atrophic rhinitis

A chronic inflammation in which the nasal mucosa gradually changes from a functional to a non-functional lining without mucociliary clearance. It is often accompanied by degradation of the bony turbinates, and the foul-smelling mucus which forms a greenish crust (ozena).


babesiosis

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Babesiosis refers to a condition caused by microscopic parasites that infect the red blood cells. Many people who are infected with Babesia parasites do not experience any symptoms of the condition. When present, signs and symptoms may include flu-like symptoms such as fever, chills, headache, body aches, nausea and fatigue. In severe cases, babesiosis can be associated with hemolytic anemia. Babesia parasites are primarily spread by infected ticks. Treatment is generally only required in people who develop symptoms of the condition. When necessary, affected people are often prescribed a combination of antimicrobial medications along with supportive care to manage symptoms.


Bell's palsy

Partial or complete paralysis of the facial muscles of one side of a person's face. It is caused by damage to the seventh cranial nerve. It is usually temporary but it may recur.


biliary dyskinesia

A motility disorder characterized by biliary colic, absence of gallstones, and an abnormal gallbladder ejection fraction. It is caused by gallbladder dyskinesia and/or sphincter of oddi dysfunction.


blastomycosis

Blastomycosis is a rare infection that may develop when people inhale a fungus called Blastomyces dermatitidis, a fungus that is found in moist soil, particularly where there is rotting vegetation. The fungus enters the body through the lungs, infecting them. The fungus then spreads to other areas of the body.The infection may affect the skin, bones and joints, and other areas. The disease usually affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV or who have had an organ transplant.


bone giant cell tumor

A benign but locally aggressive tumor that arises from the bone and is composed of mononuclear cells admixed with macrophages and osteoclast-like giant cells. It usually arises from the ends of long bones or the vertebrae. Clinical presentation includes pain, edema, and decreased range of motion in the affected joint.


brucellosis

Brucellosis is a bacterial infection that spreads from animals to people via unpasteurized dairy products or by exposure to contaminated animal products or infected animals. Animals that are most commonly infected include sheep, cattle, goats, pigs, and dogs. Brucellosis can cause of range of signs and symptoms, some of which may persist or recur. Initial symptoms may include fever, sweats, malaise, anorexia, headache, fatigue, and/or pain in the muscles, joints, and/or back. Symptoms that may persist or recur include fevers, arthritis, swelling of the testicle and scrotum, swelling of the heart (endocarditis), neurologic symptoms (in up to 5% of cases), chronic fatigue, depression, and/or swelling of the liver or spleen. People who are in jobs or settings that increase exposure to the bacteria are at increased risk for infection. Antibiotics are used to treat brucellosis. Recovery may take a few weeks to several months, and relapses are common. Death from brucellosis is rare, occurring in no more than 2% of cases.


cannabis dependence

Physical and psychological dependence on the drug cannabis.


cat-scratch disease

Cat scratch disease is an infectious illness caused by the bacteria bartonella (Bartonella henselae). It is believed to be transmitted by cat scratches, bites, or exposure to cat saliva. This self-limiting infectious diseaseis characterized by a bump or blister at the site of the bite or scratch and swelling and pain in the lymph nodes. Other features may include fatigue, headache, achiness, and fever. Although cat-scratch disease usually subsides without treatment, antibiotic and/or antimicrobial therapy may help speed recovery.


central nervous system tuberculosis

A well-circumscribed mass composed of tuberculous granulation tissue that may occur in the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brain stem, or perimeningeal spaces. Multiple lesions are quite common. Management of intracranial manifestations vary with lesion site. Intracranial tuberculomas may be associated with seizures, focal neurologic deficits, and intracranial hypertension. Spinal cord tuberculomas may be associated with localized or radicular pain, weakness, sensory loss, and incontinence. Tuberculomas may arise as opportunistic infections, but also occur in immunocompetent individuals.


cerebral toxoplasmosis

Infections of the brain caused by the protozoan toxoplasma gondii that primarily arise in individuals with immunologic deficiency syndromes (see also aids-related opportunistic infections). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include seizures, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and intracranial hypertension. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)


cervical incompetence

A clinical diagnosis presenting with painless cervical dilatation and spontaneous mid-trimester birth in recurrent pregnancies in the absence of spontaneous membrane rupture, bleeding or clinical chorioamnionitis.


chickenpox

A contagious childhood disorder caused by the varicella zoster virus. It is transmitted via respiratory secretions and contact with chickenpox blister contents. It presents with a vesicular skin rash, usually associated with fever, headache, and myalgias. The pruritic fluid-filled vesicles occur 10-21 days after exposure and last for 3-4 days. An additional 3-4 days of malaise follows before the affected individual feels better. An individual is contagious 1-2 days prior to the appearance of the blisters until all blisters are crusted over. Generally, healthy individuals recover without complications.


chlamydia trachomatis infectious disease

An infection that is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.


coccidioidomycosis

A fungal infection caused by Coccidioides immitis. Affected individuals usually have mild flu-like symptoms. However, pneumonia and systemic involvement with the formation of abscesses may develop as complications of the disease.


common cold

An inflammatory process affecting the nasal mucosa, usually caused by viruses (e.g., rhinovirus, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, and coronavirus). It is characterized by chills, headaches, mucopurulent nasal discharge, coughing, and facial pain.


composite lymphoma

Coexistence of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the same anatomic site.


congenital diaphragmatic hernia

A posterolateral defect of the diaphragm that allows passage of abdominal viscera into the thorax, leading to respiratory insufficiency and persistent pulmonary hypertension with high mortality.


congenital nystagmus

Nystagmus present at birth or caused by lesions sustained in utero or at the time of birth. It is usually pendular, and is associated with albinism and conditions characterized by early loss of central vision. Inheritance patterns may be X-linked, autosomal dominant, or recessive. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p275)


congenital toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma infection that is present from birth.


Coronavinae infectious disease

Virus diseases caused by the coronavirus genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (enteritis, transmissible, of turkeys); feline infectious peritonitis; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (gastroenteritis, transmissible, of swine).


cowpox

A mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by cowpox virus, with lesions occurring principally on the udder and teats. Human infection may occur while milking an infected animal.


croup

Acute upper respiratory airways infection that results in the swelling of the larynx. It is usually caused by parainfluenza viruses. Signs include a characteristic barking cough and stridor.


Cryptococcal meningitis

Meningeal inflammation produced by cryptococcus neoformans, an encapsulated yeast that tends to infect individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and other immunocompromised states. The organism enters the body through the respiratory tract, but symptomatic infections are usually limited to the lungs and nervous system. The organism may also produce parenchymal brain lesions (torulomas). Clinically, the course is subacute and may feature headache; nausea; photophobia; focal neurologic deficits; seizures; cranial neuropathies; and hydrocephalus. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp721-2)


cryptococcosis

An acute or chronic, localized or disseminated infection by Cryptococcus neoformans. Sites of involvement include the lungs, central nervous system and meninges, skin, and visceral organs.--2004


eastern equine encephalitis

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is an acute arboviral infection caused by an alphavirus of the Togaviridae family transmitted by an infected mosquito, that is characterized by the onset of flulike symptoms including fever, chills, weakness, headache, vomiting, abdominal pain with diarrhea, myalgia, leucocytosis, and hematuria, rapidly progressing to diffuse central nervous system (CNS) involvement with confusion, somnolence, or even coma. Seizures, which may progress to status epilepticus and neurologic sequelae, cranial nerve palsies, and photophobia may occur. EEE is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality.


Ebola hemorrhagic fever

A viral hemorrhagic fever that is caused by the Ebola virus, which is transmitted by contact with infected animals or humans; it is characterized by high fever, unexplained bleeding, and a high mortality rate.


yolk sac tumor

A non-seminomatous malignant germ cell tumor composed of primitive germ cells. It is the most common malignant germ cell tumor in the pediatric population. It occurs in the infant testis, ovary, sacrococcygeal region, vagina, uterus, prostate, abdomen, liver, retroperitoneum, thorax, and pineal/third ventricle. The tumor mimics the yolk sac of the embryo and produces alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Treatment includes: surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy. This tumor is very responsive to chemotherapy regimens that include cisplatinum.


enterovirus infectious disease

An disease caused by infection with Enterovirus.


eosinophilic pneumonia

An inflammatory lung disorder characterized by an increased number of eosinophils in the lungs. The majority of cases are idiopathic, without identifiable cause. In a minority of cases, medications, fungal infections, and environmental triggers have been implicated. It manifests as acute or chronic. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia is a severe and rapidly progressing pneumonia that may lead to respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia follows a slower course and manifests as fever, dyspnea, cough, and weight loss.


epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures

A generalized tonic-clonic seizure.


follicular dendritic cell sarcoma

A neoplasm composed of spindle to ovoid cells which have morphologic and immunophenotypic characteristics of follicular dendritic cells. It affects lymph nodes and other sites including the tonsils, gastrointestinal tract, spleen, liver, soft tissues, skin, and oral cavity. It usually behaves as a low grade sarcoma. Treatment options include complete surgical removal of the tumor with or without adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Recurrences have been reported in up to half of the cases.


fungal lung infectious disease

Pulmonary diseases caused by fungal infections, usually through hematogenous spread.


genital herpes

Herpes simplex infection of the genitals, most commonly caused by the herpes simplex-2 virus.


Gerstmann syndrome

Gerstmann syndrome is a very rare neurological disorder characterized by the specific association of acalculia, finger agnosia, left-right disorientation, and agraphia, which is supposed to be secondary to a focal subcortical white matter damage in the parietal lobe.


