antiphospholipid syndrome

description: A disorder caused by the presence of autoantibodies directed against phospholipids, causing a hypercoaguable state, which may result in blood clots, stroke, heart attack, and in women, significant pregnancy-related complications, including miscarriage and still birth. The syndrome is often associated with other autoimmune disorders, most commonly lupus erythematosus, and infections, including syphilis and Lyme disease.


aortic aneurysm

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: A ruptured aneurysm located in the wall of the proximal portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta.


Aortic dissection

category: biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: Aortic dissection refers to a tear in the intimal layer of the aorta causing a separation between the intima and the medial layers of the aorta.


aortic valve insufficiency

description: Dysfunction of the aortic valve characterized by incomplete valve closure.


aortitis

description: Inflammation of the aorta. Causes include trauma, infectious disorders, and connective tissue disorders.


Low APGAR score

description: An Apgar score less than seven.


aphasia

description: A language disorder that involves an acquired impairment of any language modality such as producing or comprehending spoken or written language.


Loss of voice

description: A term referring to the inability to speak. It may result from injuries to the vocal cords or may be functional (psychogenic).


pure red-cell aplasia

description: A disease characterized by normocytic, normochromic anemia, low hematocrit, reticulocytopenia, and selective erythroid hypoplasia.


maltose

mrdef: A dextrodisaccharide from malt and starch. It is used as a sweetening agent and fermentable intermediate in brewing. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

description: A maltose that has beta-configuration at the reducing end anomeric centre.


agnosia

description: A rare disorder characterized by the lack of ability to recognize individuals, objects, shapes, sounds, or smells. There is no loss of memory. It is caused by neurological damage in the brain, specifically in the occipital or parietal lobes.


arachnoiditis

description: Arachnoiditis (ARC) is a chronic inflammation of the arachnoid layer of the meninges, of which adhesive arachnoiditis is the most severe form, characterized by debilitating, intractable neurogenic back and limb pain and a range of other neurological problems.


Areflexia

description: Absence of neurologic reflexes such as the knee-jerk reaction.


diacerein

mrdef: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase


Chiari malformation

description: A rare genetic brain malformation characterized by displacement of the brain stem and cerebellum through the foramen magnum. It may result in hydrocephalus.


Arterial Injury

description: Damage to an artery from traumatic or pathologic processes.


Arterial rupture

description: Sudden breakage of an artery leading to leakage of blood from the circulation.


Arteriovenous fistula thrombosis

description: Partial or complete occlusion of the lumen within an arteriovenous fistula by a thrombus.


congenital arteriovenous fistula

description: An abnormal, epithelial-lined connection between an artery and vein that is present at the time of birth.


arteritis

description: An inflammatory process affecting an artery.


Enteropathic arthritis

description: A form of chronic arthritis that is found in some patients with inflammatory bowel disease.


reactive arthritis

description: Reactive arthritis (ReA) is an autoimmune disorder belonging to the group of seronegative spondyloarthropathies and is characterized by the classic triad of arthritis, urethritis and conjunctivitis.


thiomersal

mrdef: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.

description: An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.


name: Elevated circulating aspartate aminotransferase concentration

description: The concentration of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the blood circulation is above the upper limit of normal.


Asphyxia

description: A state of general hypoxia and hypercapnea, resulting in acidosis, which affects all tissues in the body.


Aspiration

description: Inspiration of a foreign object into the airway.


barium sulfate

mrdef: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.

description: A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.


Asterixis

description: A clinical sign indicating a lapse of posture and is usually manifest by a bilateral flapping tremor at the wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and hip joints.


asthenopia

description: Term generally used to describe complaints related to refractive error, ocular muscle imbalance, including pain or aching around the eyes, burning and itchiness of the eyelids, ocular fatigue, and headaches.


Exercise-induced asthma

description: Asthma attacks following exercise.


astigmatism

description: Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)


Atelectasis

description: Collapse of part of a lung associated with absence of inflation (air) of that part.


Athetosis

description: A slow, continuous, involuntary writhing movement that prevents maintenance of a stable posture. Athetosis involves continuous smooth movements that appear random and are not composed of recognizable sub-movements or movement fragments. In contrast to chorea, in athetosis, the same regions of the body are repeatedly involved. Athetosis may worsen with attempts at movement of posture, but athetosis can also occur at rest.


atopic IgE-mediated allergic disorder

description: A genetic predisposition to form IgE antibodies in response to exposure to allergens and therefore, for the development of immediate (type I) hypersensitivity and atopic conditions, such as allergic rhinitis; bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy. Mutations of specific alleles on the long arm of chromosome 5 have been associated with higher levels of IL-4 and IgE and are known as IL-4 promoter polymorphisms.


atrial septal defect

description: Interauricular communication is a congenital malformation characterized by a communication between the atrial chambers of the heart.


atrial tachycardia

description: A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of an organized, regular atrial rhythm with atrial rate between 101 and 240 beats per minute. The P wave morphology must be distinct from the sinus P wave morphology. (CDISC)


first-degree atrioventricular block

description: A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of prolonged PR interval for a specific population. For adults one common threshold is a PR interval greater than 0.20 seconds.


Atypical pneumonia

description: Historical term that references a form of pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, or Legionella species.


auditory system disorder

description: A disease involving the auditory system.


Focal sensory seizure

description: A focal sensory seizure is a type seizure beginning with a subjective sensation.


axonal neuropathy

description: Any nerve disorder affecting the axon of a nerve.


azoospermia

description: A male infertility disease characterized by the absence of any measurable level of sperm in semen.


B-cell lymphoma recurrent

description: The reemergence of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma after a period of remission.


B-cell lymphoma refractory

description: B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is resistant to treatment.


bacillary angiomatosis

description: A condition that is caused by infection with Bartonella, and which is characterized by vascular proliferation, usually in immunocompromised individuals.


