telbivudine

A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside that is the L-enantiomer of thymine. A synthetic thymidine nucleoside analogue with activity against HBV DNA polymerase.


Brain fog

category: biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: Brain fog is a type of transient cognitive dysfunction that comprises a constellation of symptoms that impair intellectual functioning to a level that interferes with daily activities, commonly including forgetfulness, mental slowness, difficulty thinking or focusing, a perceived slowing of mental processing speed, inability to find the right words, a sensation that the mind went blank or is "cloudy". Brain fog tends to recur and may be triggered by factors such as physical fatigue, lack of sleep, and prolonged standing or may appear to occur spontaneously.


pent-4-enoic acid

A pentenoic acid having the double bond at position 4.


BAY 60-6583

A member of the class of cyanopyridines that is 6-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-sulfanylpyridine in which the hydroxy and sulfanyl hydrogens are replaced by cyclopropylmethyl and carboxamidomethyl groups respectively.


desoximetasone

Dexamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position is substituted by hydrogen. A synthetic corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic in the treatment of various skin disorders, including skin allergies and psoriasis.


FLUTRIAFOL

A racemate comprising an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-flutriafol. A systemic fungicide, it is used to control fungal diseases in cereal crops.


fructooligosaccharide

carbohydrate-based polymers derived from natural sources that can be utilized by certain gastrointestinal tract bacteria but not by the host animal


An primary alcohol that is butan-1-ol in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a methyl group.


orotic acid

A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.


(S,S)-paclobutrazol

A 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol in which both stereocentres have S configuration.


phosphocreatine

A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.


rebaudioside A

A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.


STEVIOL

An ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is 5beta,8alpha,9beta,10alpha-kaur-16-en-18-oic acid in which the hydrogen at position 13 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.


TECTORIDIN

A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is  tectorigenin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.


THEANINE

A N(5)-alkylglutamine where the alkyl group is ethyl. It has been isolated from green tea.


THIOPHANATE

A member of the class of thioureas that is the diethyl ester of (1,2-phenylenedicarbamothioyl)biscarbamic acid. A fungicide effective against a broad spectrum of diseases in fruit, vegetables, turf and other crops including eyespot, scab, powdery mildew and grey mould.


tianeptine

A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.


alcoholic fatty liver disease

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells that is due to alcohol abuse. The fatty changes in the alcoholic fatty liver may be reversible, depending on the amounts of triglycerides accumulated.


Bowel incontinence

description: Involuntary fecal soiling in adults and children who have usually already been toilet trained.


Felty syndrome

description: Felty syndrome (FS), also known as ''super rheumatoid'' disease, is a severe form of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), characterized by a triad of RA, splenomegaly and neutropenia, resulting in susceptibility to bacterial infections.


Feminization

description: The development of secondary female sex characteristics in males.


Femur fracture

description: A break or crush injury of the thigh bone (femur).


name: familial avascular necrosis of femoral head

description: Avascular necrosis of femoral head (ANFH) is a severely disabling disease characterized by progressive groin pain, a limping gait, leg length discrepancy, collapse of the subchondral bone, limitation of hip function and eventual degeneration of the hip joint requiring total hip arthroplasty.


Fetal Hypoxia

description: Hypoxia in utero, caused by conditions such as inadequate placental function (often abruptio placentae), preeclamptic toxicity, prolapse of the umbilical cord, or complications from anesthetic administration.


triaziquone

A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which three of the ring hydrogens are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups.


name: dicyclomine, doxylamine, pyridoxine drug combination


Fetal distress

description: An intrauterine state characterized by suboptimal values in the fetal heart rate, oxygenation of fetal blood, or other parameters indicative of compromise of the fetus. Signs of fetal distress include repetitive variable decelerations, fetal tachycardia or bradycardia, late decelerations, or low biophysical profile.


Large for gestational age

description: The term large for gestational age applies to babies whose birth weight lies above the 90th percentile for that gestational age.


fetishistic disorder

description: A disorder characterized by recurrent sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors involving the use of nonliving objects (the "fetish").


CINANSERIN

An aryl sulfide that is (2E)-3-phenyl-N-(2-sulfanylphenyl)prop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen of the thiol group is substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. It is a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist and an inhibitor of SARS-CoV replication.


(E)-3-(indol-3-yl)acrylic acid

An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is replaced by an indol-3-yl group.


Fever of Unknown Origin

description: A febrile process with an etiology that is not apparent or yet determined.


breast fibrocystic disease

description: Fibrosis associated with cyst formation in the breast parenchyma.


fibroma

description: A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the fibrous tissue. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts.


fibromuscular dysplasia

description: A disorder characterized by fibrous thickening of the arterial wall resulting in narrowing of the arterial lumen. It most often affects the renal artery and less often the carotid artery and abdominal arteries. It can cause hypertension and aneurysm formation.


fibrosarcoma

description: A malignant mesenchymal fibroblastic neoplasm affecting the soft tissue and bone.


A quinolone that is 4-quinolone substituted at positions 1, 3, 5, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, amino, fluorine, and cyclohexylamino groups, respectively. It can directly bind to and block the transcription activity of the active forkhead box protein O1 (Foxo1), but not the Ser256-phosphorylated form. It induces cell death and growth arrest in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines at low concentrations.


marinobufagenin

A cardiotonic steroid secreted by the toad Bufo rubescens and other related species such as Bufo marinus. An endogenous Na/K-ATPase inhibitor, it is a vasoconstrictor with effects similar to digitalis.


stattic

A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene-1,1-dioxide substituted at position 6 by a nitro group. Used as a radiosensitising agent for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.


ZINGERONE

A methyl ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by methoxy and hydroxy groups respectively. The major pungent component in ginger.


fibromyalgia

description: A chronic disorder of unknown etiology characterized by pain, stiffness, and tenderness in the muscles of neck, shoulders, back, hips, arms, and legs. Other signs and symptoms include headaches, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and painful menstruation.


fibrous dysplasia

description: A genetic, non-inheritable disorder caused by osteoblastic differentiation defects that result in the replacement of bone marrow and trabecular bone by fibrous stroma and immature bone. It usually affects a single bone and less frequently multiple bones. Skull, femur, tibia, and humerus are the most frequently affected bones. It manifests with pain, deformities, and fractures.


filariasis

description: A parasitic disease caused by tissue-invasive, vector-borne nematodes which can be found anywhere in the human body and that are transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito or fly or by consumption of unsafe drinking water and which, depending on the subtype can manifest with lymphedema, dermatitis, subcutaneous edema and eye involvement. The disorder is a major public health problem in many tropical and subtropical countries. Six subtypes have been described in the literature: lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, loiasis, mansonelliasis, dirofilariasis and dracunculiasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and filarioidea of the genus Brugia; Onchocerca volvulus; Loa loa; Mansonella; Dirofilaria; and Dracunculus medinensis, respectively. Tropical eosinophilia is considered a frequent manifestation.


Finger Injuries

description: Trauma to one of the digits on the hand.


pyromania

description: A disorder characterized by a fascination with fire and recurrent episodes of fire setting during which the individual experiences a rising subjective sense of tension before the fire setting and a sense of gratification or relief when setting the fire. There is no ulterior motive (such as monetary gain or the expression of political ideology) to the fire setting.


fish disease

description: Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).


pathologic fistula

description: Abnormal epithelial-lined communication between two anatomical structures.


Flatulence

description: Passage of excessive amounts of gas and the feeling of abdominal fullness and bloating.


meglumine

A  hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.


Reduced blood folate concentration

description: A reduced circulating concentration of folic acid, which is also known as vitamin B9.


folliculitis

description: Inflammation of the hair follicles. Causes include excessive perspiration, skin infections, and skin wounds.


food allergy

description: Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.


Abnormal foot morphology

description: An abnormality of the skeleton of foot.


foot and mouth disease

description: A viral infectious disease that results in infection in cattle and swine, has material basis in foot-and-mouth disease virus, which is transmitted by contaminated fomites, or transmitted by ingestion of food contaminated with infected meat or animal products. The infection results in formation of vesicles in the mouth, or on the feet and has symptom lameness.


A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by cyclohexyl, [1-(propan-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl]amino, methoxy, and 3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy groups at positions 2, 4, 6 and 7, respectively. It inhibits G9a and GLP histone methyltransferase activity (IC50 = <15 nM and <20 nM, respectively).


Foreign-Body Reaction

description: An inflammatory lesion comprised of epithelioid histiocytes and chronic inflammation that is caused by the presence of extraneous material.


avian influenza

description: Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other birds with influenza A virus. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic poultry.