G6PD deficiency

An X-linked genetic condition caused by alterations in the gene G6PD that result in moderately to severely decreased activity levels of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Most individuals with G6PD deficiency are asymptomatic. Individuals with G6PD variants that cause G6PD deficiency are at risk for neonatal jaundice. These individuals are also at risk for acute hemolytic anemia in response to certain medication exposures, chemical exposures, infections, or consumption of fava beans.


hand, foot and mouth disease

A clinical syndrome that is usually caused by enterovirus infection, and that is characterized by fever, anorexia, and painful sores in the mouth, distal extremities, and/or other sites, including the buttocks.


hantavirus infectious disease

Any infection caused by a virus of the genus Hantavirus, which is transmitted by aerosolized rodent excreta or rodent bites, that can result in a variety of clinical manifestations from hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome to a pulmonary syndrome.


hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome

A disorder caused by hantaviruses of the family Bunyaviridae. It is transmitted by rodents and is manifested with fever, hemorrhage, and renal failure. Other symptoms include headaches, abdominal and back pain, and blurred vision.


hepatitis A virus infection

Acute inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus. It is highly contagious and usually contracted through close contact with an infected individual or their feces, contaminated food or water.


herpangina

A viral infectious disease that results in infection located in mouth, has material basis in Human coxsackievirus A16, has material basis in Human enterovirus 71, has material basis in group B coxsackievirus, or has material basis in echoviruses, which are transmitted by ingestion of food contaminated with feces, transmitted by contact with pharyngeal secretions, or transmitted by droplet spread of oronasal secretions. The infection has symptom fever, has symptom sore throat, and has symptom lesions in the back area of the mouth, particularly the soft palate or tonsillar pillars.


herpes simplex virus gingivostomatitis

Stomatitis caused by Herpesvirus hominis. It usually occurs as acute herpetic stomatitis (or gingivostomatitis), an oral manifestation of primary herpes simplex seen primarily in children and adolescents.


Herpesviridae infectious disease

Virus diseases caused by the herpesviridae.


HIV enteropathy

A syndrome characterized by chronic, well-established diarrhea (greater than one month in duration) without an identified infectious cause after thorough evaluation, in an hiv-positive individual. It is thought to be due to direct or indirect effects of hiv on the enteric mucosa. hiv enteropathy is a diagnosis of exclusion and can be made only after other forms of diarrheal illness have been ruled out. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, pp1607-8; Haubrich et al., Bockus Gastroenterology, 5th ed, p1155)


HIV wasting syndrome

Involuntary weight loss of greater than 10 percent associated with intermittent or constant fever and chronic diarrhea or fatigue for more than 30 days in the absence of a defined cause other than hiv infection. A constant feature is major muscle wasting with scattered myofiber degeneration. A variety of etiologies, which vary among patients, contributes to this syndrome. (From Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed, p1611).


HIV-associated nephropathy

Renal disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. It is characterized by nephrotic syndrome, azotemia, normal to large kidneys on ultrasound images, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis on renal biopsy findings.


hookworm infectious disease

Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ancylostomiasis and necatoriasis are available.


hordeolum

An acute, localized swelling of the eyelid that may be external or internal and usually is a pyogenic (typically staphylococcal) infection or abscess.


human T-lymphotropic virus 1 infectious disease

A viral infectious disease that results in increased proliferation of affected CD4 lymphocytes, has material basis in Human T-lymphotropic virus 1, which is transmitted by sexual contact, transmitted by contaminated needles used by intravenous-drug users, and transmitted by breast feeding. The person infected with HTLV-1 eventually develop an often rapidly fatal leukemia, while others will develop a debilitative myelopathy, uveitis, infectious dermatitis, or another inflammatory disorder.


hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia

An inherited autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by the disorganized formation of new islets in the pancreas and congenital hyperinsulinism. It is due to focal hyperplasia of pancreatic islet cells budding off from the ductal structures and forming new islets of langerhans. Mutations in the islet cells involve the potassium channel gene kcnj11 or the atp-binding cassette transporter gene abcc8, both on chromosome 11.


hyperprolactinemia

Abnormally high level of prolactin in the blood.


hypopharynx cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the hypopharynx.


inclusion conjunctivitis

Inflammation of the conjunctiva in a newborn due to Chlamydia trachomatis which was acquired during labor and delivery.


infectious mononucleosis

A condition characterized by an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and swollen lymph nodes, which is usually caused by infection with the Epstein-Barr virus.


influenza

An acute viral infection of the respiratory tract, occurring in isolated cases, in epidemics, or in pandemics; it is caused by serologically different strains of viruses (influenzaviruses) designated A, B, and C, has a 3-day incubation period, and usually lasts for 3 to 10 days. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, pharynx, and conjunctiva; headache; myalgia; often fever, chills, and prostration; and occasionally involvement of the myocardium or central nervous system.


interdigitating dendritic cell sarcoma

A neoplastic proliferation of spindle to ovoid cells which show phenotypic features similar to those of interdigitating dendritic cells. The clinical course is generally aggressive. (WHO, 2008)


intestinal cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the intestine


pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm

A neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the pancreas. It includes neuroendocrine tumors (low and intermediate grade) and neuroendocrine carcinomas (high grade).


Lassa fever

A viral hemorrhagic fever that is caused by the Lassa virus, which is transmitted by contact with infected rodents; it is characterized by fever, headache, malaise, myalgia, and hearing loss.


leptospirosis

A contagious bacterial infection caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. Humans are infected by contact with water and soil which have been contaminated with animal waste products. The signs and symptoms include an initial flu-like phase, followed by a second phase in which patients may develop meningitis, liver failure and renal failure.


lipoatrophic diabetes

A rare syndrome characterized by almost complete absence of body fat, accentuated muscularity, insulin-resistant diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hepatomegaly, and hypermetabolism.


lymph node tuberculosis

Tuberculosis of the lymph node.


lymphatic system disorder

A disease involving the lymphatic part of lymphoid system.


Lynch syndrome

An autosomal dominant hereditary neoplastic syndrome characterized by the development of colorectal carcinoma and a high risk of developing endometrial carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, renal pelvis carcinoma, and small intestinal carcinoma. Patients often develop colorectal carcinomas at an early age (mean, 45 years). In the majority of the cases the lesions arise from the proximal colon. At the molecular level, high-frequency microsatellite instability is present.


male reproductive organ cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the male reproductive system. Representative examples include prostate carcinoma, penile carcinoma, testicular seminoma, and testicular embryonal carcinoma.


mansonelliasis

A parasitic infection caused by the nematode Mansonella. Signs and symptoms include pruritus, headache, fever, arthralgias, and eosinophilia.


maxillary sinusitis

An acute or chronic inflammatory process affecting the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus.


chalazion

An eyelid cyst caused by the blockage of a meibomian gland.


meningoencephalitis

Inflammation of the meninges and brain, generally secondary to an infectious cause. Pathogens may be bacterial, viral, fungal, or protozoan.


miliary tuberculosis

I would say the hematogenous widespread dissemination of tuberculosis in the body. The term derives from the chest X-ray image of the tiny (1-5 mm) tuberculosis lesions which are seen through out the lung parenchyma.


Miller Fisher syndrome

An autoimmune process characterized by the clinical triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia.


mitral valve stenosis

Narrowing of the left atrioventricular mitral orifice.


mixed connective tissue disease

Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is a rare autoimmune disorder that is characterized by features commonly seen in three different connective tissue disorders: systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and polymyositis. Some affected people may also have symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Although MCTD can affect people of all ages, it appears to be most common in women under age 30. Signs and symptoms vary but may include Raynaud's phenomenon ; arthritis; heart, lung and skin abnormalities; kidney disease; muscle weakness, and dysfunction of the esophagus. The cause of MCTD is currently unknown. There is no cure but certain medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids and immunosuppresivedrugsmay help manage the symptoms.


molluscum contagiosum

A common, benign, usually self-limited viral infection of the skin and occasionally the conjunctivae by a poxvirus (molluscum contagiosum virus). (Dorland, 27th ed)


mucinous cystadenocarcinoma

An invasive adenocarcinoma characterized by cystic changes and the presence of malignant glandular cells which contain intracytoplasmic mucin. It may arise from the ovary, pancreas, appendix, and lung.


mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

The most common form of leishmaniasis that is transmitted through the bite of female phlebotomine sand flies or after exposure to leishmania parasites. It is characterized by skin lesions at the site of insect bite which typically develop within weeks or months after exposure. The lesions typically progress from small papules to open sores with raised borders and central ulcers which can be covered with scales or crust.


multidrug-resistant tuberculosis

A type of drug-resistant tuberculosis that is resistant to both rifampicin and isoniazid, the two most powerful anti-TB drugs.


Mycobacterium avium complex disease

An infection that is caused by Mycobacterium avium.


Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia

Interstitial pneumonia caused by extensive infection of the lungs (lung) and bronchi, particularly the lower lobes of the lungs, by mycoplasma pneumoniae in humans. In sheep, it is caused by mycoplasma ovipneumoniae. In cattle, it may be caused by mycoplasma dispar.


nervous system cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the nervous system.


neuroaspergillosis

Infections of the nervous system caused by fungi of the genus aspergillus, most commonly aspergillus fumigatus. Aspergillus infections may occur in immunocompetent hosts, but are more prevalent in individuals with immunologic deficiency syndromes. The organism may spread to the nervous system from focal infections in the lung, mastoid region, sinuses, inner ear, bones, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, and heart. Sinus infections may be locally invasive and enter the intracranial compartment, producing meningitis, fungal; cranial neuropathies; and abscesses in the frontal lobes of the brain. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch 27, pp62-3)


ocular onchocerciasis

Onchocerciasis affecting the eye.


oligohydramnios

A lower than normal quantity of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac as compared to normal values. Typically associated with an amniotic fluid index (AFI) of less than 5 cm or a single maximum vertical pocket (MVP) of less than 2 cm.


ophthalmic herpes zoster

Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.


optic neuritis

Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve, the nerve that carries the visual signal from the eye to the brain.The conditionmay cause sudden, reduced vision in the affected eye(s). While the cause of optic neuritis is unknown, it has been associated with autoimmune diseases, infections, multiple sclerosis, drug toxicity and deficiency of vitamin B-12. Vision often returns to normal within 2-3 weeks without treatment. In some cases, corticosteroids are given to speed recovery. If known, the underlying cause should be treated.


oral candidiasis

Infection of the mucosal lining of the mouth with the fungus Candida albicans.


otitis media with effusion

Otitis media associated with accumulation of fluid in the middle ear.


pancreatic endocrine carcinoma

An aggressive, high-grade and poorly differentiated carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the pancreas. The mitotic count is more than 20 per 10 HPF. According to the size of the malignant cells, the prominence of the nucleoli, and the amount of cytoplasm, it is classified either as small or large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma.


paronychia

An acute or chronic infection of the soft tissues around the nail. Symptoms include pain, tenderness, erythema, and swelling around the nail. Acute infection results from minor trauma to the fingertip and Staphylococcus aureus is usually the causative agent. Chronic infection is usually caused by Candida albicans.


pericardial tuberculosis

Inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart (pericardium) due to mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Pericarditis can lead to swelling (pericardial effusion), compression of the heart (cardiac tamponade), and preventing normal beating of the heart.


pericarditis

An inflammatory process affecting the pericardium.


peritonsillar abscess

An abscess that develops in the space surrounding one or both palatine tonsils.


persian gulf syndrome

Unexplained symptoms reported by veterans of the Persian Gulf War with Iraq in 1991. The symptoms reported include fatigue, skin rash, muscle and joint pain, headaches, loss of memory, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, and extreme sensitivity to commonly occurring chemicals. (Nature 1994 May 5;369(6475):8)


phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction

Disorders in which phagocytic cells cannot kill ingested bacteria; characterized by frequent recurring infection with formulation of granulomas.


pityriasis versicolor

A yeast infection usually manifested as a superficial skin infection. It may also present as a systemic infection in patients who are receiving total parenteral nutrition.


placenta accreta

The clinical condition in which any part of the placenta invades and is inseparable from the uterine wall. (reVITALize)


placenta praevia

Abnormal placentation in which the placenta implants in the lower segment of the uterus (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the cervix. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and premature labor.


placental insufficiency

Failure of the placenta to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus.


Plasmodium falciparum malaria

Malaria resulting from infection by Plasmodium falciparum.


Plasmodium vivax malaria

Malaria resulting from infection by Plasmodium vivax.


pleural tuberculosis

Inflammation of the pleura secondary to an infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.


post-thrombotic syndrome

A condition characterized by a chronically swollen limb, often a leg with stasis dermatitis and ulcerations. This syndrome can appear soon after phlebitis or years later. Postphlebitic syndrome is the result of damaged or incompetent venous valves in the limbs. Distended, tortuous varicose veins are usually present. Leg pain may occur after long period of standing.


postpartum depression

A type of clinical depression that occurs after childbirth.


REM sleep behavior disorder

A disorder characterized by episodes of vigorous and often violent motor activity during rem sleep (sleep, rem). The affected individual may inflict self injury or harm others, and is difficult to awaken from this condition. Episodes are usually followed by a vivid recollection of a dream that is consistent with the aggressive behavior. This condition primarily affects adult males. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p393)


retroperitoneal cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the retroperitoneum. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas, lymphomas, or sarcomas.


rhinoscleroma

A granulomatous disease caused by klebsiella rhinoscleromatis infection. Despite its name, this disease is not limited to the nose and nasopharynx but may affect any part of the respiratory tract, sometimes with extension to the lip and the skin.


silicosis

Silicosis is a respiratory disease caused by breathing in (inhaling) silica dust. There are three types of silicosis: Simple chronic silicosis, the most common type of silicosis, results from long-term exposure (usually more than 20years) to low amounts of silica dust. Simple chronic silicosismay causepeople to have difficulty breathing. Accelerated silicosis occurs after 5 to 15 yearsof exposure of higher levels of silica.Swelling of the lungsand other symptoms occur faster in this type of silicosis than in the simple chronic form. Acute silicosis results from short-term exposure (weeks or months) of large amounts of silica.The lungs become very inflamed and can fill with fluid, causing severe shortness of breath and low blood oxygen levels. A cough, weight loss, and fatigue may also be present. Acute silicosis progresses rapidly and can be fatal within months. People who work in jobs where they are exposed to silica dust (mining, quarrying, construction, sand blasting, stone cutting) are at risk of developing this condition.


sinusitis

An acute or chronic inflammatory process affecting the mucous membranes of any sinus cavity.


spinal stenosis

Narrowing of the spinal canal.


sporotrichosis

The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound.


staphylococcal pneumonia

Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus staphylococcus, usually with staphylococcus aureus.


streptococcal pneumonia

A febrile disease caused by streptococcus pneumoniae.


strongyloidiasis

An infection that is caused by nematodes of the genus Strongyloides, most commonly Strongyloides stercoralis, which is a soil-transmitted helminth, and which is characterized by a variety of gastrointestinal, dermatologic, and, occasionally, pulmonary manifestations. The worm's autoinfective life cycle can lead to hyper-infection and life-threatening dissemination in immunocompromised hosts decades after initial infection.


suppurative otitis media

Inflammation of the middle ear with purulent discharge.


syphilis

A contagious bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. It is a sexually transmitted disorder, although it can also be transmitted from the mother to the fetus in utero. Typically, it is initially manifested with a single sore which heals without treatment. If the infection is left untreated, the initial stage is followed by skin rash and mucous membrane lesions. A late stage follows, which is characterized by damage of the internal organs, including the nervous system.


thoracic outlet syndrome

A syndrome resulting from the compression of the blood vessels or nerves in the space between the clavicle and first rib (thoracic outlet). It is caused by car accident injuries or repetitive job or sport-related injuries. Signs and symptoms include pain in the shoulders and neck, numbness in the fingers, and weakening grip.


tinea infection

A skin infection caused by a fungus.


tinea pedis

Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum.


toxocariasis

A parasitic infection caused by worms found in domestic animals. In humans nematode larvae enter the portal system from the small intestine and disseminate in visceral organs causing inflammatory reactions. Signs and symptoms include eosinophilia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and lung infections.


toxoplasmosis

A parasitic disease contracted by the ingestion or fetal transmission of toxoplasma gondii.


Trichomonas vaginitis urogenital infection

A sexually transmitted parasitic infection caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. Symptoms include vaginal discharge, vaginal odor, vaginal itching, and discomfort during intercourse.


trichuriasis

An infection that is caused by the nematode Trichuris trichiura, a soil-transmitted helminth, which is transmitted via food and/or water contaminated with the eggs of the worm. Symptoms are usually mild and include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, and possibly anemia secondary to blood loss in diarrhea.


urinary schistosomiasis

A bladder infection that occurs as a manifetation of a systemic infection with one or more species of the parasitic worms of the Schistosoma type; this can progress to bladder cancer in time.


uterine corpus cancer

A malignant neoplasm involving the body of uterus.


vasomotor rhinitis

Inflammation in the nasal cavity mucosa that results from the abnormal regulation of the blood flow in the nose. It may be caused by temperature fluctuations, air pollution, strong odors, and tobacco smoke. It results in chronic nasal congestion, sneezing, and running nose.


vesicoureteral reflux

Abnormal flow of urine from the urinary bladder back into the ureters.


vestibular neuronitis

Idiopathic inflammation of the vestibular nerve, characterized clinically by the acute or subacute onset of vertigo; nausea; and imbalance. The cochlear nerve is typically spared and hearing loss and tinnitus do not usually occur. Symptoms usually resolve over a period of days to weeks. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p304)


viral encephalitis

Encephalitis resulting from viral infection.


viral hepatitis

An acute or chronic inflammation of the liver parenchyma caused by viruses. Representative examples include hepatitis A, B, and C, cytomegalovirus hepatitis, and herpes simplex hepatitis.


viral pneumonia

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.


vulvovaginal candidiasis

Infection of the vulva and vagina with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is a disease associated with HIV infection.


yaws

An endemic, infectious, nonvenereal disease in humans that presents mainly in children younger than 15 years. The disease occurs primarily in warm, humid, tropical areas of Africa, Asia, South America, and Oceania, among poor rural populations where conditions of overcrowding and poor sanitation prevail. Infection with Treponema pertenue, a subspecies of Treponema pallidum, causes the disease.


