ophthalmoplegia

description: Weakness or paralysis of at least one of the muscles controlling the movement of the eye. It results from degeneration of the muscles or the neural pathways involved in the eye movement. Representative disorders causing ophthalmoplegia include ocular myopathies and multiple sclerosis.


opisthorchiasis

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: Infection with flukes of the genus Opisthorchis.


Opportunistic infection

category: biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: An infection that is caused by a pathogen that would generally not be able to cause an infection in a host with a normal immune system. Such pathogens take advantage of the opportunity, so to speak, that is provided by a weakened immune system.


optic atrophy

description: A disorder characterized by loss of optic nerve fibers. It may be inherited or acquired. Acquired causes include ischemia, optic nerve neuropathy, glaucoma, trauma, radiation, brain tumors, and multiple sclerosis. It leads to vision disturbances.


optic nerve disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the optic nerve (second cranial nerve).


optic neuritis

description: Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve, the nerve that carries the visual signal from the eye to the brain.The conditionmay cause sudden, reduced vision in the affected eye(s). While the cause of optic neuritis is unknown, it has been associated with autoimmune diseases, infections, multiple sclerosis, drug toxicity and deficiency of vitamin B-12. Vision often returns to normal within 2-3 weeks without treatment. In some cases, corticosteroids are given to speed recovery. If known, the underlying cause should be treated.


oral submucous fibrosis

description: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic, progressive disease that alters the fibroelasticity of the oral submucosa, prevalent in India and Southeast Asia but rare elsewhere, and characterized by burning and pain in the oral cavity, loss of gustatory sensation, the presence of blanched fibrous bands and stiffening of the oral mucosa and oro-pharynx (leading to trismus and a progressive reduction in mouth opening) and an increased risk of developing oral squamous cell cancer (3-19%). It is usually associated with the chewing of the areca nut (an ingredient in betel quid) but the exact etiology is unknown and there is currently no effective treatment.


disease of orbital part of eye adnexa

description: Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.


orchitis

description: Inflammation of one or both testes due to viral or bacterial infections. Signs and symptoms include enlargement or tenderness of the affected testis, inguinal lymphadenopathy, blood in the semen, and pain during urination, intercourse, or ejaculation.


Ectopic ossification

description: Formation of abnormal, extraskeletal bony tissue, i.e., the presence of bone in soft tissue where bone normally does not exist.


calcitonin (salmon)

A 32-membered heterodetic cyclic peptide comprising the sequence Cys-Ser-Asn-Leu-Ser-Thr-Cys-Val-Leu-Gly-Lys-Leu-Ser-Gln-Glu-Leu-His-Lys-Leu-Gln-Thr-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Thr-Asn-Thr-Gly-Ser-Gly-Thr-Pro-NH2 cyclised by a disulfide bridge between the two Cys residues at positions 1 and 7.


bone inflammation disease

description: Inflammation of the bone.


bone Paget disease

description: A disease of bone that initially results in the excessive resorption of bone (by osteoclasts) followed by the replacement of normal bone marrow with vascular and fibrous tissue.


osteoarthritis

description: A noninflammatory degenerative joint disease occurring chiefly in older persons, characterized by degeneration of the articular cartilage, hypertrophy of bone at the margins and changes in the synovial membrane. It is accompanied by pain and stiffness, particularly after prolonged activity.


secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

description: Symmetrical osteitis of the four limbs, chiefly localized to the phalanges and the terminal epiphyses of the long bones of the forearm and leg, sometimes extending to the proximal ends of the limbs and the flat bones, and accompanied by dorsal kyphosis and joint involvement. It is often secondary to chronic conditions of the lungs and heart. (Dorland, 27th ed)


osteochondritis dissecans

description: A rare bone disease characterized by an acquired idiopathic necrotic lesion of subchondral bone with the formation of a sequestrum, which may detach to form loose bodies in joints. OCD mainly affects the knee, ankle and elbow joints and can lead to pain, functional limitations and secondary osteoarthritis.


osteochondrodysplasia

description: A term referring to disorders characterized by abnormalities in the development of bones and cartilage.


lytic metastatic bone lesion

description: Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.


osteomalacia

description: A metabolic bone disease that results from either a deficiency in vitamin D, or an abnormality in the metabolism of vitamin D, or a deficiency of calcium in the diet. The most common symptoms are bone pain and muscle weakness. When it occurs in children it is commonly referred to as rickets. (Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, 3rd ed.) --2003


osteomyelitis

description: An acute or chronic inflammation of the bone and its structures due to infection with pyogenic bacteria.


osteonecrosis

description: A none disease characterized by death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply.


osteopetrosis

description: Osteopetrosis, also known as marble bone disease, is a descriptive term that refers to a group of rare, heritable disorders of the skeleton characterized by increased bone density on radiographs.


3-hydroxyanthranilic acid

An  aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted at C-2 by an amine group and at C-3 by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan.


lasofoxifene

A member of the class of tetralins that is 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 6 are replaced by 4-[2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl and phenyl groups, respectively (the 5R,6S-stereoisomer). It is a selective estrogen receptor modulator indicated for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.


osteosclerosis

description: Abnormally high bone density.


ear infection

description: A viral or bacterial infection that affects the external, middle, or inner ear. It may follow an upper respiratory infection. Signs and symptoms include pain, ear discharge, ear fullness, hearing loss, vertigo, nausea, and vomiting.


otitis externa

description: Inflammation of the anatomical structures of the outer ear and ear canal secondary to an infectious process. Bacterial etiology is most common, but fungal infection is also possible. Symptoms include erythema, edema, and pain.


otitis media with effusion

description: Otitis media associated with accumulation of fluid in the middle ear.


otorhinolaryngologic disease

description: Pathological processes of the ear, the nose, and the throat, also known as the ENT diseases.


ovarian cyst

description: A cyst that arises from the ovary. Representative examples include simple, complex, corpus luteum, and endometrioid cysts. Symptoms include pelvic and abdominal pain and irregular periods.


ovarian disorder

description: A disease involving the ovary.


enterobiasis

description: An infection that is caused by the nematode Enterobius vermicularis; it is characterized predominantly by perianal pruritus.


5-methyl-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid

A memebr of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole with methyl and carboxylic acid group substituents at positions 5 and 3 respectively.


name: DIPHOSPHOMETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID ADENOSYL ESTER


AMASTATIN

A tetrapeptide comprising (2S,3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoyl, L-valyl, L-valyl and L-aspartic acid units joined in sequence


arcaine

A guanidine derivative consisting of butane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 4-positions.


benzonatate

The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.


CITRONELLYL ACETATE

A monoterpenoid that is the acetate ester of citronellol. It has been isolated from Citrus hystrix.


furans

Compounds containing at least one furan ring.


methyl aminolevulinate

The methyl ester of 5-aminolevulinic acid. A prodrug, it is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photosensitizer, and is used in the photodynamic treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer (including basal cell carcinoma). Topical application (often as the hydrochloride salt) results in an accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in the skin lesions to which the cream has been applied. Subsequent illumination with red light results in the generation of toxic singlet oxygen that destroys cell membranes and thereby kills the tumour cells.


NIGAICHIGOSIDE F1

A  triterpenoid saponin that is  19alpha-hydroxyasiatic acid attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 28 via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the leaves of Rosa laevigata.


somatostatin

A fourteen-membered heterodetic cyclic peptide comprising the sequence Ala-Gly-Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys cyclised by a disulfide bridge between the two Cys residues at positions 3 and 14.


tilidine

An amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of cyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylic acid in which the cyclohexane ring is substituted at positions 1 and 2 by phenyl and dimethylamino groups, respectively. It has four possible diastereoisomers; the opioid analgesic drug tilidine is a racemate comprising the two trans diastereoisomers.


Post-Operative Pain

description: A sensation of discomfort secondary to surgery.


palatal neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the hard palate, soft palate, or uvula.


Pallor

description: Abnormally pale skin.


pancreas disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the pancreas. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include pancreatitis and pancreatic insufficiency. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include cystadenomas, carcinomas, lymphomas, and neuroendocrine neoplasms.


Pancreatic pseudocyst

description: Cyst-like space not lined by epithelium and contained within the pancreas. Pancreatic pseudocysts are often associated with pancreatitis.


pancreatitis

description: Inflammation of the pancreas.


coumamycin

A hydroxycoumarin antibiotic that is obtained from Streptomyces rishiriensis and exhibits potent antibacterial and anticancer activity.


pancytopenia

description: A finding of low numbers of red and white blood cells and platelets in the peripheral blood.


panophthalmitis

description: Acute suppurative inflammation of the inner eye with necrosis of the sclera (and sometimes the cornea) and extension of the inflammation into the orbit. Pain may be severe and the globe may rupture. In endophthalmitis the globe does not rupture.


optic papillitis

description: Swelling of the optic disk, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause optic atrophy and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)


papilloma

description: A benign epithelial neoplasm that projects above the surrounding epithelial surface and consists of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma.


phlorizin chalcone

A monosaccharide derivative that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 4' and 6 and a  beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at position 2' respectively.


