propanoic acid

A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.


A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.


BENZIDINE

A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.


IMIDAZOLE

An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.


A dichlorobiphenyl that is 1,3-dichlorobenzene in which the hydrogen at position 5 has been replaced by a phenyl group.


A dichlorobiphenyl that is p-dichlorobenzene in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group.


A C-nitro compound that is benzaldehyde substituted at the para-position with a nitro group.


nickel sulfate

A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.


A mononitrotoluene that is toluene carrying a nitro substituent at position 2.


ergosine

An  ergot alkaloid isolated from the fungus Epichloe typhina.


name: very low density lipoprotein triglyceride


coumarin

A chromenone having the keto group located at the 2-position.


A glutathione conjugate in which the thiol hydrogen of glutathione has been replaced by a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group.


maleic acid

A butenedioic acid in which the double bond has cis- (Z)-configuration.


MALONIC ACID

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.


malic acid

A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.


PHENYLHYDRAZINE

A phenylhydrazine that is the monophenyl derivative of hydrazine.


lauric acid

A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.


A tetrachlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1, 2, 3 and 5.


andrographolide

A labdane diterpenoid isolated from the leaves and roots of Andrographis paniculata that exhibits anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic properties.


FORMIC ACID

The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.


ceric oxide

A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.


2-PICOLINIC ACID

A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.


gluconic acid

A gluconic acid having D-configuration.


INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.


menatetrenone

A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 4 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.


tryptamine

An aminoalkylindole consisting of indole having a 2-aminoethyl group at the 3-position.


PENDIMETHALIN

A member of the class of substituted anilines that is N-(pentan-3-yl)aniline bearing two additional nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as two methyl substituents at positions 3 and 4. A herbicide used to control most annual grasses and many annual broad-leaved weeds.


tetraphene

An angular ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.


name: insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis


copper(II) oxide

A metal oxide that has the formula CuO. It has an ionic structure.


PYRENE

An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.


PYRIMIDINE

The parent compound of the pyrimidines; a diazine having the two nitrogens at the 1- and 3-positions.


BENZIMIDAZOLE

The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.


A urea that consists of 1-butylurea having a 4-hydroxymethylbenzenesulfonyl group attached at the 3-position.


formamide

The simplest monocarboxylic acid amide, obtained by formal condensation of formic acid with ammonia. The parent of the class of formaldehydes.


SODIUM PERCHLORATE

An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.


AICA ribonucleotide

A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.


GLYOXYLATE

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.


CHRYSENE

An ortho-fused polycyclic arene found commonly in the coal tar.


PHENANTHRENE

A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'


stearic acid

A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and  plastics.


12-hydroxylauric acid

A medium-chain fatty acid that is the 12-hydroxylated derivative of lauric acid.


PYRAZOLE

The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.


M-XYLENE

A xylene carrying methyl groups at positions 1 and 3.


P-XYLENE

A xylene with methyl groups at positions 1 and 4.


CHLOROBENZENE

The simplest member of the class of monochlorobenzenes, that is benzene in which a single hydrogen has been substituted by a chlorine.


tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate

A trialkyl phosphate that is the tris(2-chloroethyl) ester of phosphoric acid.


artemisinin

A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.


PIPECOLIC ACID

A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2.


PEPSTATIN

A pentapeptide isolated from Streptomyces testaceus. It is a potent inhibitor of aspartyl proteases.


ANTHRANILIC ACID

An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.


resorcinol

A  benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.


A retinal in which the double bond at position 9 has cis configuration, whilst the remaining acyclic double bonds have trans configuration.


musk xylene

A C-nitro compound that is m-xylene bearing three nitro substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6 as well as a tert-butyl group at position 5.


GLYCERYLPHOSPHATE

A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.


UMBELLIFERONE

A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.


octanoic acid

A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.


PENTOSALEN

A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.


SODIUM NITRATE

The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.


OCTANAL

A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of caprylic acid (octanoic acid).


tauroursodeoxycholic acid

A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.


NAPHTHALENE

An aromatic hydrocarbon comprising two fused benzene rings. It occurs in the essential oils of numerous plant species e.g. magnolia.


thiocyanate

A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.


BUTADIENE

A  butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.


lead chromate

A chromium coordination entity comprising chromate and lead(2+) ions in a 1:1 ratio


hydroquinone

A benzenediol comprising benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents para to each other.


CALMIDAZOLIUM

An  imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.


rasagiline

An indane that consists of 1-aminoindane bearing an N-propargyl substituent. A selective, irreversible monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor.


A dimethylnaphthalene carrying methyl groups at positions 1 and 4.


fumaric acid

A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.


BROMOBENZENE

The simplest member of the class of bromobenzenes, that is benzene in which a single hydrogen has been substituted by a bromine. A liquid at room temperature (m.p. -30degreeC; b.p.760 156degreeC), it is used as a solvent, particularly for large-scale crystallisations, and for the introduction of phenyl groups in organic synthesis.


PROTHIOFOS

An organic thiophosphate that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ester of O-ethyl S-propyl dithiophosphoric acid.


4-methylumbelliferyl acetate

An acetate ester consiting of umbelliferone carrying a 7-O-acetyl group.


benzamidine

A carboxamidine that is benzene carrying an amidino group.


BENZALDEHYDE

An arenecarbaldehyde that consists of benzene bearing a single formyl substituent; the simplest aromatic aldehyde and parent of the class of benzaldehydes.


perillyl alcohol

A limonene monoterpenoid consists of a cyclohexene ring substituted by a hydroxymethyl  and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. It is a constituent of a variety of essential oils including lavender.


PHTHALIC ACID

A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.


PYRROLIDINE

A cyclic amine whose five-membered ring contains four carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom; the parent compound of the pyrrolidine family.


p-CRESOL

A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.


A nitroarene that is pyrene substituted at the 1-position by a nitro group. A by-product of combustion,  it is the predominant nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emitted in a diesel engine.


sodium chlorate

An inorganic sodium salt that has chlorate as the counter-ion. An oxidising agent, it is used for bleaching paper and as a herbicide. It is also used in the manufacture of dyes, explosives and matches.


piperidine

An azacycloalkane that is cyclohexane in which one of the carbons is replaced by a nitrogen. It is a metabolite of cadaverine, a polyamine found in the human intestine.


ISOALANTOLACTONE

A sesquiterpene lactone of the eudesmanolide group. It has been isolated from Inula helenium.


TRIHYDROXYARSENITE(III)

An arsenic oxoacid consisting of three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom.


LEUPEPTIN

A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and argininal residues joined in sequenceby peptide linkages. It is an inhibitor of the calpains, a family of calcium-activated proteases which promote cell death.


TRIADIMEFON

A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.


3-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID

A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from Taxus baccata. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of plasticisers, resins, pharmaceuticals, etc.


Sudan III

A bis(azo) compound that is 2-naphthol substituted at position 1 by a 4-{[(2-methylphenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl group. A fat-soluble dye predominantly used for demonstrating triglycerides in frozen sections, but which may also stain some protein bound lipids in paraffin sections.


decamethonium

A quaternary ammonium ion that is a depolarising muscle relaxant whose structure comprises a decane-1,10-diamine core in which each amino group carries three methyl substituents.


methyl salicylate

A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.


perfluorobutyric acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is perfluorinated butyric acid.


galaxolide

An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydrocyclopenta[g]isochromene substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 6, 7, 8 and 8 respectively. It is a synthetic musk used as a fragrance in cosmetics.