Prinzmetal angina

A syndrome typically consisting of angina (cardiac chest pain) at rest that occurs in cycles. It is caused by vasospasm, a narrowing of the coronary arteries caused by contraction of the smooth muscle tissue in the vessel walls rather than directly by atherosclerosis (buildup of fatty plaque and hardening of the arteries). For a portion of patients Prinzmetal's angina may be a manifestation of vasospastic disorder and is associated with migraine, Raynaud's phenomenon or aspirin-induced asthma.


acidosis disorder

An abnormally high acidity of the blood and other body tissues. Acidosis can be either respiratory or metabolic.


urinary bladder disorder

A disease involving the urinary bladder.


chronic rhinosinusitis

Chronic form of sinusitis.


cystitis

Inflammation of the urinary bladder.


diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma

A neuroglial tumor that arises from the middle portion of the brain stem. It usually affects children and has a poor prognosis.


granulosa cell tumor

A slow-growing, malignant tumor, characterize by the presence of granulosa-like cells and Call-Exner bodies, that is almost always found in the ovary. In rare cases, it has also been found in the testicle. There are two types of granulosa cell tumor that can be distinguished under the microscope: the adult and the juvenile. The testicular juvenile granulosa cell tumors are perhaps the most common congenital testicular neoplasms.


indeterminate colitis

It describes patients in whom a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease cannot be made based on standard clinical testing, including colonoscopy, imaging, laboratory tests, and biopsy.


lactic acidosis

Metabolic acidosis characterized by the accumulation of lactate in the body. It is caused by tissue hypoxia.


lung carcinoid tumor

A neuroendocrine neoplasm that arises from the lung. It is characterized by the presence of uniform polygonal cells with small or moderate amount of cytoplasm and inconspicuous nucleoli. The cells are usually arranged in organoid and trabecular patterns. It is classified as typical or atypical carcinoid tumor based on the number of mitotic figures and the absence or presence of necrosis. Atypical carcinoid tumors have a worse prognosis.


meningeal tuberculosis

A bacterial infection of the membranes covering the brain and the spinal cord caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.


metaplastic breast carcinoma

A group of invasive breast carcinomas characterized by the presence of an adenocarcinomatous component which is admixed with a dominant component that is composed of squamous cells, spindle cells, or mesenchymal cells.


ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma

A malignant glandular epithelial neoplasm characterized by the presence of clear and hobnail cells. It is highly associated with ovarian endometriosis, pelvic endometriosis and paraendocrine hypercalcemia.


ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma

A malignant serous cystic epithelial neoplasm arising from the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of glandular, papillary, or solid structures. Psammoma bodies may be present. In well differentiated cases the malignant epithelial cells resemble the cells of fallopian tube epithelium. In poorly differentiated cases the malignant epithelial cells show anaplastic features.


pancreatic adenocarcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from glandular epithelial cells of the pancreas


pulmonary tuberculosis

A bacterial infection that affects the lungs and is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Most patients with tuberculosis do not have symptoms (latent tuberculosis) and are not contagious. When signs and symptoms occur (active tuberculosis), patients become contagious. The signs and symptoms include chronic cough with blood-tinged sputum, night sweats, fever, fatigue, and weight loss.


Wilms tumor

An embryonal neoplasm characterized by the presence of epithelial, mesenchymal, and blastema components. The vast majority of cases arise from the kidney. A small number of cases with morphologic features resembling Wilms tumor of the kidney have been reported arising from the ovary and the cervix.


nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the nasopharynx.


cervical artery dissection

A tear within the wall of any of the arteries of the neck (carotid artery or vertebral artery) and that allows blood to separate the wall layers. By separating a portion of the wall of the artery (a layer of the Tunica intima or tunica media), a dissection creates two lumens or passages within the vessel, the native or true lumen, and the "false lumen" created by the new space within the wall of the artery.


ACTH-producing pituitary gland adenoma

An adenoma of the pituitary gland that produces corticotropin. The vast majority of cases are associated with Cushing disease. Clinical manifestations include truncal obesity with thin extremities, thinning of the skin, osteoporosis, and a tendency to bruise easily. Silent or hormonally non-functioning ACTH producing adenomas have also been described. They produce symptoms of a mass-related lesion.


adenosquamous carcinoma

A carcinoma composed of malignant glandular cells and malignant squamous cells.


AIDS-related primary central nervous system lymphoma

A lymphoma (non-Hodgkin or Hodgkin) arising from the central nervous system and occurring in HIV-positive patients.


anal melanoma

A melanoma arising from the anus. Clinical presentation includes rectal bleeding, tenesmus, pain, and change in bowel habit. The prognosis is usually poor.


anal squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arising from the anal canal or the anal margin (perianal skin). Human papillomavirus is detected in the majority of cases. Homosexual HIV-positive men have an increased risk of developing anal squamous cell carcinoma in comparison to the general male population. Symptoms include anal pruritus, discomfort when sitting, pain, change in bowel habit, and bleeding. The prognosis is generally better for anal margin SCC than for anal canal SCC.


angiolipoma

A lipoma with prominent vascularity. The vascular tissue is more abundant at the periphery of the tumor and contains fibrin thrombi. It occurs more frequently in younger individuals as a painful subcutaneous nodule, often on the arms.


appendix adenocarcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from glandular epithelial cells of the vermiform appendix.


atypical endometrial hyperplasia

An endometrial hyperplasia characterized by cytologic and architectural changes which may lead to endometrial carcinoma. Despite the atypical features and possible course, there is debate on whether to consider this a neoplasm. The relationship with endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia is also unclear.


atypical lobular breast hyperplasia

Lobular neoplasia characterized by lobular epithelial proliferation that does not completely fill the lobular unit of the breast.


benign thyroid gland neoplasm

A benign neoplasm arising from the thyroid gland.


bile duct adenoma

A benign, well-demarcated polypoid neoplasm arising from the bile duct epithelium. According to the growth pattern, it is classified as tubular, papillary, or tubulopapillary. Adenomas arising from the extrahepatic bile ducts usually produce symptoms related to biliary obstruction.


malignant biphasic mesothelioma

A malignant neoplasm arising from mesothelial cells in the pleura. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic epithelioid cells and sarcomatoid features.


blast phase chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive

An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia. It is characterized by: 1. the presence of blasts in the peripheral blood or bone marrow that are at least 20% of the peripheral blood white cells or of the nucleated cells in the bone marrow respectively, or 2. an extramedullary proliferation of blasts, and/or 3. when there are large aggregates and clusters of blasts in the bone marrow biopsy specimen (adapted from WHO, 2001).


cecum neuroendocrine tumor G1

A well differentiated, low grade neuroendocrine tumor (carcinoid tumor) that arises from the cecum. The mitotic count is less than 2 per 10 HPF and/or the Ki67 index is equal to or less than 2 percent.


central nervous system neoplasm

A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm that affects the brain, meninges, or spinal cord. Representative examples of primary neoplasms include astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, and meningioma. Representative examples of metastatic neoplasms include carcinoma and leukemia.


cerebellar liponeurocytoma

A rare, WHO grade II cerebellar neoplasm which shows consistent neuronal, variable astrocytic and focal lipomatous differentiation. It occurs in adults, has a low proliferative potential and usually has a favorable prognosis. (Adapted from WHO)


cervical adenosquamous carcinoma

An uncommon carcinoma arising from the cervix. It is composed of malignant glandular epithelial cells and malignant squamous epithelial cells.


cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3

A neoplastic process in the cervix characterized by morphologic features of both moderate and severe intraepithelial neoplasia.


cervical small cell carcinoma

A small cell carcinoma arising from the cervix.


cervical squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma arising from the cervical epithelium. It usually evolves from a precancerous cervical lesion. Increased numbers of sexual partners and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are risk factors for cervical squamous cell carcinoma. The following histologic patterns have been described: conventional squamous cell carcinoma, papillary squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma, verrucous carcinoma, condylomatous carcinoma and spindle cell carcinoma. Survival is most closely related to the stage of disease at the time of diagnosis.


colon dysplasia

A morphologic finding indicating the presence of dysplastic glandular epithelial cells in the colonic mucosa. There is no evidence of invasion.


colorectal neuroendocrine tumor G1

A well differentiated, low grade neuroendocrine tumor (carcinoid tumor) that arises from the colon or rectum. The mitotic count is less than 2 per 10 HPF and/or the Ki67 index is equal to or less than 2 percent.


colorectal squamous cell carcinoma

A very rare colorectal carcinoma characterized by the presence of a malignant squamous cell infiltrate.


digestive system carcinoma

A malignant neoplasm that arises from the epithelium of any part of the digestive system. Representative examples include colorectal carcinoma, esophageal carcinoma, and pancreatic carcinoma.


duodenal adenocarcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from glandular epithelial cells of the duodenum.


eccrine porocarcinoma

A carcinoma with eccrine differentiation arising from the sweat glands. It may arise de novo or as a malignant transformation of a pre-existing poroma. It usually grows in the legs, buttocks, feet, and trunk and usually presents as an ulcerative plaque. It is characterized by the presence of intraepidermal and dermal nests of malignant epithelial cells. It may recur after excision and metastasize to the lymph nodes and less frequently to distal anatomic sites.


endometrial clear cell adenocarcinoma

A clear cell adenocarcinoma that involves the endometrium.


endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma

A primary endometrial adenocarcinoma composed of neoplastic cells that form complex glandular patterns associated with budding and branching of the neoplastic glands. The neoplastic glands resemble those of the normal endometrium and may or may not be associated with sheet-like proliferation of malignant cells. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma is the most commonly seen morphologic variant of endometrial adenocarcinoma.


endometrial hyperplasia without atypia

Simple or complex endometrial hyperplasia characterized by the absence of epithelial atypia.


endometrial polyp

A benign nodular lesion protruding above the surface of the endometrium. It is composed of a fibrous stroma that contains thick-walled blood vessels and dilated endometrial glands. Polypectomy is the treatment of choice. Only few cases with recurrence have been reported.


endometrial squamous cell carcinoma

A primary carcinoma of the endometrium characterized by the presence of malignant squamous cells.


endometrial undifferentiated carcinoma

A primary carcinoma of the endometrium characterized by the presence of malignant cells that lack evidence of differentiation.


fallopian tube carcinosarcoma

A carcinosarcoma that arises from the fallopian tube. It usually affects postmenopausal women and presents with abdominal pain, abdominal distension or genital bleeding. The prognosis is usually poor.


fallopian tube serous adenocarcinoma

A serous adenocarcinoma that arises from the fallopian tube. It is usually a high grade invasive adenocarcinoma.


fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma

A distinctive type of liver cell carcinoma that arises in non-cirrhotic livers and is seen predominantly in young patients. The tumor cells are polygonal and deeply eosinophilic, and are embedded in a fibrous stroma. The prognosis is similar to classical hepatocellular carcinoma that arises in non-cirrhotic livers, and better than hepatocellular carcinoma that arises in cirrhotic livers.


follicular variant thyroid gland papillary carcinoma

A nonencapsulated variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland characterized by the predominance of follicular structures. The malignant follicular cells display the nuclear features that characterize the papillary adenocarcinomas of the thyroid gland.


gallbladder adenocarcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from glandular epithelial cells of the gall bladder.


gallbladder squamous cell carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the gallbladder. It is composed entirely by malignant squamous epithelial cells.


gastric adenoma

A neoplastic polyp that arises from the stomach. This category includes intestinal-type adenomatous polyps, gastric-type adenomas, and fundic gland polyps.


gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

An extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that arises from the stomach with the bulk of the mass located in the stomach.


gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma

A low grade, indolent B-cell lymphoma, usually associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. Morphologically it is characterized by a dense mucosal atypical lymphocytic (centrocyte-like cell) infiltrate with often prominent lymphoepithelial lesions and plasmacytic differentiation. Approximately 40% of gastric MALT lymphomas carry the t(11;18)(q21;q21). Such cases are resistant to Helicobacter pylori therapy.


gastric neuroendocrine tumor G1

A well differentiated, low grade neuroendocrine tumor (carcinoid tumor) that arises from the stomach. The vast majority of cases arise from the corpus-fundus region. The mitotic count is less than 2 per 10 HPF and/or the Ki67 index is equal to or less than 2 percent. It may be associated with autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, or it may be sporadic.


gastric squamous cell carcinoma

A rare carcinoma of the stomach resembling squamous cell carcinomas arising elsewhere in the body.


granular cell tumor

An unusual benign or malignant neoplasm characterized by the presence of neoplastic large polygonal cells with granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm which contains abundant lysosomes. It was originally thought to be a tumor originating from muscle cells and was named granular cell myoblastoma. Subsequent studies have suggested a derivation from Schwann cells. It affects females more often than males and it usually presents as a solitary mass. A minority of patients have multiple tumors. It can arise from many anatomic sites including the posterior pituitary gland, skin, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, heart, mediastinum, and breast.


granulocytic sarcoma

A tumor mass composed of myeloblasts, neutrophils and neutrophil precursors. Granulocytic sarcoma is the most common type of myeloid sarcoma. (WHO, 2001)


HER2 positive breast carcinoma

A biologic subset of breast carcinoma defined by high expression of HER2, GRB7, and TRAP100, and by lack of expression of estrogen receptor (ER).


hidradenocarcinoma

A carcinoma with apocrine and less often eccrine differentiation, arising from the sweat glands. It usually presents as a solitary slow growing nodule in the dermis or subcutaneous tissues. It is characterized by a nodular growth pattern and it is often associated with necrotic changes.


histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasm

Rare tumors that affect the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. The cells of origin are the histiocytes and accessory cells. They can occur at any age and show no significant variations in geographical distribution. This category includes the histiocytic sarcoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Langerhans cell sarcoma, interdigitading dendritic cell sarcoma/tumor, follicular dendritic cell sarcoma/tumor, and dendritic cell sarcoma, not otherwise specified. (WHO, 2001)


hydatidiform mole

A gestational trophoblastic disorder characterized by marked enlargement of the chorionic villi, hyperplasia of the villous trophoblastic cells and hydropic changes.


ileal neuroendocrine tumor G1

A well differentiated, low grade neuroendocrine tumor (carcinoid tumor) that arises from the ileum. The mitotic count is less than 2 per 10 HPF and/or the Ki67 index is equal to or less than 2 percent.


intimal sarcoma

A malignant neoplasm arising from the large blood vessels. It is characterized by the presence of tumor cells that grow within the lumen of the blood vessels. The intraluminal tumor growth may result in vascular obstruction and spread of tumor emboli to peripheral organs. The prognosis is usually poor.


invasive breast carcinoma

A carcinoma that infiltrates the breast parenchyma. The vast majority are adenocarcinomas arising from the terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU). Often, the invasive adenocarcinoma co-exists with ductal or lobular carcinoma in situ. It is the most common carcinoma affecting women.


kidney medullary carcinoma

A type of renal carcinoma affecting mostly young African-Americans. It is located in the medulla of the kidney, and follows an aggressive clinical course. Most reported cases have shown metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis.


Leydig cell tumor

A sex cord-stromal tumor occurring in the testis and rarely in the ovary. It is predominantly or completely composed of Leydig cells which may contain crystals of Reinke. In males it usually presents as a painless testicular enlargement and it may be associated with gynecomastia and decreased libido. The majority of the cases have a benign clinical course. Approximately 10% of the cases have a malignant clinical course and metastasize. In females it may be associated with androgenic manifestations and it follows a benign clinical course.


lobular breast carcinoma in situ

A non-invasive adenocarcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of monomorphic cells completely filling the lumina. The overall lobular architecture is preserved. It is frequently multifocal (90% in some series) and bilateral. It seldom becomes invasive; however there is an increased risk of infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma.


low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma

A low grade, late-metastasizing variant of fibrosarcoma characterized by alternating fibrous and myxoid areas and a whorling growth pattern. The neoplastic cells have a spindle morphology, and lack hyperchromasia or significant nuclear atypia. Approximately 40% of cases show the focal presence of collagen rosettes. A t(7;16)(q33;p11) translocation has been identified in the majority of cases, associated with the presence of FUS-CREB3L2 fusion protein. Rare cases carry the t(11;16)(p11;p11) translocation which is associated with the presence of the FUS-CREB3L1 fusion protein.


lung lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Lymphangiomyomatosis involving the lungs and local lymph nodes. Patients usually present with chylous pleural effusion. The clinical course is variable. Patients with resectable lesions usually have a favorable clinical outcome. Patients with diffuse lesions usually have a progressive clinical course.


lung sarcomatoid carcinoma

A rare, aggressive, poorly differentiated, non-small cell lung carcinoma characterized by the presence of a sarcomatoid component often associated with giant cell differentiation. There is a male to female ratio of 4:1. Clinical symptoms include cough, hemoptysis, chest pain, progressive dyspnea and fever secondary to recurrent pneumonia. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor.


major salivary gland carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the parotid gland, submandibular gland, or sublingual gland.


malignancy in giant cell tumor of bone

A malignant tumor that arises from the bone. It is characterized by the presence of an area of high grade sarcoma in an otherwise typical giant cell tumor (primary malignancy in giant cell tumor), or the presence of sarcoma in which the pre-existing giant cell tumor may or may not be apparent (secondary malignancy in giant cell tumor).


malignant adrenal gland pheochromocytoma

A pheochromocytoma that metastasizes to other anatomic sites. Common sites of metastasis include lymph nodes, bones, liver, and lung. Morphologic features associated with malignant pheochromocytomas include: atypical mitotic figures, capsular and vascular invasion, tumor cell necrosis, and high mitotic activity.


malignant germ cell tumor

A gonadal or extragonadal malignant neoplasm that arises from germ cells. Representative examples include embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, and seminoma.


malignant mesothelioma

A malignant neoplasm of the pleura or peritoneum, arising from mesothelial cells. It is associated with exposure to asbestos.


pleural cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the pleura. A representative example of primary malignant pleural neoplasm is the malignant pleural mesothelioma. A representative example of metastatic malignant neoplasm to the pleura is metastatic carcinoma that has spread to the pleura from another anatomic site.


malignant urinary system neoplasm

A primary or metastatic malignant tumor involving the urinary system. Common tumor types include carcinomas, lymphomas, and sarcomas.


micropapillary serous carcinoma

An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of complex micropapillary structures covered by round and cuboidal cells with a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio.


A category of clonal hematopoietic disorders that have both myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative features at the time of initial presentation.


nasal cavity polyp

A soft and painless polypoid mass that arises from the mucosa in the nasal cavity. It is usually the result of an inflammatory process. It may recur following surgical resection.


non-cutaneous melanoma

Melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocytes, cells that are derived from the neural crest. Although most melanomas arise in the skin, they also may arise from mucosal surfaces or at other sites to which neural crest cells migrate. (PDQ)


ocular melanoma

A melanoma that arises from the structures of the eye or ocular adnexa.


ocular melanoma with extraocular extension

A melanoma arising from and extending beyond the structures of the eye.


olfactory neuroblastoma

An olfactory neuroblastoma arising in the paranasal sinus.


ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma

An endometrioid adenocarcinoma arising from the ovary. It comprises 10% to 25% of all primary ovarian carcinomas. Grossly, endometrioid carcinoma may present as a cystic or solid mass. Microscopically, the tumor greatly resembles the appearance of the ordinary type of endometrial adenocarcinoma. As a group, endometrioid carcinoma has a prognosis twice as good as that of serous or mucinous carcinoma.


ovarian transitional cell carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial cells that resemble malignant urothelial cells. There is no morphologic evidence of a benign or borderline Brenner tumor component present.


ovarian yolk sac tumor

A usually rapidly growing malignant germ cell tumor arising from the ovary. It usually occurs in children and adolescents. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain and a large abdominal or pelvic mass. The serum alpha-fetoprotein is almost always elevated preoperatively. Morphologically, there is marked heterogeneity due to numerous patterns of differentiation coexisting in the same tumor. The most common pattern is reticular.


palmar fibromatosis

A superficial fibromatosis arising from the soft tissue of the palm. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts, and an infiltrative growth pattern. It predominantly affects adult males.


pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma

An adenocarcinoma arising from the pancreas. It is characterized by the presence of relatively uniform malignant cells which form acinar patterns. It usually occurs during adulthood. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, weight loss, nausea, and diarrhea. It may metastasize to regional lymph nodes and the liver. A minority of patients develop lipase hypersecretion syndrome. This syndrome may be seen in patients with liver metastases and it is characterized by excessive secretion of lipase in the serum, polyarthralgia, and subcutaneous fat necrosis.


parathyroid hyperplasia

A hyperplasia that involves the parathyroid gland.


neoplasm with perivascular epithelioid cell differentiation

A soft tissue neoplasm composed of perivascular epithelioid cells. Representative examples include angiomyolipoma, clear cell-sugar-tumor of the lung, and lymphangioleiomyomatosis.


penile carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the penis


peritoneal mesothelioma

A benign or malignant mesothelial neoplasm that arises from the peritoneum.


pituitary gland adenoma

A non-metastasizing tumor that arises from the adenohypophysial cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The tumor can be hormonally functioning or not. The diagnosis can be based on imaging studies and/or radioimmunoassays. Due to its location in the sella turcica, expansion of the tumor mass can impinge on the optic chiasm or involve the temporal lobe, third ventricle and posterior fossa A frequently associated physical finding is bitemporal hemianopsia which may progress to further visual loss.


placental choriocarcinoma

Choriocarcinoma that develops in the placenta. It is the rarest form of gestational choriocarcinoma. Metastases to the mother and infant may occur.


pleural biphasic mesothelioma

Malignant mesothelioma that arises from the pleura. It is characterized by the presence of epithelioid and sarcomatoid components, with each component representing at least 10% of the tumor.


pleural epithelioid mesothelioma

Malignant mesothelioma that arises from the pleura and is characterized by the presence of cells with epithelioid morphology. The epithelioid cells usually have eosinophilic cytoplasm, bland nuclei, and form tubulopapillary, microglandular, or sheet-like patterns.


pleural sarcomatoid mesothelioma

Malignant mesothelioma that arises from the pleura and is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped cells forming fascicles, or that are distributed haphazardly resembling a sarcoma.


poorly differentiated thyroid gland carcinoma

An adenocarcinoma arising from the thyroid gland showing only limited evidence of follicular cell differentiation. Microscopically, the adenocarcinoma cells are arranged in insular, solid, and trabecular patterns. There is associated necrosis, and vascular invasion. The prognosis depends on the tumor stage, complete or partial surgical removal of the tumor, and the degree of response to radioactive iodine therapy (adapted from WHO Tumors of Endocrine Organs, IARC Press, Lyon 2004)


primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Leg type

An aggressive primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma, usually involving the lower leg. It is composed of a generally monotonous proliferation of immunoblasts, or less frequently centroblasts, with few admixed reactive cells. This type of lymphoma occurs most often in elderly women who present with rapidly growing tumors, usually on one or both legs. Dissemination to extracutaneous sites is frequent. Treatment with combination chemotherapy is usually required.


primary peritoneal serous adenocarcinoma

A rare, serous adenocarcinoma that diffusely involves the pelvic peritoneum seen predominantly in elderly postmenopausal women. Exclusion of serous carcinoma arising from the ovary and fimbrial end of fallopian tube is required to diagnose the above entity.


prostate small cell carcinoma

A neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate gland with unfavorable prognosis, composed of small cells containing neurosecretory granules. Approximately half of the cases show a mixture of small cells and adenocarcinoma cells.


renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocations/TFE3 gene fusions

A group of kidney carcinomas characterized by the presence of different translocations involving the chromosome Xp11.2. These translocations result in the creation of gene fusions involving the TFE3 gene. Patients are usually children and young adults. Morphologically, the malignant epithelial cells form papillary patterns.


salivary gland acinic cell carcinoma

A carcinoma of the salivary gland characterized by serous acinar cell differentiation. The vast majority of cases occur in the parotid gland. It usually presents as a slowly enlarging mass. A minority of patients experience pain. It may recur or metastasize. Multiple recurrences and metastasis to cervical lymph nodes are usually associated with a poor prognosis.


sarcomatoid carcinoma

A malignant epithelial neoplasm characterized by the presence of spindle cells and anaplastic morphologic features. Giant cells and a sarcomatous component may also be present.


sarcomatoid mesothelioma

A diffuse malignant mesothelioma arising from the pleura and less often the peritoneum. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells. Anaplastic morphologic features and multinucleated malignant cells may also be seen.


sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma

A rare, highly aggressive carcinoma that arises from the sinonasal tract. It is characterized by the presence of small to medium size malignant cells. The prognosis is poor.


sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy

A rare disorder of unknown etiology characterized by distention of the lymph node sinuses and sinusoidal histiocytic infiltration. The histiocytes characteristically contain ingested lymphocytes. Patients present with cervical lymphadenopathy, fever, leukocytosis, and hypergammaglobulinemia. It can affect extranodal sites, including skin, bones, and the respiratory tract. It usually regresses spontaneously.


skin sarcoma

A sarcoma that arises from the skin. Representative examples include Kaposi sarcoma, angiosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, liposarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma.


soft tissue neoplasm

A benign, intermediate, or malignant neoplasm that arises from the soft tissue. The most common types are lipomatous (fatty), vascular, smooth muscle, fibrous, and fibrohistiocytic neoplasms.


spindle cell melanoma

A melanoma characterized by the presence of malignant spindle-shaped melanocytes.


testicular embryonal carcinoma

A malignant germ cell neoplasm arising from the testis. It is composed of primitive epithelial cells arranged in solid, papillary, and glandular configurations. Most patients present with a testicular mass, which may be associated with pain. More than half of the patients have metastatic disease at diagnosis. The form of treatment following radical orchiectomy is stage dependent.


testicular non-seminomatous germ cell tumor

A testicular germ cell tumor characterized by the absence of a seminomatous component. It includes embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, teratoma, and mixed forms.


therapy-related myeloid neoplasm

Acute myeloid leukemias, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms arising as a result of the mutagenic effect of chemotherapy agents and/or radiation that are used for the treatment of neoplastic or non-neoplastic disorders.


thymic carcinoma

Thymic carcinoma (TC) is a type of thymic epithelial neoplasm characterized by a high malignant potential.


thymoma

A neoplasm arising from the epithelial cells of the thymus. Although thymomas are usually encapsulated tumors, they may invade the capsule and infiltrate the surrounding tissues or even metastasize to distant anatomic sites. The following morphologic subtypes are currently recognized: type A, type B, type AB, metaplastic, micronodular, microscopic, and sclerosing thymoma. Thymomas type B are further subdivided into types B1, B2, and B3. Thymoma type B3 usually has the most aggressive clinical course.


thymoma type B3

Also known as well-differentiated thymic carcinoma, atypical thymoma, or epithelial thymoma, this type of thymoma displays morphologic characteristics of a well-differentiated carcinoma. The majority of cases occur in the anterior mediastinum as Masaoka stage II or stage III tumors. It is almost always invasive, it recurs frequently, and metastasizes in approximately 20% of the cases.


thyroid gland oncocytic follicular carcinoma

A follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland, characterized by the presence of large cells with eosinophilic granular cytoplasm and pleomorphic nuclei with prominent, eosinophilic nucleoli. The nuclear features that characterize the papillary carcinomas of the thyroid gland are absent.


thyroid gland squamous cell carcinoma

A rapidly growing primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland composed of malignant squamous cells. The clinical course is usually aggressive.


thyroid gland undifferentiated (anaplastic) carcinoma

A primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland composed of undifferentiated cells. The malignant cells demonstrate evidence of epithelial differentiation, either by immunohistochemistry or electron microscopic studies. Microscopically, in the majority of cases there is a mixture of spindle, epithelioid, and giant cells. The vast majority of the patients present with a rapidly enlarging neck mass. The clinical course is usually aggressive.


tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the mucosal lining of the tonsil and tends to metastasize early to the lymph nodes. It predominantly affects middle aged and elderly patients who have a history of alcohol and tobacco use. Patients may present with tonsillar swelling, sore throat, pain radiating to the ipsilateral ear, or a neck mass.


transitional cell carcinoma

A malignant neoplasm arising from the transitional epithelium, usually affecting the urinary bladder, ureter, or renal pelvis. It may or may not have a papillary configuration. It is graded 1 to 3 or 4 according to the degree of cellular differentiation and architectural patterns. Grade 1 transitional cell carcinoma is histologically benign but it may recur. Transitional cell carcinomas may also affect the upper respiratory tract and the ovaries.


undifferentiated gallbladder carcinoma

A carcinoma without evidence of differentiation arising from the gallbladder. The most common variant is the spindle and giant cell type which resembles a sarcoma.


undifferentiated ovarian carcinoma

An aggressive carcinoma arising from the ovary. Most patients present with advanced disease. Microscopically, it is characterized by significant cytologic atypia, increased mitotic activity, and necrosis. The prognosis is usually poor.


undifferentiated pancreatic carcinoma

A carcinoma with poor prognosis that arises from the pancreas. It is characterized by the presence of a significant malignant component that does not show differentiation. The malignant cells represent a mixture of large, pleomorphic cells and giant cells, or adenocarcinoma cells and spindle cells, or spindle cells.


undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, inflammatory variant

An undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma characterized by the presence of numerous inflammatory cells.


ureter carcinoma

A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the ureter.


ureter small cell carcinoma

A rare carcinoma that arises from the ureter. It is characterized by the presence of small neuroendocrine cells. The prognosis is poor.


