fallopian tube mucinous tumor

A rare borderline or malignant epithelial tumor of the fallopian tube characterized by the presence of neoplastic epithelial cells that contain intracytoplasmic mucin and may resemble the epithelial cells of the endocervix or gastrointestinal tract.


fallopian tube adenocarcinoma

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A carcinoma that arises from glandular epithelial cells of the fallopian tube


endometrial mucinous adenocarcinoma

A primary, usually low grade adenocarcinoma of the endometrium in which the majority of the malignant epithelial cells contain abundant intracytoplasmic mucin.


rectum mucinous adenocarcinoma

An invasive adenocarcinoma of the rectum characterized by the presence of pools of extracellular mucin. Malignant glandular epithelial cells are present in the mucin collections. Mucin constitutes more than 50% of the lesion.


bladder adenocarcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from glandular epithelial cells of the urinary bladder


ovarian adenocarcinoma

An adenocarcinoma that arises from the ovary. It is the most common type of ovarian carcinoma. It includes the serous adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, clear cell adenocarcinoma, and endometrioid adenocarcinoma.


extramedullary plasmacytoma

A plasma cell neoplasm arising at an extraosseous site. There is no involvement of the bone marrow. It most frequently involves the oropharynx, nasopharynx, sinuses, and larynx. Other sites of involvement include the gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, breast, skin, lymph nodes, and bladder. A minority of patients have a monoclonal gammopathy. Treatment includes radiation therapy. Progression to plasma cell myeloma occurs in a minority of patients.


solitary osseous plasmacytoma

A localized, clonal (malignant) plasma cell infiltrate in the bone, without peripheral blood involvement. The most commonly affected bones are the vertebrae, ribs, skull, pelvis and femur. X-rays examination reveals a solitary lytic lesion.


bladder squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder arising from metaplastic epithelium. It represents less than 10% of bladder carcinomas. The exception is the Middle East along the Nile Valley, where it represents the most common form of carcinoma because of the endemic nature of schistosomiasis. Bladder squamous cell carcinoma is often associated with long-standing chronic inflammation of the bladder and usually has a poor prognosis. The diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder should be reserved for those tumors that are predominantly keratin forming.


esophagus verrucous carcinoma

A rare variant of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. It is an exophytic, cauliflower-like or papillary mass that can arise in any part of the esophagus. This variant of squamous cell carcinoma grows slowly and invades locally, with a very low metastasizing potential. (WHO)


urethra squamous cell carcinoma

A well differentiated, moderately differentiated, or poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the male or female urethra.


vaginal discharge

Normal or abnormal secretions from the vagina. Mucus produced by the cervical glands is discharged from the vagina naturally, especially during the childbearing years. Causes of abnormal vaginal discharge include infectious agents (e.g., Neisseria gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas, and Candida albicans), the presence of foreign bodies, and cervical or vaginal cancer.


pulmonary fibrosis

Chronic progressive interstitial lung disorder characterized by the replacement of the lung tissue by connective tissue, leading to progressive dyspnea, respiratory failure, or right heart failure. Causes include chronic inflammatory processes, exposure to environmental irritants, radiation therapy, autoimmune disorders, certain drugs, or it may be idiopathic (no identifiable cause).


anovulation

The absence of ovulation.


skull base neoplasm

A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the skull base.


adamantinous craniopharyngioma

A craniopharyngioma consisting of broad strands, cords and bridges of a multistratified squamous epithelium with peripheral palisading of nuclei. Diagnostic features include nodules of compact 'wet' keratin and dystrophic calcification. (Adapted from WHO)


papillary craniopharyngioma

A craniopharyngioma composed of sheets of squamous epithelium which separate to form pseudopapillae. This variant typically lacks nuclear palisading, wet keratin, calcification, and cholesterol deposits. Clinically, endocrine deficiencies are more often associated with papillary craniopharyngioma than with the adamantinomatous type. (Adapted from WHO)


adult medulloblastoma

A medulloblastoma arising from the brain, occurring in adults.


childhood medulloblastoma

A medulloblastoma occurring in children.


thrombophlebitis

Inflammation of the veins associated with the presence of a thrombus.


functional colonic disease

Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized irritable bowel syndrome falls into this category.


bronchogenic carcinoma

A lung carcinoma arising from the bronchial epithelium.


bronchial neoplasm

Tumors or cancer of the bronchi.


adrenal carcinoma

A carcinoma involving a adrenal gland.


acute myocarditis

The sudden onset of inflammation of heart muscle with myocellular necrosis; this is generally secondary to an infectious cause, and patients often have a recent history of a flu-like illness.


adrenal cortex disorder

A disease involving the adrenal cortex.


adrenal gland cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the adrenal gland


Bartholin gland transitional cell carcinoma

A rare carcinoma that arises from the Bartholin gland and is characterized by the presence of malignant urothelial-type epithelial cells.


non-keratinizing sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma of the sinonasal tract characterized by a plexiform or ribbon-like growth pattern, cytological atypia, and lack of histological evidence of keratinization.


endometrial transitional cell carcinoma

A rare primary carcinoma of the endometrium characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial cells resembling urothelial transitional cells. The malignant transitional cells constitute at least 90% of the tumor cells.


fallopian tube transitional cell carcinoma

A rare transitional cell carcinoma that arises from the fallopian tube.


urethra transitional cell carcinoma

A transitional cell carcinoma that arises from the male or female urethra.


eosinophilic gastritis

An eosinophilic gastroenteritis that is characterized by inflammation of the stomach.


tricuspid valve insufficiency

The backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium, owning to imperfect functioning/insufficiency of the tricuspid valve.


trophoblastic neoplasm

A gestational or non-gestational neoplasm composed of neoplastic trophoblastic cells. Representative examples include hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma.


cervical adenosarcoma

A rare malignant mixed epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the cervix and is characterized by the presence of malignant mesenchymal elements and benign epithelial elements.


cervical carcinosarcoma

A mixed epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the cervix and is characterized by the presence of malignant mesenchymal elements and benign or malignant epithelial elements. This category includes adenosarcoma and carcinosarcoma.


uterine body mixed cancer

A primary malignant neoplasm of the uterine corpus characterized by the presence of an epithelial and a mesenchymal component. This category includes carcinosarcoma, carcinofibroma, and adenosarcoma.


nail disorder

A disease involving the nail.


common bile duct disorder

A disease involving the common bile duct.


bile duct disorder

A disease involving the bile duct.


skull base chordoma

A slow-growing malignant bone tumor arising from the remnants of the notochord and occurring in the base of the skull. It is characterized by a lobulated growth pattern, myxoid stroma formation, and the presence of physaliphorous cells..


primary syphilis

The subclinical or symptomatic stage of syphilis, occurring at an average of three weeks after contact with an infected individual. It manifests with one or more painless, indurated ulcers (chancres) of the skin or mucous membranes at the site of inoculation. These lesions heal spontaneously within a few weeks.


secondary syphilis

The secondary stage of syphilis typically that is characterized by generalized rash (including palms and soles), mucocutaneous lesions, and lymphadenopathy. It usually begins one to two months after the primary stage.


skin cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the zone of skin


glucose metabolism disease

A metabolic disorder characterized by abnormal blood glucose levels.


hyperglycemia

Abnormally high level of glucose in the blood.


brain stem glioma

A neuroglial tumor that arises from the brain stem.


cerebellar neoplasm

A benign or malignant (primary or metastatic) tumor involving the cerebellum. -- 2003


childhood brain stem neoplasm

A neoplasm that affects the brain stem and occurs during childhood.


disorder of pilosebaceous unit

A disease that involves the pilosebaceous unit.


malignant ovarian Brenner tumor

A malignant neoplasm that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of an invasive malignant transitional cell component and nests of benign transitional cells in a fibrotic stroma. When the neoplasm is confined to the ovary, the prognosis is good.


pyoderma

Any skin disease that is pyegenic.


clear cell sarcoma

A rare malignant neoplasm with melanocytic differentiation characterized by the presence of polygonal or spindle shaped clear cells. This sarcoma usually affects the tendons and aponeuroses and is associated with a poor prognosis due to recurrences and metastases.


spindle cell sarcoma

A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm composed of spindle-shaped cells. This is a morphologic term which can be applied to a wide range of sarcomas.


carcinosarcoma

A malignant tumor composed of a mixture of carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements.


nodular basal cell carcinoma

A basal cell carcinoma of the skin that often appears as elevated nodules which may become ulcerated.


superficial multifocal basal cell carcinoma

A superficial basal cell carcinoma of the skin characterized by the presence of lobules of basaloid cells which are separated by large distances and represent multifocal discrete tumors.


radiculopathy

Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see spinal nerve roots) which may result from compression related to intervertebral disk displacement; spinal cord injuries; spinal diseases; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.


dermatophytosis of scalp or beard

Dermatophytosis involving the stratum corneum of the skin of the scalp and beard area.


lymphocele

A cystic lesion containing lymph. It usually results from injury, gynecologic surgery, or urologic surgery.


cervical cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the cervix.


autoimmune disorder of the nervous system

A disorder characterized by the degeneration of the nervous system due to autoimmunity. Representative examples include multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and myasthenia gravis.


papillary squamous carcinoma

A well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma characterized by a papillary, exophytic growth pattern and hyperkeratosis. The most commonly affected anatomic sites are the larynx, penis, cervix, vagina, and vulva.


peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone

A small round cell tumor with neural differentiation arising from the bone. It may be associated with pain.


peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor of soft tissues

A small round cell tumor with neural differentiation arising from the soft tissues.


cervix melanoma

An aggressive malignant tumor of melanocytic origin that arises from the cervix.


benign fibrous histiocytoma

A benign neoplasm composed of fibroblastic spindle cells in a whorled storiform pattern. It is characterized by the presence of foam cells, inflammatory cells, hemosiderin deposition and stromal hemorrhage.


