imidazole antifungal agent

A compound that has significant antifungal properties whose structure contains an imidazole moiety.


conazole antifungal drug

Any conazole antifungal agent that has been used for the treatment of fungal infections in animals or humans.


organonitrogen heterocyclic compound

Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms.


A member of the class of quinolones that is 2-methylquinolin-4(1H)-one in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a 4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy]phenyl group. A potent inhibitor of Toxoplasma gondii growth.


conazole antifungal agent

A compound that has a structure that is related to miconazole, contains an azole (imidazole or triazole) moiety, and has significant systemic antifungal properties.  They inhibit cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes (particularly C14-demethylase) involved in the biosynthesis of ergosterol, which is required for fungal cell membrane structure and function.


A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thione and its derivatives by substitution.


cyclic ketal

A ketal in the molecule of which the ketal carbon and one or both oxygen atoms thereon are members of a ring.


imidazoles

A five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.


tetrahydropyrimidine

Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound containing a pyrimidine ring that has been reduced by the formal addition of 2 mol eq. of hydrogen.


beta-lactam antibiotic allergen

Any beta-lactam antibiotic which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.


imidazole fungicide

Any imidazole antifungal agent that has been used as a fungicide.


oxacycle

Any organic heterocyclic compound containing at least one ring oxygen atom.


benzothiadiazine

Heterocyclic compound of a ring with sulfur and two nitrogen atoms fused to a benzene ring. Members inhibit sodium-potassium-chloride symporters and are used as diuretics.


ansamycin

A class of macrocyclic lactams that consist of an aromatic (phenyl or naphthyl) or quinonoid (benzoquinone or naphthoquinone) moiety that is bridged by an aliphatic chain.


Any tetrahydropyrimidine in which the double bond is between positions 1 and 2.


A heteroaryl hydroxy compound that is 2-quinolone substituted at position 4 by a hydroxy group.


diazole

An azole that is either one of a pair of heterocyclic organic compounds comprising three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms arranged in a ring.


(R)-oxamniquine

A {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol that has R configuration.


penems

An  organosulfur heterocyclic compound that contains a beta-lactam ring.


crown amine

Crown compounds containing only nitrogen as coordinating atom.


gamma-lactam

A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a five-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.


Any flavonol carrying a 7-hydroxy substituent.


glutamine derivative

A glutamic acid derivative resulting from reaction of glutamine acid at the amino group, the carboxy group, or the side-chain carboxamide, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing glutamine residues.


hydracid

A hydracid is a compound which contains hydrogen that is not bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).


noble gas molecular entity

A main group molecular entity containing one or more atoms of any noble gas.


siloxane

Siloxanes are saturated silicon-oxygen hydrides with unbranched or branched chains of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms (each silicon atom is separated from its nearest silicon neighbours by single oxygen atoms). By extension hydrocarbyl derivatives are commonly included.


L-glucitol

The L-enantiomer of glucitol.


A glucitol that is D-glucitol in which the carbon at position 1 is the (13)C isotope.


ketoxime

Oximes of ketones R2C=NOH (where R =/= H).


mixture

A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind.


racemate

A racemate is an equimolar mixture of a pair of enantiomers.


polymer

A polymer is a mixture, which is composed of macromolecules of different kinds and which may be differentiated by composition, length, degree of branching etc..


diastereoisomeric mixture

A mixture composed of two or more diastereoisomers (stereoisomers not related as mirror images).


difluorobenzene

Any member of the class of fluorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring carrying two fluorine atoms.


hydroxamic acid

A compound, RkE(=O)lNHOH, derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH) (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH with -NHOH, and derivatives thereof. Specific examples of hydroxamic acids are preferably named as N-hydroxy amides.


acetohydroxamic acids

Any hydroxamic acid in which the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.


octasaccharide derivative

An oligosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from an octasaccharide.


disaccharide

A compound in which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond.


inulobiose

A glycosyl glycoside comprising D-fructose attached to a D-fructofuranosyl residue via a beta-(2->1)-linkage.


glycosyl glycoside

Any disaccharide in which the two monosaccharide components are connected by a glycosidic linkage between their anomeric centres.


azamacrocycle

A cyclic macromolecule containing one or more nitrogen atoms in place of carbon either as the divalent group NH for the group CH2 or a single trivalent nitrogen atom for the group CH.


(13)C-modified compound

An isotopically modified compound in which the abundance of a (13)C isotope at one or more positions has been increased above that of the naturally occurring level.


N-acetylarylamine

An acetamide where at at least one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by an aryl group. RNHAc where R is an aryl group.


long-chain fatty alcohol

A fatty alcohol with a chain length ranging from C13 to C22.


fatty alcohol 22:0

Any fatty alcohol containing 22 carbons.


fatty alcohol 16:0

Any fatty alcohol containing 16 carbons.


organofluorine compound

An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.


inorganic fluoride salt

A fluoride salt that lacks C-H bonds


fluorophenol

A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded fluorine atoms.


monofluorobenzenes

Any member of the class of fluorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring carrying a single fluorine substitutent.


R-FLUOXETINE

An N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine that has R configuration. [The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine].


trifluorobenzene

Any member of the class of fluorobenzenes carrying three fluorine substituents at unspecified positions.


fluorobiphenyl

Any member of the class of  biphenyls that is a mono or poly-substituted biphenyl having fluro group as one of the substituents.


fluorocarbon

Compounds consisting wholly of fluorine and carbon.