uterine carcinosarcoma

A usually aggressive malignant neoplasm arising from the uterine corpus and less often the cervix. It is characterized by the presence of two components: a malignant epithelial component and a sarcomatous component. In the uterine corpus the epithelial component is usually glandular whereas in the cervix is usually non-glandular. Carcinosarcoma of the cervix, although it is aggressive, it may have a better prognosis compared to the uterine corpus carcinosarcoma.


uveal melanoma

A melanoma derived from melanocytes of the uveal tract. It is the most common primary intraocular tumor in the United States and Western Europe. Similar to melanoma of the skin, it is rare in Africa and Asia. Diagnostic procedures include ophthalmoscopic exam, fluorescein angiography and ultrasound. Treatment includes: surgical excision of the eye, iridocyclectomy and tumor resection. Recent treatments also include radiotherapy or photo coagulation. Classification of uveal melanomas recognizes four cell types within these tumors: epithelioid, intermediate, mixed cell, and spindle cell types. The spindle cell type uveal melanomas are further sub-classified as spindle cell type A and spindle cell type B.


vaginal melanoma

A primary malignant neoplasm of the vagina composed of malignant melanocytes.


vaginal squamous cell carcinoma

A squamous cell carcinoma arising from the vagina. Human papillomavirus infection is associated with the development of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Signs and symptoms include painless bleeding, postcoital bleeding, and urinary tract symptoms. Morphologically it resembles squamous cell carcinomas in other anatomic sites. Radiation therapy is the preferred treatment for most cases. The prognosis is related to the stage of the disease.


vulvar lichen sclerosus

A chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology that affects the vulva. It is characterized by the development of white elevated plaques in the vulva. Histologically there is marked subepithelial fibrosis. Clinical manifestations include pruritus, dysuria, and dyspareunia.


Warthin tumor

An adenoma characterized by an oncocytic, often papillary, epithelial component, dense lymphoid stroma, and cystic spaces. It occurs primarily in the parotid gland, and is the second most common benign parotid salivary gland tumor. A strong association with smoking has been reported. It typically presents as a painless swelling in the lower portion of the parotid gland.


palsy

A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)


cerebral palsy

A group of disorders affecting the development of movement and posture, often accompanied by disturbances of sensation, perception, cognition, and behavior. It results from damage to the fetal or infant brain.


adenomatous colon polyp

A polypoid adenoma that arises from and protrudes into the lumen of the colon. Epithelial dysplasia is always present. According to the architectural pattern it is classified as tubular, tubulovillous, or villous.


hemangioma

A benign vascular lesion characterized by the formation of capillary-sized or cavernous vascular channels.


acute respiratory distress syndrome

Progressive and life-threatening pulmonary distress in the absence of an underlying pulmonary condition, usually following major trauma or surgery. Cases of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome are not included in this definition.


hereditary hemochromatosis

An inherited metabolic disorder characterized by iron accumulation in the tissues.


estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer

A subtype of breast cancer that is estrogen-receptor positive


estrogen-receptor negative breast cancer

A subtype of breast cancer that is estrogen-receptor negative


acute pancreatitis

An acute inflammatory process that leads to necrosis of the pancreatic parenchyma. Signs and symptoms include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and shock. Causes include alcohol consumption, presence of gallstones, trauma, and drugs.


childhood malignant neoplasm

A malignant tumor that occurs in children. Representative examples include soft tissue and bone sarcomas (e.g. osteosarcoma) and embryonal neoplasms (e.g. hepatoblastoma and rhabdoid tumor).


rectal cancer

A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the rectum. Representative examples include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.


allergic contact dermatitis

An inflammatory skin condition caused by an immune response to direct contact between the skin and an allergen. It consists of a delayed type of allergic reaction at the affected site with resulting red, swollen, and blistered skin that may itch or leak.


cholesteatoma

A pathologic process characterized by the proliferation of keratinizing squamous epithelium resulting in the accumulation of keratin and cells in the middle ear and/or mastoid. It may be congenital or acquired. If left untreated, it may increase in size and destroy adjacent structures.


cholinergic urticaria

A type of physical urticarias (or hives) that appears when a person is sweating.


epidermolysis bullosa

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of genetic skin diseases that cause the skin to blister very easily. Blisters form in response to minor injuries or friction, such as rubbing or scratching. There are four main types of epidermolysis bullosa: dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa Epidermolysis bullosa simplex Junctional epidermolysis bullosa Kindler Syndrome Identifying the exact type can be hard because there are many subtypes of EB. Within each type or subtype, a person may be mildly or severely affected. The disease can range from being a minor inconvenience to completely disabling, and fatal in some cases. Most types of EB are inherited. The inheritance pattern may be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. Management involves protecting the skin, reducing friction against the skin, and keeping the skin cool.


erythema multiforme

Erythema multiforme (EM) refers to a group ofhypersensitivity disorders characterized by symmetric red, patchy lesions, primarily on the arms and legs. The cause is unknown, but EM frequently occurs in association with herpes simplex virus, suggesting an immunologic process initiated by the virus. In half of the cases, the triggering agents appear to be medications, including anticonvulsants, sulfonamides, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and other antibiotics. In addition, some cases appear to be associated with infectious organisms such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and many viral agents. Erythema multiforme is the mildest of three skin disorders that are often discussed in relation to each other. It is generally the mildest of the three. More severe is Stevens-Johnson syndrome. The most severe of the three is toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN).


exanthem

Any change in the skin which affects its appearance or texture. A rash may be localized to one part of the body, or affect all the skin. Rashes may cause the skin to change color, itch, become warm, bumpy, dry, cracked or blistered, swell and may be painful.


folliculitis

Inflammation of the hair follicles. Causes include excessive perspiration, skin infections, and skin wounds.


granuloma annulare

Granuloma annulare is a long-term (chronic) skin disease consisting of a rash with reddish bumps arranged in a circle or ring. The most commonly affected areas are the forearms, hands and feet. The lesions associated with granuloma annulare usually resolve without treatment. Strong steroids (applied as a cream or injection) are sometimes used to clear the rash more quickly. Most symptoms will disappear within 2 years (even without treatment), but recurrence is common. The underlying cause of granuloma annulare is unknown.


hand dermatosis

Skin conditions characterized by dense infiltration of inflammatory cells (neutrophils) in the affected tissue. They arise in reaction to some underlying systemic illness. A neutrophilic dermatosis may be seen in isolation or more than one type may occur in the same individual.


hidradenitis suppurativa

A chronic suppurative and cicatricial disease of the apocrine glands occurring chiefly in the axillae in women and in the groin and anal regions in men. It is characterized by poral occlusion with secondary bacterial infection, evolving into abscesses which eventually rupture. As the disease becomes chronic, ulcers appear, sinus tracts enlarge, fistulas develop, and fibrosis and scarring become evident.


keratosis

A skin disorder consisting of hypertrophy of the stratum corneum of the skin.


lichen planus

A chronic, recurrent, pruritic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology that affects the skin and mucus membranes. It presents with rashes and papules that tend to resolve spontaneously. It may be associated with hepatitis C. Certain drugs that contain arsenic or bismuth are associated with reactions mimicking lichen planus.


lipodystrophy

A congenital or acquired disorder characterized by abnormal loss or redistribution of the adipose tissue in the body.


necrobiosis lipoidica

Necrobiosis lipoidica is a rare skin disorder of collagen degeneration. It is characterized by a rash that occurs on the lower legs. It is more common in women, and there are usually several spots. They are slightly raised shiny red-brown patches. The centers are often yellowish and may develop open sores that are slow to heal. Infections can occur but are uncommon. Some patients have itching, pain, or abnormal sensations. It usually occurs more often in people with diabetes, in people with a family history of diabetes or a tendency to get diabetes, but can occur in nondiabetic people. About 11% to 65% of patients with necrobiosis lipoidica also have diabetes, but the exact cause is still not known. Treatment is difficult. The disease is typically chronic with variable progression and scarring.


neurodermatitis

Skin findings arising from repeated rubbing, picking or scratching of a real or imagined irritation of the skin.


neurotic excoriation

A condition in which patients produce skin lesions through repetitive, compulsive excoriation of their skin.


parapsoriasis

Parapsoriasis describes a group ofskin diseases that can be characterized by scaly patches or slightly elevated papules and/or plaques (red, scaly patches) that have a resemblance to psoriasis. However, this description includes several inflammatory cutaneous diseases that are unrelated with respect to pathogenesis, histopathology, and response to treatment. Because of the variation in clinical presentation and a lack of a specific diagnostic finding on histopathology, a uniformly accepted definition of parapsoriasis remains lacking. There are 2 general forms: a small plaque type, which is usually benign, and a large plaque type, which is a precursor of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL).Treatment of small plaque parapsoriasis is unnecessary but can include emollients, topical tar preparations or corticosteroids, and/or phototherapy. Treatment of large plaque parapsoriasis is phototherapy or topical corticosteroids.


pemphigus

Pemphigus is a group of rare autoimmune diseases that cause blistering of the skin and mucous membranes (mouth, nose, throat, eyes, and genitals).This conditioncan occur at any age, but often strikes people in middle or older age. Studies have shown that some populations may be at greater risk for certain types of pemphigus. For instance, people of Jewish descent and those from India, Southeast Europe, and the Middle East are at greater risk for pemphigus vulargis, while pemphigus foliaceus is more common in North America, Turkey, and South America. Pemphigus is a chronic disease which is best controlled by early diagnosis and treatment.Treatment includes steroids to reduce inflammation,drugs that suppress the immune system responseand antibiotics to treat associated infections. There are four main types of pemphigus: Pemphigus vulgaris Pemphigus foliaceus IgA pemphigus Paraneoplastic pemphigus


photoallergic dermatitis

A delayed hypersensitivity involving the reaction between sunlight or other radiant energy source and a chemical substance to which the individual has been previously exposed and sensitized. It manifests as a papulovesicular, eczematous, or exudative dermatitis occurring chiefly on the light-exposed areas of the skin.


