exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

description: Inability of the exocrine pancreas to produce and secrete an adequate amount of digestive enzymes into the small intestine. Patients present with symptoms of malabsorption syndrome, abdominal discomfort, and bloating. Causes include chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, and autoimmune disorders.


glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) deficiency (GDD) is an autosomal recessive neurometabolic disorder clinically characterized by encephalopathic crises resulting in striatal injury and a severe dystonic dyskinetic movement disorder.


hemorrhagic fever-renal syndrome

description: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a rodent-borne potentially severe hemorrhagic disease caused by Old World Hantaviruses characterized by high fever, malaise, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, backache, abdominal pain, oliguria/renal failure and systemic hemorrhagic manifestations.


breast fibrocystic disease

description: Fibrosis associated with cyst formation in the breast parenchyma.


name: Contact dermatitis caused by urushiol from Pacific poison oak


testolactone

mrdef: An antineoplastic agent that is a derivative of progesterone and used to treat advanced breast cancer.

status: OFM


altitude sickness

description: Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high altitude.


Radiographic imaging procedure

category: biolink:Procedure biolink:ActivityAndBehavior biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


name: bacterial meningitis caused by gram-negative bacteria


croup

description: Acute upper respiratory airways infection that results in the swelling of the larynx. It is usually caused by parainfluenza viruses. Signs include a characteristic barking cough and stridor.


opisthorchiasis

description: Infection with flukes of the genus Opisthorchis.


dimethyltubocurarinium

mrdef: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr


name: multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency

description: A disorder of fatty acid and amino acid oxidation, caused by mutations in ETFDH, ETFA, or ETFB, and is a clinically heterogeneous disorder ranging from a severe neonatal presentation with metabolic acidosis, cardiomyopathy and liver disease, to a mild childhood/adult disease with episodic metabolic decompensation, muscle weakness, and respiratory failure.


mucous membrane pemphigoid

description: Mucous membrane pemphigoid is a bullous dermatosis characterized clinically by blistering of the mucous membranes followed by scarring, and immunologically by IgG, IgA and/or C3 deposits on the epidermal basement membrane.


Renal transplant rejection

description: A sudden immune response occurring after transplantation, directed against donor kidney alloantigens.


Hyperplasia of the endometrium

category: biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: A proliferation of the endometrial cells resulting in glandular enlargement and budding. The proliferation may or may not be associated with atypia of the endometrial cells. When the hyperplastic changes are excessive, there is formation of complex epithelial structures (complex endometrial hyperplasia).


calcium carbonate

mrdef: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.

description: A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.


imperforate anus

description: A congenital birth defect characterized by the absence of a normal anal opening. It may be associated with other congenital abnormalities.


actinic cheilitis

description: Cheilitis due to chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. It may increase the risk for the development of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the lip.


pargyline

mrdef: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.


trigeminal neuralgia

description: Trigeminal neuralgia is a nerve disorder that causes a stabbing or electric-shock-like pain in parts of the face. The pain lasts a few seconds to a few minutes, and usually on only one side of the face. It can also cause muscle spasms in the face the same time as the pain. The pain may result from a blood vessel pressing against the trigeminal nerve (the nerve that carries pain, feeling, and other sensations from the brain to the skin of theface), as a complication of multiple sclerosis, or due to compression of the nerve by a tumor or cyst. In some cases, the cause is unknown. Treatment options include medicines, surgery, and complementary approaches.


amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

description: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive muscular paralysis reflecting degeneration of motor neurons in the primary motor cortex, corticospinal tracts, brainstem and spinal cord.


pemoline

mrdef: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.

description: A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.


rheumatoid vasculitis

description: Necrotizing VASCULITIS of small and medium size vessels, developing as a complication in RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS patients. It is characterized by peripheral vascular lesions, cutaneous ulcers, peripheral gangrene, and mononeuritis multiplex.


acute erythroid leukemia

description: An acute myeloid leukemia characterized by a predominant immature erythroid population. There are two subtypes recognized: erythroleukemia and pure erythroid leukemia. (WHO, 2001)


garenoxacin

mrdef: a des-fluoro(6) quinolone with antibacterial activity

description: A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a cyclopropyl group at position 1, an oxo group at position 4, a (1R)-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl group at position 7, and a difluoromethoxy group at position 8.


invasive ductal breast carcinoma

description: The most common type of invasive breast carcinoma, accounting for approximately 70% of breast carcinomas. The gross appearance is usually typical with an irregular stellate outline. Microscopically, randomly arranged epithelial elements are seen. When large sheets of malignant cells are present, necrosis may be seen. With adequate tissue sampling, in situ carcinoma can be demonstrated in association with the infiltrating carcinoma. The in situ component is nearly always ductal but occasionally may be lobular or both.


lichen planus, oral

description: A chronic, autoimmune inflammatory condition of the mucous membranes in the oral cavity that affects approximately two percent of the population and is most often seen in middle aged women. It is characterized by white, lacy patches; red, swollen tissue; papules and plaques; or open sores. The lesions are typically bilateral.


glycerol

mrdef: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, or sweetening agent.

smiles: OCC(O)CO

description: A triol with a structure of propane substituted at positions 1, 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.


isavuconazonium

mrdef: prodrug of BAL4815

status: ONP

description: An organic cation that is the cationic portion of isavuconazonium sulfate (a prodrug for isavuconazole, an antifungal agent used for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and invasive mucormycosis).


name: Mixed intestinal infection caused by Cestoda and/or Trematoda and/or Phylum Nemata


Vitreous hemorrhage

description: Bleeding within the vitreous compartment of the eye.


acemetacin

A carboxylic ester that is the carboxymethyl ester of indometacin. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and low back pain, as well as for postoperative pain and inflammation. Its activity is due to both acemetacin and its major metabolite, indometacin.


rheumatic disorder

description: Inflammatory and degenerative diseases of connective tissue structures, such as arthritis.


Gait disturbance

description: The term gait disturbance can refer to any disruption of the ability to walk. In general, this can refer to neurological diseases but also fractures or other sources of pain that is triggered upon walking. However, in the current context gait disturbance refers to difficulty walking on the basis of a neurological or muscular disease.


lymphedema

description: Excess fluid collection in tissues, causing swelling. It is the result of obstruction of lymphatic vessels or lymph nodes.


hyperaldosteronism

description: Overproduction of aldosterone by the adrenal glands, which may lead to hypokalemia and/or hypernatremia.


hypoplasminogenemia

description: A rare multi-system disease characterized by markedly impaired extracellular fibrinolysis leading to the formation of ligneous (fibrin-rich) pseudomembranes on mucosae.


toxic amblyopia

description: A condition where a toxic reaction in the optic nerve results in visual loss. Various poisonous substances may cause the condition as well as nutritional factors.


Premature epimetaphyseal fusion

description: Stop of growth at the epiphyseal plate the hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone, at an earlier than normal age, resulting in growth arrest and shortening of the involved bone.


name: Perforation of uterus caused by intrauterine contraceptive device


Apathy

description: Apathy is a quantitative reduction of motivation and the initiation and persistence of goal-directed behavior, where the accompanying emotions, thoughts, and social interactions are also suppressed.


ketotifen

mrdef: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.

status: OFP

description: An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.


carcinoid crisis

description: A life-threatening complication of carcinoid syndrome, and is generally found in people who already have carcinoid syndrome. The crisis may occur suddenly, or it can be associated with stress, chemotherapy, or anesthesia.


Langerhans cell histiocytosis

description: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a systemic disease associated with the proliferation and accumulation (usually in granulomas) of Langerhans cells in various tissues.