Fractures, Closed

description: A traumatic break to the bone in which the continuity of the bone has not broken through the skin.


fragile X syndrome

description: A genetic syndrome caused by mutations in the FMR1 gene which is responsible for the expression of the fragile X mental retardation 1 protein. This protein participates in neural development. This syndrome is manifested with mental, emotional, behavioral, physical, and learning disabilities.


Friedreich ataxia

description: An inherited condition that affects the nervous system and causes movement problems. People with this condition develop impaired muscle coordination (ataxia) that worsens over time. Other features include the gradual loss of strength and sensation in the arms and legs, muscle stiffness (spasticity), and impaired speech. Many individuals have a form of heart disease called hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Some develop diabetes, impaired vision, hearing loss, or an abnormal curvature of the spine (scoliosis). Most people with Friedreich ataxia begin to experience the signs and symptoms around puberty.


Frostbite

description: An injury to the skin and/or its underlying tissues that results from exposure of the affected area to extreme cold.


furunculosis

description: A persistent skin infection marked by the presence of furuncles, often chronic and recurrent. In humans, the causative agent is various species of staphylococcus. In salmonid fish (salmonids), the pathogen is aeromonas salmonicida.


Lemierre syndrome

description: Lemierre syndrome is a rare, potentially lethal, oropharyngeal infectious disease occurring in immunocompetent adolescents and young adults that is mainly due to Fusobacterium necrophorum and that is characterized by septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein that leads to septic, usually pulmonary, embolism, associated with ENT (ear, nose, and throat) infection that manifests with fever, neck pain, and tonsillopharyngitis.


Gagging

description: The sudden, coordinated, involuntary contraction of pharyngeal muscles in an attempt to prevent any matter from passing into the posterior pharynx; it is stimulated by touching the posterior palate, tongue, or pharynx, or by psychic stimuli.


galactorrhea

description: Excessive or inappropriate lactation in females or males, and not necessarily related to pregnancy. Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is hyperprolactinemia.


galactosemia

description: Galactosemia is a group of rare genetic metabolic disorders characterized by impaired galactose metabolism resulting in a range of variable manifestations encompassing a severe, life-threatening disease (classic galactosemia), a rare mild form (galactokinase deficiency) causing cataract, and a very rare form with variable severity (galactose epimerase deficiency) resembling classic galactosemia in the severe form.


alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate

A D-galactopyranose 1-phosphate having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.


gallbladder disorder

description: A disease involving the gall bladder.


gallbladder neoplasm

description: A neoplasm (disease) that involves the gall bladder.


pathological gambling

description: A disorder characterized by a preoccupation with gambling and the excitement that gambling with increasing risk provides. Pathological gamblers are unable to cut back on their gambling, despite the fact that it may lead them to lie, steal, or lose a significant relationship, job, or educational opportunity.


dopaminergic agent

A drug used for its effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons.


Gangrene

description: A serious and potentially life-threatening condition that arises when a considerable mass of body tissue dies (necrosis).


Gastric Fistula

description: An abnormal communication between the stomach and another organ or anatomic site.


gastritis

description: Inflammation of the stomach.


chronic atrophic gastritis

description: Atrophic gastritis that is persistent and long-standing.


gastroenteritis

description: An inflammatory disorder that affects the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. Most commonly, this is attributed to viruses; however bacteria, parasites or adverse reactions can also be the culprit. Symptoms include acute diarrhea and vomiting.


name: gastroenteritis, transmissible, of swine

description: A condition of chronic gastroenteritis in adult pigs and fatal gastroenteritis in piglets caused by a coronavirus.


gastroesophageal reflux disease

description: A chronic disorder characterized by reflux of the gastric and/or duodenal contents into the distal esophagus. It is usually caused by incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Symptoms include heartburn and acid indigestion. It may cause injury to the esophageal mucosa.


digestive system neoplasm

description: A neoplasm (disease) that involves the digestive system.


nicotine N(1')-oxide

A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the pyrrolidine nitrogen of nicotine.


Gaucher disease

description: Gaucher disease (GD) is a lysosomal storage disorder encompassing three main forms (types 1, 2 and 3), a fetal form and a variant with cardiac involvement (Gaucher disease - ophthalmoplegia - cardiovascular calcification or Gaucher-like disease).


female reproductive system disorder

description: A disease involving the female reproductive system.


male reproductive system disorder

description: A disease involving the male reproductive system.


diheptyl phthalate

The diheptyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.


female reproductive system neoplasm

description: A benign, precancerous, or malignant neoplasm that affects the female reproductive system. Representative examples include uterine corpus leiomyoma, endocervical polyp, ovarian carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, and endometrial carcinoma.


male reproductive organ cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the male reproductive system. Representative examples include prostate carcinoma, penile carcinoma, testicular seminoma, and testicular embryonal carcinoma.


Gerstmann syndrome

description: Gerstmann syndrome is a very rare neurological disorder characterized by the specific association of acalculia, finger agnosia, left-right disorientation, and agraphia, which is supposed to be secondary to a focal subcortical white matter damage in the parietal lobe.


Castleman disease

description: Castleman disease (CD) is a benign lymphoproliferative disorder that may present as a localized or multicentric form. The clinical manifestations are heterogeneous, ranging from asymptomatic discrete lymphadenopathy to recurrent episodes of diffuse lymphadenopathy with severe systemic symptoms.


giardiasis

description: An infection of the small intestine caused by the flagellated protozoan giardia lamblia. It is spread via contaminated food and water and by direct person-to-person contact.


Tourette syndrome

description: A neurologic disorder caused by defective metabolism of the neurotransmitters in the brain. It is characterized by repeated involuntary movements (motor tics) and uncontrollable vocal sounds (vocal tics). The symptoms are usually manifested before the age of eighteen.


gingival disorder

description: A disease involving the gingiva.


Gingival bleeding

description: Hemorrhage affecting the gingiva.


gingival overgrowth

description: Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (gingival hypertrophy) or by an increase in their number (gingival hyperplasia). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)


gingival hypertrophy

description: Abnormal enlargement or overgrowth of the gingivae brought about by enlargement of existing cells.


gingival recession

description: A loss of gum tissue resulting in an exposure of the roots of the teeth.


gingivitis

description: A disorder involving inflammation of the gums; may affect surrounding and supporting structures of the teeth.


glaucoma

description: Increased pressure in the eyeball due to obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor.


dipivefrine

The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.


dorzolamide

5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.


name: Dorzolamide hydrochloride and timolol maleate


travoprost

The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.


open-angle glaucoma

description: Chronic outflow obstruction of the eye's drainage canals that can lead to increased internal eye pressure and optic nerve damage.


glioblastoma

description: The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade IV). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and it is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. It may develop from diffuse astrocytoma WHO grade II or anaplastic astrocytoma (secondary glioblastoma, IDH-mutant), but more frequently, it manifests after a short clinical history de novo, without evidence of a less malignant precursor lesion (primary glioblastoma, IDH- wildtype). (Adapted from WHO)


Gliosis

description: Gliosis is the focal proliferation of glial cells in the central nervous system.


GALUTEOLIN

A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.


glomerulonephritis

description: A renal disorder characterized by damage in the glomeruli. It may be acute or chronic, focal or diffuse, and it may lead to renal failure. Causes include autoimmune disorders, infections, diabetes, and malignancies.


IgA glomerulonephritis

description: Inflammation of a specific segment of glomeruli within the kidney.


focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

description: A renal disorder characterized by sclerotic lesions in the glomeruli. Causes include drugs, viruses, and malignancies (lymphomas), or it may be idiopathic. It presents with asymptomatic proteinuria or nephritic syndrome and it may lead to renal failure.


glossodynia

description: Painful sensations in the tongue, including a sensation of burning.


glossitis

description: Inflammation of the tongue.


geographic tongue

description: A benign condition characterized by the development of irregular patches in the surface of the tongue resulting in a map-like appearance. The patches migrate from day to day and usually resolve without treatment.