MASLINIC ACID

A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3 and a carboxy group at position 28 (the 2alpha,3beta stereoisomer). It is isolated from Olea europaea and Salvia canariensis and exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antineoplastic activity.


A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2' ,4, 4', and 6' respectively.


Papillon-Lefevre disease

description: Papillon-Lefevre syndrome (PLS) is a rare ectodermal dysplasia characterized by palmoplantar keratoderma associated with early-onset periodontitis.


phlebotomus fever

description: Influenza-like febrile viral disease caused by several members of the bunyaviridae family and transmitted mostly by the bloodsucking sandfly Phlebotomus papatasii.


paracoccidioidomycosis

description: A systemic fungal infection caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis that is most often seen in immunocompromised patients. It affects the mucous membranes, lymph nodes, lungs and bones.


paraganglioma

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from paraganglia located along the sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves. Infrequently, it may arise outside the usual distribution of the sympathetic and parasympathetic paraganglia. Tumors arising from the adrenal gland medulla are called pheochromocytomas. Morphologically, paragangliomas usually display a nesting (Zellballen) growth pattern. There are no reliable morphologic criteria to distinguish between benign and malignant paragangliomas. The only definitive indicator of malignancy is the presence of regional or distant metastases.


paragangliomas 1

description: Any paraganglioma in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the SDHD gene.


Parakeratosis

description: Abnormal formation of the keratinocytes of the epidermis characterized by persistence of nuclei, incomplete formation of keratin, and moistness and swelling of the keratinocytes.


palsy

description: A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)


BIFENAZATE

A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of 2-(4-methoxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl)hydrazinecarboxylic acid with 2-propanol.


khellin

A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.


sugammadex

An octasaccharide derivative that is gamma-cyclodextrin in which all eight primary hydroxy groups are replaced by 2-(carboxyethyl)sulfanyl groups. Used (as the octasodium salt) for reversal of neuromuscular blockade induced by rocuronium and vecuronium in adults undergoing surgery.


progressive bulbar palsy

description: Progressive bulbar palsy involves the brain stem. The brain stem is the part of the brain needed for swallowing, speaking, chewing, and other functions. Signs and symptoms of progressive bulbar palsy include difficulty swallowing, weak jaw and facial muscles, progressive loss of speech, and weakening of the tongue. Additional symptoms include less prominent weakness in the arms and legs, and outbursts of laughing or crying (called emotional lability). Progressive bulbar palsy is considered a variant form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Many people with progressive bulbar palsy later develop ALS. While there is no cure for progressive bulbar palsy or for ALS, doctors can treat symptoms.


paranasal sinus disorder

description: A disease involving the paranasal sinus.


paranasal sinus neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the paranasal sinuses. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include Schneiderian papilloma and salivary gland-type adenoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma and lymphoma.


paraneoplastic syndrome

description: A classification for rare disorders of diverse organ systems (endocrine, neuromuscular, gastrointestinal, renal, dermatologic, rheumatologic, hematologic) that are affected by substances secreted by a distant neoplasm but not by the action of the neoplasm itself metastasizing to that organ or tissue. Less than 1 % of neoplasms are associated with these syndromes. An immune-mediated response to neoplasm-elaborated proteins may be the cause of these syndromes. Additionally, their manifestation may signal the presence of an occult neoplasm, potentially at an earlier stage of disease thereby leading to a better clinical outcome. Constitutional signs may include fever, night sweats, anorexia and cachexia. Clinical course is usually progressive. Prognosis is variable depending on the effective treatment of the underlying neoplasm.


paraphilic disorder

description: Disorders that include recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors generally involving nonhuman objects, suffering of oneself or partners, or children or other nonconsenting partners. (from DSM-V)


paraplegia

description: Complete paralysis of the lower half of the body including both legs, often caused by damage to the spinal cord.


acromelic acid A

A pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid that is siolated from the poisonous mushroom Clitocybe amoenolens.


monoclonal gammopathy

description: A condition characterized by the abnormal presence of monoclonal immunoglobulins in the blood or urine.


parapsoriasis

description: Parapsoriasis describes a group ofskin diseases that can be characterized by scaly patches or slightly elevated papules and/or plaques (red, scaly patches) that have a resemblance to psoriasis. However, this description includes several inflammatory cutaneous diseases that are unrelated with respect to pathogenesis, histopathology, and response to treatment. Because of the variation in clinical presentation and a lack of a specific diagnostic finding on histopathology, a uniformly accepted definition of parapsoriasis remains lacking. There are 2 general forms: a small plaque type, which is usually benign, and a large plaque type, which is a precursor of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL).Treatment of small plaque parapsoriasis is unnecessary but can include emollients, topical tar preparations or corticosteroids, and/or phototherapy. Treatment of large plaque parapsoriasis is phototherapy or topical corticosteroids.


parasitic infectious disease

description: A successful invasion of a host by an organism that uses the host for food and shelter.


parasitic disease, non-human animal

description: Infections or infestations with parasitic organisms. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.


parathyroid gland disorder

description: A disease involving the parathyroid gland.


tumor of parathyroid gland

description: A neoplasm (disease) that involves the parathyroid gland.


Hemiparesis

description: Loss of strength in the arm, leg, and sometimes face on one side of the body. Hemiplegia refers to a complete loss of strength, whereas hemiparesis refers to an incomplete loss of strength.


Paresthesia

description: Abnormal sensations such as tingling, pricking, or numbness of the skin with no apparent physical cause.


NOOTKATONE

A sesquiterpenoid that is 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4 and 4a, and by an isopropenyl group at position 6 (the 4R,4aS,6R stereoisomer).


paronychia

description: An acute or chronic infection of the soft tissues around the nail. Symptoms include pain, tenderness, erythema, and swelling around the nail. Acute infection results from minor trauma to the fingertip and Staphylococcus aureus is usually the causative agent. Chronic infection is usually caused by Candida albicans.


parotid gland cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the parotid gland. Representative examples include carcinoma, malignant mixed tumor, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.


parotitis

description: Inflammation of the parotid glands.


parovarian cyst

description: A cyst (cysts) near the ovary, derived from anomalies of the fallopian tubes or the broad ligament. The paramesonephric type consists of ciliated cells similar to the oviduct epithelium. The mesonephric type consisted of an epithelium with minimally surface structures. They can be found on the thin oviduct (paratubal cysts) or near its fimbriated end (hydatid of Morgagni).


parturient paresis

description: A disease of pregnant and lactating cows and ewes leading to generalized paresis and death. The disease, which is characterized by hypocalcemia, occurs at or shortly after parturition in cows and within weeks before or after parturition in ewes.


pasteurellosis

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus pasteurella.


lice infestation

description: A contagious infestation of parasitic insects found on the head (Pediculus humanus capitis), body (Pediculus humanus corporis), or pubic area (Pthirus pubis) that typically cause itching and rash.


pedophilia

description: A disorder characterized by recurrent sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children.


Pelger-Huet anomaly

description: An autosomal dominant inherited condition caused by mutations in the lamin B receptor gene. It is characterized by defects in the neutrophil lobulation, resulting in the presence of dumbbell-shaped neutrophils with bilobed nuclei in the peripheral blood smear.


peliosis hepatis

description: A vascular disease of the liver characterized by the occurrence of multiple blood-filled cysts or cavities. The cysts are lined with endothelial cells; the cavities lined with hepatic parenchymal cells (hepatocytes). Peliosis hepatis has been associated with use of anabolic steroids (anabolic agents) and certain drugs.


pellagra

description: Pellagra is a nutritional disorder caused by a deficiency in niacin (vitamin B3) or its precursor (tryptophan) that is mainly observed in Asia and Africa where it is generally due to poor nutrition. It is characterized by dermatitis (symmetrical photodistributed erythema that may be accompanied by vesicles and bullae, and that develops into hyperkeratotic and hyperpigmented skin), gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea), and neuropsychiatric disorders (dementia). It can be life-threatening without a correct management.


mucous membrane pemphigoid

description: Mucous membrane pemphigoid is a bullous dermatosis characterized clinically by blistering of the mucous membranes followed by scarring, and immunologically by IgG, IgA and/or C3 deposits on the epidermal basement membrane.


bullous pemphigoid

description: Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common form of autoimmune bullous dermatosis.


pemphigus

description: Pemphigus is a group of rare autoimmune diseases that cause blistering of the skin and mucous membranes (mouth, nose, throat, eyes, and genitals).This conditioncan occur at any age, but often strikes people in middle or older age. Studies have shown that some populations may be at greater risk for certain types of pemphigus. For instance, people of Jewish descent and those from India, Southeast Europe, and the Middle East are at greater risk for pemphigus vulargis, while pemphigus foliaceus is more common in North America, Turkey, and South America. Pemphigus is a chronic disease which is best controlled by early diagnosis and treatment.Treatment includes steroids to reduce inflammation,drugs that suppress the immune system responseand antibiotics to treat associated infections. There are four main types of pemphigus: Pemphigus vulgaris Pemphigus foliaceus IgA pemphigus Paraneoplastic pemphigus


penile disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the penis. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include phimosis, balanitis, and hypospadias. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include hemangioma, penile intraepithelial neoplasia, and penile carcinoma.


