prunetin

A hydroxyisoflavone that is  genistein  in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group.


AGATHISFLAVONE

A biflavonoid that is obtained by oxidative coupling of two molecules of apigenin resulting in a bond between positions C-6 and C-8 of the two chromene rings.


OSELTAMIVIR CARBOXYLATE

A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5 by pentan-3-yloxy, acetamido, and amino groups, respectively (the 3R,4R,5S enantiomer). An antiviral drug, it is used as the corresponding ethyl ester prodrug, oseltamivir, to slow the spread of influenza.


Insect Bites and Stings

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing


insomnia

description: A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep and/or remaining asleep.


intermittent vascular claudication

description: A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in skeletal muscle group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial stenosis; muscle ischemia; and accumulation of lactate.


Herniation of intervertebral nuclei

category: biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: The presence of one or more herniated nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disk.


intestinal atresia

description: A congenital malformation characterized by the absence of a normal opening in a part of the intestine. It can occur either in the small or the large intestine.


intestinal disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the small or large intestine.


tiquizium bromide

A organic bromide salt of tiquizium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of convulsion and hypermobility in gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, enteritis, irritable bowel syndrome, gallbladder disease, biliary tract disease and urolithiasis.


parasitic intestinal disorder

description: Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.


Intestinal fistula

description: An abnormal connection between the gut and another hollow organ, such as the bladder, urethra, vagina, or other regions of the gastrointestinal tract.


intestinal cancer

description: A malignant neoplasm involving the intestine


intestinal obstruction

description: Blockage of the normal flow of the intestinal contents within the bowel.


intestinal perforation

description: A rupture in the wall of the small or large intestine due to traumatic or pathologic processes.


intestinal polyp

description: Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the intestine. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.


intestinal pseudo-obstruction

description: Intestinal pseudo-obstruction is a digestive disorder in whichthe intestinal walls are unable to contract normally (called hypomotility); the conditionresembles a true obstruction, but no actual blockage exists. Signs and symptoms may include abdominal pain; vomiting; diarrhea; constipation; malabsorption of nutrients leading to weight loss and/or failure to thrive ; and other symptoms. It may be classified as neuropathic (from lack of nerve function)or myopathic (from lack of muscle function), depending on the source of the abnormality. The condition is sometimes inherited (in an X-linked recessive or autosomal dominant manner)and may be caused by mutations in the FLNA gene; it may also be acquired after certain illnesses. The goal of treatment is to provide relief from symptoms andensure that nutritional support is adequate.


Intraoperative Complication

description: A disease or disorder that occurs during the course of a surgical procedure.


intussusception

description: Telescoping or invagination of a part of the intestine into an adjacent segment.


iris disorder

description: A disease involving the iris.


iritis

description: Inflammation of the iris.


ischemic disease

description: Lack of blood supply to an area of the body, resulting in impairment of tissue oxygenation.


cinaciguat

A benzoic acid that is 4-(aminomethyl)benzoic acid in which the amino group is substituted by 4-carboxybutyl and 2-(2-{[4-(2-phenylethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)ethyl groups. It is a soluble guanylate cyclase activator, used for the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure.


pasireotide

A six-membered homodetic cyclic peptide composed from L-phenylglycyl, D-tryptophyl, L-lysyl, O-benzyl-L-tyrosyl, L-phenylalanyl and modified L-hydroxyproline residues joined in sequence. A somatostatin analogue with pharmacologic properties mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin; used (as its diaspartate salt) for treatment of Cushing's disease.


pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm

description: A neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the pancreas. It includes neuroendocrine tumors (low and intermediate grade) and neuroendocrine carcinomas (high grade).


picolinamide

A  pyridinecarboxamide that is the  monocarboxylic acid amide derivative of picolinic acid.


Creutzfeldt Jacob disease

description: A rare transmittable degenerative disorder of the brain caused by prions. Morphologically it is characterized by spongiform degeneration of the cerebral and cerebellar cortex. Signs and symptoms include sleep disturbances, personality changes, aphasia, ataxia, muscle atrophy and weakness, visual loss, and myoclonus. It usually leads to death within a year from the onset of the disease.


Jaundice

description: Yellow pigmentation of the skin due to bilirubin, which in turn is the result of increased bilirubin concentration in the bloodstream.


Prolonged neonatal jaundice

description: Neonatal jaundice refers to a yellowing of the skin and other tissues of a newborn infant as a result of increased concentrations of bilirubin in the blood. Neonatal jaundice affects over half of all newborns to some extent in the first week of life. Prolonged neonatal jaundice is said to be present if the jaundice persists for longer than 14 days in term infants and 21 days in preterm infants.


hyper-IgE syndrome

description: A condition that is characterized by elevated serum IgE, dermatitis, and respiratory infections.


arthropathy

description: Any disorder of the joints.


primary ciliary dyskinesia

description: A rare, genetically heterogeneous, primarily respiratory disorder characterized by chronic upper and lower respiratory tract disease. Approximately half of PCD patients have an organ laterality defect (situs inversus totalis or situs ambiguus/heterotaxy).


keloid

description: An irregularly shaped, elevated mark on the skin caused by deposits of excessive amounts of collagen during wound healing. It extends beyond the original boundaries of the wound and may enlarge progressively.


keratitis

description: A corneal disease that is characterized by inflammation of the cornea.


keratoacanthoma

description: A dome-shaped, rapidly growing skin lesion composed of well differentiated squamous cells. It represents a proliferation of the infundibular epithelium of the hair follicle and its morphologic distinction from a well differentiated carcinoma may be difficult or impossible. Keratoacanthomas affect males more frequently than females and the majority tend to regress spontaneously. It has been suggested that keratoacanthoma represents a distinct subtype of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.


xerophthalmia

description: Dryness of the eye due to inadequate production of tears. Causes include vitamin A deficiency, Sjogren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and scleroderma.


Darier disease

description: Darier disease (DD) is a keratinization disorder characterized by the development of keratotic papules in seborrheic areas and specific nail anomalies.


palmoplantar keratosis

description: A group of autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked inherited or acquired disorders characterized by the thickening of the palms and soles due to hyperkeratosis.


bilirubin encephalopathy

description: A rare neurologic disorder occurring in infants with jaundice. It results from brain damage by existing high levels of unconjugated-indirect bilirubin.


Ketoacidosis

description: Acidosis resulting from accumulation of ketone bodies.


kidney cortex necrosis

description: Death of cells in the kidney cortex, a common final result of various renal injuries including hypoxia; ischemia; and drug toxicity.


mofebutazone

A pyrazolidine that is phenylbutazone lacking one of the phenyl substituents. It is used for treatment of joint and muscular pain.


alginic acid

A linear copolymer macromolecule composed of homopolymeric blocks of 1->4-linked beta-D-mannuronic acid and alpha-L-guluronic acid residues, covalently linked together in different sequences or blocks.


ASTILBIN

A flavanone glycoside that is (+)-taxifolin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.


butirosin

A family of amino cyclitol glycoside antibiotics produced by Bacillus circulans, bears the unique (S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyrate (AHBA) side chain.


name: 5-Thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 7-(((3,5-dichloro-4-oxo-1(4H)-pyridinyl)acetyl)amino)-3-(((1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio)methyl)-8-oxo-, monosodium salt, (6R-trans)-


astromicin

An amino cyclitol glycoside that is L-chiro-inositol in which the hydroxy groups at positions 1, 4, and 6 are replaced by aminoacetyl)methylamino, amino, and methoxy groups, respectively, and in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is converted to the corresponding 2,6-diamino-2,3,4,6,7-pentadeoxy-beta-L-lyxo-heptopyranoside. The major component of fortimicin, obtained from Micromonospora olivasterospora. It is administered (as the sulfate salt) by intramuscular injection or intravenous infusion for the treatment of severe systemic infections due to sensitive Gram-negative organisms.


iobitridol

A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a 3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propanimido at position 5.


ioxitalamic acid

An  organoiodine compound that is 2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3 and a (2-hydroxyethyl)carbamoyl group at position 5. It is used as a contrast medium.


mitomycin

A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.


ribostamycin

An amino cyclitol glycoside that is 4,6-diaminocyclohexane-1,2,3-triol having a 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 1 and a beta-D-ribosyl residue attached at position 2. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ribosidificus (formerly S. thermoflavus).


thallium sulfate

A metal sulfate in which the counterion is thallium  and the ratio of thallium to sulfate is 2:1. It is a rodenticide used to control rats, squirrels, mice, moles, prairie dogs, ants and cockroaches. It is no longer registered for pesticide use in the United States.


(-)-beta-elemene

The (-)-enantiomer of beta-elemene that has (1S,2S,4R)-configuration.


MONURON

A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a p-chlorophenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups.


kidney papillary necrosis

description: A complication of kidney diseases characterized by cell death involving kidney papilla in the kidney medulla. Damages to this area may hinder the kidney to concentrate urine resulting in polyuria. Sloughed off necrotic tissue may block kidney pelvis or ureter. Necrosis of multiple renal papillae can lead to kidney failure.


acute kidney tubular necrosis

description: Acute renal failure caused by the cell death of the renal tubules. Causes include nephrotoxins, cytotoxic drugs, and antibiotics.