Back Injuries

description: Trauma to the posterior trunk.


bacteriuria

description: The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the urinary tract and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.


Barrett esophagus

description: Esophageal lesion lined with columnar metaplastic epithelium which is flat or villiform. Barrett epithelium is characterized by two different types of cells: goblet cells and columnar cells. The symptomatology of Barrett esophagus is that of gastro-esophageal reflux. It is the precursor of most esophageal adenocarcinomas. (WHO)


skin basal cell carcinoma

description: The most frequently seen skin cancer. It arises from basal cells of the epidermis and pilosebaceous units. Clinically it is divided into the following types: nodular, ulcerative, superficial, multicentric, erythematous, and sclerosing or morphea-like. More than 95% of these carcinomas occur in patients over 40. They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck and the remaining 15% on the trunk and extremities. Basal cell carcinoma usually grows in a slow and indolent fashion. However, if untreated, the tumor may invade the subcutaneous fat, skeletal muscle and bone. Distant metastases are rare. Excision, curettage and irradiation cure most basal cell carcinomas.


nitrendipine

mrdef: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.

description: A  dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.


Increased basophil count

description: An abnormally increased count of basophils per volume in the blood circulation.


Atypical behavior

description: Atypical behavior is an abnormality in a person's actions, which can be controlled or modulated by the will of the individual. While abnormal behaviors can be difficult to control, they are distinct from other abnormal actions that cannot be affected by the individual's will.


breast benign neoplasm

description: A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the breast parenchyma.


aortic valve disease 1

description: Any aortic valve disease in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the NOTCH1 gene.


bile duct carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the bile duct


Biliary Colic

description: Painful sensation in the gallbladder region.


bite injury

description: A wound inflicted by the teeth or fangs of an individual or animal.


Bladder cancer recurrent

description: The reemergence of bladder carcinoma after a period of remission.


name: Bladder cancer stage I, with cancer in situ


Stage II Bladder Cancer AJCC v6 and v7

description: Stage II includes: (T2a, N0, M0); (T2b, N0, M0).  T2a: Tumor invades superficial muscle (inner half).  T2b: Tumor invades deep muscle (outer half).  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th and 7th Eds.)


Stage III Bladder Cancer AJCC v6 and v7

description: Stage III includes: (T3a, N0, M0); (T3b, N0, M0); (T4a, N0, M0).  T3a: Tumor microscopically invades perivesical tissue.  T3b: Tumor macroscopically invades perivesical tissue (extravesical mass).  T4a: Tumor invades prostatic stroma, uterus, vagina.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


Bladder cancer stage IV

description: A carcinoma that arises from the bladder and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


Dilatation of the bladder

description: The presence of a dilated urinary bladder.


urinary bladder neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm of the bladder. - 2003


bladder neck obstruction

description: Blockage of the opening between the bladder and the urethra resulting in the reduction or prevention of the urine flow from the bladder into the urethra.


bladder transitional cell carcinoma

description: The most common morphologic subtype of urinary bladder carcinoma (over 90% of cases). It arises from the transitional epithelium. It most often affects males in their sixth and seventh decades of life. Hematuria is the most common symptom at presentation. Pathologic stage is the strongest predictor of survival.


Prolonged bleeding time

description: Prolongation of the time taken for a standardized skin cut of fixed depth and length to stop bleeding.


hyperpigmentation of eyelid

description: Over-production of pigment in the eyelid.


benign essential blepharospasm

description: Involuntary twitching of the eyelid.


blindness (disorder)

description: The lack of vision. It is caused by neurological or physiological factors.


cortical blindness

description: Visual impairment due to visual cortex dysfunction.


Bulla

description: A large (greater than 5-10 mm) intraepidermal/subepidermal cavity filled with clear, serosanguineous or cloudy fluid.


prednisolone succinate

status: OFP

description: A hemisuccinate resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group prednisolone with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. It is used to treat mild to moderate non-infectious eye allergies and inflammation, including damage caused by chemical and thermal burns.


cetrimide

The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.


name: Blood bicarbonate level decreased below normal


Blood Bicarbonate Increased

description: Higher than normal levels of bicarbonate in the blood.


Blood Corticotrophin Decreased

description: A laboratory test result which indicates decreased levels of corticotrophin in the blood.


creatine phosphokinase, elevated serum

description: A laboratory test result which indicates increased levels of creatine phosphokinase in a biological specimen.


name: Blood creatine phosphokinase MB increased


Positive Blood Culture

description: A laboratory test result demonstrating the presence of a specific organism in a blood sample after culture.


name: Blood follicle stimulating hormone increased


Abnormal blood gas level

description: An abnormality of the partial pressure of oxygen or carbon dioxide in the arterial blood.


Decreased circulating IgE

description: An abnormally decreased level of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in blood.


Hyperinsulinemia

description: Abnormally high levels of insulin in the blood.


Decreased diastolic blood pressure

description: Abnormal decrease in diastolic blood pressure.


Decreased systolic blood pressure

description: Abnormal decrease in systolic blood pressure.


Abnormal Blood Prolactin

description: A laboratory test result which indicates abnormal levels of prolactin hormone in the blood.


name: Blood thyroid stimulating hormone abnormal


bone cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the bone or articular cartilage.


name: Blood thyroid stimulating hormone decreased


name: Blood thyroid stimulating hormone increased


name: Blood thyroid stimulating hormone normal


name: Abnormal blood urea nitrogen concentration

description: Any deviation from the normal concentration of urea nitrogen in the blood.


Increased blood urea nitrogen

description: An increased amount of nitrogen in the form of urea in the blood.


Emotional blunting

description: Inability to feel positive or negative emotions, feelings of detachment, or reduced emotional responsiveness.