Peyronie disease

description: A condition characterized by hardening of the penis due to the formation of fibrous plaques on the dorsolateral aspect of the penis, usually involving the membrane (tunica albuginea) surrounding the erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum penis). This may eventually cause a painful deformity of the shaft or constriction of the urethra, or both.


penile neoplasm

description: A benign, borderline, or malignant neoplasm that affects the penis. Representative examples include penile hemangioma, penile intraepithelial neoplasia, and penile carcinoma.


peptic ulcer disease

description: A digestive system disease characterized by discontinuation in the inner lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract because of gastric acid secretion or pepsin.


thiol

An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.


peptic ulcer perforation

description: Penetration of a peptic ulcer through the wall of duodenum or stomach allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the peritoneal cavity.


polyarteritis nodosa

description: Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a rare, clinically heterogeneous, rheumatologic disease characterized by necrotizing inflammatory lesions affecting small- and medium-sized blood vessels. PAN most commonly affects skin, joints, peripheral nerves, the gut, and the kidney.


periarthritis

description: Inflammation of the tissues around a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)


pericardial effusion

description: Fluid collection within the pericardial sac, usually due to inflammation.


tralopyril

A pyrrole resulting from the N-dealkylation of the ethoxymethyl group of chlorfenapyr. It is the active insecticide of the proinsecticide chlorfenapyr.


pericarditis

description: An inflammatory process affecting the pericardium.


mocetinostat

A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).


constrictive pericarditis

description: A heart disorder in which the pericardial sac becomes thickened and fibrotic, tightening the myocardium and impeding the normal myocardial function.


familial Mediterranean fever

description: Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autoinflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent short episodes of fever and serositis resulting in pain in the abdomen, chest, joints and muscles.


Periodontal Abscess

description: An acute purulent bacterial infection that arises from the tissues that surround and support the teeth.


periodontitis

description: An acute or chronic inflammatory process that affects the tissues that surround and support the teeth.


periodontitis, aggressive 1

description: A localized aggressive periodontitis, formerly called localized juvenile periodontitis. It is a destructive form of periodontitis characterized by ALVEOLAR BONE LOSS of the MOLARS and INCISORS. Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.


name: gp120 protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1


peritoneal neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the peritoneal cavity. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include adenomatoid tumor and disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include primary peritoneal carcinoma, metastatic carcinoma to the peritoneum, and malignant mesothelioma.


peritonitis

description: Inflammation of the peritoneum due to infection by bacteria or fungi. Causes include liver disease, perforation of the gastrointestinal tract or biliary tract, and peritoneal dialysis. Patients usually present with abdominal pain and tenderness, fever, chills, and nausea and vomiting. It is an emergency medical condition that requires prompt medical attention and treatment.


tazobactam

A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.


persistent fetal circulation syndrome

description: A cardiopulmonary disorder characterized by systemic arterial hypoxemia secondary to pulmonary hypertension and extrapulmonary right to left shunting across the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus.


personality disorder

description: A diverse category of psychiatric disorders characterized by behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture; this pattern of deviation is pervasive and inflexible and is stable over time. The behavioral pattern negatively interferes with relationships and work.


carbinoxamine

An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.


gepirone

A member of the class of piperidones that is piperidine-2,6-dione substituted by a 4-[4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl group at position 1 and two methyl groups at position 4.


Sturge-Weber syndrome

description: Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is a rare congenital neurocutaneous disorder characterized by facial capillary malformations and/or cerebral and ocular ipsilateral vascular malformations that result in variable degrees of ocular and neurological anomalies.


Phantom Limb Syndrome

description: Paresthesia or discomfort experienced post-amputation.


disorder of pharynx

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the pharynx. Representative examples include pharyngitis and carcinoma.


pharynx cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the pharynx.


phencyclidine abuse

description: The misuse of phencyclidine with associated psychological symptoms and impairment in social or occupational functioning.


pheochromocytoma

description: Pheochromocytomas (also known as chromaffin tumors) produce, store, and secrete catecholamines. Pheochromocytomas usually originate from the adrenal medulla but may also develop from chromaffin cells in or about sympathetic ganglia. A common symptom of pheochromocytoma is hypertension owing to release of catecholamines.


vanillylmandelic acid

An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.


phlebitis

description: Inflammation of a vein.


phosphorus metabolism disease

description: A metabolic disorder that affects the phosphate homeostasis.


photosensitivity disease

description: Abnormal responses to sunlight or artificial light due to extreme reactivity of light-absorbing molecules in tissues. It refers almost exclusively to skin photosensitivity, including sunburn, reactions due to repeated prolonged exposure in the absence of photosensitizing factors, and reactions requiring photosensitizing factors such as photosensitizing agents and certain diseases. With restricted reference to skin tissue, it does not include photosensitivity of the eye to light, as in photophobia or photosensitive epilepsy.


pica disease

description: An eating disorder characterized by the persistent eating of nonnutritive substances such as clay or soil; this behavior must be inappropriate to the level of the individual's development.


diphenidol

A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.


Picornaviridae infectious disease

description: Virus diseases caused by the picornaviridae.


piedra

description: Either of two diseases resulting from fungal infection of the hair shafts. Black piedra occurs mainly in and on the hairs of the scalp and is caused by Piedraia hortae; white piedra occurs in and on the hairs of the scalp, beard, mustache and genital areas and is caused by Trichosporon species.


skin pigmentation disorder

description: A pigmentation disease that involves the zone of skin.


pilonidal sinus

description: A hair-containing cyst or sinus, occurring chiefly in the coccygeal region.


pituitary apoplexy

description: A rare, potentially life-threatening disorder caused by acute ischemic infarction or hemorrhage in the pituitary gland. It is most often associated with the presence of a pituitary gland adenoma. Signs and symptoms include headache, vomiting, visual disturbances, and endocrine dysfunction.


pituitary gland disorder

description: A disease involving the pituitary gland.


pituitary tumor

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the pituitary gland. The vast majority are adenomas arising from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.


pityriasis rubra pilaris

description: A group of skin conditions that cause constant inflammation and scaling of the skin. People with PRP have reddish, scaly patches that may occur everywhere on the body, or only on certain areas. Some people with PRP also develop thickened skin on the underside of the hands and feet (palmoplantar keratoderma), various nail abnormalities, and/or thinning of the hair. There are several types of PRP classified by age when symptoms begin, body areas involved, and whether other conditions are present. This condition occurs in adults (adult onset PRP) as well as children (juvenile onset PRP).


placenta accreta

description: The clinical condition in which any part of the placenta invades and is inseparable from the uterine wall. (reVITALize)


placental insufficiency

description: Failure of the placenta to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus.


plague

description: Plague is a severe bacterial infection caused by the gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis.


plasmacytoma

description: Plasmacytoma is a localized mass of neoplastic monoclonal plasma cells that represents approximately 5% of all plasma cell neoplasms. There are two separate entities: primary plasmacytoma of the bone and extramedullary plasmacytoma of the soft tissues. Of the extramedullary plasmacytomas, 80% occur in the head and neck, usually in the upper respiratory tract. The median age at diagnosis is 50 years and the male to female ratio is 3:1. Long-term survival is possible following local radiotherapy, particularly for soft tissue presentations.


Pleural effusion

description: The presence of an excessive amount of fluid in the pleural cavity.


pleurisy

description: Inflammation of the pleura. It is usually caused by infections. Chest pain while breathing or coughing is the presenting symptom.


epidemic pleurodynia

description: An acute, febrile, infectious disease generally occurring in epidemics. It is usually caused by coxsackieviruses B and sometimes by coxsackieviruses A; echoviruses; or other enteroviruses.


pleuropneumonia

description: Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is associated with pleurisy, inflammation of the pleura.


Pneumocephalus

description: The presence of air or gas within the cranial cavity.


pneumococcal infection

description: Infections with bacteria of the species streptococcus pneumoniae.


gossypin

A glycosyloxyflavone that is  gossypetin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 8 via a glycosidic linkage.


aspiration pneumonia

description: A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper respiratory tract.


streptococcal pneumonia

description: A febrile disease caused by streptococcus pneumoniae.


Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia

description: Interstitial pneumonia caused by extensive infection of the lungs (lung) and bronchi, particularly the lower lobes of the lungs, by mycoplasma pneumoniae in humans. In sheep, it is caused by mycoplasma ovipneumoniae. In cattle, it may be caused by mycoplasma dispar.


pneumocystosis

description: Human pneumocystosis is caused by an infectious agent, which (after recent nomenclature and taxonomy revisions) is now classed as the fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci. The prevalence is unknown. Pneumocystis jiroveci is an opportunistic infectious agent, developing in immunosuppressed patients. It is an air-borne infection, localized to the lungs. However, extrapulmonary involvement is seen in AIDS patients. The disease manifests progressively with coughing, respiratory problems (dyspnea) and fever, followed by acute respiratory insufficiency and death within a few weeks in untreated cases. The most reliable diagnostic method is bronchoalveolar lavage. The treatment of choice is cotrimoxazole.


staphylococcal pneumonia

description: Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus staphylococcus, usually with staphylococcus aureus.


viral pneumonia

description: Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.


