pempidine

mrdef: A nicotinic antagonist most commonly used as an experimental tool. It has been used as a ganglionic blocker in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been supplanted for that purpose by more specific drugs.


penbutolol

mrdef: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.

status: OFM


paromomycin

mrdef: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.

status: OFP

description: An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.


hearing loss disorder

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: A partial or complete loss of hearing in one or both ears. It is classified as conductive, sensory, or central.


Grand multiparity

category: biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing


bismuth subcitrate

mrdef: contains tripotassium di-citratobismuthate used in gastric & duodenal ulcer therapy; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subnitrate


mesuximide

mrdef: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation


molindone

mrdef: An indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. Molindone has much lower affinity for D2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for D1 receptors. It has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of CLOZAPINE. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p283)


Agitation

description: A state of extreme restlessness and excessive motor activity is associated with mental distress or a feeling of inner tension.


tinea pedis

description: Dermatological pruritic lesion in the feet, caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum.


phensuximide

mrdef: major descriptor (73-84); on-line search SUCCINIMIDES (73-84); Index Medicus search PHENSUXIMIDE (73-84); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation


pilocarpine

mrdef: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.

description: The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.


piperazine

mrdef: has anthelmintic action

description: An azacycloalkane that consists of a six-membered ring containing two nitrogen atoms at opposite positions.


idiopathic acute eosinophilic pneumonia

description: Idiopathic acute eosinophilic pneumonia (IAEP) is an eosinophilic pneumonia of undetermined etiology that is characterized by acute febrile hypoxic respiratory failure associated with diffuse radiographic infiltrates and pulmonary eosinophilia, but without concurring allergy or infection.


Hirschsprung disease

description: Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital intestinal motility disorder that is characterized by signs of intestinal obstruction due to the presence of an aganglionic segment of variable extent in the terminal part of the colon.


micafungin

mrdef: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.


disseminated candidiasis

description: Systemic candidiasis occurs when Candida yeast enters the bloodstream and may spread (becoming disseminated candidiasis) to other organs, including the central nervous system, kidneys, liver, bones, muscles, joints, spleen, or eyes.


bosentan

mrdef: a specific and competitive antagonist at endothelin receptor types ETA and ETB, has a slightly higher affinity for ETA receptors than for ETB receptors, indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension


pyrazinamide

mrdef: A pyrazine that is used therapeutically as an antitubercular agent.

description: A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.


Dysphagia

description: Difficulty in swallowing.


lacosamide

mrdef: a functionalized amino acid, selectively enhances slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels, resulting in stabilization of hyperexcitable neuronal membranes and inhibition of repetitive neuronal firing, indicated for partial-onset seizures


hydroxocobalamin

mrdef: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.


chromium picolinate

mrdef: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206


ammonia

mrdef: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. Note that the aqueous form of ammonia is referred to as AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.

smiles: N

description: An azane that consists of a single nitrogen atom covelently bonded to three hydrogen atoms.


lithium citrate

A lithium salt that is the anhydrous form of the trilithium salt of citric acid. The tetrahydrate form is used as a source of lithium for the treatment of anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and depression.


nateglinide

mrdef: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.

description: An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.


choreatic disease

description: A neurological condition affecting the involuntary movements. It is characterized by brief, non-repetitive irregular muscle contractions. It is seen in patients with Huntington's disease.


cabergoline

mrdef: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.

description: An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.


carbidopa

mrdef: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.

description: 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.


cefmetazole

mrdef: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.

description: A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.


carotid stenosis

description: A narrowing of the carotid artery lumen. It is usually caused by the formation of an atherosclerotic plaque. Symptoms are usually present when there is severe narrowing or obstruction of the arterial lumen and manifest as ischemic cerebrovascular accidents.


sulfasalazine

mrdef: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907)

description: An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.


sodium thiosulfate

mrdef: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid

description: A hydrate consisting of sodium thiosulfate with 5 mol eq. of water.


levobupivacaine

mrdef: S-enantiomer of bupivacaine, local anaesthetic

description: The (S)-(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.


xeroderma pigmentosum

description: Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare genodermatosis characterized by extreme sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV)-induced changes in the skin and eyes, and multiple skin cancers. It is subdivided into 8 complementation groups, according to the affected gene: classical XP (XPA to XPG) and XP variant (XPV).


name: Echinococcus granulosus infection of liver


norethindrone acetate

mrdef: Acetate ester of norethindrone that is used as a long-term contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS).

description: A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.


oxacillin

mrdef: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.

description: A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.


staphylococcal pneumonia

description: Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus staphylococcus, usually with staphylococcus aureus.


oxcarbazepine

mrdef: an antiepileptic drug, precise mechanism by which oxcarbazepine exerts its antiseizure effect is unknown, however, in vitro electrophysiological studies indicate that it produces blockade of voltage-sensitive sodium channels, resulting in stabilization of hyperexcited neural membranes, inhibition of repetitive neuronal firing, and diminution of propagation of synaptic impulses

description: A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.


relapsing fever

description: Relapsing fever is an infection caused by bacteria of the genus Borrelia, excluding those responsible for Lyme disease belonging to the Borrelia burgdorferi complex.


Transplantation

category: biolink:Procedure biolink:ActivityAndBehavior biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


spironolactone

mrdef: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827)

description: A  steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.


oligospermia

description: Decreased number of spermatozoa in the semen.


mitral valve prolapse

description: A fairly common and often benign valvular heart disorder characterized by redundancy or hooding of mitral valve leaflets so that they prolapse into the left atrium, often causing mitral regurgitation. It is often a symptomless condition but may be marked by varied symptoms (e.g. chest pain, fatigue, dizziness, dyspnea, or palpitations) leading in some cases to endocarditis or ventricular tachycardia.


atazanavir

mrdef: An azapeptide and HIV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS. There was some evidence of in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2, but no clinical trial data was found to support use in the treatment of COVID-19.

description: A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).


pulmonary valve stenosis

description: The pathologic narrowing of the orifice of the pulmonary valve. This lesion restricts blood outflow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. When the trileaflet valve is fused into an imperforate membrane, the blockage is complete.


lenalidomide

mrdef: Lenalidomide is an analogue of thalidomide with immunomodulatory, antiangiogenic, and antineoplastic properties. Lenalidomide inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of certain hematopoietic tumor cells including multiple myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma, and del (5q) myelodysplastic syndromes in vitro. Lenalidomide causes a delay in tumor growth in some in vivo nonclinical hematopoietic tumor models including multiple myeloma. Immunomodulatory properties of lenalidomide include activation of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, increased numbers of NKT cells, and inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-alpha and IL-6) by monocytes. In multiple myeloma cells, the combination of lenalidomide and dexamethasone synergizes the inhibition of cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis.

description: A dicarboximide that consists of 1-oxoisoindoline bearing an amino substituent at position 4 and a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group at position 2. Inhibits the secretion of TNF-alpha.


mequinol

mrdef: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd


herpes simplex infectious disease

description: A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)


Chronic infection

description: Presence of a protracted or persistent infection by a pathogen potentially related to an underlying abnormality of the immune system that is not able to clear the infection.


diabetic kidney disease

description: Progressive kidney disorder caused by vascular damage to the glomerular capillaries, in patients with diabetes mellitus. It is usually manifested with nephritic syndrome and glomerulosclerosis.


