acivicin

An L-alpha-amino acid that is L-alanine in which the methyl group is replaced by a (5S)-3-chloro-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-5-yl group. A glutamine analogue antimetabolite, it interferes with glutamate metabolism and  several glutamate-dependent synthetic enzymes. It is obtained as a fermentation product of Streptomyces sviceus bacteria.


almitrine

A triamino-1,3,5-triazine compound having allylamino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and a 4-(bis(p-fluorophenyl)methyl)-1-piperazinyl group at the 6-position.


(1S,2R)-cicloxilic acid

A 2-hydroxy-2-phenylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid that has (1S,2R)-stereoconfiguration.


estriol 16-O-(beta-D-glucuronide)

A steroid glucosiduronic acid that is estriol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a beta-D-glucuronyl residue.


tectorigenin

A methoxyisoflavone that is  isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 4' respectively.


intrahepatic cholestasis

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: A cholestasis characterized by impairment of the bile flow caused by obstruction located in the liver.


kebuzone

A pyrazolidine that is phenylbutazone in which the two methylene hydrogens at postion 3 on the butyl chain are replaced by an oxo group.


chondrocalcinosis

description: An acute episode of pain, swelling, and redness, sometimes associated with fever. It is caused by the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate crystals in the joints.


chondrodysplasia punctata

description: A rare congenital developmental disorder characterized by the presence of stippled foci of calcification in the hyaline cartilage, joint contractions, mental retardation and ichthyosis.


A cholestanoid that is 5alpha-cholestane substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.


chondroma

description: A benign well circumscribed neoplasm of hyaline cartilage arising from bone or soft tissue. It is characterized by the presence of chondrocytes.


chondrosarcoma

description: A malignant cartilaginous matrix-producing mesenchymal neoplasm arising from the bone and soft tissue. It usually affects middle-aged to elderly adults. The pelvic bones, ribs, shoulder girdle, and long bones are the most common sites of involvement. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion.


chordoma

description: Chordomas are rare malignant tumors arising from embryonic remnants of the notochord in axial skeleton.


choreatic disease

description: A neurological condition affecting the involuntary movements. It is characterized by brief, non-repetitive irregular muscle contractions. It is seen in patients with Huntington's disease.


famciclovir

2-Amino-9H-purine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-3-(acetoxymethyl)but-1-yl group. A prodrug of the antiviral penciclovir, it is used for the treatment of acute herpes zoster (shingles), for the treatment or suppression of recurrent genital herpes in immunocompetent patients and for the treatment of recurrent mucocutaneous herpes simplex infections in HIV infected patients.


thiopropazate

A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has a chloro subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-acetoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.


choriocarcinoma

description: An aggressive malignant tumor arising from trophoblastic cells. The vast majority of cases arise in the uterus and represent gestational choriocarcinomas that derive from placental trophoblastic cells. Approximately half of the cases develop from a complete hydatidiform mole. A minority of cases arise in the testis or the ovaries. There is often marked elevation of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the blood. Choriocarcinomas disseminate rapidly through the hematogenous route; the lungs are most frequently affected.


chorioretinitis

description: Inflammation of the distal posterior uveal tract (choroid) and its structural and vascular attachments to the retina. It is usually caused by infection and though rare, it is clinically significant due to its most serious sequela: loss of vision.


Gray matter heterotopia

category: biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: Heterotopia or neuronal heterotopia are macroscopic clusters of misplaced neurons (gray matter), most often situated along the ventricular walls or within the subcortical white matter.


Choroid hemorrhage

description: Hemorrhage from the vessels of the choroid.


chromomycosis

description: Chromomycosis is a chronic cutaneous and subcutaneous fungal infection, found mainly in subtropical and tropical areas (in soil and plant debris and transmitted by traumatic inoculation), and characterized clinically by slow growing, verrucous nodules, squamous plaques, or chronic limited lesions which are most commonly found on the lower limbs and which are characterized histologically by the presence of muriform cells. It is caused by dematiaceous fungi, with the main etiological agents being Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Phialophora verrucosa and Cladophialophora carrionii. Rarely, it can be caused by Rhinocladiella aquaspersa.


natamycin

A macrolide antibiotic that has formula C33H47NO13, produced by several Streptomyces species including Streptomyces natalensis. It exhibits broad spectrum antifungal activity and used in eye drops, and as a food preservative, and also as a postharvest biofungicide for citrus and other fruit crops.


PARACHLOROPHENOL

A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.


diacetone alcohol

A beta-hydroxy ketone formed by hydroxylation of 4-methylpentan-2-one at the 4-position. It has been isolated from Achnatherum robustum.


homogentisic acid

A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents at the 2- and 5-positions.


imiprothrin

Mixture of 20% (1R)-cis- (CHEBI:39372) and 80% (1R)-trans- (CHEBI:39373) isomers.


fentin acetate

An organotin compound that is the O-acetyl derivative of triphenyltin hydroxide. A fungicide used to control blights on potatoes, leaf spot diseases on sugar beet and anthracnose on beans.


name: Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer


chylous ascites

description: Chylous ascites is a rare form of ascites caused by accumulation of lymph in the peritoneal cavity, usually due to intra-abdominal malignancy, liver cirrhosis or abdominal surgery complications, and present with painless but progressive abdominal distension, dyspnea and weight gain.


Chylothorax

description: Accumulation of excessive amounts of lymphatic fluid (chyle) in the pleural cavity.


Scarring

description: A scar refers to a lesion in which wound, burn, or sore has not healed completely and fibrous connective tissue has developed.


beta-aminopropionitrile

An aminopropionitrile carrying an amino group at the beta-position.


teprenone

A terpene ketone in which a (9E,13E)-geranylgernayl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone (it is a mixture of 5E- and 5Z-geoisomers in a 3:2 ratio).


Clostridium infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus clostridium.


teixobactin

A cyclodepsipeptide that is isolated from the previously unculturable bacterial species Eleftheria terrae and is active against gram-positive bacteria.


clubfoot

description: The most common congenital deformation of the foot, occurring in 1 of 1,000 live births. The most common form is talipes equinovarus, where the deformed foot is turned downward and inward sharply.


cluster headache syndrome

description: A headache disorder that is characterized by periodic severe, unilateral orbital, supraorbital, and/or temporal pain, and is associated with ipsilateral cranial autonomic symptoms.


coccidioidomycosis

description: A fungal infection caused by Coccidioides immitis. Affected individuals usually have mild flu-like symptoms. However, pneumonia and systemic involvement with the formation of abscesses may develop as complications of the disease.


coccidiosis

description: A parasitic infection caused by Coccidia. It affects livestock, birds and humans. In humans the parasite infests the intestinal tract and may cause watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, nausea and vomiting.


Cockayne syndrome

description: A multisystem condition characterized by short stature, a characteristic facial appearance, premature aging, photosensitivity, progressive neurological dysfunction, and intellectual deficit.


ASTRAGALIN

A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage.


BARBITURIC ACID

A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups.  Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.


L-BMAA

A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a methylamino group. A non-proteinogenic amino acid produced by cyanobacteria, it is a neurotoxin that has been postulated as a possible cause of neurodegenerative disorders of aging such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC) syndrome of Guam.


gypenoside LXXV

A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta,  12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.


PSILOCYBINE

A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine carrying an additional phosphoryloxy substituent at position 4. The major hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from Psilocybe mushrooms (also known as Teonanacatl or "magic mushrooms").


L-serine

The L-enantiomer of serine.


Abdominal colic

description: A type of abdominal pain that comes and goes in waves, most often starting and ending suddenly and being of severe intensity.


colitis

description: Inflammation of the colon.


13,14-dihydro-15-oxo-prostaglandin E2

The 13,14-dihydro derivative of 15-oxo-prostaglandin E2.


A hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid that consists of 4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid bearing an additional 17-hydroxy substituent.


name: 2-(1'H-indole-3'-carbonyl)thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester


2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid

The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.


ASPERULOSIDE

A iridoid monoterpenoid glycoside isolated from Galium verum.


hapten

Any substance capable of eliciting an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein. Examples include dinitrophenols; oligosaccharides; peptides; and heavy metals.


