midodrine

An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.


anovulation

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: The absence of ovulation.


Hypoxemia

category: biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: An abnormally low level of blood oxygen.


calcium gluconate

The calcium salt of D-gluconic acid.


omega-conotoxin GVIA

A heterodetic cyclic polypeptide consisting of the linear sequence Cys-Lys-Ser-Hyp-Gly-Ser-Ser-Cys-Ser-Hyp-Thr-Ser-Tyr-Asn-Cys-Cys-Arg-Ser-Cys-Asn-Hyp-Tyr-Thr-Lys-Arg-Cys-Tyr-NH2 with three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 1-16, 8-19 and 15-26. Isolated from the venom of the fish-hunting snail Conus geographus.


anterior compartment of tibia syndrome

description: Rapid swelling, increased tension, pain, and ischemic necrosis of the muscles of the anterior tibial compartment of the leg, often following excessive physical exertion.


anthrax infection

description: An infection caused by Bacillus anthracis bacteria. It may affect the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, or skin. Patients with lung infection present with fever, headaches, cough, chest pain and shortness of breath. Patients with gastrointestinal infection present with nausea, vomiting and bloody diarrhea. Patients with skin infection develop blisters and ulcers.


antisocial personality disorder

description: A disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that is manifested in childhood or early adolescence. (adapted from DSM-IV)


anuria

description: Absence of urine output.


sulfadiazine

A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.


anus disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the anal canal or anal margin. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include hemorrhoids and anal ulcer. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include carcinoma, lymphoma, and melanoma.


anus neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the anal canal or anal margin. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include squamous papilloma and papillary hidradenoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, lymphoma, and melanoma.


imperforate anus

description: A congenital birth defect characterized by the absence of a normal anal opening. It may be associated with other congenital abnormalities.


IOTYROSINE

The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.


acetophenazine

A member of the class of  phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.


antalarmin

A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, and 6, by a mesityl group at position 7, and in which the amino substituent at position 4 has been substituted by ethyl and butyl groups. It is an antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF-1) receptors (Ki = 1 nM).


benzatropine

Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.


name: caffeine, codeine, acetaminophen, propyphenazone drug combination


dexfenfluramine

The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.


LURASIDONE HYDROCHLORIDE

A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of lurasidone with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An atypical antipsychotic agent used for the treatment of schizophrenia.


separation anxiety disorder

description: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent excessive distress due to fear of separation from the home or from major attachment figures; the distress is developmentally inappropriate and causes impairment in social, academic, or other areas of functioning.


aortic aneurysm

description: A ruptured aneurysm located in the wall of the proximal portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta.


A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at position 3 and 4 on each phenyl group are replaced by chlorines.


aorta coarctation

description: Congenital narrowing of a segment of the aorta. Signs and symptoms include hypertension, muscle weakness, shortness of breath, headaches and leg cramps.


aortic disorder

description: Pathology involving the thoracic, thoracoabdominal, or abdominal aorta (including aneurysms). (ACC)


URSOLIC ACID

A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is urs-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.


Aortic rupture

description: Tearing of the aortic wall generally associated with profuse internal bleeding.


aortic valve insufficiency

description: Dysfunction of the aortic valve characterized by incomplete valve closure.


xylazine

A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.


aortic valve stenosis

description: Aortic valve stenosis (AVS) is a condition characterized by narrowing of the heart's aortic valve opening. This narrowing prevents the valve from opening fully, which obstructs blood flow from the heart into the aorta, and onward to the rest of the body. AVS can range from mild to severe. Signs and symptoms typically develop when the narrowing of the opening is severe and may include chest pain (angina) or tightness; shortness of breath or fatigue (especially during exertion); feeling faint or fainting; heart palpitations; and heart murmur. Individuals with less severe congenital AVS (present at birth) may not develop symptoms until adulthood. Individuals with severe cases may faint without warning. AVS can have several causes including abnormal development before birth (such as having 1 or 2 valve leaflets instead of 3); calcium build-up on the valve in adulthood; and rheumatic fever.


aortitis

description: Inflammation of the aorta. Causes include trauma, infectious disorders, and connective tissue disorders.


aortopulmonary window

description: A rare, congenital anomaly in the aorta in which a communication exists between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary artery.


aphasia

description: A language disorder that involves an acquired impairment of any language modality such as producing or comprehending spoken or written language.


sufentanil

An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.


Expressive aphasia

description: Impairment of expressive language and relative preservation of receptive language abilities. That is, the patient understands language (speech, writing) but cannot express it.


Loss of voice

description: A term referring to the inability to speak. It may result from injuries to the vocal cords or may be functional (psychogenic).


Apnea

description: Lack of breathing with no movement of the respiratory muscles and no exchange of air in the lungs. This term refers to a disposition to have recurrent episodes of apnea rather than to a single event.


remifentanil

A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.


appendiceal neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm involving the appendix.


eating disorder

description: A broad group of psychological disorders with abnormal eating behaviors leading to physiological effects from overeating or insufficient food intake.


apraxia

description: Apraxia is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to perform tasks or movements, despite having the desire and physical ability to perform them. It is caused by damage to the brain, especially the parietal lobe, and can arise from many diseases, tumors, a stroke, or traumatic brain injury. In some cases it is present from birth. There are several types of apraxia, which may occur alone or together. These include: Buccofacial or orofacial apraxia is the inability to carry out facial movements on demand. This may include licking the lips, sticking out the tongue, whistling, coughing, or winking. Ideational apraxia is the inability to carryout learned, complex tasks with multiple, sequential movements. This may include dressing, eating, and bathing. Ideomotor apraxia is the inability to perform a learned task (such as using a tool) or communicate using gestures (like waving good-bye). Limb-kinetic apraxia is the inability to make fine, precise movements with an arm or leg. This may include buttoning a shirt or tying a shoe. Verbal apraxia is difficulty coordinating mouth and speech movements. Verbal apraxia may be acquired or present from birth. Constructional apraxia is the inability to copy, draw, or construct simple figures. Oculomotor apraxia is difficulty moving the eyes on command. Treatment of apraxia may include physical, speech, or occupational therapy. If apraxia occurs as a symptom of another disorder, treatment should be directed to the underlying condition.


arachnoiditis

description: Arachnoiditis (ARC) is a chronic inflammation of the arachnoid layer of the meninges, of which adhesive arachnoiditis is the most severe form, characterized by debilitating, intractable neurogenic back and limb pain and a range of other neurological problems.


methylprednisolone acetate

An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.


arbovirus infection

description: A viral infection that is transmitted by an arthropod.


TILORONE

A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.


Arenaviridae infectious disease

description: Virus diseases caused by the arenaviridae.


argyria

description: Argyria is a rare dermatosis, which can be either localized or systemic, that occurs after prolonged contact and absorption of silver containing compounds over a period of years and that is characterized by irreversible blue-gray to gray-black staining of skin, fingernails and/or mucous membranes, most evident on sun exposed areas of the skin. Silver exposure is usually occupational but may also occur through dental amalgams, the ingestion of colloidal silver, acupuncture needles, orthopedic implants and topical medications (such as silver sulfadiazine).


Chiari malformation

description: A rare genetic brain malformation characterized by displacement of the brain stem and cerebellum through the foramen magnum. It may result in hydrocephalus.


A diol that consists of a cyclohexane skeleton carrying two hydroxy substituents.


A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine


BRETYLIUM TOSYLATE

The tosylate salt of bretylium.  It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.


CYCLOPROPANE

A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.


levobupivacaine

The (S)-(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.


A biphenylyltetrazole that is losartan with the hydroxymethyl group at position 5 on the imidazole ring replaced with a carboxylic acid.


MEPHEDRONE

An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone substituted at C-4 and at C-beta with methyl and methylamino groups respectively. It is a synthetic stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes.


phenothiazine

The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.


ramiprilat

A dipeptide that is the active metabolite of ramipril. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.


ryanodine

An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.


thiamylal

A member of the class of  barbiturates that is 2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by a pentan-2-yl and prop-2-en-1-yl group at position 5.


tiotropium bromide

An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.