Sickle Cell Trait

description: An individual who is heterozygous for the mutation that causes sickle cell anemia.


high output heart failure

description: High-output heart failure is a heart condition that occurs when the cardiac output is higher than normal.


enzalutamide

mrdef: Enzalutamide is an androgen receptor inhibitor that acts on different steps in the androgen receptor signaling pathway. Enzalutamide has been shown to competitively inhibit androgen binding to androgen receptors and inhibit androgen receptor nuclear translocation and interaction with DNA. A major metabolite, N‑desmethyl enzalutamide, exhibited similar in vitro activity to enzalutamide. Enzalutamide decreased proliferation and induced cell death of prostate cancer cells in vitro, and decreased tumor volume in a mouse prostate cancer xenograft model.

description: A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-{3-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-5,5-dimethyl-4-oxo-2-thioxoimidazolidin-1-yl}-2-fluorobenzoic acid with methylamine. Used for the treatment of of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.


tofacitinib

mrdef: Tofacitinib is a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor. JAKs are intracellular enzymes which transmit signals arising from cytokine or growth factor-receptor interactions on the cellular membrane to influence cellular processes of hematopoiesis and immune cell function. Within the signaling pathway, JAKs phosphorylate and activate Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs) which modulate intracellular activity including gene expression. Tofacitinib modulates the signaling pathway at the point of JAKs, preventing the phosphorylation and activation of STATs.

description: A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.


tafluprost

mrdef: a prostaglandin analog is a selective FP prostanoid receptor agonist which is believed to reduce intraocular pressure by increasing uveoscleral outflow

description: A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F2alpha in which the carboxylic acid function has been converted to the corresponding isopropyl ester and the 3-hydroxy-1-octenyl side-chain is substituted by 3,3-difluoro-4-phenoxybut-1-enyl. Used for treatment of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.


axitinib

mrdef: A benzamide and indazole derivative that acts as a TYROSINE KINASE inhibitor of the VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of advanced RENAL CELL CARCINOMA.

description: An indazole substituted at position 3 by a 2-(pyridin-2-yl)vinyl group and at position 6 by a 2-(N-methylaminocarboxy)phenylsulfanyl group. Used for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma after failure of a first line systemic treatment.


ingenol mebutate

mrdef: protein kinase C agonist and antineoplastic


vismodegib

mrdef: inhibits the hedgehog pathway and ABC transporters; has antineoplastic activity

description: A benzamide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzoic acid and the anilino group of 4-chloro-3-(pyridin-2-yl)aniline. Used for the treatment metastatic basal cell carcinoma.


lucinactant

mrdef: a pulmonary surfactant composed of sinapultide, colfosceril palmitate, palmitoyloleaoylphosphatidylglycerol, and palmitic acid; Aerosurf is for inhalation


strontium ranelate

mrdef: an uncoupling agent containing strontium prevents bone loss by depressing bone resorption & maintaining bone formation in estrogen-deficient rats


stibophen

mrdef: antimony compound used as treatment of schistosomiasis


teduglutide

mrdef: an analogue of human glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) preserves mucosal integrity by promoting repair and normal growth of the intestine through an increase of villus height and crypt depth

description: A 33-membered polypeptide consisting of His, Gly, Asp, Gly, Ser, Phe, Ser, Asp, Glu, Met, Asn, Thr, Ile, Leu, Asp, Asn, Leu, Ala, Ala, Arg, Asp, Phe, Ile, Asn, Trp, Leu, Ile, Gln, Thr, Lys, Ile, Thr and Asp residues joined in sequence. A  glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor agonist used for the treatment of short-bowel syndrome.


lomitapide

mrdef: an anticholesteremic agent and microsomal triglycide transfer protein inhibitor

description: A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 9-[4-(4-aminopiperidin-1-yl)butyl]-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-9H-fluorene-9-carboxamide. Used (as its mesylate salt) as a complement to a low-fat diet and other lipid-lowering treatments in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.


apixaban

mrdef: Apixaban is a selective inhibitor of FXa. It does not require antithrombin III for antithrombotic activity. Apixaban inhibits free and clot-bound FXa, and prothrombinase activity. Apixaban has no direct effect on platelet aggregation, but indirectly inhibits platelet aggregation induced by thrombin. By inhibiting FXa, apixaban decreases thrombin generation and thrombus development.

description: A pyrazolopyridine that is 7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide substituted at position 1 by a 4-methoxyphenyl group and at position 6 by a 4-(2-oxopiperidin-1-yl)phenyl group. It is used for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic diseases.


amifampridine

mrdef: 4-Aminopyridine derivative that acts as a POTASSIUM CHANNEL blocker to increase release of ACETYLCHOLINE from nerve terminals. It is used in the treatment of CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES.


methylprednisolone acetate

mrdef: Methylprednisolone derivative that is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of ALLERGY and ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ASTHMA; and BURSITIS; and for the treatment of ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

description: An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy function of 6alpha-methylprednisolone compound with acetic acid.


perennial allergic rhinitis

description: Allergic rhinitis caused by indoor allergens and lasting year round.


dabrafenib

mrdef: Dabrafenib is an inhibitor of some mutated forms of BRAF kinases with in vitro IC50 values of 0.65, 0.5, and 1.84 nM for BRAF V600E, BRAF V600K, and BRAF V600D enzymes, respectively. Dabrafenib also inhibits wild-type BRAF and CRAF kinases with IC50 values of 3.2 and 5.0 nM, respectively, and other kinases such as SIK1, NEK11, and LIMK1 at higher concentrations. Some mutations in the BRAF gene, including those that result in BRAF V600E, can result in constitutively activated BRAF kinases that may stimulate tumor cell growth. Dabrafenib inhibits cell growth of various BRAF V600 mutation-positive tumors in vitro and in vivo.

description: An organofluorine compound and antineoplastic agent, used as its mesylate salt in treatment of metastatic melanoma.


trametinib

mrdef: a reversible inhibitor of mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (MEK1) and MEK2 activation and of MEK1 and MEK2 kinase activity. MEK proteins are upstream regulators of the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) pathway, which promotes cellular proliferation

description: A pyridopyrimidine that is used (as its dimethyl sulfoxide addition compound) for the treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E or V600K mutations, and who have not received prior BRAF inhibitor treatment.


carbetocin

mrdef: carbetocin selectively binds to oxytocin receptors in the smooth muscle of the uterus, stimulates rhythmic contractions of the uterus, increases the frequency of existing contractions, and raises the tone of the uterus musculature

description: Oxytocin in which the hydrogen on the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by methyl, the amino group on the cysteine residue is substituted by hydrogen, and the sulfur of the cysteine residue is replaced by a methylene group. A synthetic carba-analogue of oxytocin, it is used to control bleeding after giving birth. Like oxytocin, it causes contraction of the uterus.


obidoxime

mrdef: Cholinesterase reactivator occurring in two interchangeable isomeric forms, syn and anti.


trabectedin

mrdef: A complex structure that includes isoquinolines joined by a cyclic ester; it is a DNA-binding agent and guanine N2 alkylator derived from the marine tunicate, Ecteinascidia turbinata. Trabectedin is used for the treatment of advanced soft-tissue SARCOMA, after failure of ANTHRACYCLINES or IFOSFAMIDE drug therapy.

description: A tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid obtained from a Caribbean tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata. Used for the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma and relapsed ovarian cancer.


bosutinib

mrdef: a 4-anilino-3-quinolinecarbonitrile dual inhibitor of Src and Abl kinases

description: An aminoquinoline that is 4-[(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino]-7-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy]quinoline bearing additional cyano and methoxy substituents at positions 3 and 6 respectively.


crizotinib

mrdef: Crizotinib is an inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases including ALK, Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor (HGFR, c-Met), ROS1 (c-ros), and Recepteur d'Origine Nantais (RON). Translocations can affect the ALK gene resulting in the expression of oncogenic fusion proteins. The formation of ALK fusion proteins results in activation and dysregulation of the gene's expression and signaling which can contribute to increased cell proliferation and survival in tumors expressing these proteins. Crizotinib demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of ALK, ROS1, and c-Met phosphorylation in cell-based assays using tumor cell lines and demonstrated antitumor activity in mice bearing tumor xenografts that expressed echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML4)- or nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK fusion proteins or c-Met.

description: A  3-[1-(2,6-dichloro-3-fluorophenyl)ethoxy]-5-[1-(piperidin-4-yl)pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-amine that has R configuration at the chiral centre. The active enantiomer, it acts as a kinase inhibitor and is used for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)


pirfenidone

mrdef: pyridone, indicated for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

description: A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.


bazedoxifene

mrdef: an estrogen agonist/antagonist that acts as an agonist in some estrogen-sensitive tissues and an antagonist in others


avanafil

mrdef: a selective inhibitor of cGMP-specific PDE5 has no direct relaxant effect on isolated human corpus cavernosum, but enhances the effect of NO by inhibiting PDE5, which is responsible for degradation of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum

description: A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(3-chloro-4-methoxybenzyl)amino]-2-[(2S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid with the amino group of pyrimidin-2-ylmethylamine. Used for treatment of erectile dysfunction.


gimeracil

mrdef: a biochemical and pharmacological modulator of 5-FU


aclidinium

mrdef: a long-acting, inhaled antimuscarinic; in phase I trial 8/2008

description: A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-hydroxy(di-2-thienyl)acetic acid and the hydroxy group of N-(3-phenoxypropyl)-3-quinuclidinol. Used as its bromide salt for the long-term maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).