Pneumopericardium

description: The presence of air in the pericardial cavity. Causes include chest injury in adults, and respiratory distress syndrome in infants.


Pneumoperitoneum

description: Free air within the peritoneal cavity.


pneumothorax

description: Abnormal presence of air in the pleural cavity.


sulfanegen

A member of the class of dithianes that is 1,4-dithiane-2,5-dicarboxylic acid in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 have been replaced by hydroxy groups. Sulfanegen is a prodrug for 3-mercaptopyruvic acid and is an experimental antidote for cyanide poisoning.


A member of the class of anthracenes that is anthracene in which both of the hydrogens on the central ring are substituted by phenyl groups.


A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole which is substituted at position 1 by a 5-fluoropentyl group and a position 3 by an o-fluorobenzoyl group. It is a selective agonist for the CB1 cannabinoid receptor; Ki values for the CB1 and CB2 receptors are 0.08 and 1.44 nM, respectively.


cysteic acid

An amino sulfonic acid that is the sulfonic acid analogue of cysteine.


HISPIDIN

Fungal metabolite first found in basidiomycete Inonotus hispidus (formerly Polyporus hispidus).


INDENE

An ortho-fused bicyclic arene comprising of benzene and cyclopentene rings.


nitrophenol

Any member of the class of  phenols or substituted phenols carrying  at least 1 nitro group.


oxime

Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.


BENZENETHIOL

A thiol in which the sulfanyl group is attached to a phenyl group.


A thiouridine in which the oxygen replaced by sulfur is that at C-4.


Poland syndrome

description: Poland syndrome is marked by a unilateral absence or hypoplasia of the pectoralis major muscle (most frequently involving the sternocostal portion), and a variable degree of ipsilateral hand anomalies, including symbrachydactyly.


polycythemia

description: Abnormally high mass or concentration of red blood cells in the blood, either due to an increase in erythropoiesis or a decrease in plasma volume.


acquired polycythemia vera

description: Polycythemia vera (PV) is an acquired myeloproliferative disorder characterized by an elevated absolute red blood cell mass caused by uncontrolled red blood cell production, frequently associated with uncontrolled white blood cell and platelet production.


polymyalgia rheumatica

description: A syndrome characterized by pain, stiffness, and tenderness of the proximal muscle groups including the shoulder, pelvic girdle and the neck. There is no muscle atrophy and muscle biopsies do not reveal pathologic changes. Additional signs and symptoms include low grade fever, fatigue and depression.


polyploidy

description: Chromosomal disorder in which the chromosomal constitution of a cell containing multiples of the normal number of chromosomes; includes triploidy (symbol: 3N), tetraploidy (symbol: 4N), etc.


Adenomatous colonic polyposis

description: Presence of multiple adenomatous polyps in the colon.


polyp

description: A usually exophytic mass attached to the underlying tissue by a broad base or a thin stalk. Polyps can be neoplastic or non-neoplastic. Neoplastic polyps usually represent proliferations of the epithelium, and are commonly seen in the gastrointestinal tract. Polyps of the gastrointestinal tract are often called adenomas, are associated with dysplasia, and may eventually transform into carcinomas. Non-neoplastic polyps may be inflammatory, degenerative, or the result of malformations.


polyradiculopathy

description: A radiculopathy that is present in more than one nerve.


polyradiculoneuropathy

description: Diseases characterized by injury or dysfunction involving multiple peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process may primarily affect myelin or nerve axons. Two of the more common demyelinating forms are acute inflammatory polyradiculopathy (guillain-barre syndrome) and polyradiculoneuropathy, chronic inflammatory demyelinating. Polyradiculoneuritis refers to inflammation of multiple peripheral nerves and spinal nerve roots.


Polyuria

description: An increased rate of urine production.


inherited porphyria

description: Porphyrias constitute a group of eight hereditary metabolic diseases characterized by intermittent neuro-visceral manifestations, cutaneous lesions or by the combination of both.


post-thrombotic syndrome

description: A condition characterized by a chronically swollen limb, often a leg with stasis dermatitis and ulcerations. This syndrome can appear soon after phlebitis or years later. Postphlebitic syndrome is the result of damaged or incompetent venous valves in the limbs. Distended, tortuous varicose veins are usually present. Leg pain may occur after long period of standing.


potassium deficiency

description: A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing polyuria and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary polydipsia. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)


poultry disease

description: Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from bird diseases which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.


Prader-Willi syndrome

description: Prader-Willi syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by hypothalamic-pituitary abnormalities with severe hypotonia during the neonatal period and first two years of life and the onset of hyperphagia with a risk of morbid obesity during infancy and adulthood, learning difficulties and behavioral problems or severe psychiatric problems.


Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

description: A cardiac conduction disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of ventricular pre-excitation, which is a short PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave. Most individuals are asymptomatic; however they can experience periods of palpitations, shortness of breath or syncope during tachycardic episodes.


precancerous condition

description: A pathological process with signs indicating it may become cancerous. Representative examples include leukoplakia, dysplastic nevus, actinic keratosis, xeroderma pigmentosum, and intraepithelial neoplasia.


TRICHLOROETHANE

A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane substituted by chloro groups at positions 1, 1 and 2.


HYDRANGENOL

A member of the class of dihydroisocoumarins that is 3,4-dihydroisocoumarin substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8 and a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from the roots of Scorzonera judaica and exhibits anti-allergic activity.


2,3-dinor-6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha

A prostanoid that is prostaglandin F1alpha lacking two methylenes in the carboxyalkyl chain and bearing an oxo group at the 6-position.


ectopic pregnancy

description: An abnormal pregnancy in which the conception is implanted outside the endometrial cavity.


Pregnancy, Prolonged

description: A gestation that lasts greater than or equal to 42 weeks and 0 days.


premenstrual tension

description: A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of pms are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.


hydrocarbon

A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.


priapism

description: Persistent and usually painful erection that lasts for at least four hours in the absence of physical or psychological stimulation, which can be caused by hematologic disorders, including sickle cell disease and leukemia, spinal cord injuries, and medications.


androgen antagonist

A compound which inhibits or antagonises the biosynthesis or actions of androgens.


proctitis

description: An inflammatory process affecting the anus. It is usually caused by sexually transmitted infectious agents and/or inflammatory bowel disease.


proctocolitis

description: Inflammation of the rectum and colon.


prostate disorder

description: A disease involving the prostate gland.


abiraterone acetate

A sterol ester obtained by formal condensation of the 3-hydroxy group of abiraterone with the carboxy group of acetic acid. A prodrug that is converted in vivo into abiraterone. Used for treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.


cabazitaxel

A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is 10-deacetylbaccatin III having O-methyl groups attached at positions 7 and 10 as well as an O-(2R,3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl group attached at position 13. Acts as a microtubule inhibitor, binds tubulin and promotes microtubule assembly and simultaneously inhibits disassembly.


ORTERONEL

A member of the class of pyrroloimidazoles that is 6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazole substituted by hydroxy and 6-(methylcarbamoyl)naphthalen-2-yl groups at position 7 (the 7S-stereoisomer). It is a non-steroidal 17,20-lyase inhibitor that suppresses androgen synthesis. It was previously in clinical development for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer -- trial now discontinued.


radium Ra 223 dichloride

A radium molecular entity with formula (223)RaCl2. Used as as a radiotherapeutic agent for the treatment of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer, symptomatic bone metastases and no known visceral metastatic disease. An alpha-emitter, radium-223 has a half-life of 11.4 days.


prostatitis

description: An infectious or non-infectious inflammatory process affecting the prostate gland.


Proteus infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus proteus.


protozoa infectious disease

description: An infection that is caused by protozoans.


protozoan infections, animal

description: Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.


prune belly syndrome

description: Prune belly syndrome is a rare congenital disorder, belonging to the group of fetal lower urinary tract obstructions (LUTO), involving variable dilation of the lower urinary tract in association with partial or complete absence of the lateral and inferior abdominal wall musculature and in males bilateral non-palpable undescended testes.


prurigo

description: A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)


name: gelatin, glycerin, zinc oxide drug combination


Pruritus vulvae

description: A sensation of itching in the vulvar region.


pseudohypoaldosteronism

description: An inherited or acquired disorder of electrolyte metabolism, characterized by the inability of the renal tubules to respond to aldosterone. It is manifested by hyperkalemic metabolic acidosis, urinary salt wasting, normal or increased aldosterone secretion and normal glomerular filtration rate.


pseudohypoparathyroidism

description: Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is a heterogeneous group of endocrine disorders characterized by normal renal function and resistance to the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH), manifesting with hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia and elevated PTH levels and that includes the subtypes PHP type 1a (PHP-1a), PHP type 1b (PHP-1b), PHP type 1c (PHP-1c), PHP type 2 (PHP-2) and pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP).