ISOVITEXIN

A C-glycosyl compound that consists of apigenin substituted by a 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol moiety at position 6.


monotropein

An iridoid monoterpenoid that is 1,4a,7,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at position 1, a carboxylic acid group at position 4, and at position 7 by a hydroxy and hydroxymethyl groups respectively (the 1S,4aS,7R,7aS diastereomer).


name: Morphine sulfate and naltrexone hydrochloride


resolvin D1

A resolvin that is docosa-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 7, 8, and 17 positions (the 7S,8R,17S-stereoisomer).


resolvin D2

A member of the class of resolvins that is (4Z,8E,10Z,12E,14E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 7, 16 and 17 (the 7S,16R,17S-stereoisomer).


mirabegron

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-ylacetic acid with the anilino group of (1R)-2-{[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]amino}-1-phenylethanol. Used for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.


rheumatic disorder

description: Inflammatory and degenerative diseases of connective tissue structures, such as arthritis.


coloboma

description: An abnormality in which a part of a structure in one or both eyes is missing.


colonic disorder

description: Pathological processes in the colon region of the large intestine (intestine, large).


5'-inosine monophosphate

A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having hypoxanthine as the nucleobase.


ALPHA-HEDERIN

A triterpenoid saponin that is hederagenin attached to a 2-O-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the stem bark of Kalopanax pictus.


sodium propionate

An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.


functional colonic disease

description: Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized irritable bowel syndrome falls into this category.


name: 1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-1H-indole-3-acetic acid 3-(nitrooxymethyl)phenyl ester


A nitrosamine that is iminodiacetone that is substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom. It induces pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters (other rodents are not susceptible).


A beta-diketone that is tritriacontane with oxo groups at positions 16 and 18.


Any mixture of complex, colloidal, macromolecular plant galacturonans containing a large proportion of D-galactopyranosyluronic acid residues in alpha-(1->4) linkage, the carboxy groups of which may be esterified to varying degrees by methyl groups or be partially or completely converted into salts. The structure shown is that of the parent polygalacturonan.


polyp of colon

description: A polyp that involves the colon.


colonic pseudo-obstruction

description: Functional obstruction of the colon leading to megacolon in the absence of obvious colonic diseases or mechanical obstruction. When this condition is acquired, acute, and coexisting with another medical condition (trauma, surgery, serious injuries or illness, or medication), it is called Ogilvie's syndrome.


color vision disorder

description: The absence of or defect in the perception of colors.


Lynch syndrome

description: An autosomal dominant hereditary neoplastic syndrome characterized by the development of colorectal carcinoma and a high risk of developing endometrial carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, renal pelvis carcinoma, and small intestinal carcinoma. Patients often develop colorectal carcinomas at an early age (mean, 45 years). In the majority of the cases the lesions arise from the proximal colon. At the molecular level, high-frequency microsatellite instability is present.


Coma

description: The complete absence of wakefulness and consciousness, which is evident through a lack of response to any form of external stimuli.


aprobarbital

A member of the class of  barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a  prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.


eszopiclone

The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.


An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which the hydrogen alpha- to the keto group has been replaced by a methylamino group.


combat disorder

description: Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress.


common bile duct disorder

description: A disease involving the common bile duct.


communication disorder

description: A disorder characterized by an individual's inability to comprehend or share ideas or feelings because of an impairment in language, speech, or hearing.


compartment syndrome

description: Elevated pressure in a confined space enclosed by fascia or eschar, which may lead to vascular compromise and subsequent ischemic injury to the tissue within the space.


name: anogenital human papillomavirus infection

description: A sexually transmitted papillary growth caused by the human papillomavirus. It usually arises in the skin and mucous membranes of the perianal region and external genitalia.


Confusion

description: Lack of clarity and coherence of thought, perception, understanding, or action.


conjunctival disorder

description: Any disorder of the conjunctiva.


atopic conjunctivitis

description: Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.


connective tissue disorder

description: A disease involving the connective tissue.


constipation disorder

description: Irregular and infrequent or difficult evacuation of the bowels.


alosetron

A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.


name: Amlodipine, atorvastatin drug combination


darifenacin

2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a  2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.


eluxadoline

An amino acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-L-phenylalanine with the secondary amino group of 2-methoxy-5-({[(1S)-1-(4-phenylimidazol-2-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid. It has mixed opioid receptor activity and is used for treatment of  irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea.


Sennoside A

A member of the class of sennosides that is rel-(9R,9'R)-9,9',10,10'-tetrahydro-9,9'-bianthracene-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4', by beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy groups at positions 5 and 5', and by oxo groups at positions 10 and 10'. The exact stereochemisty at positions 9 and 9' is not known - it may be R,R (as shown) or S,S.


Stenosis

description: Narrowing or stricture of a vessel, duct or canal.


Flexion contracture

description: A flexion contracture is a bent (flexed) joint that cannot be straightened actively or passively. It is thus a chronic loss of joint motion due to structural changes in muscle, tendons, ligaments, or skin that prevents normal movement of joints.


MYOSMINE

A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine substituted by a 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-5-yl group at position 3. It is an alkaloid found in tobacco plants and exhibits genotoxic effects.


Contusions

description: Injury of the soft tissues or bone without breaking the skin that is characterized by blood leakage into the surrounding area.


conversion disorder

description: Conversion disorder is a disorder in which a person experiences blindness, paralysis, or other symptoms affecting the nervous system that cannot be explained solely by a physical illness or injury. Symptoms usually begin suddenly after a period of emotional or physical distress or psychological conflict. Conversion disorder is thought to be caused by the bodys reaction to a stressful physical or emotional event. Some research has identified potential neurological changes that may be related to symptoms of the disorder. Diagnosis of conversion disorder is based on identifying particular signs that are common among people with the disorder, as well as performing tests to rule out other causes of the symptoms. Treatment may include psychotherapy, hypnosis, and stress management training to help reduce symptoms. Treatment of any underlying psychological disorder is also recommended. The affected body part may require physical or occupational therapy until symptoms resolve.


name: Febrile seizure (within the age range of 3 months to 6 years)

description: A febrile seizure is any type of seizure (most often a generalized tonic-clonic seizure) occurring with fever (at least 38 degrees Celsius) but in the absence of central nervous system infection, severe metabolic disturbance or other alternative precipitant in children between the ages of 3 months and 6 years.


corneal disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the cornea. Representative examples include keratitis, bullous keratopathy, and squamous cell carcinoma.


Corneal opacity

description: A reduction of corneal clarity.


corneal ulcer

description: Area of epithelial tissue loss from corneal surface; associated with inflammatory cells in the cornea and anterior chamber.


coronary aneurysm

description: Abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of coronary vessels. Most coronary aneurysms are due to coronary atherosclerosis, and the rest are due to inflammatory diseases, such as kawasaki disease.


anticholesteremic drug

A substance used to lower plasma cholesterol levels.


prednisolone succinate

A hemisuccinate resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group prednisolone with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. It is used to treat mild to moderate non-infectious eye allergies and inflammation, including damage caused by chemical and thermal burns.


name: EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor

description: An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a phosphoric diester hydrolase (EC 3.1.4.*).


coronary thrombosis

description: Coagulation of blood in any of the coronary vessels. The presence of a blood clot (thrombus) often leads to myocardial infarction.


HEXACHLOROETHANE

A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane in which all the hydrogens are replaced by chloro groups.


An alkene that is prop-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 2.


coronary vasospasm

description: Sudden coronary artery smooth muscle contraction leading to lumen constriction and decreased blood flow.


Coronaviridae infectious disease

description: Virus diseases caused by coronaviridae.


remdesivir triphosphate

An organic triphosphate that is GS-441524 in which the 5'-hydroxy group has been replaced by a triphosphate group. It is the active metabolite of remdesivir.


diphtheria

description: A Gram-positive bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It usually involves the oral cavity, pharynx, and nasal cavity. Patients develop pseudomembranes in the affected areas and manifest signs and symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. The diphtheria toxin may cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic effects.


cefpodoxime

A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with methoxymethyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamino substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Given by mouth as its proxetil ester prodrug, it is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.


hydrocodone

A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.


coxsackievirus infectious disease

description: A heterogeneous group of infections produced by coxsackieviruses, including herpangina, aseptic meningitis (meningitis, aseptic), a common-cold-like syndrome, a non-paralytic poliomyelitis-like syndrome, epidemic pleurodynia (pleurodynia, epidemic) and a serious myocarditis.


An organoiodine compound that is acrylic acid in which the vinylic hydrogens at positions 2 and 3 are replaced by mercapto and 4-iodophenyl groups respectively (the Z geoisomer).


cranial nerve neuropathy

description: A neoplastic or non-neoplastic disorder that affects one of the cranial nerves.


BUTANE

A straight chain alkane composed of 4 carbon atoms.