IPRODIONE

An imidazolidine-2,4-dione in which the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by an N-(isopropyl)carboxamide group while that at position 3 is substituted by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A contact fungicide, it blocks the growth of the fungal mycelium and inhibits the germination of fungal spores. It is used on fruit and vegetable crops affected by various fungal diseases. It is also used as a nematicide.


PROPOMOCARB

A carbamate ester that is the propyl ester of 3-(dimethylamino)propylcarbamic acid. It is a systemic fungicide, used (normally as the hydrochloride salt) for the control of soil, root and leaf diseases caused by oomycetes, particularly  Phytophthora and Pythium species.


SULCONAZOLE

A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.


A benzimidazole that is benzimidazol-2-one substituted at position 4 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group.


SODIUM SULFIDE

A sulfide salt with formula Na2S. The pentahydrate and  (particularly) the nonahydrate are also known. In gel form, sodium sulfide is used to soften toenails to assist in trimming (and so relive pain) of ingrowing toenails.


A secondary alcohol that is isopropanol in which one hydrogen of each methyl group is substituted by a chlorine. A liquid at room temperature (melting point -4degreeC, boiling point 174degreeC at 760 mm Hg), it is used as a solvent for hard resins and nitrocellulose.


puerarin

A hydroxyisoflavone that is  isoflavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4' and a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 8 via a C-glycosidic linkage.


FENARIMOL

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenarimol. A sterol demethylation inhibitor, it is used as a fungicide for the treatment of blackspot, mildew and rust in tomatoes, peppers and melons, but is not approved for use within the European Union.


2,3-dimethylsuccinic acid

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid substituted by two methyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively.


A monohydroxyquinoline carrying a hydroxy group at position 4.


TERPINEOL

A terpineol that is 1-menthene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.


ANTHRACENE

An ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon comprising three fused benzene rings.


ORTHOCRESOL

A cresol that is phenol substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.


A naphthalenediamine compound having amino substituents in the 1- and 5-positions.


dipentyl phthalate

A  phthalate ester that is the dipentyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.


ELLIPTECINE

A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.


A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.


CATECHOL

A  benzenediol comprising of a benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents ortho to each other.


DIETHYLAMINE

A secondary aliphatic amine where both N-substituents are ethyl.


desmethylnaproxen

A member of the class of naphthols that is naproxen in which the 6-methoxy group has been demethylated.


dimethylamine

A secondary aliphatic amine where both N-substituents are methyl.


ecgonine methyl ester

The O-debenzoyl analogue of cocaine.


camostat

A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.


cisplatin

A diamminedichloroplatinum compound in which the two ammine ligands and two chloro ligands are oriented in a cis planar configuration around the central platinum ion. An anticancer drug that interacts with, and forms cross-links between, DNA and proteins, it is used as a neoplasm inhibitor to treat solid tumours, primarily of the testis and ovary. Commonly but incorrectly described as an alkylating agent due to its mechanism of action (but it lacks alkyl groups).


BISDEMETHOXYCURCUMIN

A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by 4-hydroxycinnamoyl groups.


ANTHRAFLAVICACID

A  dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene substituted by hydroxy groups at C-3 and C-7 and oxo groups at C-9 and C-10.


GINSENOSIDE RG1

A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosides, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.


diethyl fumarate

A dieter obtained by the formal condensation of fumaric acid with ethanol.


cadmium nitrate

An inorganic nitrate salt having Cd(2+) as the counterion.


An amino-nitrotoluene that is 4,6-dinitrotoluene substituted at position 2 by an amino group.


icosapent

A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosapentaenoic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.


octhilinone

A member of the class of 1,2-thiazole that is 1,2-thiazol-3-one substituted on the nitrogen (position 2) by an octyl group. A fungicide and antibacterial agent, it is used for treatment of canker and other fungal and bacterial diseases in fruit trees. It is no longer approved for use within the European Union.


NAPHTHOQUINONE

The parent structure of the family of 1,4-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the naphthalene ring. Derivatives have pharmacological properties.


RADICICOL

An antifungal macrolactone antibiotic, obtained from Diheterospora chlamydosporia and Chaetomium chiversii that inhibits protein tyrosine kinase and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90).


A member of the class of phenols carrying two tert-butyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.


GLUTARATE

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is a linear five-carbon dicarboxylic acid.


A dihydroxypyridine in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 2 and 3.


DAURICINE

A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid resulting from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 4-{[(1R)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl]methyl}phenol by attachment of the phenolic oxygen of one molecule to the benzene ring of the second (ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group of the latter).


beryllium difluoride

The fluoride salt of beryllium (+2 oxidation state). In the solid state it exists as a glass, with four-coordinate Be(2+) tetrahedral centres and two-coordinate fluoride centres. As a gas it adopts a linear triatomic structure and in the liquid state a fluctuating tetrahedral structure. In protein crystallography it is used as a mimic of phosphate.


procymidone

An azabicycloalkane that is 1,5-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,4-dione in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A fungicide widely used in horticulture as a seed dressing, pre-harvest spray or post-harvest dip for the control of various diseases.


ERGOSTEROL PEROXIDE

An ergostanoid that is ergosta-6,22-dien-3-ol with a peroxy group between positions 5 and 8 (the 3beta,5alpha,8alpha,22E stereoisomer). Isolated from Ganoderma lucidum and Cordyceps sinensis, it exhibits antimycobacterial, trypanocidal and antineoplastic activities.


NITROBENZENE

A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.


(aminomethyl)phosphonic acid

A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid substituted by an aminomethyl group. It is a metabolite of the herbicide glyphosate.


perfluorodecanoic acid

A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated decanoic acid.


juvenile hormone III

A member of the juvenile hormone family of compounds that is the methyl ester of (2E,6E)-9-[(2R)-3,3-dimethyloxiran-2-yl]-3,7-dimethylnona-2,6-dienoic acid. Juvenile hormone III is found in most insect species.


bifonazole

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.


esmolol

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.


(S)-salsolinol

A 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol that has S-configuration.


trans-isoeugenol

The trans-stereoisomer of isoeugenol.


PENCYCURON

A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea which is substituted by p-chlorobenzyl and cyclopentyl groups at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 3. A fungicide used to control diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Pellicularia spp. It is not highly toxic to mammals but is moderately toxic to birds, most aquatic organisms, honeybees and earthworms.


DOCEBENONE

A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.


CONCANAMYCIN A

A concanamycin in which the lactone ring contains 4 double bonds and is substituted by 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxy groups, 2 methoxy groups and an ethyl group.


MeIQx

An imidazoquinoxaline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline substituted at positions 3 and 8 by methyl groups and at position 2 by an amino group. A mutagenic compound found in cooked beef.


galangin

A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.


LATRUNCULIN A

A bicyclic macrolide natural product consisting of a 16-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica and from the Fiji Islands sponge Cacospongia mycofijiensis. Latrunculin A inhibits actin polymerisation, microfilament organsation and microfilament-mediated processes.


QUINALDINE

A quinoline compound in which the quinoline skeleton is substituted at C-2 with a methyl group.