central nervous system germinoma

A malignant germ cell tumor arising from the central nervous system. It is composed of uniform cells resembling primitive germ cells. These cells have large, vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli and a clear, glycogen-rich cytoplasm. Additional features are lymphoid or lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates and, less frequently, scattered syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells. (Adapted from WHO)


central nervous system germ cell tumor

A unique group of rare tumors of the central nervous system that affect mainly children and adolescents. Their morphologic and biologic profile corresponds to that of homologous germ cell tumors that arise in the gonads and in other extragonadal sites. Representative examples include: germinoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, and teratoma.


seminoma

A radiosensitive malignant germ cell tumor found in the testis (especially undescended), and extragonadal sites (anterior mediastinum and pineal gland). It is characterized by the presence of uniform cells with clear or dense cytoplasm which contains glycogen, and by a large nucleus which contains one or more nucleoli. The neoplastic germ cells form aggregates separated by fibrous septa. The fibrous septa contain chronic inflammatory cells, mainly lymphocytes.


dysgerminoma

A malignant germ cell tumor characterized by the presence of a monotonous primitive germ cell population. The neoplastic cells form aggregates and have an abundant pale cytoplasm and uniform nuclei. The aggregates of the germ cells are separated by fibrous septa which contain inflammatory cells, mostly T-lymphocytes. It arises primarily in the ovaries, but can occur both primarily and secondarily at other sites, particularly the central nervous system. It responds to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Its prognosis is related to the tumor stage.


macular retinal edema

Accumulation of intraretinal fluid and protein in the macula, which may result in swelling and decreased central vision.


childhood kidney cell carcinoma

A renal cell carcinoma that occurs during childhood.


hyperaldosteronism

Overproduction of aldosterone by the adrenal glands, which may lead to hypokalemia and/or hypernatremia.


sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma

A high grade carcinoma of the kidney. It is not a distinct clinicopathological entity and includes a diverse group of renal cell carcinomas which have been transformed from a lower to a higher grade.


rhinitis

An inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the nose, usually associated with nasal discharge.


potassium deficiency disease

Any disorder caused by an insufficient amount or availability of potassium, which generally manifests with myalgia, tetany, hypotension, polyuria, and polydipsia.


pediatric angiosarcoma

An angiosarcoma occurring in childhood.


skin angiosarcoma

A malignant vascular neoplasm arising from the skin.


mucoepidermoid carcinoma

A carcinoma morphologically characterized the presence of cuboidal mucous cells, goblet-like mucous cells, squamoid cells, cystic changes, and a fibrotic stromal formation. It can occur in several anatomic sites, including parotid gland, oral cavity, paranasal sinus, skin, breast, lung, larynx, and lacrimal ducts. It is classified as low or high grade.


hypotrichosis

A congenital condition, usually due to genetic aberrations, that is characterized by a lack of hair growth on the head and/or body.


anus neoplasm

A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the anal canal or anal margin. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include squamous papilloma and papillary hidradenoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, lymphoma, and melanoma.


lung large cell carcinoma

A poorly differentiated non-small cell lung carcinoma composed of large polygonal cells without evidence of glandular or squamous differentiation. There is a male predilection.


pediatric meningioma

A meningioma that occurs during childhood.


bile duct cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the bile duct


biliary tract cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the biliary tree


benign muscle neoplasm

A benign mesenchymal neoplasm arising from smooth, skeletal, or cardiac muscle tissue.


bilateral retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma involving both eyes. This occurs in the majority of patients with the inherited variant. A minority of patient with bilateral retinoblastoma were found to have involvement of the pineal gland as well.


unilateral retinoblastoma

A retinoblastoma that only involves a single eye.


intraocular retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma restricted to local involvement.


extraocular retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma that has spread beyond the eye e.g. to brain, soft tissue/bone, bone marrow.


venous hemangioma

A rare slow growing benign tumor of aberrant and ectatic venous connections.


keratitis

A corneal disease that is characterized by inflammation of the cornea.


extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the extrahepatic bile duct.


prostate disorder

A disease involving the prostate gland.


extragonadal germ cell cancer

A malignant germ cell tumor that develops as a primary tumor in an anatomic site other than the testis or ovary.


somatoform disorder

A category of psychiatric disorders which are characterized by the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a medical condition but are not fully explained by any known medical reasons.


medulloepithelioma

A rare, usually aggressive malignant embryonal neoplasm of the central nervous system occurring in children. It is characterized by the presence of neuroepithelial cells which form papillary, trabecular, or tubular structures and absence of C19MC amplification. Symptoms include headache, nausea, and vomiting.


supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor

A central nervous system embryonal tumor, not otherwise specified arising from the supratentorial region.


space motion sickness

Disorder characterized by nausea, vomiting, and dizziness, possibly in response to vestibular disorientation or fluid shifts associated with space flight. (From Webster's New World Dictionary)


adult brainstem glioma

A brain stem glioma that occurs in an adult.


malignant myoepithelioma

An infiltrating malignant tumor characterized by the presence of atypical cells with myoepithelial differentiation. Representative examples include malignant breast myoepithelioma and salivary gland myoepithelial carcinoma.


vascular hemostatic disease

Pathological processes involving the integrity of blood circulation. Hemostasis depends on the integrity of blood vessels, blood fluidity, and blood coagulation. Majority of the hemostatic disorders are caused by disruption of the normal interaction between the vascular endothelium, the plasma proteins (including blood coagulation factors), and platelets.


cerebellar astrocytoma

Benign and malignant neoplasms of the cerebellum that arise from astrocytes. During childhood the majority are benign pilocytic astrocytomas. In adults both benign and relatively higher grade forms may occur. The most common presenting symptoms are headache, nausea, vomiting, ataxia of gait or limb, paresis, diplopia, and dizziness. Objective signs include weakness, long tract signs, dysmetria, gait ataxia, papilledema, and nystagmus. Surgical resection is often curative.


pineal gland astrocytoma

A astrocytoma that involves the pineal body.


salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma

An adenoid cystic carcinoma arising from the salivary gland. It is characterized by the presence of epithelial and myoepithelial cells forming tubular, cribriform, and solid patterns. It usually presents as a slow growing mass. Patients may experience pain because of the tumor propensity for perineural invasion. The tumor may follow an aggressive clinical course with recurrences and mestastases to distant sites including lungs, bones, brain, and liver.


trachea carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the trachea.


bile duct adenocarcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from glandular epithelial cells of the bile duct


appendix carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the vermiform appendix


small intestine adenocarcinoma

An adenocarcinoma that arises from the small intestine. Histologic variants include mucinous adenocarcinoma and signet ring cell carcinoma.


anal carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the anus


urethra adenocarcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from glandular epithelial cells of the urethra


intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the intrahepatic bile duct epithelium in any site of the intrahepatic biliary tree. Grossly, the malignant lesions are solid, nodular, and grayish. Morphologically, the vast majority of cases are adenocarcinomas. Signs and symptoms include malaise, weight loss, right upper quadrant abdominal pain, and night sweats. Early detection is difficult and the prognosis is generally poor.


nasal cavity adenocarcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from glandular epithelial cells of the nasal cavity


nasal cavity carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the nasal cavity


apocrine adenocarcinoma

A carcinoma with apocrine differentiation arising from the sweat glands. It presents as single or multiple nodular lesions which may be ulcerated or hemorrhagic and is usually in the axilla and less often in the anogenital region. It grows in the dermis and infiltrates subcutaneous tissues. It is characterized by the presence of large cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and large often vesicular nuclei. Most cases are slow growing tumors and have a prolonged course.


ureter adenocarcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from glandular epithelial cells of the ureter


A carcinoma that arises from glandular epithelial cells of the esophagogastric junction.


gallbladder carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the gall bladder


meninges hemangiopericytoma

A solitary fibrous tumor/hemangiopericytoma that arises from the meninges.


bone marrow disorder

Any disease of the bone marrow.


alcoholic pancreatitis

Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas due to excessive alcohol drinking. Alcoholic pancreatitis usually presents as an acute episode but it is a chronic progressive disease in alcoholics.


essential tremor

A relatively common disorder characterized by a fairly specific pattern of tremors which are most prominent in the upper extremities and neck, inducing titubations of the head. The tremor is usually mild, but when severe may be disabling. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance may occur in some families (i.e., familial tremor). (Mov Disord 1988;13(1):5-10)


optic nerve glioma

A glioma that affects the optic nerve. This condition can be seen in association with neurofibromatosis 1. It is most commonly seen in the pediatric age group.


thyroid gland disorder

A disease involving the thyroid gland.


basosquamous carcinoma

A basal cell carcinoma which displays squamous differentiation. The neoplastic cells have more abundant cytoplasm with more marked keratinization than typical basal cell carcinomas. It usually has a more aggressive clinical course compared to typical basal cell carcinoma, and it may produce regional or widespread metastases.


adjustment disorder

A category of psychiatric disorders which are characterized by emotional or behavioral symptoms that develop within 3 months of a stressor and do not persist for more than an additional 6 months after the stressor is no longer present.


mixed glioma

A tumor composed of two or more glial cell types (astrocytes, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes).


thoracic cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the tissues of the thorax.


middle ear disorder

A disease involving the middle ear.


swayback

Congenital locomotor ataxia of lambs, thought to be associated with copper deficiency. It is characterized clinically by progressive incoordination of the hind limbs and pathologically by disruption of neuron and myelin development in the central nervous system. It is caused by a deficiency of metabolizable copper in the ewe during the last half of her pregnancy. (Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)


ovarian cyst

A cyst that arises from the ovary. Representative examples include simple, complex, corpus luteum, and endometrioid cysts. Symptoms include pelvic and abdominal pain and irregular periods.