Nodal Arrhythmia by ECG Finding

description: An electrocardiographic finding of an arrhythmia originating from within the atrioventricular node.


peripheral vascular disease

description: Any disorder affecting blood flow through the veins or arteries outside of the heart.


desirudin

A heterodetic cyclic peptide composed of 65 amino acids joined in sequence and cyclised by three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 6-14, 16-28 and 22-39. It is a highly specific inhibitor of thrombin and used as an anticoagulant in patients to prevent venous thromboembolism. Its amino acid sequence differs from natural hirudin by lack of sulfate group on Tyr-63.


eptifibatide

A synthetic homodetic cyclic peptide comprising N(alpha)-(3-sulfanylpropanoyl)homoarginyl, glycyl, aspartyl, tryptophyl, prolyl and cysteinamide residues connected in sequence and cyclised via a disulfide bond. Derived from a protein found in the venom of the southeastern pygmy rattlesnake, Sistrurus miliarus barbouri, eptifibatide is an anti-coagulant that inhibits platelet aggregation by selectively blocking the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor, so preventing the binding of fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and other adhesive ligands. It is used in the management of unstable angina and in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty and stenting procedures.


lepirudin

A heterodetic cyclic peptide composed of 65 amino acids joined in sequence and cyclised by three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 6-14, 16-28 and 22-39. It is a highly specific inhibitor of thrombin and used as an anticoagulant in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.


nandrolone

A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.


arteriosclerosis disorder

description: A vascular disorder characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries.


arteriosclerosis obliterans

description: Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by atherosclerosis. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (arterial intima) of arteries including the aorta and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension.


arteriovenous hemangioma/malformation

description: A benign vascular lesion characterized by the presence of a complex network of communicating arterial and venous vascular structures.


arteritis

description: An inflammatory process affecting an artery.


arthritic joint disease

description: An inflammatory process affecting a joint. Causes include infection, autoimmune processes, degenerative processes, and trauma. Signs and symptoms may include swelling around the affected joint and pain.


osmium tetroxide

An osmium coordination entity consisting of four oxygen atoms bound to a central osmium atom via covalent double bonds.


A lysophosphatidylcholine 16:0 in which a hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl) group is attached to the glycero moiety at position 1.


allantoin

An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is 5-aminohydantoin in which a carbamoyl group is attached to the exocyclic nitrogen.


anti-inflammatory agent

Any compound that has anti-inflammatory effects.


CREATININE

A lactam obtained by formal cyclocondensation of creatine. It is a metabolite of creatine.


HIPPURIC ACID

An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.


indole-3-carboxylic acid

An indole-3-carboxylic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 3.


3-(indol-3-yl)lactic acid

A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.


PHENACETURIC ACID

A N-acylglycine that is glycine substituted on nitrogen with a phenylacetyl group.


PHENYLPYRUVATE

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropanoic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in the phenylalanine pathway.


4-pyridoxic acid

A methylpyridine that is 2-methylpyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at C-3, a carboxy group at C-4, and a hydroxymethyl group at C-5. It is the catabolic product of vitamin B6 and is excreted in the urine.


name: streptococcal group A cell wall carbohydrate


XANTHURENATE

A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at C-4 and C-8.


bacterial arthritis

description: The inflammation of one or more joints caused by a bacterial infection within the joint space. Symptoms include pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion in the affected joint.


juvenile idiopathic arthritis

description: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the term used to describe a group of inflammatory articular disorders of unknown cause that begin before the age of 16 and last over 6 weeks. The term juvenile idiopathic arthritis was chosen to signify the absence of any known mechanism underlying the disorder and to highlight the necessity of excluding other types of arthritis occurring in well defined diseases (in particular arthritis occurring in association with infectious, inflammatory and haematooncologic diseases).


alclofenac

An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.


chlormezanone

A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.


A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is raloxifene in which the piperidin-1-yl group has been replaced by a pyrrolidin-1-yl group.


tenoxicam

A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine.  Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.


arthrogryposis multiplex congenita

description: Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) is a group of disorders characterized by congenital limb contractures. It manifests as limitation of movement of multiple limb joints at birth that is usually non-progressive and may include muscle weakness and fibrosis. AMC is always associated with decreased intrauterine fetal movement which leads secondarily to the contractures.


CONIINE

A 2-propylpiperidine that has S-configuration.


neurogenic arthropathy

description: Chronic progressive degeneration of the stress-bearing portion of a joint, with bizarre hypertrophic changes at the periphery. It is probably a complication of a variety of neurologic disorders, particularly tabes dorsalis, involving loss of sensation, which leads to relaxation of supporting structures and chronic instability of the joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)


articulation disorder

description: A disorder characterized by the failure to use developmentally expected speech sounds that are appropriate for the individual's age (i.e., the individual makes errors in sound production or use or omits sounds such as final consonants).


ascariasis

description: An infection that is caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides, many cases of which remain asymptomatic. During the transient larval migratory phase, shortness of breath, fever, and eosinophilia can occur. Depending on the intestinal worm burden, a spectrum of gastrointestinal tract symptoms can occur.


Ascites

description: Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.


scurvy

description: A condition that develops in people who do not consume an adequate amount of vitamin C in their diet. Although scurvy is relatively rare in the United States, it continues to be a problem in malnourished populations around the world (such as impoverished, underdeveloped third world countries). Early features of the condition include general weakness, fatigue and aching limbs. If left untreated, more serious problems can develop such as anemia, gum disease, and skin hemorrhages. Symptoms generally develop after at least 3 months of severe or total vitamin C deficiency. Scurvy can be cured with vitamin C supplements taken by mouth. Once recovery is complete, dietary modifications to ensure the 'recommended daily intake' of vitamin C is reached will prevent relapse. Except in the case of severe dental disease, permanent damage from scurvy does not usually occur.


aspergillosis

description: Aspergillosis is an infection, growth, or allergic response caused by the Aspergillus fungus. There are several different kinds of aspergillosis. One kind is allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (also called ABPA), a condition where the fungus causes allergic respiratory symptoms similar to asthma, such as wheezing and coughing, but does not actually invade and destroy tissue. Another kind of aspergillosis is invasive aspergillosis. This infection usually affects people with weakened immune systems due to cancer, AIDS, leukemia, organ transplantation, chemotherapy, or other conditions or events that reduce the number of normal white blood cells. In this condition, the fungus invades and damages tissues in the body. Invasive aspergillosis most commonly affects the lungs, but can also cause infection in many other organs and can spread throughout the body (commonly affecting the kidneys and brain). Aspergilloma, a growth (fungus ball) that develops in an area of previous lung disease such as tuberculosis or lung abscess, is a third kind of aspergillosis. This type of aspergillosis is composed of a tangled mass of fungus fibers, blood clots, and white blood cells. The fungus ball gradually enlarges, destroying lung tissue in the process, but usually does not spread to other areas.


ANIDULAFUNGIN

A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.


allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

description: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a rare immunologic pulmonary disorder caused by hypersensitivity to Aspergillus fumigatus, clinically manifesting with poorly controlled asthma and recurrent pulmonary infiltrates.


Asphyxia

description: A state of general hypoxia and hypercapnea, resulting in acidosis, which affects all tissues in the body.


perinatal asphyxia

description: A disorder caused by a lack of blood flow or gas exchange to or from the fetus in the period immediately before, during, or after the birth process.


tamsulosin

A 5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide that has (R)-configuration. A specific alpha1 adrenoceptor antagonist used (generally as its hydrochloride salt, tamsulosin hydrochloride) in the treatment of prostatic hyperplasia, chronic prostatitis, urinary retention, and help with the passage of kidney stones.


anti-asthmatic agent

Any compound that has anti-asthmatic effects.


bitolterol

The di-4-toluate ester of (+-)-N-tert-butylnoradrenaline (colterol). A pro-drug for colterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, bitolterol is used as its methanesulfonate salt for relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.


doxofylline

An oxopurine that is a derivative of xanthine, methylated at N-1 and N-3 and carrying a 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl group at N-7, used in the treatment of asthma.


enprofylline

Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.


ephedrine

A  phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.


fleroxacin

A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.


food preservative

Substances which are added to food in order to prevent decomposition caused by  microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes.