Increased body mass index

description: Abnormally increased weight-to-height squared ratio, calculated by dividing the individual's weight in kilograms by the square of the individual's height in meters and used as an indicator of overweight compared to averages.


solitary bone cyst

description: A solitary bone cyst is a benign non-epithelial bone cavity that is asymptomatic and that is found most commonly in the second decade of life by chance. The long bones are most often affected, but cases involving the jaw bone have been reported.


bone giant cell tumor

description: A benign but locally aggressive tumor that arises from the bone and is composed of mononuclear cells admixed with macrophages and osteoclast-like giant cells. It usually arises from the ends of long bones or the vertebrae. Clinical presentation includes pain, edema, and decreased range of motion in the affected joint.


Bowen disease of the skin

description: A form of squamous cell carcinoma in situ. It is a distinct clinicopathological entity and arises from the skin or the mucocutaneous junction. It affects predominantly white males in their 6-8th decades of life. Exposed and non-exposed skin sites are equally affected. UV damage and ingestion of inorganic arsenic may play a role in the development of the disease. On the skin surface, it presents as a single or multiple erythematous, scaly, keratotic patches or plaques. The clinical entity of erythroplasia of Queyrat is regarded as Bowen disease of the penis and it presents as an asymptomatic, red, circumscribed plaque. Morphologically, Bowen disease is characterized by the presence of hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, dyskeratosis, and acanthosis. The keratotic squamous cells are atypical and display hyperchromatism and abnormal mitotic figures. The dermoepidermal basement membrane is intact. Complete surgical removal of the lesion may be curative.


metildigoxin

mrdef: A semisynthetic digitalis glycoside with the general properties of DIGOXIN but more rapid onset of action. Its cardiotonic action is prolonged by its demethylation to DIGOXIN in the liver. It has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).


valpromide

smiles: CCCC(CCC)C(N)=O

description: A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.


Fetal bradycardia

description: A fetal heart rate below 110 bpm that is sustained for longer than 10 minutes.


Bradykinesia

description: Bradykinesia literally means slow movement, and is used clinically to denote a slowness in the execution of movement (in contrast to hypokinesia, which is used to refer to slowness in the initiation of movement).


Bradypnea

description: Bradypnea is referring to breathing that is abnormally slow.


brain stem glioma

description: A neuroglial tumor that arises from the brain stem.


brain stem infarction

description: Infarctions that occur in the brain stem which is comprised of the midbrain; pons; and medulla oblongata. There are several named syndromes characterized by their distinctive clinical manifestations and specific sites of ischemic injury.


breast abscess

description: A breast disease characterized by a collection of pus in the breast.


breast carcinoma in situ

description: A in situ carcinoma that involves the breast.


Breast cancer recurrent

description: The reemergence of carcinoma in the breast after a period of remission.


Carcinoma breast stage I

description: Stage 1 includes T1, NO, MO.  T1: Tumor 2.0 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T1mic: Microinvasion 0.1 cm or less in greatest dimension.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th Ed.)-2003


breast cyst

description: A cystic lesion located in breast tissue.


Nipple Discharge

description: The flow of fluid from the nipple of the breast.


hypertrophy of breast

description: Excessive enlargement of one or both breasts. Causes include pregnancy, obesity, and penicillamine therapy. It may result in neck, back, and shoulder pain.


breast neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm of the breast parenchyma. It can originate from the ducts, lobules or the breast adipose tissue. Breast neoplasms are much more common in females than males.


Breast Swelling

description: Enlargement of the breast due to  increased fluid volume.


Halitosis

description: Noticeably unpleasant odors exhaled in breathing.


Breech presentation

description: A position of the fetus at delivery in which the fetus enters the birth canal with the buttocks or feet first.


bronchogenic carcinoma

description: A lung carcinoma arising from the bronchial epithelium.


Bronchial Fistula

description: An abnormal communication between the bronchus and another organ or anatomic site.


Bronchial Obstruction

description: Blockage of a bronchus passage most often by bronchial secretions and exudates.


pulmonary aspergilloma

description: A aspergillosis that involves the lung.


bronchopulmonary dysplasia

description: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a chronic respiratory disease that results from complications related to lung injury during the treatment of infant acute respiratory distress syndrome in low-birth-weight premature infants or from abnormal lung development in older infants. Clinical signs are tachypnea, tachycardia and signs of respiratory distress such as intercostal recession, grunting and nasal flaring.


Right bundle branch block

description: A conduction block of the right branch of the bundle of His. This manifests as a prolongation of the QRS complex (greater than 0.12 s) with delayed activation of the right ventricle and terminal delay on the EKG.


Burning Sensation

description: A sensation of stinging or heat, not necessarily accompanied by redness or physical signs of irritation.


Partial thickness burn

description: An injury that includes the entire epidermis and upper layers of the dermis due to a chemical, friction, radiation or thermal exposure. The affected area appears as moist red or white skin that does not blanch. Often it is painful with the presence of blisters.


name: Elevated circulating C-reactive protein concentration

description: An abnormal elevation of the C-reactive protein level in the blood circulation.