L-lysine

mrdef: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

description: An L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of L-lysine; major species at pH 7.3.


vulvovaginitis

description: An inflammatory pathologic process that affects the vulva and the vagina.


bronchiectasis

description: Segmental, irreversible dilation of the bronchial tree resulting in the accumulation of secretions which leads to obstruction. The most common cause is bacterial infection.


ecthyma

description: An ulcerative pyoderma usually caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection at the site of minor trauma. (Dorland, 27th ed)


obstructive jaundice

description: A finding indicating increased bilirubin levels in the blood and urine, due to intrahepatic or extrahepatic obstruction of the biliary system.


telaprevir

mrdef: Telaprevir is an inhibitor of the HCV NS3/4A serine protease, necessary for the proteolytic cleavage of the HCV encoded polyprotein into mature forms of the NS4A, NS4B, NS5A and NS5B proteins and essential for viral replication. In a biochemical assay, telaprevir inhibited the proteolytic activity of the recombinant HCV NS3 protease domain with an IC50 value of 10 nM.

description: An oligopeptide consisting of N-(pyrazin-2-ylcarbonyl)cyclohexylalanyl, 3-methylvalyl, octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-1-carboxy, and 3-amino-N-cyclopropyl-2-oxohexanamide residues joined in sequence. Used for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection.


algeldrate

mrdef: A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc.

smiles: O[Al](O)O


calcium citrate

mrdef: A colorless crystalline or white powdery organic, tricarboxylic acid occurring in plants, especially citrus fruits, and used as a flavoring agent, as an antioxidant in foods, and as a sequestrating agent. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

description: An organic calcium salt composed of calcium cations and citrate anions in a 3:2 ratio.


acute liver failure

description: Rapid deterioration of liver function causing encephalopathy and coagulopathy. It results from damage to the liver parenchyma usually secondary to acetaminophen overdose or viral infections.


miglitol

mrdef: Miglitol is a desoxynojirimycin derivative that delays the digestion of ingested carbohydrates, thereby resulting in a smaller rise in blood glucose concentration following meals. As a consequence of plasma glucose reduction, miglitol reduce levels of glycosylated hemoglobin in patients with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.


trandolapril

mrdef: The effect of trandolapril in hypertension appears to result primarily from the inhibition of circulating and tissue ACE activity thereby reducing angiotensin II formation, decreasing vasoconstriction, decreasing aldosterone secretion, and increasing plasma renin. Decreased aldosterone secretion leads to diuresis, natriuresis, and a small increase of serum potassium. Trandolapril is deesterified to the diacid metabolite, trandolaprilat, which is approximately eight times more active as an inhibitor of ACE activity.

description: A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.


tinidazole

mrdef: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.

description: 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group.  It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.


arteriovenous hemangioma/malformation

description: A benign vascular lesion characterized by the presence of a complex network of communicating arterial and venous vascular structures.


ethacrynic acid

mrdef: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.

description: An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.


tularemia

description: Tularemia is an infection caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. It is more common in rodents and rabbits but has been found in other animals including domestic cats, sheep, birds, and hamsters. Humans can become infected in several different ways: by handling infected animals, through tick or deer fly bites, by drinking contaminated water, or by inhaling contaminated dust or aerosols. Person-to-person transmission has not been reported. The type of tularemia and the particular signs and symptoms vary depending on how the bacteria enter the body. However, fever is seen in most cases. Though tularemia can be life-threatening, most infections can be treated with antibiotics.


Adams-Stokes syndrome

description: An episode of sudden and transient loss of consciousness sometimes associated with seizures. It is caused by a sudden decrease of the cardiac output that results from a sudden cardiac dysrhythmia. Typically patients develop an initial pallor, followed by facial flush during recovery.


fomepizole

mrdef: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.

description: A member of the class of  pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.


thyroiditis

description: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. This category includes Hashimoto thyroiditis, Riedel thyroiditis, acute thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, and radiation-induced thyroiditis.


benzathine benzylpenicillin

mrdef: Semisynthetic antibiotic prepared by combining the sodium salt of penicillin G with N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine.


aortic valve stenosis

description: Aortic valve stenosis (AVS) is a condition characterized by narrowing of the heart's aortic valve opening. This narrowing prevents the valve from opening fully, which obstructs blood flow from the heart into the aorta, and onward to the rest of the body. AVS can range from mild to severe. Signs and symptoms typically develop when the narrowing of the opening is severe and may include chest pain (angina) or tightness; shortness of breath or fatigue (especially during exertion); feeling faint or fainting; heart palpitations; and heart murmur. Individuals with less severe congenital AVS (present at birth) may not develop symptoms until adulthood. Individuals with severe cases may faint without warning. AVS can have several causes including abnormal development before birth (such as having 1 or 2 valve leaflets instead of 3); calcium build-up on the valve in adulthood; and rheumatic fever.


name: familial or sporadic hemiplegic migraine

description: Hemiplegic migraine (HM) is a rare variety of migraine with aura characterized by the presence of a motor weakness during the aura. Hemiplegic migraine has two main forms depending on the familial history: patients with at least one first- or second-degree relative who has aura including motor weakness have familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM); patients without such familial history have sporadic hemiplegic migraine (SHM).


restrictive cardiomyopathy

description: A type of heart disorder referring to the inability of the ventricles to fill with blood because the myocardium (heart muscle) stiffens and looses its flexibility. Causes include replacement of the myocardium with scar tissue, abnormal cellular infiltration of the myocardium, or deposition of a substance (e.g., amyloid) in the myocardium.


miliary tuberculosis

description: I would say the hematogenous widespread dissemination of tuberculosis in the body. The term derives from the chest X-ray image of the tiny (1-5 mm) tuberculosis lesions which are seen through out the lung parenchyma.


fibromyalgia

description: A chronic disorder of unknown etiology characterized by pain, stiffness, and tenderness in the muscles of neck, shoulders, back, hips, arms, and legs. Other signs and symptoms include headaches, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and painful menstruation.