GAMMA-TOCOPHEROL

A tocopherol in which the chroman-6-ol core is substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. It is found particularly in maize (corn) oil and soya bean (soybean) oils.


ketotifen

An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.


leukotriene antagonist

A drug designed to prevent leukotriene synthesis or activity by blocking binding at the receptor level.


leukotriene

Any icosanoid from that family of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives generated by leukocytes from arachidonic acid, each member having four double bonds of which three are conjugated.


name: phosphatidyl (3,4) inositol bisphosphate

description: A 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are both specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl).


PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE

The cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the anhydride of phthalic acid.


SYRINGIN

A monosaccharide derivative that is trans-sinapyl alcohol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage.


vasodilator agent

A drug used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.


Exercise-induced asthma

description: Asthma attacks following exercise.


astigmatism

description: Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)


Dyssynergia

description: A type of ataxia characterized by the impairment of the ability to smoothly perform the elements of a voluntary movement in the appropriate order and speed. With dyssynergia, a voluntary movement appears broken down into its component parts.


A butanediol compound having two hydroxy groups in the 1- and 3-positions.


ANABASINE

The (S)-enantiomer of anabasine.


cyclopentolate

A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (1-hydroxycyclopentyl)(phenyl)acetic acid with N,N-dimethylethanolamine. A tertiary amine antimuscarinic with actions similar to atropine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt to produce mydriasis (excessive dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia (paralysis  of the ciliary muscle of the eye) for opthalmic diagnostic procedures. It acts more quickly than atropine and has a shorter duration of action.


lasalocid

A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.


pilsicainide

A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline with the carboxy group of (tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7a(5H)-yl)acetic acid. It is a sodium channel blocker which is used as an antiarrhythmic drug for the management of atrial tachyarrhythmias in Japan.


TENOCYCLIDINE

A tertiary amino compound that consists of cyclohexane having piperidin-1-yl and thiophen-2-yl groups attached at position 1. A dissociative anaesthetic drug with halluccinogenic and stimulant effects. Its effects are similar to those of phencyclidine (PCP, an analogue with the thienyl group replaced by phenyl), but it is rather more potent.


omega-conotoxin MVIIA

A heterodetic cyclic polypeptide consisting of the linear sequence Cys-Lys-Gly-Lys-Gly-Ala-Lys-Cys-Ser-Arg-Leu-Met-Tyr-Asp-Cys-Cys-Thr-Gly-Ser-Cys-Arg-Ser-Gly-Lys-Cys-NH2 with three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 1-16, 8-20 and 15-25.  A neuronal N-type Ca(2+) channel blocker in mammalian and amphibian brain, it blocks release of GABA and glutamate at neuronal synapses. Used as a probe for calcium channel receptors, it is selective for different receptor subtypes. A synthetic form, named ziconotide, is an atypical analgesic agent for the amelioration of severe and chronic pain.


ataxia telangiectasia

description: Ataxia-telangiectasia is the association of severe combined immunodeficiency (affecting mainly the humoral immune response) with progressive cerebellar ataxia. It is characterized by neurological signs, telangiectasias, increased susceptibility to infections and a higher risk of cancer.


Atelectasis

description: Collapse of part of a lung associated with absence of inflation (air) of that part.


Athetosis

description: A slow, continuous, involuntary writhing movement that prevents maintenance of a stable posture. Athetosis involves continuous smooth movements that appear random and are not composed of recognizable sub-movements or movement fragments. In contrast to chorea, in athetosis, the same regions of the body are repeatedly involved. Athetosis may worsen with attempts at movement of posture, but athetosis can also occur at rest.


procyclidine

A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.


tetrabenazine

A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.


Athletic Injuries

description: An injury sustained while practicing or competing in a sport.


angiotensin II

An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).


An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-amino-4-(cyclohexylamino)benzoic acid with ethanol. It is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis, a distinct non-apoptotic form of cell death caused by lipid peroxidation. It is also a radical-trapping antioxidant and has the ability to reduce the accumulation of lipid peroxides and chain-carrying peroxyl radicals.


atrial flutter

description: A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of an organized, regular atrial rhythm with atrial rate of 240-340 beats per minute. Multiple P waves typically appear in the inferior leads in a saw tooth-like pattern between the QRS complexes. (CDISC)


(2R)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)lactic acid

A (2R)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (R)-lactic acid substituted at position 3 by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group.


A hydroxypolyether that is the monomethyl ether derivative of diethylene glycol.


PINOSTROBIN

A  monohydroxyflavanone that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 and a methoxy group at position 7 respectively.


ATOMOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE

The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.


auditory perceptual disorders

description: Acquired or developmental cognitive disorders of AUDITORY PERCEPTION characterized by a reduced ability to perceive information contained in auditory stimuli despite intact auditory pathways. Affected individuals have difficulty with speech perception, sound localization, and comprehending the meaning of inflections of speech.


A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is 3-hydroxypropanoic acid substituted by a 3-hydroxyphenyl group at position 3.


anxiolytic drug

Anxiolytic drugs are agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and anxiety disorders, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions.


L-erythro-biopterin

A biopterin in which the 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group has (1R,2S)-configuration; naturally occurring form.


L-cysteinylglycine

A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.


NICOTINAMIDE RIBOSIDE

A pyridine nucleoside consisting of nicotinamide with a beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety at the 1-position.


autonomic nervous system disorder

description: A disease involving the autonomic nervous system.


A benzodioxine that is idazoxan substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group.


anaesthetic

Substance which produces loss of feeling or sensation.


caesium chloride

The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.


babesiosis

description: Babesiosis refers to a condition caused by microscopic parasites that infect the red blood cells. Many people who are infected with Babesia parasites do not experience any symptoms of the condition. When present, signs and symptoms may include flu-like symptoms such as fever, chills, headache, body aches, nausea and fatigue. In severe cases, babesiosis can be associated with hemolytic anemia. Babesia parasites are primarily spread by infected ticks. Treatment is generally only required in people who develop symptoms of the condition. When necessary, affected people are often prescribed a combination of antimicrobial medications along with supportive care to manage symptoms.


name: acetaminophen, hydrocodone drug combination


chloroprocaine

Procaine in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the carboxylic acid group is substituted by chlorine. It is used as its monohydrochloride salt as a local anaesthetic, particularly for oral surgery. It has the advantage over lidocaine of constricting blood vessels, so reducing bleeding.


cyclobenzaprine

5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.


eperisone

A racemate that is an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-eperisone. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a muscle relaxant for the symptomatic treatment of muscle spasm and spasticity.


olsalazine

An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.


bacterial infectious disease

description: An acute infectious disorder that is caused by gram positive or gram negative bacteria; representative examples include pneumococcal, streptococcal, salmonella, and meningeal infections.


name: eugenol, zinc oxide dental cavity lining


oxaprozin

A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is  non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.


bacteriuria

description: The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the urinary tract and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.


Bacteroides infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus bacteroides.


Barrett esophagus

description: Esophageal lesion lined with columnar metaplastic epithelium which is flat or villiform. Barrett epithelium is characterized by two different types of cells: goblet cells and columnar cells. The symptomatology of Barrett esophagus is that of gastro-esophageal reflux. It is the precursor of most esophageal adenocarcinomas. (WHO)


Bartter syndrome

description: Bartter syndrome is a group of rare renal tubular disease characterized by impaired salt reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop and clinically by the association of hypokalemic alkalosis, hypercalciuria/nephrocalcinosis, increased levels of plasma renin and aldosterone, low blood pressure and vascular resistance to angiotensin II.


viomycin

A cyclic peptide antibiotic produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces puniceus, used in the treatment of tuberculosis.


nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome

description: An autosomal dominant genetic syndrome caused by abnormalities in the PTCH and SUFU gene. It is characterized by multiple basal cell carcinomas at a young age, odontogenic keratocysts, and skeletal defects (bifurcated and splayed ribs, fusion of vertebrae, spinal bifida). Patients with this syndrome may also develop medulloblastomas and ovarian fibromas.


basal ganglia disorder

description: A disease involving the basal ganglia.