Cachexia

description: Severe weight loss, wasting of muscle, loss of appetite, and general debility related to a chronic disease.


oxyquinoline

mrdef: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.

description: A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.


calcinosis

description: Deposition of calcium in the tissues. It may be the result of a metabolic disorder or long-standing infection, or it may be associated with the presence of cancer.


carcinoid tumor

description: A slow growing neuroendocrine tumor, composed of uniform, round, or polygonal cells having monotonous, centrally located nuclei and small nucleoli, infrequent mitoses, and no necrosis. The tumor may show a variety of patterns, such as solid, trabecular, and acinar. Electron microscopy shows small secretory granules. Immunohistochemical studies reveal NSE, as well as chromogranin immunoreactivity. Malignant histology (cellular pleomorphism, hyperchromatic nuclei, prominent nucleoli, necrosis, and mitoses) can occasionally be seen. Such cases may have an aggressive clinical course. Gastrointestinal tract and lung are common sites of involvement.


skin carcinoma in situ

description: A in situ carcinoma that involves the zone of skin.


heart aneurysm

description: A localized bulging or dilatation in the muscle wall of a heart (myocardium), usually in the left ventricle. Blood-filled aneurysms are dangerous because they may burst. Fibrous aneurysms interfere with the heart function through the loss of contractility. True aneurysm is bound by the vessel wall or cardiac wall. False aneurysms are hematoma caused by myocardial rupture.


cilnidipine

mrdef: has excitatory & inhibitory action on the Ca+ channels in the rabbit basilar artery; structure given in first source; RN given is for (+-) isomer

description: A diesterified 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium channel blocker, it is used as an antihypertensive.


pimobendan

mrdef: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source


Heart murmur

description: An extra or unusual sound heard during a heartbeat caused vibrations resulting from the flow of blood through the heart.


Decreased cardiac output

description: A decreased volume of blood pumped by the left and right ventricle, per unit time. Cardiac output (CO) is the product of the heart rate (HR), i.e. the number of heartbeats per minute (bpm), and the stroke volume (SV), which is the volume of blood pumped from the ventricle per beat.


Increased cardiac output

description: An increased volume of blood pumped by the left and right ventricle, per unit time. Cardiac output (CO) is the product of the heart rate (HR), i.e. the number of heartbeats per minute (bpm), and the stroke volume (SV), which is the volume of blood pumped from the ventricle per beat.


Cardiorespiratory arrest

description: Cessation of breathing and/or cardiac function.


carotid artery thrombosis

description: Blood clot formation in any part of the carotid arteries. This may produce carotid stenosis or occlusion of the vessel, leading to transient ischemic attack; cerebral infarction; or amaurosis fugax.


carpal tunnel syndrome

description: Entrapment of the median nerve in the wrist that is characterized by numbness, tingling and painful movement.


Cartilage injury

description: Trauma to cartilage.


cat-scratch disease

description: Cat scratch disease is an infectious illness caused by the bacteria bartonella (Bartonella henselae). It is believed to be transmitted by cat scratches, bites, or exposure to cat saliva. This self-limiting infectious diseaseis characterized by a bump or blister at the site of the bite or scratch and swelling and pain in the lymph nodes. Other features may include fatigue, headache, achiness, and fever. Although cat-scratch disease usually subsides without treatment, antibiotic and/or antimicrobial therapy may help speed recovery.


cataract

description: Partial or complete opacity of the crystalline lens of one or both eyes that decreases visual acuity and eventually results in blindness. Some cataracts appear in infancy or in childhood, but most develop in older individuals. (Sternberg Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, 3rd ed.)


nuclear cataract

description: A cataract (disease) that involves the lens nucleus.


Subcapsular cataract

description: A cataract that affects the region of the lens directly beneath the capsule of the lens.


catatonia

description: A psychiatric disorder featuring stupor, posturing, and echophenomena.


Abnormal cardiac catheterization

description: Abnormal results from the diagnostic tests resulting from cardiac catheterization.


cauda equina syndrome

description: Cauda equina syndrome refers to a group of symptoms that occur when some of the nerves in the cauda equina (the bundle of nerves that spread out from the bottom of the spinal cord) become compressed and/or damaged. Signs and symptoms of this condition include pain, numbness, or tingling in the lower back and/or legs; ' foot drop '; problems with bowel and/or bladder control; and sexual dysfunction. Cauda equina syndrome may be caused by a herniated disk, tumor, infection, fracture, or spinal stenosis. Treatment usually targets the underlying cause of the condition and often includes surgery to remove the material that is pressing on the nerves. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and/or other services may be required if symptoms persist following surgery.


CD4 Lymphocytes Decreased

description: A laboratory test result which indicates decreased levels of CD4 lymphocytes in a biospecimen.


Decreased CD4:CD8 ratio

description: An abnormal reduction of the relative proportion of CD4+ to CD8+ T cells.


orbital cellulitis

description: Inflammation of the eye tissues posterior to the orbital septum, and generally secondary to an infection spread from adjacent sinuses. Signs and symptoms of the affected eye include sudden loss of vision, erythema, edema, decreased eye movement, and pain. Treatment is conducted via intravenous antibiotics, observation, and surgical intervention when necessary.


name: Cellulitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus


cerebellar ataxia

description: A neurological syndrome characterized by clumsy and uncoordinated movement of the limbs, trunk, and cranial muscles. It results from pathology in the cerebellum and its connections, or in the proprioceptive sensory pathways.


cerebellar degeneration

description: Degeneration of the cerebellum. It may be an inherited condition, a paraneoplastic syndrome, or secondary to autoimmune disorders.


Cerebellar hemorrhage

description: Hemorrhage into the parenchyma of the cerebellum.


cerebellar disorder

description: Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, gait ataxia, and muscle hypotonia.


Cerebral atrophy

description: Atrophy (wasting, decrease in size of cells or tissue) affecting the cerebrum.


Cerebral venous thrombosis

description: Formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a cerebral vein, causing the obstruction of blood flow.


cerebrospinal fluid leak

description: Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through a hole through the skull bone most commonly draining from the nose (CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA) or the ear (CEREBROSPINAL FLUID OTORRHEA).


Cervical cord compression

description: Compression of the spinal cord in the cervical region, generally manifested by paresthesias and numbness, weakness, difficulty walking, abnormalities of coordination, and neck pain or stiffness.


dysplasia of cervix

description: Abnormal development of immature squamous epithelial cells of the uterine cervix, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical epithelium. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial basement membrane.


cervical incompetence

description: A clinical diagnosis presenting with painless cervical dilatation and spontaneous mid-trimester birth in recurrent pregnancies in the absence of spontaneous membrane rupture, bleeding or clinical chorioamnionitis.


cervical polyp

description: A polyp that arises from the surface of the cervix.


spinal stenosis

description: Narrowing of the spinal canal.