(trifluoromethyl)benzenes

An organofluorine compound that is (trifluoromethyl)benzene and derivatives arising from substitution of one or more of the phenyl hydrogens.


fluoroalkane

A haloalkane that is an alkane in which at least one hydrogen atom has been replaced by a fluorine atom.


fluorohydrocarbon

A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with fluorine atoms.


oxygen-18 atom

The stable isotope of oxygen with relative atomic mass 17.999160 and 0.205 atom percent natural abundance.


heteroatomic molecular entity

A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements.


aromatic primary alcohol

Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.


organic fundamental parent

An organic fundamental parent is a structure used as a basis for substitutive names in organic nomenclature, containing, in addition to one or more hydrogen atoms, a single atom of an element, a number of atoms (alike or different) linked together to form an unbranched chain, a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, or a ring assembly or ring/chain system.


organic oxide

An oxide in which the oxygen atom is bonded to a carbon atom.


dihydroxyflavone

Any hydroxyflavone in which two ring hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy substituents.


pentahydroxyflavone

A hydroxyflavone substituted by five hydroxy groups.


cyclopentanols

An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclopentane skeleton.


trihydroxyflavone

Any  hydroxyflavone carrying three hydroxy groups at unspecified positions.


aliphatic alcohol

An  alcohol derived from an aliphatic compound.


imidic acid

Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing =O by =NR; thus tautomers of amides. In organic chemistry an unspecified imidic acid is generally a carboximidic acid, RC(=NR)(OH).


sulfates

Salts and esters of sulfuric acid


tergitol

A poly(ethylene glycol) derivative that is poly(ethylene glycol) in which one of the terminal hydroxy groups has been converted into the corresponding p-nonylphenyl ether.


secondary fatty alcohol

A fatty alcohol consisting of a chain of 3 to greater than 27 carbon atoms in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom different from the terminal carbons. Secondary fatty alcohols may be saturated or unsaturated and may be branched or unbranched.


alcohol

A compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom.


ketone hydrate

A 1,1-diol resulting from the formal addition of water to the carbonyl group of a ketone.


ethanols

Any primary alcohol based on an ethanol skeleton.


ultra-long-chain fatty alcohol

Any fatty alcohol which has a chain length greater than C27.


sulfide salt

A salt in which the anionic species is sulfide (S(2-)).


metal carbonyl

A coordination entity that is coordination complex of a metals with one or more carbon monoxide ligands.


tannin

Any of a group of astringent polyphenolic vegetable principles or compounds, chiefly complex glucosides of catechol and pyrogallol.


boronic acids

Compounds having the structure RB(OH)2.


azane

Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.


diarylheptanoid

A family of plant metabolites with a common 1,7-diphenylheptane structural skeleton, carrying various substituents. They are mainly distributed in the roots, rhizomes and bark of Alpinia, Zingiber, Curcuma and Alnus species.


primary fatty alcohol

Any fatty alcohol in which the hydroxy group is attached to a methylene (CH2) group.


phosphoramidate ester

A phosphoric ester (phosphate) that has an NR2 instead of an OH group.


phenols

Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring.


aluminium sulfate

Any inorganic sulfate salt resulting from the formal condensation of aluminium hydroxide with 1.5 mol eq. of sulfuric acid.


tyramines

Aralkylamino compounds which contain a tyramine skeleton.


organobromine compound

A compound containing at least one carbon-bromine bond.


nitrophenol

Any member of the class of  phenols or substituted phenols carrying  at least 1 nitro group.


diol

A compound that contains two hydroxy groups, generally assumed to be, but not necessarily, alcoholic. Aliphatic diols are also called glycols.


amino alcohol

An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.


phenolic donor

Any phenol that acts as an electron donor.


halide

Any heteroatomic molecular entity that is a chemical compound of halogen with other chemical elements.


alkylbenzene

A  monocyclic arene that is benzene substituted with one or more alkyl groups.


glycol

A diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent.


alkyl alcohol

An aliphatic alcohol in which the aliphatic alkane chain is substituted by a hydroxy group at unspecified position.


sulfamides

Compounds where two amino groups are bound to an SO2 unit.


oxoacid

A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).


inorganic magnesium salt

A magnesium salt that lacks C-H bonds


inorganic barium salt

A barium salt that lacks C-H bonds


allylic alcohol

An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).


metal sulfate

Sulfate salts where the cation is a metal ion.


phenylethanolamines

An ethanolamine compound having a phenyl (substituted or unsubstituted) group on the carbon bearing the hydroxy substituent.


addition compound

An addition compound contains two or more simpler compounds that can be packed in a definite ratio into a crystal. The term covers donor-acceptor complexes (adducts) and a variety of lattice compounds.


name: poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate

description: A poly(ethylene glycol) compound having a methacrylate group at the alpha-terminus and a methyl group at the omega-terminus.


resorcinols

Any benzenediol in which the two hydroxy groups are meta to one another.


organic sulfate

Compounds of the general formula SO3HOR where R is an organyl group


boric acids

Hydroxy boron compounds of general formula BxOyHz.


inorganic aluminium salt

A aluminium salt that lacks C-H bonds


hydrides

Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements.


artemisinin derivative

Any organic peroxide formally obtained from artemisinin.


organosulfonic acid

An organic derivative of sulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked directly to carbon.


peroxides

Compounds of structure ROOR'.


halohydrocarbon

A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing a hydrogen atom with a halogen atom.


enol

Alkenols; the term refers specifically to vinylic alcohols, which have the structure HOCR'=CR2. Enols are tautomeric with aldehydes (R' = H) or ketones (R' =/= H).


polysorbate

Any poly(ethylene glycol) derivative composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan [2-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol] normally containing a total of 20 oxyethylene groups, with one or more of the terminal hydroxy groups esterified with a fatty acyl group. They are used as emulsifiers and dispersing agents in some pharmaceuticals products and as defoamers and emulsifiers in some foods.


hydroxypolyether

A hydroxyether compound containing more than one ether group.


hydroxyflavone

Any flavone in which one or more ring hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy groups.


organic hydroxy compound

An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom.


hydroquinones

Benzenediols that have the hydroxy substituents in the 1- and 4-positions.


inorganic calcium salt

A calcium salt that lacks C-H bonds


tertiary alcohol

A tertiary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has three other carbon atoms attached to it.


(R)-bevantolol

The (R)-enantiomer of bevantolol.


cyclohexanols

An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.


lactate salt

Any organic salt that has lactate as the cation.


haloalkane

A halohydrocarbon that is an alkane in which at least one hydrogen atom has been replaced by with a halogen atom.


hydroxyether

Any ether carrying a hydroxy group at unspecified position.


hydrocarbon

A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.


N-acylethanolamine

An ethanolamine substituted at nitrogen by an acyl group.


gallotannin

A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).


A mononitrophenol that is 2-nitrophenol and its derivatives resulting from substitution of one or more of the hydrogens attached to the benzene ring by a non-nitro group.


main-group coordination entity

A coordination entity in which the central atom to which the ligands are attached comes from groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 of the periodic table.


oligosaccharide sulfate

Any  carbohydrate sulfate that is an oligosaccharide carrying at least one O-sulfo substituent.


selenite salt

Salts of selenous acid.


TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL

A poly(ethylene glycol) that is octane-1,8-diol in which the carbon atoms at positions 3 and 6 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.


secondary alcohol

A secondary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has two other carbon atoms attached to it.


polyene

An olefin that contains more than one carbon-carbon double bond.


mononitrophenol

A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.


ultra-long-chain primary fatty alcohol

Any primary fatty alcohol with a chain length greater than C27.


Any  propanediol bearing hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 3.


polyol

A compound that contains two or more hydroxy groups.


primary allylic alcohol

An allylic alcohol in which the carbon atom that links the double bond to the hydroxy group is also attached to two hydrogens.


ethanediol

Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.


phosphorus oxoacid

A pnictogen oxoacid which contains phosphorus and oxygen, at least one hydrogen atom bound to oxygen, and forms an ion by the loss of one or more protons.


halomethane

A haloalkane that is methane in which one (or more) of the hydrogens have been replaced by a halogen atom/halogen atoms.


coordination entity

An assembly consisting of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms (ligands).


sulfuric ester

An ester of an alcohol and sulfuric acid.


alditol

A carbohydrate that is an acyclic polyol having the general formula HOCH2[CH(OH)]nCH2OH (formally derivable from an aldose by reduction of the carbonyl group).


hydroxides

Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)).


organic peroxide

Compounds of structure ROOR' in which R and R' are organic groups.


aromatic alcohol

Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.


haloalkene

A compound derived from an alkene by replacing a hydrogen atom with a halogen atom.


phosphoric acids

Compounds containing one or more phosphoric acid units.


polyene antibiotic

A family of antibiotics containing a conjugated polyene moiety, usuallly isolated from some species of Streptomyces.


(S)-bevantolol

The (S)-enantiomer of bevantolol.


organohalogen compound

A compound containing at least one carbon-halogen bond (where X is a halogen atom).


long chain primary alcohol

A primary alcohol with a chain length ranging from 13-22 carbons which is usually but not always a fatty alcohol.


tartrate salt

A salt of the organic compound tartaric acid.


pentol

A  polyol with five hydroxy groups.


fatty alcohol

An aliphatic alcohol consisting of a chain of 3 to greater than 27 carbon atoms. Fatty alcohols may be saturated or unsaturated and may be branched or unbranched.


acetate salt

Any salt prepared using acetic acid as the acid component.


oxide

An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements.


N-sulfonylurea

A urea in which one of the hydrogens attached to a nitrogen of the urea group is replaced by a sulfonyl group. The N-sulfonylurea moiety is a key group in various herbicides, as well as in a number of antidiabetic drugs used in the management of type 2 diabetis mellitus.


hydrolysable tannin

A tannin that yields gallic or ellagic acids upon acid hydrolysis.


sulfonamide

An amide of a sulfonic acid RS(=O)2NR'2.


barium salt

An alkaline earth salt that has barium(2+) as the cation.


triol

A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.


organic magnesium salt

A magnesium salt with C-H bonds


aldehyde hydrate

A 1,1-diol resulting from the formal addition of water to the carbonyl group of a aldehyde.


heteroaryl hydroxy compound

Any organic aromatic compound having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a heteroarene ring.


olefin

Acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, apart from the formal ones in aromatic compounds. The class olefins subsumes alkenes and cycloalkenes and the corresponding polyenes.


tetradecaethylene glycol

A poly(ethylene glycol) containing 14 ethyleneoxy units.


monocyclic arene

A monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.


fatty alcohol 28:0

Any fatty alcohol containing 28 carbons.


poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)

A poly(ethylene glycol) compound terminated with methacrylate groups.


bromobenzenes

A member of the class of benzenes that is benzene substituted by at least one bromo group.


poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate)

A poly(ethylene glycol) compound terminated with acrylate groups.


isourea

A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.


arene

Any monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.


primary alcohol

A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.


polyphenol

Members of the class of phenols that contain 2 or more benzene rings each of which is substituted by at least one hydroxy group.


flavonols

Any hydroxyflavone in which is the ring hydrogen at position 3 of the heterocyclic ring is replaced by a hydroxy group.


sodium salt

Any alkali metal salt having sodium(1+) as the cation.


Any alcohol in which two hydroxy groups are bonded to the same atom.


organosulfonate salt

Any organic salt prepared using an organosulfonic acid as the acid component.


Any hydroxyflavone with a hydroxy substituent at position 3'.


A halophenol in which the halogen atom is bonded to the carbon atom adjacent to the C-OH group.


secondary allylic alcohol

An allylic alcohol in which the carbon atom that links the double bond to the hydroxy group is also attached to one other carbon and one hydrogen.


pentitol

An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.


tetrahydroxyflavone

Any hydroxyflavone carrying four hydroxy substituents.


sulfonamide antibiotic

A class of sulfonamides whose members generally have bacteriostatic antibiotic properties.


salt

A salt is an assembly of cations and anions.


alkaloid

Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is  exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids.


indole alkaloid

An alkaloid containing an indole skeleton.


isoquinoline alkaloid

Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.


cinchona alkaloid

An alkaloid based on a cinchonan skeleton.


monoterpenoid indole alkaloid

A terpenoid indole alkaloid which is biosynthesised from L-tryptophan and diisoprenoid (usually secolaganin) building blocks.


hemiterpenoid indole alkaloid

A terpenoid indole alkaloid which is biosynthesised from L-tryptophan and monoisoprenoid (usually dimethylallyl pyrophosphate or isopentenyl pyrophosphate) building blocks


morphinane alkaloid

An  isoquinoline alkaloid based on a morphinan skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


benzylisoquinoline alkaloid

Any isoquinoline alkaloid based on a benzylisoquinoline skeleton.


vinca alkaloid

A group of indole-indoline dimers which are alkaloids obtained from the Vinca genus of plants, together with semi-synthetic and fully synthetic analogues.


ergoline alkaloid

One of a class of naturally occurring alkaloids with a structure based on that of ergoline.


terpenoid indole alkaloid

An indole alkaloid which is biosynthesised from L-tryptophan and isoprenoid building blocks.


aporphine alkaloid

Any benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that has a structure based on 4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline or its 3-methyl derivative.


anthracycline

Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.


organothiophosphorus compound

An organothiophosphorus compound is an organophosphorus compound which contains a phosphorus-sulfur bond.


thiocarboxylic ester

An ester in which one or both oxygens of an ester group have been replaced by divalent sulfur.


organosulfur compound

An organosulfur compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-sulfur bond.


dithiocarbamic acids

Any organic acid in which both oxygens of a carbamic acid have been replaced by sulfur.


methanesulfonates

Esters or salts of methanesulfonic acid.


thioureas

Compounds of general formula RR'NC(=S)NR''R'''.


aryl thiol

An aryl thiol is a thiol in which a sulfanyl group, SH, is attached to an aryl group.