Nocturia

description: Abnormally increased production of urine during the night leading to an unusually frequent need to urinate.


granisetron

mrdef: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.

description: A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.


hereditary antithrombin deficiency

description: A rare, genetic, hematological disease characterized by decreased levels of antithrombin activity in plasma resulting in impaired inactivation of thrombin and factor Xa. Patients have an increased risk for venous thromboembolism, usually in the deep veins of the arms, legs and pulmonary system and, on occasion, in other venous territories (e.g. cerebral veins or sinus, mesenteric, portal, hepatic, renal and/or retinal veins).


ophthalmic herpes zoster

description: Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.


perindopril

mrdef: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.

description: An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline


Bladder pain

description: An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the urinary bladder. Bladder pain may be more pronounced with a full bladder and relieved upon urination, but this is not always the case.


pentoxifylline

mrdef: A METHYLXANTHINE derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. Pentoxifylline modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production.


triptorelin

mrdef: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.

description: An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-tryptophyl, leucyl, arginyl, prolyl and glycinamide residues joined in sequence. It is an agonist analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone.


lubiprostone

mrdef: Member of a bicyclic fatty acid class of compounds derived from PROSTAGLANDIN E1 involved in chloride channel gating.


guanethidine

mrdef: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.

description: A member of the class of  guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.


essential thrombocythemia

description: A chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm that involves primarily the megakaryocytic lineage. It is characterized by sustained thrombocytosis in the blood, increased numbers of large, mature megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, and episodes of thrombosis and/or hemorrhage. (WHO, 2008)


Abnormal macular morphology

description: A structural abnormality of the macula lutea, which is an oval-shaped highly pigmented yellow spot near the center of the retina.


proctitis

description: An inflammatory process affecting the anus. It is usually caused by sexually transmitted infectious agents and/or inflammatory bowel disease.


isosorbide mononitrate

mrdef: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug


hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

description: A condition in which the myocardium is hypertrophied without an obvious cause. The hypertrophy is generally asymmetric and may be associated with obstruction of the ventricular outflow tract.


alosetron

description: A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.


Escherichia coli meningitis

description: A form of gram-negative meningitis that tends to occur in neonates, in association with anatomical abnormalities (which feature communication between the meninges and cutaneous structures) or as opportunistic infections in association with immunologic deficiency syndromes. In premature neonates the clinical presentation may be limited to anorexia; vomiting; lethargy; or respiratory distress. Full-term infants may have as additional features fever; seizures; and bulging of the anterior fontanelle. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp398-400)


ivermectin

mrdef: A mixture of mostly avermectin H2B1a (RN 71827-03-7) with some avermectin H2B1b (RN 70209-81-3), which are macrolides from STREPTOMYCES avermitilis. It binds glutamate-gated chloride channel to cause increased permeability and hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle cells. It also interacts with other CHLORIDE CHANNELS. It is a broad spectrum antiparasitic that is active against microfilariae of ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS but not the adult form. In vitro data suggest evidence of activity against SARS-CoV-2, but to date available data are insufficient to recommend either for or against the use of ivermectin for the treatment of COVID-19. FDA issued a warning concerning possi-ble inappropriate use of ivermectin products intended for animals as an attempt to self-medicate for the treat-ment of COVID-19.

description: A mixture consisting of >= 90% 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a (R = Me) and <= 10% 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1b (R = H). A semi-synthetic derivative of abamectin, it is used as a broad-spectrum antiparasite medication, particularly against worms (except tapeworms), although it is also effective against most mites and some lice.


naphazoline

mrdef: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.


rapacuronium

mrdef: a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with a rapid onset of action acts by competing for cholinergic receptors at the motor end plate


isoxepac

mrdef: Non-steroidal arylacetic acid derivative anti-inflammatory with analgesic and antipyretic activity


tetryzoline

mrdef: used as nasal decongestant; Visine is a form of eye drops; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure


vulvar neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the vulva. Representative examples include Bartholin gland adenoma, vulvar nodular hidradenoma, vulvar carcinoma, and vulvar melanoma.


endometritis

description: An acute or chronic, usually bacterial infectious process affecting the endometrium. It may extend to the myometrium and parametrial tissues. Symptoms include lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, and vaginal bleeding.


iloprost

mrdef: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.

description: A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.


ketoprofen

mrdef: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

description: An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.


lamivudine

mrdef: A reverse transcriptase inhibitor and ZALCITABINE analog in which a sulfur atom replaces the 3' carbon of the pentose ring. It is used to treat HIV disease.

description: A monothioacetal that consists of cytosine having a (2R,5S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl moiety attached at position 1. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, it is used as an antiviral in the treatment of AIDS and hepatitis B.


orciprenaline

mrdef: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.

description: A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.


bimatoprost

mrdef: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.


bivalirudin

mrdef: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition

description: A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.


hyperargininemia

description: Arginase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive amino acid metabolism disorder characterized clinically by variable degrees of hyperammonemia, developing from about 3 years of age, and leading to progressive loss of developmental milestones and spasticity in the absence of treatment.


pantoprazole

mrdef: Pantoprazole sodium is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) that suppresses the final step in gastric acid production by covalently binding to the (H+, K+)-ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. This effect leads to inhibition of both basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion, irrespective of the stimulus. The binding to the (H+, K+)-ATPase results in a duration of antisecretory effect that persists longer than 24 hours.

description: A member of the class of  benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.


Hashimoto thyroiditis

description: An autoimmune disorder caused by the production of autoantibodies against thyroid tissue. There is progressive destruction of the thyroid follicles leading to hypothyroidism.


phenoxybenzamine

mrdef: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.


agoraphobia

description: An anxiety disorder characterized by an intense, irrational fear of venturing out into open places or situations in which help (or escape) might not be available should excessive anxiety or panic symptoms develop.


Lymphadenopathy

description: Enlargment (swelling) of a lymph node.


linagliptin

mrdef: Linagliptin is an inhibitor of DPP-4, an enzyme that degrades the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Thus, linagliptin increases the concentrations of active incretin hormones, stimulating the release of insulin in a glucose-dependent manner and decreasing the levels of glucagon in the circulation. Both incretin hormones are involved in the physiological regulation of glucose homeostasis. Incretin hormones are secreted at a low basal level throughout the day and levels rise immediately after meal intake. GLP-1 and GIP increase insulin biosynthesis and secretion from pancreatic beta cells in the presence of normal and elevated blood glucose levels. Furthermore, GLP-1 also reduces glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells, resulting in a reduction in hepatic glucose output.

description: A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.


pancreatitis

description: Inflammation of the pancreas.


Loss of consciousness

description: Loss of alertness and orientation to place and time.


mafenide

mrdef: A sulfonamide that inhibits the enzyme CARBONIC ANHYDRASE and is used as a topical anti-bacterial agent, especially in burn therapy.


lincomycin

mrdef: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.

description: A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.


carteolol

mrdef: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.


cefadroxil

mrdef: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.

description: A cephalosporin bearing methyl and  (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.


propofol

mrdef: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.

description: A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.


ritonavir

mrdef: Ritonavir is a peptidomimetic inhibitor of the HIV-1 protease. Inhibition of HIV protease renders the enzyme incapable of processing the Gag-Pol polyprotein precursor which leads to production of non-infectious immature HIV particles. Nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir (Paxlovid) has been approved for the treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

description: An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.