Cervix carcinoma recurrent

description: The reemergence of cervical carcinoma after a period of remission.


cervix disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the cervix. Representative examples include cervicitis, endocervical polyp, and carcinoma.


chalazion

description: An eyelid cyst caused by the blockage of a meibomian gland.


cheilitis

description: An inflammatory process affecting the lip.


Chemical Burns

description: A burn caused by exposure to chemical substances.


Chest pain

description: An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the chest.


Abnormal Chest Radiograph

description: A history of having had an abnormal chest radiograph.


Chills

description: A sudden sensation of feeling cold.


dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine

mrdef: A synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers for the study of biological membranes.

status: OFM

description: A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).


myeloid sarcoma

description: A tumor mass composed of myeloblasts or immature myeloid cells. It occurs in extramedullary sites or the bone. (WHO, 2001)


Choking

description: Interference with respiration by compression or obstruction of the larynx or trachea.


acute cholangitis

description: Cholangitis that is both sudden in onset and of a relatively short duration.


acute cholecystitis

description: Acute inflammation of the gallbladder.


pristinamycin IA

mrdef: An antibiotic mixture originally isolated from Streptomyces pristinaspiralis. It is a mixture of compounds from STREPTOGRAMIN GROUP A: pristinamycin IIA and IIB and from STREPTOGRAMIN GROUP B: pristinamycin IA, pristinamycin IB, pristinamycin IC.

description: A cyclodepsipeptide that is (together with pristinamycin IIA) a component of pristinamycin, an oral streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. Pristinamycin exhibits bactericidal activity against Gram positive organisms including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.


Choreoathetosis

description: Involuntary movements characterized by both athetosis (inability to sustain muscles in a fixed position) and chorea (widespread jerky arrhythmic movements).


central areolar choroidal dystrophy

description: A hereditary macular disorder, usually presenting between the ages of 30-60, characterized by a large area of atrophy in the center of the macula and the loss or absence of photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris in this area, resulting in a progressive decrease in visual acuity.


Choroid hemorrhage

description: Hemorrhage from the vessels of the choroid.


name: myalgic encephalomeyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

description: A medical condition characterized by long-term fatigue and other symptoms that limit a person's ability to carry out ordinary daily activities.


Claustrophobia

description: An abnormal fear of being in a closed or narrow space with no escape is called claustrophobia.


respiratory failure

description: The significant impairment of gas exchange within the lungs resulting in hypoxia, hypercarbia, or both, to the extent that organ tissue perfusion is severely compromised. Causes include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, emphysema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pneumothorax, and congestive heart failure. Treatment requires intubation and mechanical ventilation until the time the lungs recover sufficient function.


oxybenzone

description: A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.


cupric oxide

cd_formula: CuO

mrdef: see also Copper(I) oxide (cuprous oxide, Cu2O)

smiles: O=[Cu]


alcoholic liver cirrhosis

description: A disorder of the liver characterized by the presence of fibrotic scar tissue instead of healthy liver tissue. This condition is attributed to excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages.


Fracture of clavicle

description: A traumatic or pathologic injury to the clavicle in which the continuity of the clavicle is broken.


cleft lip

description: A congenital abnormality consisting of one or more clefts (splits) in the upper lip, which may be accompanied by a cleft palate; it is the result of the failure of the embryonic parts of the lip to fuse.


cleft lip/palate

description: Cleft lip and palate is a fissure type embryopathy extending across the upper lip, nasal base, alveolar ridge and the hard and soft palate.


cleft palate

description: Cleft palate is a fissure type embryopathy that affects the soft and hard palate to varying degrees.


Clonus

description: A series of rhythmic and involuntary muscle contractions (at a frequency of about 5 to 7 Hz) that occur in response to an abruptly applied and sustained stretch.


Clubbing

description: Broadening of the soft tissues (non-edematous swelling of soft tissues) of the digital tips in all dimensions associated with an increased longitudinal and lateral curvature of the nails.


Clumsiness

description: Lack of physical coordination resulting in an abnormal tendency to drop items or bump into objects.


Prolonged whole-blood clotting time

description: An abnormal prolongation (delay) in the time required by whole blood to produce a visible clot.


Cogwheel rigidity

description: A type of rigidity in which a muscle responds with cogwheellike jerks to the use of constant force in bending the limb (i.e., it gives way in little, repeated jerks when the muscle is passively stretched).


coloboma

description: An abnormality in which a part of a structure in one or both eyes is missing.


Colon cancer recurrent

description: The reemergence of colon carcinoma after a period of remission.


Stage II Colon Cancer

description: Stage II includes: IIA (T3, N0, M0); IIB (T4, N0, M0).  T3: Tumor invades through the muscularis propria or into non-peritonealized pericolic or perirectal tissues.  T4: Tumor directly invades other organs or structures, and/or perforates visceral peritoneum.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)


Stage III Colon Cancer

description: Stage III includes: IIIA (T1-T2, N1, M0); IIIB (T3-T4, N1, M0); IIIC (Any T, N2, M0). N1: Metastasis in 1 to 3 regional lymph nodes.  N2: Metastasis in 4 or more regional lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)


Colonic fistula

description: An abnormal communication between the large intestine and another organ or cavity.


bromhexine

mrdef: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744)

description: A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).


creatine

mrdef: An amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as CREATININE in the urine.

smiles: CN(CC(O)=O)C(N)=N

description: A glycine derivative having methyl and amidino groups attached to the nitrogen.


compartment syndrome

description: Elevated pressure in a confined space enclosed by fascia or eschar, which may lead to vascular compromise and subsequent ischemic injury to the tissue within the space.


phenothiazine

The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.