S-glycosyl compound

A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and a S atom bound to a carbon atom, thus creating a C-S bond.


thiocarbonyl compound

Any compound containing the thiocarbonyl group, C=S.


organic sulfide

Compounds having the structure RSR (R =/= H). Such compounds were once called thioethers.


alkanethiol

An alkanethiol is a compound in which a sulfanyl group, -SH, is attached to an alkyl group.


(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine

An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.


aryl sulfide

Any organic sulfide in which the sulfur is attached to at least one aromatic group.


sulfide

Any sulfur molecular entity that involves either covalently bonded or anionic sulfur.


cyclooctasulfur

A homomonocyclic compound composed of eight sulfur atoms. It has been isolated from Ganoderma lucidum, a mushroom commonly used in Chinese medicine.


dithioacetal

A thioacetal having the structure R2C(SR')2. The term includes dithioketals (R =/= H, R' =/= H) as a subclass.


sulfone

An organosulfur compound having the structure RS(=O)2R (R =/= H).


methyl sulfide

Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.


sulfoxide

An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H).


thioacetal

The sulfur analogue of 'acetal'.  The term includes monothioacetals having the structure R2C(OR')(SR') (subclass monothioketals, R =/= H); and dithioacetals having the structure R2C(SR')2 (subclass dithioketals, R =/= H, R' =/= H).


thiol

An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.


thiosugar

A carbohydrate derivative in which one or more of the oxygens or hydroxy groups of the parent carbohydrate is replaced by sulfur or -SR, where R can be hydrogen or any group.


monothioacetal

A thioacetal having the structure R2C(OR')(SR'). The term includes monothioketals, R =/= H, as a subclass.


dithioketal

A dithioacetal of formula R2C(SR')2, R =/= H, R' =/= H.


Any 6-carbon amino monosaccharide with at least one alcoholic hydroxy group replaced by an amino group.


formamides

Amides with the general formula R(1)R(2)NCHO (R(1) and R(2) can be H).


pnictogen molecular entity

A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen.


oxime

Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.


glycine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of glycine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.


L-tryptophan derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-tryptophan at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-tryptophan by a heteroatom.


triazene derivative

A nitrogen molecular entity resulting from the formal substitution of one or more of the hydrogens of triazene.


L-tyrosine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-tyrosine by a heteroatom.


Any carbohydrate derivative that consists of glycan moieties covalently attached to the side chains of the amino acid residues that constitute the peptide.


hydroxylamines

Hydroxylamine, H2N-OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.


amino acid derivative

Any derivative of an amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing amino acid residues.


polyamine

Any organic amino compound that contains two or more amino groups.


L-phenylalanine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-phenylalanine  at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-phenylalanine  by a heteroatom.


N-nitrosoureas

A nitroso compound that is any urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group


ammonium compound

Compounds (NH4(+))Y(-) and derivatives, in which one or more of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent groups.


reactive nitrogen species

A family of nitrogen molecular entities which are highly reactive and derived from nitric oxide (.NO) and superoxide (O2.(-)) produced via the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and NADPH oxidase respectively.


vitamin B12

Any member of a group of cobalamin vitamers that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with low red blood cell count and anemia. The vitamers are found in foods such as cereals, meat, fish, and poultry. The vitamers include adenosylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, cyanocobalamin, aquacobalamin, nitritocobalamin and methylcobabalamin (also includes their ionized, salt and phosphate derivatives).


primary amide

A derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.


oxime O-ether

O-organyl oximes R2C=NOR' (R' =/= H).


acetyl-amino acid

Any amino acid derivative that is the N-acetyl or O-acetyl derivative of an amino acid.


azo compound

Derivatives of diazene with the general structure R-N=N-R'.


amide

An amide is a derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.


acetamides

Compounds with the general formula RNHC(=O)CH3.


carbohydrazide

A hydrazide consisting of hydrazine carrying one or more carboacyl groups.


carboxamide

An amide of a carboxylic acid, having the structure RC(=O)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)NH2 group including its carbon atom.


nucleoside analogue

An analogue of a nucleoside, being an N-glycosyl compound in which the nitrogen-containing moiety is a modified nucleotide base. They are commonly used as antiviral products to prevent viral replication in infected cells.


phosphoramide

A compound in which one or more of the OH groups of phosphoric acid have been replaced with an amino or substituted amino group. The term is commonly confined to the phosphoric triamides, P(=O)(NR2)3, since replacement of one or two OH groups produces phosphoramidic acids: P(=O)(OH)(NR2)2 , P(=O)(OH)2(NR2).


hydrazone

Compounds having the structure R2C=NNR2, formally derived from aldehydes or ketones by replacing =O by =NNH2 (or substituted analogues).


B vitamin

Any member of the group of eight water-soluble vitamins originally thought to be a single compound (vitamin B) that play important roles in cell metabolism. The group comprises of vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12 (Around 20 other compounds were once thought to be B vitamins but are no longer classified as such).


mixed diacylamine

Any imide in which the acyl substituents are any two from carboacyl, sulfonyl and phosphoryl


vitamin B9

Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.


phosphine

Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.


asparagine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of asparagine at the amino group, the carboxy group, or the carboxamide, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of asparagine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing asparagine residues.


organonitrogen compound

Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.


pantothenic acids

A class of amides formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine and its derivatives.


D-tyrosine derivative

A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-tyrosine by a heteroatom.


N-glycosyl compound

A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to a nitrogen atom, thus creating a C-N bond.


nitrogen mustard

Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.


hydrazide

Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH  by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).


phosphonic acids

HP(=O)(OH)2  (phosphonic acid) and its P-substituted derivatives.


organic amino compound

A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.


amidine

Derivatives of oxoacids RnE(=O)OH in which the hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group and the oxo group is replaced by =NR. In organic chemistry an unspecified amidine is commonly a carboxamidine.


valine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of valine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of valine  by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing valine  residues.


nitroglycerol

A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.


cysteine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of cysteine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing cysteine residues.


amino acid amide

An amide of an amino acid formed formally by conversion of the carboxy group to a carboxamido group.