plexiform neurofibroma

An elongated and multinodular neurofibroma, formed when the tumor involves either multiple trunks of a plexus or multiple fascicles of a large nerve, such as the sciatic. Some plexiform neurofibromas resemble a bag of worms, others produce a massive ropy enlargement of the nerve. (Adapted from WHO.)


pleural mesothelioma

A neoplasm that arises from the mesothelial cells of the pleura. The primary cause is exposure to asbestos. The major histologic variants are the epithelioid malignant mesothelioma, desmoplastic malignant mesothelioma, and sarcomatoid malignant mesothelioma. Patients present with persistent cough and shortness of breath.


endometrial stromal tumor

Neoplasms of the endometrial stroma that sometimes involve the myometrium. These tumors contain cells that may closely or remotely resemble the normal stromal cells. Endometrial stromal neoplasms are divided into three categories: (1) benign stromal nodules; (2) low-grade stromal sarcoma, or endolymphatic stromal myosis; and (3) malignant endometrial stromal sarcoma (sarcoma, endometrial stromal).


nodular ganglioneuroblastoma

A ganglioneuroblastoma characterized by the presence of neuroblastic cells in a Schwannian stroma, and the formation of hemorrhagic neuroblastic nodules.


ureteral obstruction

Blockage in any part of the ureter causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the urinary bladder. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as hydronephrosis and obstructive nephropathy.


urinary tract obstruction

Blockage of the normal flow of contents of the urinary tract.


malignant glomus tumor

A very rare morphologic variant of glomus tumor with a size greater than 2 cm. The tumor arises in subfascial or visceral tissues. It is characterized by the presence of atypical mitotic figures, or marked nuclear atypia, or the combination of both. It has an aggressive clinical course.


hilar cholangiocarcinoma

A cholangiocarcinoma that arises from the junction, or adjacent to the junction, of the right and left hepatic ducts.


central nervous system vasculitis

Vasculitis affecting the blood vessels of the brain and/or spinal cord.


ovary leiomyosarcoma

An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the ovary. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.


small intestine leiomyosarcoma

An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the small intestine. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.


pituitary gland disorder

A disease involving the pituitary gland.


eyelid disorder

A disease involving the eyelid.


fallopian tube clear cell adenocarcinoma

A rare adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube composed of malignant glandular epithelium containing clear cells.


bladder clear cell adenocarcinoma

A rare morphologic variant of bladder adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant glandular epithelial cells and clear cells distributed in a tubulo-cystic, papillary, or diffuse pattern. There is a female predilection. Clinical presentation includes hematuria and dysuria.


urethra clear cell adenocarcinoma

A morphologic variant of urethral adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of tubulocystic or papillary structures lined with clear cuboidal or hobnail cells.


dental pulp disorder

A disease involving the dental pulp.


anterograde amnesia

Loss of the ability to form new memories beyond a certain point in time. This condition may be organic or psychogenic in origin. Organically induced anterograde amnesia may follow craniocerebral trauma; seizures; anoxia; and other conditions which adversely affect neural structures associated with memory formation (e.g., the hippocampus; fornix (brain); mammillary bodies; and anterior thalamic nuclei). (From Memory 1997 Jan-Mar;5(1-2):49-71)


pineal region yolk sac tumor

A yolk sac tumor that involves the pineal body.


testicular yolk sac tumor

A non-seminomatous malignant germ cell tumor arising from the testis. It affects infants, young children, and postpubertal males. It is the most frequently seen testicular neoplasm during childhood. The vast majority of patients present with an asymptomatic scrotal mass. The tumor mimics the yolk sac of the embryo and produces alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). It metastasizes to distant anatomic sites. Prognostic factors relate to the clinical stage and the degree of AFP elevation.


adult central nervous system germ cell tumor

A germ cell tumor of the central nervous system occurring in adults.


sleep-wake disorder

Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the circadian rhythm which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.


internuclear ophthalmoplegia

An abnormality of conjugate lateral gaze in which the affected eye shows impairment of adduction. The pathognomonic clinical sign of internuclear ophthalmoplegia is an impaired adduction while testing horizontal saccades on the side of the lesion in the ipsilateral medial longitudinal fascicule.


oncocytic adenoma

A benign neoplasm composed of large cells with abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm. Representative examples include oncocytic adenomas of the thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, and pituitary gland.


prolactin producing pituitary tumor

An adenoma or carcinoma of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that produces prolactin.


strabismus

Strabismus is the intermittent or constant misalignment of an eye so that its line of vision is not pointed at the same object as the other eye. Strabismus is caused by an imbalance in the extraocular muscles which control the positioning of the eyes. Strabismus is normal in newborns but should resolve by the time the baby is 6 months old. In older children with strabismus, the brain may learn to ignore the input from one eye, and this may lead to amblyopia, a potentially permanent decrease in vision in that eye if not corrected.


dystonic disorder

A movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions, resulting in abnormal movements and/or postures.


conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasm

A precancerous neoplastic intraepithelial process involving the conjunctival squamous epithelium.


conjunctival cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the conjunctiva.


cellular ependymoma

An ependymoma which shows conspicuous cellularity without a significant increase in mitotic rate. (Adapted from WHO)


Pediculus humanus capitis infestation

A infectious disease involving Pediculus humanus capitis.


lice infestation

A contagious infestation of parasitic insects found on the head (Pediculus humanus capitis), body (Pediculus humanus corporis), or pubic area (Pthirus pubis) that typically cause itching and rash.


papillary ependymoma

A rare variant of ependymoma characterized by well formed papillae. Tumor cell processes abutting capillaries are usually GFAP-positive. Differential diagnoses include choroid plexus papilloma, papillary meningioma and metastatic papillary carcinoma. (Adapted from WHO)


clear cell ependymoma

An ependymoma, often supratentorial in location, characterized by the presence of ependymal cells with a perinuclear halo.


childhood ependymoma

An ependymoma that arises from the central nervous system and occurs during childhood.


dysgerminoma of ovary

A malignant germ cell tumor arising from the ovary. Morphologically, it is identical to seminoma and consists of a monotonous population of germ cells with abundant pale cytoplasm and uniform nuclei. The stroma invariably contains chronic inflammatory cells, mostly T-lymphocytes. It responds to chemotherapy or radiotherapy and the prognosis relates to the tumor stage.


basaloid squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma characterized by the presence of cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, scant amount of cytoplasm, and peripheral nuclear palisading.


ovarian squamous cell carcinoma

A usually high grade squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the ovary and is not associated with a germ cell tumor. The prognosis is poor.


ureter squamous cell carcinoma

A rare squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the ureter.


fallopian tube squamous cell carcinoma

A rare squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the fallopian tube.


choriocarcinoma of ovary

A choriocarcinoma arising from the ovary. When it appears before puberty is of germ cell origin. In children and young adults signs and symptoms include precocious pseudopuberty and vaginal bleeding. Serum human chorionic gonadotropin is elevated. Germ cell derived ovarian choriocarcinoma should be differentiated from primary or metastatic gestational choriocarcinoma affecting the ovary. The prognosis of germ cell derived choriocarcinoma is less favorable and requires more aggressive chemotherapy treatment regimens compared to gestational choriocarcinoma.


choriocarcinoma of testis

A malignant germ cell tumor arising from the testis. It represents the rarest of the testicular germ cell tumors. Histologically it is characterized by the presence of syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts.


malignant testicular germ cell tumor

A malignant tumor predominantly affecting young men and often associated with cryptorchidism. Seminoma is the most frequently seen malignant testicular germ cell tumor, followed by embryonal carcinoma and yolk sac tumor.


malignant teratoma

A malignant form of teratoma.


adult teratoma

A teratoma that occurs in an adult.


malignant syringoma

A malignant form of syringoma.


gastrin-producing neuroendocrine tumor

A gastrin-producing neuroendocrine tumor. It is usually located in the pancreas but it is also found at other anatomic sites, including the stomach and small intestine.


acute pyelonephritis

Sudden onset pyelonephritis.


papillary eccrine carcinoma

A carcinoma of the eccrine glands. It consists of dilated ducts with papillary projections.


A neoplasm of lymphoblasts committed to the T-cell lineage, typically composed of small to medium-sized blast cells. When the neoplasm involves predominantly the bone marrow and the peripheral blood, it is called T acute lymphoblastic leukemia. When it involves nodal or extranodal sites it is called T lymphoblastic lymphoma. (WHO, 2001)


T-cell adult acute lymphocytic leukemia

An acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia occurring in adults.


adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia

An acute lymphoblastic leukemia occurring during adulthood.


endometrial adenosquamous carcinoma

A rare endometrial carcinoma characterized by the presence of both malignant glandular and malignant squamous cellular components.


malignant giant cell tumor of soft parts

An undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma characterized by the presence of osteoclast-like giant cells and cellular pleomorphism.


cranial nerve neuropathy

A neoplastic or non-neoplastic disorder that affects one of the cranial nerves.


extragonadal nonseminomatous germ cell tumor

A malignant non-seminomatous germ cell tumor that develops as a primary tumor in an anatomic site other than the testis or ovary.


ovarian embryonal carcinoma

An embryonal carcinoma arising from the ovary. Signs and symptoms include the presence of an abdominal mass and abdominal pain.


hereditary breast ovarian cancer syndrome

An autosomal dominant inherited syndrome caused by mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. Patients are at high risk of developing breast cancer, particularly before the age of fifty, high risk of developing a second primary breast cancer, and high risk of developing both breast and ovarian cancer.


adult liposarcoma

A malignant neoplasm arising from adipocytes, that occurs in adults. The tumor maybe one of several histologic types including well-differentiated, dedifferentiated, myxoid/round cell, and pleomorphic liposarcoma.


pediatric liposarcoma

A rare malignant neoplasm arising from adipocytes, that occurs in children. The tumor maybe one of several histologic types including well-differentiated, dedifferentiated, myxoid/round cell, and pleomorphic liposarcoma.


optic atrophy

A disorder characterized by loss of optic nerve fibers. It may be inherited or acquired. Acquired causes include ischemia, optic nerve neuropathy, glaucoma, trauma, radiation, brain tumors, and multiple sclerosis. It leads to vision disturbances.


nerve compression syndrome

Any nerve disorder caused by the entrapment and compression of a nerve.


salpingitis

Acute or chronic inflammation of the fallopian tube. It is most often caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections. The infections usually originate in the vagina and ascend to the fallopian tube. Symptoms include abdominal, pelvic, and lower back pain, pain during ovulation and sexual intercourse, fever, nausea, and vomiting. Complications include infertility and ectopic pregnancy.


peripheral nervous system disorder

A disease involving the peripheral nervous system.


proteinuria

The presence of abnormal amounts of protein in the urine.


hemoglobinuria

A laboratory test result which indicates free hemoglobin in the urine.