Lassa fever

description: A viral hemorrhagic fever that is caused by the Lassa virus, which is transmitted by contact with infected rodents; it is characterized by fever, headache, malaise, myalgia, and hearing loss.


povidone-iodine

mrdef: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.


armodafinil

description: A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.


secondary syphilis

description: The secondary stage of syphilis typically that is characterized by generalized rash (including palms and soles), mucocutaneous lesions, and lymphadenopathy. It usually begins one to two months after the primary stage.


fenofibric acid

mrdef: metabolite of lipantyl; structure; salt of cholesterylamine & 2-(4-(p-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy)2-methylpropionic acid

description: A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.


Automatic atrial tachycardia

description: Chronic supraventricular tachycardia predominantly seen in childhood.


pneumonia caused by chlamydia

description: An pneumonia caused by infection with Chlamydia.


nabilone

mrdef: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure


paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

description: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by corpuscular hemolytic anemia, bone marrow failure and frequent thrombotic events.


sotalol

mrdef: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.

description: A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.


octreotide

mrdef: A potent, long-acting synthetic SOMATOSTATIN octapeptide analog that inhibits secretion of GROWTH HORMONE and is used to treat hormone-secreting tumors; DIABETES MELLITUS; HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC; HYPERINSULINISM; hypergastrinemia; and small bowel fistula.


Chylothorax

description: Accumulation of excessive amounts of lymphatic fluid (chyle) in the pleural cavity.


oxymetholone

mrdef: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)


oxybutynin

mrdef: Oxybutynin acts as a competitive antagonist of acetylcholine at post-ganglionic muscarinic receptors, resulting in relaxation of bladder smooth muscle. Oxybutynin is a racemic (50:50) mixture of R- and S-isomers. Antimuscarinic activity resides predominantly in the R-isomer. The R-isomer of oxybutynin shows greater selectivity for the M1 and M3 muscarinic subtypes (predominant in bladder detrusor muscle and parotid gland) compared to the M2 subtype (predominant in cardiac tissue).

description: A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of cyclohexyl(hydroxy)phenylacetic acid with the hydroxy group of 4-(diethylamino)but-2-yn-1-ol.


ciclopirox

mrdef: The mechanism of action of ciclopirox has been investigated using various in vitro and in vivo infection models. One in vitro study suggested that ciclopirox acts by chelation of polyvalent cations (Fe+3 or Al+3) resulting in the inhibition of the metal-dependent enzymes that are responsible for the degradation of peroxides within the fungal cell. The clinical significance of this observation is not known.

description: A cyclic hydroxamic acid that is 1-hydroxypyridin-2(1H)-one in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 6 are substituted by methyl and cyclohexyl groups, respectively. A broad spectrum antigfungal agent, it also exhibits antibacterial activity against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and has anti-inflammatory properties. It is used a a topical treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.


inhalational anthrax

description: A rare acute systemic infection caused by the inhalation of Bacillus anthracis spores (e.g. through infected animal products, bioterrorism) and characterized by an initial stage where patients present with non specific symptoms (fever, cough, chills, fatigue) that is followed by an acute phase during which hemorrhagic mediastinitis occurs that can progress into meningitis, gastrointestinal involvement, and refractory shock, that can be fatal, if left untreated.


Metabolic alkalosis

description: Metabolic alkalosis is defined as a disease state where the pH is elevated to greater than 7.45 secondary to some metabolic process.


halothane

mrdef: A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analgesia may not be adequate. NITROUS OXIDE is often given concomitantly. Because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p178)

smiles: FC(F)(F)C(Cl)Br

description: A haloalkane comprising ethane having three flouro substituents at the 1-position as well as bromo- and chloro substituents at the 2-position.


indapamide

mrdef: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.

description: A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.


iocetamic acid

mrdef: was MH 1975-92 (see under IODOBENZENES 1975-90); use IODOBENZENES to search IOCETAMIC ACID 1975-92


optic neuritis

description: Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve, the nerve that carries the visual signal from the eye to the brain.The conditionmay cause sudden, reduced vision in the affected eye(s). While the cause of optic neuritis is unknown, it has been associated with autoimmune diseases, infections, multiple sclerosis, drug toxicity and deficiency of vitamin B-12. Vision often returns to normal within 2-3 weeks without treatment. In some cases, corticosteroids are given to speed recovery. If known, the underlying cause should be treated.


leukemia

description: A malignant (clonal) hematologic disorder, involving hematopoietic stem cells and characterized by the presence of primitive or atypical myeloid or lymphoid cells in the bone marrow and the blood. Leukemias are classified as acute or chronic based on the degree of cellular differentiation and the predominant cell type present. Leukemia is usually associated with anemia, fever, hemorrhagic episodes, and splenomegaly. Common leukemias include acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphoblastic or precursor lymphoblastic leukemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Treatment is vital to patient survival; untreated, the natural course of acute leukemias is normally measured in weeks or months, while that of chronic leukemias is more often measured in months or years.


histoplasmosis

description: A disease caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. It primarily affects the lungs but can also occur as a disseminated disease that affects additional organs. The acute respiratory disease has symptoms similar to those of a cold or flu and it usually resolves without treatment in healthy individuals. The disseminated form is generally fatal if untreated.


paroxetine

mrdef: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.

description: A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.


crotamiton

mrdef: antiscabies, antipruritic drug; active ingredient in Eurax Cream & Lotion (Geigy); request from searcher 3/76; structure

description: An enamide resulting from the formal condensation of crotonic acid with N-ethyl-2-methylaniline. A colourless or pale yellow oily liquid, it is used in the treatment of pruritus (itching) by producing a counter-irritation: as it evaporates from the skin, it produces a cooling effect that diverts attention away from the itching. It has also been used as an acaricide in the treatment of scabies, though more effective drugs are usually preferred.


idarubicin

mrdef: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.


urea

mrdef: A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids.

smiles: NC(N)=O

description: A carbonyl group with two C-bound amine groups. The commercially available fertilizer has an analysis of 46-0-0 (N-P2O5-K2O).


non-infectious meningitis

description: Inflammation of the layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord (meninges) and of the fluid-filled space between the meninges (subarachnoid space) when it is caused by disorders that are not infections or by drugs or vaccines.


lactulose

mrdef: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887)


atovaquone

mrdef: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.

description: A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.


azelastine

mrdef: Azelastine hydrochloride, a phthalazinone derivative, exhibits histamine H1-receptor antagonist activity in isolated tissues, animal models, and humans. Azelastine Hydrochloride is administered as a racemic mixture with no difference in pharmacologic activity noted between the enantiomers in in vitro studies. The major metabolite, desmethylazelastine, also possesses H1-receptor antagonist activity.

description: A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.


serum sickness

description: Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to foreign proteins derived from an animal serum. It occurs approximately six to twenty one days following the administration of the foreign antigen. Symptoms include fever, arthralgias, myalgias, skin eruptions, lymphadenopathy, chest pain, and dyspnea. Certain drugs (e.g., antibiotics, anticancer agents, and anti-inflammatory medications) and infectious disorders (e.g., hepatitis B) may also cause serum sickness-like reaction.


central nervous system disorder

description: A disease involving the central nervous system.


