sterol biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.


name: secretion by lung epithelial cell involved in lung growth

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The controlled release of liquid by a lung epithelial cell that contributes to an increase in size of the lung as part of its development.


name: lateral sprouting involved in lung morphogenesis

description: The process in which a branch forms along the side of the lung epithelial tube.


name: positive regulation of peptide secretion

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.


lung growth

description: The increase in size or mass of a lung. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.


name: epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis

description: The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the lung.


name: neutrophil-mediated killing of gram-positive bacterium

description: The directed killing of a gram-positive bacterium by a neutrophil.


cellular response to hyperoxia

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating increased oxygen tension.


name: negative regulation of connective tissue replacement involved in inflammatory response wound healing

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of wound healing connective tissue replacement, which may be replaced with fibrotic material, that occurs as part of an inflammatory response.


mononuclear cell proliferation

description: The expansion of a mononuclear cell population by cell division. A mononuclear cell is a leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form.


adenosine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes.


lung saccule development

description: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung saccule from an initial condition to its mature state. The lung saccule is the primitive gas exchange portion of the lung composed of type I and type II cells.


name: advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor isoform 1 cleaved and N-glycosylated 1 (mouse)

description: An advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor isoform 1 cleaved 1 (mouse) that has the N-terminal Gln converted into pyroglutamate, and has N-glycosylation on two Asn residues. UniProtKB:Q62151-1, 24-329, Gln-24, MOD:01048|Asn-25/Asn-80, MOD:00160.


primary follicle stage

description: The stage in oogenesis when a single layer of cuboidal follicle cells surrounds the oocyte. The oocyte nucleus is large.


mRNA alternative polyadenylation

description: The process of generating multiple mRNA molecules with variable 3'-end length formation from a given pre-mRNA by differential use of cleavage and polyadenylation signals (pA signals).


name: regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alternative splicing of nuclear mRNAs.


name: RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 2 isoform m7 (mouse)

description: An RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 2 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8BP71-7.


lymphatic endothelial cell migration

description: The orderly movement of a lymphatic endothelial cell from one site to another in the wall of a lymphatic vessel.


pronephric glomerulus development

description: The progression of the glomerulus of the pronephric kidney over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pronephric glomerulus is part of the pronephric nephron and is restricted to one body segment.


rhombomere 6 development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 6 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.


rhombomere 5 development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of rhombomere 5 over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order.


regulation of axon extension

description: Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon extension.


posterior lateral line ganglion

category: biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The posterior lateral line ganglion develops from a cranial ectodermal placode and contains sensory neurons that innervate the posterior lateral line system.


type 3 cone bipolar cell (sensu Mus)

category: biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: An OFF-bipolar neuron found in the retina and having connections with cone photoreceptors cells and neurons in the outer half of the inner plexiform layer. The dendritic tree is delicate and the dendritic tips appear small when compared with type 1 cells. The axon terminal is stratified and restricted to sublamina 2 of the inner plexiform layer.


name: posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuromast hair cell is a hair cell that acts as a sensory receptor of the neuromast; it is morphologically polarized as a result of the relative position of the single kinocilium and the clusters of stereocilia on its apical surface. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


name: negative regulation of axon regeneration

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon regeneration.


regulation of bone development

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone development.


name: positive regulation of glial cell proliferation

description: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.


name: protein localization to photoreceptor connecting cilium

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a photoreceptor connecting cilium.


name: regulation of establishment of protein localization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location.


ciliary transition zone assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ciliary transition zone.


citrate synthase activity

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + H2O + oxaloacetate = citrate + CoA.


name: positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.


name: negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.


killing of cells of another organism

description: Any process in an organism that results in the killing of cells of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.


ISG15-protein conjugation

description: The covalent addition to a protein of ISG15, a ubiquitin-like protein.


extraorganismal space

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The environmental space outside of an organism; this may be a host organism in the case of parasitic and symbiotic organisms.


name: antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an antimicrobial peptide. Such peptides may have protective properties against bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa.


inferior vagus X ganglion

description: The large group of sensory neuron cell bodies, anterior to the jugular vein, associated with the vagus nerve (tenth cranial nerve).


stellate interneuron

description: Any interneuron that has characteristic some stellate morphology.


zinc ion transmembrane transport

description: A process in which a zinc II ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


name: mechanosensitive monoatomic ion channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an monoatomic ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress.


regulation of epidermal cell division

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell into daughter cells. An epidermal cell is any of the cells that make up the epidermis.


name: stretch-activated, monoatomic cation-selective, calcium channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress in the form of stretching.


epidermal cell division

description: Any process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis, into daughter cells.


facial nucleus

description: The group of motor neurons residing in the pons that innervate the muscles of facial expression.


cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron

description: A GABAergic interneuron whose soma is located in the cerebral cortex.


inferior cervical ganglion

description: The inferior cervical ganglion is situated between the base of the transverse process of the last cervical vertebra and the neck of the first rib, on the medial side of the costocervical artery. Its form is irregular; it is larger in size than the middle cervical ganglion, and is frequently fused with the first thoracic ganglion. [WP,unvetted].


name: extracellularly glycine-gated ion channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when glycine is bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane.


thigmotaxis

description: The directed movement of an animal in response to touch.


chloride transport

description: The directed movement of chloride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


name: negative regulation of mRNA splicing, via spliceosome

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mRNA splicing via a spliceosomal mechanism.


name: negative regulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential

description: Any process that prevents the establishment or decreases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.


name: negative regulation of interferon-alpha production

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production.


ubiquitin conjugating enzyme binding

description: Binding to a ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, any of the E2 proteins.


myeloid dendritic cell differentiation

description: The process in which a monocyte acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell, an immunocompetent cell of the lymphoid and hemopoietic systems and skin.


regulation of immunoglobulin production

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.