Crouzon syndrome

description: Crouzon disease is characterized by craniosynostosis and facial hypoplasia.


craniosynostosis

description: Craniosynostosis is defined as the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures leading to secondary distortion of skull shape resulting in skull deformities with a variable presentation. Craniosynostosis may occur in an isolated setting or as part of a syndrome.


congenital hypothyroidism

description: A thyroid hormone deficiency present from birth.


thiocyanates

Esters of thiocyanic acid with general formula RSC#N.


Cri-du-chat syndrome

description: Monosomy 5p, also known as Cri du chat syndrome, is a rare autosomal deletion syndrome characterized by a mewing cry (cri du chat) in infancy, multiple congenital anomalies, intellectual disability, microcephaly, and facial dysmorphism.


Crohn disease

description: A gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic inflammation involving all layers of the intestinal wall, noncaseating granulomas affecting the intestinal wall and regional lymph nodes, and transmural fibrosis. Crohn disease most commonly involves the terminal ileum; the colon is the second most common site of involvement.


nosocomial infection

description: An infection acquired in a hospital or other healthcare setting.


fosfomycin

A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.


cryoglobulinemia

description: Cryoglobulinemia is a type of vasculitis that is caused by abnormal proteins (antibodies) in the blood called 'cryoglobulins.' At cold temperatures, these proteins become solid or gel-like, which can block blood vessels and cause a variety of health problems. Many people affected by this condition will not experience any unusual signs or symptoms. When present, symptoms vary but may include breathing problems; fatigue; glomerulonephritis ; joint or muscle pain; purpura ; Raynaud's phenomenon ; skin death; and/or skin ulcers. In some cases, the exact underlying cause is unknown; however, cryoglobulinemia can be associated with a variety of conditions including certain types of infection; chronic inflammatory diseases (such as autoimmune disease); and/or cancers of the blood or immune system. Treatment varies based on the severity of the condition, the symptoms present in each person and the underlying cause.


cryptococcosis

description: An acute or chronic, localized or disseminated infection by Cryptococcus neoformans. Sites of involvement include the lungs, central nervous system and meninges, skin, and visceral organs.--2004


cryptosporidiosis

description: Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe diarrhea.


ORYZALIN

A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by nitro groups and at position 4 by a dipropylamino group.


Cushing syndrome

description: Cushing's syndrome (CS) encompasses a group of hormonal disorders caused by prolonged and high exposure levels to glucocorticoids that can be of either endogenous (adrenal cortex production) or exogenous (iatrogenic) origin.


Cyanosis

description: Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosa due to poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of arterial or capillary blood.


cystadenocarcinoma

description: A malignant cystic epithelial neoplasm arising from the glandular epithelium. The malignant epithelial cells invade the stroma. The cystic spaces contain serous or mucinous fluid. Representative examples include ovarian and pancreatic cystadenocarcinomas.


cystadenoma

description: A benign or borderline cystic epithelial neoplasm arising from the glandular epithelium. The epithelial cells line the cystic spaces which contain serous or mucinous fluid. Representative examples include ovarian and pancreatic cystadenomas.


cystic fibrosis

description: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder characterized by the production of sweat with a high salt content and mucus secretions with an abnormal viscosity.


METHYLSULFANYLMETHANE

A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.


PENTANE

A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.


cysticercosis

description: Cysticercosis is a parasitic infectious disease characterized by cyst formation in the target tissue of Taenia solium (tapeworm) parasite larvae ingested via the feces of a human with a tapeworm (human-to-human fecal-oral transmission) leading to variable clinical manifestations in muscle, the brain, spinal cord, and eyes. Infection of muscle tissue is generally asymptomatic. Cyst development in the brain and spinal cord is known as neurocysticercosis (NCC) and may cause seizures and headache. NCC can follow a serious course and may be life-threatening. Severe cases of cysticercosis are treated with albendazole and anti-inflammatory drugs.


cystinosis

description: Cystinosis is a metabolic disease characterized by an accumulation of cystine inside the lysosomes, causing damage in different organs and tissues, particularly in the kidneys and eyes. Three clinical forms have been described: nephropathic infantile, nephropathic juvenile and ocular.


cystinuria

description: Cystinuria is a renal tubular amino acid transport disorder characterized by recurrent formation of kidneys cystine stones.


cystitis

description: Inflammation of the urinary bladder.


name: 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazoleacetic acid methyl ester


carboprost

Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydrogen at position 15 is substituted by methyl (S configuration). It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.


lomefloxacin

A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.


tiaprofenic acid

An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.


phyllodes tumor

description: A benign, borderline, or malignant fibroepithelial neoplasm arising from the breast and rarely the prostate gland. It may recur following resection. The recurrence rates are higher for borderline and malignant phyllodes tumors. In borderline and malignant phyllodes tumors metastases to distant anatomic sites can occur. The incidence of metastases is higher in malignant phyllodes tumors.


Cyst

description: A sac-like closed membranous structure that may be empty or contain fluid or amorphous material.


cytomegalovirus infection

description: A herpesvirus infection caused by Cytomegalovirus. Healthy individuals generally do not produce symptoms. However, the infection may be life-threatening in affected immunocompromised patients. The virus may cause retinitis, esophagitis, gastritis, and colitis. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies.


Dandy-Walker syndrome

description: Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM) is the association of three signs: hydrocephalus, partial or complete absence of the cerebellar vermis, and posterior fossa cyst contiguous with the fourth ventricle, presenting early in life with hydrocephalus, bulging occiput and posterior fossa signs such as cranial nerve palsies, nystagmus and ataxia.


sudden sensorineural hearing loss

description: Sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days. It varies in severity from mild to total deafness. Sudden deafness can be due to head trauma, vascular diseases, infections, or can appear without obvious cause or warning.


rubitecan

A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.


Sudden death

description: Rapid and unexpected death.


Decorticate rigidity

description: A type of rigidity in which the arms are in flexion and adduction and the legs are extended. This signifies a lesion in the cerebral white matter, internal capsules, or thalamus.


decompression sickness

description: A condition occurring as a result of exposure to a rapid fall in ambient pressure. Gases, nitrogen in particular, come out of solution and form bubbles in body fluid and blood. These gas bubbles accumulate in joint spaces and the peripheral circulation impairing tissue oxygenation causing disorientation, severe pain, and potentially death.


decubitus ulcer

description: Death of tissue due to external pressure.


nutritional deficiency disease

description: A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)


Dysphagia

description: Difficulty in swallowing.


delirium

description: A disorder characterized by confusion; inattentiveness; disorientation; illusions; hallucinations; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)


anileridine

A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of isonipecotic acid in which the hydrogen alpha- to the carboxyl group is substituted by a phenyl group, and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl group.


betahistine

An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.


name: 2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid [(1R,5S)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl] ester


hepatitis D virus infection

description: Inflammation of the liver in humans caused by hepatitis delta virus, a defective RNA virus that can only infect hepatitis B patients. For its viral coating, hepatitis delta virus requires the hepatitis B surface antigens produced by these patients. Hepatitis D can occur either concomitantly with (coinfection) or subsequent to (superinfection) hepatitis B infection. Similar to hepatitis B, it is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.


AMPHOTERICIN B ME ESTER

The methyl ester of amphotericin B.


demyelinating disease

description: A broad group of disorders that affect the myelin sheaths that cover the neurons. Myelin sheathes cover neuronal axons in the central and peripheral nervous system and function to increase traveling impulse speeds. Disruption of this sheath impairs neuronal transmission and can result in disorders such as multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barre syndrome, among others.


dengue disease

description: Dengue fever (DF), caused by dengue virus, is an arboviral disease characterized by an initial non-specific febrile illness that can sometimes progress to more severe forms manifesting capillary leakage and hemorrhage (dengue hemorrhagic fever, or DHF) and shock (dengue shock syndrome, or DSS).


Any isoprostane derived from the non-enzymatic, free radical oxidation of arachidonic acid.


rolitetracycline

A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.


name: cetylpyridinium chloride, zinc acetate drug combination


dental enamel hypoplasia

description: Deficiency in the enamel tissue that results in the formation of grooves, pits, or dents on the surface of the affected teeth.


Dental Plaque

description: A biofilm that contains numerous microorganisms that adheres to the teeth.


dental pulp calcification

description: Pulp calcifications may appear as punctate calcifications, irregular, roughly spherical mineralized masses in any part of the pulp. It may occur isolated or associated to calcifications elsewhere such as the carotid arteries and kidneys. The diagnosis pulp calcifications can be established using radiological studies.


dental pulp necrosis

description: Death of pulp tissue with or without bacterial invasion. When the necrosis is due to ischemia with superimposed bacterial infection, it is referred to as pulp gangrene. When the necrosis is non-bacterial in origin, it is called pulp mummification.