photosensitivity disease

Abnormal responses to sunlight or artificial light due to extreme reactivity of light-absorbing molecules in tissues. It refers almost exclusively to skin photosensitivity, including sunburn, reactions due to repeated prolonged exposure in the absence of photosensitizing factors, and reactions requiring photosensitizing factors such as photosensitizing agents and certain diseases. With restricted reference to skin tissue, it does not include photosensitivity of the eye to light, as in photophobia or photosensitive epilepsy.


phototoxic dermatitis

Dermatitis caused or precipitated by exposure to ultraviolet sunlight, or by mediating phototoxic or photoallergic material in response to ultraviolet sunlight.


rosacea

A chronic erythematous skin disorder that affects the face. It is characterized by the development of redness in the cheeks, nose, and/or forehead and telangiectasia. Sometimes, the erythematous changes may involve the eyelids.


scleredema adultorum

A usually benign and self-limited skin disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by induration of the skin. It may be associated with infection, diabetes mellitus, and hematologic malignancies. Morphologically, there is deposition of mucin in the dermis.


seborrheic dermatitis

A chronic, inflammatory skin disorder that affects the scalp, central face and skin folds; it is characterized by scaling and itching.


skin atrophy

The degeneration and thinning of the epidermis and dermis. It is usually a manifestation of aging.


skin sarcoidosis

Formation of non-necrotizing granulomas in the skin. It may be a manifestation of systemic sarcoidosis or may also arise in isolation.


sweat gland disorder

A disease involving the sweat gland.


overactive bladder

Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. urinary incontinence may or may not be present.


altitude sickness

Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high altitude.


diabetic neuropathy

A chronic, pathological complication associated with diabetes mellitus, where nerve damages are incurred due to diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply these nerves, resulting in peripheral and/or autonomic nerve dysfunction.


osteoarthritis, hip

Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.


osteoarthritis, hand

Osteoarthritis of the hands usually happens as part of nodal osteoarthritis (a form of osteoarthritis that runs in families). This mainly affects women and often starts in your 40s or 50s, around the menopause (the time when menstruation ends and it’s no longer possible to have children).


acalculous cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder in the absence of gallstones.


Acinetobacter infectious disease

Infections with bacteria of the genus acinetobacter.


adrenal cortex carcinoma

A rare, usually large (greater than 5cm), malignant epithelial tumor arising from the adrenal cortical cells. Symptoms are usually related to the excessive production of hormones, and include Cushing's syndrome and virilism in women. Common sites of metastasis include liver, lung, bone, and retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Advanced radiologic procedures have enabled the detection of small tumors, resulting in the improvement of the 5-year survival.


adrenal gland hyperfunction

Excess production of adrenal cortex hormones.


alcohol withdrawal delirium

An acute organic mental disorder induced by cessation or reduction in chronic alcohol consumption. Clinical characteristics include confusion; delusions; vivid hallucinations; tremor; agitation; insomnia; and signs of autonomic hyperactivity (e.g., elevated blood pressure and heart rate, dilated pupils, and diaphoresis). This condition may occasionally be fatal. It was formerly called delirium tremens. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1175)


alcoholic cardiomyopathy

A dilated cardiomyopathy which is associated with consumption of large amounts of alcohol over a period of years.


alcoholic liver cirrhosis

A disorder of the liver characterized by the presence of fibrotic scar tissue instead of healthy liver tissue. This condition is attributed to excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages.


anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) is an eye disease characterized by infarction of the optic disk leading to vision loss. It can be nonarteritic (nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy or NAION) or arteritic, the latter being associated with giant cell arteritis (GCA; often termed temporal arteritis). Vision loss with both varieties is typically rapid (over minutes, hours, or days) and painless. Symptoms such as a general feeling of being unwell (malaise), muscle aches and pains, headaches over the temple, pain when combing hair, pain in the jaw after chewing, and tenderness over the temporal artery (one of the major arteries of the head) may be present with giant cell arteritis. At exam, visual acuity is reduced and the optic disk is swollen. In both subtypes, visual field examination is often reduced in the inferior and central visual fields. The visual loss is usually permanent, with some recovery possibly occurring within the first weeks or months. The arteritic variety is treated with corticosteroids. Treatment of the nonarteritic variety withaspirinor corticosteroids has not been helpful.


anterior uveitis

Inflammation of the iris and anterior chamber of the eye.


anterolateral myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction in which the anterior wall of the heart is involved. Anterior wall myocardial infarction is often caused by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. It can be categorized as anteroseptal or anterolateral wall myocardial infarction.


arteriosclerosis obliterans

Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by atherosclerosis. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (arterial intima) of arteries including the aorta and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension.


perinatal asphyxia

A disorder caused by a lack of blood flow or gas exchange to or from the fetus in the period immediately before, during, or after the birth process.


atrial septal defect

Interauricular communication is a congenital malformation characterized by a communication between the atrial chambers of the heart.


chronic atrophic gastritis

Atrophic gastritis that is persistent and long-standing.


bacterial conjunctivitis

Inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by a variety of bacterial agents.


bacterial endocarditis

Endocarditis that is caused by an infection with a bacterial agent.


bacterial meningitis

Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord due to a bacterial infection.


balanitis

An infectious or non-infectious inflammatory process that affects the glans penis. Symptoms include redness and pain of the glans penis and foreskin and discharge.


pituitary gland basophil adenoma

An epithelial neoplasm of the anterior pituitary gland in which the neoplastic cells stain positive with basic dyes.


beriberi

Beriberi is a condition that occurs in people who are deficient in thiamine (vitamin B1). There are two major types of beriberi: wet beriberi which affects the cardiovascular system and dry beriberi which affects the nervous system. People with wet beriberi may experience increased heart rate, shortness of breath, and swelling of the lower legs. Signs and symptoms of dry beriberi include difficulty walking; loss of feeling in the hands and/or feet; paralysis of the lower legs; mental confusion; speech difficulty; pain; and/or vomiting. Beriberi is rare in the United States since many foods are now vitamin enriched; however, alcohol abuse, dialysis and taking high doses of diuretics increases the risk of developing the condition. In most cases,beriberi occurs sporadically in people with no family history of the condition. A rare condition known as genetic beriberi is inherited (passed down through families) and is associated with an inability to absorb thiamine from foods. Treatment generally includes thiamine supplementation, given by injection or taken by mouth.


bile reflux

Retrograde bile flow. Reflux of bile can be from the duodenum to the stomach (duodenogastric reflux); to the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux); or to the pancreas.


bladder neck obstruction

Blockage of the opening between the bladder and the urethra resulting in the reduction or prevention of the urine flow from the bladder into the urethra.


brain edema

Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see hypoxia, brain). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of csf flow (e.g., obstructive hydrocephalus). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)


brain hypoxia - ischemia

A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ischemia) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ischemic attack, transient; brain infarction; brain edema; coma; and other conditions.


brain stem infarction

Infarctions that occur in the brain stem which is comprised of the midbrain; pons; and medulla oblongata. There are several named syndromes characterized by their distinctive clinical manifestations and specific sites of ischemic injury.


burning mouth syndrome

A condition characterized by a burning or tingling sensation on the lips, tongue, or entire mouth.


cerebral arterial disease

Pathological conditions of intracranial arteries supplying the cerebrum. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the anterior cerebral artery; middle cerebral artery; and posterior cerebral artery.


cerebral atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis of the cerebral vasculature.


cholecystolithiasis

Single or multiple, ovoid or irregular, solid particles that are formed from bile, cholesterol, and calcium in the gallbladder cavity.


choledocholithiasis

Presence or formation of gallstones in the common bile duct.


chromophobe adenoma

An epithelial neoplasm of the anterior pituitary gland in which the neoplastic cells do not stain with acidic or basic dyes.


chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy

A rare neurological disorder in which there is inflammation of nerve roots and peripheral nerves and destruction of the fatty protective covering (myelin sheath) over the nerves. This affects how fast the nerve signals are transmitted and leads to loss of nerve fibers. This causes weakness, paralysis and/or impairment in motor function, especially of the arms and legs (limbs). Sensory disturbance may also be present. The motor and sensory impairments usually affect both sides of the body (symmetrical), and the degree of severity and the course of disease may vary from case to case. Some affected individuals may follow a slow steady pattern of symptoms while others may have symptoms that stabilize and then relapse.


CNS demyelinating autoimmune disease

Conditions characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin (see myelin sheath) in the brain, spinal cord, or optic nerves secondary to autoimmune mediated processes. This may take the form of a humoral or cellular immune response directed toward myelin or oligodendroglia associated autoantigens.


common bile duct neoplasm

Tumor or cancer of the common bile duct including the ampulla of vater and the sphincter of oddi.


complex partial epilepsy

A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and automatism may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)


corneal edema

Hazy, swollen cornea.


corneal neovascularization

New blood vessels originating from the corneal veins and extending from the limbus into the adjacent corneal stroma. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as trachoma, viral interstitial keratitis, microbial keratoconjunctivitis, and the immune response elicited by corneal transplantation.


coronary aneurysm

Abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of coronary vessels. Most coronary aneurysms are due to coronary atherosclerosis, and the rest are due to inflammatory diseases, such as kawasaki disease.


coronary stenosis

Narrowing of the coronary artery lumen diameter.


coronary thrombosis

Coagulation of blood in any of the coronary vessels. The presence of a blood clot (thrombus) often leads to myocardial infarction.


cutaneous fibrous histiocytoma

A benign, intermediate, or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm composed of fibrohistiocytic cells, spindle fibroblastic cells, and histiocytes, in a storiform pattern.