A member of the class of prostaglandins J that consists of prosta-5,9,13-trien-1-oic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 11 and a hydroxy group at position 15 (the 5Z,13E,15S stereoisomer).


QUINOLINE

The simplest member of the quinoline class of compounds, comprising a benzene ring ortho fused to C-2 and C-3 of a pyridine ring.


CYHALOTHRIN

A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.


ACETAMINOPHEN GLUCURONIDE

A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid that is the O-glucuronide of paracetamol (acetaminophen).


gamma-valerolactone

A butan-4-olide that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 5. It has been found in the urine samples of humans exposed to n-hexane.


Terbuthylazine

A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-tert-butyl-N'-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.


BENZAMIDE

An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.


methyltrioctylammonium chloride

An organic chloride salt having methyltrioctylammonium as the cation.


PK 11195

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine


An androstanoid that is testosterone carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at the 11beta-position.


An N-acylsphingosine that is sphingosine with the amino nitrogen converted into a 6-{[N-(7-nitrobenzo-2,1,3-oxadiazol-4-yl)amino]}hexananamido group.


baicalin

The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of baicalein. It is an active ingredient of Chinese herbal medicine Scutellaria baicalensis.


CUCURBITACIN I

A  cucurbitacin that is 9,10,14-trimethyl-4,9-cyclo-9,10-secocholesta-2,5,23-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 16, 20 and 25 and oxo groups at positions 1, 11 and 22.


epalrestat

A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.


A steroid aldehyde that is cortisol carrying a formyl group at position 18.


ferrous ammonium sulfate (anhydrous)

A compound of ammonium, iron and sulfate in which the ratio of ammonium to iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 2:1:2.


PARABEN

A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.


A diphenylethane that is the 1,2-dihydro derivative of stilbene.


balsalazide

A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.


ACETOPHENONE

A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.


LEPTOMYCIN B

A leptomycin having a (2E,10E,12E,16Z,18E)-double bond configuration as well as an ethyl substituent at position 17.


TTNPB

A  retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).


dihydroartemisinin

A sesquiterpenoid compound which is used as a drug for treatment of malaria.


FURAN

A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.


linoleylanilide

A fatty amide conjugate of linoleic acid and aniline.


A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4,6-diaminopyrimidine bearing an additional formamido substituent at position 5. A DNA lesion formed when DNA exposed to ionising radiation.


diosmetin

A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-methyl ether derivative of luteolin. It is a natural product isolated from citrus fruits which exhibits a range of pharmacological activities.


ethylisopropylamiloride

A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.


PULEGONE

The (5R)-enantiomer of p-menth-4(8)-en-3-one.


adinazolam

A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a dimethylaminomethyl group at the 1-position, a phenyl group at the 6-position and a chloro substituent at the 8-position.


ciglitazone

An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.


A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 5.


ISATIN

An indoledione that is the 2,3-diketo derivative of indole.


CIRSILIOL

A dimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and hydroxy groups at positions 5, 3' and 4' respectively.


An S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine in which the dichlorovinyl group has cis- (Z-) geometry.


ROBINETIN

A pentahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, 3, 4' and 5'.


myricetin

A hexahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3', 4', 5, 5' and 7. It has been isolated from the leaves of Myrica rubra and other plants.


caffeic acid

The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.


ALPHA-HYDROXY-MIDAZOLAM

An imidazobenzodiazepine that is midazolam in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of the anesthetic, midazolam.


GERANYLGERANOIC ACID

A diterpenoid obtained by formal oxidation of the CH2OH group of (E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol to the corresponding carboxylic acid.


A glutathione conjugate in which the thiol hydrogen of glutathione has been replaced by a 2,5-dihydroxyphenyl group.


phenanthridone

A member of the class of phenanthridines that is phenanthridine with an oxo substituent at position 6. A poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, it has been shown to exhibit immunosuppressive activity.


loxoprofen

A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.


The parent structure of the family of 1,2-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 2 of the naphthalene ring. It is a metabolite of naphthalene and is found in diesel exhaust particles.


BUTEIN

A chalcone that is (E)-chalcone bearing four additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2', 3, 4 and 4'.


ISOLIQUIRITIGENIN

A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone hydroxylated at C-2', -4 and -4'.


BAFILOMYCIN A1

The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.


NONIVAMIDE

A capsaicinoid that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylamine with the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. It is the active ingredient in many pepper sprays.


cucurbitacin B

A cucurbitacin in which a lanostane skeleton is multi-substituted with hydroxy, methyl and oxo substituents, with unsaturation at positions 5 and 23; a hydroxy function at C-25 is acetylated.


dipropyl disulfide

An organic disulfide where the alkyl groups specified are propyl. It is a component of the essential oils obtained from Allium.


rosmarinic acid (racemate)

The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.


FLAVONOL

A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.


A member of the class of phenanthrenes that is phenanthrene substituted by a methyl group at position 1.


FLUORENE

An ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon that is a major component of fossil fuels and their derivatives


STIGMATELLIN

A member of the class of chromones that is isolated from Stigmatella aurantiaca Sg a15.


A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.


A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.


A retinoid that is all-trans-retinol in which the hydrogens at position 4 have been replaced by an oxo group.


3-methylbenzyl alcohol

A methylbenzyl alcohol that is toluene in which one of the meta hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxymethyl group.


A member of the class of  phenols carrying an ethyl substituent at position 4.


ARISTOLOCHIC ACID II

An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions and by a nitro group at position 10.


A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by formal methylation of the tertiary amino function of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine.


METHYLCAFFEATE

An alkyl caffeate ester formed by the formal condensation of caffeic acid with methyl alcohol.


doxercalciferol

A hydroxy seco-steroid and synthetic vitamin D2 analogue that undergoes metabolic activation in vivo to form 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 (1alpha,25-(OH)2D2), a naturally occurring, biologically active form of vitamin D2. It is used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism, a condition in which the body produces excess parathyroid hormone (PTH; a natural substance needed to control the amount of calcium in the blood) in certain people with chronic kidney disease.


ACENAPHTHENE

A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derived from naphthalene by the addition of an ethylene bridge connecting C-1 and C-8.


acenaphthylene

A ortho- and peri-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon that occurs in coal tar.


ALLITRIDIN

An organic trisulfide that is trisulfane in which both of the hydrogens are replaced by allyl groups. A component of the essential oil of garlic and a major component of the traditional Chinese medicine allitridium, it exhibits antifungal, antitumour and antioxidant activity


α-humulene

The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.


mercury dibromide

A mercury coordination entity composed of mercury and bromine with the formula HgBr2.


ANTHRAQUINONE

An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.


An imidazobenzodiazepine that is midazolam which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is the minor hydroxylated metabolite of the anesthetic, midazolam.


ebselen

A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.


A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is the 2,3-dihydroderivative of benzofuran.


An alpha-diketone that is hexane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively.


methyl tert-butyl ether

An ether having methyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components.


A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-3. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 15-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.


emedastine

1-Methyl-1,4-diazepane in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 4 is substituted by a 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl group. A relatively selective histamine H1 antagonist, it is used as the difumatate salt for allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and pruritic skin disorders, and in eyedrops for the symptomatic relief of allergic conjuntivitis.


ACETOCHLOR

A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-phenylacetamide carrying an ethyl and a methyl group at positions 2 and 6 respectively on the benzene ring while one of the methyl hydrogens as well as the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom have been replaced by a chloro and an ethoxymethyl group respectively.


vanoxerine

An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.