B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large b-cell lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma

A group of lymphomas displaying molecular, morphologic, immunophenotypic, and clinical overlap between classical Hodgkin lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. This term particularly applies to mediastinal lymphomas with overlapping features of mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma.


pediatric lymphoma

A Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin lymphoma that occurs during childhood.


adult lymphoma

A lymphoma that occurs in an adult.


hemolytic anemia

Anemia resulting from the premature destruction of the peripheral blood red cells. It may be congenital or it may be caused by infections, medications, or malignancies.


fallopian tube endometrioid adenocarcinoma

An adenocarcinoma that arises from the fallopian tube and resembles the endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the uterus. It usually has a favorable prognosis.


testicular seminoma

A malignant germ cell tumor arising from the testis. It is believed that it is derived from the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. Treatment with radiotherapy is highly successful when the tumor is diagnosed in localized stages, which represents the majority of presentations of seminoma.


myxoid chondrosarcoma

A chondrosarcoma characterized by the presence of myxoid changes.


clear cell chondrosarcoma

A rare, usually low grade chondrosarcoma characterized by the presence of tumor cells with clear cytoplasm. It usually arises in the epiphyseal ends of long bones.


apocrine sweat gland neoplasm

A benign or malignant sweat gland neoplasm with apocrine differentiation. Representative examples include apocrine adenoma, ceruminous adenocarcinoma, and apocrine breast carcinoma.


familial hemolytic anemia

A congenital hemolytic anemia caused by defects of the erythrocyte membrane, enzyme deficiencies, or hemoglobinopathies.


adult anaplastic ependymoma

An anaplastic ependymoma occurring in adults.


childhood malignant mesenchymoma

A malignant mesenchymoma occurring in children.


adult malignant mesenchymoma

A malignant mesenchymoma occurring in adults.


phobic disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by an intense, irrational fear of an object, activity, or situation. The individual seeks to avoid the object, activity, or situation. In adults, the individual recognizes that the fear is excessive or unreasonable.


agoraphobia

An anxiety disorder characterized by an intense, irrational fear of venturing out into open places or situations in which help (or escape) might not be available should excessive anxiety or panic symptoms develop.


ovarian mixed germ cell neoplasm

An ovarian malignant germ cell tumor characterized by the presence of at least two different germ cell components. At least one of the germ cell components is primitive. The most common combination of germ cell elements is dysgerminoma and yolk sac tumor.


renal pelvis neoplasm

A neoplasm (disease) that involves the renal pelvis.


malignant testicular Leydig cell tumor

A Leydig cell tumor characterized by a large size, cellular atypia, high mitotic activity, vascular invasion and necrotic changes. The prognosis is usually poor.


esophageal disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the esophagus. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include esophagitis and esophageal ulcer. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include carcinomas, lymphomas, and melanomas.


childhood central nervous system germ cell tumor

A germ cell tumor of the central nervous system occurring in children.


childhood germ cell tumor

A germ cell tumor that occurs during childhood.


paraplegia

Complete paralysis of the lower half of the body including both legs, often caused by damage to the spinal cord.


acute stress disorder

An anxiety disorder precipitated by an experience of intense fear or horror while exposed to a traumatic (especially life-threatening) event. The disorder is characterized by dissociative symptoms; vivid recollections of the traumatic event; avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event; and a constant state of hyperarousal for no more than one month.


mitral valve disorder

A disease involving the mitral valve.


bronchitis

An acute or chronic inflammatory process affecting the bronchi.


lymphopenia

Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.


leukopenia

A laboratory test result indicating a decreased number of white blood cells in the peripheral blood.


hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma

A familial carcinoma inherited in an autosomal dominant trait. It is characterized by the development of multiple, bilateral papillary renal cell carcinomas. The carcinomas range from microscopic lesions to clinically symptomatic tumors. It is associated with activating mutations of the MET oncogene.


ovarian carcinosarcoma

A highly aggressive malignant neoplasm arising from the ovary. Morphologically, it is a high grade tumor, composed of carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements.


ovarian small cell carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of small malignant cells. It includes small cell carcinoma, hypercalcemic type and small cell carcinoma, pulmonary type.


conjunctivitis

Inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye.


corneal intraepithelial neoplasm

A squamous cell intraepithelial neoplasia that involves the cornea.


aortic valve disorder

A disease involving the aortic valve.


ovarian seromucinous tumor

A benign, borderline, or malignant mixed epithelial tumor of the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of more than one epithelial cell type, most often serous and endocervical-type mucinous.


ovarian endometrial cancer

A benign, borderline, or malignant epithelial tumor of the ovary characterized by the presence of glands and/or cysts lined by neoplastic cells that resemble endometrial cells.


articular cartilage disorder

A disease involving the articular cartilage of joint.


kidney oncocytoma

A benign tumor of the kidney, characterized by the presence of large cells with abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm. The majority of these tumors are discovered incidentally, during work-up of other conditions.


gastric cardia carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the cardia of stomach.


gastric cardia adenocarcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from glandular epithelial cells of the cardia of stomach.


clivus chordoma

A slow-growing malignant bone tumor arising from the remnants of the notochord and occurring in the clivus. It is characterized by a lobulated growth pattern, myxoid stroma formation, and the presence of physaliphorous cells.


adult malignant hemangiopericytoma

A malignant hemangiopericytoma occurring in the adult population.


adult intracranial malignant hemangiopericytoma

A solitary fibrous tumor/hemangiopericytoma, grade 3 that arises from the brain and occurs in the adult population.


chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma

An indolent, mature B-cell neoplasm composed of small, round B-lymphocytes. When the bone marrow and peripheral blood are involved, the term chronic lymphocytic leukemia is used. The term small lymphocytic lymphoma is restricted to cases which do not show leukemic involvement of the bone marrow and peripheral blood.


acral lentiginous melanoma

A form of melanoma occurring most often on the plantar, palmar, subungual, and periungual skin. It presents as a pigmented macular lesion with irregular borders. Morphologically, it consists of atypical spindled and dendritic melanocytes. The epidermis is often hyperplastic and there is pagetoid infiltration of the epidermis by anaplastic cells.


childhood brain stem glioma

An abnormal growth of the cells that comprise the tissues of the brainstem. While the tumor may be histologically benign, it can produce great morbidity due to its location. It presents most commonly in the first two decades of life.


ovarian serous surface papillary adenocarcinoma

A serous adenocarcinoma that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of a papillary architectural pattern.


malignant choroid melanoma

A uveal melanoma that arises from the choroid. It is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumor. It usually affects Caucasians of northern European descent. It usually remains asymptomatic for a long period. When signs and symptoms occur, they include blurred vision, visual field loss, floaters, and ocular pain. Tumor size is the most important factor that relates to prognosis.


infiltrating bladder urothelial carcinoma, clear cell variant

An invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder characterized by the presence of clear cells.


infiltrating bladder urothelial carcinoma

An invasive transitional cell carcinoma that arises from the urinary bladder urothelium.


connective tissue disorder

A disease involving the connective tissue.


cortical thymoma

A thymic epithelial neoplasm characterized by the presence of neoplastic large, polygonal epithelial cells with large vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli. The neoplastic cells are arranged around perivascular spaces and along septa. Immature T-lymphocytes are also present. It may be associated with myasthenia gravis, pure red cell aplasia, and hypogammaglobulinemia. It is a tumor of moderate malignancy. The majority of cases occur in the anterior mediastinum as Masaoka stage I, stage II, or stage III tumors. Metastatic, stage IV tumors occur less frequently.


overnutrition

An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from excessive intake of nutrients. Generally, overnutrition generates an energy imbalance between food consumption and energy expenditure leading to disorders such as obesity.


ovarian clear cell malignant adenofibroma

A carcinoma arising from the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial cells with clear cytoplasm in a fibrotic stroma.


adrenal cortex adenoma

A benign neoplasm that can arise from any of the adrenal cortical layers. It can be associated with the overproduction of glucocorticoids (Cushing's syndrome), androgenic or estrogenic steroids (adrenogenital syndrome), or mineralocorticoids (Conn's syndrome). (Sternberg Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, 3rd ed.)


non-invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma

Stage 0 includes: 0a (Ta, N0, M0); 0is (Tis, N0, M0). Ta: Noninvasive papillary carcinoma. Tis: Carcinoma in situ: "flat tumor". N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


invasive tubular breast carcinoma

An invasive adenocarcinoma of the breast with a favorable prognosis. It is composed of tubular structures lined by a single layer of epithelium.


spondylitis

The inflammation of a vertebra.


pediatric CNS choriocarcinoma

A choriocarcinoma that arises from the central nervous system and occurs during childhood.