G6PD deficiency

description: An X-linked genetic condition caused by alterations in the gene G6PD that result in moderately to severely decreased activity levels of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Most individuals with G6PD deficiency are asymptomatic. Individuals with G6PD variants that cause G6PD deficiency are at risk for neonatal jaundice. These individuals are also at risk for acute hemolytic anemia in response to certain medication exposures, chemical exposures, infections, or consumption of fava beans.


disorder of glycogen metabolism

description: An inherited metabolic disorder characterized either by defects in glycogen synthesis or defects in the breaking down of glycogen. It results either in the creation of abnormal forms of glycogen or accumulation of glycogen in the tissues.


glycogen storage disease II

description: Glycogen storage disease due to acid maltase deficiency (AMD) is an autosomal recessive trait leading to metabolic myopathy that affects cardiac and respiratory muscles in addition to skeletal muscle and other tissues. AMD represents a wide spectrum of clinical presentations caused by an accumulation of glycogen in lysosomes: Glycogen storage disease due to acid maltase deficiency, infantile onset, non-classic infantile onset and adult onset. Early onset forms are more severe and often fatal.


glycogen storage disease V

description: Myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's disease), or glycogen storage disease type 5 (GSD5), is a severe form of glycogen storage disease characterized by exercise intolerance.


familial renal glucosuria

description: Familial Renal Glucosuria (FRG) is characterized by the presence of persistent isolated glucosuria in the absence of both generalized proximal tubular dysfunction and hyperglycemia. FRG is usually considered a benign entity as most patients are not affected by severe clinical consequences. Polyuria and enuresis and later a mild growth and pubertal maturation delay are the only manifestations that have been reported during a follow-up period of 30 years. Episodic dehydration and ketosis during pregnancy and starvation and an increased incidence of urinary tract infections have occasionally been reported in severe cases. FRG is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene SLC5A2 (16p11.2).


goiter

description: Enlargement of the thyroid gland usually caused by lack of iodine in the diet, hyperthyroidism, or thyroid nodules. Symptoms include difficulty in breathing and swallowing.


nodular goiter

description: Goiter characterized by discrete tissue mass(es) that may or may not produce thyroid hormones.


craniofacial microsomia

description: A congenital birth defect characterized by incomplete development or absence of face structures, usually affecting one side of the face. The defects include partially formed or absent ear, nose, lip, mandible, and/or soft palate.


gonadal disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the testis or the ovary.


gonadal dysgenesis

description: A congenital disorder characterized by the presence of extremely hypoplastic gonads preventing the development of secondary sex characteristics.


gonorrhea

description: A common sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It is transmitted through vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse. Infected individuals may be asymptomatic. Symptoms in males include burning sensation during urination, discharge from the penis, and painful swelling of the testes. Symptoms in females include painful urination, vaginal discharge, and vaginal bleeding between periods. If untreated, the infection may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease.


gout

description: A condition characterized by painful swelling of the joints, which is caused by deposition of urate crystals.


graft versus host disease

description: An immune system disorder that occurs after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant and is a reaction of donor immune cells against host tissues. Activated donor T cells damage host epithelial cells after an inflammatory cascade that begins with the preparative regimen.


Granuloma

description: A compact, organized collection of mature mononuclear phagocytes, which may be but is not necessarily accompanied by accessory features such as necrosis.


laryngeal granuloma

description: A tumor-like nodule or mass of inflammatory granulation tissue projecting into the lumen of the LARYNX.


name: nasal cavity and paranasal sinus lethal midline granuloma

description: An aggressive, progressive, and destructive lesion affecting the nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, and the palate. The vast majority of cases are malignant lymphoproliferations affecting the midline of the face in patients with nasal type extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma.


inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor

description: A multinodular intermediate fibroblastic neoplasm that arises from soft tissue or viscera, in children and young adults. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate composed of eosinophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells.


granulosa cell tumor

description: A slow-growing, malignant tumor, characterize by the presence of granulosa-like cells and Call-Exner bodies, that is almost always found in the ovary. In rare cases, it has also been found in the testicle. There are two types of granulosa cell tumor that can be distinguished under the microscope: the adult and the juvenile. The testicular juvenile granulosa cell tumors are perhaps the most common congenital testicular neoplasms.


Graves disease

description: Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism).It is caused by an abnormal immune system response that causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormones. Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism andoccurs mostoften in women over age 20. However, the disorder may occur at any age and may affect males as well.Treatmentmayinclude radioiodine therapy, antithyroid drugs, and/or thyroid surgery.


gynecomastia disorder

description: Development of breast tissue in males.


haemophilus infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus haemophilus.


CEFAMANDOLE NAFATE

A cephalosporin prodrug having (R)-O-formylmandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.


cefditoren pivoxil

The pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug of cefditoren.


cefpodoxime proxetil

The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.


disorder of pilosebaceous unit

description: A disease that involves the pilosebaceous unit.


Halitosis

description: Noticeably unpleasant odors exhaled in breathing.


LICORICIDIN

A member of the class of hydroxyisoflavans that is R-isoflavan with hydroxy groups at positions 7, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 5 and prenyl groups at positions 6 and 3'. Isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, it exhibits antibacterial activity.


Hallucinations

description: Perceptions in a conscious and awake state that, in the absence of external stimuli, have qualities of real perception. These perceptions are vivid, substantial, and located in external objective space.


glucuronamide

A monosaccharide derivative that is the carboxamide of beta-D-glucuronic acid


moracizine

A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.


hamartoma

description: A benign and excessive tumor-like growth of mature cells and normal tissues which grow in a disorganized pattern.


hand dermatosis

description: Skin conditions characterized by dense infiltration of inflammatory cells (neutrophils) in the affected tissue. They arise in reaction to some underlying systemic illness. A neutrophilic dermatosis may be seen in isolation or more than one type may occur in the same individual.


Hand Injuries

description: Trauma to the hand.


hand, foot and mouth disease

description: A clinical syndrome that is usually caused by enterovirus infection, and that is characterized by fever, anorexia, and painful sores in the mouth, distal extremities, and/or other sites, including the buttocks.


azatadine

A benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine having a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group at the 11-position.


head and neck neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the anatomic structures of the head and neck region. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma and nasal cavity papilloma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and salivary gland carcinoma.


Craniocerebral Trauma

description: A traumatic injury to the head.


name: LIGUSTICUM SINENSE SUBSP. CHUANXIONG ROOT


hearing disorder

description: A disorder characterized by the partial or complete loss of the ability to detect sounds due to damage to the ear structures or inability of the brain to properly interpret or process the auditory signals it receives from the anatomic structures of the ear.


dibekacin

A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.


conductive hearing loss disorder

description: Hearing loss caused by impaired transmission of signals from the external auditory canal or middle ear to the cochlea.


High-frequency hearing impairment

description: A type of hearing impairment affecting primarily the higher frequencies of sound (3,000 to 6,000 Hz).


noise induced hearing loss

description: A condition in which a person loses the ability to hear due to exposure to high intensity sound.


sensorineural hearing loss disorder

description: Hearing loss in which the root cause lies in the inner ear or sensory organ (cochlea and associated structures) or the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII).


cardiac arrest

description: Cessation of breathing and/or cardiac function.


encainide

4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.


ether

An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.


SODIUM TETRADECYL SULFATE

An organic sodium salt having tetradecyl sulfate as the counterion. Used in the treatment of small uncomplicated varicose veins of the lower extremities that show simple dilation with competent valves.


atrioventricular dissociation

description: Impaired conduction of cardiac impulse that can occur anywhere along the conduction pathway, such as between the sinoatrial node and the right atrium (sa block) or between atria and ventricles (av block). Heart blocks can be classified by the duration, frequency, or completeness of conduction block. Reversibility depends on the degree of structural or functional defects.


HIV protease inhibitor

An inhibitor of HIV protease, an enzyme required for production of proteins needed for viral assembly.


FUCOSTEROL

A 3beta-sterol consisting of stigmastan-3beta-ol with double bonds at positions 5 and 24(28).


hormone

Originally referring to an endogenous compound that is formed in specialized organ or group of cells and carried to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory function, the term is now commonly used to include non-endogenous, semi-synthetic and fully synthetic analogues of such compounds.


trimethobenzamide

The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.


A member of the class of  tryptamines  that is melatonin with a hydroxy group substituent at position 6.


doxorubicinol

A member of the class of tetracenequinones that is the major metabolite of the anthracycline doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic agent effective against a broad range of malignant neoplasms. It is thought to exhibit cardiotoxic properties.


cholesteryl hemisuccinate

A dicarboxylic acid monoester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of cholesterol with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. A detergent that is often used to replace cholesterol in protein crystallography, biochemical studies of proteins, and pharmacology.


An alkanethiol that is the N-3-aminopropyl derivative of cysteamine. Used as the S-phosphorylated prodrug, amifostine, for cytoprotection in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.


pentostatin

A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.


FERRUGINOL

An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at positions 12.


SB 204741

A member of ther class of ureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens has been replaced by an N-methylindol-5-yl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen has been replaced by a 3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl group. It is a potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B (5-HT2B) receptor.


anagrelide

A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.


cardenolide

A steroid lactone that is a C23 steroid with methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and a butenolide ring at C-17.


cardiotonic drug

A drug that has a strengthening effect on the heart or that can increase cardiac output.


name: EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor

description: A compound or agent that combines with cyclooxygenases (EC 1.14.99.1) and thereby prevents its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of icosanoids, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes.