A  primary arylamine that is the derivative of aniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been substituted by fluorine. It is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, herbicides and plant growth regulators.


A member of the class tetralins that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene which is substituted at position 6 by a hydroxy group.


chrysin

A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.


flavone

The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.


phosphorus trichloride

A phosphorus halide with formula Cl3P.


FENPROPATHRIN

A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between  2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.


BRAZILIN

A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is a red pigment obtained from the wood of Caesalpinia echinata (Brazil-wood) or Caesalpinia sappan (sappan-wood).


SAPPANCHALCONE

A member of the class of chalcones that consists of trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 4' and a methoxy group at position 2'. Isolated from Caesalpinia sappan, it exhibits neuroprotective and cytoprotective activity.


A 24-hydroxycholesterol that has S configuration at position 24. It is the major metabolic breakdown product of cholesterol in the brain.


TETRACHLOROHYDROQUINONE

A tetrachlorobenzene that is 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 6 are replaced by hydroxy groups.


An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake (KD = 5.5 nM in rat striatal membranes).


methdilazine

A phenothiazine substituted on nitrogen by a (1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl group; a first-generation antihistamine with anticholinergic properties.


PHOSPHINE

The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.


molybdate

A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid


3-AMINOBENZOIC ACID

An aminobenzoic acid carrying an amino group at position 3.


benazepril

A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.


A C19-steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at the 16alpha position has been replaced by a hydroxy group.


EUPATILIN

A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at C-5 and C-7 and methoxy groups at C-6, C-3' and C-4' respectively. Isolated from Citrus reticulata and Salvia tomentosa, it exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and antineoplastic activities.


ochratoxin B

A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid. Ochratoxin B differs from the more naturally abundant ochratoxin A in the absence of the dihydroisocoumarin chlorine atom. It has cytotoxic effects on kidney and liver cells in vitro but only minor effects in vivo, due to its rapid metabolism and excretion.  It inhibits cell proliferation of human liver HepG2 cells at doses as low as 1 mug/ ml but lacks the genotoxic activity of ochratoxin A, even at higher concentrations.


PROCHLORAZ

A member of the class of ureas that is 1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide substituted by a propyl and a 2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl group at the amino nitrogen atom. A fungicide active against a wide range of diseases affecting field crops, fruit, turf and vegetables.


NITROPHENOLATE

A member of the class of 2-nitrophenols that is phenol in which one of the hydrogens that is ortho to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.


A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.


amlexanox

A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.


ETHYL VANILLIN

A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is vanillin in which the methoxy group is replaced by an ethoxy group.


PROPICONAZOLE

The cyclic ketal obtained by formal condensation of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethanone with pentane-1,2-diol. A triazole fungicide, it is used commercially as a diastereoisomeric mixture on soft fruit (including apricots, peaches, nectarines, plums and prunes), nuts (including peanuts, pecans and almonds), mushrooms, and grasses grown for seeds.


tungstate

A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from tungstic acid.


PENTANAL

A saturated fatty aldehyde composed from five carbons in a straight chain.


HEPTANAL

An n-alkanal resulting from the oxidation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of heptan-1-ol to the corresponding aldehyde. An endogenous aldehyde coming from membrane lipid oxidation, it is found in the blood of lung cancer patients and has been regarded as a potential biomarker of lung cancer.


MOLLUGIN

A benzochromene that is 2H-benzo[h]chromene which is substituted by two methyl groups at position 2, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5, and a hydroxy group at position 6. Found in the Chinese medical plant Rubia cordifola, It has an anti-cancer effect by inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation. It is also a dual inhibitor of  acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 and 2 (ACAT1 and ACAT2), but is more selective for the ACAT2 isozyme.


The acetate ester of benzyl alcohol.


A trichothecene mycotoxin that is deoxynivalenol acetylated on the oxygen at C-15. A skin and eye irritant, along with its 3-acetyl regioisomer and its parent deoxynivalenol it is considered among the most commonly and widely distributed cereal contaminants.


An EET obtained by formal epoxidation of the 14,15-double bond of arachidonic acid.


A (4Z)-7-{5-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy]-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-3-oxocyclopentyl}hept-4-enoic acid in which the stereocentres at positions 1, 2 and 5 have S-, S- and R-configuration respectively.


brequinar

A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline substituted by 2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl, methyl, carboxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6, respectively. It is an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that is required for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The compound exhibits antineoplastic and antiviral properties.


N-benzoyl-L-alanine

An N-acyl-L-alanine resulting from the formal condensation of L-alanine with the carboxy group of benzoic acid.


ISORHAMNETIN

A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.


BENZOPHENONE

The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.


bambuterol

A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.


A labdane diterpenoid that is the 1,9-dideoxy derivative of forskolin.


GINSENOSIDE RB2

A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.


PAXILLINE

An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.


abamectin

Mixture of 80% avermectin B1a and 20% avermectin B1b.


oligomycin B

An oligomycin with formula C45H72O12 that is oligomycin A in which the spirocyclic ring bearing the 2-hydroxypropyl substituent has been substituted by an oxo group at the carbon which is directly attached to the spirocentre. It is a nonselective inhibitor of the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase.


litreol

Catechol carrying a pentadecenyl substituent at position 3.


A member of the class of phenols that phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 5.


3-hydroxypicolinic acid

A monohydroxypyridine that is picolinic acid in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is used as a matrix in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of oligonucleotides.


fasudil

An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.


An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, amino, and phenyl groups, respectively. It is the most abundant of the mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat and fish.


GINSENOSIDE RD

A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside.


GINSENOSIDE RE

A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.


lipoarabinomannan

A glycolipid comprising a glycosylphosphatidyl-myo-inositol-anchored lipoglycan; a virulence factor associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.


meldonium

An ammonium betaine that is beta-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a trimethylamino group. A clinically used cardioprotective drug that is used for treatment of heart failure, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, atherosclerosis and diabetes.


demethoxycurcumin

A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which one of the methoxy groups is replaced by hydrogen. It is found in Curcuma zedoaria and Etlingera elatior.


METSULFURON-METHYL

A N-sulfonylurea in which the sulfonyl group is attached to a 2-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl group while a (4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group replaces one of the amino hydrogens of the remaining urea group.


celastrol

A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is 24,25,26-trinoroleana-1(10),3,5,7-tetraen-29-oic acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 2, a hydroxy substituent at position 3 and two methyl groups at positions 9 and 13. An antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Potently inhibits lipid peroxidation in mitochondria and inhibits TNF-alpha-induced NFkappaB activation. Also shown to inhibit topoisomerase II activity in vitro (IC50 = 7.41 muM).


huperzine A

A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.


arsenic trichloride

A arsenic molecular entity that consists of a single arsenic atom bearing three chloro substituents.


A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group 2-(4-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}phenoxy)propanoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol.


An EET obtained by formal epoxidation of the 8,9-double bond of arachidonic acid.


wedelolactone

A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents as positions 1, 8 and 9 and a methoxy substituent at position 3.


BUTIN

A trihydroxyflavanone in which the three hydroxy substituents are located at positions 3', 4' and 7. It is found in Acacia mearnsii, Vernonia anthelmintica and Dalbergia odorifera and has a protective affect against oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.