adult pineoblastoma

A pineoblastoma occurring in adults.


pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma

A large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma that involves the lung(s).


amphetamine abuse

Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.


bilateral breast carcinoma

Carcinoma that affects both breasts in a simultaneous or non-simultaneous manner.


synchronous bilateral breast carcinoma

Carcinoma that is detected in one breast within two months from the diagnosis of carcinoma in the other breast.


polyembryoma of the ovary

A rare, malignant germ cell tumor arising from the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of embryoid bodies which resemble early embryos.


childhood botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma

A morphologic variant of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma occurring in children. The tumor arises from organs with a mucosal epithelial surface. It is characterized by the formation of a cambium layer in the affected tissue and polypoid nodules within an abundant myxoid stroma.


kidney pelvis sarcomatoid transitional cell carcinoma

An infiltrating transitional cell carcinoma that arises from the renal pelvis and exhibits sarcomatoid features.


infiltrating renal pelvis/ureter urothelial carcinoma

Invasive urothelial carcinoma that affects the renal pelvis and ureter.


mediastinal gray zone lymphoma

A mediastinal lymphoma with molecular, morphologic, immunophenotypic, and clinical features of both mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma. The identification of this group of lymphomas, along with recent gene expression profiling results (PDL2 gene expression in both mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma tissues and Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines), further supports the hypothesis that mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphomas and classical Hodgkin lymphomas are related entities.


mediastinal malignant lymphoma

A lymphoma that arises from the mediastinum. Representative examples include mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma.


skin tag

A small, benign growth that arises from the skin. It is characterized by the presence of fibrovascular tissue lined by epidermis. It may be sessile or pendulous and usually occurs in sites where there is friction.


ureter transitional cell carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the transitional epithelium of the ureter. It is associated with tobacco use and usually presents with gross or microscopic hematuria.


ovarian seromucinous carcinoma

A malignant mixed epithelial neoplasm that arises from the ovary and is composed predominantly of serous and endocervical-type mucinous epithelium.


pediatric intraocular retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma during childhood that has not spread beyond the eye.


combat disorder

Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress.


micropapillary variant infiltrating bladder urothelial carcinoma

An infiltrating bladder transitional cell carcinoma exhibiting micropapillary growth pattern. -- 2003


pancreatic cholera

A rare syndrome characterized by severe watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, and achlorhydria. It is caused by the oversecretion of vasoactive intestinal peptide from the pancreatic islet cells.


dentin sensitivity

Pain or discomfort caused by exposure of the dentin layer of tooth to thermal, tactile, or other stimuli.


iris melanoma

A uveal melanoma that arises from the iris. It is the most common primary malignant neoplasm of the iris. The majority arise in preexisting nevi.


childhood cerebral astrocytoma

An astrocytoma, without designation of benign or malignant, that is found in the supratentorial region. The infratentorial location is more common in children.


B-cell neoplasm

A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.


columnar cell variant thyroid gland papillary carcinoma

A morphologic variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland characterized by the presence of pseudostratified malignant follicular cells.


tall cell variant thyroid gland papillary carcinoma

A morphologic variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland characterized by the presence of tall malignant follicular cells, arranged in papillary and trabecular patterns. Necrotic changes and high mitotic activity are present.


childhood epithelioid sarcoma

An epithelioid sarcoma occurring in childhood.


diaphragma sellae meningioma

A meningioma that affects the diaphragma sellae.


refractory hairy cell leukemia

Hairy cell leukemia that is resistant to treatment.


refractory hematologic cancer

A hematologic malignancy that is resistant to treatment.


radiation cystitis

Inflammation of the bladder due to irradiation.


urinary bladder small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma

A highly aggressive carcinoma, histologically resembling small cell lung carcinoma. In most cases it is associated with carcinoma in situ.


esophageal small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma

An aggressive, high-grade and poorly differentiated carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the esophagus. It is characterized by the presence of malignant small cells.


cloacogenic carcinoma

An anal carcinoma arising from the transitional zone of the anal canal.


anus basaloid carcinoma

An anal squamous cell carcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and peripheral nuclear palisading.


anal canal squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma arising from the mucosa of the anal canal.


female stress incontinence

The involuntary loss of urine in females secondary to insufficient strength of the pelvic floor muscles; this can result from physical changes following pregnancy and childbirth, or as a response to a decrease in estrogen during menopause.


stage IVb bladder cancer

Stage IV includes T4b, NO,MO/any T NI, MO/ any T N2 MO,/ any T N3 MO/ any T any N M1 : T4b: Tumor invades the pelvic wall, abdominal wall. N1: Metastasis in a single lymph node, 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. N2: Metastasis in a single lymph node, more than 2 cm but not more than 5 cm in greatest dimension; or multiple lymph nodes, none more than 5 cm in greatest dimension. N3: Metastasis in a lymph node more than 5 cm in greatest dimension. M1: Distant metastasis.


urethra cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the urethra


superficial urinary bladder carcinoma

A term used by urologists to describe an infiltrating carcinoma of the bladder that has not invaded into the muscularis propria of the bladder wall regardless of histologic type or grade.


cerebral primitive neuroectodermal tumor

A central nervous system embryonal tumor, not otherwise specified arising from the cerebral hemispheres.


pineal region germinoma

A germinoma that arises from the pineal gland.


ovarian clear cell cystadenocarcinoma

A malignant glandular epithelial neoplasm arising from the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of clear and hobnail cells and cystic structures.


monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance

A condition characterized by the presence of a monoclonal gammopathy (MG) in which the clonal mass has not reached a predefined state in which the condition is considered malignant. Up to 25% of cases of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) progress to a B-cell malignancy or myeloma. MGUS may occur in conjunction with various carcinomas, chronic inflammatory and infectious conditions, and other diseases.


childhood pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma

A rare aggressive rhabdomyosarcoma occurring in children. The neoplasm is characterized by the presence of bizarre round, spindle, and polygonal cells.


chronic lymphoproliferative disorder of NK-cells

An Epstein-Barr virus negative disorder with a chronic clinical course affecting predominantly adults and characterized by the proliferation of large granular lymphocytes with natural killer cell immunophenotype. The T-cell receptor genes are not rearranged.


diverticulitis

An infection that develops in the diverticula of the intestinal tract. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis.


posterior urethra cancer

A malignant neoplasm that affects the portion of the urethra that is close to the bladder.


peptic ulcer disease

A digestive system disease characterized by discontinuation in the inner lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract because of gastric acid secretion or pepsin.


pediatric infratentorial ependymoma

An ependymoma that arises from the infratentorial region of the brain and occurs during childhood.


pediatric supratentorial ependymoma

An ependymoma that arises from the supratentorial region of the brain and occurs during childhood.


childhood central nervous system mixed germ cell tumor

A mixed germ cell tumor that arises from the central nervous system and occurs during childhood.


endocervical carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the endocervix.


gonorrhea

A common sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It is transmitted through vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse. Infected individuals may be asymptomatic. Symptoms in males include burning sensation during urination, discharge from the penis, and painful swelling of the testes. Symptoms in females include painful urination, vaginal discharge, and vaginal bleeding between periods. If untreated, the infection may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease.


infiltrating bladder urothelial carcinoma sarcomatoid variant

An invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder that exhibits spindle cell sarcomatoid features.


pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm

A usually slow-growing epithelial neoplasm with ductal differentiation that arises from the exocrine pancreas and grows mostly within the pancreatic ducts. Grossly, it is characterized by the presence of intraductal masses. Morphologically, there is proliferation of mucin-producing cells within the pancreatic ducts, intraductal accumulation of mucin, and a papillary growth pattern. It may be associated with the presence of an invasive carcinoma. It usually occurs in older patients. Signs and symptoms include epigastric pain, weight loss, jaundice, chronic pancreatitis, and diabetes mellitus.


stomach disorder

A disease involving the stomach.


adult embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, c19mc-altered

An embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, C19MC-altered, occurring in adults.


malignant cutaneous granular cell skin tumor

A malignant granular cell tumor that arises from the skin.


hypercalcemic type ovarian small cell carcinoma

An undifferentiated small cell carcinoma that arises from the ovary and is associated with hypercalcemia. Electron microscopic studies show neurosecretory granules are either absent or, when present, are in small numbers.


endometrial mixed adenocarcinoma

An adenocarcinoma that arises from the endometrium and is characterized by the presence of both type I and type II endometrial adenocarcinoma components. The minor component constitutes at least 5% of the entire tumor.


muscular atrophy

The loss of muscle tissue due to inactivity or disease.


bladder urachal adenocarcinoma

A adenocarcinoma that involves the urachus.


non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor

A low or intermediate grade well differentiated tumor with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the pancreas. It is characterized by the absence of a hormone-related clinical syndrome.


digestive system disorder

A disease or disorder that involves the digestive system.


rectal signet ring cell adenocarcinoma

An infiltrating adenocarcinoma arising from the rectum. It is characterized by the presence of malignant glandular cells with prominent intracytoplasmic mucin. These cells constitute more than 50% of the malignant cellular population.


childhood malignant hemangiopericytoma

A malignant hemangiopericytoma occurring in childhood.


childhood malignant schwannoma

A malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor occurring in children.


retina lymphoma

A lymphoma that involves the retina.


intraocular lymphoma

A lymphoma that arises within the eye. Signs and symptoms include decreased vision, uveitis, and vitreous floaters.


delusional disorder

A disorder characterized by the presence of one or more nonbizarre delusions that persist for at least 1 month; the delusion(s) are not due to schizophrenia or a mood disorder, and do not impair psychosocial functioning apart from the ramifications of the delusion(s).


adult papillary meningioma

A papillary meningioma occurring in adults.


adult extraskeletal osteosarcoma

An osteosarcoma arising from the soft tissue, and occurring in adults.


