strongyle infections, equine

description: Infection of horses with parasitic nematodes of the superfamily strongyloidea. Characteristics include the development of hemorrhagic nodules on the abdominal peritoneum.


strongyloidiasis

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: An infection that is caused by nematodes of the genus Strongyloides, most commonly Strongyloides stercoralis, which is a soil-transmitted helminth, and which is characterized by a variety of gastrointestinal, dermatologic, and, occasionally, pulmonary manifestations. The worm's autoinfective life cycle can lead to hyper-infection and life-threatening dissemination in immunocompromised hosts decades after initial infection.


stutter disorder

description: A speech disorder characterized by frequent sound or syllable repetitions, sound prolongations, or other dysfluencies that are inappropriate for the individual's age.


subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

description: A chronic progressive encephalitis that develops a few years after measles infection and presents with a demyelination of the cerebral cortex.


subarachnoid hemorrhage

description: Intracranial hemorrhage into the subarachnoid space.


interstitial emphysema

description: Pathologic accumulation of air in the interstitium of the lungs, which is caused by the rupture of alveoli and terminal bronchioles, and is most often seen in premature infants that need mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome.


submandibular gland disorder

description: A disease involving the submandibular gland.


substance withdrawal syndrome

description: A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the discontinuation of administration or use, or reduction in intake of a substance (including alcohol, prescribed medications and recreational drugs). Syndrome manifests with diverse, often painful physical and psychological symptoms, which include but not limited to intense drug craving, anxiety, depression, insomnia, nausea, perspiration, body aches, tremors, hallucinations, and convulsions.


isoquinolines

A class of organic heteropolycyclic compound consisting of isoquinoline and its substitution derivatives.


name: phenylalanyl corticotropin-releasing factor (12-41)


sulfhemoglobinemia

description: A morbid condition due to the presence of sulfmethemoglobin in the blood. It is marked by persistent cyanosis, but the blood count does not reveal any special abnormality in the blood. It is thought to be caused by the action of hydrogen sulfide absorbed from the intestine. (Stedman, 25th ed)


sunburn

description: An inflammatory reaction from ultraviolet radiation characterized by transient redness, tenderness and occasional blistering.


superior mesenteric artery syndrome

description: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome (SMAS) is a digestive condition that occurs when the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) is compressed between two arteries (the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery). This compression causes partial or complete blockage of the duodenum. Symptoms vary based on severity, but can be severely debilitating. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, fullness, nausea, vomiting, and/or weight loss. SMAS typically is due toloss of the mesenteric fat pad (fatty tissue that surrounds the superior mesenteric artery). The most common cause is significant weight loss caused by medical disorders, psychological disorders, or surgery. In younger patients, it most commonly occurs after corrective spinal surgery for scoliosis. Delays in diagnosis may result in significant complications. Depending on the cause and severity, treatment options may include addressing the underlying cause, dietary changes (small feedings or a liquid diet), and/or surgery. Symptoms may not resolve completely after treatment.


superior vena cava syndrome

description: Obstruction of the blood flow in the superior vena cava caused by a malignant neoplasm, thrombosis, or aneurysm. It is a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment. Signs and symptoms include swelling and cyanosis of the face, neck, and upper arms, cough, orthopnea, and headache.


progressive supranuclear palsy

description: A rare late-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by supranuclear gaze palsy, postural instability, progressive rigidity, and mild dementia.


Wound Breakdown

category: biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: Disruption or deterioration of a surgical wound.


Surgical Wound Infection

description: An infection that occurs at a surgical site within 30 days after an operation.


sweat gland disorder

description: A disease involving the sweat gland.


Frey syndrome

description: An autonomic disorder characterized by excessive sweating of the forehead, upper lip, perioral region, or sternum subsequent to gustatory stimuli. The auriculotemporal syndrome features facial flushing or sweating limited to the distribution of the auriculotemporal nerve and may develop after trauma to the parotid gland, in association with parotid neoplasms, or following their surgical removal. (From Ann Neurol 1997 Dec;42(6):973-5)


swine disease

description: Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.


aceprometazine

A phenothiazine compound having an acetyl group at the 2-position and a 2-(dimethylamino)-1-propyl group at the 10-position.


syndactyly

description: A disease characterized by the presence of syndactyly, including syndromic and non-syndromic forms.


syndromic disease

description: A group of signs, symptoms, and clinicopathological characteristics that may or may not have a genetic basis and collectively define an abnormal condition.


synovial sarcoma

description: Synovial sarcoma is an aggressive soft tissue sarcoma, occurring most commonly in adolescents and young adults (15 to 40 years), usually localized near the large joints of the extremities but also in the head and neck, mediastinum and viscera (lung, kidney etc), clinically presenting as a deep seated swelling or a painful mass often with an initial indolent course and is characterized by its local invasiveness and a propensity to metastasize. The origin of synovial sarcoma is likely from multipotent mesenchymal cells and not synovium (contrary to its name).


synovitis

description: Inflammation of a synovial membrane.


syphilis

description: A contagious bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. It is a sexually transmitted disorder, although it can also be transmitted from the mother to the fetus in utero. Typically, it is initially manifested with a single sore which heals without treatment. If the infection is left untreated, the initial stage is followed by skin rash and mucous membrane lesions. A late stage follows, which is characterized by damage of the internal organs, including the nervous system.


congenital syphilis

description: A life-threatening bacterial infection of the newborn caused by Treponema pallidum. It is transmitted to the infant from a mother with syphilis through the placenta during pregnancy. Signs and symptoms include irritability, fever, failure to thrive, saddle nose, cutaneous rash, and pneumonia.


Tachycardia

description: A rapid heartrate that exceeds the range of the normal resting heartrate for age.


A carboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy group.


bretylium

A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.


tetrindole hydrochloride

A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tetrindole hydrochloride.


name: Tachycardia, Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry


Automatic atrial tachycardia

description: Chronic supraventricular tachycardia predominantly seen in childhood.


His bundle tachycardia

description: His bundle tachycardia is a very rare congenital genetic tachyarrhythmia characterized by incessant tachycardia and high morbidity and mortality.


Paroxysmal tachycardia

description: An electrocardiographic finding of episodic tachycardia with abrupt onset and termination.


ACECAINIDE

A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.


Sinus tachycardia

description: Heart rate of greater than 100 beats per minute.


Supraventricular tachycardia

description: Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is an abnormally increased heart rate (over 100 beats per minute at rest) with origin above the level of the ventricles.


taeniasis

description: A parasitic infection caused by tapeworms of the genus Taenia. Humans are infected by eating undercooked or raw meat of infected animals. It is usually an asymptomatic infection and patients may become aware of the infection by noticing segments of the tapeworm in their feces. If symptoms are present, they include nausea, abdominal pain, indigestion, constipation, or diarrhea.


Takayasu arteritis

description: A rare inflammatory large-vessel vasculitis primarily affecting the aorta and its major branches, but also other large vessels, causing stenosis, occlusion, or aneurysm.


Taste Disorders

description: Conditions characterized by an alteration in the ability to perceive taste.


hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

description: A disorder of angiogenesis leading to arteriovenous dilatations: cutaneo-mucosal hemorrhagic telangiectasias and visceral shunting.


telangiectasis

description: Local dilatation of small vessels resulting in red discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes.


temporal arteritis

description: A large vessel vasculitis predominantly involving the arteries originating from the aortic arch and especially the extracranial branches of the carotid arteries.


temporomandibular joint disorder

description: Any condition affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint.


name: temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome

description: A common disorder noted with jaw movement. It may be caused by malocclusion, repetitive use injury, trauma or arthritis. It is more prevalent among females between their second and fourth decades. Clinical signs include preauricular pain, temporomandibular joint clicking (as the mandibular condyle slips from the articulation made with the capsular disk and temporal bone) and restriction of jaw motion. Clinical course is typically benign but may progress to associated headaches, ear and neck pain, tinnitus and dislocation of temporomandibular joint. Prognosis is favorable as a majority of cases will respond to conservative management.


epicondylitis

description: Inflammation of the lateral epicondyle.


teratoma

description: A non-seminomatous germ cell tumor characterized by the presence of various tissues which correspond to the different germinal layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm). It occurs in the testis, ovary, and extragonadal sites including central nervous system, mediastinum, lung, and stomach. According to the level of differentiation of the tissues which comprise the tumor, teratomas are classified as mature or immature. Mature teratomas are composed of well differentiated, adult-type tissues. Immature teratomas are composed of immature, fetal-type tissues. Testicular teratomas in children follow a benign clinical course. Mature ovarian teratomas without a fetal-type component have an excellent outcome. The prognosis of immature ovarian teratomas is related to the grade and stage of the tumor.


testicular disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the testis. Representative examples include torsion, infarction, germ cell tumor, sex cord-stromal tumor, lymphoma, and leukemia.


tetanus

description: A serious infectious disorder that follows wound contamination by the Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium tetani. The bacteria produce a neurotoxin called tetanospasmin, which causes muscle spasm in the jaw and other anatomic sites.