A 2-hexenal in which the olefinic double bond has E configuration. It occurs naturally in a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and spices.


A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol substituted by a 11-[butyl(methyl)amino]-11-oxoundecyl group at position 7R. It is a steroidal antioestrogen that inhibits the cell proliferation of breast-carcinoma cell lines.


METOLACHOR

A racemate that consists of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-metolachlor.


A secondary amino compound that is N-ethylisopropylamine in which a hydrogen of one of the isopropyl methyl groups has been replaced by a 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl group.


PHENOXYCARB

A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.


TILIROSIDE

A glycosyloxyflavone that is  kaempferol attached to a  6-O-[(2E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.


cyfluthrin

A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and (4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)(hydroxy)acetonitrile.


BIS(ETHYL)SPERMINE

A substituted spermine that is spermine in which a hydrogen attached to each of the primary amino groups has been replaced by an ethyl group.


ADEFOVIR

A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.


N-acetyl-S-phenyl-L-cysteine

The S-phenyl derivative of N-acetyl-L-cysteine. It is a urinary metabolite of benzene and used as a biomarker to assess benzene exposure.


A dinitrobenzene carrying nitro groups at positions 1 and 4.


bromfenac

Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.


1,7-dimethyluric acid

An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione substituted by methyl groups at N-1 and N-7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and is often found in human urine samples.


A 1-methylxanthine tautomer where the imidazole proton is located at the 7-position.


CAFESTOL

An organic heteropentacyclic compound and furan diterpenoid with formula C20H28O3 obtained from the unsaponifiable fraction of coffee oil (a lipid fraction obtained from coffee beans by organic solvent extraction).


kahweol

A diterpenoid with formula C20H26O3, isolated from the beans of Coffea arabica. It exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenesis and anti-proliferative properties.


ALUMINIUM TRIS[O-ETHYLPHOSPHONATE]

An aluminium salt composed of ethyl phosphonate anions and aluminium cations in a 3:1 ratio. A fungicide for various horticultural crops used to control a range of diseases including Phytophthora, Pythium and Plasmopara.


bicalutamide

A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.


sesamin

A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.


CASTICIN

A tetramethoxyflavone that consists of quercetagetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6, 7 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It has been isolated from Eremophila mitchellii.


fotemustine

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fotemustine. It is an alkylating agent used in the treatment of malignant melanoma.


BUTACHLOR

An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.


MANUMYCIN A

A polyketide with formula C31H38N2O7 initially isolated from Streptomyces parvulus as a result of a random screening program for farnesyl transferase (FTase) inhibitors. It is a natural product that exhibits anticancer and antibiotic properties.


allyl methyl disulfide

An  organic disulfide having allyl and methyl as the two organic groups.


A dichloroaniline carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.


antimony trichloride

An inorganic chloride salt with formula SbCl3. It is used as a reagent for detecting vitamin A and related carotenoids, reacting with the carotenoid to form a blue complex that can be measured by colorimetry (the Carr-Price test). Solutions of antimony trichloride were formerly used for dissolving and removing horn stubs from calves and goats.


methoctramine

A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.


calcipotriol

A seco-cholestane that is 26,27-cyclo-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10,22-tetraene carrying additional hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 3 and 24. It is used (as its hydrate) in combination with betamethasone dipropionate, a corticosteroid, for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adult patients.


A monochlorobiphenyl carrying a single chloro substituent at position 2.


GINSENOSIDE RH2

A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.


CAFFEIC ACID PHENETHYL ESTER

An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.


A member of the class of benzaldehydes carrying a diethylamino substituent at position 4.


ISOIMPERATORIN

A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 5. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.


PYRIPROXYFEN

An aromatic ether that consists of propylene glycol having a 2-pyridyl group at the O-1 position and a 4-phenoxyphenyl group at the O-3 position.


DICHLOBENIL

A nitrile that is benzonitrile which is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 6. A cellulose synthesis inhibitor, it is used as a pre-emergent and early post-emergent herbicide.


HISPIDULIN

A monomethoxyflavone that is scutellarein methylated at position 6.


A HETE that consists of arachidonic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 20.


APOCYNIN

An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.


aceclofenac

A monocarboxylic acid that is the carboxymethyl ester of diclofenac. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug related to diclofenac, it is used in the management of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.


gemcitabine

A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.


A member of the class of phenols carrying two tert-butyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.


ICARIIN

A member of the class of flavonols that is kaempferol which is substituted at position 8 by a 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl group and in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4', and 7 have been converted to the corresponding 6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranoside, methyl ether, and beta-D-glucopyranoside, respectively. A phoshphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, it is obtained from several species of plants in the genus Epimedium and is thought to be the main active ingredient of the Chinese herbal medicine Herba Epimedii (yinyanghuo).


SOYASAPONIN I

A triterpenoid saponin that is composed of soyasapogenol B having an alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid moiety attached at the 3-position via a glycosidic linkage.


picene

An ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings. It is obtained during the distillation of petroleum.


fumonisin B1

A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.


FUMONISIN B2

A fumonisin that is (2S,3S,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,14,15-triol in which the hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 have each been esterified by condensation with the 1-carboxy group of 3-carboxyglutaric acid (giving a 3-carboxyglutarate ester group with R configuration in each case).


A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the two amino hydrogens at position N-5 are replaced by a hexamethylene moiety, resulting in the formation of an azepane ring.


KT 5720

An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.


MORUSIN

An extended flavonoid that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 2' and 4', a prenyl group at position 3 and a 2,2-dimethyl pyran group across positions 7 and 8.


ISOXABEN

A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid and the amino group of 3-(3-methylpentan-3-yl)-1,2-oxazol-5-amine.


JASPAMIDE

A cyclodepsipeptide isolated from Jaspis splendens and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity. It is an actin polymerization and stabilization inducer.


GALLOCATECHIN

A gallocatechin  that has (2R,3S)-configuration. It is found in green tea and bananas.


A methylquinoline carrying a methyl substituent at position 4.


A methylquinoline carrying a methyl substituent at position 8.


A pentahydroxyflavone that is luteolin with an additional hydroxy group at position 6.


microcystin-LR

A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.


ASCOMYCIN

A macrolide that is produced by the fermentation of Streptomyces hygroscopicus and exhibits strong immunosuppressant properties.


HEXAFLUMURON

An N-acylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-difluorobenzoyl group, while a hycrogen attached to the other nitorgen is replaced by a 3,5-dichloro-4-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl group.


name: dinitrophenyl-human serum albumin conjugate


A dipeptide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-valine with the amino group of L-phenylalanine aldehyde. It is a potent cell-permeable inhibitor of calpain I and II, and is also a gamma-secretase inhibitor.


polydatin

A stilbenoid that is trans-resveratrol substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.


N-DESMETHYLCLOZAPINE

A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.


PHENETHYLISOTHIOCYANATE

An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.


diethyl malate

A malate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the two carboxy groups of malic acid with two molecules of ethanol respectively.


A member of the class of isoquinolines that is isoquinoline-8-sulfonamide which is substituted by chlorine at position 5 and in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group. It is an inhibitor of casein kinase I.


verbascoside

A glycoside that is the alpha-L-rhamnosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-glucoside of hydroxytyrosol in which the hydroxy group at position 4 of the glucopyranosyl moiety has undergone esterification by formal condensation with trans-caffeic acid.