ibrutinib

mrdef: Ibrutinib is a small-molecule inhibitor of BTK. Ibrutinib forms a covalent bond with a cysteine residue in the BTK active site, leading to inhibition of BTK enzymatic activity. BTK is a signaling molecule of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) and cytokine receptor pathways. BTK's role in signaling through the B-cell surface receptors results in activation of pathways necessary for B-cell trafficking, chemotaxis, and adhesion. Nonclinical studies show that ibrutinib inhibits malignant B-cell proliferation and survival in vivo as well as cell migration and substrate adhesion in vitro.

description: A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.


dapoxetine

mrdef: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) that was designed specifically for premature ejaculation


moxisylyte

mrdef: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)


clobutinol

mrdef: was minor as SILOMAT mapped to AMINO ALCOHOLS (63-79)


sofosbuvir

mrdef: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.

description: A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.


simeprevir

mrdef: Oral HCV-PROTEASE INHIBITOR effective against hepatitis C virus (HCV) serine protease NS3/4A. It is used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (Antivirals) genotype 1 infection in adults with compensated liver disease, including CIRRHOSIS.


luliconazole

mrdef: an antifungal that belongs to the azole class, luliconazole appears to inhibit ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme lanosterol demethylase, inhibition of this enzyme’s activity by azoles results in decreased amounts of ergosterol, a constituent of fungal cell membranes, and a corresponding accumulation of lanosterol


olodaterol

mrdef: a long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist (LABA), activation of beta2 receptors in the airways results in a stimulation of intracellular adenyl cyclase, an enzyme that mediates the synthesis of cyclic-3',5' adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), elevated levels of cAMP induce bronchodilation by relaxation of airway smooth muscle cells

description: A member of the class of benzoxazine that is 6-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a (1R)-1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) for long-term treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease including chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema.


artesunate

mrdef: A water-soluble, semi-synthetic derivative of the sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin with anti-malarial, anti-schistosomiasis, antiviral, and potential anti-neoplastic activities. Artesunate (AS) contains an endoperoxide bridge that is activated by heme iron, resulting in the generation of free radicals that alkylate parasite proteins and ultimately lead to cell death. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA, also known as artenimol), the active metabolite of artesunate, was found to specifically increase oxidative stress in P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes but not uninfected cells, by reduction of antioxidants.

description: An artemisinin derivative that is the hemisuccinate ester of the lactol resulting from the reduction of the lactone carbonyl group of artemisinin. It is used, generally as the sodium salt, for the treatment of malaria.


naftidrofuryl

mrdef: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.


tandospirone

A dicarboximide that is (3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione which is substituted by a 4-[4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl group at position 2. It is a potent and selective 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist (Ki = 27 nM).


bruxism

description: Excessive clenching of the jaw and grinding of the teeth.


polidocanol

mrdef: An alkyl polyglycol ether of LAURYL ALCOHOL, chemically defined as an alcohol ethoxylate having an average alkyl chain of 12–14 carbon atoms, and an ethylene oxide chain of 9 ethylene oxide units. It is used as a detergent, and medically as a local anesthetic, and as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES and VARICOSE VEINS.

description: A hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group.


(-)-methadone

A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (R)-configuration. It is the active enantiomer of methadone and its hydrochloride salt is used to treat adults who are addicted to drugs such as heroin and morphine.


clobazam

mrdef: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME.  It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.

description: 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.


hachimycin

mrdef: major descriptor (78-85); on-line search ANTIBIOTICS, ANTIFUNGAL (66-85); Index Medicus search TRICHOMYCIN (63-77); HACHIMYCIN (78-85)


levamisole

mrdef: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6)

description: A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.


ancylostomiasis

description: Infection by hookworms of the genus Ancylostoma.


lixisenatide

mrdef: A synthetic GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist that binds GLP-1 receptor that is used to control blood sugar levels in patients with TYPE 2 DIABETES; amino acid sequence is H-HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPSK KKKKK-NH2 (ZP10A).

description: A forty-four membered polypeptide consisting of L-His, Gly, L-Glu, Gly, L-Thr, L-Phe, L-Thr, L-Ser, L-Asp, L-Leu, L-Ser, L-Lys, L-Gln, L-Met, L-Glu, L-Glu, L-Glu, L-Ala, L-Val, L-Arg, L-Leu, L-Phe, L-Ile, L-Glu, L-Trp, L-Leu, L-Lys, L-Asn, Gly, Gly, LPro, L-Ser, L-Ser, Gly, L-Ala, L-Pro, L-Pro, L-Ser, L-Lys, L-Lys, L-Lys, L-Lys, L-Lys, and L-Lys-NH2 residues joined in sequence. Used as an adjunct to diet and exercise for the treatment of adults with type II diabetes.


sodium tartrate

The organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of L-tartaric acid.


rilmenidine

mrdef: Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION.


tegafur

mrdef: Congener of FLUOROURACIL with comparable antineoplastic action. It has been suggested especially for the treatment of breast neoplasms.


molsidomine

mrdef: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.


umeclidinium

mrdef: a long-acting antimuscarinic agent with similar affinity to the subtypes of muscarinic receptors M1 to M5, in the airways, it exhibits pharmacological effects through inhibition of M3 receptor at the smooth muscle leading to bronchodilation


lactose

mrdef: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.

description: The alpha-anomer of lactose.


lactose intolerance

description: Inability to fully digest and absorb lactose due to limited or no lactase activity in the small intestine.  Congenital intolerance is inherited following an autosomal recessive pattern but is rare. It is more often due to a gradual decline of lactase production in adulthood following the ingestion of fewer lactose-containing foods or secondary to an intestinal mucosal brush-border injury. Prevalence is highest among Asians, Native Americans and Africans. Clinical signs include abdominal cramping, bloating, flatulence and diarrhea following the dietary intake of lactose.


betamethasone valerate

mrdef: Betamethasone valerate has anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and vasoconstrictive properties. The mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of the topical steroids, in general, is unclear. However, corticosteroids are thought to act by the induction of phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins, collectively called lipocortins. It is postulated that these proteins control the biosynthesis of potent mediators of inflammation such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes by inhibiting the release of their common precursor arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2.

description: A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.


sulfogaiacol

An arenesulfonic acid that is guaiacol sulfated at position 4. Commonly used (in the form of its potassium salt) as an expectorant.


docosahexaenoic acid

mrdef: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement

description: A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.


deferoxamine

mrdef: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.

description: An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.


Flatulence

description: Passage of excessive amounts of gas and the feeling of abdominal fullness and bloating.


alum

An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.


butobarbital

mrdef: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)


metahexamide

mrdef: major descriptor (64-83); on-line search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (64-83); Index Medicus search METAHEXAMIDE (64-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure


benzoin

mrdef: A white crystalline compound prepared by condensation of benzaldehyde in potassium cyanide and used in organic syntheses. This should not be confused with benzoin gum from STYRAX.

description: A ketone that consists of acetophenone bearing hydroxy and phenyl substituents at the alpha-position. The parent of the class of benzoins.


name: sodium phosphate, monobasic, monohydrate

description: A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of sodium dihydrogenphosphate.


tyropanoate

mrdef: A diagnostic aid as a radiopaque medium in cholecystography.


formalin

mrdef: A highly reactive aldehyde gas formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. In solution, it has a wide range of uses: in the manufacture of resins and textiles, as a disinfectant, and as a laboratory fixative or preservative. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is considered a hazardous compound, and its vapor toxic. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p717)

smiles: C=O

description: An aldehyde resulting from the formal oxidation of methanol.


dihydroergocornine

mrdef: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE that contains isopropyl sidechains at the 2' and 5' positions of the molecule.

description: Ergocornine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10.


levofolinic acid

mrdef: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.

description: The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.


cyanocobalamin

A complex cob(III)alamin in which cobalt is positioned in the centre of a planar corrin tetrapyrrole ring and bound axially to a 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole moiety and a cyano group. It is one of several forms of the vitamin known as vitamin B12.


adenosine 5'-monophosphate

mrdef: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.

description: A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.


pyridoxine deficiency anemia

description: Deficiency of vitamin B6. It is usually caused by alcoholism, malabsorption, or as a side effect of medications. Signs and symptoms include stomatitis, glossitis, dermatitis, peripheral neuropathy, irritability, seizures, and anemia.


penile cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the penis. Representative examples include penile carcinoma and penile sarcoma.