LITHIUM CITRATE

A hydrate that is the tetrahydrate form of lithium citrate. It is used as a source of lithium for the treatment of anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and depression.


peroxides

Compounds of structure ROOR'.


vortioxetine

An N-arylpiperazine in which the aryl group is specified as 2-[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)sulfanyl]phenyl. Used (as its hydrobromide salt) for treatment of major depressive disorder.


myrsinoic acid A

A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a geranyl group at position 3 and a prenyl group at position 5. Isolated from Myrsine seguinii, it exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.


(-)-sulpiride

An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).


myrsinoic acid B

A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran substituted by a carboxy group at position 5, a 1',5'-dimethyl-1'-hydroxy-4'-hexenyl group at position 2 and a prenyl group at position 7. Isolated from Myrsine seguinii, it exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.


toloxatone

A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.


phorbol ester

Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.


exfoliative dermatitis

description: The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)


dermatitis herpetiformis

description: Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is a chronic autoimmune subepidermal bullous disease characterized by grouped pruritic lesions such as papules, urticarial plaques, erythema, and herpetiform vesiculae, with a predominantly symmetrical distribution on extensor surfaces of the elbows (90%), knees (30%), shoulders, buttocks, sacral region, and face of children and adults. Erosions, excoriations and hyperpigmentation usually follow. DH may also appear as a consequence of gluten intolerance.


Drug Eruptions

description: An eruption in the skin due to exposure to a pharmacologic substance.


azlocillin

A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.


betamethasone valerate

A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.


brodimoprim

An aminopyrimidine that is 2,4-diaminopyrimidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a 4-bromo-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl group.


bromhexine

A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).


cefatrizine

A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.


ganglioside

A molecule composed of a glycosphingolipid (ceramide and oligosaccharide) with one or more sialic acids linked on the sugar chain.


hydrocortisone butyrate

Cortisol esterified with butyric acid at the 17-hydroxy group.


A member of the class of pyrazoles that is antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methylamino group. It is a metabolite of aminopyrine and of metamizole.


pipemidic acid

A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.


alclometasone dipropionate

A prednisolone compound having an alpha-chloro substituent at the 7-position, an alpha-methyl substituent at the 16-position and O-propanoyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.


chlorquinaldol

A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by chlorine at positions 5 and 7. An antifungal and antibacterial, it was formerly used for topical treatment of skin conditions and vaginal infections.


MATAIRESINOL

A lignan that is gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).


phenoxyethanol

An aromatic ether that is phenol substituted on oxygen by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.


A quaternary ammonium salt derived from hexamethylenetetramine; used as a preservative in many cosmetics and industrial substances. Also acts as a disinfectant and allergenic agent.


SORBIC ACID

A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.


trolamine

A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.


contact dermatitis

description: An inflammatory skin condition caused by direct contact between the skin and either an irritating substance or an allergen.


An organobromine compound that consists of pentanedinitrile bearing bromo and bromomethyl substituents at position 2.


An alpha-diketone that consists of 1-phenylpropane bearing keto substituents at positions 1 and 2. It is found in coffee.


4-nitrobenzyl bromide

A C-nitro compound that consists of nitrobenzene bearing a bromomethyl substituent at the para-position.


diphenylcyclopropenone

A cyclopropenone compound having phenyl substituents at the 2- and 3-positions.


tixocortol

The pivalate thioester of tixocortol.


tricaprin

A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by capric (decanoic) acid.


tricaproin

A triglyceride obtained by condensation of each of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with hexanoic (caproic) acid.


TRICAPRILIN

A triglyceride obtained by acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by octanoic acid. Used as an alternative energy source to glucose for patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.


trans-urocanic acid

A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.


dermatomycosis

description: Superficial infections of the skin or its appendages by any of various fungi.


dermatomyositis

description: Dermatomyositis (DM) is a type of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy characterized by evocative skin lesions and symmetrical proximal muscle weakness.


dextrocardia

description: A rare congenital abnormality in which the heart is located in the right side of the chest. It is associated with other congenital heart defects.


diabetes insipidus

description: A disorder characterized by excretion of large amounts of urine, accompanied by excessive thirst. Causes include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone or failure of the kidneys to respond to antidiuretic hormone. It may also be drug-related.


chlorothiazide

4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.


A sophoroside that is kaempferol attached to a beta-D-sophorosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.


BELLIDIFOLIN

A member of the xanthone family that is bellidin substituted with a methyl group at O-3.  A natural product found  particularly in Swertia chirata and Gentianella campestris.


A member of the class of  xanthones that is  swertianin in which the hydroxy group at position 2 has been replaced by a methoxy group.


lipoatrophic diabetes

description: A rare syndrome characterized by almost complete absence of body fat, accentuated muscularity, insulin-resistant diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hepatomegaly, and hypermetabolism.


An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.


A 2-monoglyceride where the acyl group is hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl).


aconitic acid

A tricarboxylic acid that is prop-1-ene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3.


colesevelam

A polyallylamine cross-linked with epichlorohydrin and alkylated with 1-bromodecane and 6-bromohexyltrimethylammonium bromide. It is used as its hydrochloride as an orally administered bile acid sequestrant to reduce the amount of cholesterol and certain fatty substances in the blood.


CONDURITOL B EPOXIDE

A conduritol epoxide resulting from the formal epoxidation of the double bond of (+)-conduritol B.


HYPOTAURINE

An aminosulfinic acid comprising ethylamine having the sulfo group at the 2-position.


PROCYANIDIN B1

A proanthocyanidin consisting of (-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin units joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' respectively  in a beta-configuration.. Procyanidin B1 can be found in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark or cortex), in Uncaria guianensis (cat's claw, in the root), and in Vitis vinifera (common grape vine, in the leaf) or in peach.


PROCYANIDIN B2

A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (-)-epicatechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' in a beta-configuration. Procyanidin B2 can be found in Cinchona pubescens (Chinchona, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Crataegus monogyna (Common hawthorn, in the flower and blossom), in Uncaria guianensis (Cat's claw, in the root), in Vitis vinifera (Common grape vine, in the leaf), in Litchi chinensis (litchi, in the pericarp), in the apple, in Ecdysanthera utilis and in red wine.


SAXAGLIPTIN

A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of anhydrous saxagliptin. Used for the treatment of Type II diabetes.


uronic acid

A carbohydrate acid formally derived by oxidation to a carboxy group of the terminal -CH2OH group of any aldose or ketose.


diabetic peripheral angiopathy

description: Diabetic angiopathy is a form of angiopathy associated with diabetic complications.


candoxatril

The 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl ester of the active enantiomer of candoxatrilat. Candoxatril is an orally active prodrug of candoxatrilat, a potent neutral endopeptidase (NEP, neprilysin) inhibitor used in the treatment of chronic heart failure.


diabetic kidney disease

description: Progressive kidney disorder caused by vascular damage to the glomerular capillaries, in patients with diabetes mellitus. It is usually manifested with nephritic syndrome and glomerulosclerosis.


ARJUNOLIC ACID

A  pentacyclic triterpenoid that is  olean-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3 and 23 (the 2alpha,3beta stereoisomer). Isolated from Symplocos lancifolia and Juglans sinensis, it exhibits antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.


N-palmitoylethanolamine

An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid.


diabetic neuropathy

description: A chronic, pathological complication associated with diabetes mellitus, where nerve damages are incurred due to diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply these nerves, resulting in peripheral and/or autonomic nerve dysfunction.


A methylcatechol having a single methyl substituent at the 4-position. It has been isolated from Picea abies.


diabetic retinopathy

description: A chronic, pathological complication associated with diabetes mellitus, where retinal damages are incurred due to microaneurysms in the vasculature of the retina, progressively leading to abnormal blood vessel growth, and swelling and leaking of fluid from blood vessels, resulting in vision loss or blindness.


RHAPONTIN

A rhaponticin in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration. It possesses a range of pharmacological activities including antitumour, antiinflammatory, antilipemic and neuroprotective activities.