19alpha-hydroxyasiatic acid

A  pentacyclic triterpenoid that is asiatic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 19. It has been isolated from the leaves of Rosa laevigata.


N-methylaniline

A methylaniline that is  aniline carrying a methyl substituent at the nitrogen atom.


N,N'-DIPHENYL-P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE

An N-substituted diamine that is 1,4-phenylenediamine in which one hydrogen from each amino group is replaced by a phenyl group.


N-phenylhydroxylamine

An  N-substituted amine that is a derivative of aniline in which one of the amino hydrogen atoms is replaced with a hydroxy substituent.


polycystic kidney disease

description: A usually autosomal dominant and less frequently autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by the presence of numerous cysts in the kidneys leading to end-stage renal failure. The autosomal dominant trait is associated with abnormalities on the short arm of chromosome 16. Symptoms in patients with the autosomal dominant trait usually appear at middle age and include abdominal pain, hematuria, and high blood pressure. Patients may develop brain aneurysms and liver cysts. Patients with the autosomal recessive trait present with progressive renal failure early in life and symptoms resulting from hepatic fibrosis. The autosomal recessive trait is associated with abnormalities of chromosome 6. Polycystic kidney disease may also result as a side effect in patients on renal dialysis.


tubastatin A

A pyridoindole that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole which is substituted on the tetrahydropyridine nitrogen by a methyl group and on the indole nitrogen by a p-[N-(hydroxy)aminocarbonyl]benzyl group. It is a histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) inhibitor that is selective against all the other isozymes (1000-fold) except HDAC8 (57-fold).


Menkes disease

description: A usually severe multisystemic disorder of copper metabolism, characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and marked connective tissue anomalies as well as typical sparse abnormal steely hair.


Klebsiella infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.


Klinefelter syndrome

description: A sex chromosome disorder caused by the presence of an extra X chromosome in the male karyotype. Affected individuals are infertile and have a small penis and testes. They tend to have tall stature and long legs and may have difficulties with speech and language development. Gynecomastia may be present.


Knee Injuries

description: Trauma to the knee.


Kyphosis

description: Exaggerated anterior convexity of the thoracic vertebral column.


Obstetric Labor Complications

description: Any unintended event during the labor process that makes delivery more difficult.


Premature Obstetric Labor

description: Regular uterine activity with associated cervical change prior to 37 weeks gestation.


inner ear disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the inner ear. Causes are inner ear infections, head injuries, and neoplasms (e.g., acoustic schwannoma). Symptoms include dizziness, imbalance, nausea, and vision problems.


labyrinthitis

description: Inflammation of the inner ear. The cause is often not clear. It may be due to a virus, but it can also arise from bacterial infection, head injury, extreme stress, an allergy, or as a reaction to medication.


excessive tearing

description: Profuse lacrimation.


lacrimal duct obstruction

description: Blockage of the tear duct.


lactation disease

description: A disorder not necessarily related to pregnancy that is observed in females and males. It is characterized by disturbances of milk secretion. Causes include damage to the breast parenchyma due to inflammation, medications, pituitary tumors, and hypothyroidism.


lameness, non-human animal

description: A departure from the normal gait in animals.


Delayed speech and language development

description: A degree of language development that is significantly below the norm for a child of a specified age.


language disorder

description: A category of disorders characterized by an impairment in the development of an individual's language capabilities, which is in contrast to his/her non-verbal intellect.


cutaneous larva migrans

description: Cutaneous larva migrans is a rare parasitic disease characterized by single or multiple, linear or serpinginous, erythematous, slightly elevated cutaneous tracks caused by the larval migration of various nematode species. Tracks are variable in length, generally a few millimeters wide and are frequently located on the feet (although any area of the body is possible). Patients typically present with severe, intractable pruritus, which, in some cases, may cause impaired concentration, loss of sleep, and mood disturbances.


laryngeal disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the larynx. Representative examples include laryngitis, vocal cord polyp, squamous papilloma, and carcinoma.


Laryngeal edema

description: An abnormal accumulation of fluid and swelling in the tissues of the larynx.


Laryngeal stridor

description: An abnormal high-pitched noisy sound, occurring during inhalation or exhalation caused by the incomplete obstruction in the throat.


laryngitis

description: An acute or chronic, bacterial or viral inflammatory process affecting the larynx. Signs and symptoms include sore throat, cough, swallowing difficulties, and hoarseness.


laryngostenosis

description: Narrowing of the laryngeal airway.


Lassa fever

description: A viral hemorrhagic fever that is caused by the Lassa virus, which is transmitted by contact with infected rodents; it is characterized by fever, headache, malaise, myalgia, and hearing loss.


ferric pyrophosphate

An iron coordination entity composed from Fe(3+) cations and diphosphate(4-) anions in a 4:3 ratio.


phosphoric acid

A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.


(+)-albicanol

A drimane-type sesquiterpenoid orginally isolated from the liverwort Diplophyllum albicans. It exhibits fish antifeedant, antifungal and antineoplastic activities.


ergothioneine

A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a mercapto group. A naturally occurring metabolite of histidine synthesized by bacteria and fungi with antioxidant properties. It is found ubiquitously in plants and animals and is present in many human foodstuffs.


A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2 and 3. It has been found in  Centaurium erythraea.


A diastereomer of protopanaxadiol in which the 20-hydroxy substituent has been introduced at the pro-R position.


protopanaxatriol

A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng and notoginseng) that is that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.


A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl groups at positions 1, 2 and 4.


Leg Ulcer

description: A circumscribed, inflammatory, and often suppurating lesion that causes necrosis of tissue on the skin of the limb comprising the hip, thigh, leg and foot.


Leigh syndrome

description: A progressive neurological disease defined by specific neuropathological features associating brainstem and basal ganglia lesions.


acryloyl-CoA

The S-acryloyl derivative of coenzyme A.


methacrylyl-CoA

An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of methacrylic acid.


leiomyosarcoma

description: An uncommon, aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, usually occurring in post-menopausal women. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells. Morphologic variants include epithelioid, granular cell, inflammatory and myxoid leimyosarcomas.


leishmaniasis

description: Infectious disease that is transmitted through the bite of hematophagous female phlebotomine sand flies. The clinical spectrum ranges from asymptomatic to clinically overt disease which can remain localized to the skin or disseminate to the upper oral and respiratory mucous membranes or throughout the reticulo-endothelial system. Three main clinical syndromes have been described: visceral (or Kala-Azar; with fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly), cutaneous, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (cutaneous or mucocutaneous ulceration).


delta-elemene

A sesquiterpene that is cyclohexene that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 4 by isopropyl, isopropenyl, methyl, and vinyl groups, respectively (the R,R stereoisomer).


MAYTANSINE

An organic heterotetracyclic compound and 19-membered macrocyclic lactam antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata but also found in other Maytenus species. It exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumour cell lines.


GALLIC ACID METHYL ESTER

A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with methanol. It exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.


miltefosine

A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.


tafenoquine

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tafenoquine.


mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

description: The most common form of leishmaniasis that is transmitted through the bite of female phlebotomine sand flies or after exposure to leishmania parasites. It is characterized by skin lesions at the site of insect bite which typically develop within weeks or months after exposure. The lesions typically progress from small papules to open sores with raised borders and central ulcers which can be covered with scales or crust.


visceral leishmaniasis

description: A severe form of leishmaniasis characterized by irregular bouts of fever, substantial weight loss, swelling of the spleen and liver, and anemia (which may be serious). If left untreated it may lead to death. Two species of Leishmania are known to give rise to the visceral form of the disease. The species commonly found in East Africa and the Indian subcontinent is L. donovani and the species found in Europe, North Africa, and Latin America is L. infantum, also known as L. chagasi.


amarogentin

A secoiridoid glycoside that consists of (4aS,5R,6R)-5-ethenyl-6-hydroxy-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-1H,3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-1-one having a  2-O-[(3,3',5-trihydroxybiphenyl-2-yl)carbonyl]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl group attached at position 6 via a glycosidic linkage.


A diadenosyl pentaphosphate having the two 5'-adenosyl residues attached at the P(1)- and P(5)-positions.


lens disorder

description: A disease involving the lens of camera-type eye.


lens subluxation

description: A partial dislocation of the lens of the eye.


lentigo

description: A flat, benign, pigmented spot on the skin caused by excessive deposition of melanin from an increased number of melanocytes in the cell layer directly above the basement membrane of the epidermis. Formation is usually related to sun exposure during youth, and the lesions do not typically progress to malignancy.


leprosy

description: Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease affecting primarily the skin and peripheral nervous system.