T-helper 1 type immune response

description: An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis, and which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 1 cells, most notably interferon-gamma, IL-2, and lymphotoxin.


name: positive regulation of interleukin-12 production

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production.


hair follicle maturation

description: A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a hair follicle to attain its fully functional state.


microtubule minus-end binding

description: Binding to the minus end of a microtubule.


parathyroid hormone receptor activity

description: Combining with parathyroid hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.


histone deacetylase binding

description: Binding to histone deacetylase.


embryonic limb morphogenesis

description: The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping.


chondrocyte development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.


name: respiratory gaseous exchange by respiratory system

description: The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms.


polysaccharide localization

description: Any process in which a polysaccharide is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


epithelial cell of small intestine

description: An epithelial cell of the small intestine.


insulin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving insulin.


face morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the face are generated and organized. The face is the ventral division of the head.


name: negative regulation of fat cell differentiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.


secretory granule localization

description: Any process in which a secretory granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


name: regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.


intracellular glucose homeostasis

description: A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of glucose within a cell.


myoblast fate commitment

description: The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


negative regulation of organ growth

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.


embryonic genitalia morphogenesis

description: The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the genitalia are generated and organized.


name: regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation.


name: cell communication by electrical coupling

description: The process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.


maintenance of protein location in cell

description: Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.


cell communication by chemical coupling

description: The process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by the transfer of small, water-soluble molecules or metabolites between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.


cAMP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).


choline binding

description: Binding to choline, the amine 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium.


name: choline:sodium symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: choline(out) + Na+(out) = choline(in) + Na+(in).


spindle microtubule

description: Any microtubule that is part of a mitotic or meiotic spindle; anchored at one spindle pole.


salivary gland morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the salivary gland are generated and organized.


name: somatic diversification of immunoglobulins

description: The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of immunoglobulins.


collagen trimer

description: A protein complex consisting of three collagen chains assembled into a left-handed triple helix. These trimers typically assemble into higher order structures.


name: regulation of chondrocyte differentiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.


fibrillar collagen trimer

description: Any triple helical collagen trimer that forms fibrils.


name: gene expression involved in extracellular matrix organization

description: Any gene expression that is involved in extracellular matrix organization. Gene expression includes both transcription to produce an RNA transcript, and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included in gene expression when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.


name: peptidyl-proline hydroxylation to 3-hydroxy-L-proline

description: The modification of peptidyl-proline to form 3-hydroxy-L-proline; catalyzed by procollagen-proline 3-dioxygenase.


growth plate cartilage development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones as they elongate or grow.


extracellular matrix binding

description: Binding to a component of the extracellular matrix.


cytokine binding

description: Binding to a cytokine, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity.


glycosaminoglycan binding

description: Binding to a glycan (polysaccharide) containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues.


name: TGFA_MOUSE Protransforming growth factor alpha (sprot)

description: A protransforming growth factor alpha that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: cartilage development involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones.


lens induction in camera-type eye

description: Signaling at short range between the head ectoderm and the optic vesicle that results in the head ectoderm forming a lens.


tongue development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the tongue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in many other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech.


pigment biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.


transcription repressor complex

description: A protein complex that possesses activity that prevents or downregulates transcription.


name: RNA polymerase II intronic transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

description: Binding to an RNA polymerase II intronic DNA sequence that regulates the transcription of the transcript it is contained within.


name: germ-line stem cell population maintenance

description: Any process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of germ-line stem cells.


blastocyst growth

description: An increase in size of a blastocyst due to expansion of the blastocoelic cavity cell shape changes and cell proliferation.


ectodermal cell fate commitment

description: The cell differentiation process that results in commitment of a cell to become part of the ectoderm.


name: negative regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + DNA containing cytosine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + DNA containing 5-methylcytosine.


name: MKX_MOUSE Homeobox protein Mohawk (sprot)

description: A homeobox protein Mohawk that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: MTF1_MOUSE Metal regulatory transcription factor 1 (sprot)

description: A metal regulatory transcription factor 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: T2AG_MOUSE Transcription initiation factor IIA subunit 2 (sprot)

description: A transcription initiation factor IIA subunit 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 isoform 1 (mouse)

description: A sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (mouse) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q9WTN3-1.


aspartic-type peptidase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which a water molecule bound by the side chains of aspartic residues at the active center acts as a nucleophile.


name: disruption of plasma membrane integrity in another organism

description: The disruption of the cell membrane of another organism, leading to damage or temporary subversion of the membrane.


membrane destabilizing activity

description: Binding to a membrane and increasing its permeability. This may lead to cell membrane lysis and cell content release.


symbiont cell surface

description: The cell surface of a secondary, endosymbiont organism with which the first organism is interacting. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


lipid A(4-)

Tetraanion of lipid A arising from deprotonation of both phosphate functions  (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).


muramyl dipeptide

A glycopeptide that is N-propionyl-L-alanyl-D-alpha-glutamine in which the pro-R hydrogen of the propionyl group has been replaced by the oxygen at position 3 of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose. A peptidoglycan constituent of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.


cochlin N-terminal fragment (mouse)

A cochlin (mouse) that consists of the region upstream of LCCL domain (Pfam:PF03815) without the signal peptide. The fragment may or may not be glycosylated.


name: positive regulation of immune response to tumor cell

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune response to tumor cell.


chorionic ectoderm

description: An extraembryonic structure that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a chorion.


olfactory cortex

category: biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Aggregate brain region defined as those areas of cerebral cortex receiving direct synaptic input from the olfactory bulb (Price, 1973). It usually includes the piriform cortex and sometimes other areas.


name: flavin-dependent sulfhydryl oxidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: [protein]-dithiol + O2 = [protein]-disulfide + H2O2 using FAD as a cofactor, leading to formation of disulfide bridges in proteins.


name: double-stranded DNA 3'-5' DNA exonuclease activity

description: Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of a double-stranded DNA molecule.


name: vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-insensitive) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phytyl-2,3-dihydronaphthoquinone + oxidized dithiothreitol + H2O = 2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone + 1,4-dithiothreitol.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: phospholipid + 1,2-diacylglycerol = lysophospholipid + triacylglycerol.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + dolichyl phosphate = UDP + dolichyl beta-D-glucosyl phosphate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-[alpha-D-Man-(1->6)]-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + 2 GDP-alpha-D-mannose = an alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-[alpha-D-Man-(1->6)]-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc-diphosphodolichol + 2 GDP + 2 H+. This reaction is the transfer of an alpha-D-mannosyl residue from GDP-mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->2)-D-mannosyl-D-mannose linkage.


deacetylase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an acetyl group or groups from a substrate molecule.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + L-1-glycero-3-phosphocholine = glycerol-3-phosphate + choline.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: cholesterol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol + NADP+ + H2O.


name: sphingolipid delta-4 desaturase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+ -> a sphingosine ceramide (aka (4E)-sphing-4-enine ceramide) + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + 2 H2O.


acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylglucosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine to a sugar.


arachidonic acid epoxygenase activity

description: Catalysis of an NADPH- and oxygen-dependent reaction that converts arachidonic acid to a cis-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid.