L-asparagine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-asparagine at the amino group, the carboxy group, or the carboxamide, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-asparagine by a heteroatom.


quaternary nitrogen compound

A nitrogen molecular entity that is electronically neutral but which contains a quaternary nitrogen.


L-valine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-valine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-valine by a heteroatom.


hemiaminal ether

An organic amino compound that is a hemiaminal in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group has been replaced by an organyl group. General formula: R2C(OR')NR2 ( R =/= H ). Also known as alpha-amino ethers.


monoamine

An aralylamino compound which contains one amino group connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain. Monoamines are derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and the thyroid hormones by the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes.


amidoxime

Amidines of general formula RC(=NOH)NR(1)R(2), in which the imino nitrogen is substituted by a hydroxy group.


N-sulfonylcarboxamide

A mixed diacylamine resulting from the formal condensation of the nitrogen of a carboxamide with a sulphonic acid.


L-cysteine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from the formal reaction of L-cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-cysteine by a heteroatom.


nitrate ester

Any member of the class of nitrates resulting from the esterification of nitric acid with an alcohol.


phenylhydrazines

Any member of the class of  hydrazines carrying a phenyl substituent.


vitamin B3

Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).


phenylureas

Any member of the class of ureas in which at least one of the nitrogens of the urea moiety is substituted by a phenyl or substituted phenyl group.


D-phenylalanine derivative

A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-phenylalanine by a heteroatom.


bleomycin

A glycopeptide produced by the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus. The term, 'bleomycin' refers to a family of structurally related compounds. When used as an anti-cancer agent, the chemotherapeutical forms are primarily bleomycin A2 and B2.


vitamin B5

Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.


cyanides

Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.


alanine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of alanine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing alanine residues.


vitamin B7

Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.


L-proline derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-proline  by a heteroatom.


azobenzenes

Any member of the wide class of molecules that share the core azobenzene structure, comprising two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond, which may have different functional groups extending from the rings.


monoamine molecular messenger

A group of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group  (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.


organophosphorus compound

An organophosphorus compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-phosphorus bond, but the term is often extended to include esters and thioesters.


proline derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of proline by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing proline residues.


diamine

Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.


glutamic acid derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing glutamic acid residues.


dicarboximide

An imide in which the two acyl substituents on nitrogen are carboacyl groups.


aromatic amine

An amino compound in which the amino group is linked directly to an aromatic system.


ethylenediamine derivative

Any organic amino compound that is a derivative of  ethylenediamine.


phenylalanine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of phenylalanine  by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing phenylalanine  residues.


nitroso compound

Compounds having the nitroso group, -NO, attached to carbon, or to another element, most commonly nitrogen or oxygen.


PANTOTHENIC ACID, RACEMIC

A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.


hydrazines

Hydrazine (diazane) and its substituted derivatives.


tryptophan derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of tryptophan  at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of tryptophan  by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing tryptophan residues.


C-nitro compound

A nitro compound having the nitro group (-NO2) attached to a carbon atom.


guanidines

Any organonitrogen compound containing a carbamimidamido (guanidino) group. Guanidines have the general structure (R(1)R(2)N)(R(3)R(4)N)C=N-R(5) and are related structurally to amidines and ureas.


secondary carboxamide

A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with a primary amine; formula RC(=O)NHR(1).


tyrosine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, any substitution of phenyl hydrogens, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of tyrosine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing tyrosine residues.


biguanides

A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.


proteinogenic amino acid derivative

Any derivative of a proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, or a side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom.


serine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of serine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of serine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing serine residues.


aromatic amide

An amide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aromatic system.


secondary amino compound

A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.


anilide

Any aromatic amide obtained by acylation of aniline.


secondary amide

A derivative of two oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which two acyl groups are attached to the amino or substituted amino group.


L-glutamic acid derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-glutamic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-glutamic acid by a heteroatom.


N-acylurea

A member of the class of ureas that has the general formula R-CO-NH-CO-NH2 or R-CO-NH-CO-NH-CO-R', formally derived by the acylation of one or both of the nitrogens of a urea moiety.


non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative

Any derivative of a non-proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group or carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom.


hydroxamic acid ester

A carboxamide that is a hydroxamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is replaced by an organyl group.


aralkylamino compound

An organic amino compound in which an aminoalkyl group is linked to an arene.


nitro compound

A compound having a nitro group, -NO2 (free valence on nitrogen), which may be attached to carbon, nitrogen (as in nitramines), or oxygen (as in nitrates), among other elements (in the absence of specification, C-nitro compounds are usually implied).


L-alanine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-alanine by a heteroatom.


thiocarboxamide

Any primary amide having its amide oxygen replaced by sulfur.


name: alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid amide

description: A monocarboxylic amide of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)NR(4)R(5)  or R(1)C#C-C(=O)NR(2)R(3) in which the amide C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position.


1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)

Any member of the class of phosphonic acids in which a carbon atom is directly attached to two phosphonic acid groups. They are analogues of pyrophosphates (with the central oxygen atom replaced by a carbon atom) and like pyrophosphates they tend to have a strong affinity for bone, so are frequently used for their antiresorptive and hypocalcaemic properties.


N-acylglutamic acid

A glutamic acid derivative that is glutamic acid in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an acyl group.


histidine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of histidine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of histidine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing alanine residues.


methoxybenzenes

Any aromatic ether that consists of a benzene skeleton substituted with one or more methoxy groups.


dimethoxybenzene

Any methoxybenzene that consists of a benzene skeleton substituted with two methoxy groups and its derivatives.


alanine zwitterion

An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of alanine; major species at pH 7.3.


ester

A compound formally derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l > 0) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter.


sultone

An intramolecular cyclic ester of a hydroxy sulfonic acid, analogous to lactone.


aromatic ester

An ester where the ester linkage is bonded directly to an aromatic system.


polar amino acid zwitterion

Zwitterionic form of a polar amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.


carbonates

Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.


biphenyls

Benzenoid aromatic compounds containing two phenyl or substituted-phenyl groups which are joined together by a single bond.


benzenes

Any benzenoid aromatic compound consisting of the benzene skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


tetracenes

Compounds containing a tetracene skeleton.