end stage renal failure

Long-standing and persistent renal disease with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less than 15 ml/min.


female breast carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the breast in females. It is the most common malignant tumor that affects females.


laryngeal disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the larynx. Representative examples include laryngitis, vocal cord polyp, squamous papilloma, and carcinoma.


maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the mucosal epithelial surface of the maxillary sinus. Patients may present with nasal fullness, obstruction, and/or epistaxis.


refractory precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia

T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma resistant to treatment


plasmacytoid variant infiltrating bladder urothelial carcinoma

Invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant cells with plasmacytoid features.


nested variant infiltrating bladder urothelial carcinoma

Invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma characterized by a nested growth pattern.


hyperthyroidism

Overactivity of the thyroid gland resulting in overproduction of thyroid hormone and increased metabolic rate. Causes include diffuse hyperplasia of the thyroid gland (Graves' disease), single nodule in the thyroid gland, and thyroiditis. The symptoms are related to the increased metabolic rate and include weight loss, fatigue, heat intolerance, excessive sweating, diarrhea, tachycardia, insomnia, muscle weakness, and tremor.


childhood central nervous system germinoma

A germinoma arising from the central nervous system during childhood.


cocaine abuse

Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.


bladder mixed adenocarcinoma

A variant of bladder adenocarcinoma that histologically consists of more than one growth pattern such as enteric, mucinous or signet ring types.


cellular phase chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis

Primary myelofibrosis characterized by bone marrow hypercellularity and the presence of atypical megakaryocytes. There is no increase in the percentage of myeloblasts and no significant increase in reticulin or collagen fibrosis in the bone marrow.


periampullary adenocarcinoma

An adenocarcinoma that arises from the periampullary region.


bacterial arthritis

The inflammation of one or more joints caused by a bacterial infection within the joint space. Symptoms include pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion in the affected joint.


gallbladder melanoma

A melanoma that arises from the gallbladder.


uterine corpus choriocarcinoma

An aggressive malignant tumor arising from trophoblastic cells in the uterus during pregnancy. Approximately half of the cases develop from a complete hydatidiform mole. There is often marked elevation of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the blood. Choriocarcinomas disseminate rapidly through the hematogenous route; the lungs are most frequently affected.


myocarditis

Myocarditis is a condition that is characterized by inflammation of the heart muscle (myocardium). Some affected people have no noticeable symptoms of the condition. When present, signs and symptoms may include chest pain, abnormal heartbeat, shortness of breath, fatigue, signs of infection (i.e. fever, headache, sore throat, diarrhea), and leg swelling. Myocarditis can be caused by a variety of factors including infections (viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal), allergic reactions to certain medications, and exposure to certain chemicals. It can also be associated with other inflammatory conditions such as lupus, Wegener's granulomatosis, giant cell arteritis and Takayasu's arteritis. Most cases occur sporadically in people with no family history of the condition. Treatment aims to address the underlying cause of the condition. Medications and rarely, a heart transplant may be needed if the heart muscle becomes weak.


lung superior sulcus carcinoma

A carcinoma originating from the apical lung. Most superior sulcus lung carcinomas are bronchogenic carcinomas. This carcinoma may be associated with Pancoast syndrome. lt is also known as Pancoast tumor.


periapical periodontitis

Inflammation of the periapical tissue. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is periapical granuloma. Suppurative inflammation is periapical abscess.


chronic rhinitis

Chronic inflammation of the nasal cavity mucosa. It may lead to post-nasal drip resulting in chronic sore throat and chronic cough.


anterior urethra cancer

A malignant neoplasm that affects the portion of the urethra that is close to the outside of the body.


adult epithelioid sarcoma

An epithelioid sarcoma occurring in adults.


peritonitis

Inflammation of the peritoneum due to infection by bacteria or fungi. Causes include liver disease, perforation of the gastrointestinal tract or biliary tract, and peritoneal dialysis. Patients usually present with abdominal pain and tenderness, fever, chills, and nausea and vomiting. It is an emergency medical condition that requires prompt medical attention and treatment.


scabies

A contagious skin infection that is caused by the burrowing parasitic mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, and is characterized by intense itching and small, raised red spots in the area of the mite burrows.


epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor

A rare variant of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor composed predominantly or exclusively of epithelioid cells.


adult malignant schwannoma

A malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor occurring during adulthood.


microinvasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma

A cervical squamous cell carcinoma with minimal stromal invasion. The risk of lymph node metastasis is low.


kidney angiomyolipoma

An angiomyolipoma arising from the kidney.


congenital fibrosarcoma

A fibrosarcoma that occurs in infants. It shares identical morphologic features with adult fibrosarcoma but carries the t(12;15)(p13;q25) translocation that results in ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion. It usually affects the superficial and deep soft tissues of the extremities. The prognosis is generally much more favorable than for adult fibrosarcoma, and it rarely metastasizes.


intestinal obstruction

Blockage of the normal flow of the intestinal contents within the bowel.


ileus

Decrease in peristalsis in the absence of a mechanical bowel obstruction.


paralytic ileus

An ileus caused by abdominal or pelvic surgery, infections, disorders that affect the muscles and nerves, and medications. Signs and symptoms include those of intestinal obstruction.


intestinal volvulus

Twisting of a loop of bowel that results in intestinal obstruction.


pyridoxine deficiency anemia

Deficiency of vitamin B6. It is usually caused by alcoholism, malabsorption, or as a side effect of medications. Signs and symptoms include stomatitis, glossitis, dermatitis, peripheral neuropathy, irritability, seizures, and anemia.


corneal ulcer

Area of epithelial tissue loss from corneal surface; associated with inflammatory cells in the cornea and anterior chamber.


retinoschisis

An inherited or acquired disorder characterized by splitting of the retina into two layers. It results in loss of vision.


retinal degeneration

Degeneration of the retina.


rheumatoid lung disease

Rheumatoid lung disease is a group of lung problems related to rheumatoid arthritis.


impetigo

A contagious bacterial cutaneous infection that affects children and is usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus. It usually presents in the face with honey colored scabs.


Hodgkin's lymphoma, lymphocytic-histiocytic predominance

A subtype of classical Hodgkin lymphoma with scattered Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells and a nodular or less often diffuse cellular background consisting of small lymphocytes and with an absence of neutrophils and eosinophils. (WHO, 2008)


oropharynx cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the oropharynx.


herpes simplex infectious disease

A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)


malignant histiocytosis

Distinctive neoplastic disorders of histiocytes. Included are malignant neoplasms of macrophages and dendritic cells.


chronic monocytic leukemia

Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (myeloid progenitor cells) in the bone marrow and other sites.


measles

A highly contagious viral infection caused by the measles virus. Symptoms appear 8-12 days after exposure and include a rash, cough, fever and muscle pains that can last 4-7 days. Measles vaccines are available to provide prophylaxis, usually combined with mumps and rubella vaccines (MMR).


Hodgkin's lymphoma, lymphocytic depletion

A diffuse subtype of classical Hodgkin lymphoma which is rich in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells and/or depleted in non-neoplastic lymphocytes. (WHO, 2008)


phlebitis

Inflammation of a vein.


tongue cancer

A malignant neoplasm affecting the tongue. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas.


Hodgkin's lymphoma, mixed cellularity

A subtype of classical Hodgkin lymphoma with scattered Reed-Sternberg and Hodgkin cells in a diffuse or vaguely nodular mixed inflammatory background without nodular sclerosing fibrosis. (WHO, 2008)


lymphosarcoma

An antiquated term that refers to a non-Hodgkin lymphoma composed of small and medium sized lymphocytes.


perinatal necrotizing enterocolitis

A fulminating disease of neonates in which there is extensive mucosal ulceration, pseudomembrane formation, submucosal hemorrhage, and necrosis usually of the right colon, cecum, terminal ileum, and appendix, possibly due to perinatal intestinal ischemia and bacterial invasion. Progression can lead to necrosis, perforation and/or scarring of the intestinal tract.


myeloid leukemia

A clonal proliferation of myeloid cells and their precursors in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and spleen. When the proliferating cells are immature myeloid cells and myeloblasts, it is called acute myeloid leukemia. When the proliferating myeloid cells are neutrophils, it is called chronic myelogenous leukemia.


decubitus ulcer

Death of tissue due to external pressure.


in situ carcinoma

A malignant epithelial neoplasm which is confined to the epithelial layer without evidence of further tissue invasion.


vascular dementia

A degenerative vascular disorder affecting the brain. It is caused by the blockage of the blood supply to the brain. It is manifested with decline of memory and cognitive functions.


smallpox

A condition that is caused by infection with Variola, and that is characterized by small, raised bumps.


bacterial pneumonia

Acute infection of the lung parenchyma caused by bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila). Signs and symptoms include productive cough, fever, chills, shortness of breath, and chest pain.


atypical chronic myeloid leukemia, BCR-ABL1 negative

A myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the principal involvement of the neutrophil series with leukocytosis and multilineage dysplasia. The neoplastic cells do not have a Philadelphia chromosome or the BCR/ABL fusion gene. (WHO, 2001)


rubella

A viral infection caused by the rubella virus. It is initially manifested with flu-like symptoms that last one or two days, followed by the development of a characteristic red rash which lasts from one to five days. The rash first appears in the neck and face. It subsequently spreads to the rest of the body.


breast carcinoma in situ

A in situ carcinoma that involves the breast.


helminthiasis

A parasitic infection characterized by the infestation with worms, mainly in the intestine.


nodular sclerosis classical Hodgkin lymphoma

A subtype of classical Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by collagen bands that surround at least one nodule, and Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells with lacunar type morphology. (WHO, 2008)


metagonimiasis

An infection that is most commonly caused by the intestinal fluke Metagonimus yokogawai, which is most commonly found in the Far East, and which is transmitted via consumption of contaminated raw or undercooked fish. Symptoms typically range from asymptomatic to intermittent abdominal pain and diarrhea, with occasional ectopic infection.