DPCPX

An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.


antiemetic

A drug used to prevent nausea or vomiting. An antiemetic may act by a wide range of mechanisms: it might affect the medullary control centres (the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptive trigger zone) or affect the peripheral receptors.


asenapine

A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-asenapine. Used as its maleate salt for the acute treatment of schizophrenia and acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features.


fluphenazine decanoate

The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.


pipamperone

A member of the class of  bipiperidines that is 1,4'-bipiperidine which is substituted at the 1' and 4' positions by 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl and carboxamide groups, respectively. A first generation antipsychotic, its properties are generally similar to those of haloperidol.


triflupromazine

A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.


ethionamide

A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.


ETHYLENEDIAMINE

An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.


metergoline

An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.


levomepromazine

A member of the class of  phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.


phenmetrazine

A member of the class of morpholines that is morpholine substituted with a phenyl group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3.


trimipramine

A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.


Behcet disease

description: A chronic, relapsing, multisystemic vasculitis characterized by mucocutaneous lesions, as well as articular, vascular, ocular and central nervous system manifestations.


antioxidant

A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.


beriberi

description: Beriberi is a condition that occurs in people who are deficient in thiamine (vitamin B1). There are two major types of beriberi: wet beriberi which affects the cardiovascular system and dry beriberi which affects the nervous system. People with wet beriberi may experience increased heart rate, shortness of breath, and swelling of the lower legs. Signs and symptoms of dry beriberi include difficulty walking; loss of feeling in the hands and/or feet; paralysis of the lower legs; mental confusion; speech difficulty; pain; and/or vomiting. Beriberi is rare in the United States since many foods are now vitamin enriched; however, alcohol abuse, dialysis and taking high doses of diuretics increases the risk of developing the condition. In most cases,beriberi occurs sporadically in people with no family history of the condition. A rare condition known as genetic beriberi is inherited (passed down through families) and is associated with an inability to absorb thiamine from foods. Treatment generally includes thiamine supplementation, given by injection or taken by mouth.


bile duct disorder

description: A disease involving the bile duct.


erythromycin ethyl succinate

A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.


bile duct neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include bile duct adenoma and extrahepatic bile duct lipoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.


extrahepatic cholestasis

description: Impairment of the bile flow caused by an obstruction in the portion of the bile duct system located outside of the liver.


diosmin

A disaccharide derivative that consists of  diosmetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.


ROSMARINIC ACID

A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.


biliary dyskinesia

description: A motility disorder characterized by biliary colic, absence of gallstones, and an abnormal gallbladder ejection fraction. It is caused by gallbladder dyskinesia and/or sphincter of oddi dysfunction.


biliary tract disorder

description: A disease involving the biliary tree.


sporidesmin A

An organic heteropentacyclic compound that has formula C18H20ClN3O6S2, produced by the saprophyte fungus Pithomyces chartarum. It is a mycotoxin responsible for the hepatogenous photosensitisation disease facial eczema in ruminants.


biliary tract neoplasm

description: A neoplasm that involves the biliary tract.


lithium sulfate

A metal sulfate in which the counterion is lithium and the ratio of lithium to sulfate is 2:1.


name: EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor

description: An EC 1.4.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4).


bird disease

description: Diseases of birds not considered poultry, therefore usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild. The concept is differentiated from poultry diseases which is for birds raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption, and usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc.


MCPB

A monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid substituted by a 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy group at position 4.


bladder calculus

description: A concretion in the urinary bladder.


oxamide

A dicarboxylic acid diamide of oxalic acid.


A very long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is hexacosane in which a hydrogen attached to one of the terminal carbons is replaced by a hydroxy group.


carboprost tromethamine

The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.


uracil

A common and naturally occurring pyrimidine nucleobase in which the pyrimidine ring is substituted with two oxo groups at positions 2 and 4. Found in RNA, it base pairs with adenine and replaces thymine during DNA transcription.


bladder exstrophy

description: Bladder exstrophy (or classic bladder exstrophy; CEB) is a congenital genitourinary malformation belonging to the spectrum of the exstrophy-epispadias complex (EEC) and is characterized by an evaginated bladder plate, epispadias and an anterior defect of the pelvis, pelvic floor and abdominal wall.


Bladder fistula

description: The presence of a fistula connecting the urinary bladder to another organ or the skin. The fistula can involve the bowel, the vagina, or rarely, the skin.


bladder neck obstruction

description: Blockage of the opening between the bladder and the urethra resulting in the reduction or prevention of the urine flow from the bladder into the urethra.


A dinitrotoluene carrying nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6.


N-nitroso-N-methyl-4-aminobutyric acid

A nitrosamine that has methyl and 3-carboxypropyl substituents. It is a tobacco-derived nitrosamino acid that is a known animal and potential human carcinogen. It induces bladder transitional cell carcinomas in rats and has recently been identified as a contaminant in certain blood pressure medications.


barbital

A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).


infigratinib

A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group, while the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 6-{[4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]amino}pyrimidin-4-yl group. It is a potent and selective fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor.


A nitrosamine that is N-nitrosodiethylamine in which one of the ethyl froups has been replaced by a 2-hydroxyethyl group. It is used to induce renal and liver tumours in rodents.


O-CHLOROACETYLCARBAMOYLFUMAGILLOL

A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.


TEREPHTHALIC ACID

A benzenedicarboxylic acid carrying carboxy groups at positions 1 and 4. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and isophthalic acids.


Neurogenic bladder

description: A type of bladder dysfunction caused by neurologic damage. Neurogenic bladder can be flaccid or spastic. Common manifestatios of neurogenic bladder are overflow incontinence, frequency, urgency, urge incontinence, and retention.


name: blast phase chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive

description: An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia. It is characterized by: 1. the presence of blasts in the peripheral blood or bone marrow that are at least 20% of the peripheral blood white cells or of the nucleated cells in the bone marrow respectively, or 2. an extramedullary proliferation of blasts, and/or 3. when there are large aggregates and clusters of blasts in the bone marrow biopsy specimen (adapted from WHO, 2001).


blastomycosis

description: Blastomycosis is a rare infection that may develop when people inhale a fungus called Blastomyces dermatitidis, a fungus that is found in moist soil, particularly where there is rotting vegetation. The fungus enters the body through the lungs, infecting them. The fungus then spreads to other areas of the body.The infection may affect the skin, bones and joints, and other areas. The disease usually affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV or who have had an organ transplant.


blepharitis

description: Inflammation of the eyelids near the eyelashes.


metipranolol

3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.


ptosis

description: The drooping of the upper eyelid.


benign essential blepharospasm

description: Involuntary twitching of the eyelid.


blindness (disorder)

description: The lack of vision. It is caused by neurological or physiological factors.


cyclandelate

The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.


Bulla

description: A large (greater than 5-10 mm) intraepidermal/subepidermal cavity filled with clear, serosanguineous or cloudy fluid.


blood coagulation disease

description: A condition in which there is a deviation from or interruption of the normal coagulation properties of the blood.


blood platelet disease

description: Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.


eltrombopag

A hydrazine in which each nitrogen atom is substituted, one by a 3'-carboxy-2-hydroxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-yl group and the other by a 1-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-3-methyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazol-4-ylidene group.  A small molecule agonist of the c-mpl (TpoR) receptor (the physiological target of the hormone thrombopoietin), it has been developed as a medication for conditions that lead to thrombocytopenia (abnormally low platelet counts).


Abnormality of temperature regulation

description: An abnormality of temperature homeostasis.


N-acetylserotonin

An N-acylserotonin resulting from the formal condensation of the primary amino group of serotonin with the carboxy group of acetic acid.


Weight Change

description: An increase or decrease in the weight of an individual.