TANGERETIN

A pentamethoxyflavone flavone with methoxy groups at positions 4', 5, 6 , 7 and 8.


SINENSETIN

A pentamethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.


lornoxicam

A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.


LOGANIN

An  iridoid monoterpenoid with formula C17H26O10 that is isolated from several plant species and exhibits neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties.


midostaurin

An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.


BIS(ETHYL)NORSPERMINE

N(1),N(11)-bis(ethyl)norspermine (DENSPM), a N-terminally alkylated tetraamine and polyamine mimetics, disrupts polyamine pool homeostasis by modulating the activities of the biosynthetic enzymes, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC).


sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine

A sulfonamide compound having a 4-hydroxylaminophenyl group attached to the sulfur atom and a 1,2-oxazol-3-yl group attached to the nitrogen atom.


miglustat

A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.


A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is phenol in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group.


GOSSYPETIN

A hexahydroxyflavone having the hydroxy groups placed at the 3-, 3'-, 4'-, 5- 7- and 8-positions.


An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.


DECYLUBIQUINONE

A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,3-dimethoxybenzoquinone which has been substituted at positions 5 and 6 by decyl and methyl groups.


CHRYSIN DIMETHYL ETHER

A dimethoxyflavone that is the  5,7-dimethyl ether derivative of chrysin.


HINOKIFLAVONE

A biflavonoid that is apigenin substituted by a 4-(5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-2-yl)phenoxy group at position 6. A diflavonyl ether, it is isolated from Rhus succedanea and has been found to possess significant cytotoxic potential.


ECKOL

A phlorotannin that is oxanthrene-1,3,6,8-tetrol substituted by a 3,5-dihydroxyphenoxy moiety at position 4. Isolated from the marine brown alga, Ecklonia cava, it exhibits antioxidant activity.


sphingosine 1-phosphate

A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1


N-hydroxy-PhIP

An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, hydoxyamino, and phenyl groups, respectively. The active metabolite of the dietary carcinogen PhIP.


methyl hexanoate

A fatty acid methyl ester derived from hexanoic (caproic acid).


FANGCHINOLINE

A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is (1beta)- berbaman which has been substituted by methyl groups at the 2 and 2' positions, by methoxy groups at the 6, 6', and 12 positions, and by a hydroxy group at position 7. Isolated from Stephania tetrandra, it has been found to possess neuroprotective and anti-tumour activity.


A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of  arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.


candoxatrilat

A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation between the amino group of cis-4-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid and the cyclopentanecarboxylic acid group of 1-[(2S)-2-carboxy-3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propyl]cyclopentanecarboxylic acid. A potent inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase (NEP, neprilysin, EC 3.4.24.11), it is used as its 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl ester prodrug in the treatment of chronic heart failure.


icariside II

A glycosyloxyflavone that is 3,5,7-trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-8-prenylflavone in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted into its alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside.


A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by a methyl substituent at C-3 and by hydroxy groups at C-1, C-2 and C-8.


tamibarotene

A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the condensation of one of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid with the amino group of 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine.


FLUSILAZOLE

An organosilicon compound that is dimethylsilane in which the hydrogens attached to the silicon are replaced by p-fluorophenyl groups and a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups is replaced by a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group. It is a broad-sepctrum fungicide used to protect a variety of crops.


DIBENZOYLMETHANE

A beta-diketone that is acetylacetone (acac) in which both methyl groups have been replaced by phenyl groups. It is a minor constituent of the root extract of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and exhibits antimutagenic and anticancer effects.


epicatechin gallate

A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.


cetrorelix

A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.


phenyl benzoate

A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with benzoic acid.


A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 3. Redox-cycling agent that induces intracellular superoxide anion formation and, depending on the concentration, induces cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. Used to study the role of ROS in cell toxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis.


An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.


A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.


A dibutyrin resulting from the condensation of both of the primary hydroxy groups of glycerol with butyric acid.


zileuton

A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a 1-[carbamoyl(hydroxy)amino]ethyl group. A selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, it inhibits the formation of leukotrienes LTB4, LTC4, LDT4, and LTE4. It is used for the management of chronic asthma.


A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.


dofetilide

A tertiary amino compound that is N-ethyl-N-methylethanamine substituted by a 4-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenoxy and a 4-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenyl group at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. It is used as an  anti-arrhythmia drug.


A member of the class of  phenols that is phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 4.


KT 5926

An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 5-propoxy-1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.


microcystin RR

A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-arginyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl, L-arginyl, (2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle.


perfluorooctanesulfonamide

A perfluorinated compound that is perfluorooctane in which one of the terminal fluorines has been replace by a sulfamoyl group.


(+)-alpha-viniferin

A nine-membered macrocycle that incorporates three 6-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuranyl moieties as part of the cyclic skeleton. It is isolated from Caragana chamlague Lamarck and exhibits significant inhibitory effect towards the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7).


N-acetylsphingosine

A N-acylsphingosine that has an acetamido group at position 2.


QUIZALOFOP ETHYL ESTER

An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[(6-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl)oxy]phenoxy}propanoic acid with ethanol.


name: 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-4-(2-(4-((2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl)amino)butoxy)-5-nitrophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-, dimethyl ester


gadodiamide

The hydrate of gadodiamide.


imidapril

A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.


S-allylcysteine zwitterion

An L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of S-allylcysteine. Major species at pH 7.3.


icatibant

A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.


MALVIDIN

An anthocyanidin cation that is delphinidin carrying methyl substituents at positions 3' and 5'.


cilnidipine

A diesterified 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium channel blocker, it is used as an antihypertensive.


N-octanoylsphingosine

An N-acylsphingosine in which the ceramide N-acyl group is specified as octanoyl.


sertindole

A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.


efonidipine

A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-efonidipine. It is a antihypertensive drug and a dual T-type and L-type calcium channel blocker.


ZARDAVERINE

A pyridazinone derivative in which pyridazin-3(2H)-one is substituted at C-6 with a 4-(difluoromethoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl group.  It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, selective for PDE3 and 4.


VADIMEZAN

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 5,6-dimethyl-9-oxoxanthen-4-yl group.


taurolithocholic acid sulfate

The steroid sulfate of taurolithocholic acid.


An organobromine compound that is dibenzodioxine carrying four bromo substituents at positions 2, 3, 7 and 8.


PELARGONIDIN

An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted by a hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'.


LACTACYSTIN

L-Cysteine substituted at nitrogen by an acetyl group and at sulfur by a substituted-lactam carbonyl group.


A 2-keto-xylose having D-threo configuration; a degradation product of D-ascorbic acid.


Ro 40-6055

An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)benzoic acid with the anilino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid. A selective RARalpha agonist.


A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.


norathyriol

A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7. Isolated from Garcinia mangostana and Maclura pomifera, it exhibits inhibitory activity against protein kinase C.


name: alpha helical corticotropin-releasing hormone


alpha-methylhistamine

An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.


9-hydroxystearic acid

A hydroxyoctadecanoic acid that is octadecanoic acid (stearic acid) which has been substituted by a hydroxy group at position 9.


A organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5-methyl-3-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-hi]indole substituted at position 6 by a 1-naphthylcarbonyl group.


An N-sulfonyldiazepane resullting from the formal condensation of 5-iodo-1-naphthylsulfonic acid with one of the nitrogens of 1,4-diazepane. It is a selective inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18).