alkenylbenzene

A member of the class of benzenes that is benzene substituted with one or more alkenyl groups. It is a group of naturally occurring compounds that are synthesized as secondary metabolites in various plants, including nutmeg and basil.


toluenes

Any member of the class of benzenes that is a substituted benzene in which the substituents include one (and only one) methyl group.


acenes

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.


name: carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives

description: Any organooxygen compound that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone, or a compound derived from one. Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and usually have an empirical formula Cm(H2O)n; carbohydrate derivatives may contain other elements by substitution or condensation.


monosaccharide

Parent monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H-[CHOH]n-C(=O)[CHOH]m-H with three or more carbon atoms. The generic term 'monosaccharide' (as opposed to oligosaccharide or polysaccharide) denotes a single unit, without glycosidic connection to other such units. It includes aldoses, dialdoses, aldoketoses, ketoses and diketoses, as well as deoxy sugars, provided that the parent compound has a (potential) carbonyl group.


glycoside

A glycosyl compound resulting from the attachment of a glycosyl group to a non-acyl group RO-, RS-, RSe-, etc. The bond between the glycosyl group and the non-acyl group is called a glycosidic bond. By extension, the terms N-glycosides and C-glycosides are used as class names for glycosylamines and for compounds having a glycosyl group attached to a hydrocarbyl group respectively. These terms are misnomers and should not be used. The preferred terms are glycosylamines and C-glycosyl compounds, respectively.


aldehydo-D-galactose

An aldohexose that is the C-4 epimer of glucose.


oligosaccharide derivative

A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from an oligosaccharide.


amino monosaccharide

Any  amino sugar that is a monosaccharide in which one alcoholic hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group.


A linear tetrasaccharide comprising three L-glycero-alpha-D-manno-heptose residues and a 3-deoxy-alpha-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (2-keto-3-deoxy-alpha-D-mannooctanoic acid, alpha-Kdo) residue in a (1->7), (1->3), (1->5) sequence.


carbohydrate acid derivative

A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a carbohydrate acid.


aureolic acid

Glycoside compounds that have a 1-keto-8,9-dihydroxyanthracene skeleton, a functionalized alkyl chain at the 3- position, and two oligosaccharide chains of variable lengths.


D-aldohexose

Any D-aldose having a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.


oligosaccharide

A compound in which monosaccharide units are joined by glycosidic linkages. The term is commonly used to refer to a defined structure as opposed to a polymer of unspecified length or a homologous mixture. When the linkages are of other types the compounds are regarded as oligosaccharide analogues.


D-glucoside

Any glucoside in which the glycoside group is derived from D-glucose.


carbohydrate

Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.


glycosyl compound

A carbohydrate derivative arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to an oxygen, carbon, nitrogen or sulfur atom of a separate entity.


trisaccharide derivative

An oligosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a trisaccharide.


D-fructose

Fructose is a levorotatory monosaccharide and an isomer of glucose.  Although fructose is a hexose (6 carbon sugar), it generally exists as a 5-member hemiketal ring (a furanose).


aldohexose

A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.


aldose

Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.


beta-D-glucoside

Any D-glucoside in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration.


disaccharide derivative

A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a disaccharide.


ketohexose

Any hexose containing a single ketone group.


saponin

A glycoside that is a compound containing one or more hydrophilic glycoside moieties combined with a lipophilic triterpenoid or steroid derivative. Found in particular abundance in plant species.


D-fructose

The open-chain form of D-fructose.


D-glucosamine

A 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose that is D-glucosamine having a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.


tetrasaccharide derivative

An oligosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a tetrasaccharide.


tetrasaccharide

An oligosaccharide comprising four monomeric monosaccharide units.


carbohydrate-containing antibiotic

Any carbohydrate derivative that exhibits antibiotic activity.


glucosamines

Any  hexosamine that is glucose in which at least one of the hydroxy groups has been replaced by an amino group.


aldehydo-D-glucosamine

The open-chain form of D-glucosamine.


glucooligosaccharide

An oligosaccharide comprised of glucose residues.


alditol derivative

A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from an alditol.


beta-glucoside

A glucoside in which the anomeric carbon of the glycosidic bond is in a beta configuration


pentasaccharide derivative

An oligosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a pentasaccharide.


galactopyranose

The pyranose form of galactose.


D-fructofuranose

A fructofuranose that has D configuration.


amino sugar

Any sugar having one or more alcoholic hydroxy groups replaced by substituted or unsubstituted amino groups.


hexitol derivative

An alditol derivative that is formally obtained from a hexitol.


glucosiduronic acid

Any substance produced by linking glucuronic acid to another substance via a glycosidic bond.


GLUCOSAMINE

A 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.


glycan

Any oligosaccharide, polysaccharide or their derivatives consisting of monosaccharides or monosaccharide derivatives linked by glycosidic bonds. See also http://www.ontobee.org/ontology/GNO?iri=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GNO_00000001.


C-glycosyl compound

A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to a carbon atom, thus creating a C-C bond.


carbohydrate derivative

Any organooxygen compound derived from a carbohydrate by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. The term also includes derivatives of these compounds.


D-hexose

A hexose that has D-configuration at position 5.


hexose

Any six-carbon monosaccharide which in its linear form contains either an aldehyde group at position 1 (aldohexose) or a ketone group at position 2 (ketohexose).


ketose

Ketonic parent sugars (polyhydroxy ketones H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)[CH(OH)]mH) and their intramolecular hemiketals.


beta-D-galactoside

Any D-galactoside having beta-configuration at its anomeric centre.


glycosyloxyflavone

A member of the class of flavones having one or more glycosyl residues attached at unspecified positions.


glucitol derivative

A hexitol derivative that is formally obtained from a glucitol.


quercetin O-glycoside

Any glycosyloxyflavone that is an O-glycosylated derivative of quercetin.