Tetany

description: A condition characterized by intermittent involuntary contraction of muscles (spasms) related to hypocalcemia or occasionally magnesium deficiency.


thalamic disorder

description: A disorder of the thalamus. Causes include brain neoplasms, cerebrovascular disorders, brain trauma, brain hypoxia, infections, and brain hemorrhage. Signs and symptoms include movement and sensory abnormalities, visual abnormalities, ataxia, and coma.


thalassemia

description: An inherited blood disorder characterized by a decreased synthesis of one of the polypeptide chains that form hemoglobin. Anemia results from this abnormal hemoglobin formation.


name: Decreased circulating vitamin B1 concentration

description: The concentration of vitamin B1 in the blood circulation is below the lower limit of normal.


A pyridinium salt that is 1-(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-ylmethyl)-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methylpyridinium having bromide as the counterion.


Thoracic Diseases

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the thorax and/or the organs of the thoracic cavity.  Representative examples include pleural infection, mediastinitis, thymoma, mediastinal lymphoma, and pleural mesothelioma.


neoplasm of thorax

description: A neoplasm (disease) that involves the thoracic segment of trunk.


thromboangiitis obliterans

description: A rare inflammatory non-necrotizing vascular disease affecting the small- and medium-sized arteries and veins of the upper and lower extremities characterized by endarteritis and vaso-occlusion due to occlusive thrombus development. The development and progression of the disease is consistently associated with exposure to tobacco.


essential thrombocythemia

description: A chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm that involves primarily the megakaryocytic lineage. It is characterized by sustained thrombocytosis in the blood, increased numbers of large, mature megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, and episodes of thrombosis and/or hemorrhage. (WHO, 2008)


thrombocytosis disease

description: A disease characterized by higher than normal platelet counts in the peripheral blood.


Thromboembolism

description: The formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel that subsequently travels through the blood stream from the site where it formed to another location in the body, generally leading to vascular occlusion at the distant site.


thrombophlebitis

description: Inflammation of the veins associated with the presence of a thrombus.


anisindione

A cyclic beta-diketone consisting of indane-1,3-dione having a 4-methoxyphenyl substituent at the 4-position.


thymoma

description: A neoplasm arising from the epithelial cells of the thymus. Although thymomas are usually encapsulated tumors, they may invade the capsule and infiltrate the surrounding tissues or even metastasize to distant anatomic sites. The following morphologic subtypes are currently recognized: type A, type B, type AB, metaplastic, micronodular, microscopic, and sclerosing thymoma. Thymomas type B are further subdivided into types B1, B2, and B3. Thymoma type B3 usually has the most aggressive clinical course.


Thymus hyperplasia

description: Enlargement of the thymus.


thymus neoplasm

description: A neoplasm that affects the thymus. Representative examples include thymoma and carcinoma.


SODIUM BROMIDE

An inorganic sodium salt having bromide as the counterion.


A 6-{4-[(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]phenyl}-N-(1-phenylethyl)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine which adopts an R-configuration. It is a potent inhibitor of human EGFR, VEGFR and HER2 receptor tyrosine kinases and exhibits anticancer and antiangiogenic activity.


thyroiditis

description: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. This category includes Hashimoto thyroiditis, Riedel thyroiditis, acute thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, and radiation-induced thyroiditis.


autoimmune thyroid disease

description: Inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland due to autoimmune responses leading to lymphocytic infiltration of the gland. It is characterized by the presence of circulating thyroid antigen-specific T-cells and thyroid autoantibodies. The clinical signs can range from hypothyroidism to thyrotoxicosis depending on the type of autoimmune thyroiditis.


thyrotoxicosis

description: A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by the elevation of thyroid hormone levels in the serum. Signs and symptoms include tachycardia, palpitations, tremor, weight loss, warm weather intolerance, and moist skin. Causes include Graves disease, toxic nodular goiter, toxic thyroid nodule, and lymphocytic thyroiditis.


Fractured tibia

description: A partial or complete breakage of the tibia.


tic disorder

description: Disorders characterized by recurrent TICS that may interfere with speech and other activities. Tics are sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations which may be exacerbated by stress and are generally attenuated during absorbing activities. Tic disorders are distinguished from conditions which feature other types of abnormal movements that may accompany another another condition. (From DSM-IV, 1994)


tick infestation

description: Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.


Tietze syndrome

description: Idiopathic painful nonsuppurative swellings of one or more costal cartilages, especially of the second rib. The anterior chest pain may mimic that of coronary artery disease.


tinea infection

description: A skin infection caused by a fungus.


fatty acid synthesis inhibitor

Any pathway inhibitor that inhibits the synthesis of fatty acids.


tinea pedis

description: Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum.


tinea unguium

description: A fungal infection of the nail, usually caused by dermatophytes; yeasts; or nondermatophyte molds.


name: camphor, cedar leaf oil, eucalyptus oil, menthol, myristica oil, terebinth oil, thymol drug combination


pityriasis versicolor

description: A yeast infection usually manifested as a superficial skin infection. It may also present as a systemic infection in patients who are receiving total parenteral nutrition.


name: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist

description: An agonist that selectively binds to and activates a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.


tongue disorder

description: A disease involving the tongue.


tonsil cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the tonsil.


tonsillitis

description: Inflammation of the tonsillar tissue.


Tooth Abrasion

description: Wearing away of tooth enamel by an outside mechanical force.


Tooth Discoloration

description: A change in tooth color. Causes may be local or systemic and include tobacco use, foods, dental plaques, caries, restorative filling materials, trauma, medications, infections, hereditary diseases, and nutritional deficiencies.


tooth disorder

description: A disease involving the calcareous tooth.


tooth erosion, non-bacterial

description: Progressive loss of tooth tissue by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)


Toothache

description: A painful sensation originating from a tooth.


cervical dystonia

description: Cervical dystonia is a neurological condition characterized by excessive pulling of the muscles of the neck and shoulder resulting in abnormal movements of the head (dystonia).Most commonly, the head turns to one side or the other.Tilting sideways, or to the back or front may also occur.The turning or tilting movements may be accompanied by shaking movement (tremor) and/or soreness of the muscles of the neck and shoulders.Cervical dystonia can occur at any age, but most cases occur in middle age. It often begins slowly and usually reaches a plateau over a few months or years. The cause of cervical dystonia is often unknown. In some cases there is a family history. Several genes have been associated with cervical dystonia, including GNAL, THAP1, CIZ1, and ANO3. Other cases may be linked to an underlying disease (e.g. Parkinson disease), neck trauma, or certain medications. Treatment may include local injections of botulinum toxin, pain medications, benzodiazepines (anti-anxiety medications), anticholinergics,physical therapy, or surgery.


toxocariasis

description: A parasitic infection caused by worms found in domestic animals. In humans nematode larvae enter the portal system from the small intestine and disseminate in visceral organs causing inflammatory reactions. Signs and symptoms include eosinophilia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and lung infections.


toxoplasmosis

description: A parasitic disease contracted by the ingestion or fetal transmission of toxoplasma gondii.


CLODINAFOP

An aromatic ether that is (R)-lactic acid in which the hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted to the corresponding p-[(5-chloro-3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)oxy]phenyl ether. It is the parent acid of the herbicide clodinafop-propargyl.


HALOXYFOP

A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-phenoxypropanoic acid in which the hydrogen at the para position of the phenyl ring has been replaced by a [3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy group.


QUIZALOFOP

A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-phenoxypropanoic acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para position by a (6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy group.


congenital toxoplasmosis

description: Toxoplasma infection that is present from birth.


ocular toxoplasmosis

description: Ocular toxoplasmosis is an infection in the eye caused by the parasite, Toxoplasm a gondii. Toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of eye inflammation in the world. Toxoplamosis can beacquired or present at birth (congenital), having crossed the placenta from a newly infected mother to her fetus. Most humans acquire toxoplasmosis by eating raw or undercooked meat, vegetables or milk products, or by coming into contact with infected cat litterbox or sandboxes.In humans,the infectionusually causes no symptoms, and resolves without treatment in a few months. In individuals with compromised immune systems, Toxoplasm a gondii can reactivate to cause disease. Reactivation of a congenital infection was traditionally thought to be the most common cause ofocular toxoplasmosis, but an acquired infection is now considered to be more common. A toxoplasmosis infection that affects the eye usually attacks the retina andinitially resolves without symptoms. However,the inactive parasite maylaterreactivate causing eyepain, blurred vision, and possibly permanent damage, including blindness. Although most cases of toxoplasmosis resolve on their own,for some,inflammation can be treated with antibiotics and steroids.


tracheal disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the trachea. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include congenital malformations and infection. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include carcinoma and lymphoma.


trachea neoplasm

description: A neoplasm (disease) that involves the trachea.


tracheal stenosis

description: Narrowing of the lumen of the trachea.