Diaper Rash

description: An inflammatory skin condition in the diaper area that may be caused by irritation or infection.


dirithromycin

The hemi-aminal resulting from the condensation of the erythromycin derivative (9S)-erythromycyclamine with 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)acetaldehyde. As the oxazine ring containing the hemi-aminal group is unstable under both acidic and alkaline conditions, dirithromycin functions as a more lipid-soluble prodrug for (9S)-erythromycyclamine. Administered as enteric coated tablets to protect it from acid catalysed hydrolysis in the stomach, it is used to treat respiratory tract, skin, and soft tissue infections caused by susceptible organisms.


VIPoma

description: VIPoma is an extremely rare type of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor that secretes vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) leading to the manifestations of watery diarrhea, hypokalemia and achlorhydia or hypochhlorhydia (known as WDHA syndrome).


Digestive system neoplasm

description: A tumor (abnormal growth of tissue) of the digestive system.


diphyllobothriasis

description: Bothriocephalosis is a mammalian cosmopolitan intestinal parasitosis. In addition to non-specific digestive problems (nausea, abdominal pain, lack of appetite), bothriocephalosis provokes an anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency that resembles Biermer anemia (anemia characterized by abnormally large red blood cells).


Diplopia

description: Diplopia is a condition in which a single object is perceived as two images, it is also known as double vision.


dirofilariasis

description: Infection with nematodes of the genus dirofilaria, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in humans.


calcium oxalate

The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).


name: Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (35-55)


tyloxapol

A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.


disease susceptibility

description: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.


Joint dislocation

description: Displacement or malalignment of joints.


disseminated intravascular coagulation

description: A pathological process where the blood starts to coagulate throughout the whole body. This depletes the body of its platelets and coagulation factors, and there is an increased risk of hemorrhage.


dissociative disorder

description: A category of psychiatric disorders which are characterized by a disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, and/or perception of the environment.


diverticulitis

description: An infection that develops in the diverticula of the intestinal tract. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis.


diverticulitis of colon

description: Inflammation of the colonic diverticula, generally with abscess formation and subsequent perforation.


Diverticulum

description: A pouch formed at a weakened area of wall in a hollow organ structure.


iodamide

A benzoic acid compound having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions, an acetamido substituent at the 3-position and an acetamidomethyl substituent at the 5-position.


nefopam

A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The  hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.


oxamniquine

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.


dog disease

description: Diseases of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). This term does not include diseases of wild dogs, wolves; foxes; and other Canidae for which the heading carnivora is used.


antiprotozoal drug

Any antimicrobial drug which is used to treat or prevent protozoal infections.


double outlet right ventricle

description: Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) is a rare cono-truncal anomaly in which both the aorta and pulmonary artery originate, either entirely or predominantly, from the morphologic right ventricle.


Down syndrome

description: Down syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality caused by the presence of a third (partial or total) copy of the chromosome 21 genetic material and that is characterized by variable intellectual disability, muscular hypotonia, and joint laxity, often associated with a characteristic facial dysmorphism and various anomalies such as cardiac, gastrointestinal, or endocrine defects.


N-formimidoyl-L-glutamic acid

The N-formimidoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid


drug allergy

description: Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.


cefprozil

A semisynthetic, second-generation cephalosporin, with prop-1-enyl and (R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used to treat bronchitis as well as ear, skin and other bacterial infections.


cephradine

A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.


flavoxate

A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.


pholcodine

A morphinane alkaloid that is a derivative of morphine with a 2-morpholinoethyl group at the 3-position.


polysorbate 80

A polymer composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan, where the total number of poly(ethylene glycol) units is 20 (w + x + y + z = 20) and a single terminal is capped by an oleoyl group.


prednisolone sodium phosphate

A synthetic glucocorticoid resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group of prednisolone with one of the hydroxy groups of phosphoric acid. It is a prodrug for prednisolone that is activated in vivo by phosphatases.


PYRAZON

A pyridazinone that is pyridazin-3(2H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 5, a chloro group at position 4 and a phenyl group at position 2.


spectinomycin

A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.


Duane retraction syndrome

description: Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) is a congenital form of strabismus characterized by horizontal eye movement limitation, globe retraction and palpebral fissure narrowing in attempted adduction. It is caused by a failure of development of the abducens nerve and can lead to amblyopia.


duodenal disorder

description: Pathological conditions in the duodenum region of the small intestine (intestine, small).


duodenum cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the duodenum. Representative examples include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.


duodenal ulcer

description: An ulcer in the duodenal wall.


anti-ulcer drug

One of various classes of drugs with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate peptic ulcer or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract.


name: mineral acids, trace elements, water, drug combination


duodenitis

description: Acute or chronic inflammation of the duodenum. Causes include bacterial and viral infections and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Symptoms include vomiting and abdominal pain.


palmar fibromatosis

description: A superficial fibromatosis arising from the soft tissue of the palm. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts, and an infiltrative growth pattern. It predominantly affects adult males.


pituitary dwarfism

description: Proportionately decreased bodily growth due to failure of the pituitary gland to produce an adequate supply of growth hormone.


Dysarthria

description: Dysarthric speech is a general description referring to a neurological speech disorder characterized by poor articulation. Depending on the involved neurological structures, dysarthria may be further classified as spastic, flaccid, ataxic, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic, or mixed.


dysentery

description: Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious diarrhea of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing toxins, biological derived from bacteria or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery feces then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with abdominal pain; fever; and dehydration.


amebic dysentery

description: Dysentery caused by intestinal amebic infection, chiefly with entamoeba histolytica. This condition may be associated with amebic infection of the liver and other distant sites.


diiodohydroxyquinoline

A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by iodine.  It is considered the drug of choice for treating asymptomatic or moderate forms of amoebiasis.


shigellosis

description: Shigellosis is a bacterial infection leading to dysentery and is caused by Shigella, which are small, ubiquitous Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the enterobacteria family. There are four species: S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii and S. sonnei, all of which cause bacillary dysentery and are strictly limited to human hosts.


dysgerminoma

description: A malignant germ cell tumor characterized by the presence of a monotonous primitive germ cell population. The neoplastic cells form aggregates and have an abundant pale cytoplasm and uniform nuclei. The aggregates of the germ cells are separated by fibrous septa which contain inflammatory cells, mostly T-lymphocytes. It arises primarily in the ovaries, but can occur both primarily and secondarily at other sites, particularly the central nervous system. It responds to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Its prognosis is related to the tumor stage.


Parageusia

description: A distortion of the sense of taste, often characterized by the sensation of a metallic taste.


drug-induced dyskinesia

description: Abnormal movements, including hyperkinesis; hypokinesia; tremor; and dystonia, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see antipsychotic agents). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)


A hydrochloride salt obtained by mixing equimolar amounts of (1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol with hydrochloric acid. Potent and selective dopamine D1-like receptor agonist (pEC50 values are 8.97 and < 5 for D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Displays anti-Parkinsonian activity following oral administration in vivo.


dopaminergic antagonist

A drug that binds to but does not activate dopamine receptors, thereby blocking the actions of dopamine or exogenous agonists.


NAXAGOLIDE

An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (4aR,10bR)-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-naphtho[1,2-b][1,4]oxazine substituted by propyl and hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 9, respectively. It is a potent dopamine D2-receptor agonist and its hydrochloride salt was under clinical development by Merck & Co as a potential antiparkinsonian agent (now discontinued).


cathine

An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1S,2S-stereoisomer).


Dysmenorrhea

description: Pain during menstruation that interferes with daily activities.


epinastine

A benzazepine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine in which the azepine ring is fused to the e side of 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine.


clonixin lysine salt

An organoammonium salt obtained by combining clonixin with one molar equivalent of L-lysine. Used for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.


dysostosis

description: A group of disorders in which the skeletal involvement is predominantly manifested as abnormalities of individual bones or in a group of bones.


psychologic dyspareunia

description: Painful or difficult coitus.


dyspepsia

description: An uncomfortable, often painful feeling in the stomach, resulting from impaired digestion. Symptoms include burning stomach pain, bloating, heartburn, nausea, and vomiting. Causes include gastritis, gastric ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux disease, pancreatic disease, and gallbladder disease.


bismuth subsalicylate

A bismuth salt of salicylic acid.


mosapride

A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methanamine.


neutrophil actin dysfunction

description: Solitary or multiple, slightly raised, pigmented lesions with irregular borders, usually measuring more than 0.6cm in greatest dimension. Morphologically, there is melanocytic atypia and the differential diagnosis from melanoma may be difficult. Patients are at an increased risk for the development of melanoma.


Paroxysmal dyspnea

description: A sudden attack of dyspnea that occurs while the affected person is at rest.


dystocia

description: Slow or difficult obstetric labor or childbirth.


dystonic disorder

description: A movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions, resulting in abnormal movements and/or postures.


name: Brompheniramine, pseudoephedrine drug combination


generalized dystonia

description: A type of dystonia that affects all or most of the body.