7-dehydrocholesterol reductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: cholesterol + NADP+ = 7-dehydrocholesterol + H+ + NADPH.


sphingosine N-acyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + sphingosine = CoA + N-acylsphingosine.


name: ceramide phosphoethanolamine synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: an N-acyl-sphingoid base + CDP-ethanolamine = an N-acyl-sphingoid 1-phosphoethanolamine + CMP + H+.


3-dehydrosphinganine reductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: NADP+ + sphinganine = 3-dehydrosphinganine + H+ + NADPH.


carbohydrate kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a carbohydrate substrate molecule.


description: Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine to an oligosaccharide.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: a long-chain (3S)-3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA + NAD+ = a long-chain 3-oxo-fatty acyl-CoA + H+ + NADH. A long-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing 13 to 22 carbons.


fatty acid alpha-hydroxylase activity

description: Catalysis of the conversion of a fatty acid to an alpha-hydroxylated fatty acid. A hydroxyl group is added to the second carbon, counted from the carboxyl end, of a fatty acid chain.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced flavin or flavoprotein and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol + H2O = D-glucosaminylphosphatidylinositol + acetate. This reaction is the second step of the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), used to anchor various eukaryotic proteins to the cell-surface membrane.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: sphinganine 1-phosphate = phosphoethanolamine + palmitaldehyde.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate + H2O = dihydrosphingosine + phosphate.


phytoceramidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a phytoceramide + H2O = a fatty acid + phytosphingosine.


peptide-O-fucosyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an alpha-L-fucosyl residue from GDP- beta-L-fucose to the serine hydroxy group of a protein acceptor.


oxysterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: an oxysterol + NADPH + O2 = 7-alpha-hydroxylated oxysterol + NADP+ + H2O.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 7alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one + H+ + NADPH + O2 = 7alpha,12alpha-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one + H2O + NADP+.


cholesterol 24-hydroxylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: cholesterol + H+ + NADPH + O2 = (24S)-24-hydroxycholesterol + H2O + NADP+.


cis-stilbene-oxide hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: cis-stilbene oxide + H2O = (+)-(1R,2R)-1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-diol.


coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: coumarin + O2 + NADPH + H+ = hydroxycoumarin + H2O + NADP+.


fatty acid amide hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a fatty acid amide to yield a fatty acid.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: a long-chain-alcohol + acyl-CoA = a long-chain ester + CoA.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + acetate.


dolichyldiphosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: dolichyl diphosphate + H2O = dolichyl phosphate + phosphate.


ABC-type manganese transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Mn2+(out) = ADP + phosphate + Mn2+(in).


name: short transient receptor potential channel 2 isoform 4 (mouse)

description: A short transient receptor potential cation channel TRPC2 isoform 4 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: short transient receptor potential channel 2 isoform 3 (mouse)

description: A short transient receptor potential cation channel TRPC2 isoform 3 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: TREX1_HUMAN Three-prime repair exonuclease 1 (sprot)

description: A three-prime repair exonuclease 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: VKOR1_HUMAN Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (sprot)

description: A vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: DIESL_HUMAN DGAT1/2-independent enzyme synthesizing storage lipids (sprot)

description: A DGAT1/2-independent enzyme synthesizing storage lipids that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: DGAT1_HUMAN Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (sprot)

description: A diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TMX1_HUMAN Thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 1 (sprot)

description: A thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ALG5_HUMAN Dolichyl-phosphate beta-glucosyltransferase (sprot)

description: A dolichyl-phosphate beta-glucosyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: DG2L6_HUMAN Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2-like protein 6 (sprot)

description: A diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2-like protein 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: UD110_HUMAN UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A10 (sprot)

description: A UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A10 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PGAP1_HUMAN GPI inositol-deacylase (sprot)

description: A GPI inositol-deacylase that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ACER1_HUMAN Alkaline ceramidase 1 (sprot)

description: An alkaline ceramidase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: FA2H_HUMAN Fatty acid 2-hydroxylase (sprot)

description: A fatty acid 2-hydroxylase that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SGPL1_HUMAN Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 1 (sprot)

description: A sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: DEGS1_HUMAN Sphingolipid delta(4)-desaturase DES1 (sprot)

description: A sphingolipid Delta(4)-desaturase DES1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ACER3_HUMAN Alkaline ceramidase 3 (sprot)

description: An alkaline ceramidase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KDSR_HUMAN 3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase (sprot)

description: A 3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SAMD8_HUMAN Sphingomyelin synthase-related protein 1 (sprot)

description: A sphingomyelin synthase-related protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CXB1_HUMAN Gap junction beta-1 protein (sprot)

description: A gap junction beta-1 protein that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: OFUT1_HUMAN GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 (sprot)

description: A GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: DHB2_HUMAN 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (sprot)

description: A 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ARV1_HUMAN Protein ARV1 (sprot)

A protein ARV1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CP39A_HUMAN 24-hydroxycholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase (sprot)

description: A cytochrome P450 39A1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CP46A_HUMAN Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (sprot)

description: A cytochrome P450 46A1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ACSL1_HUMAN Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 1 (sprot)

description: A long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: NCPR_HUMAN NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase (sprot)

description: An NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase that is encoded in the genome of human.