tracheitis

description: A tracheal disease which involves bacterial infection of the trachea often caused by Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci that follows a recent viral upper respiratory infection. The symptoms include barking croup cough, loud squeaking noise while breathing, scratchy feeling in the throat, high fever, and production of large amounts of pus-filled secretions.


transvestism

description: A disorder characterized by recurrent sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors in a heterosexual male involving cross-dressing.


distomatosis

description: Distomatosis is a group of parasitoses caused by flat worms that live in contact with epitheliums. Clinical classification depends on the organ infected by the adult parasite: liver, lungs, or intestines.


mephenesin

A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.


trichinellosis

description: A zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked meat (pork and wild game) infected by nematodes of the genus Trichinella and that is characterized by an enteral (intestinal) phase, that can be asymptomatic or that can manifests with diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, and a parenteral (muscular) phase, manifesting with fever, periorbital edema, muscle swelling and pain, weakness, and in some cases, skin rash and peripheral edema. Rarely, potentially fatal cardiac (i.e. myocarditis), pulmonary (i.e. pneumonitis, respiratory failure), and nervous system (i.e. meningoencephalitis) complications may occur.


trichomoniasis

description: An infection that is caused by Trichomonas.


name: Trichomonas vaginitis urogenital infection

description: A sexually transmitted parasitic infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. Symptoms include vaginal discharge, vaginal odor, vaginal itching, and discomfort during intercourse.


nonoxinol

A tergitol polymer consisting of nonylbenzene with a nine-membered poly(ethylene glycol) moiety attached at position 4.


trichostrongyloidiasis

description: Infection by roundworms of the superfamily trichostrongyloidea, including the genera trichostrongylus; ostertagia; Cooperia, haemonchus; Nematodirus, Hyostrongylus, and dictyocaulus.


trichotillomania

description: A disorder characterized by repetitive pulling out of one's hair resulting in noticeable hair loss; the individual experiences a rising subjective sense of tension before pulling out the hair and a sense of gratification or relief when pulling out the hair.


trichuriasis

description: An infection that is caused by the nematode Trichuris trichiura, a soil-transmitted helminth, which is transmitted via food and/or water contaminated with the eggs of the worm. Symptoms are usually mild and include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, and possibly anemia secondary to blood loss in diarrhea.


tricuspid valve insufficiency

description: The backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium, owning to imperfect functioning/insufficiency of the tricuspid valve.


trigeminal neuralgia

description: Trigeminal neuralgia is a nerve disorder that causes a stabbing or electric-shock-like pain in parts of the face. The pain lasts a few seconds to a few minutes, and usually on only one side of the face. It can also cause muscle spasms in the face the same time as the pain. The pain may result from a blood vessel pressing against the trigeminal nerve (the nerve that carries pain, feeling, and other sensations from the brain to the skin of theface), as a complication of multiple sclerosis, or due to compression of the nerve by a tumor or cyst. In some cases, the cause is unknown. Treatment options include medicines, surgery, and complementary approaches.


Trismus

description: Limitation in the ability to open the mouth.


trisomy

description: A chromosomal abnormality consisting of the presence of one chromosome in addition to the normal diploid number.


trophoblastic neoplasm

description: A gestational or non-gestational neoplasm composed of neoplastic trophoblastic cells. Representative examples include hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma.


persistent truncus arteriosus

description: A rare congenital cardiovascular disorder characterized by the failure of the embryologic structure truncus arteriosus to divide into the aorta and pulmonary trunk. It results in the presence of a single vessel instead of two vessels leading out of the heart. Clinical signs and symptoms include cyanosis that is present at birth, poor growth, dyspnea, tachypnea, arrhythmia, cardiomegaly, and heart failure. If it is not surgically repaired, it leads to death.


trypanosomiasis

description: Infection with protozoa of the genus trypanosoma.


human African trypanosomiasis

description: A parasitic disorder caused by protozoa of the Trypanosoma brucei species. It is transmitted by flies and is endemic in various regions of Sub-Saharan Africa. Signs and symptoms include fever, joint pain, headache, and significant swelling of the lymph nodes. If left untreated, the parasitic infection causes anemia, heart, kidney, and endocrine failure, and neurologic damage. Subsequently patients develop confusion, disruption of the sleep cycle, and mental deterioration. The infection may lead to coma and death.


Chagas disease

description: A parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. It is transmitted by insect bites. It is characterized by an acute and chronic phase; in the acute phase patients may have fever, malaise, and swelling at the site of the insect bite. In the chronic phase patients develop hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, cardiomyopathy and arrhythmias.


tuberculosis

description: A chronic, recurrent infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB) may affect almost any tissue or organ of the body with the lungs being the most common site of infection. The clinical stages of TB are primary or initial infection, latent or dormant infection, and recrudescent or adult-type TB. Ninety to 95% of primary TB infections may go unrecognized. Histopathologically, tissue lesions consist of granulomas which usually undergo central caseation necrosis. Local symptoms of TB vary according to the part affected; acute symptoms include hectic fever, sweats, and emaciation; serious complications include granulomatous erosion of pulmonary bronchi associated with hemoptysis. If untreated, progressive TB may be associated with a high degree of mortality. This infection is frequently observed in immunocompromised individuals with AIDS or a history of illicit IV drug use.


gastrointestinal tuberculosis

description: Tuberculosis that involves any region of the gastrointestinal tract, mostly in the distal ileum and the cecum. In most cases, mycobacterium tuberculosis is the pathogen. Clinical features include abdominal pain; fever; and palpable mass in the ileocecal area.


lymph node tuberculosis

description: Tuberculosis of the lymph node.


meningeal tuberculosis

description: A bacterial infection of the membranes covering the brain and the spinal cord caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.


miliary tuberculosis

description: I would say the hematogenous widespread dissemination of tuberculosis in the body. The term derives from the chest X-ray image of the tiny (1-5 mm) tuberculosis lesions which are seen through out the lung parenchyma.


skeletal tuberculosis

description: Tuberculosis of the bones or joints.


pleural tuberculosis

description: Inflammation of the pleura secondary to an infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.


renal tuberculosis

description: Infection of the kidney due to mycobacteria.


tuberculosis, spinal

description: Tuberculosis of the vertebrae.


sebaceous adenoma

description: A benign, well circumscribed neoplasm arising from the sebaceous glands. It usually presents as a small yellowish tumor in the sun exposed skin of head and neck. It is characterized by the presence of sebaceous cells aggregates with a peripheral rim of basaloid cells.


Turner syndrome

description: Turner syndrome is a chromosomal disorder associated with the complete or partial absence of an X chromosome.


Twins, Conjoined

description: A monoamniotic twin gestation in which the twins share one or more organs.


typhoid fever

description: A bacterial infectious disorder contracted by consumption of food or drink contaminated with Salmonella typhi. This disorder is common in developing countries and can be treated with antibiotics.


endemic typhus

description: A bacterial infection caused by Rickettsia typhi.


ulcer disease

description: A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.


Loss of consciousness

description: Loss of alertness and orientation to place and time.


uremia

description: A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of renal insufficiency. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen catabolism, such as urea or creatinine. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.


ureteral disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the ureter.


ureter cancer

description: A malignant neoplasm involving the ureter


ureteral obstruction

description: Blockage in any part of the ureter causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the urinary bladder. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as hydronephrosis and obstructive nephropathy.


urethral disorder

description: A disease involving the urethra.


urethra neoplasm

description: A neoplasm (disease) that involves the urethra.


urethral obstruction

description: Blockage of the normal flow of urine in the urethra.


urethral stricture

description: Narrowing of any part of the urethra. It is characterized by decreased urinary stream and often other obstructive voiding symptoms.


urethritis

description: Inflammation of the urethra.


potassium citrate

The anhydrous form of the tripotassium salt of citric acid.


Urinary incontinence

description: Loss of the ability to control the urinary bladder leading to involuntary urination.


Stress urinary incontinence

description: Involuntary urine leakage synchronous with exertion, or actions such as sneezing, or coughing.


talampicillin

A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-phthalidyl ester of ampicillin. It is a prodrug of ampicillin.


Abnormality of the genitourinary system

description: The presence of any abnormality of the genitourinary system.


Neoplasm of the genitourinary tract

description: A tumor (abnormal growth of tissue) of the genitourinary system.


urticaria

description: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.


acrivastine

A member of the class of pyridines that is (pyridin-2-yl)acrylic acid substituted at position 6 by a [(1E)-1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a non-sedating antihistamine used for treatment of hayfever, urticaria, and rhinitis.


pyrazolone

A member of the class of pyrazoles in which one of the carbons of the pyrazole ring is substituted by an oxo group.


sodium silicate

An inorganic sodium salt having silicate as the counterion.


Uterine hemorrhage

description: Bleeding originating from the uterus.


Uterine prolapse

description: The presence of prolapse of the uterus.