ENRASENTAN

A member of the class of indanes that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-indene which is substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group, carboxy group, 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-4-methoxyphenyl group and a propoxy group at positions 1S, 2R, 3S and 5, respectively. It is an orally active mixed endothelin A/B receptor antagonist with a 100-fold greater affinity for the endothelin A receptor. The drug was being developed by GSK for the treatment of congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension (clinical trials discontinued).


ghrelin

A 28-membered appetite-stimulating polypeptide consisting of Gly, Ser, Ser(octanoyl), Phe, Leu, Ser, Pro, Glu, His, Gln, Arg, Val, Gln, Gln, Arg, Lys, Glu, Ser, Lys, Lys, Pro, Pro, Ala, Lys, Leu, Gln, Pro and Arg residues joined in sequence. The O-n-octanoylation of the side-chain hydroxy group of serine-3 (Ser3) is essential for ghrelin's activity.


IDP

A purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate having inosine as the nucleobase.


sulmazole

An imidazopyridine that is 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-methoxy-4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl group. An A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, it was formerly used as a cardiotonic agent.


Heart Injuries

description: Trauma to the cardiac muscle or valves.


Heart murmur

description: An extra or unusual sound heard during a heartbeat caused vibrations resulting from the flow of blood through the heart.


myocardial rupture

description: Disease-related laceration or tearing of tissues of the heart, including the free-wall MYOCARDIUM; HEART SEPTUM; PAPILLARY MUSCLES; CHORDAE TENDINEAE; and any of the HEART VALVES. Pathological rupture usually results from myocardial infarction (HEART RUPTURE, POST-INFARCTION).


Heart Rupture, Post-Infarction

description: Tearing of the heart muscle as a sequela of acute myocardial infarction.


helminthiasis

description: A parasitic infection characterized by the infestation with worms, mainly in the intestine.


helminthiasis, animal

description: Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.


hemangioendothelioma

description: A vascular proliferation characterized by the presence of prominent endothelial cells and the formation of vascular channels. Hemangioendotheliomas may display borderline or low grade characteristics.


hemangioma

description: A benign vascular lesion characterized by the formation of capillary-sized or cavernous vascular channels.


cavernous hemangioma

description: A hemangioma characterized by the presence of cavernous vascular spaces.


hemangiopericytoma

description: An antiquated term that refers to benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasms characterized by the presence of neoplastic spindle-shaped to round cells arranged around thin-walled branching vascular spaces.


angiosarcoma

description: A malignant tumor arising from the endothelial cells of the blood vessels. Microscopically, it is characterized by frequently open vascular anastomosing and branching channels. The malignant cells that line the vascular channels are spindle or epithelioid and often display hyperchromatic nuclei. Angiosarcomas most frequently occur in the skin and breast. Patients with long-standing lymphedema are at increased risk of developing angiosarcoma.


hemarthrosis

description: Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia.


Hematemesis

description: The vomiting of blood.


cannabigerol

A member of the class of resorcinols that is resorcinol which is substituted by a (2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl group at position 2 and by a pentyl group at position 5. It is a natural product found in Cannabis sativa and Helichrysum species.


nelarabine

A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).


Hematoma

description: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel.


name: Papaverine, phentolamine drug combination


Epidural hemorrhage

description: Hemorrhage occurring between the dura mater and the skull.


Subdural hemorrhage

description: Hemorrhage occurring between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.


sulfathiazole

A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.


Hemianopia

description: Partial or complete loss of vision in one half of the visual field of one or both eyes.


hemiplegia

description: Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by brain diseases that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, brain stem lesions; cervical spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see paresis) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.


Hemobilia

description: Bleeding into the biliary tree.


hereditary hemochromatosis

description: An inherited metabolic disorder characterized by iron accumulation in the tissues.


hemoglobinuria

description: A laboratory test result which indicates free hemoglobin in the urine.


paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

description: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by corpuscular hemolytic anemia, bone marrow failure and frequent thrombotic events.


chalcogen

Any p-block element belonging to the group 16 family of the periodic table.


2-hydroxyethyl octadecanoate

An octadecanoate ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of octadecanoic (stearic) acid and one of the hydroxy groups of ethylene glycol. It is an ingredient in many personal care products and cosmetics.


hemolytic-uremic syndrome

description: Acute kidney injury associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia.


KETOROLAC TROMETHAMINE

An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.


Hemoperitoneum

description: Accumulation of blood in the peritoneal cavity owing to internal hemorrhage.


hemophilia A

description: The most common form of hemophilia characterized by spontaneous or prolonged hemorrhages due to factor VIII deficiency.


Hemoptysis

description: Coughing up (expectoration) of blood or blood-streaked sputum from the larynx, trachea, bronchi, or lungs.


Gastrointestinal hemorrhage

description: Hemorrhage affecting the gastrointestinal tract.


name: aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination


naproxcinod

A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of naproxen with the hydroxy group of 4-(nitrooxy)butanol. A cyclooxygenase-inhibiting nitric oxide donator that is metabolised to naproxen and a nitric oxide donating moiety, effective in treatment of osteoarthritis.


Post-partum hemorrhage

description: Significant maternal hemorrhage/blood loss following deilvery of a child.


carbetocin

Oxytocin in which the hydrogen on the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by methyl, the amino group on the cysteine residue is substituted by hydrogen, and the sulfur of the cysteine residue is replaced by a methylene group. A synthetic carba-analogue of oxytocin, it is used to control bleeding after giving birth. Like oxytocin, it causes contraction of the uterus.


hemorrhagic disease

description: Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (blood coagulation disorders) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (hemostatic disorders).


Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

description: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne zoonotic disease caused by CCHF virus and characterized by initial fever, headache, and malaise followed by gastrointestinal symptoms and, in severe cases, bleeding, shock, and multi-organ system failure.


hemorrhagic fever-renal syndrome

description: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a rodent-borne potentially severe hemorrhagic disease caused by Old World Hantaviruses characterized by high fever, malaise, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, backache, abdominal pain, oliguria/renal failure and systemic hemorrhagic manifestations.


viral hemorrhagic fever

description: A viral infectious disease caused by RNA viruses in the Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, or Flaviviridae family, and characterized by a severe multisystem syndrome, with damage to the vascular system and hemorrhaging.


hemorrhoid

description: Dilated veins in the anal canal.


hemosiderosis

description: Accumulation of iron in internal organs.


Hemothorax

description: The presence of blood in the pleural space.


hepatic encephalopathy

description: Hepatic encephalopathy is a syndrome observed in some patients with cirrhosis. It is defined as a spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities in patients with liver dysfunction, when other known brain disease has been excluded.Signs and symptomsmay be debilitating, and they can begin mildly and gradually, or occur suddenly and severely. They may includepersonality or moodchanges, intellectual impairment, abnormal movements,a depressed level of consciousness, and other symptoms.There are several theories regarding the exact cause, butdevelopment of the condition isprobablyat least partiallydue to the effect of substances that are toxic to nerve tissue (neurotoxic), which are typically present with liver damage and/or liver disease. Treatment depends upon the severity of mental status changes and upon the certainty of the diagnosis.


lactitol

A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods.


Budd-Chiari syndrome

description: Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is caused by obstruction of hepatic venous outflow involving either the hepatic veins or the terminal segment of the inferior vena cava.


hepatic veno-occlusive disease

description: Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (hepatic VOD) is a condition resulting from toxic injury to the hepatic sinusoidal capillaries that leads to obstruction of the small hepatic veins.


name: LSKL, Inhibitor of Thrombospondin (TSP-1)


hepatitis

description: An active inflammatory process affecting the liver for more than six months. Causes include viral infections, autoimmune disorders, drugs, and metabolic disorders.


N,N-dimethylacetamide

A member of the class of  acetamides that is  acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.


masitinib

A member of the class of benzamides that is the carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]benzoic acid with the primary amino group of 4-methyl-N(3)-[4-(pyridin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]benzene-1,3-diamine. It is a highly selective oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor.


hepatitis A virus infection

description: Acute inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus. It is highly contagious and usually contracted through close contact with an infected individual or their feces, contaminated food or water.


PYRAZOFURIN

A C-glycosyl compound that is 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.


hepatitis B virus infection

description: A viral infection caused by the hepatitis B virus.


A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5,5-dimethyl-8-(quinolin-3-yl)-5,6-dihydronaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of p-aminobenzoic acid. It is a neutral retinoic acid receptor (RAR) alpha-selective antagonist (Ki = 2.5 nM). It displays no significant effect on nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) binding; moderately decreases SMRT binding to RAR. It antagonizes agonist-induced coactivator (CoA) recruitment.


emtricitabine

An organofluorine compound  that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.