Leriche syndrome

description: An atherosclerotic disorder of the peripheral vascular system affecting mostly males in their later decades. It is caused by thrombotic occlusion of the abdominal aorta just above the level of the bifurcation. Clinical signs include impotence, intermittent claudication, diminished femoral pulses and cold, pallid lower extremities. Prognosis is favorable with surgical or endovascular intervention.


quercetin 3,4'-dimethyl ether

A dimethoxyflavone that is the 3,4'-dimethyl ether derivative of quercetin. Isolated from Combretum quadrangulare, it exhibits antineoplastic activity.


lymphoid leukemia

description: A malignant lymphocytic neoplasm of B-cell or T-cell lineage involving primarily the bone marrow and the peripheral blood. This category includes precursor or acute lymphoblastic leukemias and chronic leukemias.


acute monocytic leukemia

description: Acute monoblastic leukemia (AML-M5), is one of the most common subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that is either comprised of more than 80% of monoblasts (AML-M5a) or 30-80% monoblasts with (pro)monocytic differentiation (AML-M5b). AML-M5 presents with asthenia, pallor, fever, and dizziness. Specific features of AML-M5 include hyperleukocytosis, propensity for extramedullary infiltrates, coagulation abnormalities including disseminated intravascular coagulation and neurological disorders. Leukemia cutis and gingival infiltration can also be seen. A characteristic translocation observed in AML-M5 is t(9;11).


plasma cell leukemia

description: An aggressive plasma cell neoplasm characterized by the presence of neoplastic plasma cells in the peripheral blood. It is characterized by the presence of a circulating clonal plasma cell count that exceeds 2x10^9/L or is 20% of the leukocyte differential count.


Leukemia, Radiation-Induced

description: Leukemia that is caused by radiation.


leukemoid reaction

description: A hematology test result that indicates the presence of an increased white blood cell count and increased neutrophil precursors resembling leukemia, in a peripheral blood smear.


leukocyte disorder

description: A disease involving leukocytes.


description: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a neurological disorder that damages the myelin that covers and protects nerves in the white matter of the brain. It is caused by the JC virus (JCV). By age 10, most people have been infected with this virus, but itrarelycauses symptoms unless the immune system becomes severely weakened.The disease occurs, rarely, in organ transplant patients; people undergoing chronic corticosteroid or immunosuppressive therapy; and individuals with cancer, such as Hodgkins disease, lymphoma, and sarcoidosis. PML is most common among individuals with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).


periventricular leukomalacia

description: Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a brain injury disorder characterized by the death of the white matter of the brain due to softening of the brain tissue. It can affect fetuses or newborns, and premature babies are at the greatest risk of the disorder. PVL is caused by a lack of oxygen or blood flow to thearea around the ventricles of the brain, which results in the death of brain tissue. Although babies with PVL generally have no apparent signs or symptoms of the disorder at delivery, they are at risk for motor disorders, cerebral palsy, delayed mental development, coordination problems, and vision and hearing impairments. There is no cure for PVL. Treatment is generally supportive. Prognosis is dependent on the extent of damage to the ventricles.


leukopenia

description: A laboratory test result indicating a decreased number of white blood cells in the peripheral blood.


inosine

A purine nucleoside in which hypoxanthine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.


leukoplakia

description: A white patch or plaque on a mucous membrane that cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease. The diagnosis of leukoplakia is one of exclusion; other conditions such as candidiasis, lichen planus, leukoedema, etc., must be ruled out before a diagnosis of leukoplakia can be made. Leukoplakia may be a premalignant condition.


oral mucosa leukoplakia

description: A white patch or plaque on the oral mucosa that cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease. The diagnosis of leukoplakia is one of exclusion; other conditions such as candidiasis, lichen planus, leukoedema, etc., must be ruled out before a diagnosis of leukoplakia can be made. Leukoplakia may be a premalignant condition.


leukorrhea

description: Whitish or yellowish mucosal vaginal discharge.


Leydig cell tumor

description: A sex cord-stromal tumor occurring in the testis and rarely in the ovary. It is predominantly or completely composed of Leydig cells which may contain crystals of Reinke. In males it usually presents as a painless testicular enlargement and it may be associated with gynecomastia and decreased libido. The majority of the cases have a benign clinical course. Approximately 10% of the cases have a malignant clinical course and metastasize. In females it may be associated with androgenic manifestations and it follows a benign clinical course.


lichen planus

description: A chronic, recurrent, pruritic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology that affects the skin and mucus membranes. It presents with rashes and papules that tend to resolve spontaneously. It may be associated with hepatitis C. Certain drugs that contain arsenic or bismuth are associated with reactions mimicking lichen planus.


lip disorder

description: A disease involving the lip.


mucopolysaccharidosis type 1

description: The most common type of mucopolysaccharidosis. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. It comprises a group of lysosomal storage diseases which includes the most severe form (Hurler syndrome) and the mildest form (Scheie syndrome).


lipodystrophy

description: A congenital or acquired disorder characterized by abnormal loss or redistribution of the adipose tissue in the body.


lysosomal lipid storage disorder

description: An inherited metabolic disorder in which harmful amounts of lipids accumulate in cells and tissues. Because of a functionally impaired hydrolase or auxiliary protein, their lipid substrates cannot be degraded, accumulate in the lysosome, and slowly spread to other intracellular membranes.


eletriptan

An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.


TERCONAZOLE

A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.


lipoma

description: A benign, usually painless, well-circumscribed lipomatous tumor composed of adipose tissue.


lipomatosis

description: A neoplastic process characterized by diffuse overgrowth of mature adipose tissue.


liposarcoma

description: A usually painless malignant tumor that arises from adipose tissue. Microscopically, it may contain a spectrum of neoplastic adipocytes ranging from lipoblasts to pleomorphic malignant adipocytes. Morphologic variants include: well differentiated, dedifferentiated, pleomorphic, and myxoid liposarcoma. The metastatic potential is higher in less differentiated tumors.


listeriosis

description: A bacterial infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes. It occurs in newborns, elderly, and immunocompromised patients. The bacteria are transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food. Clinical manifestations include fever, muscle pain, respiratory distress, nausea, diarrhea, neck stiffness, irritability, seizures, and lethargy.


liver abscess (disease)

description: An abscess that involves the liver.


dihydroemetine

A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.


cirrhosis of liver

description: A disorder characterized by replacement of the liver parenchyma with fibrous tissue and regenerative nodules. It is usually caused by alcoholism, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. Complications include the development of ascites, esophageal varices, bleeding, and hepatic encephalopathy.


trans-methylferulate

A cinnamate ester that is the methyl ester of ferulic acid. It has been isolated from Pisonia aculeata.


alcoholic liver cirrhosis

description: A disorder of the liver characterized by the presence of fibrotic scar tissue instead of healthy liver tissue. This condition is attributed to excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages.


primary biliary cholangitis

description: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic and slowly progressive cholestatic liver disease of autoimmune etiology characterized by injury of the intrahepatic bile ducts that may eventually lead to liver failure.


1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid

An oxopurine that is uric acid in which the hydrogens at positions 1,3,7 and 9 are replaced by methyl groups. It is a purine alkaloid that is found in Chinese tea known as kucha (Camellia assamica var. kucha) and exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.


TILMACOXIB

A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is that is 1,3-oxazole which is substituted at positions 2, 4 and 5 by methyl, cyclohexyl, and 3-fluoro-4-sulfamoylphenyl groups, respectively.


A dihydropyridine that is 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by ethoxycarbonyl groups at positions 3 and 5.


A tetrachlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1, 2, 4 and 5.


A dibromobenzene carrying bromo groups at positions 1 and 3.


A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 3.


droxicam

An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.


isophorone

A cyclic ketone, the structure of which is that of cyclohex-2-en-1-one substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5.


MENTHOFURAN

A monoterpenoid that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzofuran substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 6.


alcoholic liver diseases

description: A disorder caused by damage to the liver parenchyma due to alcohol consumption. It may present with an acute onset or follow a chronic course, leading to cirrhosis.


O,O'-DIMETHYLCAFFEIC ACID

A methoxycinnamic acid that is trans-cinnamic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3' and 4' respectively.


acetamide

A member of the class of acetamides that results from the formal condensation of acetic acid with ammonia.


chlorophyll

A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.


DIMETHENAMID

A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dimethenamid. A herbicide, it is applied to the soil for the control of various broad-leaved weeds and grasses. Only the S enantiomer (generally known as dimethenamid-P) is active.


ISOXAFLUTOLE

A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazole substituted by a 2-(methanesulfonyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl group and a cyclopropyl group at positions 4 and 5, respectively. It is a 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor which is used as a herbicide for weed control in maize and sugarcane.


name: Propanoic acid, 3-((4-(3-((4-fluorophenyl)hydroxymethyl)-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-dimethylphenyl)amino)-3-oxo-, monosodium salt


Azobenzene substituted at one of the 4-positions by an amino group. It has a role as a dye and an allergen.