Uterine rupture

description: The complete, nonsurgical disruption of all layers of the uterus.


uvea neoplasm

description: A neoplasm (disease) that involves the uvea.


uveitis

description: An inflammatory process affecting a part of or the entire uvea. Causes include inflammatory agents (e.g., herpes simplex, herpes zoster, leptospirosis) and systemic diseases (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis). Patients present with pain and redness in the eye, light sensitivity, and blurred and decreased vision.


anterior uveitis

description: Inflammation of the iris and anterior chamber of the eye.


Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease

description: A bilateral, chronic, diffuse granulomatous panuveitis typically characterized by serous retinal detachment and frequently associated with neurological (meningitis), auditory, and dermatological alterations.


vaginal disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the vagina. Representative examples include vaginal infection, vaginal polyp, and vaginal squamous cell carcinoma.


vaginal cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the vagina. Representative examples include carcinomas and sarcomas.


vaginitis

description: A non-infectious or infectious inflammatory process affecting the vagina.


varicocele

description: A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the spermatic cord with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.


varicose disease

description: A vascular disease characterized by the presence of enlarged and tortuous veins.


Vascular Headaches

description: Headache caused by abnormal functioning of the vascular system.


vasculitis

description: Vasculitis represents a clinically heterogenous group of diseases of multifactorial etiology characterized by inflammation of either large-sized vessels (large-vessel vasculitis, e.g. Giant-cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis), medium-sized vessels (medium-vessel vasculitis e.g. polyarteritis nodosa and Kawasaki disease), or small-sized vessels (small-vessel vasculitis, e.g. granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis, immunoglobulin A vasculitis, and cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis). Vasculitis occurs at any age, may be acute or chronic, and manifests with general symptoms such as fever, weight loss and fatigue, as well as more specific clinical signs depending on the type of vessels and organs affected. The degree of severity is variable, ranging from life or sight threatening disease (e.g. Behcet disease) to relatively minor skin disease.


venous insufficiency

description: Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with edema and sometimes with venous stasis ulcers at the ankle.


ventricular fibrillation

description: A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of a rapid grossly irregular ventricular rhythm with marked variability in QRS cycle length, morphology, and amplitude. The rate is typically greater than 300 bpm. (CDISC)


deslanoside

A cardenolide glycoside that is lanatoside C with the acetoxy group replaced by a hydroxy group.


TROPOLONE

A cyclic ketone that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is a toxin produced by the agricultural pathogen Burkholderia plantarii.


vertebrobasilar insufficiency

description: Localized or diffuse reduction in blood flow through the vertebrobasilar arterial system, which supplies the brain stem; cerebellum; occipital lobe; medial temporal lobe; and thalamus. Characteristic clinical features include syncope; lightheadedness; visual disturbances; and vertigo. brain stem infarctions or other brain infarction may be associated.


vesicoureteral reflux

description: Abnormal flow of urine from the urinary bladder back into the ureters.


Vesicovaginal fistula

description: The presence of a fistula connecting the urinary bladder to the vagina.


vibrio infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus vibrio.


alpha-phellandrene

One of a pair of phellandrene cyclic monoterpene double-bond isomers in which both double bonds are endocyclic (cf. alpha-phellandrene, where one of them is exocyclic).


Viremia

description: The presence of virus in the blood.


Virilization

description: The development of normal male puberty due to testosterone effect or the abnormal development of male secondary sexual characteristics in children and females due to excessive androgens.


viral infectious disease

description: Any disease caused by a virus.


vision disorder

description: Any impairment to the vision.


vitamin B12 deficiency

description: A disease characterized by low serum levels of vitamin B12, either inherited or acquired.


name: Decreased circulating vitamin E concentration

description: A reduced concentration of vitamin E in the blood circulation. Vitamin E is a lipophilic vitamin that is also known as alpha-tocopherol.


name: vitamin K deficiency hemorrhagic disease

description: Deficiency of vitamin K. It may lead to bleeding, manifested with ecchymoses, petechiae, and hematomas. In infants it may cause hemorrhagic disease of newborn with intracranial and retroperitoneal bleeding.


vitiligo

description: Generalized well circumscribed patches of leukoderma that are generally distributed over symmetric body locations and is due to autoimmune destruction of melanocytes.


Vitreous hemorrhage

description: Bleeding within the vitreous compartment of the eye.


Vocal cord paralysis

description: A loss of the ability to move the vocal folds.


voice disorders

description: A pathologic process in the larynx that affects the production of speech. Causes include vocal cord paresis, vocal cord nodule, vocal cord polyp, and laryngitis.


netupitant

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-methylpropanoic acid with the secondary amino group of N-methyl-4-(2-methylphenyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-amine; an antiemetic used in combination with palonosetron hydrochloride (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.


SCLAREOL

A labdane diterpenoid that is labd-14-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 8 and 13. It has been isolated from Salvia sclarea.


vulvar disease

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the vulva. Representative examples include infection, Bartholin gland adenoma, and vulvar carcinoma.


vulva cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the vulva.


vulvitis

description: Inflammation of the vulva. It is characterized by pruritus and painful urination.


vulvovaginitis

description: An inflammatory pathologic process that affects the vulva and the vagina.


lateral medullary syndrome

description: A syndrome caused by an infarct in the vertebral or posterior inferior cerebellar artery. It is characterized by sensory defects affecting the same side of the face as the infarct and the opposite side of the trunk as the infarct. Patients experience difficulty swallowing and/or speaking.


Wallerian degeneration

description: A condition caused by degeneration, atrophy, and destruction of the distal part of a nerve fiber's axon and myelin, when continuity with the neural cell nucleus has been severed due to injury. Signs and symptoms include muscle weakness, altered sensation, and limb numbness.


common wart

description: A wart caused by human papillomavirus. It can appear anywhere on the skin.


water intoxication

description: A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.


Werner syndrome

description: A rare inherited syndrome characterized by premature aging with onset in the third decade of life and with cardinal clinical features including bilateral cataracts, short stature, graying and thinning of scalp hair, characteristic skin disorders and premature onset of additional age-related disorders.


Wernicke encephalopathy

description: An acute neurological disorder characterized by the triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and disturbances of mental activity or consciousness. Eye movement abnormalities include nystagmus, external rectus palsies, and reduced conjugate gaze. thiamine deficiency and chronic alcoholism are associated conditions. Pathologic features include periventricular petechial hemorrhages and neuropil breakdown in the diencephalon and brainstem. Chronic thiamine deficiency may lead to korsakoff syndrome. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1139-42; Davis & Robertson, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp452-3)


West Nile fever

description: A mosquito-borne viral illness caused by the west nile virus, a flavivirus and endemic to regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Common clinical features include headache; fever; maculopapular rash; gastrointestinal symptoms; and lymphadenopathy. meningitis; encephalitis; and myelitis may also occur. The disease may occasionally be fatal or leave survivors with residual neurologic deficits. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, p13; Lancet 1998 Sep 5;352(9130):767-71)


pertussis

description: A contagious bacterial respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis. It is characterized by severe and uncontrollable cough, resulting in a whooping sound during breathing following the cough.


Wound Infection

description: Infection of a break in the skin or other tissue.


name: alginic acid, nitrofurazone drug combination


name: algininic acid, mafenide drug combination


polyvinyl alcohol

A homopolymer macromolecule obtained by polymerisation of vinyl alcohol.


xanthomatosis

description: A condition marked by the development of widespread xanthomas, yellow tumor-like structures filled with lipid deposits. Xanthomas can be found in a variety of tissues including the skin; tendons; joints of knees and elbows. Xanthomatosis is associated with disturbance of lipid metabolism and formation of foam cells.


xeroderma pigmentosum

description: Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare genodermatosis characterized by extreme sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV)-induced changes in the skin and eyes, and multiple skin cancers. It is subdivided into 8 complementation groups, according to the affected gene: classical XP (XPA to XPG) and XP variant (XPV).


Xerostomia

description: Dryness of the mouth due to salivary gland dysfunction.


name: Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the species yersinia pseudotuberculosis.


Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

description: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) is characterized by severe peptic disease (ulcers/esophageal disease) caused by hypergastrinemia secondary to a gastrinoma resulting in increased gastric acid secretion.


dyskinesia of esophagus

description: Disorders affecting the motor function of the upper esophageal sphincter; lower esophageal sphincter; the esophagus body, or a combination of these parts. The failure of the sphincters to maintain a tonic pressure may result in gastric reflux of food and acid into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux). Other disorders include hypermotility (spastic disorders) and markedly increased amplitude in contraction (nutcracker esophagus).


hydrops fetalis

description: Hydrops fetalis is a severe and challenging fetal condition usually defined as the excessive accumulation of fetal fluid within the fetal extravascular compartments and body cavities that manifests as edema, pleural and pericardial effusion and ascites. It is the end-stage of a wide variety of disorders. The cause may be immunologic (immune hydrops fetalis, IHF) or non immunologic (non-immune hydrops fetalis, NIHF), depending on the presence or absence of maternal antibodies against fetal red cell antigens (ABO incompatibility or rhesus (Rh) incompatibility).


multi-infarct dementia

description: A common form of dementia caused by multiple cortical or subcortical cerebral infarctions.