D-glucosamine

An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.


olefinic compound

Any organic molecular entity that contains at least one C=C bond.


enyne

An  acetylenic and an olefinic  compound containing a carbon chain that contains a carbon-carbon double bond and a carbon-carbon triple bond.


stilbenoid

Any olefinic compound characterised by a 1,2-diphenylethylene backbone.


phenylpropanoid

Any organic aromatic compound with a structure based on a phenylpropane skeleton. The class includes naturally occurring phenylpropanoid esters, flavonoids, anthocyanins, coumarins and many small phenolic molecules as well as their semi-synthetic and synthetic analogues. Phenylpropanoids are also precursors of lignin.


lignan

Any phenylpropanoid  derived from phenylalanine via dimerization of substituted cinnamic alcohols, known as monolignols, to a dibenzylbutane skeleton. Note that while individual members of the class have names ending ...lignane, ...lignene, ...lignadiene, etc., the class names lignan, neolignan, etc., do not end with an "e".


acetylenic compound

Any organic molecule containing a C#C bond.


terminal acetylenic compound

An acetylenic compound which a carbon of the C#C moiety is attached to a hydrogen atom.


tetracyclines

A subclass of polyketides having an octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide skeleton, substituted with many hydroxy and other groups.


antibiotic fungicide

Any antibiotic antifungal agent that has been used as a fungicide.


decaketide

Decaketides are polyketide compounds that are synthesized from ten ketide units. They are derivatives of a 20-carbon skeleton.


transition element molecular entity

A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a transition element.


organomercury compound

A compound containing at least one carbon-mercury bond.


zinc oxide nanotube

A nanotube consisting of zinc oxide.


zinc oxide nanorod

A nanorod composed of zinc oxide.


d-block molecular entity

A d-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a d-block element.


zinc oxide nanoparticle

A nanoparticle consisting of zinc oxide.


f-block molecular entity

A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an f-block element.


organic molecular entity

Any molecular entity that contains carbon.


one-carbon compound

An organic molecular entity containing a single carbon atom (C1).


ether

An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.


organic molecule

Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity.


serine zwitterion

An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of serine.


diether

A polyether in which the number of ether linkages is 2.


monomethoxyflavone

Any methoxyflavone with a single methoxy substituent.


organometallic compound

A compound having bonds between one or more metal atoms and one or more carbon atoms of an organyl group.


semisynthetic derivative

Any organic molecular entity derived from a natural product by partial chemical synthesis.


anthoxanthin

are a type of flavonoid pigments in plants. Anthoxanthins are water-soluble pigments which range in color from white or colorless to a creamy to yellow, often on petals of flowers.


cyclopropanes

Cyclopropane and its derivatives formed by substitution.


acid anhydride

Compounds consisting of two acyl groups bonded to the same oxygen atom acyl-O-acyl.


benzyl ether

A compound of formula PhCH2OR (R =/= H).


statin (naturally occurring)

Any statin that occurs in nature. The class includes compactin (also known as mevastatin), isolated from a fermentation broth of Penicillium citrinum, and lovastatin, isolated from Aspergillus terreus.


antibiotic antifungal agent

Heteroorganic entities that are microbial metabolites (or compounds derived from them) which have significant antifungal properties.


methoxyflavone

Any member of the class of flavones with at least one methoxy substituent.


heteroorganic entity

A heteroorganic entity is an organic molecular entity in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms.


lipid

'Lipids' is a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids.


organoboron compound

A compound containing at least one carbon-boron bond.


acetal

An organooxygen compound having the structure RR'C(OR'')(OR''') (R'', R''' =/= H). Mixed acetals have R'' and R''' groups which differ.


alpha-amino acid zwitterion

An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of any alpha-amino acid; major species at pH 7.3.


L-thyroxine zwitterion

Zwitterionic form of L-thyroxine.


bridged diphenyl antifungal agent

Any organic aromatic compound containing two phenyl (or substituted phenyl) groups attached to a single carbon or heteroatom and which has significant antifungal properties.


poly(ethylene glycol) derivative

A polyether that is any poly(ethylene glycol) in which one or both of the terminal hydroxy groups has been substituted or undergone modification.


aliphatic compound

Any acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compound, excluding aromatic compounds.


aromatic ether

Any ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent.


aromatic amino-acid zwitterion

An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of any aromatic amino-acid.


flavones

A member of the class of flavonoid with a 2-aryl-1-benzopyran-4-one (2-arylchromen-4-one) skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


polyether

Any ether that contains more than one ether linkage.


L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion

Zwitterionic form of an L-alpha-amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.


meroterpenoid

Meroterpenoids are complex organooxygen natural products produced from polyketide and terpenoid precursors.


cyclic acid anhydride

Acid anhydrides derived by loss of water between two oxoacid functions RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) (carboxylic, sulfonic, etc.) in the same molecule so as to close a ring.


carbocyclic compound

A homocyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms.


statin (synthetic)

A statin which does not occur naturally and which is not obtained by chemical transformation of a naturally occurring statin.


flavonoid

Any member of the 'superclass' flavonoids whose skeleton is based on 1-benzopyran with an aryl substituent at position 2. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.


tetracenomycin

A polyketide based on a tetracene ring structure.


bridged diphenyl fungicide

Any organic aromatic compound containing two phenyl (or substituted phenyl) groups attached to a single carbon or heteroatom and which has been used as a fungicide.


ketal

An acetal of formula R2C(OR)2 (R =/= H) derived from a ketone by replacement of the oxo group by two hydrocarbyloxy groups. The class name 'ketals', once abandoned by IUPAC, has been reinstated as a subclass of acetals.


organic cyclic compound

Any organic molecule that consists of atoms connected in the form of a ring.


zwitterion

A neutral compound having formal unit electrical charges of opposite sign on non-adjacent atoms. Sometimes referred to as inner salts, dipolar ions (a misnomer).


organochalcogen compound

An organochalcogen compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chalcogen bond.


organooxygen compound

An organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond.


amino acid zwitterion

The zwitterionic form of an amino acid having a negatively charged carboxyl group and a positively charged amino group.


polyketide

Natural and synthetic compounds containing alternating carbonyl and methylene groups ('beta-polyketones'), biogenetically derived from repeated condensation of acetyl coenzyme A (via malonyl coenzyme A), and usually the compounds derived from them by further condensations, etc. Considered by many to be synonymous with the less frequently used terms acetogenins and ketides.


organic acid

Any organic molecular entity that is acidic and contains carbon in covalent linkage.


dipolar compound

An  organic molecule that is electrically neutral carrying a positive and a negative charge in one of its major canonical descriptions. In most dipolar compounds the charges are delocalized; however the term is also applied to species where this is not the case.


fatty acid derivative

Any organic molecular entity derived from a fatty acid.


organic cation

Any organic ion with a net positive charge.