HYEP_HUMAN Epoxide hydrolase 1 (sprot)

An epoxide hydrolase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: AAAD_HUMAN Arylacetamide deacetylase (sprot)

description: An arylacetamide deacetylase that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CP343_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 3A43 (sprot)

description: A cytochrome P450 3A43 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CP4V2_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 4V2 (sprot)

A cytochrome P450 4V2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: FAAH1_HUMAN Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 1 (sprot)

description: A fatty-acid amide hydrolase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: AWAT1_HUMAN Acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferase 1 (sprot)

description: An acyl-CoA wax alcohol acyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: DHCR7_HUMAN 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (sprot)

description: A 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: NPT4_HUMAN Sodium-dependent phosphate transport protein 4 (sprot)

description: A sodium-dependent phosphate transport protein 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PAFA2_HUMAN Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 2, cytoplasmic (sprot)

description: A platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase 2, cytoplasmic that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: S39A7_HUMAN Zinc transporter SLC39A7 (sprot)

description: A zinc transporter SLC39A7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: OFUT2_HUMAN GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase 2 (sprot)

description: A GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A beta-1,3-glucosyltransferase that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PMGT2_HUMAN Protein O-linked-mannose beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 (sprot)

description: A protein O-linked-mannose beta-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SG196_HUMAN Protein O-mannose kinase (sprot)

description: A protein O-mannose kinase that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: B3GL2_HUMAN UDP-GalNAc:beta-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (sprot)

description: A UDP-GalNAc:beta-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


A 3-beta-hydroxysteroid-Delta(8),Delta(7)-isomerase that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: VKORL_HUMAN Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-like protein 1 (sprot)

description: A vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-like protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PLPL6_HUMAN Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 6 (sprot)

description: A patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: GDPD1_HUMAN Lysophospholipase D GDPD1 (sprot)

description: A lysophospholipase D GDPD1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: PLPL7_HUMAN Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 7 (sprot)

description: A patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: GDPD3_HUMAN Lysophospholipase D GDPD3 (sprot)

description: A lysophospholipase D GDPD3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: GDPD5_HUMAN Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain-containing protein 5 (sprot)

description: A glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase domain-containing protein 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: G6PC3_HUMAN Glucose-6-phosphatase 3 (sprot)

description: A glucose-6-phosphatase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: G6PC2_HUMAN Glucose-6-phosphatase 2 (sprot)

description: A glucose-6-phosphatase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ALKMO_HUMAN Alkylglycerol monooxygenase (sprot)

description: An alkylglycerol monooxygenase that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: AT131_HUMAN Endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane helix translocase (sprot)

description: An endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane helix translocase that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: HACD1_HUMAN Very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase 1 (sprot)

description: A very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SOAT2_HUMAN Sterol O-acyltransferase 2 (sprot)

description: A sterol O-acyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CP3A7_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 3A7 (sprot)

A cytochrome P450 3A7 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CERS1_HUMAN Ceramide synthase 1 (sprot)

A ceramide synthase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CP2CI_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 2C18 (sprot)

description: A cytochrome P450 2C18 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SOAT1_HUMAN Sterol O-acyltransferase 1 (sprot)

description: A sterol O-acyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: G6PT2_HUMAN Glucose-6-phosphate exchanger SLC37A1 (sprot)

description: A glucose-6-phosphate exchanger SLC37A1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: DHI2_HUMAN 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (sprot)

description: An 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: MOGT2_HUMAN 2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (sprot)

description: A 2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: HACD4_HUMAN Very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase 4 (sprot)

description: A very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: NB5R2_HUMAN NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 2 (sprot)

description: An NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: NB5R5_HUMAN NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase-like (sprot)

description: An NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase-like that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: HACD2_HUMAN Very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase 2 (sprot)

description: A very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CERS6_HUMAN Ceramide synthase 6 (sprot)

A ceramide synthase 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: NB5R4_HUMAN Cytochrome b5 reductase 4 (sprot)

description: A cytochrome b5 reductase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: MOGT3_HUMAN 2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase 3 (sprot)

description: A 2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CERS3_HUMAN Ceramide synthase 3 (sprot)

A ceramide synthase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SGPP2_HUMAN Sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 2 (sprot)

description: A sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CERS5_HUMAN Ceramide synthase 5 (sprot)

A ceramide synthase 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CP2W1_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 2W1 (sprot)

A cytochrome P450 2W1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: glucose-6-phosphate exchanger SLC37A2 isoform h2 (human)

description: A glucose-6-phosphate exchanger SLC37A2 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:Q8TED4-2.


CERS2_HUMAN Ceramide synthase 2 (sprot)

A ceramide synthase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: MOGT1_HUMAN 2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (sprot)

description: A 2-acylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


NOX5_HUMAN NADPH oxidase 5 (sprot)

An NADPH oxidase 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: DHRS4_HUMAN Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 4 (sprot)

description: A dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SGPP1_HUMAN Sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 (sprot)

description: A sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ELOV4_HUMAN Very long chain fatty acid elongase 4 (sprot)

description: A very long chain fatty acid elongase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


CERS4_HUMAN Ceramide synthase 4 (sprot)

A ceramide synthase 4 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: RDH14_HUMAN Retinol dehydrogenase 14 (sprot)

description: A retinol dehydrogenase 14 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: CP4FC_HUMAN Cytochrome P450 4F12 (sprot)

description: A cytochrome P450 4F12 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: HACD3_HUMAN Very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase 3 (sprot)

description: A very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: NAT8_HUMAN N-acetyltransferase 8 (sprot)

description: An N-acetyltransferase 8 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: NAT8B_HUMAN Putative N-acetyltransferase 8B (sprot)

description: A putative N-acetyltransferase 8B that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: NB5R1_HUMAN NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 1 (sprot)

description: An NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ACSL6_HUMAN Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 6 (sprot)

description: A long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 6 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ACSL5_HUMAN Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 5 (sprot)

description: A long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: negative regulation of calcium ion binding

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion binding.


name: negative regulation of calcium ion import into sarcoplasmic reticulum

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion import into sarcoplasmic reticulum.


name: regulation of the force of heart contraction

description: Any process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled.


name: regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the process in which the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol occurs via calcium release channels.


regulation of calcium ion import

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.


name: regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity

description: Any process that modulates the activity of a ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel. The ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel catalyzes the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


name: negative regulation of heart contraction

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction.


name: regulation of cardiac muscle cell contraction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell contraction.


regulation of relaxation of muscle

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of muscle.