HELIOXANTHIN

A furonaphthodioxole that is furo[3',4':6,7]naphtho[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-7(9H)-one substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at posiiton 10. It is a inhibitor of HBV, HCV and HSV-1 viruses.


nucleoside

An N-glycosyl compound that has both a nucleobase, normally adenine, guanine, xanthine, thymine, cytosine or uracil, and either a ribose or deoxyribose as functional parents.


penciclovir

A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.


alcoholic hepatitis

description: Acute hepatitis resulting from ingestion of alcohol.


hepatitis, non-human animal

description: Inflammation of the liver in non-human animals.


Chronic hepatitis

description: Hepatitis that lasts for more than six months.


hepatitis, viral, animal

description: Inflammation of the liver in animals due to viral infection.


viral hepatitis

description: An acute or chronic inflammation of the liver parenchyma caused by viruses. Representative examples include hepatitis A, B, and C, cytomegalovirus hepatitis, and herpes simplex hepatitis.


hepatitis C virus infection

description: A viral infection caused by the hepatitis C virus.


THIOPHENE CARBOXYLIC ACID

A thiophenecarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2.


daclatasvir

A member of the class of biphenyls that is a potent inhibitor of nonstructural protein 5A and is used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of hepatitis C.


dasabuvir

A member of the class of pyrimidone, which is (as the monohydrate of its sodium salt) in combination with ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.


ledipasvir

A benzimidazole derivative that is used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.


ombitasvir

A dipeptide derivative which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.


telaprevir

An oligopeptide consisting of N-(pyrazin-2-ylcarbonyl)cyclohexylalanyl, 3-methylvalyl, octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-1-carboxy, and 3-amino-N-cyclopropyl-2-oxohexanamide residues joined in sequence. Used for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection.


Wilson disease

description: A very rare inherited multisystemic disease presenting non-specific neurological, hepatic, psychiatric or osseo-muscular manifestations due to excessive copper deposition in the body.


maculosin

A  homodetic cyclic peptide that is a dipeptide composed of L-proline and L-tyrosine joined by peptide linkages.


An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methylpyrazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2-[1,1'-bi(cyclopropyl)-2-yl]aniline.


name: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-DNA adduct


thionitrous acid

A nitroso compound that is hydrogen sulfide in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a nitroso group.


Hepatomegaly

description: Abnormally increased size of the liver.


A mononitrotoluene carrying a nitro group at position 3.


A mononitrotoluene that consists of toluene bearing a nitro substituent at the 4-position.


arbutin

A monosaccharide derivative that is  hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.


bendazac

A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.


lomitapide

A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 9-[4-(4-aminopiperidin-1-yl)butyl]-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-9H-fluorene-9-carboxamide. Used (as its mesylate salt) as a complement to a low-fat diet and other lipid-lowering treatments in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.


BROMUCONAZOLE

A member of the class of oxolanes carrying 1,2,4-triazol-ylmethyl and 2,4-dichlorophenyl substituents at position 2 as well as a bromo substituent at position 4.  A foliar applied conazole fungicide for a range of crops including cereals, fruit, vegetables and vines.


CYANTRANILIPROLE

A carboxamide that is chlorantraniliprole in which the chlorine atom attached to the phenyl ring has been replaced by a cyano group. A ryanodine receptor agonist, it is used as insecticide for the control of whitefly, thrips, aphids, fruitflies, and fruit worms in crops such as onions, potatoes and tomatoes. It is highly toxic to honeybees.


flumequine

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.


LINOLEOYLETHANOLAMIDE

An N-acylethanolamine 18:2 that is the ethanolamide of linoleic acid.


myricitrin

A glycosyloxyflavone that consists of myricetin attached to a alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Myrica cerifera, it exhibits anti-allergic activity.


NITRAPYRIN

A chloropyridine that is 2-chloropyridine which is substituted by a trichloromethyl group at position 6. It is a nitrification inhibitor that is co-applied with nitrogen fertilizer in agroecosystems.


hepatorenal syndrome

description: Hepatorenal syndrome is a form of impaired kidney function that occurs in individuals with advanced chronic liver disease. As many as 40% of individuals with cirrhosis and ascites will develop hepatorenal syndrome. Symptoms may include fatigue, abdominal pain, and a general feeling of ill health (malaise). There are two distinct types of hepatorenal syndrome. Type I progresses quickly (within days), leading to kidney failure. Individuals with type I typically have dramatically reduced urine output, edema, and jaundice, and often suffer from hepatic encephalopathy. Type II progresses more slowly, over weeks or months, and the symptoms are less severe. The cause of hepatorenal syndrome is unknown. A contributing factor seems to be a narrowing of the blood vessels that connect into the kidneys. This causes a decrease in blood flow to the kidneys, impairing their function. In some cases, triggers or precipitating factors (infections, blood loss from the gastrointestinal tract, low blood pressure) are involved. Treatment is aimed at helping the liver work better and maintaining kidney function. In many cases, a liver transplant is needed. In some cases, individuals also need a kidney transplant.


Hernia

description: The protrusion of part of an organ or fibroadipose tissue through an abnormal opening.


congenital diaphragmatic hernia

description: A posterolateral defect of the diaphragm that allows passage of abdominal viscera into the thorax, leading to respiratory insufficiency and persistent pulmonary hypertension with high mortality.


hiatus hernia

description: Herniation of the upper part of the stomach through the diaphragm.


Umbilical hernia

description: Protrusion of abdominal contents through a defect in the abdominal wall musculature around the umbilicus. Skin and subcutaneous tissue overlie the defect.


heroin dependence

description: Physical and psychological dependence on the drug heroin.


genital herpes

description: Herpes simplex infection of the genitals, most commonly caused by the herpes simplex-2 virus.


herpes labialis

description: A lesion caused by type 1 or type 2 herpes simplex virus, typically involving the oralfacial region.


herpes simplex infectious disease

description: A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)


ROBUSTAFLAVONE

A biflavonoid that is obtained by oxidative coupling of two molecules of  apigenin resulting in a bond between positions C-3 of the hydroxyphenyl ring and C-6 of the chromene ring. Isolated from Thuja orientalis and Rhus succedanea it exhibits antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-hepatitis B activity.


herpes zoster

description: A common dermal and neurologic disorder caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus that has remained dormant within dorsal root ganglia, often for decades, after the patient's initial exposure to the virus in the form of varicella (chickenpox). It is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area.


ophthalmic herpes zoster

description: Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.


Herpesviridae infectious disease

description: Virus diseases caused by the herpesviridae.


Recurrent singultus

description: A contraction of the diaphragm that repeats several times per minute. In humans, the abrupt rush of air into the lungs causes the epiglottis to close, creating a hic sound. Also known as synchronous diaphragmatic flutter (SDF), or singultus, from the Latin singult, the act of catching one's breath while sobbing. The hiccup is an involuntary action involving a reflex arc.


ethyl chloride

The simplest and least toxic member of the class of chloroethanes, that is ethane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a chlorine. A colourless gas at room temperature and pressure (boiling point 12degreeC), it is used as a mild topical anaesthetic to numb the skin prior to ear piercing, skin biopsies, etc., and is also used in the treatment of sports injuries. It was formerly used in the production of tetraethyllead.


lormetazepam

A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.


Femoral Neck Fractures

description: Traumatic or pathological injury to the hip in which the continuity of either the femoral head, femoral neck, intertrochanteric or subtrochanteric regions is broken. Symptoms include pain in the hip or groin, bruising and swelling in and around the hip area. The injured hip is turned outward and the leg appears shorter on that side.


Hirsutism

description: Abnormally increased hair growth referring to a male pattern of body hair (androgenic hair).


Langerhans cell histiocytosis

description: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a systemic disease associated with the proliferation and accumulation (usually in granulomas) of Langerhans cells in various tissues.


histoplasmosis

description: A disease caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. It primarily affects the lungs but can also occur as a disseminated disease that affects additional organs. The acute respiratory disease has symptoms similar to those of a cold or flu and it usually resolves without treatment in healthy individuals. The disseminated form is generally fatal if untreated.


Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive

description: A laboratory test result indicating the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a sample.


Hoarse voice

description: Hoarseness refers to a change in the pitch or quality of the voice, with the voice sounding weak, very breathy, scratchy, or husky.


homocystinuria

description: An autosomal recessive inherited metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the CBS, MTHFR, MTR, and MTRR genes. It is characterized by abnormalities in the methionine metabolism and is associated with deficiency of cystathionine synthase. It results in the accumulation of homocysteine in the serum. It may affect the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and the central nervous systems.


hookworm infectious disease

description: Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ancylostomiasis and necatoriasis are available.