Hypovolemic shock

description: A state of shock characterized by decreased circulating blood volume in relation to total vascular capacity. This type of shock is characterized by a reduction of diastolic filling pressures.


status epilepticus

description: A life-threatening situation in which the brain is in a continuous state of seizure.


diflunisal

mrdef: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.

description: An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.


loxapine

mrdef: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.


enterobiasis

description: An infection that is caused by the nematode Enterobius vermicularis; it is characterized predominantly by perianal pruritus.


peripheral arterial disease

description: A disorder of the arteries supplying the upper and lower extremity and the visceral organs. This includes the mesenteric arteries, the renal arteries and the aorta and excludes cerebrovascular arterial disease. Patients experience cramping and pain usually in the calves and thighs while walking. The symptoms subside with rest.


biotin

mrdef: A water-soluble, enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.

description: An organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of 2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole having a valeric acid substituent attached to the tetrahydrothiophene ring. The parent of the class of biotins.


Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure

description: A bilateral tonic-clonic seizure is a seizure defined by a tonic (bilateral increased tone, lasting seconds to minutes) and then a clonic (bilateral sustained rhythmic jerking) phase.


carbachol

mrdef: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.

smiles: C[N+](C)(C)CCOC(N)=O


dilated cardiomyopathy

description: Cardiomyopathy which is characterized by dilation and contractile dysfunction of the left and right ventricles. It may be idiopathic, or it may result from a myocardial infarction, myocardial infection, or alcohol abuse. It is a cause of congestive heart failure.


rotigotine

mrdef: Rotigotine is a non-ergoline dopamine agonist. The precise mechanism of action of rotigotine as a treatment for Parkinson's disease is unknown, although it is thought to be related to its ability to stimulate dopamine receptors within the caudate-putamen in the brain. The precise mechanism of action of rotigotine as a treatment for Restless Legs Syndrome is unknown but is thought to be related to its ability to stimulate dopamine receptors.


rocuronium

mrdef: Rocuronium bromide is a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with a rapid to intermediate onset depending on dose and intermediate duration. It acts by competing for cholinergic receptors at the motor end-plate. This action is antagonized by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as neostigmine and edrophonium.

description: A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.


rimexolone

mrdef: Rimexolone is a corticosteroids indicated for the treatment of postoperative inflammation following ocular surgery and in the treatment of anterior uveitis. Corticosteroids suppress the inflammatory response to a variety of inciting agents of a mechanical, chemical, or immunological nature. They inhibit edema, cellular infiltration, capillary dilatation, fibroblastic proliferation, deposition of collagen and scar formation associated with inflammation. Placebo-controlled clinical studies demonstrated that rimexolone ophthalmic suspension is efficacious for the treatment of anterior chamber inflammation following cataract surgery.


Q fever

description: A bacterial infection caused by Coxiella burnetii. It is transmitted to humans by the inhalation of infected air particles or contact with fluids and feces of infected animals. Signs and symptoms include the abrupt onset of fever, headache, myalgias, and weakness.


dobutamine

mrdef: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.

description: A  catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.


ergometrine

mrdef: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.

description: A monocarboxylic acid amide that  is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.


mivacurium

mrdef: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.


Burn injury

description: A traumatic injury involving interruption of tissue cohesiveness that results from exposure to caustic chemicals, extreme heat, extreme cold or excessive radiation.


modafinil

mrdef: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.

description: A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.


porphyria cutanea tarda

description: The most common form of chronic hepatic porphyria. It is characterized by bullous photodermatitis.


sertaconazole

description: A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sertaconazole. A broad spectrum antifungal with added antipruritic and anti-inflammatory activity used (as its nitrate salt) for treatment of various skin infections.


toxic labyrinthitis

description: A labyrinthitis induced by alcohol, drug ingestion, or occasionally, inhaled substances that are toxic to the inner ear. Drugs like aminoglycosides, furosemide, ethacrynic acid, acetylsalicyclic acid, amiodarone, quinine, cisplatinum, barbiturates, quinine, anti-Alzheimer's medications, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and anxiolytics can be ototoxic.


buphenine

mrdef: A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.


shigellosis

description: Shigellosis is a bacterial infection leading to dysentery and is caused by Shigella, which are small, ubiquitous Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the enterobacteria family. There are four species: S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii and S. sonnei, all of which cause bacillary dysentery and are strictly limited to human hosts.


vitamin B deficiency

description: A condition due to deficiency in any member of the vitamin B complex. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.


Rickettsiosis

description: A group of infectious diseases that is caused by Rickettsia.


Plasmodium malariae malaria

description: Malaria resulting from infection by Plasmodium malariae.


denture stomatitis

description: Inflammation of the mouth due to denture irritation.


goiter

description: Enlargement of the thyroid gland usually caused by lack of iodine in the diet, hyperthyroidism, or thyroid nodules. Symptoms include difficulty in breathing and swallowing.


atrioventricular block

description: A heart block that is initiated in the atrioventricular node.


cinoxacin

mrdef: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.

description: A member of the class of  cinnolines  that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.


Hypernatremia

description: An abnormally increased sodium concentration in the blood.


succinic acid

mrdef: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)

smiles: OC(=O)CCC(O)=O

description: An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.


Noonan syndrome

description: Noonan Syndrome (NS) is characterized by short stature, typical facial dysmorphism and congenital heart defects.


temazepam

mrdef: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.


amnestic disorder

description: Systematic and extensive loss of memory caused by organic or psychological factors. The loss may be temporary or permanent, and may involve old or recent memories.


terbinafine

mrdef: A naphthalene derivative that inhibits fungal SQUALENE EPOXIDASE and is used to treat DERMATOMYCOSES of the skin and nails.

description: A tertiary amine that is N-methyl-1-naphthalenemethylamine in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3-(tertbutylethynyl)allyl group. An antifungal agent administered orally (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of skin and nail infections.


flutamide

mrdef: Flutamide is an acetanilid, nonsteroidal, orally active antiandrogen. It exerts its antiandrogenic action by inhibiting androgen uptake and/or by inhibiting nuclear binding of androgen in target tissues or both.


gonococcal infection of joint

description: Arthritis caused by bacterial infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae.


congenital syphilis

description: A life-threatening bacterial infection of the newborn caused by Treponema pallidum. It is transmitted to the infant from a mother with syphilis through the placenta during pregnancy. Signs and symptoms include irritability, fever, failure to thrive, saddle nose, cutaneous rash, and pneumonia.