fascioliasis

A parasitic infection that is caused by liver flukes, usually Fasciola hepatica, of sheep, goats, and cattle. Humans become infected by eating uncooked, infested aquatic vegetation (classically watercress). adult flukes inhabit the bile ducts, gallbladder, and occasionally ectopic sites. Symptoms arise secondary to inflammatory response or obstruction.


salivary gland cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the major or minor salivary glands. Representative examples include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.


lupus erythematosus

An autoimmune, connective tissue chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, heart, and the peripheral blood cells. It is more commonly seen in women than men. Variants include discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus.


chorioretinitis

Inflammation of the distal posterior uveal tract (choroid) and its structural and vascular attachments to the retina. It is usually caused by infection and though rare, it is clinically significant due to its most serious sequela: loss of vision.


mitochondrial encephalomyopathy

A heterogenous group of disorders characterized by alterations of mitochondrial metabolism that result in muscle and nervous system dysfunction. These are often multisystemic and vary considerably in age at onset (usually in the first or second decade of life), distribution of affected muscles, severity, and course. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp984-5)


dermatophytosis

A common fungal infection of the stratum corneum of the skin, hair, or nails by a dermatophyte. It is characterized by itching, inflammation, redness of the skin, small papular vesicles, central clearing, fissures, scaling, and/or hair loss in the affected area.


learning disability

A group of disorders that affect a person's ability to learn or process specific types of information which is in contrast to his/her apparent level of intellect.


severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy


autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Autosomal dominant form of polycystic kidney disease.


squamous carcinoma in situ

A malignant epithelial neoplasm confined to the squamous epithelium, without invasion of the underlying tissues.


hepatopulmonary syndrome

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a lung disease characterized by widening of arteries and veins (dilatation) in the lungs in people who have chronic liver disease. Because of the dilated vases, the workload of the heart increases and the blood pumped to the body does not have enough oxygen, leading to a decreased level of oxygen in the blood (hypoxemia). The normal diameter of the lung vessels ranges between 8 and 15 μm whereas when in HPS rises to between 15 and 500 μm. While many people with HPS don't have any obvious problems, the main reported symptom is shortness of breath (dyspnea) that is worse when standing or sitting up, and is relieved when lying down (platypnea). Symptoms related to chronic liver disease (generally cirrhosis) include small red spots on the skin (spider angiomas) and abnormal vascular dilatations. Some other symptoms that have been described are infections in the brain (brain abscesses), brain bleeding and an increased number of red blood cells in the blood (polycythemia). There is currently no effective medication for HPS. Oxygen therapy may improve the breathing in some cases. Liver transplant is an efficient treatment which improves the symptoms, even in severe cases.


liver lymphoma

A rare lymphoma that arises from the liver and the bulk of the tumor is located in the liver. The most frequent types of lymphoma that arise from the liver are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma.


parotid gland cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the parotid gland. Representative examples include carcinoma, malignant mixed tumor, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.


uterine polyp

A benign protruding lesion arising either from the endometrial cavity (endometrial polyp) or the endocervix (endocervical polyp). It may occasionally recur following complete resection.


bladder carcinoma in situ

Also known as carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder or high grade intraurothelial neoplasia, this is a flat lesion of the transitional cell epithelium characterized by severe cytologic atypia. This lesion is confined to the urothelium, and is a precursor of invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Stage 0is includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ: "flat tumor". N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


atrophic muscular disease

A group of primary or secondary disorders affecting the muscles. It is characterized by an abnormal reduction in the muscle volume and atrophy. The atrophy may be caused by diseases of the muscle tissues or diseases of the peripheral nerves.


dyskinesia of esophagus

Disorders affecting the motor function of the upper esophageal sphincter; lower esophageal sphincter; the esophagus body, or a combination of these parts. The failure of the sphincters to maintain a tonic pressure may result in gastric reflux of food and acid into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux). Other disorders include hypermotility (spastic disorders) and markedly increased amplitude in contraction (nutcracker esophagus).


speech disorder

A term referring to disorders characterized by the disruption of normal speech. It includes stuttering, lisps, dysarthria and voice disorders.


central sleep apnea syndrome

A broad classification of disorders which includes 6 subtypes (primary central sleep apnea, central sleep apnea due to Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern, central sleep apnea due to medical condition not Cheyne-Stokes, central sleep apnea due to high-altitude periodic breathing, central sleep apnea due to drug or substance and primary sleep apnea of infancy) that are each characterized by interruptions in breathing while asleep. It is caused by improper signaling from the brainstem to respiratory muscles and is triggered by either hypoventilation or hyperventilation. In adults, this disorder may arise following a stroke, congestive heart failure, trauma, infection or the use of narcotic medications. It is more common in older males and may present as a co-morbid condition to obesity. Clinical signs include snoring, insomnia or hypersomnia, difficulty concentrating and fatigue. Recurrent episodes of hypoxia/hypoxemia have long-term detrimental effects on cardiovascular health.


inborn disorder of amino acid metabolism

An inherited disorder that affects the metabolism of the amino acids. Representative examples include alkaptonuria, homocystinuria, tyrosinemia, and phenylketonuria.


homocystinuria

An autosomal recessive inherited metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the CBS, MTHFR, MTR, and MTRR genes. It is characterized by abnormalities in the methionine metabolism and is associated with deficiency of cystathionine synthase. It results in the accumulation of homocysteine in the serum. It may affect the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and the central nervous systems.


urea cycle disorder

A genetic inborn error of metabolism characterized by the deficiency of one of the enzymes necessary for the urea cycle. It results in accumulation of ammonia in the body.


hyperhomocysteinemia

A serious metabolic condition caused by mutations in the MTHFR gene, medications, or nutritional deficiency. It results in increased levels of homocysteine in the blood. Patients with this condition are at an increased risk for recurrent blood clots formation and cardiovascular accidents.


priapism

Persistent and usually painful erection that lasts for at least four hours in the absence of physical or psychological stimulation, which can be caused by hematologic disorders, including sickle cell disease and leukemia, spinal cord injuries, and medications.


cleft lip

A congenital abnormality consisting of one or more clefts (splits) in the upper lip, which may be accompanied by a cleft palate; it is the result of the failure of the embryonic parts of the lip to fuse.


language disorder

A category of disorders characterized by an impairment in the development of an individual's language capabilities, which is in contrast to his/her non-verbal intellect.


disease of orbital part of eye adnexa

Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.


nasal cavity neoplasm

A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the nasal cavity. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include Schneiderian papilloma and salivary gland-type adenoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma and lymphoma.


carotid artery dissection

Spontaneous or traumatic separation of the layers of the carotid artery wall. It manifests with headache, neck pain, temporary vision loss, and/or ischemic stroke.


status asthmaticus

An acute exacerbation of asthma, characterized by inadequate response to initial bronchodilators.


orbital pseudotumor

A nonspecific tumor-like inflammatory lesion in the orbit of the eye. It is usually composed of mature lymphocytes; plasma cells; macrophages; leukocytes with varying degrees of fibrosis. Orbital pseudotumors are often associated with inflammation of the extraocular muscles (orbital myositis) or inflammation of the lacrimal glands (dacryoadenitis).


exophthalmos

The anterior displacement of the eye within the orbit, giving a bulging appearance.


iridocyclitis

An inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body


acute myocardial infarction

Necrosis of the myocardium, as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area. It is characterized by a severe and rapid onset of symptoms that may include chest pain, often radiating to the left arm and left side of the neck, dyspnea, sweating, and palpitations.


diabetes insipidus

A disorder characterized by excretion of large amounts of urine, accompanied by excessive thirst. Causes include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone or failure of the kidneys to respond to antidiuretic hormone. It may also be drug-related.


allergic asthma

A asthma with a basis in a pathological type I hypersensitivity reaction.


blepharitis

Inflammation of the eyelids near the eyelashes.


cholangitis

An acute or chronic inflammatory process affecting the biliary tract.


fatty liver disease

A reversible condition wherein large vacuoles of triglyceride fat accumulate in liver cells via the process of steatosis.


otitis externa

Inflammation of the anatomical structures of the outer ear and ear canal secondary to an infectious process. Bacterial etiology is most common, but fungal infection is also possible. Symptoms include erythema, edema, and pain.


leukocyte disorder

A disease involving leukocytes.


non-secretory plasma cell myeloma

A rare type of multiple myeloma in which the plasma cells synthesize but do not secrete immunoglobulins. As a result, none of the immunoglobulins appear out of the normal range. The symptoms are generally the same with those of immunoglobulin-secreting myeloma; however, the incidence of renal insufficiency is lower in non-secretory myeloma. The diagnosis can be missed because of the absence of monoclonal immunoglobulin in the serum or urine.


nasopharyngeal disorder

A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the nasopharynx. Representative examples include nasopharyngitis, angiofibroma, and carcinoma.


bronchiectasis

Segmental, irreversible dilation of the bronchial tree resulting in the accumulation of secretions which leads to obstruction. The most common cause is bacterial infection.


fasciitis

Inflammation process in fascia.


plantar fasciitis

Inflammation of the thick tissue on the bottom of the foot (plantar fascia) causing heel pain. The plantar fascia (also called plantar aponeurosis) are bands of fibrous tissue extending from the calcaneal tuberosity to the toes. The etiology of plantar fasciitis remains controversial but is likely to involve a biomechanical imbalance. Though often presenting along with heel spur, they do not appear to be causally related.