Complications of bone marrow transplant

description: A sequela of bone marrow transplantation.


Complications of transplanted heart

description: A disease or disorder that is associated with a transplanted heart.


Disorder of transplanted kidney

description: A disease or disorder that is associated with a transplanted kidney.


Brain Concussion

description: A violent jar or shock, or the condition which results from such an injury.


Complication of transplanted liver

description: A disease or disorder that is associated with a transplanted liver.


Complication of transplanted lung

description: A disease or disorder that is associated with a transplanted lung.


Compression fracture

description: Compression-induced traumatic break, and resulting collapse, of a short bone.


Confusion

description: Lack of clarity and coherence of thought, perception, understanding, or action.


Fetal anomaly

description: Structural or functional abnormalities of the fetus. Note that this section comprises terms that describe abnormalities that are specific to the fetus or differ from the corresponding general terms. A term from anywhere in the Human Phenotype Ontology can be applied to a fetus if appropriate.


congenital aortic valve stenosis

description: Aortic valve stenosis that is present at birth.


name: Congenital anomaly of central nervous system


polycystic kidney disease

description: A usually autosomal dominant and less frequently autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by the presence of numerous cysts in the kidneys leading to end-stage renal failure. The autosomal dominant trait is associated with abnormalities on the short arm of chromosome 16. Symptoms in patients with the autosomal dominant trait usually appear at middle age and include abdominal pain, hematuria, and high blood pressure. Patients may develop brain aneurysms and liver cysts. Patients with the autosomal recessive trait present with progressive renal failure early in life and symptoms resulting from hepatic fibrosis. The autosomal recessive trait is associated with abnormalities of chromosome 6. Polycystic kidney disease may also result as a side effect in patients on renal dialysis.


congenital diaphragmatic hernia

description: A posterolateral defect of the diaphragm that allows passage of abdominal viscera into the thorax, leading to respiratory insufficiency and persistent pulmonary hypertension with high mortality.


name: displacement of cardia through esophageal hiatus


congenital hydrocephalus

description: Hydrocephalus that is present at birth.


congenital nystagmus

description: Nystagmus present at birth or caused by lesions sustained in utero or at the time of birth. It is usually pendular, and is associated with albinism and conditions characterized by early loss of central vision. Inheritance patterns may be X-linked, autosomal dominant, or recessive. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p275)


Umbilical hernia

description: Protrusion of abdominal contents through a defect in the abdominal wall musculature around the umbilicus. Skin and subcutaneous tissue overlie the defect.


Conjunctival hemorrhage

description: A hemorrhage occurring in the conjunctiva of the eye.


potassium bitartrate

An organic potassium salt of L-tartaric acid. It is a by-product of winemaking and occurs naturally in grapes, the major fruit used to produce wine.


Medical Contraindication

description: A symptom or medical condition that makes a particular treatment or procedure inadvisable because a person is likely to have a bad reaction.


conversion disorder

description: Conversion disorder is a disorder in which a person experiences blindness, paralysis, or other symptoms affecting the nervous system that cannot be explained solely by a physical illness or injury. Symptoms usually begin suddenly after a period of emotional or physical distress or psychological conflict. Conversion disorder is thought to be caused by the bodys reaction to a stressful physical or emotional event. Some research has identified potential neurological changes that may be related to symptoms of the disorder. Diagnosis of conversion disorder is based on identifying particular signs that are common among people with the disorder, as well as performing tests to rule out other causes of the symptoms. Treatment may include psychotherapy, hypnosis, and stress management training to help reduce symptoms. Treatment of any underlying psychological disorder is also recommended. The affected body part may require physical or occupational therapy until symptoms resolve.


Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia

description: A type of hemolytic anemia in which the Coombs test is positive.


acute cor pulmonale

description: A form of acute right heart failure produced by a sudden increase in resistance to blood flow in the pulmonary circulation.


Infiltrate of cornea

description: Discrete, small lesions present in the cornea as a result of corneal inflammation and, in some cases, after soft contact lens wear especially extended-wear lenses.


corneal edema

description: Hazy, swollen cornea.


flavin mononucleotide

mrdef: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.

description: A flavin mononucleotide that is riboflavin (vitamin B2) in which the primary hydroxy group has been converted to its dihydrogen phosphate ester.


coronary aneurysm

description: Abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of coronary vessels. Most coronary aneurysms are due to coronary atherosclerosis, and the rest are due to inflammatory diseases, such as kawasaki disease.


coronary stenosis

description: Narrowing of the coronary artery lumen diameter.


coronary thrombosis

description: Coagulation of blood in any of the coronary vessels. The presence of a blood clot (thrombus) often leads to myocardial infarction.


craniopharyngioma

description: A benign, partly cystic, epithelial tumor of the sellar region, presumably derived from Rathke pouch epithelium. It affects mainly children and young adults. There are two clinicopathological forms: adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The most significant factor associated with recurrence is the extent of surgical resection, with lesions greater than 5 cm in diameter carrying a markedly worse prognosis. (Adapted from WHO)


Decreased Creatinine Clearance

description: A laboratory test finding that indicates decreased creatinine clearance.


Crackles

description: Crackles are discontinuous, explosive, and nonmusical adventitious lung sounds normally heard in inspiration and sometimes during expiration. Crackles are usually classified as fine and coarse crackles based on their duration, loudness, pitch, timing in the respiratory cycle, and relationship to coughing and changing body position.


Increased CSF protein concentration

description: Increased concentration of protein in the cerebrospinal fluid.