relaxation of muscle

description: A process in which the extent of muscle contraction is reduced. Muscle relaxation can involve a number of processes including the removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases. In some muscles, calcium-independent pathways also play a role in muscle relaxation by decreasing the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain.


name: adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: An adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an adrenergic receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


name: regulation of the force of heart contraction by cardiac conduction

description: A cardiac conduction process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled.


regulation of muscle contraction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.


name: positive regulation of ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity.


name: planar cell polarity pathway involved in gastrula mediolateral intercalation

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) contributing to the interdigitation of cells along the mediolateral axis during gastrulation.


name: protein catabolic process in the vacuole

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein in the vacuole, usually by the action of vacuolar proteases.


mediolateral intercalation

description: The interdigitation of cells along the mediolateral axis during gastrulation.


name: negative regulation of endothelial cell differentiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.


name: receptor-mediated endocytosis of virus by host cell

description: Any receptor-mediated endocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell; successive instances of virus endocytosis result in the accumulation of virus particles within the cell.


response to auditory stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an auditory stimulus.


proacrosomal vesicle fusion

description: Fusion of the membrane of proacrosomal vesicle with the membrane of another proacrosomal vesicle to form the acrosome.


name: NCKX5_HUMAN Sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 5 (sprot)

description: A sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 5 that is encoded in the genome of human.


proteasome complex

description: A large multisubunit complex which catalyzes protein degradation, found in eukaryotes, archaea and some bacteria. In eukaryotes, this complex consists of the barrel shaped proteasome core complex and one or two associated proteins or complexes that act in regulating entry into or exit from the core.


ruffle membrane

description: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a ruffle.


clathrin coat of coated pit

description: The coat found on coated pits and the coated vesicles derived from coated pits; comprises clathrin and the AP-2 adaptor complex.


nuclear matrix

description: The dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane.


granular component

description: A structure found in the nucleolus, which contains nearly completed preribosomal particles destined for the cytoplasm.


aggresome

description: An inclusion body formed by dynein-dependent retrograde transport of an aggregated protein on microtubules.


late endosome membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a late endosome.


apoptosome

description: A multisubunit protein complex involved in the signaling phase of the apoptotic process. In mammals it is typically composed of seven Apaf-1 subunits bound to cytochrome c and caspase-9. A similar complex to promote apoptosis is formed from homologous gene products in other eukaryotic organisms.


Fanconi anaemia nuclear complex

description: A protein complex composed of the Fanconi anaemia (FA) proteins including A, C, E, G and F (FANCA-F). Functions in the activation of the downstream protein FANCD2 by monoubiquitylation, and is essential for protection against chromosome breakage.


elastic fiber

description: An supramolecular fiber that consists of an insoluble core of polymerized tropoelastin monomers and a surrounding mantle of microfibrils. Elastic fibers provide elasticity and recoiling to tissues and organs, and maintain structural integrity against mechanical strain.


ribosome biogenesis

description: A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.


cellular response to zinc ion

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a zinc ion stimulus.


name: DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator

description: A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.


replicative senescence

description: A cell aging process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to telomere shortening and/or cellular aging.


name: intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins.


miRNA processing

description: A process leading to the generation of a functional miRNA. Includes the cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein, or by increasing the degradation of non-protein-coding RNA transcripts.


cytoplasmic sequestering of protein

description: The selective interaction of a protein with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its transport into other areas of the cell.


mitotic recombination

description: The exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between one DNA molecule and a homologous DNA region that occurs during mitotic cell cycles.


SUMO binding

description: Binding to the small ubiquitin-like protein SUMO.


integrin-mediated signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to an integrin on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis

description: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell or between the endoplasmic reticulum and its surroundings.


name: protection from non-homologous end joining at telomere

description: A process that prevents non-homologous end joining at telomere, thereby ensuring that telomeres do not fuse.


apoptotic mitochondrial changes

description: The morphological and physiological alterations undergone by mitochondria during apoptosis.


cellular response to nitric oxide

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitric oxide stimulus.


name: negative regulation of centrosome duplication

description: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.


positive chemotaxis

description: The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical.


name: substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate

description: The formation of adhesions that stabilize protrusions at the leading edge of a migrating cell; involves integrin activation, clustering, and the recruitment of structural and signaling components to nascent adhesions.


name: negative regulation of podosome assembly

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of podosome assembly.


positive regulation of chemotaxis

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.


cellular response to gamma radiation

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.


peptidyl-lysine hydroxylation

description: The hydroxylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-hydroxylysine.


V(D)J recombination

description: The process in which immune receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific receptor, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS).


nucleocytoplasmic transport

description: The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.


mitotic spindle checkpoint signaling

description: A signaling process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that originates from the spindle and delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and oriented, the completion of anaphase until chromosomes are attached to the spindle, or mitotic exit and cytokinesis when the spindle does not form.


intraciliary retrograde transport

description: The directed movement of large protein complexes along microtubules from the tip of a cilium (also called flagellum) toward the cell body, mediated by motor proteins.


name: ripoptosome assembly involved in necroptotic process

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of ripoptosome components leading to a necroptotic process.


name: substrate-dependent cell migration, cell extension

description: The formation of a cell surface protrusion, such as a lamellipodium or filopodium, at the leading edge of a migrating cell.


calcium ion transport into cytosol

description: The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into the cytosol.


fibroblast apoptotic process

description: Any apoptotic process in a fibroblast, a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.


mitochondrial fusion

description: Merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.


name: negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration

description: Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in the endoplasmic reticulum.


mitotic centrosome separation

description: Separation of duplicated centrosome components at the beginning of mitosis. The centriole pair within each centrosome becomes part of a separate microtubule organizing center that nucleates a radial array of microtubules called an aster. The two asters move to opposite sides of the nucleus to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle.


name: regulation of centromere complex assembly

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of centromere complex assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and centromeric DNA molecules to form a centromeric protein-DNA complex.


icosanoid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids.


arachidonic acid secretion

description: The controlled release of arachidonic acid from a cell or a tissue.


protein localization to Golgi apparatus

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the Golgi apparatus.