Pseudomonas infection

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus pseudomonas.


A phenazine carrying a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position.


pseudorabies

description: A highly contagious herpesvirus infection affecting the central nervous system of swine, cattle, dogs, cats, rats, and other animals.


pseudotumor cerebri

description: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a neurological disorder characterized by isolated increased intracranial pressure manifesting with recurrent and persistent headaches, nausea, vomiting, progressive and transient obstruction of the visual field, papilledema. Visual loss can be irreversible.


name: autosomal recessive inherited pseudoxanthoma elasticum

description: An autosomal recessive form of PXE.


psoriasis

description: An autoimmune condition characterized by red, well-delineated plaques with silvery scales that are usually on the extensor surfaces and scalp. They can occasionally present with these manifestations: pustules; erythema and scaling in intertriginous areas, and erythroderma, that are often distributed on extensor surfaces and scalp.


dithranol

An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.


desonide

Triamcinolone acetonide with hydrogen instead of the fluorine substituent at position 9. A corticosteroid anti-inflammatory, it is used topically as a cream, ointment or lotion for the treatment of various skin disorders.


A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)


sotrastaurin

A member of the class of maleimides that is maleimide which is substituted at position 3 by an indol-3-yl group and at position 4 by a quinazolin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted at position 2 by a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of protein kinase C and has been investigated as an immunosuppresant in renal transplant patients.


Agitation

description: A state of extreme restlessness and excessive motor activity is associated with mental distress or a feeling of inner tension.


sulfamerazine

A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a methyl substituent at the 4-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.


alcoholic psychosis

description: A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.


drug psychosis

description: Psychotic organic mental disorders resulting from the toxic effect of drugs and chemicals or other harmful substance.


pterygium

description: A wedge-shaped fibrovascular lesion arising from the bulbar conjunctiva and extending to the cornea. It is caused by chronic exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation, heat, and dust. It may cause severe vision loss. Studies have linked pterygium to neoplastic proliferation and suggest that it may be a stem cell disorder.


Delayed puberty

description: Passing the age when puberty normally occurs with no physical or hormonal signs of the onset of puberty.


precocious puberty

description: Unusually early sexual maturity.


puerperal disorder

description: Disorders or diseases associated with puerperium, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after parturition in humans.


puerperal infection

description: An infection occurring in puerperium, the period of 6-8 weeks after giving birth.


pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

description: A rare lung disorder characterized by the filling of the pulmonary alveoli with proteinaceous material which stains positive with periodic acid-Schiff stain. It may be idiopathic or secondary due to hematologic malignancies or the inhalation of mineral dusts. Signs and symptoms include dyspnea, cough and low grade fever.


A 3beta-hydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid in which the stereocentre at position 25 has R-configuration.


pulmonary edema

description: Accumulation of fluid in the lung tissues causing disturbance of the gas exchange that may lead to respiratory failure. It is caused by direct injury to the lung parenchyma or congestive heart failure. The symptoms may appear suddenly or gradually. Suddenly appearing symptoms include difficulty breathing, feeling of suffocation, and coughing associated with frothy sputum. Gradually appearing symptoms include difficulty breathing while lying in bed, shortness of breath during activity, and weight gain (in patients with congestive heart failure).


TOMELUKAST

A member of the class of  acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group, a propyl group at position 3 and a 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group at position 4. A leukotriene antagonist, it exhibits  anti-asthmatic activity.


radical scavenger

A role played by a substance that can react readily with, and thereby eliminate, radicals.


pulmonary eosinophilia

description: A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with eosinophils due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.


Ac-SDKP

A tetrapeptide that is Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro in which the N-terminal amino group carries an acetyl group. It is selective inhibitor of primitive haematopoietic cell proliferation and exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and pro-angiogenic properties.


pulmonary valve insufficiency

description: Dysfunction of the pulmonary valve characterized by incomplete valve closure.


pulmonary venoocclusive disease

description: A disorder characterized by pulmonary venous constriction or occlusion, resulting in pulmonary hypertension.


pulpitis

description: Inflammation of the dental pulp.


abnormal pupillary function

description: A functional abnormality of the pupil.


purpura

description: A small blood vessel hemorrhage into the skin and/or mucous membranes. Newer lesions appear reddish in color. Older lesions are usually a darker purple color and eventually become a brownish-yellow color.


hyperglobulinemic purpura

description: Purplish or brownish red discoloration of the skin associated with increase in circulating polyclonal globulins, usually gamma-globulins. This syndrome often occurs on the legs of women aged 20 to 40 years.


immunoglobulin A vasculitis

description: A systemic IgA vasculitis that affects small vessels. It is characterized by skin purpura, arthritis, and abdominal and/or renal involvement.


thrombocytopenic purpura

description: Purpura associated with a reduction in circulating blood platelets which can result from a variety of factors.


thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

description: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is an aggressive and life-threatening form of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) characterized by profound peripheral thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) and organ failure of variable severity and is comprised of congenital TTP and acquired TTP.


pyelitis

description: Inflammation of the renal pelvis.


pyelonephritis

description: An inflammatory process affecting the kidney. The cause is most often bacterial, but may also be fungal in nature. Signs and symptoms may include fever, chills, flank pain, painful and frequent urination, cloudy or bloody urine, and confusion.


pyuria

description: The presence of excessive white blood cells in the urine as determined by urinalysis.


Q fever

description: A bacterial infection caused by Coxiella burnetii. It is transmitted to humans by the inhalation of infected air particles or contact with fluids and feces of infected animals. Signs and symptoms include the abrupt onset of fever, headache, myalgias, and weakness.


A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. It is a cholesterol synthesis and transport inhibitor.


quadriplegia

description: Paralysis of all four limbs.


rabies

description: Rabies is a viral zoonosis leading to a fatal encephalopathy if not treated.


radiodermatitis

description: A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to biologically effective levels of ionizing radiation.


Raynaud disease

description: An episodic vasoconstriction resulting in discoloration of the skin and pain in the affected areas, often involving fingers or toes. Classically associated with triphasic color changes (white, blue, red) but may be biphasic. Often occurs in response to cold temperatures or emotional stress. May be primary or secondary to an underlying autoimmune disease.


hyperacusis

description: A disorder in which an individual has an abnormally low noise tolerance, and increased sensitivity to sounds.


rectal disorder

description: A disease that involves the rectum.


anal fistula

description: A pathologic tract that connects an opening in the anal canal to the perianal skin. In the vast majority of cases there is a history of perianal abscess.


pure red-cell aplasia

description: A disease characterized by normocytic, normochromic anemia, low hematocrit, reticulocytopenia, and selective erythroid hypoplasia.


complex regional pain syndrome type 1

description: Complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS1) is a form of complex regional pain syndrome in which the pain is disproportionate to any known inciting event and is characterized by continuous pain, allodynia, or hyperalgesia as well as edema, coloration (changes in skin blood flow), or abnormal sudomotor activity in the region of pain. Onset of CRPS1 symptoms may occur within a few days to a month after an injury or trauma to the affected limb.


ethoxzolamide

A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.


adult Refsum disease

description: A very rare, clinically variable, multisystemic metabolic disease, characterized by anosmia, early-onset retinitis pigmentosa and possible neurological manifestations, including neuropathy, and cerebellar ataxia, deafness, ichthyosis, skeletal abnormalities, and cardiac arrhythmia. It is characterized biochemically by accumulation of phytanic acid in plasma and tissues.


renal artery obstruction

description: Narrowing or occlusion of the renal artery or arteries. It is due usually to atherosclerosis; fibromuscular dysplasia; thrombosis; embolism, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (hypertension, renovascular).


renal osteodystrophy

description: Abnormalities of bone mineral metabolism associated with chronic kidney disease.


Reoviridae infectious disease

description: Infections produced by reoviruses, general or unspecified.


FORMIC ACID METHYL ESTER

A formate ester resulting from the formal condensation of formic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (31.5 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it has been used as a fumigant and larvicide for tobacco and food crops.


congenital alveolar dysplasia

description: A congenital alveolar dysplasia characterized anatomically by a defective and hypoplastic development of pulmonary alveoli that is commonly associated with atelectasis and can be responsible for atelectasis.


4-tolyl isocyanate

An isocyanate comprising a benzene core with isocyanato and methyl substituents para to each other.


sodium hexachloroplatinate

An inorganic sodium salt comprising separate sodium cations and octahedral [PtCl6](2-)  anions.


MALEIC ANHYDRIDE

A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.


A diisocyanate consisting of dicyclohexylmethane with two isocyanate groups at the 4- and 4'-positions.


respiratory paralysis

description: Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with motor neuron diseases; peripheral nerve diseases; neuromuscular junction diseases; spinal cord diseases; injury to the phrenic nerve; and other disorders.


restless legs syndrome

description: A condition that occurs while resting or lying in bed; it is characterized by an irresistible urgency to move the legs to obtain relief from a strange and uncomfortable sensation in the legs.


retinal detachment

description: An eye emergency condition which may lead to blindness if left untreated. It is characterized by the separation of the inner retina layers from the underlying pigment epithelium. Causes include trauma, advanced diabetes mellitus, high myopia, and choroid tumors. Symptoms include sudden appearance of floaters, sudden light flushes, and blurred vision.


petunidin chloride

An anthocyanidin chloride that has petunidin as the cationic component.