HYMEXAZOL

A member of the class of isoxazoles carrying hydroxy and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively. It is used worldwide as a systemic soil and seed fungicide for the control of diseases caused by Fusarium, Aphanomyces, Pythium, and Corticium spp. in rice, sugarbeet, fodderbeet, vegetables, cucurbits, and ornamentals.


chlormequat

A quaternary ammonium ion that is choline in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a chlorine. Its salts (particularly the chloride salt, known as chlormequat chloride) are used as plant growth retardants.


galunisertib

A pyrrolopyrazole that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyrazole which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 6-methylpyridin-2-yl and 6-(aminocarbonyl)quinolin-4-yl groups, respectively. A Transforming growth factor-betaRI (TGF-betaRI) kinase inhibitor, it blocks TGF-beta-mediated tumor growth in glioblastoma.


bone development disease

description: A disease involving the bone development.


aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine

An N-acetylmannosamine in open-chain aldehyde form with D-configuration.


metabolic bone disorder

description: A group of disorders that affect the bones secondary to increased levels of minerals or deficient levels of minerals such as calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamin D. Representative examples are osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and Paget disease.


bone marrow disorder

description: Any disease of the bone marrow.


amrubicin

A synthetic anthracycline antibiotic with molecular formula C25H25NO9. A specific inhibitor of topoisomerase II, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of cancer, especially lung cancer, where it is a prodrug for the active metabolite, ambrucinol.


name: methanol extraction residue (MER) tubercle bacillus fraction


name: polyethylene glycol-recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor


bone resorption disease

description: A disease that has its basis in the disruption of bone resorption. Bone resorption is a process in which specialized cells known as osteoclasts degrade the organic and inorganic portions of bone, and endocytose and transport the degradation products.


borderline personality disorder

description: A disorder characterized by an enduring pattern of unstable self-image and mood together with volatile interpersonal relationships, self-damaging impulsivity, recurrent suicidal threats or gestures and/or self-mutilating behavior.


bordetellosis

description: Any disease caused by infection with organisms of the genus Bordetella.


cefbuperazone

A second-generation cephamycin antibiotic having [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and {N-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carbonyl]-D-threonyl}amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7beta respectively.


Borrelia infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus borrelia.


botulism

description: A serious bacterial infection caused by botulinum toxin which is produced by Clostridium botulinum. Patients are infected usually by ingestion of contaminated food or wound contamination. It leads to muscle paralysis which may result in respiratory failure.


Bowen disease of the skin

description: A form of squamous cell carcinoma in situ. It is a distinct clinicopathological entity and arises from the skin or the mucocutaneous junction. It affects predominantly white males in their 6-8th decades of life. Exposed and non-exposed skin sites are equally affected. UV damage and ingestion of inorganic arsenic may play a role in the development of the disease. On the skin surface, it presents as a single or multiple erythematous, scaly, keratotic patches or plaques. The clinical entity of erythroplasia of Queyrat is regarded as Bowen disease of the penis and it presents as an asymptomatic, red, circumscribed plaque. Morphologically, Bowen disease is characterized by the presence of hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, dyskeratosis, and acanthosis. The keratotic squamous cells are atypical and display hyperchromatism and abnormal mitotic figures. The dermoepidermal basement membrane is intact. Complete surgical removal of the lesion may be curative.


WB 4101

A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine bearing a [(2',6'-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]methyl group at position 2. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.


A 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline hacing chloro substituents at the 7- and 8-positions.


NECA

A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.


inamrinone

A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.


apraclonidine

An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.


bunolol

A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.


corbadrine

A catecholamine in which the 2-aminoethyl group is substituted with a hydroxy group at C-1 and a methyl group at C-2, with configurations 1R,2S. A metabolite of alpha-methyl-L-dopa, it is an alpha2-adrenergic agonist and acts as a topical nasal decongestant and vasoconstrictor, most often used in dentistry.


pyridines

Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a pyridine skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


name: 5-Heptenoic acid, 7-((1S,2S,3S,4R)-3-(((2-((1-oxoheptyl)amino)acetyl)amino)methyl)-7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)hept-2-yl)-, (5Z)-


Brain abscess

description: A collection of pus, immune cells, and other material in the brain.


Brain Damage, Chronic

description: Encephalopathy that is persistent or long-standing in nature.


pivmecillinam

A penicillanic acid ester that is the [(2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl ester and prodrug of mecillinam.


anthelminthic drug

Substance intended to kill parasitic worms (helminths).


carbonyl sulfide

A one-carbon compound in which the carbon atom is attached to an oxygen and a sulfur atom via double bonds.


dextromoramide

An N-acylpyrrolidine arising by formal condensation of pyrrolidine with (3S)-3-methyl-4-(morpholin-4-yl)-2,2-diphenylbutanoic acid. An opioid analgesic that is structurally related to methadone, it is more poweful than morphine but shorter acting. It has been used (particularly as the hydrogen tartrate salt) for the treatment of severe pain, but was discontinued in the UK in 2004.


ganciclovir

An oxopurine that is  guanine substituted by a [(1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl)oxy]methyl group at position 9. Ganciclovir is an antiviral drug used to treat or prevent AIDS-related cytomegalovirus infections.


lysergamide

An ergoline alkaloid comprising ergoline lacking hydrogens at positions 9 and 10 and also having a methyl group attached to the piperidine nitrogen.


WIN 18446

A carboxamide that is 1,8-diaminooctane in which a hydrogen attached to each of the amino groups has been replaced by a dichloroacetyl group. Inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a2 (ALDH1a2). Inhibits the biosynthesis of retinoic acid from retinol in neonatal and adult murine testis. It down-regulates sex related genes in zebrafish.


platelet aggregation inhibitor

A drug or agent which antagonizes or impairs any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of activation and shape change or following the dense-granule release reaction and stimulation of the prostaglandin-thromboxane system.


Brain Diseases, Metabolic

description: A group of neurologic disorders caused by alterations to the biochemical functioning of the brain. They are characterized by an altered level of consciousness and depressed cerebral functioning.


A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.


brain edema

description: Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see hypoxia, brain). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of csf flow (e.g., obstructive hydrocephalus). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)


valpromide

A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.


brain injury

description: Acute and chronic (see also brain INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and brain STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.


1'-acetoxychavicol acetate

An  acetate ester that is chavicol acetate substituted by an acetoxy group at position 1'.


A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.


ASIATIC ACID

A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is ursane substituted by a carboxy group at position 28 and hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3 and 23 (the 2alpha,3beta stereoisomer). It is isolated from Symplocos lancifolia and Vateria indica and exhibits anti-angiogenic activity.


A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.


lorlatinib

A cyclic ether that is 16,17-dihydro-2H-8,4-(metheno)pyrazolo[4,3-h][2,5,11]benzoxadiazacyclotetradecin-15(10H)-one substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 10R, and by cyano, amino and fluoro groups at positions 3, 7 and 12 respectively. It is a small molecule inhibitor of ALK and ROS1 kinase developed by Pfizer for the treatment of ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer.


breast disorder

description: A disease involving the breast.


toluene 2,6-diisocyanate

A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 6 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.


name: 3-hydroxylup-20(29)-ene-27,28-dioic acid dimethyl ester


EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor

An EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitor which interferes with the action of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14) and so reduces production of estrogenic steroid hormones.


CHLOROPRENE

A macromolecule composed of repeating (2Z)-2-chlorobut-2-ene-1,4-diyl units.


dutasteride

An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.


name: Phosphonic acid, (1-hydroxy-3-(1-pyrrolidinyl)propylidene)bis-, disodium salt


exemestane

A 17-oxo steroid that is androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione in which the hydrogens at position 6 are replaced by a double bond to a methylene group. A selective inhibitor of the aromatase (oestrogen synthase) system, it is used in the treatment of advanced breast cancer.


iridoid monoterpenoid

One of a class of monoterpenoids biosynthesized from isoprene and often intermediates in the biosynthesis of alkaloids. Iridoids usually consist of a cyclopentane ring fused to a six-membered oxygen heterocycle; cleavage of a bond in the cyclopentane ring gives rise to the subclass known as secoiridoids.


ixabepilone

A macrocycle that is a lactam analogue of epothilone B. Binds directly to beta-tubulin subunits on microtubules, leading to suppression of microtubule dynamics.


nitrofurazone

A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.