PROCOCENE I

A member of the class of chromenes that is 2H-chromene substituted by a methoxy group at position 7 and two methyl groups at position 2.


loiasis

description: Loiasis is a form of filariasis (see this term), caused by the parasitic worm Loa loa, endemic to the forest and savannah regions of Central and Western Africa. Loiasis may either be asymptomatic or manifest as a large, transient area of localized, non-erythematous subcutaneous edema (Calabar swellings), adult worm migration through the sub-conjunctiva (''African eye worm'') and pruritus. Generalized itching, hives, muscle pains, arthralgias, fatigue, and adult worms visibly migrating under the surface of the skin may be observed. Severe complications such as encephalopathy have been reported in highly infected individuals receiving ivermectin during mass drug administration programs for the control of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis.


azole

Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.


bedaquiline

A quinoline-based antimycobacterial drug used (as its fumarate salt) for the treatment of pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis by inhibition of ATP synthase, an enzyme essential for the replication of the mycobacteria.


givinostat

A member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene substituted by ({[4-(hydroxycarbamoyl)phenyl]carbamoyl}oxy)methyl and (diethylamino)methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, respectively. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor indicated for individuals diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.


pracinostat

A hydroxamic acid that is N-hydroxyacrylamide which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-butyl-1-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl group (the E isomer). An orally available pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor with demonstrated activity in the treatment of advanced solid tumours.


swayback

description: Congenital locomotor ataxia of lambs, thought to be associated with copper deficiency. It is characterized clinically by progressive incoordination of the hind limbs and pathologically by disruption of neuron and myelin development in the central nervous system. It is caused by a deficiency of metabolizable copper in the ewe during the last half of her pregnancy. (Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)


fungal lung infectious disease

description: Pulmonary diseases caused by fungal infections, usually through hematogenous spread.


(-)-ANTOFINE

An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is (13aR)-9,11,12,13,13a,14-hexahydrodibenzo[f,h]pyrrolo[1,2-b]isoquinoline substituted at positions 2, 3 and 6 by methoxy groups. It is an alkaloid produced by relatives of the milkweed family and exhibits antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antiadipogenic and antitumorigenic activities.


auramine O

A hydrochloride obtained by combining 4,4'-carbonimidoylbis(N,N-dimethylaniline) with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride. A fluorescent stain for demonstrating acid fast organisms in a method similar to the Ziehl Neelsen. It also can be used to make a fluorescent Schiff reagent.


A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine substituted by (4-carboxyphenyl)methyl and {[(1R,2S)-2-phenylcyclopropyl]amino}methyl groups at positions 1 and 4, respectively. It is a potent and irreversible inhibitor of lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1, also known as KDM1A). It was under clinical investigation for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and small cell lung carcinoma.


POTASSIUM THIOCYANATE

A potassium salt which is the monopotassium salt of thiocyanic acid.


sotorasib

A pyridopyrimidine that is pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one substituted by 4-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)pyridin-3-yl, (2S)-2-methyl-4-(prop-2-enoyl)piperazin-1-yl, fluoro and 2-fluoro-6-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 1, 4, 6 and 7, respectively. It is approved for the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer having KRAS(G12C) mutations.


cutaneous lupus erythematosus

description: An autoimmune disorder that manifests as different lupus-specific skin disorders; it can occur with systemic lupus erythematosus, or as a singular disease.


discoid lupus erythematosus

description: A chronic, autoimmune skin condition that manifests with a red, scaling rash, most often found on the face, ears, and scalp; these lesions often lead to permanent scarring and dyspigmentation. Patients may have lesions with or without other symptoms or antibodies suggestive of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).


lupus nephritis

description: Glomerulonephritis in the context of systemic lupus erythematosus.


Lyme disease

description: Lyme disease (named after the towns in the USA where the disease was first identified) is a bacterial infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi.


lymphadenitis

description: Acute or chronic inflammation of one or more lymph nodes. It is usually caused by an infectious process.


intestinal lymphangiectasia

description: Dilatation of the intestinal lymphatic system usually caused by an obstruction in the intestinal wall. It may be congenital or acquired and is characterized by diarrhea; hypoproteinemia; peripheral and/or abdominal edema; and protein-losing enteropathies.


lymphangioma

description: A benign lesion composed of dilated lymphatic channels. Painless swelling is the usual clinical manifestation.


lymphatic system disorder

description: A disease involving the lymphatic part of lymphoid system.


lymphedema

description: Excess fluid collection in tissues, causing swelling. It is the result of obstruction of lymphatic vessels or lymph nodes.


lymphocele

description: A cystic lesion containing lymph. It usually results from injury, gynecologic surgery, or urologic surgery.


Lymphocytosis

description: Increase in the number or proportion of lymphocytes in the blood.


pacritinib

An azamacrocycle with formula C28H32N4O3. It is a Janus kinase inhibitor and its citrate salt is approved for the treatment of intermediate or high risk, primary or secondary myelofibrosis.


A pyridopyrimidine that is pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 2 and 4 by (3S)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl groups and at position 5 by a 3-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methoxyphenyl group. It is an mTOR complex 1/2 (mTORC1/2) dual inhibitor [mTOR = mammalian target of rapamycin].


pralatrexate

A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.


lymphomatoid granulomatosis

description: Lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG) is a very rare Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-driven lymphoproliferative disease most commonly occurring in adults (in the fourth to sixth decade of life) and commonly affecting the lungs (with presentations varying from small bilateral pulmonary nodules to large necrotic and sometimes cavitating lesions), skin, central nervous system, and kidneys, but only very rarely affecting the lymph nodes and spleen. The symptoms associated with LYG depend on the site of disease involvement but mainly include cough, dyspnea or chest pain (in those with pulmonary involvement) and constitutional symptoms such as weight loss and fever.


lymphopenia

description: Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.


interferon inducer

An agent that promotes the production and release of interferons.


lymphoproliferative syndrome

description: A disorder characterized by proliferation of lymphocytes at various stages of differentiation. Lymphoproliferative disorders can be neoplastic (clonal, as in lymphomas and leukemias) or reactive (polyclonal, as in infectious mononucleosis).


Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia

description: Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia in a patient who has at least one first degree relative with either Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia or another B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder.


macroglossia

description: The presence of an excessively large tongue, which may be congenital or may develop as a result of a tumor or edema due to obstruction of lymphatic vessels, or it may occur in association with hyperpituitarism or acromegaly. It also may be associated with malocclusion because of pressure of the tongue on the teeth. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)


commissural facial cleft

description: Greatly exaggerated width of the mouth, resulting from failure of union of the maxillary and mandibular processes, with extension of the oral orifice toward the ear. The defect may be unilateral or bilateral. (Dorland, 27th ed)


macular retinal edema

description: Accumulation of intraretinal fluid and protein in the macula, which may result in swelling and decreased central vision.


mycetoma

description: Mycetomas are subcutaneous inflammatory pseudotumors containing fungal or actinomycetic (bacteria with branched filaments) granules or grains.


magnesium deficiency

description: A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)


malabsorption syndrome

description: A syndrome resulting from the inadequate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea.


malaria

description: Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease caused by a parasite that commonly infects a certain type of mosquito which feeds on humans. Infection with malaria parasites may result in a wide variety of symptoms, ranging from absent or very mild symptoms to severe disease and even death. People who get malaria are typically very sick with high fevers, shaking chills, and flu-like illness. In general, malaria is a curable disease if diagnosed and treated promptly and correctly.Treatment depends on many factors including disease severity, the species of malaria parasite causing the infection and the part of the world in which the infection was acquired.


name: amodiaquine, artesunate drug combination


artemether

An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.


lumefantrine

A member of the class of fluorenes that is 9-(p-chlorobenzylidene)-9H-fluorene which is substitutec by chlorine at positions 2 and 7, and by a 2-(dibutylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group at position 4. An antimalarial drug used in combination with artemether for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.


carcinoid syndrome

description: A syndrome characterized by signs and symptoms caused by advanced carcinoid tumors. They include skin flushing, diarrhea, wheezing, and tachycardia.


malignant hyperthermia of anesthesia

description: A pharmacogenetic disorder of skeletal muscle that presents as a hypermetabolic response to potent volatile anesthetic gasses such as halothane, sevoflurane, desflurane and the depolarizing muscle relaxant succinylcholine, and rarely, to stresses such as vigorous exercise and heat.


Dental malocclusion

description: Dental malocclusion refers to an abnormality of the occlusion, or alignment, of the teeth and the way the upper and lower teeth fit together, resulting in overcrowding of teeth or in abnormal bite patterns.


ospemifene

An organochlorine compound that is a selective estrogen receptor modulator; used for treatment of dyspareunia.


Marfan syndrome

description: A disorder of the connective tissue. Connective tissue provides strength and flexibility to structures throughout the body such as bones, ligaments, muscles, walls of blood vessels, and heart valves. Marfan syndrome affects most organs and tissues, especially the skeleton, lungs, eyes, heart, and the large blood vessel that distributes blood from the heart to the rest of the body (the aorta). It is caused by mutations in the FBN1 gene, which provides instructions for making a protein called fibrillin-1. Marfan syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. At least 25% of cases are due to a new (de novo) mutation. Treatment is based on the signs and symptoms in each person.


mastitis

description: Inflammation of breast tissue during lactation or postpartum due to an obstructed duct or infection. Mastitis can also occur in non-breastfeeding women, and rarely in men.


corynoline

A benzophenanthridine alkaloid that is chelidonine substituted by a methyl group at position 13. Isolated from the aerial parts of Corydalis incisa, it acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and also exhibits antineoplastic and hepatoprotective activity.


mastocytosis

description: A clonal myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the proliferation and accumulation of neoplastic mast cells in one or multiple organs or organ systems. It is a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, ranging from cutaneous proliferations which may regress spontaneously, to aggressive neoplasms associated with organ failure and short survival.


maxillary sinus neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the maxillary sinus. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include Schneiderian papilloma and salivary gland-type adenoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma and lymphoma.


meconium aspiration syndrome

description: A serious condition in which a newborn breathes a mixture of meconium (the first intestinal discharge) and amniotic fluid into the lungs around the time of delivery. Meconium aspiration syndrome occurs in 5-10 percent of births and typically occurs when the infant is stressed, as when the infant is past its due date.