CARBAMIC ACID

A one-carbon compound that is ammonia in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a carboxy group. Although carbamic acid derivatives are common, carbamic acid itself has never been synthesised.


entacapone

A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.


A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 6.


capsazepine

A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.


BENSULFURON METHYL

The methyl ester of bensulfuron. An acetolactate synthase inhibitor, it is used as a herbicide for the control of a variety of both annual and perennial weeds in crops, particularly wheat and rice. It is not licensed for use within the UK.


1H-Pyrrole substituted at C-2 and -5 by methyl groups, at C-3 by methoxycarbonyl and at C-4 by a 2-benzylbenzoyl group.


(-)-JASMONIC ACID

A jasmonate ester that is the methyl ester of jasmonic acid.


Rubiadin

A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 3 and a methyl group at position 2. It has been isolated from Rubia yunnanensis.


A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.


NOTOGINSENOSIDE R1

A ginsenoside found in Panax notoginseng that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.


nitrososulfamethoxazole

A sulfonamide compound having a 4-nitrosophenyl group attached to the sulfur atom and a 1,2-oxazol-3-yl group attached to the nitrogen atom.


tepoxalin

A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]propanoic acid with the amino group of N-methylhydroxylamine. It is used in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation caused by musculoskeletal disorders such as hip dysplasia and arthritis in dogs.


carvacrol

A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of  bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).


usnic acid

A member of the class of  dibenzofurans that is dibenzo[b,d]furan-1(9bH)-one substituted by acetyl groups at positions 2 and 6, hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 and methyl groups at positions 8 and 9b.


An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively


KT 5823

An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-methoxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1-methyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.


bilobalide

A terpenoid trilactone found in extracts of Ginkgo biloba.


estradiol benzoate

A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.


LINALYL ACETATE

A monoterpenoid that is the acetate ester of linalool. It forms a principal component of the essential oils from bergamot and lavender.


bivalirudin

A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.


zaragozic acid A

A polyketide isolated from fungi that is a potent inhibitor of fungal and mammalian squalene synthase.


CONIFERYL ALDEHYDE

A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is cinnamaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.


8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha

An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.


phenylbutyrate

A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4.  It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.


FLUAZINAM

A member of the class of aminopyridines that is 2-amino-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-chloro-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A fungicide used to control grey mould, downy mildew and other fungal pathogens.


SAG

A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol in which the acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are specifed as stearoyl and arachidonoyl respectively.


carveol

A limonene monoterpenoid that is cyclohex-2-en-1-ol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 5.


An o-quinone resulting from the formal oxidation of both of the hydroxy groups of benzo[a]pyrene-cis-7,8-dihydrodiol. Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione is a metabolite of the widespread carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene.


ETOFENPROX

An aromatic ether that is the 3-phenoxybenzyl ether of 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol.


salvianolic acid B

A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza


perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid

A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.


A 26-hydroxycholesterol in which the 25-position has R-configuration.


imetit

An imidothiocarbamic ester that consists of isothiourea in which the thiol hydrogen is substituted by a 2-(imidazol-4-yl)ethyl group. An extremely potent, high affinity agonist at H3 and H4 receptors (Ki values are 0.3 and 2.7 nM respectively). Induces shape change in eosinophils with an EC50 of 25 nM. Centrally active following systemic administration.


alvocidib

A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.


(+)-(S)-ar-turmerone

A sesquiterpenoid that is 2-methylhept-2-en-4-one substituted by a 4-methylphenyl group at position 6. It has been isolated from Peltophorum dasyrachis.


A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, 5, and 6.


anandamide

An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.


EPOXOMYCIN

A tripeptide consisting of an Ile-Ile-Thr-NH2 sequence N-substituted on the threonamide amidic nitrogen with a (2S)-4-methyl-1-[(2R)-2-methyloxiran-2-yl]-1-oxopentan-2-yl group and with acetyl and methyl groups on the nitrogen of the isoleucine residue distal to the threonamide; a naturally occurring selective proteasome inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity.


ethyl hexanoate

A fatty acid ethyl ester obtained by the formal condensation of hexanoic acid with ethanol.


A hexadienal that is hexanal with trans double bonds at positions 2 and 4. It is found in tomatoes, kiwi fruit, mangoes, potato chips, herbs and spices.


cPTIO

A mmeber of the class of imidazolines and organic radical that is 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-3-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-3lambda(5)-imidazol-1-yl]oxidanyl substituted at position 2 by a 4-carboxyphenyl group.


trovafloxacin

A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and  6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.


name: Morpholine urea-phenylalanyl-homophenylalanine methyl fluoride


mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate

A phthalic acid monoester obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-ethyl-5-oxohexan-1-ol.


A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by an octyl group.


A 1,2-thiazole that is 1,2-thiazol-3(2H)-one substituted by chloro groups at positions 4 and 5 and an octyl group at position 2. It is used as a fungicide.


SPIRAEOSIDE

A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 4'.


OROXYLIN A

A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-6.


A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a 3-methylphenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 6 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8. Dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist (Ki values are 1.18, 7.56, 920 and 399 nM for rat D1, D5, D2 and D3 receptors respectively). May act as an antagonist in vivo, producing anti-Parkinsonian effects and antagonising the behavioral effects of cocaine.


A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.


batimastat

A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3R)-5-methyl-3-{[(2S)-1-(methylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-[(thiophen-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]hexanoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. It a broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor.


methiosulfonium chloride

A sulfonium compound that is the conjugate acid of S-methyl-L-methioninate.


satraplatin

A platinum coordination entity that consists of a central platunum atom bound to chloro (x2), acetate (x2), amino, and cyclohexylamino groups. Used for treatment of advanced prostate cancer.


CSC

Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.


CANDESARTAN

A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.


O-methylsalicylic acid

A  methoxybenzoic acid that is the methyl ether of salicylic acid.


TEBUFENOZIDE

A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by tert-butyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl and 4-ethylbenzoyl groups respectively. It is an insecticide used widely against caterpillars.


ALPHA-TOCOTRIENOL

A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, 7 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2. It has been found in palm oil derived from Elaeis guineensis.


beta-tocotrienol

A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2. It has been isolated from various cultivars of wheat.


DELTA-TOCOTRIENOL

A tocotrienol that is chroman-6-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 8 and a farnesyl chain at position 2.


3,5-DIIODOTHYROPROPIONIC ACID

A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)propanoic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group. An ionotropic analogue of L-thyroxine.


imidacloprid

The E-isomer of imidacloprid.


FIPRONIL

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.


iberin

An isothiocyanate that is 1-isothiocyanatopropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a methylsulfinyl group. A glucosinolate hydrolysis product found in many members of the Brassicaceae family, it is a quorum-sensing inhibitor (QSI) of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa.


(S,S,S)-nicotianamine

The (S,S,S)-stereoisomer of  nicotianamine.


LIQUIRTIGENIN

A dihydroxyflavanone compound having the two hydroxy substituents at the 4'- and 7-positions. Isolated from the root of Glycyrrhizae uralensis, it is a selective agonist for oestrogen receptor beta.


BITERTANOL

A member of the class of triazoles that is 3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butane-1,2-diol substituted at position O-1 by a biphenyl-4-yl group.