NITROMETHANE

A primary nitroalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replace by a nitro group. A polar solvent (b.p. 101 degreeC), it is an important starting material in organic synthesis. It is also used as a fuel for rockets and radio-controlled models.


colestipol

A high molecular weight copolymer of diethylenetriamine and epichlorohydrin (hydrochloride), with approximately 1 out of 5 amine nitrogens protonated. Due to the highly cross-linked and insoluble nature of the material, no structural formula has been assigned and no specific molecular weight information is available. A basic anion exchange resin, it is used as its hydrochloride for binding bile acids in the intestine, inhibiting their reabsorption.


vinflunine

An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the  tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.


bronchial disorder

description: A disease involving the bronchus.


bronchial neoplasm

description: Tumors or cancer of the bronchi.


sympathomimetic agent

A drug that mimics the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. Included in this class are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters.


ticagrelor

A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.


bronchiectasis

description: Segmental, irreversible dilation of the bronchial tree resulting in the accumulation of secretions which leads to obstruction. The most common cause is bacterial infection.


An alpha-diketone that is pentane substituted at the 2- and 3-positions by oxo groups.


bronchopneumonia

description: Acute inflammation of the walls of the terminal bronchioles that spreads into the peribronchial alveoli and alveolar ducts. It results in the creation of foci of consolidation, which are surrounded by normal parenchyma. It affects one or more lobes, and is frequently bilateral and basal. It is usually caused by bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae). Signs and symptoms include fever, cough with production of brown-red sputum, dyspnea, and chest pain.


bronchopulmonary dysplasia

description: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a chronic respiratory disease that results from complications related to lung injury during the treatment of infant acute respiratory distress syndrome in low-birth-weight premature infants or from abnormal lung development in older infants. Clinical signs are tachypnea, tachycardia and signs of respiratory distress such as intercostal recession, grunting and nasal flaring.


brucellosis

description: Brucellosis is a bacterial infection that spreads from animals to people via unpasteurized dairy products or by exposure to contaminated animal products or infected animals. Animals that are most commonly infected include sheep, cattle, goats, pigs, and dogs. Brucellosis can cause of range of signs and symptoms, some of which may persist or recur. Initial symptoms may include fever, sweats, malaise, anorexia, headache, fatigue, and/or pain in the muscles, joints, and/or back. Symptoms that may persist or recur include fevers, arthritis, swelling of the testicle and scrotum, swelling of the heart (endocarditis), neurologic symptoms (in up to 5% of cases), chronic fatigue, depression, and/or swelling of the liver or spleen. People who are in jobs or settings that increase exposure to the bacteria are at increased risk for infection. Antibiotics are used to treat brucellosis. Recovery may take a few weeks to several months, and relapses are common. Death from brucellosis is rare, occurring in no more than 2% of cases.


bruxism

description: Excessive clenching of the jaw and grinding of the teeth.


binge eating disorder

description: Recurrent episodes of over-eating.


name: progressive familial heart block, type 1A

description: An autosomal dominant inherited cardiac bundle branch disorder which can progress to complete heart block.


trimethaphan camsylate

The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.


Bunyaviridae infectious disease

description: Virus diseases caused by the bunyaviridae.


burning mouth syndrome

description: A condition characterized by a burning or tingling sensation on the lips, tongue, or entire mouth.


Burn injury

description: A traumatic injury involving interruption of tissue cohesiveness that results from exposure to caustic chemicals, extreme heat, extreme cold or excessive radiation.


METACRESOL

A cresol with the methyl substituent at position 3. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.


dexpanthenol

A monocarboxylic acid amide that is 3,3-dimethylbutanamide substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and a 3-hydroxypropyl group at the carbomyl nitrogen.


hydrofluoric acid

A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.


calcium oxide

A member of the class of calcium oxides of calcium and oxygen in a 1:1 ratio.


SULFURIC ACID

A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.


bursitis

description: Inflammation or irritation of a synovial bursa, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.


Cachexia

description: Severe weight loss, wasting of muscle, loss of appetite, and general debility related to a chronic disease.


calciphylaxis

description: Calciphylaxis is a disease in which blood vessels (veins and arteries) become blocked by a build-up of calcium in the walls of the vessels, preventing blood from flowing to the skin or internal organs. The lack of blood flow (ischemia) damages healthy tissue and causes itto die (necrosis). The most obvious and frequent symptom of calciphylaxis is damage to the skin, as ulcers can developand become infected easily. Calciphylaxis can also affect fat tissue, internal organs, and skeletal muscle, causing infections, pain, and organ failure.These symptoms are often irreversible, and many individuals with calciphylaxis may not survive more thana few months after they are diagnosed due to infection that spreads throughout the body (sepsis), or organ failure. The exact cause of calciphylaxis is unknown. Treatments may include medications to reduce pain, antibiotics to treat infections, and various approaches to preventing the development or worsening of this condition.


calcium metabolic disease

description: Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.


campylobacteriosis

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus campylobacter.


candidiasis

description: Infection with the organism Candida.


meropenem

A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.


MICAFUNGIN

A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.


sulfone

An organosulfur compound having the structure RS(=O)2R (R =/= H).


chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis

description: Mucocutaneous candidiasis that is persistent or long-standing in nature.


cutaneous candidiasis

description: Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)


oral candidiasis

description: Infection of the mucosal lining of the mouth with the fungus Candida albicans.


vulvovaginal candidiasis

description: Infection of the vulva and vagina with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is a disease associated with HIV infection.


cannabis dependence

description: Physical and psychological dependence on the drug cannabis.


Capgras syndrome

description: A rare neuropsychiatric disorder whose primary feature is the delusion that relatives or close acquaintances are not the persons that they are known to be. Visual recognition appears intact but familiar persons are thought be imposters, that is, they appear similar or identical to known individuals but are not. Most cases are seen in the context of a psychotic state. However, if manifested post-traumatically, the cause is most likely due to neurologic impairment. This disorder should be contrasted with prosopagnosia, in which an individual may not recognize a familiar person at all.


inborn carbohydrate metabolic disorder

description: An inherited metabolic disease that is has its basis in the disruption of carbohydrate metabolic process.


A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.


isoprostane

Any icosanoid with a prostaglandin-like structure formed in vivo by non-enzymatic free radical-catalysed reactions involving peroxidation of essential fatty acids (mainly arachidonic acid but also other fatty acids with 3 or more double bonds). Isoprostanes are abundant in tissues and fluids and have immunomodulating activity. Their concentration is dependent on the amount of oxidative stress and may be upregulated in certain diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurological disorders.


carcinoid heart disease

description: Cardiac manifestation of gastrointestinal CARCINOID TUMOR that metastasizes to the liver. Substances secreted by the tumor cells, including SEROTONIN, promote fibrous plaque formation in ENDOCARDIUM and its underlying layers. These deposits cause distortion of the TRICUSPID VALVE and the PULMONARY VALVE eventually leading to STENOSIS and valve regurgitation.


carcinoid tumor

description: A slow growing neuroendocrine tumor, composed of uniform, round, or polygonal cells having monotonous, centrally located nuclei and small nucleoli, infrequent mitoses, and no necrosis. The tumor may show a variety of patterns, such as solid, trabecular, and acinar. Electron microscopy shows small secretory granules. Immunohistochemical studies reveal NSE, as well as chromogranin immunoreactivity. Malignant histology (cellular pleomorphism, hyperchromatic nuclei, prominent nucleoli, necrosis, and mitoses) can occasionally be seen. Such cases may have an aggressive clinical course. Gastrointestinal tract and lung are common sites of involvement.


carcinoma

description: A malignant tumor arising from epithelial cells. Carcinomas that arise from glandular epithelium are called adenocarcinomas, those that arise from squamous epithelium are called squamous cell carcinomas, and those that arise from transitional epithelium are called transitional cell carcinomas. Morphologically, the malignant epithelial cells may display abnormal mitotic figures, anaplasia, and necrosis. Carcinomas are graded by the degree of cellular differentiation as well, moderately, or poorly differentiated. Carcinomas invade the surrounding tissues and tend to metastasize to other anatomic sites. Lung carcinoma, skin carcinoma, breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma, and prostate carcinoma are the most frequently seen carcinomas.


in situ carcinoma

description: A malignant epithelial neoplasm which is confined to the epithelial layer without evidence of further tissue invasion.


minimally invasive lung adenocarcinoma

description: A solitary adenocarcinoma arising from the lung measuring 3 cm or less. It is characterized by a predominantly lepidic pattern and 5 mm or less invasion in greatest dimension. It is usually a non-mucinous adenocarcinoma, but rarely may be mucinous.


bronchogenic carcinoma

description: A lung carcinoma arising from the bronchial epithelium.