Horner syndrome

description: Horner's syndrome is a rare condition characterized by miosis (constriction of thepupil), ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid), and anhidrosis (absence of sweating of the face). It iscaused by damage to the sympathetic nerves of the face. The underlying causes of Horner's syndrome vary greatly and may include a tumor, stroke, or other damage to a part of the brain called the brain stem ; injury to the carotid artery ;and trauma to the brachial plexus. In rare cases, Horner's syndrome is congenital (present from birth) and associated with a lack of pigmentation of the iris (colored part of the eye). Treatment of Horner's syndrome depends on the underlying cause.


horse disease

description: Diseases of domestic and wild horses of the species Equus caballus.


Huntington disease

description: Huntington disease (HD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system characterized by unwanted choreatic movements, behavioral and psychiatric disturbances and dementia.


newborn respiratory distress syndrome

description: A condition beginning in the first day of life that results from inadequate surfactant production, causing increased work of breathing and impaired gas exchange.


polyhydramnios

description: An excess quantity of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac as compared to normal values. Typically associated with an amniotic fluid index (AFI) of greater than or equal to 25 cm or a single maximum vertical pocket (MVP) of greater than 8 cm.


hydranencephaly

description: A rare congenital brain disorder in which the cerebral hemispheres are absent and replaced by sacs that contain cerebrospinal fluid. Signs and symptoms include irritability, increased muscle tone, seizures, and hydrocephalus. The prognosis is poor.


Hydrocele testis

description: Accumulation of clear fluid in the between the layers of membrane (tunica vaginalis) surrounding the testis.


hydrocephalus

description: A disorder characterized by an abnormal increase of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain.


hydronephrosis

description: Collection of urine in the renal pelvis that results in dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces. It is caused by obstruction of urine flow, nephrolithiasis, or vesicoureteral reflux. Signs and symptoms include flank pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dysuria.


Transudative pleural effusion

description: A type of pleural effusion with a transudate (extravascular fluid with low protein content and a low specific gravity). Pleural effusions can be classified as transudates or exudates based on Light's criteria, which classify an effusion as exudate if one or more of the following are present: (1) the ratio of pleural fluid protein to serum protein is greater than 0.5, (2) the ratio of pleural fluid lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) to serum LDH is greater than 0.6, or (3) the pleural fluid LDH level is greater than two thirds of the upper limit of normal for serum LDH.


hymenolepiasis

description: A parasitic infection caused by tapeworms. Most infected individuals do not have symptoms. When symptoms appear, they include diarrhea, abdominal pain, restlessness, and irritability.


hyperaldosteronism

description: Overproduction of aldosterone by the adrenal glands, which may lead to hypokalemia and/or hypernatremia.


Allodynia

description: Pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain.


A prostanoid that is 18,19,20-trinor-prostaglandin E2 in which one of the terminal methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group.


An organophosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups of TNP-ATP.


name: Adenosine, cyclic 3',5'-[hydrogen [p(s)]-phosphorothioate]


An eight-membered oligopeptide comprising Arg, Pro, Pro, Gly, Phe, Ser, Pro and Phe residues joined in sequence. It is an analogue of bradykinin lacking the Arg residue at position 9.


DIADENOSINE TETRAPHOSPHATE

A diadenosyl tetraphosphate compound having the two 5'-adenosyl residues attached at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.


fostriecin

A structurally unique, naturally-occurring phosphate monoester isolated from the soil bacterium Streptomyces pulveraceus. It inhibits DNA topoisomerase II as well as several protein phosphatase including PP2A and PPA4, and exhibits potent antitumor activity against several cancer cell lines.


isopentenyl diphosphate

A prenol phosphate comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol having an O-diphosphate substituent.


An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.


sulfide

Any sulfur molecular entity that involves either covalently bonded or anionic sulfur.


hyperbilirubinemia

description: A disease characterized by elevated level of the pigment bilirubin in the blood.


hypercalcemia disease

description: Abnormally high concentration of calcium in the peripheral blood.


dermatologic drug

A drug used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin.


dihydrotachysterol

A hydroxy seco-steroid that is 9,10-secoergosta-5,7,22-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. A synthetic analogue of vitamin D that acts a bone density conservation agent.


name: Efavirenz, emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate drug combination


Hypercapnia

description: Abnormally elevated blood carbon dioxide (CO2) level.


fatty alcohol

An aliphatic alcohol consisting of a chain of 3 to greater than 27 carbon atoms. Fatty alcohols may be saturated or unsaturated and may be branched or unbranched.


phytosterols

Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.


familial hypercholesterolemia

description: An inheritable form of hyperlipidemia, in which there are excess lipids in the blood.


hyperemesis gravidarum

description: Severe, intractable vomiting during pregnancy (usually the first trimester) accompanied by dehydration, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalances.


Hyperesthesia

description: Increased sensitivity to stimulation, excluding the special senses, which may refer to various modes of cutaneous sensibility including touch and thermal sensation without pain, as well as to pain.


FLUOROACETATE

A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by fluorine.


Increased circulating antibody level

description: An increased level of gamma globulin (immunoglobulin) in the blood.


DIHYDROKAEMPFEROL

A tetrahydroxyflavanone having hydroxy groupa at the 3-, 4'-, 5- and 7-positions.


empagliflozin

A C-glycosyl compound consisting of a beta-glucosyl residue having a (4-chloro-3-{4-[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]benzyl}phenyl group at the anomeric centre. A sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor used as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.


HERBACETIN

A pentahydroxyflavone that is kaempferol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. It is a natural flavonoid from flaxseed which exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities.


idebenone

A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3, by a methyl group at positions 5, and by a 10-hydroxydecyl group at positions 6. Initially developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, benefits were modest; it was subsequently found to be of benefit for the symptomatic treatment of Friedreich's ataxia.


insulin

An insulin that is produced in the pancreas and involved in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates (particularly glucose) and fats. Commonly thought of as a protein, it consists of two peptide chains, one containing 21 amino acid residues and the other containing 30; the chains are joined together by 2 disulfide bonds. Recombinant insulin is identical to human insulin, but is synthesised by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, which then produces insulin for human use. It is used in the treatment of type I and type II diabetes.


PENTOLINIUM TARTRATE

The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.


name: Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma


Hyperhidrosis

description: Abnormal excessive perspiration (sweating) despite the lack of appropriate stimuli like hot and humid weather.


hyperinsulinism

description: Abnormally high levels of insulin in the blood.


MONASCIN

An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 3a,4,8,9a-tetrahydro-2H-furo[3,2-g][2]benzopyran-2,9(3H)-dione that is substituted at positions 3, 6, and 9a by hexanoyl, (1E)-prop-1-en-1-yl and methyl groups, respectively (the 3S,3aR,9aR diastereoisomer). One of the azaphilonoid pigments in extracts of Monascus pilosus-fermented rice (red-mould rice), it is a potent inhibitor of carcinogenesis measured against chemical- or UV-initiated, phorbol-promoted mouse skin tumours.


Hyperkalemia

description: An abnormally increased potassium concentration in the blood.


A secondary amino compound that consists of tetralin bearing methyl, propylamino and methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 5 respectively. Dopamine receptor antagonist with preferential action at presynaptic receptors (pKi values are 6.95, 6.67, 6.37, 6.21 and 6.07 at hD3. hD4, hD2S, hD2L and rD2 receptors respectively).


CATHINONE

The S stereoisomer of 2-aminopropiophenone.


A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of  Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.


manassantin A

A lignan isolated from Saururus cernuus and Saururus chinensis and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity.


NOCICEPTIN

A seventenn-membered polypeptide consisting of Phe, Gly, Gly, Phe, Thr, Gly, Ala, Arg, Lys, Ser, Ala, Arg, Lys, Leu, Ala, Asn and Gln residue joined in sequence.


oxolinic acid

A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid having the carboxy group at position 7 as well as oxo and ethyl groups at positions 4 and 1 respectively and a dioxolo ring fused at the 5- and 6-positions. A synthetic antibiotic, it is used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of bacterial infections in cattle, pigs and poultry.


Ro 60-0175

A 1-(6-chloro-5-fluoroindol-1-yl)-propan-2-amine that has S configuration. A selective agonist for both the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B (5-HT2B) and 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C (5-HT2C)serotonin receptor subtypes, commonly used as fumarate salt.


hyperlipidemia

description: Elevated levels of lipids in the blood.


name: hyperlipidemia, familial combined, LPL related

description: A disorder of lipoprotein metabolism characterized by high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. It is caused by elevation of low density and very low density lipoproteins.


hyperlipoproteinemia

description: An elevated concentration of lipoproteins.


antilipemic drug

A substance used to treat hyperlipidemia (an excess of lipids in the blood).


hyperlipoproteinemia type 3

description: Hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) type 3 is a rare combined hyperlipidemia characterized by high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, transported by intermediate density lipoproteins (IDLs), and a high risk of premature atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.


hypertriglyceridemia 1

description: A laboratory test result indicating an autosomal dominant condition in which there is increased very low density lipoprotein production, which leads to increased triglyceride concentration.


hyperlipoproteinemia type V

description: A severe type of hyperlipidemia, sometimes familial, that is characterized by the elevation of both plasma chylomicrons and triglycerides contained in very-low-density lipoproteins. Type V hyperlipoproteinemia is often associated with diabetes mellitus and is not caused by reduced lipoprotein lipase activity as in hyperlipoproteinemia type I.