Superinfection

description: A secondary infection that occurs during an existing infection, or immediately following a previous infection, especially when caused by microorganisms that are resistant or have become resistant to the antibiotics used earlier.


supratentorial cancer

description: Primary and metastatic (secondary) tumors of the brain located above the tentorium cerebelli, a fold of dura mater separating the CEREBELLUM and brain STEM from the cerebral hemispheres and DIENCEPHALON (i.e., THALAMUS and HYPOTHALAMUS and related structures). In adults, primary neoplasms tend to arise in the supratentorial compartment, whereas in children they occur more frequently in the infratentorial space. Clinical manifestations vary with the location of the lesion, but SEIZURES; APHASIA; HEMIANOPSIA; hemiparesis; and sensory deficits are relatively common features. Metastatic supratentorial neoplasms are frequently multiple at the time of presentation.


name: prolactin-producing pituitary gland adenoma

description: Prolactinoma is a usually benign neoplasm of the pituitary gland that results in hyperprolactinemia. The most common clinical manifestations are amenorrhea and infertility in women; and impotence, decreased libido and infertility in men.


osteoarthritis, hip

description: Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.


Zellweger spectrum disorders

description: The most severe variant seen in the peroxisome biogenesis disorders that is characterized by neuronal migration defects in the brain, dysmorphic craniofacial features, profound hypotonia, neonatal seizures, and liver dysfunction.


carbohydrate

Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.


cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma

description: Cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma is a primary cutaneous cancer arising from a subset of skin neuroendocrine cells (Merkel cells, giving the name Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC)).


name: eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

description: Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), previously known as Churg-Strauss syndrome, is a systemic vasculitis of small-to medium vessels, characterized by asthma, transient pulmonary infiltrates, and hypereosinophilia.


Mycobacterium avium complex disease

description: An infection that is caused by Mycobacterium avium.


tumor lysis syndrome

description: A condition of metabolic abnormalities that result from a spontaneous or therapy-related cytolysis of tumor cells. Tumor lysis syndrome typically occurs in aggressive, rapidly proliferating lymphoproliferative disorders. Burkitt lymphoma and T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia are commonly associated with this syndrome. Metabolic abnormalities include hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia and may result in renal failure, multiple organ failure, and death.


Diskitis

description: Inflammation of an intervertebral disk or disk space.


Visual impairment

description: Visual impairment (or vision impairment) is vision loss (of a person) to such a degree as to qualify as an additional support need through a significant limitation of visual capability resulting from either disease, trauma, or congenital or degenerative conditions that cannot be corrected by conventional means, such as refractive correction, medication, or surgery.


retinal artery occlusion

description: An occlusion of the retinal artery.


hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy

description: A group of slowly progressive inherited disorders affecting motor and sensory peripheral nerves. Subtypes include HMSNs I-VII. HMSN I and II both refer to CHARCOT-MARIE-Tooth DISEASE. HMSN III refers to hypertrophic neuropathy of infancy. HMSN IV refers to REFSUM DISEASE. HMSN V refers to a condition marked by a hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy associated with spastic paraplegia (see SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA, HEREDITARY). HMSN VI refers to HMSN associated with an inherited optic atrophy (OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY), and HMSN VII refers to HMSN associated with retinitis pigmentosa. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)


scleral disorder

description: A disorder affecting the sclera. Examples include inflammatory processes (e.g., scleritis and episcleritis), and degenerative processes. Primary tumors of the sclera are extremely rare.


scleritis

description: Inflammation of the sclera.


Reperfusion Injury

description: Tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to tissue after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen. The restoration of circulation results in inflammation and oxidative damage.


name: manganese tetrakis-(N-methyl-2 pyridyl) porphyrin


hormone antagonist

A chemical substance which inhibits the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites.


Weight loss

description: Reduction of total body weight.


bentonite

An aluminosilicate mineral consisting mostly of montmorillonite. The different types of bentonite (aluminium bentonite; calcium bentonite; potassium bentonite; sodium bentonite) are named after their dominant element.


CIRSILENEOL

A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 7 and 3' and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4' respectively.


forchlorfenuron

A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a phenyl group and a 2-chloropyridin-4-yl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively. It is a plant growth regulator widely used in agriculture for improving fruit quality and fruit size.


PYRAZINOIC ACID

The parent compound of the class of pyrazinecarboxylic acids, that is pyrazine bearing a single carboxy substituent. The active metabolite of the antitubercular drug pyrazinamide.


description: Inflammation of the glomeruli characterized by deposits at the intraglomerular mesangium, resulting in thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, activation of complement, and impaired kidney function secondary to damaged glomeruli.


membranous glomerulonephritis

description: A slowly progressive inflammation of the glomeruli characterized by immune complex deposits at the glomerular basement membrane, resulting in a thickened membrane, and nephrotic syndrome.


subcutaneous adipose tissue

category: biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A portion of adipose tissue that is part of the hypodermis, beneath the dermis.


lupus erythematosus panniculitis

description: A type of lupus erythematosus characterized by deep dermal or subcutaneous nodules, most often on the head, face, or upper arms. It is generally chronic and occurs most often in women between the ages of 20 and 45.


Panniculitis, Peritoneal

description: A disorder characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis of the adipose tissues in the peritoneal cavity.


borderline leprosy

description: A form of leprosy in which there are clinical manifestations of both principal types (lepromatous and tuberculoid). The disease may shift toward one of these two polar or principal forms.


lepromatous leprosy

description: A chronic communicable infection which is a principal or polar form of leprosy. This disorder is caused by mycobacterium leprae and produces diffuse granulomatous skin lesions in the form of nodules, macules, or papules. The peripheral nerves are involved symmetrically and neural sequelae occur in the advanced stage.


tuberculoid leprosy

description: A principal or polar form of leprosy in which the skin lesions are few and are sharply demarcated. Peripheral nerve involvement is pronounced and may be severe. Unlike lepromatous leprosy (leprosy, lepromatous), the lepromin test is positive. Tuberculoid leprosy is rarely a source of infection to others.


B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia

description: B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is a type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and the most common form of leukemia in Western countries, affecting elderly adults (mean age of 67 and 72 years) with a slight male predominance (1.7:1), and characterized by a highly variable clinical presentation that can include asymptomatic disease or non-specific B-symptoms such as unintentional weight loss, severe fatigue, fever (without evidence of infection), and night sweats as well as cervical lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and frequent infections. Some patients can also develop autoimmune complications such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia or immune thrombocytopenia. The clinical course is extremely heterogeneous with survival ranging from a few months to several decades.


acadesine

A 1-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide in which the carboxamide group is situated at position 4 of the imidazole ring, which is further substituted at position 5 by an amino group. A purine nucleoside analogue and activator of AMP-activated protein kinase, it is  is used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and is reported to have cardioprotective effects.


ball

description: The anterior round region of the yolk cell present after the yolk extension forms during the segmentation period. Kimmel et al, 1995.


acute biphenotypic leukemia

description: An acute leukemia of ambiguous lineage characterized by blasts which coexpress myeloid and T or B lineage antigens or concurrent B and T lineage antigens. (WHO, 2001)


T-cell leukemia

description: A malignant disease of the T-lymphocytes in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.


adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

description: A peripheral (mature) T-cell neoplasm linked to the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma is endemic in several regions of the world, in particular Japan, the Caribbean, and parts of Central Africa.


T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia

description: A slow-growing type of leukemia (blood cancer) in which too many lymphocytes are found in the bone marrow and/or blood. The T-cell is specified as the defective cell line.


name: chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive

description: A chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the expression of the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene. It presents with neutrophilic leukocytosis. It can appear at any age, but it mostly affects middle aged and older individuals. Patients usually present with fatigue, weight loss, anemia, night sweats, and splenomegaly. If untreated, it follows a biphasic or triphasic natural course; an initial indolent chronic phase which is followed by an accelerated phase, a blast phase, or both. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation and tyrosine kinase inhibitors delay disease progression and prolong overall survival.


Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase

description: A phase of chronic myeloid leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive in which the peripheral blood smear shows leukocytosis with neutrophils in different stages of maturation, less than 2% blasts, and normal or increased platelet count. Most patients have mild anemia. The bone marrow is hypercellular due to increased numbers of neutrophils and their precursors, and blasts usually account for fewer than 5% of the marrow cells. Megakaryocytes are smaller than normal and have hypolobated nuclei. The spleen is enlarged due to infiltration of the cords of the red pulp by granulocytes.