Retinal hemorrhage

description: Hemorrhage occurring within the retina.


retinal vein occlusion

description: An occlusion of the retinal vein.


retinitis

description: Inflammation of the retina.


retinitis pigmentosa

description: Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited retinal dystrophy leading to progressive loss of the photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium and resulting in blindness usually after several decades.


retinoblastoma

description: A malignant tumor that originates in the nuclear layer of the retina. As the most common primary tumor of the eye in children, retinoblastoma is still relatively uncommon, accounting for only 1% of all malignant tumors in pediatric patients. Approximately 95% of cases are diagnosed before age 5. These tumors may be multifocal, bilateral, congenital, inherited, or acquired. Seventy-five percent of retinoblastomas are unilateral; 60% occur sporadically. A predisposition to retinoblastoma has been associated with 13q14 cytogenetic abnormalities. Patients with the inherited form also appear to be at increased risk for secondary nonocular malignancies such as osteosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and fibrosarcoma.


retinopathy of prematurity

description: A bilateral retinopathy characterized by neovascularization, scarring, retinal detachment, and eventually blindness. It may be mild or severe. It occurs in babies born prematurely. Causes include oxygen toxicity and hypoxia.


IgG4-related retroperitoneal fibrosis

description: Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is characterized by the development of a fibrotic mass surrounding retroperitoneal structures, such as aorta, vena cava, ureters and psoas muscle.


retroperitoneal cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the retroperitoneum. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas, lymphomas, or sarcomas.


uterine carcinosarcoma

description: A usually aggressive malignant neoplasm arising from the uterine corpus and less often the cervix. It is characterized by the presence of two components: a malignant epithelial component and a sarcomatous component. In the uterine corpus the epithelial component is usually glandular whereas in the cervix is usually non-glandular. Carcinosarcoma of the cervix, although it is aggressive, it may have a better prognosis compared to the uterine corpus carcinosarcoma.


Reye syndrome

description: An acute and potentially fatal metabolic disorder characterized by cerebral edema, fatty liver and hypoglycemia. It occurs primarily in children and has been associated with the use of aspirin for the treatment of viral infections. However, it can also occur in the absence of aspirin use.


Rhabdomyolysis

description: Breakdown of muscle fibers that leads to the release of muscle fiber contents (myoglobin) into the bloodstream.


rhabdomyosarcoma

description: A rare aggressive malignant mesenchymal neoplasm arising from skeletal muscle. It usually occurs in children and young adults. Only a small percentage of tumors arise in the skeletal muscle of the extremities. The majority arise in other anatomical sites.


rheumatic fever

description: A post-bacterial multisystem inflammatory disease occurring as a post-infectious, nonsuppurative sequela of untreated streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus [GAS]) pharyngitis, and mainly occurs in individuals aged 5 to 15 years. The most common presenting signs are fever, migratory polyarthritis and carditis.


rheumatic heart disease

description: An autoinflammatory condition following an infection with Group A Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS), in which the heart is attacked by antibodies formed in reaction to a recent GABHS infection. Chief anatomic changes of the valve include leaflet thickening, commissural fusion, and shortening and thickening of the tendinous cords, all of which can result in valvular dysfunction.


SODIUM METABISULFITE

An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.


perennial allergic rhinitis

description: Allergic rhinitis caused by indoor allergens and lasting year round.


atrophic rhinitis

description: A chronic inflammation in which the nasal mucosa gradually changes from a functional to a non-functional lining without mucociliary clearance. It is often accompanied by degradation of the bony turbinates, and the foul-smelling mucus which forms a greenish crust (ozena).


vasomotor rhinitis

description: Inflammation in the nasal cavity mucosa that results from the abnormal regulation of the blood flow in the nose. It may be caused by temperature fluctuations, air pollution, strong odors, and tobacco smoke. It results in chronic nasal congestion, sneezing, and running nose.


rickets

description: Bone softening and weakening usually caused by deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D. Deficiency of calcium, magnesium, or phosphorus may also cause rickets. It predominantly affects children who suffer from severe malnutrition. It manifests with bone pain, fractures, muscle weakness, and skeletal deformities.


Rickettsiosis

description: A group of infectious diseases that is caused by Rickettsia.


Rift valley fever

description: Rift Valley fever (RVF), caused by the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), is an arbovirus characterized by a usually self-limiting febrile illness but that in some cases can also manifest with thrombosis, vision loss, hemorrhages and/or neurological symptoms.


rodent disease

description: Diseases of rodents of the order rodentia. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).


rosacea

description: A chronic erythematous skin disorder that affects the face. It is characterized by the development of redness in the cheeks, nose, and/or forehead and telangiectasia. Sometimes, the erythematous changes may involve the eyelids.


Rotavirus infection

description: Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.


Laceration

description: A cut or tear in any tissue.


salivary gland disorder

description: A disease involving the saliva-secreting gland.


salivary gland cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the major or minor salivary glands. Representative examples include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.


Salmonella gastroenteritis

description: Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of salmonella. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.


salmonellosis

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus salmonella.


salmonella infections, animal

description: Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus salmonella.


salpingitis

description: Acute or chronic inflammation of the fallopian tube. It is most often caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections. The infections usually originate in the vagina and ascend to the fallopian tube. Symptoms include abdominal, pelvic, and lower back pain, pain during ovulation and sexual intercourse, fever, nausea, and vomiting. Complications include infertility and ectopic pregnancy.


sarcoidosis

description: Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic disorder of unknown cause characterized by the formation of immune granulomas in involved organs.


Ewing sarcoma

description: A small round cell tumor that lacks morphologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic evidence of neuroectodermal differentiation. It represents one of the two ends of the spectrum called Ewing sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumor. It affects mostly males under age 20, and it can occur in soft tissue or bone. Pain and the presence of a mass are the most common clinical symptoms.


benznidazole

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.


name: protein-bound polysaccharide K, Basidiomycetes


bone osteosarcoma

description: A usually aggressive malignant bone-forming mesenchymal neoplasm arising from the bone. It may arise de novo or from a pre-existing lesion of the bone. Pain and a palpable mass are the most frequent clinical sign and symptom. It may spread to other anatomic sites, particularly the lungs.


scabies

description: A contagious skin infection that is caused by the burrowing parasitic mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, and is characterized by intense itching and small, raised red spots in the area of the mite burrows.


schistosomiasis

description: An infectious disease caused by parasitic trematodes of the genus Schistosoma that colonize human blood vessels and release eggs that can cause granulomatous reactions leading to acute (swimmer's itch or acute schistosomiasis syndrome) or chronic disease. Depending on where the eggs lodge, manifestations of chronic schistosomiasis can include diarrhea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, anemia (intestines), hepatosplenism, periportal fibrosis with portal hypertension (liver), urogenital inflammation and scarring, hematuria and dysuria (genitourinary system). Other patients may be asymptomatic.


urinary schistosomiasis

description: A bladder infection that occurs as a manifetation of a systemic infection with one or more species of the parasitic worms of the Schistosoma type; this can progress to bladder cancer in time.


name: Schistosoma japonicum infectious disease

description: An infection that is caused by Schistosoma japonicum.


Schistosoma mansoni infectious disease

description: An infection that is caused by Schistosoma mansoni.


schizophrenia 10

description: A schizophrenia that has material basis in an autosomal dominant mutation of SCZD10 on chromosome 15q15.


Schizophrenia, Childhood

description: Schizophrenia occurring in childhood.


Schizophrenia, Disorganized

description: A subtype of schizophrenia characterized by disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and a flat or inappropriate affect; associated features include grimacing, mannerisms, and other oddities of behavior. Criteria for the catatonic type of schizophrenia are not met.


paranoid schizophrenia

description: A subtype of schizophrenia characterized by prominent delusions (typically persecutory or grandiose) or hallucinations in the context of a relative preservation of cognitive functioning and affect.


schizotypal personality disorder

description: A disorder characterized by an enduring pattern of inability to establish close relationships coupled with cognitive or perceptual distortions, odd beliefs and speech, and eccentric behavior and appearance.


sciatica

description: A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of sciatic neuropathy; radiculopathy (involving the spinal nerve roots; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with intervertebral disk displacement); or lesions of the cauda equina.


localized scleroderma

description: Localized scleroderma is the skin localized form of scleroderma characterized by fibrosis of the skin causing cutaneous plaques or strips.