Mediastinal Cyst

description: A fluid-filled, epithelium-lined cyst located in the mediastinum.


Pneumomediastinum

description: The presence of free air in the mediastinum.


mediastinitis

description: An inflammatory process affecting the mediastinum.


megacolon

description: An abnormal dilation of the colon not due to obstruction.


description: Blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia, also called Meige dystonia or Meige syndrome is a focal dystonia involving symmetrical benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) and oromandibular dystonia.


DIHYDROCAFFEIC ACID

A monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropionic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. Also known as dihydrocaffeic acid, it is a metabolite of caffeic acid and exhibits antioxidant activity.


PHENYL PROPIONIC ACID

A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 3 by a phenyl group.


ACRIDINE ORANGE

A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.


ELESCLOMOL

A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy groups of malonic acid with the hydrino groups of two molar equivalents of N-methylbenzenecarbothiohydrazide


GENTIAN VIOLET

An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.


novobiocin

A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.


thiostrepton

A heterodetic cyclic peptide, in which the cyclisation step involves a formal lactonisation between the carboxy group of a quinaldic acid-based residue and a secondary alcohol. An antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Also acts as an antitumor agent.


A nucleoside analogue that is adenine in which the nitrogen at position 9 has been substituted by a tetrahydrofuran-2-yl group. It is an adenylate cyclase inhibitor.


octacosane

A straight-chain alkane containing 28 carbon atoms.


xanthine

A purine nucleobase found in humans and other organisms.


Melena

description: The passage of blackish, tarry feces associated with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Melena occurs if the blood remains in the colon long enough for it to be broken down by colonic bacteria. One degradation product, hematin, imbues the stool with a blackish color. Thus, melena generally occurs with bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract (e.g., stomach ulcers or duodenal ulcers), since the blood usually remains in the gut for a longer period of time than with lower gastrointestinal bleeding.


Meniere disease

description: A disease of the inner ear (labyrinth) that is characterized by fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss; tinnitus; episodic vertigo; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.


tumor of meninges

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the meninges. The majority of the neoplasms arise from meningothelial cells and are called meningiomas. Non-meningothelial cell neoplasms include mesenchymal, non-meningothelial tumors, hemangiopericytomas, and melanocytic lesions.


Nuchal rigidity

description: Resistance of the extensor muscles of the neck to being bent forwards (i.e., impaired neck flexion) as a result of muscle spasm of the extensor muscles of the neck. Nuchal rigidity is not a fixed rigidity. Nuchal rigidity has been used as a bedside test for meningism, although its sensitivity for this purpose has been debated.


meningitis

description: A disorder characterized by acute inflammation of the meninges of the brain and/or spinal cord.


aseptic meningitis

description: Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord without a bacterial pathogen.


haemophilus meningitis

description: Infections of the nervous system caused by bacteria of the genus haemophilus, and marked by prominent inflammation of the meninges. haemophilus influenzae type B is the most common causative organism. The condition primarily affects children under 6 years of age but may occur in adults.


Listeria meningitis

description: Inflammation of the meninges caused by listeria monocytogenes infection, usually occurring in individuals under the age of 3 years or over the age of 50 years. It may occur at any age in individuals with immunologic deficiency syndromes. Clinical manifestations include fever, altered mentation, headache, meningeal signs, focal neurologic signs, and seizures. (From Medicine 1998 Sep;77(5):313-36)


meningococcal meningitis

description: An acute bacterial disease caused by Neisseria meningitides that presents usually, but not always, with a rash (non blanching petechial or purpuric rash), progressively developing signs of meningitis (fever, vomiting, headache, photophobia, and neck stiffness) and later leading to confusion, delirium and drowsiness. Neck stiffness and photophobia are often absent in infants and young children who may manifest nonspecific signs such as irritability, inconsolable crying, poor feeding, and a bulging fontanel. Meningococcal meningitis may also present as part of early or late onset sepsis in neonates. The disease is potentially fatal. Surviving patients may develop neurological sequelae that include sensorineural hearing loss, seizures, spasticity, attention deficits and intellectual disability.


pneumococcal meningitis

description: An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with otitis media; mastoiditis; sinusitis; respiratory tract infections; sickle cell disease (anemia, sickle cell); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include fever; headache; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by seizures; focal neurologic deficits (notably deafness); and coma. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)


viral meningitis

description: Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord due to a viral infection.


meningocele

description: A congenital abnormality in which the meninges protrude through a defect in the spinal column or the cranium.


meningococcal infection

description: Infections with bacteria of the species neisseria meningitidis.


meningoencephalitis

description: Inflammation of the meninges and brain, generally secondary to an infectious cause. Pathogens may be bacterial, viral, fungal, or protozoan.


myelomeningocele

description: Myelomeningocele is the most severe form of spina bifida. It happens when parts of the spinal cord and nerves come through the open part of the spine. It causes nerve damage and other disabilities. Seventy to ninety percent of children with this condition also have too much fluid on their brains (hydrocephalus). This happens because fluid that protects the brain and spinal cord is unable to drain like it should. The fluid builds up, causing pressure and swelling. Without treatment, a persons head grows too big, and theymay have brain damage. Other disorders of the spinal cord may be seen, including syringomyelia and hip dislocation. The cause of myelomeningocele is unknown. However, low levels of folic acid in a woman's body before and during early pregnancy is thought to play a part in this type of birth defect.


Menorrhagia

description: Prolonged and excessive menses at regular intervals in excess of 80 mL or lasting longer than 7 days.


mesenchymoma

description: A term describing a soft tissue tumor which consists of two or more mesenchymal lines of differentiation, excluding a fibroblastic line of differentiation.


mesenteric vascular occlusion

description: Obstruction of the flow in the splanchnic circulation by atherosclerosis; embolism; thrombosis; stenosis; trauma; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as periarteritis nodosa and thromboangiitis obliterans. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)


metabolic disease

description: A congenital disorder (due to inherited enzyme abnormality) or acquired (due to failure of a metabolically important organ) disorder resulting from an abnormal metabolic process.


3-ureidoisobutyric acid

A ureidocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a carbamoylamino group at position 3.


inborn errors of metabolism

description: An inherited disorder resulting from an enzyme defect in biochemical and metabolic pathways affecting proteins, fats, carbohydrates metabolism or organelle function.


inborn metal metabolism disorder

description: An inherited metabolic disorder that involves metabolic disturbances in the processing or distribution of dietary minerals.


methemoglobinemia

description: An inherited or acquired condition characterized by abnormally increased levels of methemoglobin in the blood.


An aromatic ether that is aniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by an ethoxy group. It is a hydrolysis metabolite of phenacetin.


Metrorrhagia

description: Bleeding at irregular intervals.


microcephaly

description: A congenital or acquired developmental disorder in which the circumference of the head is smaller than normal for the person's age and sex.


Micrognathia

description: Developmental hypoplasia of the mandible.


microphthalmia

description: Congenital or developmental anomaly in which the eyeballs are abnormally small.


Narrow mouth

description: Distance between the commissures of the mouth more than 2 SD below the mean. Alternatively, an apparently decreased width of the oral aperture (subjective).


mite infestation

description: Infestations with arthropods of the subclass acari, superorder Acariformes.


congenital mitral valve insufficiency

description: Dysfunction of the mitral valve characterized by incomplete valve closure.


mitral valve stenosis

description: Narrowing of the left atrioventricular mitral orifice.


mixed connective tissue disease

description: Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is a rare autoimmune disorder that is characterized by features commonly seen in three different connective tissue disorders: systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and polymyositis. Some affected people may also have symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Although MCTD can affect people of all ages, it appears to be most common in women under age 30. Signs and symptoms vary but may include Raynaud's phenomenon ; arthritis; heart, lung and skin abnormalities; kidney disease; muscle weakness, and dysfunction of the esophagus. The cause of MCTD is currently unknown. There is no cure but certain medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids and immunosuppresivedrugsmay help manage the symptoms.


monkey disease

description: Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= ape diseases).


monosomy

description: A chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number.


morphine dependence

description: Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.


motion sickness

description: A sensation of discomfort that results from a discordant relationship between visualized movement and any movement sensed by the vestibular system, which is characterized by dizziness, nausea, and vomiting.


