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.


radon atom

A monoatomic radon that has an oxidation state of zero.


excitatory amino acid agonist

An agent that binds to and activates excitatory amino acid receptors.


METHAMIDOPHOS

An organic thiophosphate resulting from the N-deacylation of the proinsecticide acephate.


An organic cation that is the conjugate acid of nimustine.


amifostine

An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.


carcinogenic agent

A role played by a chemical compound which is known to  induce a process of carcinogenesis  by corrupting  normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquistion of tumoral capabilities.


perfluorobutyric acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated butyric acid.


thioguanine

A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.


ESTRAGOLE

A phenylpropanoid that is chavicol in which the hydroxy group is replaced by a methoxy group.


cerulenin

An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.


MONOCROTOPHOS

An alkenyl phosphate that is the 4-(methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-en-2-yl ester of dimethyl phosphate.


1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate

A diisocyanate compound with the two isocyanates linked by a hexane-1,6-diyl group.


iron(III) nitrilotriacetate

An iron chelate resulting from the combination of equimolar amounts of iron(3+) and nitrilotriacetate(3-).


lomustine

An N-nitrosourea that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a 2-chloroethyl group and by a nitroso group, while the other nitrogen is substituted by a cyclohexyl group. An alkylating antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of brain tumours, lung cancer, malignant melanoma and other solid tumours.


vinorelbine

A vinca alkaloid with a norvinblastine skeleton.


TEREPHTHALIC ACID

A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.


NONANOATE

A C9 straight-chain saturated fatty acid which occurs naturally as esters of the oil of pelargonium. Has antifungal properties, and is also used as a herbicide as well as in the preparation of plasticisers and lacquers.


A biphenyl that is 4-chloro-1,1'-biphenyl substituted by a (4-{4-[(4-{[(2R)-4-(dimethylamino)-1-(phenylsulfanyl)butan-2-yl]amino}-3-nitrobenzene-1-sulfonyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}piperazin-1-yl)methyl group at position 2'. It is a BH3-mimetic drug which targets the anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) family proteins, including BCL-2, BCL-xL, and BCL-w, and induces apoptosis in cancer cells.


DIETHYLLENETRIAMINE NONOATE

A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two 2-aminoethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.


everolimus

A macrocyclic lactone that is rapamycin in which the hydroxy group attached to the cyclohexyl moiety has been converted into the corresponding 2-hydroxyethyl ether. It is an immunosuppressant and antineoplastic agent.


arsenic trichloride

A arsenic molecular entity that consists of a single arsenic atom bearing three chloro substituents.


PHENYLHYDRAZINE

A phenylhydrazine that is the monophenyl derivative of hydrazine.


ERLOTINIB HYDROCHLORIDE

The hydrochloride salt of erlotinib.


NIGERICIN

A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.


fampridine

An aromatic amine that is pyridine bearing a single amino substituent at position 4. An orphan drug in the US, it is used to improve walking in adults with multiple sclerosis.


BUTEIN

A chalcone that is (E)-chalcone bearing four additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2', 3, 4 and 4'.


beta-lactam

A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.


HISPIDULIN

A monomethoxyflavone that is scutellarein methylated at position 6.


perillyl alcohol

A limonene monoterpenoid consists of a cyclohexene ring substituted by a hydroxymethyl  and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. It is a constituent of a variety of essential oils including lavender.


acamprosate

An  organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.


A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4(3H)-one carrying (6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)methyl, 2-methylphenyl and methyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5 respectively.


A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.


dobutamine

A  catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.


surfactin

Any mixture comprising isoforms of a bacterial cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic produced by various strains of Bacillus subtilis. The isoforms are cyclodepsipeptides containing at least seven amino acid residues. Among the most effective biosurfactants, surfactin can reduce the surface tension of water from 72 to 27 mN/m at a concentration as low as 0.005%.


A polysaccharide composed of an alpha-D-glucosyl residue joined to a [(2->6)-beta-D-fructosyl]n moiety by an alpha-(1->2) linkage.


LAPACHONE

A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.


talazoparib tosylate

Talazoparib is an orally available small molecule inhibitor of the DNA repair enzyme poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) which is used as an antineoplastic agent in the treatment of selected cases of breast cancer. Talazoparib is associated with a moderate rate of serum aminotransferase elevations during therapy and is suspected to cause rare instances of clinically apparent acute liver injury.


phenylthiocarbamide

A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.


CSC

Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.


dactolisib

An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.


N-PROPYL BROMIDE

A bromoalkane that is propane carrying a bromo substituent at position 1.


NAFENOPIN

A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid in which ther tertiary hydroxy group has been converted into the corresponding p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenyl ether.


The C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.


protein kinase inhibitor

An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of protein kinases.


iron(2+) sulfate heptahydrate

A hydrate that is the heptahydrate form of iron(2+) sulfate. It is used as a source of iron in the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia (generally in liquid-dosage treatments; for solid-dosage treatments, the monohydrate is normally used).


brilliant green

An organic hydrogensulfate salt having 4-{[4-(diethylamino)phenyl](phenyl)methylidene}-N,N-diethylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-iminium as the counterion.


salvianolic acid B

A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza


SEPANTRONIUM BROMIDE

An organic bromide salt consisting of sepantronium cations and bromide anions. It has been found to selectively inhibit survivin (BIRC5) gene promoter activity and to down-regulate survivin in vitro, so leading to induction of apoptosis.


CONVALLATOXIN

A cardenolide glycoside that consists of strophanthidin having a 6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl (L-rhamnosyl) group attached at position 3.


lamotrigine

A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines in which the triazene skeleton is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 5, and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 6.


A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393


imidazoles

A five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.


idelalisib

A member of the class of quinazolines that is 5-fluoro-3-phenylquinazolin-4-one in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (1S)-1-(3H-purin-6-ylamino)propyl group. used for for the treatment of refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia.


S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D-penicillamine

A nitroso compound that is N-acetyl-D-penicillamine in which the sulfanyl hydrogen is replaced by a nitroso group.