laryngeal papillomatosis

description: Laryngeal papillomatosis is a form of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis where tumors (papillomas) grow in the larynx (voice box).Symptoms usually begin with hoarseness and/or a change in the voice.Some people mayexperience difficulty breathing (dyspnea) and/or experience other life-threatening complications if the papillomas block the airway. The tumors may vary in size and grow very quickly. They often grow back even when removed.Laryngeal papillomatosisis caused by two types of human papilloma virus (HPV), called HPV 6 and HPV 11.


pyrethrins

mrdef: The active insecticidal constituent of CHRYSANTHEMUM CINERARIIFOLIUM flowers. Pyrethrin I is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid and pyrethrin II is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester.

description: The active insecticidal constituents of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium flowers.


undecylenic acid

mrdef: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond

smiles: OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC=C

description: An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.


colistimethate sodium

A mixture where R = H or Me. Colistin in which each of the primary amino groups is converted to the corresponding aminomethanesulfonic acid sodium salt, commonly by the action of formaldehyde followed by sodium bisulfite. A polymyxin antibiotic derivative, it is used in the treatment of severe infections, particularly of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii.


smiles: CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO

description: An ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is octacosane in which a hydrogen attached to one of the terminal carbons is replaced by a hydroxy group.


aminohippuric acid

mrdef: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.

description: An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.


methyl aminolevulinate

smiles: COC(=O)CCC(=O)CN

description: The methyl ester of 5-aminolevulinic acid. A prodrug, it is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photosensitizer, and is used in the photodynamic treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer (including basal cell carcinoma). Topical application (often as the hydrochloride salt) results in an accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in the skin lesions to which the cream has been applied. Subsequent illumination with red light results in the generation of toxic singlet oxygen that destroys cell membranes and thereby kills the tumour cells.


peramivir

mrdef: Peramivir is an inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase, an enzyme that releases viral particles from the plasma membrane of infected cells.

description: A member of the class of guanidines that is used (as its trihydrate) for the treatment of acute uncomplicated influenza in patients 18 years and older who have been symptomatic for no more than two days.


Growth delay

description: A deficiency or slowing down of growth pre- and postnatally.


colestilan

mrdef: a 2-methylimidazole-epichlorohydrin polymer; bile acid and methotrexate anion-exchange resin


prussian blue

mrdef: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure


levomilnacipran

mrdef: a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), mechanism of the antidepressant action of levomilnacipran is unknown, but is thought to be related to the potentiation of serotonin and norepinephrine in the central nervous system


diphenidol

mrdef: shows anti-arrhythmic activity; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd

description: A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.


nadifloxacin

mrdef: (R)-isomer does not induce chromosomal aberrations, unlike (S)-isomer; structure given in first source


furagin

mrdef: Nitrofuran derivative anti-infective agent used for urinary tract infections.

description: An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)prop-2-en-1-ylidene]amino group (the configuration of the C=C and C=N bonds in the grouping that links the two heterocycles is not specified). A nitrofuran antibiotic with properties similar to nitrofurantoin, furagin is used in the treatment of urinary tract infections.


thioacetazone

mrdef: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217)


vorapaxar

mrdef: Vorapaxar is a reversible antagonist of the protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) expressed on platelets, but its long half-life makes it effectively irreversible. Vorapaxar inhibits thrombin-induced and thrombin receptor agonist peptide (TRAP)-induced platelet aggregation in vitro studies. Vorapaxar does not inhibit platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen or a thromboxane mimetic and does not affect coagulation parameters ex vivo. PAR-1 receptors are also expressed in a wide variety of cell types, including endothelial cells, neurons, and smooth muscle cells, but the pharmacodynamic effects of vorapaxar in these cell types have not been assessed.

description: A carbamate ester that is the ethyl ester of [(1R,3aR,4aR,6R,8aR,9S,9aS)-9-{(E)-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethynyl}-1-methyl-3-oxododecahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-6-yl]carbamic acid. A protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist used (as its sulfate salt) for the reduction of thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) or with peripheral arterial disease. It has been shown to reduce the rate of a combined endpoint of cardiovascular death, MI, stroke and urgent coronary revascularisation.


nitrazepam

mrdef: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.

description: A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).


conjugated estrogens

mrdef: A pharmaceutical preparation containing a mixture of water-soluble, conjugated estrogens derived wholly or in part from URINE of pregnant mares or synthetically from ESTRONE and EQUILIN. It contains a sodium-salt mixture of estrone sulfate (52-62%) and equilin sulfate (22-30%) with a total of the two between 80-88%. Other concomitant conjugates include 17-alpha-dihydroequilin, 17-alpha-estradiol, and 17-beta-dihydroequilin. The potency of the preparation is expressed in terms of an equivalent quantity of sodium estrone sulfate.


piperaquine

mrdef: The exact mechanism of action of piperaquine is unknown, but it likely mirrors that of chloroquine, a close structural analogue. Chloroquine binds to toxic haeme (derived from the patient’s haemoglobin) within the malaria parasite, preventing its detoxification via a polymerisation step.

description: An aminoquinoline that is 1,3-di(piperazin-1-yl)propane in which the nitrogen at position 4 of each of the piperazine moieties is replaced by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group.


artenimol

mrdef: Artenimol is able to reach high concentrations within the parasitized erythrocytes. Its endoperoxide bridge is thought to be essential for its antimalarial activity, causing free-radical damage to parasite membrane systems.


sodium thiosalicylate

mrdef: a degradation product of thimerosal; RN given refers to parent cpd

description: A sulfanylbenzoic acid that is the 2-sulfanyl derivative of benzoic acid.


benzylhydrochlorothiazide

mrdef: thiazide diuretic used as a blood pressure-lowering agent


simetride

mrdef: a analgesic agent indicated for low back pain, symptomatic neuralgia, headache, menstrual pain, pharyngalgia/earache due to inflammation, toothache, postoperative pain, combined with caffeine


lornoxicam

A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.


ferric citrate

An iron chelate resulting from the combination of iron(3+) and citrate(3-).


icosapent

mrdef: Icosapent ethyl is a stable ethyl ester of the omega-3 fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The mechanisms of action contributing to reduction of cardiovascular events with icosapent ethyl are not  completely understood. The mechanisms are likely multi-factorial including improved lipoprotein profile with reduction of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects, reduction of macrophage accumulation, improved endothelial function, increased fibrous cap thickness/stability, and antiplatelet effects. Each of these mechanisms   can beneficially alter the development, progression, and stabilisation of atherosclerotic plaque, as well as the implications of plaque rupture, and preclinical and clinical studies support such benefits with EPA. Systemic and localised anti-inflammatory effects of EPA may result from displacement of pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid (AA), directing catabolism away from eicosanoids (2-series prostaglandins and thromboxanes, and 4-series leukotrienes) to non- or anti-inflammatory mediators. However, the direct clinical meaning of individual findings is not clear.

description: A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosapentaenoic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.


biliary dyskinesia

description: A motility disorder characterized by biliary colic, absence of gallstones, and an abnormal gallbladder ejection fraction. It is caused by gallbladder dyskinesia and/or sphincter of oddi dysfunction.


betahistine

mrdef: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.

description: An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.


nicorandil

mrdef: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.

description: A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.


asunaprevir

mrdef: an NS3 protease inhibitor against hepatitis C virus


luseogliflozin

mrdef: an antidiabetic agent that inhibits sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2)


talaporfin

mrdef: effective tumor localizer that brings about the selective degradation of tumor tissue following light exposure; structure given in first source


tipiracil

mrdef: tipiracil increases trifluridine exposure by inhibiting its metabolism by thymidine phosphorylase

description: A member of the class of pyrimidones that is uracil substituted by chloro and (2-iminopyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl groups at positions 5 and 6 respectively. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) in combination with trifluridine, a nucleoside metabolic inhibitor, for treatment of advanced/relapsed unresectable colorectal cancer.


menatetrenone

A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 4 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.


hemorrhagic disease of newborn

description: A condition characterized as a coagulation disturbance in newborns due to vitamin K deficiency resulting in impaired production of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X, and proteins C and S by the liver.


iguratimod

mrdef: a methanesulfonanilide disease-modifying antirheumatic drug that has been developed exclusively in Japan and China


teneligliptin

mrdef: A long-acting, orally bioavailable, pyrrolidine-based inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), with hypoglycemic activity. Teneligliptin may also reduce plasma triglyceride levels through a sustained increase in GLP-1 levels.


pituitary gigantism

description: The condition of accelerated and excessive growth in children or adolescents who are exposed to excess human growth hormone before the closure of epiphyses. It is usually caused by somatotroph hyperplasia or a growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma. These patients are of abnormally tall stature, more than 3 standard deviations above normal mean height for age.


anagliptin

mrdef: anagliptin hydrochloride salt is the active compound


methylprednisolone succinate

mrdef: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.