Cushing syndrome

description: Cushing's syndrome (CS) encompasses a group of hormonal disorders caused by prolonged and high exposure levels to glucocorticoids that can be of either endogenous (adrenal cortex production) or exogenous (iatrogenic) origin.


lichen amyloidosis

description: Lichen amyloidosis is a rare chronic form of cutaneous amyloidosis, a skin disease characterized by the accumulation of amyloid deposits in the dermis, clinically characterized by the development of pruritic, often pigmented, hyperkeratotic papules on trunk and extremities, especially on the shins, and histologically by the deposition of amyloid or amyloid-like proteins in the papillary dermis.


skin sarcoidosis

description: Formation of non-necrotizing granulomas in the skin. It may be a manifestation of systemic sarcoidosis or may also arise in isolation.


cutis laxa

description: Cutis laxa (CL) is an inherited or acquired connective tissue disorder characterized by wrinkled, redundant and sagging inelastic skin associated with skeletal and developmental anomalies and, in some cases, with severe systemic involvement. Several different forms of inherited CL have been described, differentiated on the basis of the mode of inheritance and differences in the extent of internal organ involvement, associated anomalies and disease severity.


Cyanosis

description: Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosa due to poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of arterial or capillary blood.


Cyst

description: A sac-like closed membranous structure that may be empty or contain fluid or amorphous material.


hemorrhagic cystitis

description: Inflammation of the bladder resulting in bloody urine.


Cytomegalovirus hepatitis

description: Hepatitis secondary to viral infection with cytomegalovirus.


mizoribine

mrdef: imidazole nucleoside with immunosuppressive activity isolated from culture filtrate of Eupenicillium brefeldianum; structure


seborrheic infantile dermatitis

description: Excessive shedding of dry scaly material from the scalp in humans.


sodium carbonate

mrdef: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure


Neonatal death

description: Death within the first 28 days of life.


Hypokinesia

description: Abnormally diminished motor activity. In contrast to paralysis, hypokinesia is not characterized by a lack of motor strength, but rather by a poverty of movement. The typical habitual movements (e.g., folding the arms, crossing the legs) are reduced in frequency.


decubitus ulcer

description: Death of tissue due to external pressure.


Bowel urgency

description: A sudden, irresistible need to have a bowel movement.


Delusion

description: A delusion is a fixed false belief held despite evidence to the contrary. The term delusion broadly encompasses all false judgments that possess the following external characteristics to a significant, albeit unspecified, extent: (1) they are held with an exceptional level of conviction, accompanied by an unparalleled subjective certainty; (2) there is an inability to consider alternative experiences or compelling counter-arguments; (3) the content of the belief is impossible.


Grandiosity

description: Exaggerated feelings of self-importance, superiority, uniqueness, or invulnerability.


Delusional disorder, unspecified type

description: A subtype of delusional disorder applied when the dominant delusional theme cannot be clearly determined.


dengue disease

description: Dengue fever (DF), caused by dengue virus, is an arboviral disease characterized by an initial non-specific febrile illness that can sometimes progress to more severe forms manifesting capillary leakage and hemorrhage (dengue hemorrhagic fever, or DHF) and shock (dengue shock syndrome, or DSS).


dental caries

description: The decay of a tooth, in which it becomes softened, discolored, and/or porous.


dental pulp necrosis

description: Death of pulp tissue with or without bacterial invasion. When the necrosis is due to ischemia with superimposed bacterial infection, it is referred to as pulp gangrene. When the necrosis is non-bacterial in origin, it is called pulp mummification.


substance dependence

description: The psychological or physiological need to take a substance in order to experience its effects or to avoid the effects of its absence.


Depressed Level Of Consciousness

description: A neurologic state characterized by decreased ability to perceive and respond.


Derealization

description: Depersonalization is a subjective experience in which an individual feels a sense of detachment or estrangement from their surroundings, leading to a distorted perception of the external world. It is characterized by a feeling of unreality or unfamiliarity with one's environment, as if things are dreamlike, artificial, or lacking in significance.


Cutaneous cyst

description: A hollow mass located in the skin that is surrounded by an epithelium-lined wall and is well demarcated from the adjacent tissue. Cysts are often said to be sac-like and may contain serous liquid or semisolid material.


acneiform dermatitis

description: Cutaneous eruptions resembling acne, characterized by the presence of papulonodules, pustules, comedones, or cysts in the face, trunk, and extremities. Causes include infections and the use of certain medications (e.g., antibiotics and steroids).


autoimmune bullous skin disease

description: An autoimmune disease characterized by blisters on the skin.


dermoid cyst

description: A mature teratoma characterized by the presence of a cyst which is lined by mature tissue resembling the epidermis and the epidermal appendages. It occurs in the ovary, testis, and extragonadal sites including central nervous system and skin.


developmental coordination disorder

description: A disorder characterized by an impairment in the development of an individual's motor coordination skills; this impairment in motor development is not due to a medical condition.


Developmental delay

description: Failure to meet, or late achievement of developmental milestones.


congenital glaucoma

description: A developmental glaucoma that results from the abnormal development of the aqueous drainage structure, characterized by an elevated intra-ocular pressure, enlargement of globe (buphthalmos), corneal edema and optic nerve cupping, and presenting clinically with the characteristic triad of epiphora, photophobia and blepharospasm.


name: Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma


name: Diabetic ketoacidotic hyperglycemic coma


respiratory paralysis

description: Complete or severe weakness of the muscles of respiration. This condition may be associated with motor neuron diseases; peripheral nerve diseases; neuromuscular junction diseases; spinal cord diseases; injury to the phrenic nerve; and other disorders.


silver nitrate

mrdef: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.


name: Differential white blood cell count abnormal


Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma recurrent

description: The reemergence of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma after a period of remission.