protein kinase A binding

description: Binding to a protein kinase A.


name: cellular response to reactive nitrogen species

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive nitrogen species stimulus.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-diacylglycerol + L-serine = CMP + O-sn-phosphatidyl-L-serine.


unmethylated CpG binding

description: Binding to uan nmethylated CpG motif. Unmethylated CpG dinucleotides are often associated with gene promoters.


nucleolus organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleolus.


cellular response to hydroperoxide

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroperoxide stimulus. Hydroperoxides are monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH.


name: endoplasmic reticulum tubular network organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubular network. The ER tubular network is the ER part that that has membranes with high curvature in cross-section.


name: retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol

description: The directed movement of unfolded or misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol through the translocon.


description: The microtubule-based process in which a peroxisome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. A peroxisome is a small membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.


endocytic recycling

description: The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the plasma membrane, a trafficking pathway that promotes the recycling of internalized transmembrane proteins.


name: regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane.


name: protein localization to ciliary transition zone

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary transition zone.


dITP catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dITP, a deoxyinosine phosphate compound having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.


name: protein transport from ciliary membrane to plasma membrane

description: The directed movement of protein from ciliary membrane to plasma membrane.


cellular response to redox state

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating redox state. Redox state refers to the balance of oxidized versus reduced forms of electron donors and acceptors in an organelle, cell or organ; plastoquinone, glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and nicotinamide nucleotides (NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH) are among the most important.


progesterone biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.


superoxide anion generation

description: The enzymatic generation of superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species, by a cell in response to environmental stress, thereby mediating the activation of various stress-inducible signaling pathways.


toxin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.


ITP catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ITP, inosine (5'-)triphosphate.


name: positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability

description: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane.


elastin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of elastin, a fibrous glycoprotein found in elastic tissues such as the walls of arteries.


name: superoxide dismutase copper chaperone activity

description: A copper chaperone activity that specifically delivers copper to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase, to activate superoxide dismutase activity.


copper ion export

description: The directed movement of copper ions out of a cell or organelle.


name: regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in programmed necrotic cell death

description: Any regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in programmed necrotic cell death.


myoblast differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into striated muscle fibers.


substrate-dependent cell migration

description: The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another along a substrate such as the extracellular matrix; the migrating cell forms a protrusion that attaches to the substrate.


name: positive regulation of fibroblast migration

description: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.


name: FAK2_HUMAN Protein-tyrosine kinase 2-beta (sprot)

description: A focal adhesion kinase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


endomembrane system

description: A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles.


name: DAF_HUMAN Complement decay-accelerating factor (sprot)

description: A complement decay-accelerating factor that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ERD23_HUMAN ER lumen protein-retaining receptor 3 (sprot)

description: An ER lumen protein-retaining receptor 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ANK1_HUMAN Ankyrin-1 (sprot)

An ankyrin-1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TM115_HUMAN Transmembrane protein 115 (sprot)

description: A transmembrane protein 115 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ERD21_HUMAN ER lumen protein-retaining receptor 1 (sprot)

description: An ER lumen protein-retaining receptor 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: ERD22_HUMAN ER lumen protein-retaining receptor 2 (sprot)

description: An ER lumen protein-retaining receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ANK2_HUMAN Ankyrin-2 (sprot)

An ankyrin-2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


ANK3_HUMAN Ankyrin-3 (sprot)

An ankyrin-3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


phosphatidylserine binding

description: Binding to phosphatidylserine, a class of glycophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine.


fatty acid transport

description: The directed movement of fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.


name: phosphatidylcholine phospholipase C activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine + H2O = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + H+ + phosphocholine.


name: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform Stat3A unphosphorylated 1 (mouse)

description: A signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform Stat3A (mouse) that lacks phosphorylation at position Tyr-705. UniProtKB:P42227-1, Tyr-705, PR:000026291.


name: STK11_MOUSE Serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 (sprot)

description: A serine/threonine-protein kinase STK11 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: signal transducer and transcription activator 6 unphosphorylated 1 (mouse)

description: A signal transducer and transcription activator 6 (mouse) that lacks phosphorylation at the position equivalent to Tyr-641 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P52633. UniProtKB:P52633, Tyr-641, PR:000026291.


name: signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 unphosphorylated 1 (mouse)

description: A signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (mouse) that lacks phosphorylation at Tyr-701 within the conserved GYI sequence following the SH2 domain. UniProtKB:P42225, Tyr-701, PR:000026291.


name: linker for activation of T-cells family member 1 isoform h2 (human)

description: A linker for activation of T-cells family member 1 (human) that is a translation product of some mRNA whose exon structure and start site selection renders it capable of giving rise to a protein with the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:O43561-2.


name: NTAL_HUMAN Linker for activation of T-cells family member 2 (sprot)

description: A linker for activation of T-cells family member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: GIT1_HUMAN ARF GTPase-activating protein GIT1 (sprot)

description: An ARF GTPase-activating protein GIT1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: SFPQ_HUMAN Splicing factor, proline- and glutamine-rich (sprot)

description: A splicing factor, proline- and glutamine-rich that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KHDR2_HUMAN KH domain-containing, RNA-binding, signal transduction-associated protein 2 (sprot)

description: A KH domain-containing, RNA-binding, signal transduction-associated protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: KHDR3_HUMAN KH domain-containing, RNA-binding, signal transduction-associated protein 3 (sprot)

description: A KH domain-containing, RNA-binding, signal transduction-associated protein 3 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: NTRK2_HUMAN BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor (sprot)

description: A BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform Stat3A phosphorylated 1 (mouse)

description: A signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 isoform Stat3A (mouse) that has been phosphorylated on a residue equivalent to UniProtKB:P42227-1 Tyr-705. UniProtKB:P42227-1, Tyr-705, MOD:00048.


name: signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 phosphorylated 1 (mouse)

description: A signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (mouse) that has been phosphorylated at Tyr-701 within the conserved GYI sequence following the SH2 domain. UniProtKB:P42225, Tyr-701, MOD:00048.