A member of the class of oxindoles that is 5-chlorooxindole in which the two hydrogens at position 3 are replaced by a (3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl)methylidene group.


acute promyelocytic leukemia

description: An aggressive form of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), characterized by arrest of leukocyte differentiation at the promyelocyte stage, due to a specific chromosomal translocation t(15;17) in myeloid cells. APL manifests with easy bruising, hemorrhagic diathesis and fatigue.


chronic myelomonocytic leukemia

description: A myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm which is characterized by persistent monocytosis, absence of a Philadelphia chromosome and BCR/ABL fusion gene, fewer than 20 percent blasts in the bone marrow and blood, myelodysplasia, and absence of PDGFRA or PDGFRB rearrangement.


acute myelomonocytic leukemia M4

description: An acute leukemia characterized by the proliferation of both neutrophil and monocyte precursors. (WHO, 2001)


name: human T-lymphotropic virus 1 infectious disease

description: A viral infectious disease that results in increased proliferation of affected CD4 lymphocytes, has material basis in Human T-lymphotropic virus 1, which is transmitted by sexual contact, transmitted by contaminated needles used by intravenous-drug users, and transmitted by breast feeding. The person infected with HTLV-1 eventually develop an often rapidly fatal leukemia, while others will develop a debilitative myelopathy, uveitis, infectious dermatitis, or another inflammatory disorder.


tropical spastic paraparesis

description: Tropical spastic paraparesis is a chronic systemic immune-mediated inflammatory myeloneuropathy, more frequently reported in women than in men, that usually presents in adulthood with slowly progressive spastic paraparesis of the lower limbs, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and sensory disturbances in the lower extremities (e.g. paresthesia and dysesthesia) and that is associated with a human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection.


Nasal congestion

description: Reduced ability to pass air through the nasal cavity often leading to mouth breathing.


Rett syndrome

description: A severe neurodevelopmental disorder affecting the central nervous system.


AIDS dementia complex

description: A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)


bile duct cyst

description: Cystic dilatation of the hepatic duct or bile duct.


psoriatic arthritis

description: Joint inflammation associated with psoriasis.


hyperostosis

description: Excessive thickening of bone.


histiocytosis

description: A morphologic finding indicating tissue infiltration by non-neoplastic or neoplastic histiocytes.


name: Congenital abnormality of respiratory system

description: An abnormality of the respiratory system that is present at birth or detected in the neonatal period.


malignant histiocytosis

description: Distinctive neoplastic disorders of histiocytes. Included are malignant neoplasms of macrophages and dendritic cells.


Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome

description: Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is an autoimmune, presynaptic disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fluctuating muscle weakness and autonomic dysfunction frequently associated with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC).


mycotoxicosis

description: Poisoning caused by the ingestion of mycotoxins (toxins of fungal origin).


HIV infectious disease

description: An infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus.


name: abacavir, lamivudine, and zidovudine drug combination


(+)-CALANOLIDE A

An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 11,12-dihydro-2H,6H,10H-dipyrano[2,3-f:2',3'-h]chromen-2-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 12, methyl groups at positions 6, 6, 10 and 11 and a propyl group at position 4 (the 10R,11S,12S stereoisomer). Isolated from Calophyllum lanigerum var austrocoriaceum and Calophyllum brasiliense, it exhibits potent activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.


enfuvirtide

A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of  N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.


postmenopausal osteoporosis

description: Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.


name: myalgic encephalomeyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

description: A medical condition characterized by long-term fatigue and other symptoms that limit a person's ability to carry out ordinary daily activities.


mammary neoplasms, animal

description: Tumors or cancer of the mammary gland in animals (mammary glands, animal).


corneal edema

description: Hazy, swollen cornea.


parasympatholytic

Any cholinergic antagonist that inhibits the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. The major group of drugs used therapeutically for this purpose is the muscarinic antagonists.


Erythema migrans

description: An expanding erythematous (red) skin lesion, usually round or oval, by definition at least 5 cm in size (in largest diameter).


Retinal dysplasia

description: The presence of developmental dysplasia of the retina.


angle-closure glaucoma

description: The sudden increase of intraocular pressure, resulting in pain and an abrupt decrease in visual acuity.


ocular hypotension

description: Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).


eye infectious disorder

description: An infectious process affecting any part of the eye. Causes include viruses and bacteria. Symptoms include itching and discomfort in the eye, watery eyes, eye pain and discharge, and blurring vision. Representative examples include pink eye, blepharitis, and trachoma.


fungal infection of eye

description: Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.


Acanthamoeba keratitis

description: Keratitis due to infection by acanthamoeba; it is usually associated with soft contact lens wear, particularly overnight wear.


polihexanide

A homopolymer macromolecule composed of repeating N-hexyltriimidodicarbonic diamide units. It is used as a disinfectant, antiseptic, and antifungal agent. Also commonly used as a swimming pool and spa water sanitizer.


cochlear disorder

description: Pathological processes of the snail-like structure (cochlea) of the inner ear (labyrinth) which can involve its nervous tissue, blood vessels, or fluid (endolymph).


vestibular disorder

description: Pathological processes of the vestibular labyrinth which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.


third cranial nerve disorder

description: A disease involving the oculomotor nerve.


Holmes-Adie syndrome

description: A rare syndrome characterized by an abnormally dilated pupil, hypoflexia, and diaphoresis. The syndrome is usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection. The abnormally dilated pupil is caused by damage to postganglionic parasympathetic fibers innervating the eye.


anisometropia

description: A condition of an inequality of refractive power of the two eyes.


Retinal neovascularization

description: In wound repair, neovascularization (NV) involves the sprouting of new vessels from pre-existent vessels to repair or replace damaged vessels. In the retina, NV is a response to ischemia. The NV adheres to the inner surface of the retina and outer surface of the vitreous. NV are deficient in tight junctions and hence leak plasma into surrounding tissue including the vitreous. Plasma causes the vitreous gel to degenerate, contract, and eventually collapse which pulls on the retina. Since retinal NV is adherent to both retina and vitreous, as the vitreous contracts the NV may be sheared resulting in vitreous hemorrhage or the NV may remain intact and pull the retina with the vitreous resulting in retinal elevation referred to as traction retinal detachment.


optic choroid disorder

description: A disease involving the optic choroid.


iridocyclitis

description: An inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body


panuveitis

description: A disorder characterized by inflammation of the entire uvea which includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Causes include systemic infections, sarcoidosis, and cancers.


posterior uveitis

description: Inflammation of the choroid as well as the retina and vitreous body. Some form of visual disturbance is usually present. The most important characteristics of posterior uveitis are vitreous opacities, choroiditis, and chorioretinitis.


pars planitis

description: An inflammatory disorder of the cilliary body in the uvea that affects healthy, younger individuals who are often asymptomatic. It has a long clinical course with relapses and remissions. Symptoms include mildly decreased vision and floaters. It may be associated with autoimmune disorders.


anisocoria

description: Unequal pupil size, which may represent a benign physiologic variant or a manifestation of disease. Pathologic anisocoria reflects an abnormality in the musculature of the iris (iris diseases) or in the parasympathetic or sympathetic pathways that innervate the pupil. Physiologic anisocoria refers to an asymmetry of pupil diameter, usually less than 2mm, that is not associated with disease.


Miosis

description: Abnormal (non-physiological) constriction of the pupil.


Mydriasis

description: Abnormal dilatation of the iris.


acute retinal necrosis syndrome

description: Mild to fulminant necrotizing vaso-occlusive retinitis associated with a high incidence of retinal detachment and poor vision outcome.


Urinary retention

description: Inability to completely empty the urinary bladder during the process of urination.


Intraoperative Hemorrhage

description: Uncontrolled bleeding during a surgical procedure.


Pleural Effusion, Malignant

description: A collection of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain free-floating malignant cells.


name: simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

description: Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs naturally in macaques infected with srv serotypes, experimentally in monkeys inoculated with srv or mason-pfizer monkey virus; (mpmv), or in monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus.


Fractured vertebra

description: A partial or complete breakage of the vertebra.


oligohydramnios

description: A lower than normal quantity of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac as compared to normal values. Typically associated with an amniotic fluid index (AFI) of less than 5 cm or a single maximum vertical pocket (MVP) of less than 2 cm.


Sjogren-Larsson syndrome

description: A neurocutaneous disorder caused by an inborn error of lipid metabolism and characterized by congenital ichthyosis, intellectual deficit, and spasticity.


recessive X-linked ichthyosis

description: A genodermatosis belonging to the Mendelian Disorders of Cornification (MeDOC) and characterized by generalized hyperkeratosis and scaling of the skin.


spina bifida occulta

description: The mildest form of spina bifida, characterized by any of several neural tube defects which may go undetected until an x-ray is performed. Treatment is symptomatic.


spina bifida cystica

description: A congenital abnormality in which the spinal cord and meninges protrude through a defect in the spinal column. The protrusion is above the skin surface.


Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm

description: An electrocardiographic finding of idioventricular rhythm with a rate greater than 50 beats per minute. (CDISC)


torsades de pointes

description: A malignant form of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that is characterized by heart rate between 200 and 250 beats per minute, and qrs complexes with changing amplitude and twisting of the points. The term also describes the syndrome of tachycardia with prolonged ventricular repolarization, long qt intervals exceeding 500 milliseconds or bradycardia. Torsades de pointes may be self-limited or may progress to ventricular fibrillation.


lentivirus infection

description: Virus diseases caused by the Lentivirus genus. They are multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection.


name: murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

description: Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs in mice infected with mouse leukemia viruses (Mulv). The syndrome shows striking similarities with human aids and is characterized by lymphadenopathy, profound immunosuppression, enhanced susceptibility to opportunistic infections, and B-cell lymphomas.


HIV-associated nephropathy

description: Renal disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. It is characterized by nephrotic syndrome, azotemia, normal to large kidneys on ultrasound images, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis on renal biopsy findings.


B-cell neoplasm

description: A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.


cytosine

An aminopyrimidine that is pyrimidin-2-one having the amino group located at position 4.


T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma

description: A non-Hodgkin lymphoma of T-cell lineage. It includes the T lymphoblastic lymphoma and the mature T- and NK-cell lymphomas. -- 2003


large-cell immunoblastic lymphoma

description: Malignant lymphoma characterized by the presence of immunoblasts with uniformly round-to-oval nuclei, one or more prominent nucleoli, and abundant cytoplasm. This class may be subdivided into plasmacytoid and clear-cell types based on cytoplasmic characteristics. A third category, pleomorphous, may be analogous to some of the peripheral T-cell lymphomas (LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, PERIPHERAL) recorded in both the United States and Japan.


name: primary cutaneous T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma

description: A T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma arising from the skin. Representative examples include mycosis fungoides and primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma.


name: mature T-cell and NK-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma

description: This type of lymphoma is not frequently seen in the western hemisphere. Clinically, with the exception of anaplastic large cell lymphoma, mature T- and NK-cell lymphomas are among the most aggressive of all hematopoietic neoplasms. Representative disease entities include mycosis fungoides, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma.


prosthesis-related infectious disease

description: A bacterial infection related to a device used to replace a missing body part. The infection may occur during the operation from direct contamination or post-operatively through hematogenous spread.


granuloma annulare

description: Granuloma annulare is a long-term (chronic) skin disease consisting of a rash with reddish bumps arranged in a circle or ring. The most commonly affected areas are the forearms, hands and feet. The lesions associated with granuloma annulare usually resolve without treatment. Strong steroids (applied as a cream or injection) are sometimes used to clear the rash more quickly. Most symptoms will disappear within 2 years (even without treatment), but recurrence is common. The underlying cause of granuloma annulare is unknown.


sweet syndrome

description: Sweet's syndrome (the eponym for acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis) is characterized by a constellation of clinical symptoms, physical features, and pathologic findings which include fever, neutrophilia, tender erythematous skin lesions (papules, nodules, and plaques), and a diffuse infiltrate consisting predominantly of mature neutrophils that are typically located in the upper dermis.


lysosomal storage disease

description: A metabolic disorder caused by mutations in proteins critical for lysosomal function, including lysosomal enzymes, lysosomal integral membrane proteins, and proteins involved in the post-translational modification and trafficking of lysosomal proteins.


Fungemia

description: A laboratory test result indicating the presence of fungi or yeasts in the blood.


name: bacterial infectious disease with sepsis

description: An infectious disease caused by bacteria causing sepsis.


ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

description: A complication of ovulation induction in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include ovary enlargement, multiple ovarian follicles; ovarian cysts; ascites; and generalized edema. The full-blown syndrome may lead to renal failure, respiratory distress, and even death. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as vascular endothelial growth factors, secreted by the overly-stimulated ovaries.


Helicobacter pylori infectious disease

description: Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.


lymecycline

A tetracycline-based broad-spectrum antibiotic. It is approximately 5000 times more soluble than tetracycline base and is unique amongst tetracyclines in that it is absorbed by the "active transport" process across the intestinal wall.


Lymphoma, AIDS-Related

description: An aggressive lymphoma that develops in HIV-positive patients.  There is a significant increase in the incidence of lymphomas associated with the AIDS epidemic.  These lymphomas are usually extranodal, most often express a B-cell phenotype and morphologically are classified as Burkitt, diffuse large B-cell, and Hodgkin lymphomas.  The prognosis is closely related to the severity of immunodeficiency.


Hailey-Hailey disease

description: Benign chronic familial pemphigus of Hailey-Hailey is characterized by rhagades mostly located in the armpits, inguinal and perineal folds (scrotum, vulva).


corneal neovascularization

description: New blood vessels originating from the corneal veins and extending from the limbus into the adjacent corneal stroma. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as trachoma, viral interstitial keratitis, microbial keratoconjunctivitis, and the immune response elicited by corneal transplantation.


Increased cardiac output

description: An increased volume of blood pumped by the left and right ventricle, per unit time. Cardiac output (CO) is the product of the heart rate (HR), i.e. the number of heartbeats per minute (bpm), and the stroke volume (SV), which is the volume of blood pumped from the ventricle per beat.


name: 1-Hydroxy-3-(3-hydroxy-7-phenyl-1-hepten-1-yl)-1-cyclohexane acetate sodium salt


autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura

description: An autoimmune disorder in which the number of circulating platelets is reduced due to their antibody-mediated destruction. ITP is a diagnosis of exclusion and is heterogeneous in origin.


blepharophimosis

description: The abnormal narrowness of the palpebral fissure in the horizontal direction caused by the lateral displacement of the medial canthi of the eyelids. (Dorland, 27th ed)


seasonal affective disorder

description: A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. sad (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (phototherapy), during the season of recurrence.


sodium lactate

An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.


bacterial vaginosis

description: Infection caused by bacterial overgrowth in the vagina. Most affected women are asymptomatic. When symptoms occur, they include foul-smelling vaginal discharge, vaginal itching, and burning. Risk factors include sexual activity with multiple partners and the use of vaginal douches and intrauterine devices. Up to a third of cases resolve without treatment. Antibiotic treatment is recommended when symptoms are present and for women that are pregnant at the time of infection.


eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome

description: A complex systemic syndrome with inflammatory and autoimmune components that affect the skin, fascia, muscle, nerve, blood vessels, lung, and heart. Diagnostic features generally include eosinophilia, myalgia severe enough to limit usual activities of daily living, and the absence of coexisting infectious, autoimmune or other conditions that may induce eosinophilia. Biopsy of affected tissue reveals a microangiopathy associated with diffuse inflammation involving connective tissue. (From Spitzer et al., J Rheumatol Suppl 1996 Oct;46:73-9; Blackburn wd, Semin Arthritis Rheum 1997 Jun;26(6):788-93)


encephalopathy, bovine spongiform

description: A transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cattle associated with abnormal prion proteins in the brain. Affected animals develop excitability and salivation followed by ataxia. This disorder has been associated with consumption of scrapie infected ruminant derived protein. This condition may be transmitted to humans, where it is referred to as variant or new variant creutzfeldt-jakob syndrome. (Vet Rec 1998 Jul 25;143(41):101-5)


primary ovarian failure

description: Absent or premature cessation of ovarian function due to a pathologic process originating within the ovaries.


geniculate herpes zoster

description: A viral ear infection caused by the spread of varicella-zoster virus to the facial nerves. It is characterized by intense otalgia and a cutaneous vesicular eruption.


adult-onset Still disease

description: A rare inflammatory multisystem disorder characterized clinically by fever of unknown origin, arthralgia or arthritis, hyperleucocytosis, and typical skin rash.


Pneumocystis infectious disease

description: Infections with species in the genus pneumocystis, a fungus causing interstitial plasma cell pneumonia (pneumonia, pneumocystis) and other infections in humans and other mammals. Immunocompromised patients, especially those with aids, are particularly susceptible to these infections. Extrapulmonary sites are rare but seen occasionally.


orbital pseudotumor

description: A nonspecific tumor-like inflammatory lesion in the orbit of the eye. It is usually composed of mature lymphocytes; plasma cells; macrophages; leukocytes with varying degrees of fibrosis. Orbital pseudotumors are often associated with inflammation of the extraocular muscles (orbital myositis) or inflammation of the lacrimal glands (dacryoadenitis).


antiphospholipid syndrome

description: A disorder caused by the presence of autoantibodies directed against phospholipids, causing a hypercoaguable state, which may result in blood clots, stroke, heart attack, and in women, significant pregnancy-related complications, including miscarriage and still birth. The syndrome is often associated with other autoimmune disorders, most commonly lupus erythematosus, and infections, including syphilis and Lyme disease.


stiff-person syndrome

description: Stiff-man syndrome (SMS) is a rare neurological disorder comprising fluctuating trunk and limb stiffness, painful muscle spasms, task-specific phobia, an exaggerated startle response, and ankylosing deformities such as fixed lumbar hyperlordosis.


cardiac conduction defect

description: The heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating resulting in death within a short time period (generally within 1 h of symptom onset).


feline infectious peritonitis

description: Common coronavirus infection of cats caused by the feline infectious peritonitis virus (coronavirus, feline). The disease is characterized by a long incubation period, fever, depression, loss of appetite, wasting, and progressive abdominal enlargement. Infection of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage appears to be essential in FIP pathogenesis.


melagatran

A member of the class of azetidines that is (2S)-azetidine 2-carboxylic acid in which the carboxylic acid has been converted to the amide corresponding to formal condensation with 4-(aminomethyl)benzenecarboximidamide and in which the hydrogen attached to the azetidine nitrogen is replaced by a (2R)-2-cyclohexyl-2-[(carboxymethyl)amino]acetyl group.