Hypernatremia

description: An abnormally increased sodium concentration in the blood.


A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.


sodium thiosulfate

A hydrate consisting of sodium thiosulfate with 5 mol eq. of water.


Caffey disease

description: Caffey disease is an osteosclerotic dysplasia characterized by acute inflammation with massive subperiosteal new bone formation usually involving the diaphyses of the long bones, as well as the ribs, mandible, scapulae, and clavicles. The disease is associated with fever, irritability pain and soft tissue swelling, with onset around the age of 2 months and resolving spontaneously by the age of 2 years. However, prenatal disease onset has also been described.


primary hyperoxaluria

description: A hereditary disorder characterized by excessive oxalate production, leading to hyperoxaluria.


oxalate

A dicarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid.


hyperparathyroidism

description: Hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands resulting in the overproduction of parathyroid hormone. It may be primary or secondary; primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by parathyroid adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia, parathyroid carcinoma, and multiple endocrine neoplasia. It is associated with hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. Signs and symptoms include weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, constipation, depression, bone pain, osteoporosis, cystic bone lesions, and kidney stones. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by the chronic stimulation of the parathyroid glands in patients with chronic renal failure, rickets, and malabsorption syndromes.


secondary hyperparathyroidism

description: Overproduction of parathyroid hormone in response to influence external to the parathyroid glands.


Polyphagia

description: A neurological anomaly with gross overeating associated with an abnormally strong desire or need to eat.


aloin

A diastereoisomeric mixture of aloin A (barbaloin) and aloin B (isobarbaloin), which have similar properties. It is a bitter-tasting, yellow-brown colored compound found in the exudate of at least 68 Aloe species at levels of up to 6.6% of leaf dry weight (making between 3% and 35% of the total exudate), and in another 17 species at indeterminate levels. It is used as a stimulant-laxative, treating constipation by inducing bowel movements.


D-glucaric acid

The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.


lixisenatide

A forty-four membered polypeptide consisting of L-His, Gly, L-Glu, Gly, L-Thr, L-Phe, L-Thr, L-Ser, L-Asp, L-Leu, L-Ser, L-Lys, L-Gln, L-Met, L-Glu, L-Glu, L-Glu, L-Ala, L-Val, L-Arg, L-Leu, L-Phe, L-Ile, L-Glu, L-Trp, L-Leu, L-Lys, L-Asn, Gly, Gly, LPro, L-Ser, L-Ser, Gly, L-Ala, L-Pro, L-Pro, L-Ser, L-Lys, L-Lys, L-Lys, L-Lys, L-Lys, and L-Lys-NH2 residues joined in sequence. Used as an adjunct to diet and exercise for the treatment of adults with type II diabetes.


TRANS-PHYTOL

A diterpenoid that is hexadec-2-en-1-ol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15.


theaflavin

A biflavonoid that is 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzocyclohepten-6-one which is substituted at positions 1 and 8 by (2R,3R)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl groups. It is the main red pigment in black tea.


hyperprolactinemia

description: Abnormally high level of prolactin in the blood.


CARMOXIROLE

An indolecarboxylic acid that is indole-5-carboxylic acid bearing an additional 4-(4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl)butyl substituent at position 3. Selective, peripherally acting dopamine D2 receptor agonist. Modulates noradrenalin release and sympathetic activation. Displays antihypertensive properties in vivo.


DODINE

An acetate salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of 1-dodecylguanidine and acetic acid. It is used as a fungicide to control black spot and foliar diseases on apples, pears, peaches, nectarines and strawberries.


fragrance

A substance, extract, or preparation for diffusing or imparting an agreeable or attractive smell.


sulfite

A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).


type IV hypersensitivity disease

description: A disease that has its basis in the disruption of type IV hypersensitivity.


hypersomnia

description: A sleep disorder characterized by excessive sleepiness.


ornidazole

A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.


hypersplenism

description: Overactive functioning of the spleen, resulting in excessive destruction of blood cells.


Hypertelorism

description: Interpupillary distance more than 2 SD above the mean (alternatively, the appearance of an increased interpupillary distance or widely spaced eyes).


azilsartan

A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group and at position 1 by a 2'-[(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl group. Used (as the prodrug, azilsartan medoxomil) for treatment of hypertension.


benazeprilat

A benzazepine that is 1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-1-benzazepin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a carboxy methyl group and in which the 3-pro-S hydrogen is replaced by the amino group of (2S)-2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid. An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, it is used as its monoester prodrug benazepril in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.


bevantolol

A propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by 3-methylphenyl and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl. A beta1 adrenoceptor antagonist, it has been shown to be as effective as other beta-blockers for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.


bopindolol

A methylindole that is 2-methyl-1H-indol-4-ol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(benzoyloxy)-3-(tert-butylamino)propyl group.


CARMINIC ACID

A tetrahydroxyanthraquinone that is that is 1,3,4,6-tetrahydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone substituted by a methyl group at position 8, a carboxy group at position 7 and a 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol moiety at position 2 via a C-glycosidic linkage. It is a natural dye isolated from several insects such as Dactylopius coccus.


cyclothiazide

3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.


dyphylline

An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.


eprosartan

A member of the class of  imidazoles and  thiophenes  that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.


felypressin

A synthetic nonapeptide comprising cysteinyl, phenylalanyl, phenylalanyl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, cysteinyl, prolyl, lysyl, and glycinamide residues in sequence, with a disulfide bridge joining the two cysteine residues. Its antidiuretic effects are less than those of vasopressin. It is used as a vasoconstrictor in local anaesthetic injections for dental use, and is an ingredient of preparations that have been used for treatment of pain and inflammation of the mouth.


fludrocortisone acetate

An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the primary hydroxy group of fludrocortisone with acetic acid. A synthetic corticosteroid, it has glucocorticoid actions about 10 times as potent as hydrocortisone, while its mineralocorticoid actions are over 100 times as potent. It is used in partial replacement therapy for primary and secondary adrenocortical insufficiency in Addison's disease and for the treatment of salt-losing adrenal hyperplasia.


GABA agent

A substance, such as agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function, used for its pharmacological actions on GABAergic systems.


guanadrel

A spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of the keto group of cyclohexanone with the hydroxy groups of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)guanidine. A postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent formerly used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the management of hypertension, it has been largely superseded by other drugs less likely to cause orthostatic hypotension (dizzy spells on standing up or stretching).


ouabagenin

A hexahydroxy steroidal lactone obtained by hydrolysis of ouabain.


perindoprilat

A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of N-[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]-L-norvaline with the amino group of (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid. The major active metabolite of perindopril.


quinaprilat

A dicarboxylic acid resulting from the hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group of quinapril to give the corresponding dicarboxylic acid. The active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) of the prodrug quinapril.


remikiren

An L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a (2S)-2-[(2-methylpropane-2-sulfonyl)methyl]-3-phenylpropanoyl group and the carboxy group is replaced by a [(2S,3R,4S)-1-cyclohexyl-4-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]amino group. It is a renin inhibitor which was under development for the treatment of hypertension (now discontinued).


salsalate

A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.


malignant hypertension

description: Severe hypertension that is characterized by rapid onset of extremely high blood pressure.


portal hypertension

description: Increased blood pressure in the portal venous system. It is most commonly caused by cirrhosis. Other causes include portal vein thrombosis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, and right heart failure. Complications include ascites, esophageal varices, encephalopathy, and splenomegaly.


pulmonary hypertension

description: Increased pressure within the pulmonary circulation due to lung or heart disorder.


A pyrazolopyridine that is 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine which is substituted by a 2-fluorobenzyl group at position 1 and by a 4-amino-5-cyclopropylpyrimidin-2-yl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase.


macitentan

A member of the class of sulfamides in which the two amino groups of sulfonamide are substituted by 5-(4-bromophenyl)-6-{2-[(5-bromopyrimidin-2-yl)oxy]ethoxy}pyrimidin-4-yl and propyl groups. An orphan drug used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.


renal hypertension

description: Hypertension caused by the kidney's hormonal response to narrowing or occlusion of the renal arteries.


renovascular hypertension

description: High blood pressure secondary to renal artery stenosis.


hyperthyroxinemia

description: Abnormally elevated thyroxine level in the blood.


hypertrichosis

description: Excessive hair growth anywhere on the body.