edoxaban

mrdef: An orally active inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa (activated factor X) with anticoagulant activity. Edoxaban is administered as edoxaban tosylate. This agent has an elimination half-life of 9-11 hours and undergoes renal excretion.

description: A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.


mitiglinide

mrdef: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source


pegaptanib

mrdef: a pegylated modified oligonucleotide that binds with high specificity and affinity to extracellular Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF165) inhibiting its activity, VEGF is a secreted protein that induces angiogenesis, vascular permeability and inflammation, all of which are thought to contribute to the progression of the neovascular (wet) form of AMD


mozavaptan

mrdef: Mozavaptan is a benzazepine derivative that antagonizes the binding of arginine vasopressin (AVP) to vasopressin receptors. Mozavaptan can inhibit the antidiuretic action of AVP promoting aquaresis.


landiolol

mrdef: Landiolol (INN) is a drug which acts as a highly cardioselective, ultra short-acting beta blocker. It is used as an anti-arrhythmic agent.


loxoprofen

A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.


tamibarotene

mrdef: has retinoid-binding activity

description: A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the condensation of one of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid with the amino group of 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine.


levosimendan

mrdef: A hydrazone and pyridazine derivative; the levo-form is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, calcium-sensitizing agent, and inotropic agent that is used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.


ipriflavone

A member of the class of isoflavones that is isoflavone in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by an isopropoxy group. A synthetic isoflavone, it was formerly used for the treatment of osteoporosis, although a randomised controlled study failed to show any benefit. It is still used to prevent osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.


toloxatone

mrdef: oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure

description: A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.


moclobemide

mrdef: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A (RIMA) that has antidepressive properties.

description: A member of the class of  benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.


pranlukast

mrdef: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist


tranilast

mrdef: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis; structure

description: An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.


Cicatrix, Hypertrophic

description: A permanent mark on the skin caused by deposits of excessive amounts of collagen during wound healing. It is elevated and does not extend beyond the original boundaries of the wound; the elevation may stabilize or regress spontaneously.


pilsicainide

A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline with the carboxy group of (tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7a(5H)-yl)acetic acid. It is a sodium channel blocker which is used as an antiarrhythmic drug for the management of atrial tachyarrhythmias in Japan.


olaparib

mrdef: Olaparib is an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes, including PARP1, PARP2, and PARP3. PARP enzymes are involved in normal cellular homeostasis, such as DNA transcription, cell cycle regulation, and DNA repair. Olaparib has been shown to inhibit growth of select tumor cell lines in vitro and decrease tumor growth in mouse xenograft models of human cancer both as monotherapy or following platinum-based chemotherapy. Increased cytotoxicity and anti-tumor activity following treatment with olaparib were noted in cell lines and mouse tumor models with deficiencies in BRCA. In vitro studies have shown that olaparib-induced cytotoxicity may involve inhibition of PARP enzymatic activity and increased formation of PARP-DNA complex, resulting in disruption of cellular homeostasis and cell death.

description: A member of the class of N-acylpiperazines obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-fluoro-5-[(4-oxo-3,4-dihydrophthalazin-1-yl)methyl]benzoic acid with the free amino group of N-(cyclpropylcarbonyl)piperazine; used to treat advanced ovarian cancer.


peritoneum cancer

description: A malignant neoplasm involving the peritoneum


ovarian epithelial tumor

description: A benign, borderline, or malignant tumor that originates from the surface epithelium of the ovary. It is composed of epithelial cells and stroma. Representative examples of benign tumors include serous cystadenoma, mucinous cystadenoma, and benign Brenner tumor. Representative examples of borderline tumors include serous surface papillary tumor, mucinous adenofibroma, and borderline Brenner tumor. Representative examples of malignant tumors include serous adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, endometrioid adenocarcinoma, and malignant Brenner tumor.


tiquizium

mrdef: antispasmodic; RN refers to bromide (trans)-isomer

description: A member of the class of quinolizines that is trans-5-methyloctahydro-2H-quinolizinium which is substituted by a di(thiophen-2-yl)methylidene group at position 3. Its bromide salt is used as an antispasmodic drug.


acotiamide

mrdef: A prokinetic agent with gastrointestinal (GI) motility-enhancing activity. Although the exact mechanism by which acotiamide exerts its effect has yet to be fully elucidated, this agent appears to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AchE), an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of acetylcholine (Ach). Increased Ach concentrations lead to an improvement of gastric emptying and GI motility and eventually to a reduction of dyspepsia symptoms.


zofenopril

A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-3-(benzoylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropanoyl group. A prodrug for zofenoprilat.


ximelagatran

A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted into the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted to the corresponding hydroxylamine. Tautomeric with the oxime form of ximelagatran.


distigmine

A carbamate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of hexane-1,6-diylbis(methylcarbamic acid) with the hydroxy group of 3-hydroxy-1-methylpyridinium.


alemtuzumab

mrdef: Alemtuzumab binds to CD52, an antigen present on the surface of B and T lymphocytes, a majority of monocytes, macrophages, NK cells, and a subpopulation of granulocytes. A proportion of bone marrow cells, including some CD34+ cells, express variable levels of CD52. The proposed mechanism of action is antibody-dependent cellular-mediated lysis following cell surface binding of alemtuzumab to the leukemic cells.


Hypertensive emergency

description: Hypertensive crisis with acute or ongoing end-organ damage.


felypressin

mrdef: A synthetic analog of LYPRESSIN with a PHENYLALANINE substitution at residue 2. Felypressin is a vasoconstrictor with reduced antidiuretic activity.

description: A synthetic nonapeptide comprising cysteinyl, phenylalanyl, phenylalanyl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, cysteinyl, prolyl, lysyl, and glycinamide residues in sequence, with a disulfide bridge joining the two cysteine residues. Its antidiuretic effects are less than those of vasopressin. It is used as a vasoconstrictor in local anaesthetic injections for dental use, and is an ingredient of preparations that have been used for treatment of pain and inflammation of the mouth.


aceprometazine

A phenothiazine compound having an acetyl group at the 2-position and a 2-(dimethylamino)-1-propyl group at the 10-position.


trimetazidine

mrdef: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.


almitrine

mrdef: A respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation without impairing the quality of sleep.

description: A triamino-1,3,5-triazine compound having allylamino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and a 4-(bis(p-fluorophenyl)methyl)-1-piperazinyl group at the 6-position.


amisulpride

mrdef: A benzamide derivative that is used as an antipsychotic agent for the treatment of schizophrenia. It is also used as an antidepressive agent.

description: A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of 2-(aminomethyl)-1-ethylpyrrolidine. It is a potent, selective dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist. It is an atypical antipsychotic/antischizophrenic agent with limited extrapyrimidal side effects.


dysthymic disorder

description: A chronic mood disorder in which the symptoms are similar to, though milder than, those diagnosed in depression.


ombitasvir

mrdef: inhibits HCV NS5A protein

description: A dipeptide derivative which is used which is in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.


dasabuvir

mrdef: Dasabuvir is a non-nucleoside inhibitor of the HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase encoded by the NS5B gene, which is essential for replication of the viral genome. In a biochemical assay, dasabuvir inhibited a panel of genotype 1a and 1b NS5B polymerases. Based on drug resistance mapping studies of HCV genotypes 1a and 1b, dasabuvir targets the palm domain of the NS5B polymerase, and is therefore referred to as a non-nucleoside NS5B-palm polymerase inhibitor.

description: A member of the class of pyrimidone, which is (as the monohydrate of its sodium salt) in combination with ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.


fendiline

mrdef: Coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents.


ramucirumab

mrdef: Ramucirumab is a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 antagonist that specifically binds VEGF Receptor 2 and blocks binding of VEGFR ligands, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D. As a result, ramucirumab inhibits ligand-stimulated activation of VEGF Receptor 2, thereby inhibiting ligand-induced proliferation, and migration of human endothelial cells. Ramucirumab inhibited angiogenesis in an in vivo animal model.


gastric adenocarcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from glandular epithelial cells of the stomach


UREA C-13

A (13)C-modified compound that is urea in which the carbon is present as its (13)C isotope.


dosulepin

mrdef: A tricyclic antidepressant with some tranquilizing action.


lofepramine

mrdef: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.


carbutamide

mrdef: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)


glisoxepide

mrdef: oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (75-85); RN given refers to parent cpd


Embolism

description: The blockage of a blood vessel lumen by air or solid material such as blood clot or other tissues (e.g., adipose tissue, cancer cells) that have migrated from another anatomic site.


primary ovarian failure

description: Absent or premature cessation of ovarian function due to a pathologic process originating within the ovaries.


becaplermin

mrdef: A recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor B-chain dimer used to promote WOUND HEALING by stimulating PHYSIOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS.


name: Neuropathic ulcer of foot due to diabetes mellitus


sulpiride

mrdef: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

description: A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.


albiglutide

mrdef: A long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, with antihyperglycemic activity. Albiglutide is composed of a GLP-1 (7-36) dimer fused to recombinant human albumin. Upon subcutaneous administration, this agent has a half-life of 4-7 days and resists degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4).


name: History of medullary carcinoma of thyroid


FSH

mrdef: A protein extract of human menopausal urine in which LUTEINIZING HORMONE has been partially or completely removed. Urofollitropin represents FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE from the urine.


thyrotropin alfa

mrdef: A highly purified recombinant glycoprotein form of human THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE, produced by recombinant DNA technology comprising two non-covalently linked subunits, an alpha subunit of 92 amino acid residues containing two N-linked glycosylation sites, and a beta subunit of 118 residues containing one N-linked glycosylation site. The amino acid sequence of thyrotropin alfa is identical to that of human pituitary thyroid stimulating hormone.