Sclerosis

description: A pathological hardening or thickening of tissue, especially that of the interstitial substance.


scoliosis

description: A congenital or acquired spinal deformity characterized by lateral curvature of the spine.


scotoma

description: A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of eye diseases (e.g., retinal diseases and glaucoma); optic nerve diseases, and other conditions.


scrapie

description: A fatal disease of the nervous system in sheep and goats, characterized by pruritus, debility, and locomotor incoordination. It is caused by proteinaceous infectious particles called prions.


sebaceous gland disorder

description: A disease involving the sebaceous gland.


sebaceous gland neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from the sebaceous glands. Representative examples include sebaceous adenoma and sebaceous carcinoma.


seborrheic dermatitis

description: A chronic, inflammatory skin disorder that affects the scalp, central face and skin folds; it is characterized by scaling and itching.


1,3-dimethyluric acid

An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trionesubstituted by methyl groups at N-1 and N-3.


1-methyluric acid

An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione substituted by a methyl group at N-1. It is one of the metabolites of caffeine found in human urine.


name: heptanoic acid (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl) ester


2,4-diaminobutyric acid

A diamino acid that is butyric acid in which a hydrogen at position 2 and a hydrogen at position 4 are replaced by amino groups.


A pyridine ring substituted with methyl groups at positions 2 and 4, a hydroxyl at position 3, and a hydroxymethyl group at position 5.


Imidazole substituted at position 4 by a methyl group.


name: 9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester


capuride

An N-acylurea in which the acyl substituent is 2-ethyl-3-methylpentanoyl. A monoureide sedative, it has a duration of hypnotic effect similar to that of the short-acting barbiturates.


carumonam

An N-sulfonated monobactam antibiotic.


A pentanone that is pentane carrying an oxo group at position 3. It has been isolated from  Triatoma brasiliensis and Triatoma infestans.


eslicarbazepine acetate

The acetate ester, with S configuration, of licarbazepine. An anticonvulsant, it is approved for use in Europe and the United States as an adjunctive therapy for epilepsy.


Evans blue

An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.


gamma-Glu-Gly

A glutamyl-L-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the gamma-carboxy group of glutamic acid with the amino group of glycine.


A dicarboximide that is piperidine which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6.


glycylglycine

A dipeptide formed from glycine residues.


N-amidino-L-aspartic acid

An aspartic acid derivative comprising L-aspartic acid carrying an N-amidino substituent.


KYOTORPHIN

A dipeptide composed of L-tyrosine and L-arginine joined by a peptide linkage.


methocarbamol

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.


methylguanidine

A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.


monoethylglycinexylidide

Amino acid amide formed from 2,6-dimethylaniline and N-ethylglycine components; an active metabolite of lidocaine, formed by oxidative deethylation. Used as an indicator of hepatic function.


opioid receptor antagonist

An agent that binds to but does not activate an opioid receptor thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous opioid receptor agonists.


nepicastat

A member of the class of 1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazole-2-thione in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a 5,7-difluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl group while the carbon adjacent to it is substituted by an aminomethyl group (the S enantiomer). It is a potent and selective inhibitor of both bovine and human dopamine beta-hydroxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine.


pentamethonium bromide

A quarternary ammonium cation that is cadaverine in which the terminal amino hydrogens are substituted methyl groups. Its bromide and iodide salt exhibits ganglionic blocking activity and used in the treatment of hypertension.


THIOCITRULLINE

An L-arginine derivative in which the guanidino NH2 group of L-arginine is replaced by a methylsufanyl group.


sulfadoxine

A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.


xanthones

Any member of the class of  xanthenes based on a xanthone skeleton.


Self-mutilation

description: Deliberate harm to one's body resulting in tissue damage, without a conscious intent to die.


serositis

description: Inflammation of a serous membrane.


serum sickness

description: Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to foreign proteins derived from an animal serum. It occurs approximately six to twenty one days following the administration of the foreign antigen. Symptoms include fever, arthralgias, myalgias, skin eruptions, lymphadenopathy, chest pain, and dyspnea. Certain drugs (e.g., antibiotics, anticancer agents, and anti-inflammatory medications) and infectious disorders (e.g., hepatitis B) may also cause serum sickness-like reaction.


disorder of sexual differentiation

description: A congenital disorder characterized by abnormalities in the development of the sexual characteristics.


sexually transmitted disease

description: A Disease due to or propagated by sexual contact.


Sezary syndrome

description: Sezary syndrome (SS) is an aggressive form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma characterized by a triad of erythroderma, lymphadenopathy and circulating atypical lymphocytes (Sezary cells).


sheep disease

description: Diseases of domestic and mountain sheep of the genus Ovis.


Shock

description: The state in which profound and widespread reduction of effective tissue perfusion leads first to reversible, and then if prolonged, to irreversible cellular injury.


cardiogenic shock

description: A rare, cardiac condition characterized by severely decreased cardiac output, hypoperfusion and end-organ dysfunction, in the presence of adequate intravascular volume. The clinical presentation is variable and may range from subtle hemodynamic alterations to overt cardiovascular collapse. Commonly reported features include dyspnea, crackles, elevated jugular venous pressure, altered mental state, abnormal pulse pressure, oliguria, cold extremities, and increased serum lactate levels.


Hemorrhagic Shock

description: Hypoperfusion of body tissues due to acute blood loss, resulting in cellular injury and vital organ dysfunction.


toxic shock syndrome

description: A rare acute life-threatening systemic bacterial noncontagious illness caused by exotoxins from bacteria of either the Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus type. It is characterized by high fever, hypotension, rash, multi-organ dysfunction, and cutaneous desquamation during the early convalescent period. The toxins affect the host immune system, causing an exuberant and pathological host inflammatory response. Laboratory findings include leukocytosis, elevated prothrombin time, hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcemia, and pyuria.


BAICALEIN TRIMETHYL ETHER

A trimethoxyflavone that is the 5,6,7-trimethyl ether derivative of baicalein. It has been isolated from the plant Callicarpa japonica and has been shown to exhibit antiviral activity.


capsiate

A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (6E)-8-methylnon-6-enoic acid with the benzylic hydroxy group of vanillyl alcohol. A non-pungent analogue of capsaicin with a similar biological profile.


Shock, Traumatic

description: Any shock produced by trauma.


short bowel syndrome

description: Short bowel syndrome is an intestinal failure due to either a congenital defect, intestinal infarction or extensive surgical resection of the intestinal tract that results in a functional small intestine of less than 200cm in length and is characterized by diarrhea, nutrient malabsoption, bowel dilation and dysmobility.


Shoulder dislocation

description: A displacement or misalignment of the humerus with respect to the other bones of the should joint. Note that a subluxation is a partial dislocation.


Shwartzman phenomenon

description: Hemorrhagic necrosis that was first demonstrated in rabbits with a two-step reaction, an initial local (intradermal) or general (intravenous) injection of a priming endotoxin (endotoxins) followed by a second intravenous endotoxin injection (provoking agent) 24 h later. The acute inflammation damages the small blood vessels. The following intravascular coagulation leads to capillary and venous thrombosis and necrosis. Shwartzman phenomenon can also occur in other species with a single injection of a provoking agent, and during infections or pregnancy. Its susceptibility depends on the status of immune system, coagulation, fibrinolysis, and blood flow.


multiple system atrophy

description: Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by autonomic failure (cardiovascular and/or urinary), parkinsonism, cerebellar impairment and corticospinal signs with a median survival of 6-9 years.


sialadenitis

description: Sialadenitis is an infection of the salivary glands. It is usually caused by a virus or bacteria. The parotid (in front ofthe ear) and submandibular (under the chin) glands are most commonly affected. Sialadenitis may be associated with pain, tenderness, redness, and gradual, localized swelling of the affected area. Sialadenitis most commonly affects the elderly and chronically ill especially those with dry mouth or who are dehydrated, but can also affected people of any age including newborn babies. Diagnosis is usually made by clinical exam but a CT scan, MRI scan or ultrasound may be done if the doctor suspects an abscess or to look for stones. Treatment may include an antibiotic (if bacterial), warm compresses, increasing fluid intake and good oral hygiene. Most salivary gland infections go away on their own or are cured with treatment. Complications are not common.


necrotizing sialometaplasia

description: A benign, inflammatory, variably ulcerated, occasionally bilateral, self-healing lesion of the minor salivary glands that is often confused clinically and histologically with carcinoma.


Drooling

description: Habitual flow of saliva out of the mouth.


sick sinus syndrome

description: A constellation of signs and symptoms which may include syncope, fatigue, dizziness, and alternating periods of bradycardia and atrial tachycardia, which is caused by sinoatrial node dysfunction.


sigmoid neoplasm

description: Tumors or cancer of the sigmoid colon.


sinoatrial block

description: A heart block that is initiated in the sinoatrial node.


intracranial sinus thrombosis

description: Formation or presence of a blood clot (thrombus) in the cranial sinuses, large endothelium-lined venous channels situated within the skull. Intracranial sinuses, also called cranial venous sinuses, include the superior sagittal, cavernous, lateral, petrous sinuses, and many others. Cranial sinus thrombosis can lead to severe headache; seizure; and other neurological defects.


sinusitis

description: An acute or chronic inflammatory process affecting the mucous membranes of any sinus cavity.


situs inversus

description: A congenital condition in which there is complete right-to-left reversal of the position of the major thoracic and abdominal organs (that is, they are arranged in a mirror image of the normal positioning).