A 13 amino acid oligopeptide which is the ligand for the apelin receptor (also known as the APJ receptor). It exhibits hypotensive and neuroprotective effects, and may be a potential prognostic biomarker for acute ischemic stroke and multiple sclerosis.


disorder of ear

description: A disease that involves the ear.


malignant ear neoplasm

description: A malignant neoplasm that affects the ear. Representative examples include ceruminous adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the external ear and adenocarcinoma of the middle ear.


Ebstein anomaly

description: Ebstein's malformation is a rare congenital cardiac anomaly characterized by rotational displacement of the septal and inferior leaflets of the tricuspid valve such that they are hinged within the right ventricle, rather than as expected at the atrioventricular junction.


Bruising susceptibility

description: An ecchymosis (bruise) refers to the skin discoloration caused by the escape of blood into the tissues from ruptured blood vessels. This term refers to an abnormally increased susceptibility to bruising. The corresponding phenotypic abnormality is generally elicited on medical history as a report of frequent ecchymoses or bruising without adequate trauma.


echinococcosis

description: A parasitic infection caused by tapeworm larvae of Echinococcus. It affects livestock and humans. It is characterized by the formation of hydatid cysts mainly in the liver, lungs, spleen, and kidneys. Rupture of the cysts may lead to shock.


echolalia

description: A symptom of neurologic or psychiatric dysfunction in which the individual involuntarily and meaninglessly repeats a recently heard word, series of words, or a song.


eclampsia

description: A potentially life-threatening pregnancy-related disorder characterized by tonic-clonic seizures in association with hypertension after the twentieth week of gestation and up to six weeks postpartum and in the absence of other potential causes of seizures.


ectodermal dysplasia syndrome

description: The term ''ectodermal dysplasia'' defines a heterogeneous group of heritable disorders of the skin and its appendages characterized by the defective development of two or more ectodermal derivatives, including hair, teeth, nails, sweat glands and their modified structures (i.e. ceruminous, mammary and ciliary glands). The spectrum of clinical manifestations is wide and may include additional manifestations from other ectodermal, mesodermal and endodermal structures.


name: parasitic ectoparasitic infectious disease

description: Infestations by parasites which live on, or burrow into, the surface of their host's epidermis. Most ectoparasites are arthropods.


Ectromelia

description: A congenital defect characterized by the absence or hypoplasia of one or more extremities.


ectropion

description: The turning outward (eversion) of the edge of the eyelid, resulting in the exposure of the palpebral conjunctiva. (Dorland, 27th ed)


betamethasone dipropionate

A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy hydrogens at positions 17 and 21 are replaced by propanoyl groups. It is used in combination with calcipotriene hydrate, a synthetic vitamin D analogue, for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adult patients.


Edema

description: An abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin, or in one or more cavities of the body.


resolvin E1

A resolvin that is (6Z,8E,10E,14Z,16E)-icosa-6,8,10,14,16-pentaenoic acid which is substituted at positions 5, 12 and 18 by hydroxy groups (the 5S,12R,18R stereoisomer).


local anaesthetic

Any member of a group of drugs that reversibly inhibit the propagation of signals along nerves. Wide variations in potency, stability, toxicity, water-solubility and duration of action determine the route used for administration, e.g. topical, intravenous, epidural or spinal block.


astragaloside IV

A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is cycloastragenol having  beta-D-xylopyranosyl and beta-D-glucopyranosyl residues attached at positions O-3 and O-6 respectively. It is isolated from Astragalus membranaceus var mongholicus.


TETRAHYDROBERBERINE

A berberine alkaloid that is 5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquino[3,2-a]isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10.


(-)-cubebin

A lignan that consists of tetrahydrofuran-2-ol substituted by two 1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively (the 2S,3R,4R stereoisomer). It is isolated from the leaves of Piper nigrum and exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and trypanocidal activities.


DEHYDROCOSTUSLACTONE

An organic heterotricyclic compound and guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone that is acrylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4-hydroxy-3,8-bis(methylene)decahydoazulen-5-yl group and in which the hydroxy group and the carboxy group have undergone formal condensation to afford the corresponding gamma-lactone.


TRIFOLIN

A beta-D-galactoside compound with a 4',5,7-trihydroxychromen-3-yl group at the anomeric position.


piclidenoson

A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.


phosphoramidon

A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.


PROTHIOCONAZOLE

A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prothioconazole. A fungicide for use both as a seed treatment and foliar spray to treat a variety of diseases in cereals.


QUERCETAGETIN

A hexahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 6, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.


QUINAZOLINE

A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.


SCALARADIAL

A scalarane sesterterpenoid with formula C27H40O4. It is a natural product found in the marine sponges Spongia officinalis and Cacospongia mollior, and exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.


name: vasoactive intestinal peptide, 4-chloro-Phe(6)-Leu(17)-


vatalanib

A member of the class of phthalazines that is phthalazine in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 4have been replaced by a p-chlorophenylamino group and a pyridin-4-ylmethyl group, respectively. It is a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor for all isoforms of VEGFR, PDGFR and c-Kit.


name: St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution


filarial elephantiasis

description: Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by wuchereria bancrofti or brugia malayi. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.


Emaciation

description: An extreme loss of muscle and subcutaneous fat that is caused by malnutrition, and which results in a severely thin (emaciated) appearance.


MONOFLUOROACETAMIDE

Acetamide substituted at C-2 by a fluorine atom.


Embolism

description: The blockage of a blood vessel lumen by air or solid material such as blood clot or other tissues (e.g., adipose tissue, cancer cells) that have migrated from another anatomic site.


ximelagatran

A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted into the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted to the corresponding hydroxylamine. Tautomeric with the oxime form of ximelagatran.


Air Embolism

description: The presence of bubbles of air in the vascular system; occurrence is related to the entry of air into the venous circulation following trauma or surgery.


Embolism, Amniotic Fluid

description: Acute hypotension or cardiac arrest, acute hypoxia or coagulopathy in the absence of any other potential explanation related to the presence of amniotic fluid or the fetal debris within the maternal vascular system during the antepartum or intrapartum period.


empty sella syndrome

description: Empty sella syndrome (ESS) is a condition that involves the sella turcica, a bony structure at the base of the brain that protects the pituitary gland. There is a primary and secondary form of the condition. The primary form occurs when a structural defect above the pituitary gland increases pressure in the sella turcica and causes the gland to flatten. The secondary form occurs when the pituitary gland is damaged due to injury, a tumor, surgery or radiation therapy. Some people with ESS have no symptoms. People with secondary ESS may have symptoms of decreased pituitary function such as absence of menstruation, infertility, fatigue, and intolerance to stress and infection. In children, ESS may be associated with early onset of puberty, growth hormone deficiency, pituitary tumors, or pituitary gland dysfunction. Treatment focuses on the symptoms present in each person.


empyema

description: An accumulation of pus in a body cavity, usually the pleural space.


encephalitis

description: An acute inflammatory process affecting the brain parenchyma. Causes include viral infections and less frequently bacterial infections, toxins, and immune-mediated processes.


acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

description: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system.


encephalomalacia

description: Localized atrophy of the brain parenchyma due to aging, hemorrhage, infarct, or inflammation.


encephalomyelitis

description: Inflammation of the brain and the spinal cord.


description: An autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is produced experimentally in animals by the injection of homogenized brain or spinal cord in Freund's adjuvant. Myelin basic protein appears to be the antigen that elicits the hypersensitivity immune response which is characterized by focal areas of lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration into the brain, associated with demyelination and destruction of the blood-brain barrier. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is used as an animal model for demyelinating diseases of the human central nervous system such as multiple sclerosis.


betadex

A cyclodextrin composed of seven alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.


acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis

description: Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis(AHL) is a veryrareform of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis that usuallyresults indeath. It is characterized by a brief but intense attack of inflammation in the brain and spinal cord that damages the myelin -- the protective covering of the nerve fibers. It may also cause bleeding in the brain, leading to damage of the white matter. Symptoms usually come on quickly, beginning with symptoms such as fever, neck stiffness, fatigue, headache, nausea vomiting,seizures, and coma.AHL has a very poor prognosis, with rapid deterioration and death usually occurring within days to one week after onset of symptoms because of severe inflammation in the brain. Although the exact cause is unclear,AHL usually followsaviral infection, or less often, vaccination for measles, mumps, or rubella. Some researchers think that an infection or vaccination can initiate an autoimmune process in the body thus leading to AHL.