Ehrlich tumor carcinoma

description: A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.


amidine

Derivatives of oxoacids RnE(=O)OH in which the hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group and the oxo group is replaced by =NR. In organic chemistry an unspecified amidine is commonly a carboxamidine.


liraglutide

A lipopeptide that is an analogue of human GLP-1 in which the lysine residue at position 27 is replaced by arginine and a hexadecanoyl group attached to the remaining lysine via a glutamic acid spacer. Used as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.


mucinous adenocarcinoma

description: An invasive adenocarcinoma composed of malignant glandular cells which contain intracytoplasmic mucin. Often, the infiltrating glandular structures are associated with mucoid stromal formation. It may arise from the large and small intestine, appendix, stomach, lung, ovary, breast, corpus uteri, cervix, vagina, and salivary gland.


non-small cell lung carcinoma

description: A group of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including non-small cell squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Non-small cell lung carcinomas have a poor response to conventional chemotherapy.


papillary carcinoma

description: A malignant epithelial neoplasm characterized by a papillary growth pattern. A papillary carcinoma may be composed of glandular cells (papillary adenocarcinoma), squamous cells (papillary squamous cell carcinoma), or transitional cells (papillary transitional cell carcinoma). Bladder carcinoma is a representative example of papillary transitional cell carcinoma.


axitinib

An indazole substituted at position 3 by a 2-(pyridin-2-yl)vinyl group and at position 6 by a 2-(N-methylaminocarboxy)phenylsulfanyl group. Used for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma after failure of a first line systemic treatment.


HELENALIN

A sesquiterpene lactone that is 3,3a,4,4a,7a,8,9,9a-octahydroazuleno[6,5-b]furan-2,5-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 4a and 8 and a methylidene group at position 3 (the 3aS,4S,4aR,7aR,8R,9aR stereoisomer).


squalene

A triterpene consisting of 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane having six double bonds at the 2-, 6-, 10-, 14-, 18- and 22-positions with (all-E)-configuration.


carcinosarcoma

description: A malignant tumor composed of a mixture of carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements.


Decreased cardiac output

description: A decreased volume of blood pumped by the left and right ventricle, per unit time. Cardiac output (CO) is the product of the heart rate (HR), i.e. the number of heartbeats per minute (bpm), and the stroke volume (SV), which is the volume of blood pumped from the ventricle per beat.


cardiac tamponade

description: Acute compression of the heart caused by increased intrapericardial pressure due to the collection of blood or fluid in the pericardium from rupture of the heart, penetrating trauma, or progressive effusion.


alcoholic cardiomyopathy

description: A dilated cardiomyopathy which is associated with consumption of large amounts of alcohol over a period of years.


hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

description: A condition in which the myocardium is hypertrophied without an obvious cause. The hypertrophy is generally asymmetric and may be associated with obstruction of the ventricular outflow tract.


restrictive cardiomyopathy

description: A type of heart disorder referring to the inability of the ventricles to fill with blood because the myocardium (heart muscle) stiffens and looses its flexibility. Causes include replacement of the myocardium with scar tissue, abnormal cellular infiltration of the myocardium, or deposition of a substance (e.g., amyloid) in the myocardium.


cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor

A cyclooxygenase inhibitor that interferes with the action of cyclooxygenase 2.


etidocaine

An amino acid amide in which 2-[ethyl(propyl)amino]butanoic acid  and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. Used as a local anaesthetic (amide caine), it has rapid onset and long action properties, similar to bupivacaine, and is given by injection during surgical procedures and during labour and delivery.


febuxostat

A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.


poly(vinyl chloride)

A polymer composed of repeating chloroethyl units.


name: EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor

description: An EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor that inhibits H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase, EC 3.6.3.10. Such compounds are also known as proton pump inhibitors.


name: fructus schizandrae, radix ginseng, radix ophiopogonis drug combination


carotid artery thrombosis

description: Blood clot formation in any part of the carotid arteries. This may produce carotid stenosis or occlusion of the vessel, leading to transient ischemic attack; cerebral infarction; or amaurosis fugax.


carpal tunnel syndrome

description: Entrapment of the median nerve in the wrist that is characterized by numbness, tingling and painful movement.


chondromalacia

description: Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (cartilage).


cat disease

description: Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as cheetahs; lions; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading carnivora is used.


7-CHLOROKYNURENIC ACID

A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinaldic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and by a chlorine at position 7. It is a potent NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist which antagonizes the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It also prevents neurodegeneration produced by quinolinic acid.


amperozide

A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by ethyl and 4-[4,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)butyl]piperazin-1-yl groups. An atypical antipsychotic which was in clinical development for the treatment of schizophrenia and substance-related disorders. It is a potent 5-HT2A antagonist and used in veterinary medicine because of its sedative effect on pigs.


(S)-BULBOCAPNINE

An aporphine alkaloid that has been isolated from Corydalis and exhibits inhibitory activity against enzymes such as tyrosine 3-monooxygenase and diamine oxidase.


dihydroergocryptine

alpha-Ergocryptine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10.


dopa

A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.


droxidopa

A serine derivative that is L-serine substituted at the beta-position by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group. A prodrug for noradrenalone, it is used for treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension


ergoline

An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.


ergometrine

A monocarboxylic acid amide that  is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.


(S)-gabaculine

The (S)-enantiomer of gabaculine.


GLAUCINE

An  aporphine alkaloid that is (S)-1,2,9,10-tetrahydroxy-6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline in which the four phenolic hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.


HYDROXYAMINE

The simplest hydroxylamine, consisting of ammonia bearing a hydroxy substituent. It is an intermediate in the biological nitrification by microbes like bacteria.


Lysergide

An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.


mesulergine

A member of the class of ergot alkaloids that is known to act on serotonin and dopamine receptors.


A racemate composed of (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-enantiomers of nemonapride. Highly potent dopamine D2-like receptor antagonist; selective over D1-like receptors (Ki values are 0.1 and 740 nM for D2-like and D1-like receptors respectively). Also potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist (IC50 = 34 nM) and has affinity for sigma receptors.


AMN082 dihydrochloride

A hydrochloride obtained by combining N,N'-bis(diphenylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine with two molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.


pimavanserin

A member of the class of ureas in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by 4-fluorobenzyl, 1-methylpiperidin-4-yl, and 4-(isopropyloxy)benzyl groups. An atypical antipsychotic that is used (in the form of its tartrate salt) for treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease.


serpentine

An indole alkaloid that is 18-oxayohimban dehydrogenated at positions 3, 4, 5, 6, 16 and 17 and substituted by a methyl group at the 19alpha position and by a methoxycarbonyl group at position 16.


setiptiline

A tetracyclic antidepressant that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-dibenzo[3,4:6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-c]pyridine carrying a methyl group at position 2. Its maleate salt is used for the treatment of depression in Japan.


tandospirone

A dicarboximide that is (3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione which is substituted by a 4-[4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl group at position 2. It is a potent and selective 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist (Ki = 27 nM).


narcolepsy 1

description: A rare disorder characterized by sudden and transient episodes of loss of muscle tone. It often follows an experience of intense emotions. It is seen in patients with narcolepsy.


nisoxetine

A secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group.


catatonia

description: A psychiatric disorder featuring stupor, posturing, and echophenomena.


thioproperazine

A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a dimethylaminosulfonyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at N-10.