Sjogren syndrome

description: An autoimmune disorder in which immune cells attack and destroy the glands that produce tears and saliva. Sjögren syndrome is also associated with rheumatic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus. The hallmark symptoms of Sjögren syndrome are dry mouth and dry eyes. In addition, Sjogren syndrome may cause skin, nose, and vaginal dryness. It also may affect other organs of the body including the kidneys, blood vessels, lungs, liver, pancreas, and brain


monobenzone

The monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone.  It is used as a topical drug for medical depigmentation.


vesiculobullous skin disease

description: Skin diseases characterized by local or general distributions of blisters. They are classified according to the site and mode of blister formation. Lesions can appear spontaneously or be precipitated by infection, trauma, or sunlight. Etiologies include immunologic and genetic factors. (From Scientific American Medicine, 1990)


skin disorder caused by infection

description: Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.


name: boric acid, nitrofurazone, procaine drug combination


BENZOYL CHLORIDE

An acyl chloride consisting of benzene in which a hydrogen is replaced by an acyl chloride group. It is an important chemical intermediate for the manufacture of other chemicals, dyes, perfumes, herbicides and pharmaceuticals.


(CHLOROMETHYL)BENZENE

A member of the class of  benzyl chlorides that is toluene substituted on the alpha-carbon with chlorine.


DIECKOL

A phlorotannin isolated from a brown alga Ecklonia cava which exhibits antioxidant, hepatoprotective and anticoagulant activities.


sleep apnea syndrome

description: A disorder characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep.


Snoring

description: Deep, noisy breathing during sleep, accompanied by hoarse or harsh sounds, is caused by the vibration of respiratory structures, especially the soft palate. This vibration results in sound due to obstructed air movement during breathing while sleeping.


parasomnia, sleepwalking type

description: A disorder in which a series of complex behaviors are initiated during slow-wave (non-REM) sleep and result in walking during sleep. It is a parasomnia, defined as a clinical disorder resulting in undesirable physical phenomena that occur predominantly during sleep. Parasomnias are not abnormalities of the processes responsible for sleep and wake states. Sleepwalking is more common in childhood (up to 26%), and usually resolves in adolescence; however, it can persist into adulthood (3%).


sparganosis

description: A condition resulting from infection with the second stage larvae of the parasite Spirometra.


West syndrome

description: West syndrome (or infantile spasms) is characterized by the association of clusters of axial spasms, psychomotor retardation and an hypsarrhythmic interictal EEG pattern. It is the most frequent type of epileptic encephalopathy. It may occur in otherwise healthy infants and in those with abnormal cognitive development.


speech disorder

description: A term referring to disorders characterized by the disruption of normal speech. It includes stuttering, lisps, dysarthria and voice disorders.


spermatic cord torsion

description: An emergency condition caused by the twisting of the spermatic cord which contains the vessels that provide the blood supply to the testis and surrounding structures. It manifests with acute testicular pain. If immediate medical assistance is not provided, it will lead to necrosis and loss of the testicular tissue.


spermatocele

description: A benign testicular cyst that is located in the epididymis, and which contains serous fluid, lymphocytes, spermatozoa, and debris.


Spinal cord compression

description: External mechanical compression of the spinal cord.


spinal cord disorder

description: A disease involving the spinal cord.


spinal cord injury

description: Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).


spinal cord neoplasm

description: A neoplasm (disease) that involves the spinal cord.


vertebral column disorder

description: A disease involving the vertebral column.


spinal stenosis

description: Narrowing of the spinal canal.


primary cerebellar degeneration

description: A heterogenous group of degenerative syndromes marked by progressive cerebellar dysfunction either in isolation or combined with other neurologic manifestations. Sporadic and inherited subtypes occur. Inheritance patterns include autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked.


splenic disorder

description: A disease involving the spleen.


splenic infarction

description: Insufficiency of arterial or venous blood supply to the spleen due to emboli, thrombi, vascular torsion, or pressure that produces a macroscopic area of necrosis. (From Stedman, 25th ed)


spleen cancer

description: A malignant neoplasm involving the spleen


Splenomegaly

description: Abnormal increased size of the spleen.


spondylitis

description: The inflammation of a vertebra.


ankylosing spondylitis

description: An autoimmune chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by inflammation in the vertebral joints of the spine and sacroiliac joints. It predominantly affects young males. Patients present with stiffness and pain in the spine.


spondylolysis

description: A defect in the pars interarticularis of a vertebral bone.


sporotrichosis

description: The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound.


tropical sprue

description: A rare disorder of the digestive tract characterized by malabsorption and anemia. It is likely caused by infection leading to small intestinal mucosal injury, bacterial overgrowth and inflammatory changes. It is most prevalent in residents and visitors to tropical and subtropical climates. Clinical signs include anorexia, abdominal bloating, diarrhea and weight loss. Clinical course may progress to deficiencies of folate, vitamin B12 and iron. Prognosis is favorable with nutrient replacement and antibiotic therapy, however relapses are common.


staphyloenterotoxemia

description: Food poisoning that is caused by Staphylococcal infection.


staphylococcal infection

description: An infection caused by Staphylococcus.


arbekacin

A kanamycin that is kanamycin B bearing an N-(2S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group on the aminocyclitol ring.


ceftobiprole

A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).


flomoxef

A second-generation oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted at C-3 with a hydroxyethyl-substituted tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries 7alpha-methoxy and 7beta-{2-[(difluoromethyl)thiomethyl]acetamido} substituents.


oritavancin

A semisynthetic glycopeptide used (as its bisphosphate salt) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused or suspected to be caused by susceptible isolates of designated Gram-positive microorganisms including MRSA.


pristinamycin IA

A cyclodepsipeptide that is (together with pristinamycin IIA) a component of pristinamycin, an oral streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. Pristinamycin exhibits bactericidal activity against Gram positive organisms including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.


status asthmaticus

description: An acute exacerbation of asthma, characterized by inadequate response to initial bronchodilators.


status epilepticus

description: A life-threatening situation in which the brain is in a continuous state of seizure.


Stevens-Johnson syndrome

description: Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a limited form of toxic epidermal necrolysis characterized by destruction and detachment of the skin epithelium and mucous membranes involving less than 10% of the body surface area.


cefditoren

A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.


esomeprazole

A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.


ethotoin

An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.


etravirine

An aminopyrimidine that consists of 2,6-diaminopyrimidine bearing a bromo substituent at position 5, a 4-cyano-2,6-dimethylphenoxy substituent at position 4 and having a 4-cyanophenyl substituent attached to the 2-amino group. NNRTI of HIV-1, binds directly to RT and blocks RNA-dependent and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities


sulfacetamide

A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.


ESCULIN

A hydroxycoumarin that is the 6-O-beta-D-glucoside of esculetin.


plaunotol

A diterpenoid that is geranylgeraniol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 18.


LAVOLTIDINE

A triazole that consists of 1,2,4-triazole bearing a methyl substituent at position 1, a hydroxymethyl substituent at position 3 and a {3-[3-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)phenoxy]propyl}amino group at position 5. A highly potent and selective H2-receptor antagonist.


gastric ulcer

description: An ulcerated lesion in the mucosal surface of the stomach. It may progress to involve the deeper layers of the gastric wall.


ISOLARICIRESINOL

A lignan that is  5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol substituted by hydroxymethyl groups at positions 6 and 7, a methoxy group at position 3 and a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl group at position 8. It has been isolated from the roots of Rubia yunnanensis.


LARICIRESINOL

A lignan that is tetrahydrofuran substituted at positions 2, 3 and 4 by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl, hydroxymethyl and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups respectively (the 2S,3R,4R-diastereomer).


A plastoquinone in which the number of isoprene units in the side chain is 9.


QUINIC ACID

The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.


TAXIRESINOL

A lignan that consists of tetrahydrofuran substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at position 2, a hydroxymethyl group at position 3 and a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl group at position 4. It has been isolated from Taxus yunnanensis.


stomatitis

description: Inflammation of the oral mucosa due to local or systemic factors.


canker sore

description: A type of stomatitis that is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval, lasting for 7-14 days and healing without scarring. It is a recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology.


strabismus

description: Strabismus is the intermittent or constant misalignment of an eye so that its line of vision is not pointed at the same object as the other eye. Strabismus is caused by an imbalance in the extraocular muscles which control the positioning of the eyes. Strabismus is normal in newborns but should resolve by the time the baby is 6 months old. In older children with strabismus, the brain may learn to ignore the input from one eye, and this may lead to amblyopia, a potentially permanent decrease in vision in that eye if not corrected.


streptococcal infection

description: Any of the several infectious disorders caused by members of streptococcus, a genus of gram positive bacteria belonging to the family Streptococcaceae. Streptococcal infections are classified into Groups A, B, C, D and G.


garenoxacin

A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a cyclopropyl group at position 1, an oxo group at position 4, a (1R)-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl group at position 7, and a difluoromethoxy group at position 8.