A trisubstituted guanidine, carrying 4-cyanophenyl, diphenylmethyl and carboxymethyl substituents, which is known to act as a highly potent sweetening agent.


An organic anion that is the conjugate base of 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane, obtained by deprotonation of the N-hydroxy group.


TRIPTONIDE

A diterpene triepoxide that is triptobenzene K in which the acylhydroquinone moiety has undergone oxidation to the corresponding triepoxyketone derivative. It has been isolated from the roots of Tripterygium wilfordii.


clemizole

A member of the class of  benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl and a 4-chlorobenzyl groups at positions 2 and 1 respectively.


periciazine

A member of the class of  phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propyl group at the nitrogen atom and a carbonitrile group at position 2. Periciazine is a first generation antipsychotic.


ethopropazine

A member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)propyl group. An antimuscarinic, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.


Ro 41-5253

A thiochromane that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzothiopyran S,S-dioxide in which the hydrogens at position 4 are both replaced by methyl groups, the hydrogens at position 7 is replaced by a heptyloxy group, while the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a 1-phenylprop-1-en-2-yl group, the phenyl group of which is substituted at the para position by a carboxy group. It is a selective antagonist for retinoic acid receptor alpha.


WOGONIN

A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.


zaleplon

A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.


rottlerin

A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.


LY 294002

A chromone substituted with a phenyl group at position 8 and a morpholine group at position 2.


calcein am

An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is  calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.


clobenpropit

An imidothiocarbamic ester that consists of isothiourea bearing S-3-(imidazol-4-yl)propyl and N-4-chlorobenzyl substituents. An extremely potent histamine H3 antagonist/inverse agonist (pA2 = 9.93). Also displays partial agonist activity at H4 receptors; induces eosinophil shape change with an EC50 of 3 nM.


A taxane diterpenoid that consists of paclitaxel bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6alpha-position.


SCIADOPITISIN

A biflavonoid that is a 7, 4', 4'''-trimethyl ether derivative of amentoflavone.


cerivastatin

(3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.


name: PENTABROMODIPHENYL ETHER (MIXED ISOMERS)


GLYCITEIN

A  methoxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 4'. It has been isolated from the mycelia of the fungus Cordyceps sinensis.


tazarotene

The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of  psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.


PENCONAZOLE

A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-penconazole. A fungicide used to control powdery mildew, scab and other pathogenic Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes.


TEBUCONAZOLE

A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.


romidepsin

A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of the cyclic disulfide of (2Z)-2-aminobut-2-enoyl, L-valyl, (3S,4E)-3-hydroxy-7-sulfanylhept-4-enoyl, D-valyl and D-cysteinyl residues coupled in sequence and cyclised head-to tail.


A hydroxychrysene that is chrysene in which the hydrogen at position 6 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is a metabolite of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon chrysene.


piclamilast

A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of 3,5-dichloropyridin-4-amine.


AZOXYSTROBIN

An aryloxypyrimidine having a 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine  skeleton in which one of the phenyl rings is cyano-substituted at C-2 and the other carries a 2-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl substituent, also at C-2. An inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, it is used widely as a fungicide in agriculture.


safranal

A monoterpenoid formally derived from beta-cyclocitral by dehydrogenation.


plerixafor

An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.


B 581

A dipeptide obtained from the tetrapeptide Cys-Val-Phe-Met by reduction of the amide carbonyl groups of the Cys and Val residues.


FOMESAFEN

An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.


DIBROMOACETIC ACID

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which two of the methyl hydrogens are replaced by bromo groups.


A member of the class of quinazolines carrying a 3-bromophenylamino substituent at position 4 and two methoxy substituents at positions 6 and 7.


cylindrospermopsin zwitterion

A zwitterion resulting from the transfer of a proton from the sulfooxy group to one of the nitrogens of the guanidine group of cylindrospermopsin.


abiraterone

A 3beta-sterol that is androsta-5,16-dien-3beta-ol substituted at position 17 by a 3-pyridyl group. Administered as the O-acetate, it is used for treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.


A bromoalkane consisting of cyclododecane bearing six bromo substituents at positions 1, 2, 5, 6, 9 and 10.


OLOMOUCINE

A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a  cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.


TAZAROTENIC ACID

A thiochromane that is acetylene in which the hydrogens are replaced by 5-carboxypyridin-2-yl and 4,4-dimethylthiochroman-6-yl groups. It is the active form of the prodrug tazarotene.


A member of the class of  pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a 4-fluorophenyl group at position 5, a 4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 3. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it exhibits anticancer property.


A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 are replaced by 4-hydroxyphenyl, pyridin-4-yl, and 4-fluorophenyl groups, respectively. It is a widely used inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) alpha and beta.


A member of the class of  phenols carrying an isopropyl group at position 2.


A phenanthrol that is phenanthrene in which a hydrogen attached to a carbon in the central ring has been replaced by a hydroxy group.


AMINOCHROME

A member of the class of indoledione that is 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-indole carrying oxo groups at positions 5 and 6; major microspecies at pH 7.3. It is an endogenous compound formed during dopamine oxidation and can induce neurotoxicity under certain aberrant conditions and induce Parkinson-like syndrome.


EPSILON-VINIFERIN

A stilbenoid that is the (-)-trans-stereoisomer of epsilon-viniferin, obtained by cyclodimerisation of trans-resveratrol.


ziprasidone

A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.


fexofenadine

A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.


m-tolualdehyde

A tolualdehyde compound with the methyl substituent at the 3-position.


CYPROCONAZOLE

A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of the enantiomeric pair (2R,3S)- and (2S,3R)-cyproconazole in ratio 1:1 with the enantiomeric pair (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-cyproconazole. A broad spectrum fungicide, it is used on cereals and other field crops used to control Septoria, rust, powdery mildew and other diseases.


A member of the class of imidazoles carrying 4-methylsulfinylphenyl, 4-pyridyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 2, 4 and 5 respectively. An inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase.


pirfenidone

A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.


An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of chloroacetic acid with the amnio group of 2,6-diethylaniline.


A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.


TRIDECANE

A straight chain alkane containing 13 carbon atoms. It forms a component of the essential oils isolated from plants such as Abelmoschus esculentus.


FLUFENACET

An aromatic amide that is acetamide in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a propan-2-yl and 4-fluorophenyl groups while the methyl hydrogen is replaced by a [5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]oxy group.


An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.


An alanine derivative that is L-alanine bearing a 5-fluorouracil-1-yl substituent at position 3. A more potent and selective AMPA receptor agonist (at hGluR1 and hGluR2) than AMPA itself (Ki = 14.7, 25.1, and 1820 nM for hGluR1, hGluR2 and hGluR5 respectively).


KUMANON G

A tetrahydroxyflavone isolated from the root barks of Morus alba and has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity.


kuwanon H

A tetrahydroxyflavone isolated from the plant species of the genus Morus.


tetralin

An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of naphthalene.


ODQ

A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.


nitroflurbiprofen

A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of  flurbiprofen with the free hydroxy group of 4-(nitrooxy)butanol. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent showing inhibitory effects against the cyclooxygenases COX1 and COX2.


ALTENUSIN

A carboxybiphenyl that is [biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at positions 3, 4' and 5', methoxy group at position 5 and a methyl group at position 2'. It is a a metabolite isolated from Alternaria  and several other fungal species.