necrotizing fasciitis

Necrotizing fasciitis is a serious infection of the skin, the tissue just beneath the skin (subcutaneous tissue), and the tissue that covers internal organs (fascia). Necrotizing fasciitis can be caused by several different types of bacteria, and the infection can arise suddenly and spread quickly. Early signs include flu-like symptoms and redness and pain around the infection site. A prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential.If the infection is not treated promptly, it can lead to multiple organ failure and death. Treatment typically includes intravenous (IV) antibiotics and surgery to remove infected and dead tissue.


stomatitis

Inflammation of the oral mucosa due to local or systemic factors.


pathologic nystagmus

Involuntary movements of the eyeballs. The presence or absence of nystagmus is often used in the diagnosis of a variety of neurological and visual disorders.


oral mucosa leukoplakia

A white patch or plaque on the oral mucosa that cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease. The diagnosis of leukoplakia is one of exclusion; other conditions such as candidiasis, lichen planus, leukoedema, etc., must be ruled out before a diagnosis of leukoplakia can be made. Leukoplakia may be a premalignant condition.


aphthous stomatitis

A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval, lasting for 7-14 days and healing without scarring.


placental abruption

Vaginal bleeding preceding the 20th week of gestation.


pulmonary emphysema

A subcategory of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It occurs in people who smoke and suffer from chronic bronchitis. It is characterized by inflation of the alveoli, alveolar wall damage, and reduction in the number of alveoli, resulting in difficulty breathing.


tenosynovitis

Inflammation of the synovial lining of a tendon sheath. Causes include trauma, tendon stress, bacterial disease (gonorrhea, tuberculosis), rheumatic disease, and gout. Common sites are the hand, wrist, shoulder capsule, hip capsule, hamstring muscles, and Achilles tendon. The tendon sheaths become inflamed and painful, and accumulate fluid. Joint mobility is usually reduced.


tendinitis

Inflammation of a tendon, usually resulting from an overuse injury. It is characterized by swelling of the tendon, tenderness around the inflamed tendon, and pain while moving the affected area of the body.


biliary tract disorder

A disease involving the biliary tree.


hemorrhoid

Dilated veins in the anal canal.


internal hemorrhoid

A hemorrhoid which originates above the dentate line.


myocardial stunning

Prolonged dysfunction of the myocardium after a brief episode of severe ischemia, with gradual return of contractile activity.


bowel dysfunction

Any disease in which the causes of the disease is a perturbation of the lower digestive tract leading to its dysfunction.


hyperopia

A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)


refractive error

A defect in the focusing of light on the retina as in astigmatism, myopia, or hyperopia.


esotropia

A form of strabismus in which one or both eyes are deviated medially.


alopecia

Hair loss usually from the scalp. It may result in bald spots or spread to the entire scalp or the entire epidermis. It may be androgenetic or caused by chemotherapeutic agents, compulsive hair pulling, autoimmune disorders or congenital conditions.


mitral valve prolapse

A fairly common and often benign valvular heart disorder characterized by redundancy or hooding of mitral valve leaflets so that they prolapse into the left atrium, often causing mitral regurgitation. It is often a symptomless condition but may be marked by varied symptoms (e.g. chest pain, fatigue, dizziness, dyspnea, or palpitations) leading in some cases to endocarditis or ventricular tachycardia.


chronic dacryocystitis

Chronic form of dacryocystitis.


dacryocystitis

Inflammation of the lacrimal sac.


lymph node disorder

Any disorder of the lymph nodes.


hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) refers to the abnormal development of the left-sided cardiac structures, resulting in obstruction to blood flow from the left ventricular outflow tract. In addition, the syndrome includes underdevelopment of the left ventricle, aorta, and aortic arch, as well as mitral atresia or stenosis.


substance dependence

The psychological or physiological need to take a substance in order to experience its effects or to avoid the effects of its absence.


hypoglycemia

Abnormally low level of glucose in the blood.


B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

A neoplasm of lymphoblasts committed to the B-cell lineage, typically composed of small to medium-sized blast cells. When the neoplasm involves predominantly the bone marrow and the peripheral blood, it is called B acute lymphoblastic leukemia. When it involves nodal or extranodal sites, it is called B lymphoblastic lymphoma. (WHO, 2001)


B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is a type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and the most common form of leukemia in Western countries, affecting elderly adults (mean age of 67 and 72 years) with a slight male predominance (1.7:1), and characterized by a highly variable clinical presentation that can include asymptomatic disease or non-specific B-symptoms such as unintentional weight loss, severe fatigue, fever (without evidence of infection), and night sweats as well as cervical lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and frequent infections. Some patients can also develop autoimmune complications such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia or immune thrombocytopenia. The clinical course is extremely heterogeneous with survival ranging from a few months to several decades.


neoplasm of mature B-cells

A neoplasm of follicle center B cells which has at least a partial follicular pattern. Follicular lymphomas comprise about 35% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the U.S. and 22% worldwide. Most patients have widespread disease at diagnosis. Morphologically, follicular lymphomas are classified as Grade 1, Grade 2, and Grade 3, depending on the percentage of the large lymphocytes present. The vast majority of cases (70-95%) express the BCL-2 rearrangement [t(14;18)]. Histological grade correlates with prognosis. Grades 1 and 2 follicular lymphomas are indolent and grade 3 is more aggressive (adapted from WHO, 2001).


Hodgkins lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a heterogeneous group of malignant lymphoid neoplasms of B-cell origin characterized histologically by the presence of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells in the vast majority of cases. There are two distinct subtypes: nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma involves primarily lymph nodes.


invasive ductal breast carcinoma

The most common type of invasive breast carcinoma, accounting for approximately 70% of breast carcinomas. The gross appearance is usually typical with an irregular stellate outline. Microscopically, randomly arranged epithelial elements are seen. When large sheets of malignant cells are present, necrosis may be seen. With adequate tissue sampling, in situ carcinoma can be demonstrated in association with the infiltrating carcinoma. The in situ component is nearly always ductal but occasionally may be lobular or both.


metastatic prostate carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the prostate gland and has spread to other anatomic sites.


mucinous adenocarcinoma

An invasive adenocarcinoma composed of malignant glandular cells which contain intracytoplasmic mucin. Often, the infiltrating glandular structures are associated with mucoid stromal formation. It may arise from the large and small intestine, appendix, stomach, lung, ovary, breast, corpus uteri, cervix, vagina, and salivary gland.


oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma arising from the oral cavity. It affects predominantly adults in their fifth and sixth decades of life and is associated with alcohol and tobacco use. Human papillomavirus is present in approximately half of the cases. It is characterized by a tendency to metastasize early to the lymph nodes. When the tumor is small, patients are often asymptomatic. Physical examination may reveal erythematous or white lesions or plaques. The majority of patients present with signs and symptoms of locally advanced disease including mucosal ulceration, pain, difficulty with speaking, chewing, and swallowing, bleeding, weight loss, and neck swelling. Patients may also present with swollen neck lymph nodes without any symptoms from the oropharyngeal tumor. The most significant prognostic factors are the size of the tumor and the lymph nodes status.


plasma cell neoplasm

A clonal proliferation of immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells. This category includes plasma cell myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, plasmacytoma, monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease, and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.


monoclonal gammopathy

A condition characterized by the abnormal presence of monoclonal immunoglobulins in the blood or urine.


T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia of T-cell origin. It comprises about 15% of childhood cases and 25% of adult cases. It is more common in males than females. (WHO, 2001)


peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified

Aggressive nodal or extranodal mature (peripheral) T-cell lymphomas that do not belong to the better defined entities of the remainder of mature T-cell lymphomas. This category includes the following variants: lymphoepithelioid cell variant (Lennert's lymphoma), follicular variant, and T-zone variant.


acinar cell carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the acinar cell


gastritis

Inflammation of the stomach.


acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Leukemia with an acute onset, characterized by the presence of lymphoblasts in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood. It includes the acute B lymphoblastic leukemia and acute T lymphoblastic leukemia.


adenocarcinoma

A common cancer characterized by the presence of malignant glandular cells. Morphologically, adenocarcinomas are classified according to the growth pattern (e.g., papillary, alveolar) or according to the secreting product (e.g., mucinous, serous). Representative examples of adenocarcinoma are ductal and lobular breast carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma), colon adenocarcinoma, and prostate adenocarcinoma.


adenoid cystic carcinoma

A malignant tumor arising from the epithelial cells. Microscopically, the neoplastic epithelial cells form cylindrical spatial configurations (cribriform or classic type of adenoid cystic carcinoma), cordlike structures (tubular type of adenoid cystic carcinoma), or solid structures (basaloid variant of adenoid cystic carcinoma). Adenoid cystic carcinomas mostly occur in the salivary glands. Other primary sites of involvement include the lacrimal gland, the larynx, and the lungs. Adenoid cystic carcinomas spread along nerve sheaths, resulting in severe pain, and they tend to recur. Lymph node metastases are unusual; hematogenous tumor spread is characteristic.


adenoma

A neoplasm arising from the epithelium. It may be encapsulated or non-encapsulated but non-invasive. The neoplastic epithelial cells may or may not display cellular atypia or dysplasia. In the gastrointestinal tract, when dysplasia becomes severe it is sometimes called carcinoma in situ. Representative examples are pituitary gland adenoma, follicular adenoma of the thyroid gland, and adenomas (or adenomatous polyps) of the gastrointestinal tract.


adenosquamous lung carcinoma

An aggressive carcinoma with a poor prognosis characterized by a presence of both malignant squamous cells and glandular cells.


adrenal gland pheochromocytoma

A benign or malignant neuroendocrine neoplasm of the sympathetic nervous system that secretes catecholamines. It arises from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Clinical presentation includes headaches, palpitations, chest and abdominal pain, hypertension, fever, and tremor. Microscopically, a characteristic nesting (zellballen) growth pattern is usually seen. Other growth patterns including trabecular pattern may also be present.