ACTH

mrdef: A hormone made in the pituitary gland. ACTH acts on the outer part of the adrenal gland to control its release of corticosteroid hormones. More ACTH is made during times of stress.

description: A polypeptide hormone produced and secreted by the pituitary gland comprising 39 amino acid residues coupled in a linear sequence. The N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Corticotropin stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland and boosts the synthesis of corticosteroids, mainly glucocorticoids but also sex steroids (androgens). It is used in the treatment of certain neurological disorders such as infantile spasms and multiple sclerosis, and diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.


imiglucerase

mrdef: A glycosidase that hydrolyzes a glucosylceramide to yield free ceramide plus glucose. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to abnormally high concentrations of glucosylceramide in the brain in GAUCHER DISEASE. EC 3.2.1.45.


secukinumab

mrdef: Secukinumab is a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to the interleukin-17A (IL-17A) cytokine and inhibits its interaction with the IL-17 receptor. IL-17A is a naturally occurring cytokine that is involved in normal inflammatory and immune responses. Secukinumab inhibits the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines.


carindacillin

mrdef: acid stable indanyl ester of carbenicillin for oral use; same side-effects as carbenicillin; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search CARBENICILLIN/AA (75-86); RN given refers to (mono-Na salt(2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer)


palivizumab

mrdef: A humanized monoclonal antibody and ANTIVIRAL AGENT  that is used to prevent RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTIONS in high risk pediatric patients.


parathyroid hormone

mrdef: A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.


alectinib

mrdef: Alectinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets ALK and RET. In nonclinical studies, alectinib inhibited ALK phosphorylation and ALK-mediated activation of the downstream signaling proteins STAT3 and AKT, and decreased tumor cell viability in multiple cell lines harboring ALK fusions, amplifications, or activating mutations. The major active metabolite of alectinib, M4, showed similar in vitro potency and activity.

description: An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 6,6-dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo[b]carbazol-11-one carrying additional cyano, 4-(morpholin-4-yl)piperidin-1-yl and ethyl substituents at positions 3, 8 and 9 respectively. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive, metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.


ripasudil

mrdef: Rho-associated kinase inhibitor for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension


vaniprevir

mrdef: inhibits hepatitis C virus NS3/4a protease


basiliximab

mrdef: Basiliximab functions as an IL-2 receptor antagonist by binding with high affinity to the alpha chain of the high affinity IL-2 receptor complex and inhibiting IL-2 binding. Basiliximab is specifically targeted against IL-2Ralpha, which is selectively expressed on the surface of activated T-lymphocytes. This specific high affinity binding of basiliximab to IL-2Ralpha competitively inhibits IL-2-mediated activation of lymphocytes, a critical pathway in the cellular immune response involved in allograft rejection.


binge eating disorder

description: Recurrent episodes of over-eating.


dextromoramide

mrdef: An opioid analgesic structurally related to METHADONE and used in the treatment of severe pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1070)

description: An N-acylpyrrolidine arising by formal condensation of pyrrolidine with (3S)-3-methyl-4-(morpholin-4-yl)-2,2-diphenylbutanoic acid. An opioid analgesic that is structurally related to methadone, it is more poweful than morphine but shorter acting. It has been used (particularly as the hydrogen tartrate salt) for the treatment of severe pain, but was discontinued in the UK in 2004.


peritonsillar abscess

description: An abscess that develops in the space surrounding one or both palatine tonsils.


dinutuximab

mrdef: a human-mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against disialoganglioside (GD2); used for treatment of refractory neuroblastoma & osteosarcoma


belimumab

mrdef: monoclonal antibody directed against human BLyS protein (B lymphocyte stimulator) for treatment of autoimmune diseases


abciximab

mrdef: A Fab fragment of the chimeric monoclonal antibody 7E3 that binds to the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa receptor of human platelets, and blocks PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX, potently inhibiting PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used in treatment of refractory unstable angina, and for prevention of ischemic complications in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary procedures such as ANGIOPLASTY; ATHERECTOMY; or stenting.


ofatumumab

mrdef: Ofatumumab is a human monoclonal antibody (IgG1) that binds specifically to a distinct epitope encompassing both the small and large extracellular loops of the CD20 molecule. The CD20 molecule is a transmembrane phosphoprotein expressed on B lymphocytes from the pre-B to mature B lymphocyte stage and on B cell tumours. The binding of ofatumumab to the membrane-proximal epitope of the CD20 molecule induces recruitment and activation of the complement pathway at the cell surface, leading to complement dependent cytotoxicity and resultant lysis of tumour cells. Ofatumumab has been shown to induce appreciable lysis of cells with high expression levels of complement defence molecules.

description: An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to two methyl groups.


sebaceous adenoma

description: A benign, well circumscribed neoplasm arising from the sebaceous glands. It usually presents as a small yellowish tumor in the sun exposed skin of head and neck. It is characterized by the presence of sebaceous cells aggregates with a peripheral rim of basaloid cells.


canakinumab

mrdef: a human anti-interleukin-1beta monoclonal antibody for treatment of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome


name: systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis

description: Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis is marked by the severity of the extra-articular manifestations (fever, cutaneous eruptions) and by an equal sex ratio.


malignant hypertension

description: Severe hypertension that is characterized by rapid onset of extremely high blood pressure.


cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis

description: Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is an anomaly of bile acid synthesis characterized by neonatal cholestasis, childhood-onset cataract, adolescent to young adult-onset tendon xanthomata, and brain xanthomata with adult-onset neurologic dysfunction.


daclizumab

mrdef: An anti-TAC (INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT) humanized monoclonal antibody (immunoglobulin G1 disulfide with human-mouse monoclonal clone 1H4 light chain, dimer) that is used in the treatment of ACUTE RELAPSING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.


cetuximab

mrdef: A chimeric monoclonal antibody that functions as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT through its binding to the EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR, where it prevents the binding and signaling action of cell growth and survival factors.


oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma

description: A squamous cell carcinoma arising from the oral cavity. It affects predominantly adults in their fifth and sixth decades of life and is associated with alcohol and tobacco use. Human papillomavirus is present in approximately half of the cases. It is characterized by a tendency to metastasize early to the lymph nodes. When the tumor is small, patients are often asymptomatic. Physical examination may reveal erythematous or white lesions or plaques. The majority of patients present with signs and symptoms of locally advanced disease including mucosal ulceration, pain, difficulty with speaking, chewing, and swallowing, bleeding, weight loss, and neck swelling. Patients may also present with swollen neck lymph nodes without any symptoms from the oropharyngeal tumor. The most significant prognostic factors are the size of the tumor and the lymph nodes status.


pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

description: A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the pharynx.


laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

description: A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the larynx. It is the most common histologic type of laryngeal carcinoma. It can arise from the glottis, supraglottic area, or it can be transglottic. Glottic squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequent laryngeal carcinoma in the United States. The symptoms, clinical behavior and the prognosis depend on the site of origin within the larynx.


tiocarlide

mrdef: major descriptor (68-85); on-line search PHENYLTHIOUREA/AA (68-85); Index Medicus search THIOCARLIDE (68-85); Antitubercular Agent


tiaprofenic acid

An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.


panitumumab

mrdef: Recombinant human monoclonal antibody that binds to and inhibits the function of the EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of EGFR-expressing metastatic colorectal cancer that expresses wild-type ras gene (see GENES, RAS).