Abnormality of the mouth

description: An abnormality of the mouth.


mouth disorder

description: A disease involving the mouth.


oral cavity neoplasm

description: A neoplasm (disease) that involves the oral cavity.


movement disorder

description: Neurological conditions resulting in abnormal voluntary or involuntary movement, which may impact the speed, fluency, quality and ease of movement.


Moyamoya disease

description: Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare intracranial arteriopathy involving progressive stenosis of the cerebral vasculature located at the base of the brain causing transient ischemic attacks or strokes.


Mucous cyst

description: A mucous containing cyst arising from the minor salivary glands in the oral cavity.


mucopolysaccharidosis type 3

description: Mucopolysaccharidosis type III (MPS III) is a lysosomal storage disease belonging to the group of mucopolysaccharidoses and characterized by severe and rapid intellectual deterioration.


Zygomycosis

description: Any infection due to a fungus of the Zygomycota phylum. The disease typically involves the rhino-facial-cranial area, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, skin, or less commonly other organ systems. The infecting fungi have a predilection for invading vessels of the arterial system, causing embolization and subsequent necrosis of surrounding tissue.


A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.


multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

description: The development of potentially reversible physiologic derangement involving two or more organ systems not involved in the disorder that resulted in intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and arising in the wake of a potentially life-threatening physiologic insult.


Muscle spasm

description: Sudden and involuntary contractions of one or more muscles.


GLYCYCOUMARIN

A member of the class of  coumarins that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group at position 7, a methoxy group at position 5, a prenyl group at position 6 and a 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at position 3.  Isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, it exhibits antispasmodic activity.


Hypertonia

description: A condition in which there is increased muscle tone so that arms or legs, for example, are stiff and difficult to move.


Hypotonia

description: Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.


Rigidity

description: Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from muscle spasticity.


Spasticity

description: A motor disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with increased muscle tone, exaggerated (hyperexcitable) tendon reflexes.


muscular atrophy

description: The loss of muscle tissue due to inactivity or disease.


name: 2-amino-6-chloro-alpha-cyano-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-acetic acid ethyl ester


spinal muscular atrophy

description: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) refers to a group of inherited conditions that affect the muscles. The severity of the condition; the associated signs and symptoms; and the age at which symptoms develop varies by subtype. In general, people with SMA experience progressive weakness and atrophy of muscles involved in mobility, the ability to sit unassisted, and head control. Breathing and swallowing may also be affected in severe cases. SMA is generally caused by changes (mutations) in the SMN1 gene and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Extra copies of the SMN2 gene modify the severity of SMA. Rare autosomal dominant (caused by mutations in DYNC1H1, BICD2, or VAPB genes) and X-linked (caused by mutations in UBA1) forms of SMA exist. Treatment is based on the signs and symptoms present in each person.


muscle tissue disorder

description: A disease involving the muscle tissue.


THIAZOLIDINEDIONE

A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.


phosphatidylethanolamine

A class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxy group of ethanolamine.


muscular dystrophy

description: Muscular dystrophy (MD) refers to a group of more than 30 genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement. Some forms of MD are seen in newborns, infants or children, while others have late-onset and may not appear until middle age or later. The disorders differ in terms of the distribution and extent of muscle weakness (some forms of MD also affect cardiac muscle), age of onset, rate of progression, and pattern of inheritance. The prognosis for people with MD varies according to the type and progression of the disorder. There is no specific treatment to stop or reverse any form of MD. Treatment is supportive and may include physical therapy, respiratory therapy, speech therapy, orthopedic appliances used for support, corrective orthopedic surgery, and medicationsincluding corticosteroids, anticonvulsants (seizure medications), immunosuppressants, and antibiotics. Some individuals may need assisted ventilation to treat respiratory muscle weaknessor a pacemaker for cardiac (heart)abnormalities.


Congenital musculoskeletal anomalies

description: An abnormality of the musculoskeletal system that is present at birth or detected in the neonatal period.


ZOXAMIDE

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-zoxamide.  A fungicide used for the control of various fungal infections including blight in potatoes and tomatoes.


musculoskeletal system disorder

description: A disease involving the musculoskeletal system.


mutism

description: The inability to generate oral-verbal expression, despite normal comprehension of speech. This may be associated with brain diseases or mental disorders. Organic mutism may be associated with damage to the frontal lobe; brain stem; thalamus; and cerebellum. Selective mutism is a psychological condition that usually affects children characterized by continuous refusal to speak in social situations by a child who is able and willing to speak to selected persons. Kussmal aphasia refers to mutism in psychosis.


myasthenia gravis

description: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare, clinically heterogeneous, autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction characterized by fatigable weakness of voluntary muscles.


mycobacterial infectious disease

description: Infection due to organisms from the genus Mycobacteria.


fungal infectious disease

description: An infection caused by a fungus.


dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine

A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).


RAVUCONAZOLE

A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-butyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole in which the butyl group is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 3 by hydroxy, 2,4-difluorophenyl, and 4-(p-cyanophenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl groups, respectively (the R,R stereoisomer). It exhibits antifungal activity by inhibition of 14alpha demethylase, an enzyme involved in sterol synthesis, resulting in lysis of the fungal cell wall and fungal cell death. (NCIO4)


sertaconazole

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sertaconazole. A broad spectrum antifungal with added antipruritic and anti-inflammatory activity used (as its nitrate salt) for treatment of various skin infections.


mycosis fungoides

description: Classical mycosis fungoides is the most common type of mycosis fungoides (MF), a form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and is characterized by slow progression from patches to more infiltrated plaques and eventually to tumors.


myelitis

description: An inflammatory process affecting the spinal cord. Causes include viral infections, autoimmune disorders, vascular disorders, and toxic agents. Symptoms include weakness, paresthesia, sensory loss, pain, and incontinence.


acute transverse myelitis

description: Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the spinal cord that can be either idiopathic (IATM) or secondary to a known cause (SATM).


myeloproliferative neoplasm

description: A clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder, characterized by proliferation in the bone marrow of one or more of the myeloid (i.e., granulocytic, erythroid, megakaryocytic, and mast cell) lineages. It is primarily a neoplasm of adults. (WHO 2008)


cardiomyopathy

description: A disease of the heart muscle or myocardium proper. Cardiomyopathies may be classified as either primary or secondary, on the basis of etiology, or on the pathophysiology of the lesion: hypertrophic, dilated, or restrictive.


5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide

A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.


Propionyl-Carnitine

An O-acylcarnitine compound having propanoyl as the acyl substituent.


fosamprenavir

A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.


myocarditis

description: Myocarditis is a condition that is characterized by inflammation of the heart muscle (myocardium). Some affected people have no noticeable symptoms of the condition. When present, signs and symptoms may include chest pain, abnormal heartbeat, shortness of breath, fatigue, signs of infection (i.e. fever, headache, sore throat, diarrhea), and leg swelling. Myocarditis can be caused by a variety of factors including infections (viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal), allergic reactions to certain medications, and exposure to certain chemicals. It can also be associated with other inflammatory conditions such as lupus, Wegener's granulomatosis, giant cell arteritis and Takayasu's arteritis. Most cases occur sporadically in people with no family history of the condition. Treatment aims to address the underlying cause of the condition. Medications and rarely, a heart transplant may be needed if the heart muscle becomes weak.


METHYL NONYL KETONE

A dialkyl ketone with methyl and nonyl as the two alkyl groups.


Myoclonus

description: Very brief, involuntary random muscular contractions occurring at rest, in response to sensory stimuli, or accompanying voluntary movements.


methaqualone

A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and  o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.


myofascial pain syndrome

description: Muscular pain in numerous body regions that can be reproduced by pressure on trigger points, localized hardenings in skeletal muscle tissue. Pain is referred to a location distant from the trigger points. A prime example is the temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome.


hereditary myoglobinuria

description: The presence of myoglobin in the urine.


benign muscle neoplasm

description: A benign mesenchymal neoplasm arising from smooth, skeletal, or cardiac muscle tissue.


myopia

description: The condition in which the individual does not see far distances clearly.


himbacine

A  piperidine alkaloid that is decahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a 2-[(2R,6S)-1,6-dimethylpiperidin-2-yl]ethenyl group at position 4. It has been isolated from the bark of Australian magnolias.


myositis disease

description: An inflammatory disease involving a pathogenic inflammatory response in the muscle tissue.


Myotonia

description: An involuntary and painless delay in the relaxation of skeletal muscle following contraction or electrical stimulation.


myotonic dystrophy

description: An inherited progressive disorder affecting the muscles. It is characterized by muscle wasting and hypotonia, cataracts, heart conduction defects and endocrinopathies.


Thomsen and Becker disease

description: A rare, genetic, skeletal muscle channelopathy characterized by slow muscle relaxation after contraction (myotonia).


myxedema

description: A condition characterized by severe hypothyroidism that is caused by autoimmune thyroid gland disorders, surgical reduction of thyroid tissue, radiation exposure, and viral infections. Signs and symptoms include generalized fatigue, lethargy, increased body weight, pale, edematous and thickened skin, low blood pressure, constipation and cold intolerance.


myxoma

description: A benign soft tissue neoplasm characterized by the presence of spindle and stellate cells, lobulated growth pattern, and myxoid stroma formation.


nail disorder

description: A disease involving the nail.


opiate dependence

description: Disorders related or resulting from abuse or mis-use of opioids.


nasal cavity polyp

description: A soft and painless polypoid mass that arises from the mucosa in the nasal cavity. It is usually the result of an inflammatory process. It may recur following surgical resection.


nasopharyngeal neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the nasopharynx. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include angiofibroma and squamous papilloma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma and nonkeratinizing carcinoma.


nasopharyngitis

description: An inflammatory process that affects the nasopharynx.


HYDROCORTISONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE

An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cortisol phosphate.


LYCORINE

An  indolizidine alkaloid that is 3,12-didehydrogalanthan substituted by hydroxy groups at positions and 2 and a methylenedioxy group across positions 9 and 10. Isolated from Crinum asiaticum, it  has been shown to exhibit antimalarial activity.


metacycline

A tetracycline that is the 6-methylene analogue of oxytetracycline, obtained by formal dehydration at position 6.


palonosetron

An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.


name: 1,2-Bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester


A glycol that is hexane substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 5.


A hexanol in which the hydroxy group is at position 2.


A salicylanilide derivative with chloride substituents at C-3 and C-5 of the salicylate moiety and at C-3 and C-4 of the anilide moiety.


A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine substituted by a 3-oxo-3-(pyridin-4-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group at position 3. An inhibitor of PFKFB3 kinase, an enzyme with a key role in glycolysis.


3-hydroxyglutaric acid

A 3 hydroxy carboxylic acid that is glutaric acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It is a diagnostic marker for glutaric aciduria type I.


A ketone that is hexan-2-one in which one of the hydrogens at position 5 is replaced by a hydroxy group.


bithionol

An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders.


EPOTHILONE A

An epithilone that is epothilone C in which the double bond in the macrocyclic lactone ring has been oxidised to the corresponding epoxide (the 13R,14S diastereoisomer).


PATUPILONE

An epithilone that is epithilone D in which the double bond in the macrocyclic ring has been oxidised to the corresponding epoxide (the S,S stereoisomer).


MYXOTHIAZOL

A 2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole substituted at the 4-position with a (1E,3S,4R,5E)-7-amino-3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-7-oxohepta-1,5-dien-1-yl] group and at the 2'-position with a (2S,3E,5E)-7-methylocta-3,5-dien-2-yl group. It is an inhibitor of coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase.


NEOHESPERIDIN DIHYDROCHALCONE

A member of the  dihydrochalcones that is 3,2',4',6'-tetrahydroxy-4-methoxydihydrochalcone attached to a neohesperidosyl residue at position 4' via glycosidic linkage. It is found in sweet orange.


NONANAL

A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.


OLIGOMYCIN

An oligomycin with formula C45H74011. An inhibitor of mitochondrial F1FO ATP synthase that induces apoptosis in a variety of cell types and exhibits antifungal, antitumour, and nematicidal activities, but its clinical application has been limited by poor solubility in water and other biocompatible solvents.


palmitoleoyl ethanolamide

An N-acylethanolamine 16:1 that is the ethanolamide of palmitoleic acid.


A retinoid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the methyl group at position 9 is replaced by a 4-methylphenyl group. It is an inhibitor of activator protein-1 which exhibits antitumour effects in vivo.


Nelson syndrome

description: A syndrome that develops following bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing syndrome. The signs and symptoms result from the presence of an adenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary gland adenoma, and include enlargement of the sella turcica and pressure on the adjacent structures, and skin hyperpigmentation.


Nematoda infectious disease

description: Infections caused by nematode larvae which never develop into the adult stage and migrate through various body tissues. They commonly infect the skin, eyes, and viscera in humans. Ancylostoma brasiliensis causes cutaneous larva migrans. Toxocara causes visceral larva migrans.


TETRAMISOLE

An imidazothiazole that is imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole in which the double bonds at the 2-3 and 5-6 positions have been reduced to single bonds and in which one of the hydrogens at position 6 is replaced by a phenyl group.


neonatal abstinence syndrome

description: A constellation of neurobehavioral features observed in a neonate following antenatal exposure to drugs including opioids, benzodiazepines, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.


name: Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities


A semicarbazide derivative that is semicarbazide in which the amino group at position 2 is replaced by a [1,3-dimethyl-4-(propan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl]amino group and the amino group adjacent to the carbonyl is replaced by a (2,6-dichloropyridin-4-yl)amino group. It is a potent S1P2 antagonist (IC50 = 17.6 nM).


cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro)

A homodetic cyclic peptide composed from leucyl and prolyl residues.


fumagillin

A meroterpenoid resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of fumagillol with the carboxylic acid group of (all-E)-deca-2,4,6,8-tetraenedioic acid. Originally isolated from the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, it is used for the control of Nosema infection in honey bees.


name: VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor III


A polybromobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 2', 4, 4', 5, and 5' have been replace by bromines.


TRIAPINE

Triapine is a synthetic heterocyclic carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone with potential antineoplastic activity. Triapine inhibits the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase, resulting in the inhibition of the conversion of ribonucleoside diphosphates to deoxyribonucleotides necessary for DNA synthesis. This agent has been shown to inhibit tumor growth in vitro.


all-trans-phytoene

The all-trans-isomer of phytoene.


CAMALEXIN

An indole phytoalexin that is indole substituted at position 3 by a 1,3-thiazol-2-yl group.


catechols

Any compound containing an o-diphenol component.


CUCURBITACIN D

A cucurbitacin in which a lanostane skeleton is multi-substituted with hydroxy, methyl and oxo substituents, with unsaturation at positions 5 and 23.


An organic disulfide that is mitomycin C in which the amino group at position 7 is replaced by a {2-[(4-nitrophenyl)disulfanyl]ethyl}amino group. It is a derivative of mitomycin C with activity against a range of tumour cell lines and xenografts.


all-trans-phytofluene

The all-trans-isomer of  phytofluene.


quinone

Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).


SAICAR

A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide resulting from the formal condesation of the darboxy group of 5-amino-1-(5-O-phosphono-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of L-aspartic acid.


connective tissue neoplasm

description: Neoplasms composed of connective tissue, including elastic, mucous, reticular, osseous, and cartilaginous tissue. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in connective tissue.


A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.


CANDICIDIN

A 38-membered ring lactone containing seven (E)-double bonds between positions 22 and 35 and substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11, 13, 17 and 19, oxo groups at positions 3, 7 and 15, a carboxy group at position 18, a 3-amino-3,6-dideoxymannopyranosyloxy group at position 21, a methyl group at position 36 and a 7-(4-aminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-7-oxoheptan-2-yl group at position 37. It is the major component of candicidin, a mixture of antifungal heptaene macrolides obtained from a strain of Streptomyces griseus.


epithelial neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from and is composed of epithelial cells. This category include adenomas, papillomas, and carcinomas.


multiple endocrine neoplasia

description: An autosomal dominant inherited neoplastic syndrome characterized by the development of various endocrine neoplasms and abnormalities in various anatomic sites. There are four types recognized: type 1 (MEN 1), caused by inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene MEN-1, type 2A (MEN 2A), caused by mutation of the RET gene, type 2B (MEN 2B) also caused by mutation of the RET gene, and type 4 (MEN 4) caused by mutation of the CDKN1B gene. Patients with MEN 1 may develop hyperparathyroidism and parathyroid gland adenomas, pituitary gland adenomas, pancreatic islet cell neoplasms, and carcinoid tumors. Patients with MEN 2A develop medullary thyroid carcinomas and may also develop pheochromocytomas and parathyroid gland hyperplasia. Patients with MEN 2B develop medullary thyroid carcinomas and numerous neural defects including neuromas. Patients with MEN 4 develop endocrine neoplasms, particularly in the parathyroid glands, pituitary, and pancreas.


Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced

description: A neoplasm that develops as a result of exposure to radiation.


Neoplasms, Unknown Primary

description: The spread of a malignant neoplasm from an unknown primary to another region remote from the primary site.


Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary

description: An inherited genetic condition in which members within a family are at an increased risk for the development of benign and/or malignant neoplasms.


interstitial nephritis

description: Inflammation of the renal tubules and supporting tissues of the kidney.


piromidic acid

A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid, substituted at position 2 by a pyrrolidin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic antibacterial which is used for the treatment of urinary tract and intestinal infections.


nephrocalcinosis

description: Nephrocalcinosis is a disorder that occurs when too much calcium is deposited in the kidneys. It commonly occurs in premature infants. Individuals may not have symptoms or may have symptoms related to thecondition causing nephrocalcinosis. If kidney stones are present, symptoms may include blood in the urine, fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, and severe pain in the belly area, sides of the back (flank), groin, or testicles. Later symptoms may be associated with chronic kidney failure. It may be caused by use of certain medications or supplements, infection, or any condition that leads to high levels of calcium in the blood or urine including hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis, Alport syndrome, Bartter syndrome,and a variety of other conditions. Some of the underlying disorders that can cause nephrocalcinosis are genetic, with the inheritance pattern depending on the specific disorder. Treatment differs depending on the cause of nephrocalcinosis and often aims to prevent more calcium from being deposited in the kidneys.


nephrosclerosis

description: Hardening of the kidney due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (fibrosis), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic hypertension. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ischemia.


lignin

A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.


lipoid nephrosis

description: A glomerular disorder characterized by the electron microscopic finding of loss of podocyte foot processes. Light microscopic examination does not show glomerular changes. Patients present with proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome.