name: signal transducer and transcription activator 6 phosphorylated 1 (mouse)

description: A signal transducer and transcription activator 6 (mouse) that has been phosphorylated on the residue at the position equivalent to Tyr-641 of the amino acid sequence represented by UniProtKB:P52633. UniProtKB:P52633, Tyr-641, MOD:00048.


name: KHDR1_HUMAN KH domain-containing, RNA-binding, signal transduction-associated protein 1 (sprot)

description: A KH domain-containing, RNA-binding, signal transduction-associated protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


DOK1_HUMAN Docking protein 1 (sprot)

A docking protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-4 isoform JM-A CYT-2 (mouse)

description: A receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-4 isoform JM-A CYT-2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse.


name: ABL2_HUMAN Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL2 (sprot)

description: A tyrosine-protein kinase ABL2 that is encoded in the genome of human.


name: TXK_HUMAN Tyrosine-protein kinase TXK (sprot)

description: A tyrosine-protein kinase TXK that is encoded in the genome of human.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol phosphate + phosphate.


ceramidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + a ceramide = a sphingoid base + a fatty acid.


glucosylceramide catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group.


name: regulation of actomyosin structure organization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin.


name: regulation of epiboly involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epiboly involved in gastrulation with mouth forming second.


name: cellular response to tumor necrosis factor

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus.


lung morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the lung are generated and organized.


outer ear morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the outer ear are generated and organized. The outer ear is the part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull.


name: labyrinthine layer blood vessel development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply.


name: cardiac neural crest cell development involved in heart development

description: The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell that contributes to the development of the heart.


regulation of cellular pH

description: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions (protons) within a cell or between a cell and its external environment.


Bergmann glial cell differentiation

description: The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to Brgmann glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the cerebellum. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.


cytosine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving cytosine, 4-amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine, a pyrimidine derivative that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids; it occurs widely in cytidine derivatives.


activation of protein kinase activity

description: Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive protein kinase.


name: regulation of protein activation cascade

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein activation cascade.


response to other organism

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from another living organism.


name: CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation

description: The expansion of a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell population by cell division.


name: CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation

description: The expansion of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell population by cell division.


name: inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

description: An inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus, which can be include any number of T cell or B cell epitopes.


name: positive regulation of type 2 immune response

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.


name: negative regulation of chemokine production

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.


regulation of cytokine production

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of a cytokine.


defense response to protozoan

description: Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a protozoan that act to protect the cell or organism.


glucose import

description: The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.


name: regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.


name: potassium ion import across plasma membrane

description: The directed movement of potassium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


name: negative regulation of protein polyubiquitination

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein polyubiquitination.


cyclin binding

description: Binding to cyclins, proteins whose levels in a cell varies markedly during the cell cycle, rising steadily until mitosis, then falling abruptly to zero. As cyclins reach a threshold level, they are thought to drive cells into G2 phase and thus to mitosis.


trophectodermal cellular morphogenesis

description: The morphogenesis of trophectoderm cells.


A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.


cortisone

A C21-steroid that is pregn-4-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 17 and 21 and oxo group at positions 3, 11 and 20.


dopamine

Catechol in which the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group.


A primary amino compound that is the 5-hydroxy derivative of tryptamine.


An organophosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of carboxylic acid and phosphate functions of (R)-5-diphosphomevalonic acid.


AFLATOXIN

An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.


STERIGMATOCYSTIN

An organic heteropentacyclic compound whose skeleton comprises a xanthene ring system ortho-fused to a dihydrofuranofuran moiety. The parent of the class of sterigmatocystins.


lovastatin

A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).


phytomenadione

A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.


phosphatidylcholine

A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine bearing two acyl substituents at positions 1 and 2.


A  methyladenine that is adenine substituted with a methyl group at position N-3.


A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4,6-diaminopyrimidine bearing an additional formamido substituent at position 5. A DNA lesion formed when DNA exposed to ionising radiation.


S-NITROSOGLUTATHIONE

A glutathione derivative that is glutathione in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur has been replaced by a nitroso group.


cacodylic acid

The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups.


An aminobiphenyl that is biphenyl substituted by an amino group at position 4.


An o-quinone resulting from the formal oxidation of both of the hydroxy groups of benzo[a]pyrene-cis-7,8-dihydrodiol. Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione is a metabolite of the widespread carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene.


ACETIC ACID PHENYL ESTER

An  acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.


desmosterol

A cholestanoid that is cholesta-5,24-diene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. It is an intermediate metabolite obtained during the synthesis of cholesterol.


A 24-hydroxycholesterol that has S configuration at position 24. It is the major metabolic breakdown product of cholesterol in the brain.


A cholestanoid consisting of a cholesterol core having an oxo group at the 3-position, a C=C bond at the 4,5-position and an alpha-hydroxy group at the 7-position.


colecalciferol

Any member of a group of fat-soluble hydroxy seco-steroids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D  can be obtained from sun exposure, food and supplements and is biologically inactive and converted into the biologically active calcitriol via double hydroxylation in the body.


A retinal in which the double bond at position 9 has cis configuration, whilst the remaining acyclic double bonds have trans configuration.


PARAXANTHINE

A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and theobromine in animals.


caffeine

A trimethylxanthine in which the three methyl groups are located at positions 1, 3, and 7. A purine alkaloid that occurs naturally in tea and coffee.


phenacetin

A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-ethoxyphenyl group.


hydroquinone

A benzenediol comprising benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents para to each other.


A hydroxy fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.


A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position.


3-hydroxypalmitic acid

A long-chain fatty acid that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of palmitic acid.


OXINDOLE

An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.


carbon tetrachloride

A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.


BENZENE

A six-carbon aromatic annulene in which each carbon atom donates one of its two 2p electrons into a delocalised pi system. A toxic, flammable liquid byproduct of coal distillation, it is used as an industrial solvent. Benzene is a carcinogen that also damages bone marrow and the central nervous system.


paclitaxel

A tetracyclic diterpenoid isolated originally from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. It is a mitotic inhibitor used in cancer chemotherapy. Note that the use of the former generic name 'taxol' is now limited, as Taxol is a registered trade mark.


tolbutamide

An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.