Ciliophora infectious disease

description: Infections with protozoa of the phylum ciliophora.


cutaneous leishmaniasis

description: Leishmaniasis affecting the skin. It is the most common form of leishmaniasis. It presents with erythematous macules and papules, and nodules which may eventually ulcerate. The lesions appear in the bite site in the exposed skin areas.


Plasmodium falciparum malaria

description: Malaria resulting from infection by Plasmodium falciparum.


cerebral malaria

description: A sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum in the brain, which can cause coma and/or seizures.


Plasmodium vivax malaria

description: Malaria resulting from infection by Plasmodium vivax.


cerebral toxoplasmosis

description: Infections of the brain caused by the protozoan toxoplasma gondii that primarily arise in individuals with immunologic deficiency syndromes (see also aids-related opportunistic infections). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include seizures, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and intracranial hypertension. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)


herpes simplex virus keratitis

description: A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (keratitis, dendritic). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)


Hypocapnia

description: Abnormally reduced blood carbon dioxide (CO2) level.


central nervous system tuberculosis

description: A well-circumscribed mass composed of tuberculous granulation tissue that may occur in the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brain stem, or perimeningeal spaces. Multiple lesions are quite common. Management of intracranial manifestations vary with lesion site. Intracranial tuberculomas may be associated with seizures, focal neurologic deficits, and intracranial hypertension. Spinal cord tuberculomas may be associated with localized or radicular pain, weakness, sensory loss, and incontinence. Tuberculomas may arise as opportunistic infections, but also occur in immunocompetent individuals.


Bacillaceae infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the family bacillaceae.


Ureaplasma urethritis

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus ureaplasma.


POEMS syndrome

description: POEMS syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by polyradiculoneuropathy (P), organomegaly (O), endocrinopathy (E), clonal plasma cell disorder (M), and skin changes (S). Other features include papilledema, extravascular volume overload, sclerotic bone lesions, thrombocytosis/erythrocytosis, and elevated VEGF levels.


diabetic ketoacidosis

description: The metabolic condition resulted from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, in which the shift of acid-base status of the body toward the acid side because of loss of base or retention of acids other than carbonic acid is accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies in body tissues and fluids.


endometrium neoplasm

description: A neoplasm (disease) that involves the endometrium.


name: autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

description: Autosomal dominant form of polycystic kidney disease.


gram-negative bacterial infections

description: Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.


mecillinam

A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.


gram-positive bacterial infections

description: Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.


dalbavancin

A semisynthetic glycopeptide used for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused or suspected to be caused by susceptible isolates of designated Gram-positive microorganisms including MRSA.


reactive arthritis

description: Reactive arthritis (ReA) is an autoimmune disorder belonging to the group of seronegative spondyloarthropathies and is characterized by the classic triad of arthritis, urethritis and conjunctivitis.


Cryptococcal meningitis

description: Meningeal inflammation produced by cryptococcus neoformans, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature headache; nausea; photophobia; focal neurologic deficits; seizures; cranial neuropathies; and hydrocephalus. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)


bacterial meningitis

description: Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord due to a bacterial infection.


fungal meningitis

description: Meningitis caused by fungal agents which may occur as opportunistic infections or arise in immunocompetent hosts.


complex partial epilepsy

description: A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and automatism may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)


epilepsia partialis continua

description: A variant of epilepsy characterized by continuous focal jerking of a body part over a period of hours, days, or even years without spreading to other body regions. Contractions may be aggravated by movement and are reduced, but not abolished during sleep. electroencephalography demonstrates epileptiform (spike and wave) discharges over the hemisphere opposite to the affected limb in most instances. The repetitive movements may originate from the cerebral cortex or from subcortical structures (e.g., brain stem; basal ganglia). This condition is associated with Russian Spring and Summer encephalitis (see encephalitis, tick borne); Rasmussen syndrome (see encephalitis); multiple sclerosis; diabetes mellitus; brain neoplasms; and cerebrovascular disorders. (From Brain, 1996 April;119(pt2):393-407; Epilepsia 1993;34;Suppl 1:S29-S36; and Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p319)


chalazion

description: An eyelid cyst caused by the blockage of a meibomian gland.


beta thalassemia

description: Beta-thalassemia (BT) is characterized by deficiency (Beta+) or absence (Beta0) of synthesis of the beta globin chains of hemoglobin (Hb).


ischemic colitis

description: Inflammation of the colon due to colonic ischemia resulting from alterations in systemic circulation or local vasculature.


liver failure

description: A liver disease characterized by the liver losing or has lost all of its function.


name: interleukin 6-interleukin 6 receptor fusion protein, recombinant


hepatic porphyria

description: A group of metabolic diseases due to deficiency of one of a number of liver enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of heme. They are characterized by the accumulation and increased excretion of porphyrins or its precursors. Clinical features include neurological symptoms (porphyria, acute intermittent), cutaneous lesions due to photosensitivity (porphyria cutanea tarda), or both (hereditary coproporphyria). Hepatic porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic tissues.


prion disease

description: A transmissible disease that is caused by a protein that is able to induce abnormal folding of normal cellular proteins, leading to characteristic spongiform brain changes, which are associated with neuronal loss without an inflammatory response. Such disorders have typically long incubation periods, but are then generally rapidly progressive and are uniformly fatal.


Congo Red

An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.


selective IgA deficiency disease

description: A dysgammaglobulinemia characterized by low or undetectable serum levels of immunoglobulin class A (IgA). It is the most common primary antibody deficiency. It may be inherited or the reversible sequela of infection or certain drugs. It may be caused by decreased or inefficient class-switching from progenitor B cells without any corresponding decreases in the other isotypes. Though affected persons may be asymptomatic, low levels of IgA will reduce the immune system's ability to combat infection where IgA is normally secreted, at mucosal surfaces. Selective IgA deficiency is seen in greater proportion among patients with autoimmune disorders.


drug-induced akathisia

description: An uncomfortable feeling of inner restlessness and inability to stay still. It can be a side effect of psychotropic medications.


acute liver failure

description: Rapid deterioration of liver function causing encephalopathy and coagulopathy. It results from damage to the liver parenchyma usually secondary to acetaminophen overdose or viral infections.


Low back pain

description: An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the lower back.


acute intermittent porphyria

description: Acute intermittent porphyria is the most frequent and the most severe form of the acute hepatic porphyrias. It is characterized by the occurrence of neuro-visceral attacks without cutaneous manifestations.


porphyria cutanea tarda

description: The most common form of chronic hepatic porphyria. It is characterized by bullous photodermatitis.


ventricular tachycardia

description: A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of three or more consecutive complexes of ventricular origin with a rate greater than a certain threshold (100 or 120 beats per minute are commonly used). The QRS complexes are wide and have an abnormal morphology. (CDISC)


ammonium hydroxide

A solution of ammonia in water.


Ascaridida infectious disease

description: Infections with nematodes of the order ascaridida.


name: skin disease caused by bacterial infection

description: Skin diseases caused by bacteria.


A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is cyclopentadecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7, 10 and 13 have been replaced by oxygen atoms to give a crown ether.


nicotinyl alcohol

A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 3 .


mitochondrial encephalomyopathy

description: A heterogenous group of disorders characterized by alterations of mitochondrial metabolism that result in muscle and nervous system dysfunction. These are often multisystemic and vary considerably in age at onset (usually in the first or second decade of life), distribution of affected muscles, severity, and course. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp984-5)


Coenzyme Q2

Any benzoquinone derived from 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methylbenzoquinone; one of a group of naturally occurring homologues. The redox-active quinoid moiety usually carries a polyprenoid side chain at position 6, the number of isoprenoid units in which is species-specific. Ubiquinones are involved in the control of mitochondrial electron transport, and are also potent anti-oxidants.


inborn mitochondrial myopathy

description: Myopathy caused by mitochondrial abnormalities.


MELAS syndrome

description: MELAS (Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke) syndrome is a rare progressive multisystemic disorder characterized by encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes. Other features include endocrinopathy, heart disease, diabetes, hearing loss, and neurological and psychiatric manifestations.


progressive external ophthalmoplegia

description: A mitochondrial myopathy characterized by slowly progressive paralysis of the levator palpebrae, orbicularis oculi, and extraocular muscles. Ragged-red fibers and atrophy are found on muscle biopsy. Familial and sporadic forms may occur. Disease onset is usually in the first or second decade of life, and the illness slowly progresses until usually all ocular motility is lost. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1422)