BW B70C

A  hydroxamic acid that is urea in which both the hydrogens attached to one of the nitrogens are replaced by a hydroxy and a (1E)-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenyl]but-1-en-3-yl group. A selective inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, it can be used for the treatment of asthma.


nerve compression syndrome

description: Any nerve disorder caused by the entrapment and compression of a nerve.


neurodegenerative disease

description: A disorder of the central nervous system characterized by gradual and progressive loss of neural tissue and neurologic function.


A dihydroxybenzoate having the two hydroxy groups located at the 3- and 4-positions.


A phenylacetaldehyde in which the 3 and 4 positions of the phenyl group are substituted by hydroxy groups.


GSK-3beta inhibitor I

A member of the class of thiadiazolidines that is 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by a benzyl group at position 4. It is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). An experimental compound which was being developed for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease.


arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone

A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group


dinophysistoxin 2

A ketal that is a rare marine toxin structurally related to okadaic acid. Found yearly along with okadaic acid in Portuguese shellfish, its presence has been correlated with the occurrence of Dinophysis acta.


pexidartinib

A pyrrolopyridine that is 5-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine which is substituted by a [6-({[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]methyl}amino)pyridin-3-yl]methyl group at position 3. It is a potent multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of CSF-1R, KIT, and FLT3 (IC50 of 20 nM, 10 nM and 160 nM, respectively). Approved by the FDA for the treatment of adult patients with symptomatic tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT).


A member of the class of imidazoles carrying 4-hydroxycyclohexyl, 4-fluorophenyl and 2-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl substituents at positions 1, 4 and 5 respectively.


cholinergic drug

Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of acetylcholine, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons.


darunavir

An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease  enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.


fluorohydrocarbon

A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with fluorine atoms.


A trimethylbenzene carrying methyl substituents at positions 1, 3 and 5.


mydriatic agent

Agent that dilates the pupil. Used in eye diseases and to facilitate eye examination. It may be either a sympathomimetic or parasympatholytic. The latter cause cycloplegia or paralysis of accommodation at high doses and may precipitate glaucoma.


name: Benzenesulfonic acid, 4,4',4'',4'''-(21H,23H-porphine-5,10,15,20-tetrayl)tetrakis-, tetrasodium salt


tricaine

A benzoate ester that is the ethyl ester of 3-aminobenzoic acid. Used (in the form of its methanesulfonate salt) as an anaesthetic for fish.


nervous system cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the nervous system.


neuralgia

description: A pain disorder characterize by pain in the distribution of a nerve or nerves


Neurasthenia

description: An episode of acute, severe anxiety or depression associated with an inability to function as normal.


schwannoma

description: A benign, usually encapsulated slow growing tumor composed of Schwann cells. It affects peripheral and cranial nerves. It recurs infrequently and only rare cases associated with malignant transformation have been reported.


neuritis

description: A neuropathy arising from inflammation of one or more nerves.


neuroblastoma

description: Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common solid, extracranial childhood tumor. It is an aggressive pediatric cancer that originates from neural crest tissues of the sympathetic nervous system.


neurodermatitis

description: Skin findings arising from repeated rubbing, picking or scratching of a real or imagined irritation of the skin.


neuroleptic malignant syndrome

description: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is an idiosyncratic condition associated with administration of antipsychotic and other central dopaminergic blockers, and characterized by hyperthermia, muscular rigidity, autonomic dysfunction and altered consciousness.


neuromuscular disease

description: Any disease that impairs the functioning of the muscles, either directly, being pathologies of the voluntary muscle, or indirectly, being pathologies of nerves or neuromuscular junctions


name: dexamethasone, neomycin, polymyxin B drug combination


doxacurium

A mixture of the (1R,2S,1'S,2'R), (1R,2S,1'R,2'S) and (1S,2R,1'S,2'R) stereoisomers (a meso isomer and two enantiomers, respectively) of 2,2'-[(1,4-dioxobutane-1,4-diyl)bis(oxypropane-3,1-diyl)]bis[6,7,8-trimethoxy-2-methyl-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinium], all of which are in a trans configuration at the 1 and 2 positions of the tetrahydroisoquinolinium rings. A competitive neuromuscular blocker, the chloride salt is used to provide muscle relaxation in general anaesthesia and to facilitate mechanical ventilation in patients in intensive care.


neuromyelitis optica

description: A rare inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized mainly by attacks of uni- or bilateral optic neuritis (ON) and acute myelitis.


neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis

description: A group of inherited progressive degenerative brain diseases characterized clinically by a decline of mental and other capacities, epilepsy, and vision loss through retinal degeneration, and histopathologically by intracellular accumulation of an autofluorescent material, ceroid lipofuscin, in the neuronal cells in the brain and in the retina.


neurosyphilis

description: Infection of the brain or spinal cord by Treponema pallidum. It occurs many years following the original infection which remained untreated. Signs and symptoms include abnormal gait, blindness, depression, paralysis, seizures and dementia.


neurotic disorder

description: A form of functional mental illness that manifests in distressed emotional reactions such as anxiety, obsessive thoughts, compulsive behaviors, or irrational fears.


neutropenia

description: A decrease in the number of neutrophils found in the blood.


A dicarboximide having an endo bridged phthalimide structure, substituted at nitrogen by a 4-(quinolin-8-ylcarbamoyl)benzoyl group.


MEFENOXAM

A methyl N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)alaninate that is the more active R-enantiomer of metalaxyl. A systemic fungicide, it is active against phytopathogens of the order Peronosporales and is used to conrtrol Pythium in a number of vegetable crops.


nocardiosis

description: Nocardiosis is a local (skin, lung, brain) or disseminated (whole body) acute, subacute, or chronic bacterial infection.


Nose Deformities, Acquired

description: A non-congenital malformation of the nose.


Neoplasm of the nose

description: Tumor (An abnormal mass of tissue resulting from abnormally dividing cells) of the nasal cavity.


bis(chloromethyl) ether

An ether that is dimethyl ether in which one of the hydrogens attached to each of the methyl group has replaced by a chlorine.


night blindness

description: Inability to see clearly in dim light.


pathologic nystagmus

description: Involuntary movements of the eyeballs. The presence or absence of nystagmus is often used in the diagnosis of a variety of neurological and visual disorders.


dihydroergocornine

Ergocornine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10.


lorcaserin

A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and a t position 6 by a chloro group.


RASPBERRYKETONE

A ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at position 4 by a hydroxy group. It is found in a variety of fruits including raspberries, blackberries and cranberries, and is used in perfumery and cosmetics.


DYRENE

A member of the class of triazenes that is dichlorotriazene in which the hydrogen is replaced by an o-chloroanilino group. A fungicide formerly used to control leaf spots and downy mildew, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.


trans,trans-muconic acid

The trans,trans-isomer of muconic acid. It is metabolite of benzene in humans and serves as a biomarker of occupational exposure to benzene.


ochronosis disorder

description: A disorder characterized by bluish-black discoloration of the cartilaginous tissues due to accumulation of homogentisic acid. It is associated with alkaptonuria. Signs and symptoms include dark urine, skin pigmentation, and arthritis.


ocular hypertension

description: Abnormally high intraocular pressure.


angiogenesis inhibitor

An agent and endogenous substances that antagonize or inhibit the development of new blood vessels.


fluorometholone

A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.


oligodendroglioma

description: A well-differentiated (WHO grade II), diffusely infiltrating neuroglial tumor, typically located in the cerebral hemispheres. It is composed predominantly of cells which morphologically resemble oligodendroglia. The neoplastic cells have rounded homogeneous nuclei and, on paraffin sections, a swollen, clear cytoplasm ('honeycomb' appearance). (Adapted from WHO)


Oligomenorrhea

description: Infrequent menses (less than 6 per year or more than 35 days between cycles).


oligospermia

description: Decreased number of spermatozoa in the semen.


Oliguria

description: Low output of urine, clinically classified as an output below 300-500ml/day.


name: vasopressin, beta mercapto(beta,beta)-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid(1)-Phe(2)-Ile(4)-Arg(8)-Ala(9)-


onchocerciasis

description: Onchocerciasis is a form of filariasis, caused by the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus, transmitted by the black fly. The infection can either be asymptomatic or manifest as an ocular disease (river blindness) with itchy eyes, erythema, photophobia, onchodermatitis or onchocercal skin disease (classified into acute papular, chronic papular, lichenified, atrophic, and depigmentated) and onchocercomas (over bony prominences). Other classic clinical manifestations are ichthyosis-like lesions (''lizard skin'') and ''hanging groin'', which may be associated with lymphadenopathy.


endophthalmitis

description: An infectious process affecting the internal structures of the eye.