Hypertrophy

description: Abnormal enlargement of a body part or organ.


A  dithiane  that is cyclohexane in which the -CH2- units at positions 1 and 2 have been replaced by sulfur atoms.


Hyperventilation

description: Hyperventilation refers to an increased pulmonary ventilation rate that is faster than necessary for the exchange of gases. Hyperventilation can result from increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or both, and leads to an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.


hypervitaminosis A

description: A symptom complex resulting from ingesting excessive amounts of vitamin A.


Somatic sensory dysfunction

description: An abnormality of the primary sensation that is mediated by peripheral nerves (pain, temperature, touch, vibration, joint position). The word hypoesthesia (or hypesthesia) refers to a reduction in cutaneous sensation to a specific type of testing.


Hyphema

description: Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye.


hypoaldosteronism disease

description: Abnormally low levels of aldosterone in the blood.


Hypocalcemia

description: An abnormally decreased calcium concentration in the blood.


hypochondriasis

description: A somatoform disorder in which an individual is preoccupied with having a serious illness despite not having been given a corroborating diagnosis.


hypodermyiasis

description: Infestation with larvae of the genus Hypoderma, the warble fly.


hypoglycemia

description: Abnormally low level of glucose in the blood.


hypoglycemic agent

A drug which lowers the blood glucose level.


hypogonadism

description: A disorder characterized by decreased function of the gonads. Clinical manifestations in both males and females include poor libido, infertility, and osteoporosis. Additional signs in males include erectile dysfunction, muscle atrophy, gynecomastia and increased abdominal fat. In females, additional signs include shrinking of the breasts and loss of, or failure to develop menstruation.


Hypohidrosis

description: Abnormally diminished capacity to sweat.


potassium deficiency disease

description: Any disorder caused by an insufficient amount or availability of potassium, which generally manifests with myalgia, tetany, hypotension, polyuria, and polydipsia.


cathartic

Any substance that accelerates defecation. Compare with laxatives, which are substances that ease defecation (usually by softening faeces). A substance can be both a laxative and a cathartic.


hypolipoproteinemia

description: Conditions with abnormally low levels of lipoproteins in the blood. This may involve any of the lipoprotein subclasses, including alpha-lipoproteins (high-density lipoproteins); beta-lipoproteins (low-density lipoproteins); and prebeta-lipoproteins (very-low-density lipoproteins).


Hyponatremia

description: An abnormally decreased sodium concentration in the blood.


conivaptan

The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).


hypoparathyroidism

description: Hypoparathyroidism is an endocrine disorder in which the parathyroid glands in the neck do not produce enough parathyroid hormone (PTH). Common signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, brittle nails, cataracts, dry hair and skin, muscle cramps, tetany, pain in the face, legs, and feet, seizures, tingling sensation, and weakened tooth enamel (in children). It may be caused by injury to the parathyroid glands (e.g., during surgery). Other causes, include low blood magnesium levels, a side effect of radioactive iodine treatment for hyperthyroidism, metabolic alkalosis, DiGeorge syndrome, and type I polyglandular autoimmune syndrome. The goal of treatment is to restore the calcium and mineral balance in the body.


hypopharynx cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the hypopharynx.


hypopituitarism

description: A condition of diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory pituitary neoplasms, metastatic tumors, infarction, pituitary apoplexy, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.


Hypoproteinemia

description: A decreased concentration of protein in the blood.


congenital prothrombin deficiency

description: Congenital factor II deficiency is an inherited bleeding disorder due to reduced activity of factor II (FII, prothrombin) and characterized by mucocutaneous bleeding symptoms.


hypotensive disorder

description: Blood pressure that is abnormally low.


amyl nitrite

A nitrite ester having n-pentyl as the alkyl group.


name: anticoagulation factor II, Agkistrodon acutus


BW 245C

A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is 7-(2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-4-yl)heptanoic acid in which the imidazoline ring as substituted at position 3 by a 3-(3-cyclohexyl-3-hydroxypropyl) group.


flavin adenine dinucleotide

A flavin adenine dinucleotide in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5'-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group.


name: 1,2,3,4-Oxatriazolium, 5-amino-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-, inner salt


imidaprilat

A member of the class of imidazolidines that is imidapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding acid group. It is the active metabolite of imidapril used to treat hypertension.


N-arachidonoylglycine

Biologically active derivative of anandamide


orthostatic hypotension

description: Sudden fall of the blood pressure of at least 20/10 mm Hg when a person stands up.


amezinium metilsulfate

A pyridazinium ion that is pyridazin-1-ium which is substituted by a phenyl, amino and methoxy groups at positions 1, 4 and 6, respectively.


hypothalamic disorder

description: Neoplastic, inflammatory, infectious, and other diseases of the hypothalamus. Clinical manifestations include appetite disorders; autonomic nervous system diseases; sleep disorders; behavioral symptoms related to dysfunction of the limbic system; and neuroendocrine disorders.


Hypothermia

description: Reduced body temperature due to failed thermoregulation.


DEXAMISOLE

A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has R configuration.


hypotrichosis

description: A congenital condition, usually due to genetic aberrations, that is characterized by a lack of hair growth on the head and/or body.


Hypoventilation

description: A reduction in the amount of air transported into the pulmonary alveoli by breathing, leading to hypercapnia (increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide).


Hysteria

description: A psychological state of emotional lability characterized by irrational behavior. This is a colloquial term that is not commonly used in clinical medicine.


iatrogenic disease

description: Any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician, surgeon, or other health professional, especially infections acquired by a patient during the course of treatment.


ichthyosis

description: Disorders of cornification that are characterized by visible scaling and/or hyperkeratosis of most or all of the skin. Inherited ichthyoses, defined as the generalized form of Mendelian disorders of cornification, affect most or all of the skin. This etiologically and phenotypically heterogenous group of conditions is caused by mutations in various different genes important for keratinocyte differentiation and epidermal barrier function. Acquired forms of ichthyosis can be observed with certain autoimmune, inflammatory, metabolic, endocrine, or infectious diseases or with malignancies.


Crohn ileitis

description: An Crohn disease involving a pathogenic inflammatory response in the ileum.


type III hypersensitivity disease

description: Group of diseases mediated by the deposition of large soluble complexes of antigen and antibody with resultant damage to tissue. Besides serum sickness and the arthus reaction, evidence supports a pathogenic role for immune complexes in many other immune system diseases including glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus erythematosus, systemic) and polyarteritis nodosa.


angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma

description: A mature T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, characterized by systemic disease and a polymorphous infiltrate involving lymph nodes and extranodal sites. The clinical course is typically aggressive.


inborn error of immunity

description: A disorder in which the immune system is unable to mount an adequate immune response.


immune system disorder

description: A disorder resulting from an abnormality in the immune system.


immunoproliferative disorder

description: Disorders characterized by abnormal proliferation of primary cells of the immune system or by excessive production of immunoglobulins.


impetigo

description: A contagious bacterial cutaneous infection that affects children and is usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus. It usually presents in the face with honey colored scabs.


impulse control disorder

description: A category of behaviors that can be loosely defined as the failure to resist an impulsive act or behavior that may be harmful to self or others.


A hydrocarbyladenosine in which adenosine is substituted at N-6 by a (2R)-1-phenylpropan-2-yl group. It is a potent adenosine A1 receptor agonist that exhibits neuroprotective and antinociceptive properties.


inappropriate ADH syndrome

description: A syndrome characterized by abnormal secretion of antidiuretic hormone in conjunction with neoplastic growth occurring anywhere in the body.


Neonatal disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder which occurs during the neonatal period.


varespladib

A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by benzyl, ethyl, oxamoyl, and carboxymethoxy groups at positions 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. It is an oral secretory phospholipase A2 inhibitor and exhibits anti-inflammatory effects.


cefapirin

A cephalosporin with  acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.


infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

description: A herpesvirus infection of cattle characterized by inflammation and necrosis of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract.


VITEXIN

An apigenin flavone glycoside, which is found in the passion flower, bamboo leaves and pearl millet


A member of the class of isoxazoles that is the carbamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)ethyl hydrogen carbonate with the amino group of 3-({[4-(4-amino-3-methyl-1,2-oxazol-5-yl)phenyl]methyl}sulfanyl)propanoic acid.


BENZO[D]OXAZOLE

A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.


carbocisteine

An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.


cuprous oxide

Any copper oxide in which the metal is in the +1 oxidation state.


patchouli alcohol

A carbotricyclic compound and sesquiterpenoid tertiary alcohol that is tricyclo[5.3.1.0(3,8)]undecan-3-ol which is substituted at positions 2, 2, 6 and 8 by methyl groups (the 1R,3R,6S,7S,8S-diastereoisomer).


PROPYLENE OXIDE

An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.