cyclopentanes

Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.


biaryl

An organic aromatic compound whose structure contains two aromatic rings or ring systems, joined to each other by a single bond.


antibiotic antifungal drug

Any antibiotic antifungal agent used to treat fungal infections in humans or animals.


tryptophan zwitterion

An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of tryptophan; major species at pH 7.3.


bridged diphenyl antifungal drug

Any bridged diphenyl antifungal agent used for the treatment of fungal infections in humans or animals.


cyclobutanes

Cyclobutane and its derivatives formed by substitution.


statin

Any organooxygen compound whose structure is related to compactin (mevastatin) and which may be used as an anticholesteremic drug due its EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitory properties.


flavonoids

Any organic molecular entity whose stucture is based on derivatives of a phenyl-substituted 1-phenylpropane possessing a C15 or C16 skeleton, or such a structure which is condensed with a C6-C3 lignan precursors. The term is a 'superclass' comprising all members of the classes of flavonoid, isoflavonoid, neoflavonoid, chalcones, dihydrochalcones, aurones, pterocarpan, coumestans, rotenoid, flavonolignan, homoflavonoid and flavonoid oligomers. Originally restricted to natural products, the term is also applied to synthetic compounds related to them.


reactive oxygen species

Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.


elemental molecular entity

A molecular entity all atoms of which have the same atomic number.


elemental molecule

A molecule all atoms of which have the same atomic number.


monoatomic entity

A monoatomic entity is a molecular entity consisting of a single atom.


divalent metal cation

A metal cation with a valence of two.


radical

A molecular entity possessing an unpaired electron.


carbene

The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).


Carbenes containing an imidazol-2-ylidene skeleton.


cation

A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the proton.


divalent inorganic cation

An inorganic cation with a valency of two.


p-block molecular entity

A main group molecular entity that contains one or more atoms of a p-block element.


chalcogen molecular entity

Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen.


selenites

Salts and esters of selenous acid.


gas molecular entity

Any main group molecular entity that is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP; 0degreeC and 100 kPa).


oxygen-16 atom

The stable isotope of oxygen with relative atomic mass 15.994914. The most abundant (99.76 atom percent) isotope of naturally occurring oxygen.


oxygen-15 atom

The radioactive isotope of oxygen with relative atomic mass 15.003065. The longest-lived oxygen radionuclide with half-life of 122.2 s.


sulfur-35 atom

The radioactive isotope of sulfur with relative atomic mass 34.9690322 and nuclear spin (3)/2. The longest-lived sulfur radionuclide with half-life of 87.5 days.


iodine-127 atom

The stable isotope of iodine with relative atomic mass 126.904468, 100 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 5/2.


sulfur-34 atom

The stable isotope of sulfur with relative atomic mass 33.9678668 and 4.21 atom percent natural abundance.


sulfur-38 atom

The radioactive isotope of sulfur with relative atomic mass 37.97116 and half-life of 170.3 min.


sulfur-33 atom

The stable isotope of sulfur with relative atomic mass 32.9714585, 0.75 atom percent natural abundance, and nuclear spin (3)/2.


sulfur-32 atom

The stable isotope of sulfur with relative atomic mass 31.972071. The most abundant (95.02 atom percent) isotope of naturally occurring sulfur.


sulfur-36 atom

The stable isotope of sulfur with relative atomic mass 35.9670809. The least abundant (0.02 atom percent) isotope of naturally occurring sulfur.


iodine-129 atom

The isotope of iodine with relative atomic mass 128.904988, and nuclear spin 7/2.


ion

A molecular entity having a net electric charge.


polyatomic ion

An ion consisting of more than one atom.


inherited disease susceptibility

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.


aromatic compound

A cyclically conjugated molecular entity with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure (e.g. Kekule structure) is said to possess aromatic character.


macrocycle

A cyclic compound containing nine or more atoms as part of the cyclic system.


chemical entity

A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances.


main group molecular entity

A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table.


cyclic compound

Any molecule that consists of a series of atoms joined together to form a ring.


chemical substance

A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types.


heterocyclic compound

A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements.


polyatomic entity

Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom.


mineral

In general, a mineral is a chemical substance that is normally crystalline formed and has been formed as a result of geological processes. The term also includes metamict substances (naturally occurring, formerly crystalline substances whose crystallinity has been destroyed by ionising radiation) and can include naturally occurring amorphous substances that have never been crystalline ('mineraloids') such as georgite and calciouranoite as well as substances formed by the action of geological processes on bigenic compounds ('biogenic minerals').


inorganic molecular entity

A molecular entity that contains no carbon.


alkali metal molecular entity

A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkali metal.


atom

A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element.


isotopically modified compound

Any molecular entity in which the isotopic ratio of nuclides for at least one element deviates measurably from that occurring in nature. The term includes both isotopically substituted compounds (in which essentially all the molecules of the compound have only the indicated nuclide(s) at each designated position) and isotopically labeled compounds (a formal mixture of an isotopically unmodified compound with one or more analogous isotopically substituted compound(s).


ring assembly

Two or more cyclic systems (single rings or fused systems) which are directly joined to each other by double or single bonds are named ring assemblies when the number of such direct ring junctions is one less than the number of cyclic systems involved.


mineral nutrient

A mineral that is an inorganic nutrient which must be ingested and absorbed in adequate amounts to satisfy a wide range of essential metabolic and/or structural functions in the human body.


pnictogen

Any p-block element atom that is in group 15 of the periodic table: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth.


bicyclic compound

A molecule that features two fused rings.


mancude ring

Any molecular entity that consists of a ring having (formally) the maximum number of noncumulative double bonds.


p-block element atom

Any main group element atom belonging to the p-block of the periodic table.


molecule

Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom.


chalcogen

Any p-block element belonging to the group 16 family of the periodic table.


heterobicyclic compound

A bicyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one skeletal heteroatom.


s-block molecular entity

An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element.


alkaline earth molecular entity

An alkaline earth molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkaline earth metal.


main group element atom

An atom belonging to one of the main groups (found in the s- and p- blocks) of the periodic table.


homocyclic compound

A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of the same element only.


molecular entity

Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity.


(11)C-modified compound

An isotopically modified compound which contains one or more (11)C atoms. (11)C is the most stable artificial isotope of carbon, decaying by positron emission to (11)B with a half-life of 20.334 minutes.


disease susceptibility

description: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.