clomipramine

mrdef: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.

description: A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.


clocortolone pivalate

mrdef: topical, anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid; structure

description: The 21-O-pivalate ester of clocortolone. It is used for the relief of inflammatory and pruritic (itching) skin disorders.


glycine

mrdef: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

smiles: NCC(O)=O

description: The simplest (and the only achiral) proteinogenic amino acid, with a hydrogen atom as its side chain.


clofarabine

mrdef: Clofarabine is sequentially metabolized intracellularly to the 5’-monophosphate metabolite by deoxycytidine kinase and mono- and di-phospho-kinases to the active 5’-triphosphate metabolite. Clofarabine has affinity for the activating phosphorylating enzyme, deoxycytidine kinase, equal to or greater than that of the natural substrate, deoxycytidine. Clofarabine inhibits DNA synthesis by decreasing cellular deoxynucleotide triphosphate pools through an inhibitory action on ribonucleotide reductase, and by terminating DNA chain elongation and inhibiting repair through incorporation into the DNA chain by competitive inhibition of DNA polymerases. The affinity of clofarabine triphosphate for these enzymes is similar to or greater than that of deoxyadenosine triphosphate. In preclinical models, clofarabine has demonstrated the ability to inhibit DNA repair by incorporation into the DNA chain during the repair process. Clofarabine 5’-triphosphate also disrupts the integrity of mitochondrial membrane, leading to the release of the pro-apoptotic mitochondrial proteins, cytochrome C and apoptosis-inducing factor, leading to programmed cell death. Clofarabine is cytotoxic to rapidly proliferating and quiescent cancer cell types in vitro.

description: A purine nucleoside analogue consisting of a 6-amino-2-chloropurin-9-yl group attached to the 1beta position of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-D-arabinofuranose. It is metabolized intracellularly to the active 5'-triphosphate metabolite, which inhibits DNA synthesisis and so stops the growth of cancer cells. Clofarabine is used as an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent in the treatment of relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.


cromoglicic acid

mrdef: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized mast cells. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.

description: A  dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer.


trichinellosis

description: A zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked meat (pork and wild game) infected by nematodes of the genus Trichinella and that is characterized by an enteral (intestinal) phase, that can be asymptomatic or that can manifests with diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, and a parenteral (muscular) phase, manifesting with fever, periorbital edema, muscle swelling and pain, weakness, and in some cases, skin rash and peripheral edema. Rarely, potentially fatal cardiac (i.e. myocarditis), pulmonary (i.e. pneumonitis, respiratory failure), and nervous system (i.e. meningoencephalitis) complications may occur.


desmopressin

mrdef: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.

description: A synthetic analogue of vasopressin in which 3-mercaptopropionic acid replaces the cysteine residue at position 1 and D-arginine replaces the residue at position 8. An antidiuretic, it increases urine concentration and decreases urine production, and is used (usually as the trihydrate of the acetic acid salt) to prevent and control excessive thirst, urination, and dehydration caused by injury, surgery, and certain medical conditions. It is also used in the diagnosis and treatment of cranial diabetes insipidus and in tests of renal function.


gestational trophoblastic neoplasm

description: A diverse group of pregnancy-related tumors characterized by excessive proliferation of trophoblasts. Representative examples include hydatidiform mole, gestational choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumor.


unoprostone isopropyl

mrdef: a safe and effective ocular hypotensive drug

description: The isopropyl ester of unoprostone.


valdecoxib

mrdef: a COX-2 inhibitor

description: A member of the class of isoxazoles that is isoxazole which is substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by phenyl, p-sulfamoylphenyl and methyl groups, respectively. A selective cyclooxygenase 2-inhibitor, it used as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for the treatment of arthritis from 2001 until 2005, when it was withdrawn following concerns of an associated increased risk of heart attack and stroke.


trospium

description: A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hydroxy(diphenyl)acetic acid with the hydroxy group of (1S,3R,5R)-3-hydroxy-8lambda(5)-azaspiro[bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8,1'-pyrrolidin]-8-ylium. Its chloride salt is used to treat overactive bladder.


caspofungin

mrdef: Caspofungin, an echinocandin, inhibits the synthesis of beta (1,3)-D-glucan, an essential component of the cell wall of susceptible Aspergillus species and Candida species. Beta (1,3)-D-glucan is not present in mammalian cells. Caspofungin has shown activity against Candida species and in regions of active cell growth of the hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus.

description: A semisynthetic cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall.


rifabutin

mrdef: A broad-spectrum antibiotic that is being used as prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in HIV-positive patients.


simvastatin

mrdef: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.

description: A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.


dicloxacillin

mrdef: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.

description: A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.


dirithromycin

description: The hemi-aminal resulting from the condensation of the erythromycin derivative (9S)-erythromycyclamine with 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)acetaldehyde. As the oxazine ring containing the hemi-aminal group is unstable under both acidic and alkaline conditions, dirithromycin functions as a more lipid-soluble prodrug for (9S)-erythromycyclamine. Administered as enteric coated tablets to protect it from acid catalysed hydrolysis in the stomach, it is used to treat respiratory tract, skin, and soft tissue infections caused by susceptible organisms.


Mydriasis

description: Abnormal dilatation of the iris.


sufinpyrazone

mrdef: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.


sulfobromophthalein

mrdef: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.

description: An organosulfonic acid that consists of phthalide bearing four bromo substituents at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 as well as two 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl groups both located at position 1.


Primary malignant neoplasm

description: A malignant tumor at the original site of growth.


name: thrombophilia due to activated protein C resistance

description: A hemostatic disorder characterized by a poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C (APC). The activated form of Factor V (Factor Va) is more slowly degraded by activated protein C. Factor V Leiden mutation (R506Q) is the most common cause of APC resistance.


Rectal hemorrhage

description: Bleeding originating from the rectal wall and discharged from the anus.


isradipine

mrdef: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.


inulin

mrdef: A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to FRUCTOSE, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function.

description: An inulobiose in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration.


Delayed puberty

description: Passing the age when puberty normally occurs with no physical or hormonal signs of the onset of puberty.


Premature Obstetric Labor

description: Regular uterine activity with associated cervical change prior to 37 weeks gestation.


muscular atrophy

description: The loss of muscle tissue due to inactivity or disease.


palsy

description: A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)


Muscle weakness

description: Reduced strength of muscles.


coronary vasospasm

description: Sudden coronary artery smooth muscle contraction leading to lumen constriction and decreased blood flow.


erysipelas

description: An infection of the upper layers of the skin caused by species of streptococcus. Erysipelas results in a fiery red rash with raised edges that can easily be distinguished from the skin around it. The affected skin may be warm to the touch.


rhinitis

description: An inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the nose, usually associated with nasal discharge.


granulomatosis with polyangiitis

description: A small-vessel necrotizing vasculitis characterized by the association of inflammation of the vessel wall and peri- and extravascular granulomatosis.


Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

description: An inherited degenerative disorder involving the peripheral nerves. It is caused by mutations in the genes that are responsible for the production of proteins necessary for the function and structure of the peripheral nerves. It is characterized by muscle atrophy and weakness in the feet, legs, hands, and arms and loss of sensation in the limbs.


anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

description: Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) is an eye disease characterized by infarction of the optic disk leading to vision loss. It can be nonarteritic (nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy or NAION) or arteritic, the latter being associated with giant cell arteritis (GCA; often termed temporal arteritis). Vision loss with both varieties is typically rapid (over minutes, hours, or days) and painless. Symptoms such as a general feeling of being unwell (malaise), muscle aches and pains, headaches over the temple, pain when combing hair, pain in the jaw after chewing, and tenderness over the temporal artery (one of the major arteries of the head) may be present with giant cell arteritis. At exam, visual acuity is reduced and the optic disk is swollen. In both subtypes, visual field examination is often reduced in the inferior and central visual fields. The visual loss is usually permanent, with some recovery possibly occurring within the first weeks or months. The arteritic variety is treated with corticosteroids. Treatment of the nonarteritic variety withaspirinor corticosteroids has not been helpful.


scotoma

description: A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of eye diseases (e.g., retinal diseases and glaucoma); optic nerve diseases, and other conditions.


podophyllotoxin

mrdef: A lignan (LIGNANS) found in PODOPHYLLIN resin from the roots of PODOPHYLLUM plants. It is a potent spindle poison, toxic if taken internally, and has been used as a cathartic. It is very irritating to skin and mucous membranes, has keratolytic actions, has been used to treat warts and keratoses, and may have antineoplastic properties, as do some of its congeners and derivatives.

description: An organic heterotetracyclic compound that has a furonaphthodioxole skeleton bearing a 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl substituent. It is found in the roots and rhizomes of Podophyllum species and is used for the topical treatment of genital warts.


vernal conjunctivitis

description: Inflammation of the cornea that is seasonal in nature.


name: blast phase chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive

description: An advanced phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia. It is characterized by: 1. the presence of blasts in the peripheral blood or bone marrow that are at least 20% of the peripheral blood white cells or of the nucleated cells in the bone marrow respectively, or 2. an extramedullary proliferation of blasts, and/or 3. when there are large aggregates and clusters of blasts in the bone marrow biopsy specimen (adapted from WHO, 2001).


depersonalization disorder

description: A disorder characterized by persistent or recurrent episodes of feeling detached from one's self (either one's body or one's mental processes), although the sufferer remains aware that this is only a feeling and does not represent reality.


varenicline

mrdef: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.

description: An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.


mrdef: A prostaglandin that is a powerful vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation. It is biosynthesized enzymatically from PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDES in human vascular tissue. The sodium salt has been also used to treat primary pulmonary hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PULMONARY).


esomeprazole

mrdef: The S-isomer of omeprazole.

description: A 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole that has S configuration at the sulfur atom. An inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, it is used (generally as its sodium or magnesium salt) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.


fenfluramine

mrdef: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release. The mechanisms by which fenfluramine exerts its therapeutic effects in the treatment of seizures associated with Dravet syndrome are unknown. Fenfluramine and the metabolite, norfenfluramine, increase extracellular levels of serotonin through interaction with serotonin transporter proteins, and exhibit agonist activity at serotonin 5HT-2 receptors.

status: ONP

description: A  secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.


cabazitaxel

mrdef: a microtubule inhibitor, cabazitaxel binds to tubulin and promotes its assembly into microtubules while simultaneously inhibiting disassembly. This leads to the stabilization of microtubules, which results in the inhibition of mitotic and interphase cellular functions

description: A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is 10-deacetylbaccatin III having O-methyl groups attached at positions 7 and 10 as well as an O-(2R,3S)-3-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl group attached at position 13. Acts as a microtubule inhibitor, binds tubulin and promotes microtubule assembly and simultaneously inhibits disassembly.


fampridine

mrdef: One of the POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS with secondary effect on calcium currents which is used mainly as a research tool and to characterize channel subtypes.

description: An aromatic amine that is pyridine bearing a single amino substituent at position 4. An orphan drug in the US, it is used to improve walking in adults with multiple sclerosis.


congenital adrenal hyperplasia

description: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an inherited endocrine disorder caused by a steroidogenic enzyme deficiency that is characterized by adrenal insufficiency and variable degrees of hyper or hypo androgyny manifestations, depending of the type and the severity of the disease.


glucagon

mrdef: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511)

description: A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.


pancreatic insulinoma

description: An insulin-producing neuroendocrine tumor arising from the beta cells of the pancreas. Patients exhibit symptoms related to hypoglycemia due to inappropriate secretion of insulin.


iridocyclitis

description: An inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body


Evans syndrome

description: Evans syndrome is a rare chronic hematologic disorder characterized by the simultaneous or sequential association of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA; a disorder in which auto-antibodies are directed against red blood cells causing anemia of varying degrees of severity) with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP; a coagulation disorder in which auto-antibodies are directed against platelets causing hemorrhagic episodes) and occasionally autoimmune neutropenia, in the absence of a known underlying etiology.


crospovidone

mrdef: A polyvinyl polymer of variable molecular weight; used as suspending and dispersing agent and vehicle for pharmaceuticals; also used as blood volume expander.

description: A vinyl polymer composed of repeating -CH2-CR- units where R is a 2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl group.


opiate dependence

description: Disorders related or resulting from abuse or mis-use of opioids.


mexiletine

mrdef: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.

description: An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.


listeriosis

description: A bacterial infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes. It occurs in newborns, elderly, and immunocompromised patients. The bacteria are transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food. Clinical manifestations include fever, muscle pain, respiratory distress, nausea, diarrhea, neck stiffness, irritability, seizures, and lethargy.


esophageal varices

description: Abnormally dilated veins of the esophagus.


zidovudine

mrdef: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.

description: A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.


razoxane

mrdef: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.


cycloplegia

description: Cycloplegia is paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye, resulting in a loss of accommodation.


polymorphic light eruption

description: A red, edematous rash that occurs on areas of the skin with recent exposure to sunlight.


osteitis fibrosa

description: A disorder that is characterized by bone cysts and fractures, resulting from hyperparathyroidism.


nystatin

mrdef: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.

description: A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.


uremia

description: A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of renal insufficiency. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen catabolism, such as urea or creatinine. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.


quercetin

mrdef: A flavonol widely distributed in plants. It is an antioxidant, like many other phenolic heterocyclic compounds. Glycosylated forms include RUTIN and quercetrin.

description: A pentahydroxyflavone having the five hydroxy groups placed at the 3-, 3'-, 4'-, 5- and 7-positions. It is one of the most abundant flavonoids in edible vegetables, fruit and wine.