A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that consists of hydantoin bearing phenyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl substituents at position 5.


skatole

A methylindole carrying a methyl substituent at position 3. It is produced during the anoxic metabolism of L-tryptophan in the mammalian digestive tract.


coumarin

A chromenone having the keto group located at the 2-position.


UMBELLIFERONE

A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.


loperamide

A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.


phenytoin

A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that consists of hydantoin bearing two phenyl substituents at position 5.


NAADP

A nicotinic acid dinucleotide that is NADP(+) in which the carboxamide group on the pyridine ring is replaced by a carboxy group.


A purine ribonucleoside 5'-tetraphosphate compound having 5'-guanosyl residues at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.


quercetin

A pentahydroxyflavone having the five hydroxy groups placed at the 3-, 3'-, 4'-, 5- and 7-positions. It is one of the most abundant flavonoids in edible vegetables, fruit and wine.


A 26-hydroxycholesterol in which the 25-position has R-configuration.


quinidine

A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.


glyceraldehyde

An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.


polycyclic arene

A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.


A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.


valproic acid

A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.


SODIUM ARSENITE

An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.


acrylamide

A member of the class of acrylamides that results from the formal condensation of acrylic acid with ammonia.


PARAQUAT

An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.


phenobarbital

A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.


cisplatin

A diamminedichloroplatinum compound in which the two ammine ligands and two chloro ligands are oriented in a cis planar configuration around the central platinum ion. An anticancer drug that interacts with, and forms cross-links between, DNA and proteins, it is used as a neoplasm inhibitor to treat solid tumours, primarily of the testis and ovary. Commonly but incorrectly described as an alkylating agent due to its mechanism of action (but it lacks alkyl groups).


simvastatin

A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.


DIMPYLATE

A member of the class of  pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.


A member of the class of 5beta-cholanic acids that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by alpha-hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 6.


acrolein

An enal that is prop-2-ene with an oxo group at position 1.


cyclosporin A

A cyclic nonribosomal peptide of eleven amino acids; an immunosuppressant drug widely used in post-allogeneic organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system, and therefore the risk of organ rejection. Also causes reversible inhibition of immunocompetent lymphocytes in the G0- and G1-phase of the cell cycle.


trichloroethylene

A member of the class of  chloroethenes that is ethene substituted by chloro groups at positions 1, 1 and 2.


buspirone

An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.


carbamazepine

A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.


A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.


THIOACETAMIDE

A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.


URETHANE

A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of ethanol with carbamic acid. It has been found in alcoholic beverages.


dexamethasone

A fluorinated steroid that is 9-fluoropregna-1,4-diene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 17 and 21, a methyl group at position 16 and oxo groups at positions 3 and 20. It is a synthetic member of the class of  glucocorticoids.


piroxicam

A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the exocyclic nitrogen of 2-aminopyridine. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug of the oxicam class, it is used to relieve pain and works by preventing the production of endogenous prostaglandins involved in the mediation of pain, stiffness, tenderness and swelling.


pioglitazone

A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.


ketamine

A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.


A member of the class of chloroethenes that is ethene in which both of the hydrogens attached to one of the carbons are replaced by chlorines.


methadone

A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.


zidovudine

A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.


malathion

A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.


isotretinoin

A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.


N-NITROSODIETHYLAMINE

A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.


mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

The mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.


CHRYSENE

An ortho-fused polycyclic arene found commonly in the coal tar.


aldehyde

A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.


lidocaine

The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.


cannabidiol

An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.


crotylaldehyde

An enal consisting of propene having a formyl group at the 1-position.


CHLOROBENZENE

The simplest member of the class of monochlorobenzenes, that is benzene in which a single hydrogen has been substituted by a chlorine.


A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.


fenthion

An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits  acaricidal and insecticidal activities.


ACRYLONITRILE

A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an ethenyl group.


fluoxetine

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.


carmustine

A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.


paraoxon

An aryl dialkyl phosphate where both the alkyl groups are ethyl and the aryl group is 4-nitrophenyl.


bortezomib

L-Phenylalaninamide substituted at the amide nitrogen by a 1-(dihydroxyboranyl)-3-methylbutyl group and at N(alpha) by a pyrazin-2-ylcarbonyl group. It is a dipeptidyl boronic acid that reversibly inhibits the 26S proteasome.


aristolochic acid

An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.


bile acids

Any member of a group of hydroxy steroids occuring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine. In mammals bile acids almost invariably have 5beta-configuration, while in lower vertebrates, some bile acids, known as allo-bile acids, have 5alpha-configuration.


puerarin

A hydroxyisoflavone that is  isoflavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4' and a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 8 via a C-glycosidic linkage.


methamphetamine

A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.


DIQUAT

The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.


BUTANAL

A member of the class of  butanals that consists of propane bearing a formyl substituent at the 1-position. The parent of the class of butanals.


disulfiram

An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-diethyldithiocarbamic acid.  A multi-enzyme inhibitor that is used in alcohol aversion therapy and also exhibits anticancer properties.


The parent of the class of 2-acetamidofluorenes, being an ortho-fused polycyclic arene that consists of 9H-fluorene bearing an acetamido substituent at position 2. It is a carcinogenic and mutagenic derivative of fluorene.


masitinib

A member of the class of benzamides that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]benzoic acid with the primary amino group of 4-methyl-N(3)-[4-(pyridin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]benzene-1,3-diamine. It is a highly selective oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor.


linalool

A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.


thiram

An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.


ACACETIN

A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-methyl ether derivative of apigenin.


omeprazole

A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.


artemisinin

A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.


carvedilol

A member of the class of carbazoles that is an adrenergic antagonist with non-selective beta- and alpha-1 receptor blocking properties which helps in the management of congestive heart failure.


morphine

A morphinane alkaloid that is a highly potent opiate analgesic psychoactive drug. Morphine acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to relieve pain but has a high potential for addiction, with tolerance and both physical and psychological dependence developing rapidly. Morphine is the most abundant opiate found in Papaver somniferum (the opium poppy).


androgen

A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.


(R)-sulforaphane

A sulforaphane in which the sulfinyl group has R configuration. Naturally occurring compound found in brocolli that acts as a potent inducer of phase II detoxification enzymes.


TERT-BUTYL HYDROPEROXIDE

An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.