name: metastatic malignant neoplasm in the colon

description: The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the colon. This may be from a primary large intestine malignant neoplasm, or from a malignant neoplasm at a distant site.


bevacizumab

mrdef: An anti-VEGF humanized murine monoclonal antibody. It inhibits VEGF RECEPTORS and helps to prevent PATHOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS.


name: Nonsquamous nonsmall cell neoplasm of lung


glioblastoma

description: The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade IV). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and it is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. It may develop from diffuse astrocytoma WHO grade II or anaplastic astrocytoma (secondary glioblastoma, IDH-mutant), but more frequently, it manifests after a short clinical history de novo, without evidence of a less malignant precursor lesion (primary glioblastoma, IDH- wildtype). (Adapted from WHO)


cervical carcinoma

description: A carcinoma arising from either the exocervical squamous epithelium or the endocervical glandular epithelium. The major histologic types of cervical carcinoma are: squamous carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma.


fallopian tube cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the fallopian tube. Representative examples include carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma.


pertuzumab

mrdef: a humanized HER-2 monoclonal antibody; prevents ERBB2 receptor protein from binding (dimerizing) to other receptors in the HER family


ipilimumab

mrdef: An anti-CTLA-4 ANTIGEN monoclonal antibody initially indicated for the treatment of certain types of metastatic MELANOMA. Its mode of actions may include blocking of CTLA-4 mediated inhibition of CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES, allowing for more efficient destruction of target tumor cells.


efalizumab

mrdef: a humanized anti-CD11anti-adhesion monoclonal antibody


insulin degludec

mrdef: insulin degludec is a long-acting basal human insulin analog for subcutaneous injection, differs from human insulin in that the amino acid threonine in position B30 has been omitted and a side-chain consisting of glutamic acid and a C16 fatty acid has been attached


raxibacumab

mrdef: is a human IgG1lambda monoclonal antibody directed against protective antigen, a component of the anthrax toxin.


brentuximab vedotin

mrdef: a CD30-directed antibody-drug conjugate consisting of three components: the chimeric IgG1 antibody cAC10, specific for human CD30, the microtubule disrupting agent MMAE, and a protease-cleavable linker that covalently attaches MMAE to cAC10


name: Anaplastic large T-cell systemic malignant lymphoma


denosumab

mrdef: A humanized monoclonal antibody and an inhibitor of the RANK LIGAND, which regulates OSTEOCLAST differentiation and bone remodeling. It is used as a BONE DENSITY CONSERVATION AGENT in the treatment of OSTEOPOROSIS.


ustekinumab

mrdef: A humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to IL-12 and IL-23 and is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of patients with plaque PSORIASIS who have not responded to other therapies.


golimumab

mrdef: Golimumab plus MTX effectively reduces the signs and symptoms of RA and is generally well tolerated in patients with an inadequate response to MTX.


allergic urticaria

description: A urticaria with a basis in a pathological type I hypersensitivity reaction.


certolizumab pegol

mrdef: A polyethylene-glycolated Fab' fragment of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR antibody that binds specifically to TNF-ALPHA and neutralises it in a dose-dependent manner. It also inhibits the production of lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-ALPHA and IL-1 BETA and is used to treat RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.


eculizumab

mrdef: a recombinant humanized monoclonal IgG2/4k antibody produced by murine myeloma cell culture, specifically binds to the complement protein C5 with high affinity, thereby inhibiting its cleavage to C5a and C5b and preventing the generation of the terminal complement complex C5b-9


ketanserin

mrdef: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.

description: A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.


natalizumab

mrdef: A humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin G4 antibody to human INTEGRIN ALPHA4 that binds to the alpha4 subunit of INTEGRIN ALPHA4BETA1 and integrin alpha4beta7. It is used as an IMMUNOLOGIC FACTOR in the treatment of RELAPSING-REMITTING MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS and CROHN'S DISEASE.


ranibizumab

mrdef: A recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody fragment that binds VEGF-A to prevent its binding to VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 receptors. This activity reduces vessel permeability and angiogenesis in the treatment of neovascular age-related MACULAR DEGENERATION.


omalizumab

mrdef: An anti-IgE, recombinant, humanized monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to the C epsilon3 domain of IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, the site of high-affinity IgE receptor binding. It inhibits the binding of IgE to MAST CELLS and BASOPHILS to reduce the severity of the allergic response and is used in the management of persistent allergic ASTHMA.


tucidinostat

mrdef: An orally bioavailable benzamide-type inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC) isoenzymes 1, 2, 3 and 10, with potential antineoplastic activity. Chidamide binds to and inhibits HDACs, leading to an increase of acetylation levels of histone proteins. This agent also inhibits the expression of kinases in the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Ras signaling pathways and may result in cell cycle arrest and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. This may inhibit tumor cell proliferation in susceptible tumor cells. HDACs, a class of enzymes that deacetylate chromatin histone proteins, are upregulated in many tumor types and play key roles in gene expression. Compared to some other benzamide-type HDAC inhibitors, chidamide is more stable, more resistant to degradation and has a longer half-life.


efonidipine

A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-efonidipine. It is a antihypertensive drug and a dual T-type and L-type calcium channel blocker.


infliximab

mrdef: Infliximab products neutralize the biological activity of TNF-alpha by binding with high affinity to the soluble and transmembrane forms of TNF-alpha and inhibit binding of TNF-alpha with its receptors. Infliximab products do not neutralize TNF-beta (lymphotoxin-alpha), a related cytokine that utilizes the same receptors as TNF-alpha. Biological activities attributed to TNF-alpha include: induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukins (IL) 1 and 6, enhancement of leukocyte migration by increasing endothelial layer permeability and expression of adhesion molecules by endothelial cells and leukocytes, activation of neutrophil and eosinophil functional activity, induction of acute phase reactants and other liver proteins, as well as tissue degrading enzymes produced by synoviocytes and/or chondrocytes. Cells expressing transmembrane TNF-alpha bound by infliximab products can be lysed in vitro or in vivo. Infliximab products inhibit the functional activity of TNF-alpha in a wide variety of in vitro bioassays utilizing human fibroblasts, endothelial cells, neutrophils, B and T-lymphocytes and epithelial cells. The relationship of these biological response markers to the mechanism(s) by which infliximab products exert their clinical effects is unknown. Anti-TNF-alpha antibodies reduce disease activity in the cotton-top tamarin colitis model, and decrease synovitis and joint erosions in a murine model of collagen-induced arthritis. Infliximab products prevent disease in transgenic mice that develop polyarthritis as a result of constitutive expression of human TNF-alpha, and when administered after disease onset, allow eroded joints to heal.


rituximab

mrdef: A murine-derived monoclonal antibody and ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT that binds specifically to the CD20 ANTIGEN and is used in the treatment of LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOMA and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.


name: Metastatic malignant neoplasm to stomach

description: A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the stomach from another organ or system, or from another primary gastric tumor. The primary gastric tumor is not in continuity with the metastatic lesion.  Representative examples of metastatic malignant neoplasms to the stomach include breast, lung, and esophageal metastatic carcinomas and melanomas.


gemtuzumab ozogamicin

mrdef: Immunotoxin that consists of an anti-CD33 (CD33 ANTIGEN) monoclonal antibody conjugated to CALICHEAMICIN. It is used for the treatment of ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA.


insulin aspart

mrdef: Insulin that has been modified to contain an ASPARTIC ACID instead of a PROLINE at position 38 of the B-chain.


vedolizumab

mrdef: a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets the 4beta7 integrin exclusively, and modulates inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract


obinutuzumab

mrdef: anti-CD20 mAb for treating B-cell lymphoid cancers


ibritumomab tiuxetan

mrdef: 90Y-labeled anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody for radioimmunotherapy for patients with relapsed B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma


insulin detemir

mrdef: A recombinant long-acting insulin and hypoglycemic agent in which a MYRISTIC ACID is conjugated to a LYSINE at position B29. It is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE levels in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.


vonoprazan

mrdef: Vonoprazan is a potassium-competitive proton pump blocker which was approved in Japan for the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer. FDA approved a  co-packaged combination of vonoprazan and antibiotics (amoxicillin and clarithromycin) to eradicate Helicobacter pyroli. Its potential to combat cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in patients with severely ill COVID-19 was investigated. Accordingly, it is recommended to use tocilizumabin combination with dexamethasone (or another corticosteroid at an equivalent dose) in certain hospitalized patients who are exhibiting rapid respiratory decompensation caused by COVID-19.