rutoside

mrdef: A flavonol glycoside found in many plants, including BUCKWHEAT; TOBACCO; FORSYTHIA; HYDRANGEA; VIOLA, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility.

description: A rutinoside that is quercetin with the hydroxy group at position C-3 substituted with glucose and rhamnose sugar groups.


gingivitis

description: A disorder involving inflammation of the gums; may affect surrounding and supporting structures of the teeth.


phlebitis

description: Inflammation of a vein.


urethritis

description: Inflammation of the urethra.


tricuspid atresia

description: Tricuspid atresia is (TA) a rare congenital heart malformation characterized by the congenital agenesis of tricuspid valve leading to severe hypoplasia of right ventricle (functionally univentricular). TA is associated with normally related or transposed great vessels (TGV), an obligatory interatrial connection that is crucial for survival (patent foramen ovale or atrial septal defect, osteum secondum type), ventricular septal defect (in 90% cases), pulmonary outflow obstruction - pulmonary atresia, stenosis or hypoplasia (usually in TA with normally related vessels but also in TGV), aortic coarctation and/or aortic arch interruption (usually in TA with TGV).


aorta coarctation

description: Congenital narrowing of a segment of the aorta. Signs and symptoms include hypertension, muscle weakness, shortness of breath, headaches and leg cramps.


Hospital acquired pneumonia

description: Pneumonia acquired during a hospital stay.


amoxapine

mrdef: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.

description: A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.


omeprazole

mrdef: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.

description: A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.


Dysuria

description: Painful or difficult urination.


neurosyphilis

description: Infection of the brain or spinal cord by Treponema pallidum. It occurs many years following the original infection which remained untreated. Signs and symptoms include abnormal gait, blindness, depression, paralysis, seizures and dementia.


pancuronium

mrdef: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.

description: A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.


methyldopate

description: The ethyl ester of alpha-methyl-L-dopa.


Zygomycosis

description: Any infection due to a fungus of the Zygomycota phylum. The disease typically involves the rhino-facial-cranial area, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, skin, or less commonly other organ systems. The infecting fungi have a predilection for invading vessels of the arterial system, causing embolization and subsequent necrosis of surrounding tissue.


azelaic acid

smiles: OC(=O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O

description: An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.


hypopigmentation of the skin

description: A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.


guttate psoriasis

description: Guttate psoriasis is a skin condition in which small, red, and scaly teardrop-shaped spots appear on the arms, legs, and middle of the body.It is a relatively uncommon form of psoriasis. The condition often develops very suddenly, and is usually triggered by an infection (e.g., strep throat, bacteria infection, upper respiratory infections or other viral infections). Other triggers include injury to the skin, including cuts, burns, and insect bites, certain malarial and heart medications, stress, sunburn, and excessive alcohol consumption. Treatment depends on the severity of the symptoms, ranging from at-home over the counter remedies to medicines that suppress the body's immunesystem to sunlight and phototherapy.


primary motor cortex epilepsy

description: A epilepsy that involves the primary motor cortex.


Sjogren syndrome

description: An autoimmune disorder in which immune cells attack and destroy the glands that produce tears and saliva. Sjögren syndrome is also associated with rheumatic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus. The hallmark symptoms of Sjögren syndrome are dry mouth and dry eyes. In addition, Sjogren syndrome may cause skin, nose, and vaginal dryness. It also may affect other organs of the body including the kidneys, blood vessels, lungs, liver, pancreas, and brain


ambrisentan

mrdef: an endothelin receptor antagonist that is selective for the endothelin type-A (ETA) receptor


Zinc deficiency

description: A genetic or acquired metabolic disorder that is associated with zinc deficiency in the tissues.


phototoxic dermatitis

description: Dermatitis caused or precipitated by exposure to ultraviolet sunlight, or by mediating phototoxic or photoallergic material in response to ultraviolet sunlight.


mecamylamine

mrdef: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.


immune system disorder

description: A disorder resulting from an abnormality in the immune system.


polymyositis

description: A rare idiopathic inflammatory myopathy characterized by symmetric proximal muscle weakness and elevated muscle enzymes.


midazolam

mrdef: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.

description: An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.


plague

description: Plague is a severe bacterial infection caused by the gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis.


bendamustine

mrdef: A nitrogen mustard compound that functions as an ALKYLATING ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT and is used in the treatment of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA and NON-HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA.


adrenogenital syndrome

description: Abnormal sex differentiation or congenital disorders of sex development caused by abnormal levels of steroid hormones expressed by the gonads or the adrenal glands, such as in congenital adrenal hyperplasia and adrenal cortex neoplasms. Due to abnormal steroid biosynthesis, clinical features include virilism in females; feminization in males; or precocious sexual development in children.


betamethasone dipropionate

mrdef: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)

description: A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy hydrogens at positions 17 and 21 are replaced by propanoyl groups. It is used in combination with calcipotriene hydrate, a synthetic vitamin D analogue, for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adult patients.


bromfenac

mrdef: Bromfenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). The mechanism of its action is thought to be due to its ability to block prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclooxygenase 1 and 2, prostaglandins are mediators of certain kinds of intraocular inflammation.

description: Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.


calcifediol

mrdef: The major circulating metabolite of VITAMIN D3. It is produced in the LIVER and is the best indicator of the body's vitamin D stores. It is effective in the treatment of RICKETS and OSTEOMALACIA, both in azotemic and non-azotemic patients. Calcifediol also has mineralizing properties.

description: A hydroxycalciol that is calciol in which the hydrogen at position 25 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A prehormone resulting from the oxidation of calciol in the liver, it is further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D3.


Dysmenorrhea

description: Pain during menstruation that interferes with daily activities.


Burkitt lymphoma

description: Burkitt lymphoma is a rare form of malignant mature B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.


xylitol

mrdef: A five-carbon sugar alcohol derived from XYLOSE by reduction of the carbonyl group. It is as sweet as sucrose and used as a noncariogenic sweetener.

description: A pentitol (five-carbon sugar alcohol) having meso-configuration, being derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group.


dental fluorosis

description: A condition that results from excessive fluoride ingestion during tooth development, resulting in tooth discoloration ranging from white streaks to brown stains and cracks or pits in the tooth enamel.


acetazolamide

mrdef: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)


meconium ileus

description: Small intestinal obstruction that results from the impaction of thick meconium in the distal small intestine.


demyelinating polyneuropathy

description: Polyneuropathy that is characterized by demyelination of axons.


hepatitis C virus infection

description: A viral infection caused by the hepatitis C virus.


nelfinavir

mrdef: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children. There was some evidence of in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2, but no clinical trial data was found to support use in the treatment of COVID-19.

description: An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.


Corneal perforation

description: A rupture of the cornea through which a portion of the iris protrudes.


levocabastine

mrdef: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis


metaraminol

mrdef: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.

description: A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A  sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.