Venezuelan equine encephalitis

description: A condition caused by infection by the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, which is characterized by headache, fever, myalgia, nausea, and vomiting.


endarteritis

description: Inflammation of the arterial intima.


endocardial fibroelastosis

description: Endomyocardial fibroelastosis is a cause of unexplained childhood cardiac insufficiency. It results from diffuse thickening of the endocardium leading to dilated myocardiopathy in the majority of cases and restrictive myocardiopathy in rare cases. It may occur as a primary disorder or may be secondary to another cardiac malformation, notably aortic stenosis or atresia.


endocarditis

description: Inflammation of the endocardium.


bacterial endocarditis

description: Endocarditis that is caused by an infection with a bacterial agent.


pheneticillin

A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.


subacute bacterial endocarditis

description: Subacute inflammation of the endocardium. Streptococcus viridans is the usual etiologic agent of subacute bacterial endocarditis. The distinction between "acute" and "subacute" endocarditis has traditionally been made based on the pathogenic organism and clinical presentation.


malignant endocrine neoplasm

description: A malignant neoplasm affecting the endocrine glands. Representative examples include thyroid gland carcinoma, parathyroid gland carcinoma, pituitary gland carcinoma, and adrenal cortex carcinoma.


Hyperplasia of the endometrium

description: A proliferation of the endometrial cells resulting in glandular enlargement and budding. The proliferation may or may not be associated with atypia of the endometrial cells. When the hyperplastic changes are excessive, there is formation of complex epithelial structures (complex endometrial hyperplasia).


endometritis

description: An acute or chronic, usually bacterial infectious process affecting the endometrium. It may extend to the myometrium and parametrial tissues. Symptoms include lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, and vaginal bleeding.


endomyocardial fibrosis

description: A disease characterized by fibrotic thickening of the endocardium, particularly the right and/or left inflow tracts. The disease often involves the atrioventricular valves, leading to valvular regurgitaion. It most commonly occurs in children living within 15 degrees of the equator.


dihydrogen

An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.


enteritis

description: Inflammation of the small intestine.


enterocolitis

description: An inflammatory process affecting the small intestine and colon. Causes include viruses, bacteria, radiation, and antibiotics use.


Clostridium difficile colitis

description: A bacterial infection of the colon secondary to infection with Clostridium difficile bacteria. This infection generally results from the loss of normal gut flora secondary to recent antibiotic use, and manifests as copious watery stools, with associated abdominal pain and myalgia. C. difficile is the most common cause of pseudomembranous colitis, and can progress to toxic megacolon if left untreated.


enterovirus infectious disease

description: An disease caused by infection with Enterovirus.


sialic acid

Any of the N-acylneuraminic acids and their esters and other derivatives of the alcoholic hydroxy groups.


entropion

description: The turning inward (inversion) of the edge of the eyelid, with the tarsal cartilage turned inward toward the eyeball. (Dorland, 27th ed)


enuresis

description: An elimination disorder characterized by urinary incontinence, whether involuntary or intentional, which is not due to a medical condition and which occurs at or beyond an age at which continence is expected (usually 5 years).


hypereosinophilic syndrome

description: Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) constitutes a rare and heterogeneous group of disorders, defined as persistent and marked blood eosinophilia and/or tissue eosinophilia associated with a wide range of clinical manifestations reflecting eosinophil-induced tissue/organ damage.


An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.


eosinophilic granuloma

description: A clinical variant of Langerhans cell histiocytosis characterized by unifocal involvement of a bone (most often), skin, or lung. Patients are usually older children or adults usually presenting with a lytic bone lesion. The etiology is unknown. Morphologically, eosinophilic granuloma is characterized by the presence of Langerhans cells in a characteristic milieu which includes histiocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, and small, mature lymphocytes.


ependymoma

description: A WHO grade II, slow growing tumor of children and young adults, usually located intraventricularly. It is the most common ependymal neoplasm. It often causes clinical symptoms by blocking cerebrospinal fluid pathways. Key histological features include perivascular pseudorosettes and ependymal rosettes. (WHO)


epidermolysis bullosa

description: Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of genetic skin diseases that cause the skin to blister very easily. Blisters form in response to minor injuries or friction, such as rubbing or scratching. There are four main types of epidermolysis bullosa: dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa Epidermolysis bullosa simplex Junctional epidermolysis bullosa Kindler Syndrome Identifying the exact type can be hard because there are many subtypes of EB. Within each type or subtype, a person may be mildly or severely affected. The disease can range from being a minor inconvenience to completely disabling, and fatal in some cases. Most types of EB are inherited. The inheritance pattern may be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. Management involves protecting the skin, reducing friction against the skin, and keeping the skin cool.


epididymitis

description: Inflammation of the epididymis. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen scrotum; pain; pyuria; and fever. It is usually related to infections in the urinary tract, which likely spread to the epididymis through either the vas deferens or the lymphatics of the spermatic cord.


brivaracetam

A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative that is butanamide in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (4R)-2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl. Used for treatment of partial onset seizures related to epilepsy.


name: EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor

description: An EC 4.2.1.* (hydro-lyases) inhibitor that interferes with the action of carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1). Such compounds reduce the secretion of H(+) ions by the proximal kidney tubule.


IODIPAMIDE MEGLUMINE

An organoammonium salt obtained by reaction of adipiodone with two equivalents of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. It is a contrast agent used in diagnostic imaging.


perampanel

A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2,3'-bipyridin-6'-one substituted at positions 1' and 5' by phenyl and 2-cyanophenyl groups respectively. Used as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients with epilepsy.


focal epilepsy

description: A seizure caused by a localized disorder.


potassium bromide

A metal bromide salt with a K(+) counterion.


epilepsy, idiopathic generalized

description: A chronic condition characterized by recurrent generalized seizures.


name: epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures

description: A generalized tonic-clonic seizure.


ertapenem

Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal  and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.


early myoclonic encephalopathy

description: Early myoclonic encephalopathy (EME) is characterized clinically by the onset of fragmentary myoclonus appearing in the first month of life, often associated with erratic focal seizures and a suppression-burst EEG pattern.


sodium channel blocker

An agent that inhibits sodium influx through cell membranes.


absence epilepsy

description: Epilepsy characterized by very brief episodes of sudden cessation of activity, usually associated with eye blinking. There is no loss of the muscle tone.


γ-butyrolactone

A  butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.


temporal lobe epilepsy

description: A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the temporal lobe, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see epilepsy, complex partial) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (i.e., related to an identified disease process or lesion). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321)


post-traumatic epilepsy

description: Recurrent seizures causally related to CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Seizure onset may be immediate but is typically delayed for several days after the injury and may not occur for up to two years. The majority of seizures have a focal onset that correlates clinically with the site of brain injury. Cerebral cortex injuries caused by a penetrating foreign object (CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, PENETRATING) are more likely than closed head injuries (HEAD INJURIES, CLOSED) to be associated with epilepsy. Concussive convulsions are nonepileptic phenomena that occur immediately after head injury and are characterized by tonic and clonic movements. (From Rev Neurol 1998 Feb;26(150):256-261; Sports Med 1998 Feb;25(2):131-6)


epispadias

description: Epispadias is a congenital genitourinary malformation belonging to the spectrum of the exstrophy-epispadias complex (EEC) and is characterized in males by an ectopic meatus or a mucosal strip in place of the urethra on the penile dorsum and in females by bifid clitoris and a variable cleft of the urethra.


ergotism

description: Poisoning caused by ingesting ergotized grain or by the misdirected or excessive use of ergot as a medicine.