TRAMIPROSATE

An amino sulfonic acid that is the 3-amino derivative of propanesulfonic acid.


cattle disease

description: Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.


phlorizin

An aryl beta-D-glucoside that is  phloretin attached to a  beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 2' via a glycosidic linkage.


complex regional pain syndrome type 2

description: Complex regional pain syndrome type 2 (CRPS2), or causalgia is a form of complex regional pain syndrome that develops after damage to a peripheral nerve and is characterized by spontaneous pain, allodynia and hyperalgesia, not necessarily limited to the territory of the injured nerve, as well as at some point, edema, changes in skin blood flow or sudomotor dysfunction in the pain area.


cecal disorder

description: Pathological developments in the cecum.


cecal neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the cecum. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include lipoma and leiomyoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma. Cecal adenomas always exhibit epithelial dysplasia and are considered premalignant neoplasms.


Pontamine sky blue 5B

An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of Pontamine sky blue 5B (acid form) with four equivalents of sodium hydroxide.


manganese sulfate

A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of manganese(II) sulfate.


sodium tungstate

An inorganic sodium salt having tungstate as the counterion. Combines with hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones.


thallium(I) acetate

An acetate salt comprising equal numbers of acetate and thallium ions.


bacampicillin

A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.


central nervous system disorder

description: A disease involving the central nervous system.


name: p-Bromothiobenzohydroximic acid, S-diethylaminoethyl ester, hydrochloride


fluoroquinolone antibiotic

An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic containing a quinolone (or quinolone-like) moiety and which have a fluorine atom attached to the central ring system.


SITOGLUSIDE

A steroid saponin that is sitosterol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has bee isolated from Panax japonicus var. major and Breynia fruticosa.


name: central nervous system infectious disorder

description: An infectious process that affects the brain and/or spinal cord. Representative examples include encephalitis, poliomyelitis, arachnoiditis, and meningitis.


cerebellar ataxia

description: A neurological syndrome characterized by clumsy and uncoordinated movement of the limbs, trunk, and cranial muscles. It results from pathology in the cerebellum and its connections, or in the proprioceptive sensory pathways.


cerebellar disorder

description: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia.


cerebellar neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant (primary or metastatic) tumor involving the cerebellum. -- 2003


brain aneurysm

description: A congenital or acquired aneurysm within the cranium.


intracranial arteriosclerosis

description: Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of arteries inside the skull. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the arterial intima; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include headache; confusion; transient blindness (amaurosis fugax); speech impairment; and hemiparesis.


name: arteriovenous malformations of the brain

description: Cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a congenital malformative communication between the veins and the arteries in the brain in the form of a nidus, an anatomical structure composed of dilated and tangled supplying arterioles and drainage veins with no intervening capillary bed, that can be asymptomatic or cause, depending on the location and the size of the AVM, headaches of varying severity, generalized or focal seizures, focalneurological defects (weakness, numbness, speech difficulties, vision loss) or potentially fatal intracranial hemorrhage in case the AVM ruptures.


enbucrilate

A macromolecule composed of repeating butyl 2-cyanopropanoate units.


cerebral arterial disease

description: Pathological conditions of intracranial arteries supplying the cerebrum. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the anterior cerebral artery; middle cerebral artery; and posterior cerebral artery.


cerebral infarction

description: An ischemic condition of the brain, producing a persistent focal neurological deficit in the area of distribution of the cerebral arteries.


A 2-arylethylamine compound where the aryl moiety is 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl.


beraprost

An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.


scutellarin

The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.


cerebral palsy

description: A group of disorders affecting the development of movement and posture, often accompanied by disturbances of sensation, perception, cognition, and behavior. It results from damage to the fetal or infant brain.


Cerebrospinal Fluid Otorrhea

description: Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the ear structures.


cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea

description: Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)


cervicitis

description: An acute or chronic inflammatory process that affects the cervix. Causes include sexually transmitted diseases and bacterial infections. Clinical manifestations include abnormal vaginal bleeding and vaginal discharge.


cervix disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the cervix. Representative examples include cervicitis, endocervical polyp, and carcinoma.


cervical incompetence

description: A clinical diagnosis presenting with painless cervical dilatation and spontaneous mid-trimester birth in recurrent pregnancies in the absence of spontaneous membrane rupture, bleeding or clinical chorioamnionitis.


Cestode infectious disease

description: Infections with true tapeworms of the helminth subclass Cestoda.


Chagas cardiomyopathy

description: A disease of the cardiac muscle developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by trypanosoma cruzi. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as myocarditis (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced chagas disease include conduction defects (heart block) and cardiomegaly.


Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

description: An inherited degenerative disorder involving the peripheral nerves. It is caused by mutations in the genes that are responsible for the production of proteins necessary for the function and structure of the peripheral nerves. It is characterized by muscle atrophy and weakness in the feet, legs, hands, and arms and loss of sensation in the limbs.


cheilitis

description: An inflammatory process affecting the lip.


serotonergic agonist

An agent that has an affinity for serotonin receptors and is able to mimic the effects of serotonin by stimulating the physiologic activity at the cell receptors. Serotonin agonists are used as antidepressants, anxiolytics, and in the treatment of migraine disorders.


Cheyne-Stokes respiration

description: An abnormal pattern of respiration characterized by cycles of respiration that are increasingly deeper then shallower with possible periods of apnea. Affected patients may display a 10 to 20 second episode of hypoventilation or apnea, followed by respiration of increased depth and frequency over the course of about one minute. The cycle repeats every 45 seconds to 3 minutes.


chickenpox

description: A contagious childhood disorder caused by the varicella zoster virus. It is transmitted via respiratory secretions and contact with chickenpox blister contents. It presents with a vesicular skin rash, usually associated with fever, headache, and myalgias. The pruritic fluid-filled vesicles occur 10-21 days after exposure and last for 3-4 days. An additional 3-4 days of malaise follows before the affected individual feels better. An individual is contagious 1-2 days prior to the appearance of the blisters until all blisters are crusted over. Generally, healthy individuals recover without complications.


Chilblains

description: Chilblains, also called perniosis, are an inflammatory skin condition related to an abnormal vascular response to the cold. We are unaware of a reliable estimate of incidence. It typically presents as tender, pruritic red or bluish lesions located symmetrically on the dorsal aspect of the fingers, toes, ears and nose. Less commonly, reports describe involvement of the thighs and buttocks. The lesions present hours after exposure to cold and usually resolve spontaneously in one to three weeks.


chlamydia infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.


choanal atresia

description: Choanal atresia (CA) is a congenital anomaly of the posterior nasal airway characterized by the obstruction of one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) choanal aperture(s), with clinical manifestations ranging from acute respiratory distress to chronic nasal obstruction.


bile duct adenoma

description: A benign, well-demarcated polypoid neoplasm arising from the bile duct epithelium. According to the growth pattern, it is classified as tubular, papillary, or tubulopapillary. Adenomas arising from the extrahepatic bile ducts usually produce symptoms related to biliary obstruction.


cholangitis

description: An acute or chronic inflammatory process affecting the biliary tract.


cholecystitis

description: An acute or chronic inflammation involving the gallbladder wall. It may be associated with the presence of gallstones.


SEMUSTINE

An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.


cholelithiasis

description: The presence of calculi in the gallbladder.


cholera

description: Cholera is an infectious disease, caused by intestinal infection with Vibrio cholerae, characterized by massive watery diarrhea and severe dehydration that can lead to shock and death if left untreated.


A benzenetriol that is acetophenone in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 6 on the phenyl group are replaced by hydroxy groups. It is used as a matrix in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of acidic glycans and glycopeptides.