eluxadoline

mrdef: Eluxadoline is a mu-opioid receptor agonist; eluxadoline is also a delta opioid receptor antagonist and a kappa opioid receptor agonist. The binding affinities (Ki) of eluxadoline for the human mu and delta opioid receptors are 1.8 nM and 430 nM, respectively. The binding affinity (Ki) of eluxadoline for the human kappa opioid receptor has not been determined; however, the Ki for guinea pig cerebellum kappa opioid receptor is 55 nM. In animals, eluxadoline interacts with opioid receptors in the gut.

description: An amino acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-carbamoyl-2,6-dimethyl-L-phenylalanine with the secondary amino group of 2-methoxy-5-({[(1S)-1-(4-phenylimidazol-2-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid. It has mixed opioid receptor activity and is used for treatment of  irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea.


insulin lispro

mrdef: Insulin that has been modified so that the B-chain contains a LYSINE at position 28 instead of a PROLINE and a PROLINE at position 29 instead of a LYSINE. It is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE levels in patients with TYPE 2 DIABETES.


lung lymphangioleiomyomatosis

description: Lymphangiomyomatosis involving the lungs and local lymph nodes. Patients usually present with chylous pleural effusion. The clinical course is variable. Patients with resectable lesions usually have a favorable clinical outcome. Patients with diffuse lesions usually have a progressive clinical course.


insulin

mrdef: Insulin (51 aa, ~6 kDa) is encoded by the human INS gene. This protein is involved in the direct regulation of glucose metabolism.

description: An insulin that is produced in the pancreas and involved in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates (particularly glucose) and fats. Commonly thought of as a protein, it consists of two peptide chains, one containing 21 amino acid residues and the other containing 30; the chains are joined together by 2 disulfide bonds. Recombinant insulin is identical to human insulin, but is synthesised by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, which then produces insulin for human use. It is used in the treatment of type I and type II diabetes.


rebamipide

mrdef: Rebamipide is a mucosal protective agent and is postulated to increase gastric blood flow, prostaglandin biosynthesis and decrease free oxygen radicals.


Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

description: Organ or tissue damage due to diabetes mellitus. It includes heart disease and stroke, renal disease and renal failure, retinopathy, neuropathies, and erectile dysfunction.


azosemide

A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by chlorine, (2-thienylmethyl)amino and 1H-tetrazol-5-yl groups, respectively. It is a diuretic that has been used in the management of oedema and hypertension.


mrdef: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.


eledoisin

mrdef: A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)


cangrelor

mrdef: Cangrelor is a direct P2Y12 platelet receptor inhibitor that blocks ADP-induced platelet activation and aggregation. Cangrelor binds selectively and reversibly to the P2Y12 receptor to prevent further signaling and platelet activation.

description: A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.


buformin

mrdef: An oral hypoglycemic agent that inhibits gluconeogenesis, increases glycolysis, and decreases glucose oxidation.

smiles: CCCCNC(=N)NC(N)=N

description: A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide substituted by a butyl group at position 1. It is an antidiabetic drug with potential antitumor effect.


idebenone

A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3, by a methyl group at positions 5, and by a 10-hydroxydecyl group at positions 6. Initially developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, benefits were modest; it was subsequently found to be of benefit for the symptomatic treatment of Friedreich's ataxia.


sonidegib

mrdef: specific Smoothened/Smo antagonist

description: A member of the classo of biphenyls that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-methyl-4'-(trifluoromethoxy)[1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 6-(2,6-dimethylmorpholin-4-yl)pyridin-3-amine. Used (as its phosphate salt) for treatment of locally advanced basal cell carcinoma.


insulin-like growth factor 1

mrdef: Recombinant form of endogenous Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 exhibiting mitogenic activity. Clinical Use: Diabetes Mellitus and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.


amineptine

mrdef: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure

description: A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.


deoxycholic acid

mrdef: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.

description: A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.


ocriplasmin

mrdef: consists or two polypeptide chains connected by disulfide bonds; one chain is the B chain of plasmin consisting of 230 amino acids, the other peptide is the COOH-terminal portion of the A chain of plasmin consisting of 31 amino acid residues; MW 28.635kDa


lumacaftor

mrdef: Lumacaftor improves the conformational stability of F508del-CFTR, resulting in increased processing and trafficking of mature protein to the cell surface.

description: An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid with the aromatic amino group of 3-(6-amino-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)benzoic acid. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.


ivacaftor

mrdef: Ivacaftor is a potentiator of the CFTR protein. The CFTR protein is a chloride channel present at the surface of epithelial cells in multiple organs. Ivacaftor facilitates increased chloride transport by potentiating the channel-open probability (or gating) of the CFTR protein.

description: An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.


aldesleukin

mrdef: a recombinant human IL-2, marketed for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma; BAY 50-4798 is a variant


piribedil

mrdef: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.


tropisetron

mrdef: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.

description: An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.


sebelipase alfa

mrdef: a recombinant form of human lysosomal acid lipase (rhLAL)


Wolman disease

description: Wolman disease represents the most severe manifestation of lysosomal acid lipase deficiency. Milder phenotypes as a whole are referred to as cholesterol ester storage disease. The acid lipase enzyme plays an essential role in lysosomal hydrolysis of both esterified cholesterol and triglycerides of lipoproteic origin. In Wolman disease, the rarest form of acid lipase deficiency, these lipids accumulate in most tissues.


orotic aciduria

description: An extremely rare autosomal recessive inherited disorder caused by mutations in the UMPS gene. It is characterized by deficiency of the activity of the pyrimidine pathway enzyme uridine 5'-monophosphate (UMP) synthase. Clinical manifestations include growth retardation, anemia, and increased excretion of orotic acid in the urine.


alglucosidase alfa

mrdef: Defects in the gene for this protein cause glycogen storage disease II, also known as Pompe disease, RefSeq NM_000152


name: Generalized glycogen storage disease of infants


mogamulizumab

mrdef: a defucosylated humanized anti-CCR4 antibody under phase I clinical trials (2010)


thiocolchicoside

mrdef: used in combination with glafenine and meprobamate to tranquilize patients undergoing hysterosalpingography; structure


hyaluronidase

mrdef: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.


protamine sulfate

mrdef: A group of simple proteins that yield basic amino acids on hydrolysis and that occur combined with nucleic acid in the sperm of fish. Protamines contain very few kinds of amino acids. Protamine sulfate combines with heparin to form a stable inactive complex; it is used to neutralize the anticoagulant action of heparin in the treatment of heparin overdose. (From Merck Index, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p692)


ergoloid mesylates

mrdef: A mixture of the mesylates (methane sulfonates) of DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and the alpha- and beta-isomers of DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. The substance produces a generalized peripheral vasodilation and a fall in arterial pressure and has been used to treat symptoms of mild to moderate impairment of mental function in the elderly.

description: A mixture of hydrogenated ergot alkaloids consisting of the methanesulfonic acid salts of dihydroergocornine (R = CHMe2), dihydroergocristine (R = CH2Ph), and alpha- and beta-dihydroergocryptine (R = CH2CHMe2 and CH(Me)Et, respectively). It is used for the symptomatic treatment of mild to moderate dementia in the elderly, although its value is not established.


cariprazine

mrdef: The efficacy of cariprazine could be mediated through a combination of partial agonist activity at central dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT1A receptors and antagonist activity at serotonin 5-HT2A receptors.

description: An N-alkylpiperazine that is N,N-dimethyl-N'-{trans-4-[2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}urea substituted at position 4 on the piperazine ring by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.


name: technetium (99mTc) nofetumomab merpentan

mrdef: a Fab fragment of the murine pancarcinoma antibody NR-LU-10 labeled with Tc-99m; used as a diagnostic imaging agent in staging patients with lung cancer


chymotrypsin

mrdef: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.


somatrem

mrdef: was MH (1997-2002), demoted; an analog of the synthetic human growth hormone (human somatropin) in which a methionyl amino-acid residue is added. It may be produced in bacteria from recombinant DNA. It is used in therapy for growth hormone deficiency. Do not confuse somatrem with sometribove (methionyl bovine somatotropin).


sacrosidase

mrdef: A glycoside hydrolase found primarily in PLANTS and YEASTS. It has specificity for beta-D-fructofuranosides such as SUCROSE.


description: A disorder of carbohydrate absorption and transport caused by autosomal recessive mutation of the SI gene, characterized by malabsorption of sucrose and maltose.


neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus

description: Hereditary central diabetes insipidus is a rare genetic subtype of central diabetes insipidus (CDI) characterized by polyuria and polydipsia due to a deficiency in vasopressin (AVP) synthesis.


reteplase

mrdef: mutant form of tissue plasminogen activator used in treatment of myocardial infarct