Eructation

description: To belch, the casting of upwind from the stomach.


climbazole

A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-climbazole. It is a topically applied antifungal agent used to treat human fungal skin infections.


erythema multiforme

description: Erythema multiforme (EM) refers to a group ofhypersensitivity disorders characterized by symmetric red, patchy lesions, primarily on the arms and legs. The cause is unknown, but EM frequently occurs in association with herpes simplex virus, suggesting an immunologic process initiated by the virus. In half of the cases, the triggering agents appear to be medications, including anticonvulsants, sulfonamides, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and other antibiotics. In addition, some cases appear to be associated with infectious organisms such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and many viral agents. Erythema multiforme is the mildest of three skin disorders that are often discussed in relation to each other. It is generally the mildest of the three. More severe is Stevens-Johnson syndrome. The most severe of the three is toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN).


erythema nodosum

description: A panniculitis that is characterized by sudden onset of painful, erythematous, subcutaneous nodules mainly localized to the pretibial areas. Lesions are usually bilateral and symmetrical, ranging from 1 to 5 cm in diameter.


acute erythroid leukemia

description: An acute myeloid leukemia characterized by a predominant immature erythroid population. There are two subtypes recognized: erythroleukemia and pure erythroid leukemia. (WHO, 2001)


erythromelalgia

description: A rare neurovascular peripheral pain disorder due to the intermittent blockage of the blood vessels, usually in the lower extremities or hands. This causes hyperemia and inflammation at the origin of burning pain and skin redness. The attacks are periodic and are commonly triggered by heat, pressure, mild activity, exertion, insomnia or stress. Erythromelalgia may occur either as a primary or secondary disorder. Primary erythromelalgia is caused by gene mutations. Secondary erythromelalgia can result from small fiber peripheral neuropathy of any cause, essential thrombocytemia, hypercholesterolemia, mushroom or mercury poisoning, and some autoimmune disorders.


escherichia coli infection

description: Infection with the organism Escherichia Coli.


temocillin

A penicillin compound having a 6alpha-methoxy and 6beta-[2-carboxy(thiophen-3-yl)acetamido side-groups.


tigecycline

Tetracycline in which the hydroxy group at position 5 and the methyl group at position 6 are replaced by hydrogen, and with a dimethylamino substituent and an (N-tert-butylglycyl)amino substituent at positions 7 and 9, respectively. A glycylcycline antibiotic, it has activity against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including tetracycline-resistant organisms. It is used for the intravenous treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by susceptible organisms.


tosufloxacin

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tosufloxacin.


achalasia

description: A finding indicating the lack of adequate relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter resulting in difficulty swallowing food.


esophageal varices

description: Abnormally dilated veins of the esophagus.


esophageal atresia

description: A congenital abnormality of the esophagus in which the upper esophagus ends as a blind pouch and does not connect with the lower esophagus; it is often accompanied by a tracheoesophageal fistula. Signs and symptoms in a newborn with this abnormality include excessive salivation, choking, coughing, and the development of cyanosis and respiratory distress when fed.


esophageal disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the esophagus. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include esophagitis and esophageal ulcer. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include carcinomas, lymphomas, and melanomas.


Esophageal stenosis

description: An abnormal narrowing of the lumen of the esophagus.


esophagitis

description: An acute or chronic inflammatory disease affecting the esophageal wall.


peptic esophagitis

description: Inflammation of the esophagus that is caused by the reflux of gastric juice with contents of the stomach and duodenum.


esotropia

description: A form of strabismus in which one or both eyes are deviated medially.


euthyroid sick syndrome

description: Abnormal thyroid function tests, low triiodothyronine with elevated reverse triiodothyronine, in the setting of non-thyroidal illness.


gemifloxacin

A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.


exophthalmos

description: The anterior displacement of the eye within the orbit, giving a bulging appearance.


exotropia

description: A form of strabismus in which the eyes are deviated laterally.


Premature Cardiac Complex

description: A cardiac beat originating from an abnormal site.


name: Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials


TRIGONELLINE

An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.


CANTHAXANTHIN

A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 4 and 4'.


chloropicrin

A C-nitro compound that is nitromethane in which all three hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. It is a severe irritant, and can cause immediate, severe inflammation of the eyes, nose and throat, and significant injuries to the upper and lower respiratory tract. Formerly stockpiled as a chemical warfare agent, it has been widely used in the US as a soil fumigant, particularly for strawberry crops. It is not approved for use within the European Union.


diquafosol

A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-tetraphosphate compound having 5'-uridinyl residues at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.


Hemorrhage of the eye

description: Bleeding from vessels of the various tissues of the eye.


Eye Injuries

description: Damage to the eye.


A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.


DIETHYLAMINOETHANOL

A member of the class of ethanolamines that is aminoethanol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by ethyl groups.


A primary alcohol that is hexan-1-ol substituted by an ethyl group at position 2.


A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol bearing a phenoxy substituent at C-3. It is a metbaolite of the insecticide permethrin.


cetrimonium

A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.


CYCLOHEXANOL

An alcohol that consists of cyclohexane bearing a single hydroxy substituent. The parent of the class of cyclohexanols.


CYCLOPENTANOL

The simplest member of the class of  cyclopentanols bearing a single hydroxy substituent. The parent of the class of cyclopentanols.


FURFURAL

An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.


glycolic acid

A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.


CETYLPYRIDINIUM BROMIDE

A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and bromide as the anion.


ISOBUTANOL

An alkyl alcohol that is propan-1-ol substituted by a methyl group at position 2.


ISOBUTYRALDEHYDE

A member of the class of propanals that is propanal substituted by a methyl group at position 2.


ACETIC ACID METHYL ESTER

An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of acetic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (57 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it is used as a solvent for many resins and oils.


An 8-carbon primary aliphatic amine.


TETRAHYDROFURAN

A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.


lauryl sulfobetaine

An ammonium betaine in which the ammonium nitrogen is substituted by dodecyl, 3-sulfatopropyl and two methyl groups.


ocular cancer

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the structures of the eye.


eyelid disorder

description: A disease involving the eyelid.


eyelid neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the eyelid. Representative examples include hemangioma, nevus, and carcinoma.


Facial asymmetry

description: An abnormal difference between the left and right sides of the face.


facial dermatosis

description: Facial Dermatosis, also known as facial dermatoses, is related tolipogranulomatosis. An important gene associated with Facial Dermatosis isCCNE1(cyclin E1). The drugsbetamethasoneandbetamethasone acetatehave been mentioned in the context of this disorder.


Facial Injuries

description: Trauma to the face.


facial nerve disorder

description: A disease involving the facial nerve.


facial neuralgia

description: Neuralgic syndromes which feature chronic or recurrent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease. Disorders of the trigeminal and facial nerves are frequently associated with these conditions.


Facial Pain

description: Painful sensation in the face.


alpha-amyrin

A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is ursane which contains a double bond between positions 12 and 13 and in which the hydrogen at the 3beta position is substituted by a hydroxy group.


beta-AMYRIN

A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanane substituted at the 3beta-position by a hydroxy group and containing a double bond between positions 12 and 13. It is one of the most commonly occurring triterpenoids in higher plants.


facial paralysis

description: Severe or complete loss of facial muscle motor function. This condition may result from central or peripheral lesions. Damage to CNS motor pathways from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei in the pons leads to facial weakness that generally spares the forehead muscles. facial nerve diseases generally results in generalized hemifacial weakness. neuromuscular junction diseases and muscular diseases may also cause facial paralysis or paresis.


factitious disorder

description: A category of psychiatric disorders which are characterized by physical or psychological symptoms that are intentionally produced in order to assume the sick role; there is no external incentive for the behavior, such as economic gain or avoiding legal responsibility, and the person is unaware of any self-motivating factors.


Failure to Thrive

description: A clinical finding indicating less than normal growth in an infant or child, or a state of global decline in an adult.


fallopian tube neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the fallopian tube. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include papilloma, adenofibroma, and leiomyoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, and adenosarcoma.


Fanconi renotubular syndrome

description: A genetic or acquired disorder characterized by impairment of the function of the proximal tubules of the kidney. It results in decreased reabsorption of electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients.


HISTIDINOL

An amino alcohol that is propanol substituted by 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2 (the 2S stereoisomer).


Fanconi anemia

description: Fanconi anemia (FA) is a hereditary DNA repair disorder characterized by progressive pancytopenia with bone marrow failure, variable congenital malformations and predisposition to develop hematological or solid tumors.


Fasciculations

description: Fasciculations are observed as small, local, involuntary muscle contractions (twitching) visible under the skin. Fasciculations result from increased irritability of an axon (which in turn is often a manifestation of disease of a motor neuron). This leads to sporadic discharges of all the muscle fibers controlled by the axon in isolation from other motor units.


fasciitis

description: Inflammation process in fascia.


fascioliasis

description: A parasitic infection that is caused by liver flukes, usually Fasciola hepatica, of sheep, goats, and cattle. Humans become infected by eating uncooked, infested aquatic vegetation (classically watercress). adult flukes inhabit the bile ducts, gallbladder, and occasionally ectopic sites. Symptoms arise secondary to inflammatory response or obstruction.


Fat Necrosis

description: Destruction of adipose tissue caused by the activity of lipase on damaged fat cells.


BRYOSTATIN 1

A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.


entecavir

Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.