Stage IV Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

description: Ann Arbor Classification: Stage IV: Diffuse or disseminated involvement of one or more extralymphatic organs, with or without associated lymph node involvement; or isolated extralymphatic organ involvement in the absence of adjacent regional lymph node involvement, but in conjunction with disease in distant site(s); or any involvement of the liver or bone marrow, lungs (other than by direct extension from another site), or cerebrospinal fluid.


Diplegia

description: Paralysis affecting corresponding parts on both sides of the body.


Discomfort

description: A feeling of mental or physical uneasiness, pain, or distress.


impulse control disorder

description: A category of behaviors that can be loosely defined as the failure to resist an impulsive act or behavior that may be harmful to self or others.


prothipendyl

mrdef: a neuroleptic azaphenothiazine; RN given refers to parent cpd


Dissociation

description: Disruption or detachment of certain aspects of one's normal psychological functioning typically involves a disconnection or separation from thoughts, feelings, sensations, memories, or one's sense of identity or reality.


dissociative disorder

description: A category of psychiatric disorders which are characterized by a disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, and/or perception of the environment.


diverticulitis

description: An infection that develops in the diverticula of the intestinal tract. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis.


Diverticulum

description: A pouch formed at a weakened area of wall in a hollow organ structure.


tianeptine

A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.


(-)-sulpiride

An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).


phencyclidine

mrdef: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.

description: A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group.  Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.


Lysergide

mrdef: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.

description: An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.


clenbuterol

mrdef: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.

description: A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.


metandienone

mrdef: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)


Drug Eruptions

description: An eruption in the skin due to exposure to a pharmacologic substance.


drug allergy

description: Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.


tetrofosmin

mrdef: Tetrofosmin is a diagnostic agent used to assess areas of reversible myocardial ischemia in the presence or absence of infracted myocardium and is also used to assess ventricular function.

smiles: CCOCCP(CCOCC)CCP(CCOCC)CCOCC


pyridoxal 5-phosphate

mrdef: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).

description: The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.


flunarizine

mrdef: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.


citicoline

mrdef: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.

description: A member of the class of  phosphocholines that is the chloine ester of CDP. It is an intermediate obtained in the biosynthetic pathway of structural phospholipids in cell membranes.


roxithromycin

mrdef: Semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin. It is concentrated by human phagocytes and is bioactive intracellularly. While the drug is active against a wide spectrum of pathogens, it is particularly effective in the treatment of respiratory and genital tract infections.

description: A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.


benserazide

mrdef: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.

description: A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.


brivudine

mrdef: anti-herpes agent; (Z)-isomer much less active against herpes simplex virus type 1 & somewhat less active against herpes simplex virus type 2 than is the (E)-isomer; both isomers show similar activity against vaccinia virus; RN given refers to (E)-trans-isomer; structure


Decreased Drug Level

description: A reduction in the expected therapeutic effect of a drug due to increased clearance.


Increased Drug Level

description: A laboratory test result demonstrating an increased concentration of a specific drug.


Duodenal perforation

description: A rupture in the duodenal wall due to traumatic or pathologic processes.


Duodenal ulcer with hemorrhage

description: Bleeding from a ruptured blood vessel in a duodenal ulcer.


Dysesthesia

description: Painful sensations elicited by a nonpainful cutaneous stimulus such as a light touch or gentle stroking over affected areas of the body. Sometimes referred to as hyperpathia or hyperalgesia. Often perceived as an intense burning, dyesthesias may outlast the stimulus by several seconds.


Dysarthria

description: Dysarthric speech is a general description referring to a neurological speech disorder characterized by poor articulation. Depending on the involved neurological structures, dysarthria may be further classified as spastic, flaccid, ataxic, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic, or mixed.


Dyschromatopsia

description: A form of colorblindness in which only two of the three fundamental colors can be distinguished due to a lack of one of the retinal cone pigments.


dyshidrosis

description: A recurrent eczematous reaction characterized by the development of vesicular eruptions on the palms and soles, particularly along the sides and between the digits. It is accompanied by pruritus, a burning sensation, and hyperhidrosis. The disease is self-limiting, lasting only a few weeks. (Dorland, 27th ed)


reading disorder

description: A learning disability involving difficulty reading resulting primarily from neurological factors which affect any part of the reading process.


Dysmetria

description: A type of ataxia characterized by the inability to carry out movements with the correct range and motion across the plane of more than one joint related to incorrect estimation of the distances required for targeted movements.


Dysphonia

description: Difficulty in speaking due to a physical disorder of the mouth, tongue, throat, or vocal cords. Associated with a known physical or neurological cause.


Dysphoria

description: A state of feeling very unhappy, uneasy, or dissatisfied.


eucalyptol

mrdef: A monoterpene and cyclohexanol derivative that is the major component of EUCALYPTUS OIL. It is used in mouthwash, insect repellent, and as a cough suppressant, and also is widely used as a flavoring agent and solvent. It has antimicrobial properties.


Rest dyspnea

description: A perception of shortness of breath that occurs independently of exertion.


Exertional dyspnea

description: Perceived difficulty to breathe that occurs with exercise or exertion and improves with rest.


Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

description: Attacks of breathlessness that occur at night and may awaken the sleeping patient.


dystonic disorder

description: A movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions, resulting in abnormal movements and/or postures.


disorder of ear

description: A disease that involves the ear.


ear malformation

description: An abnormality of the ear.


eating disorder

description: A broad group of psychological disorders with abnormal eating behaviors leading to physiological effects from overeating or insufficient food intake.


Bruising susceptibility

description: An ecchymosis (bruise) refers to the skin discoloration caused by the escape of blood into the tissues from ruptured blood vessels. This term refers to an abnormally increased susceptibility to bruising. The corresponding phenotypic abnormality is generally elicited on medical history as a report of frequent ecchymoses or bruising without adequate trauma.


echolalia

description: A symptom of neurologic or psychiatric dysfunction in which the individual involuntarily and meaninglessly repeats a recently heard word, series of words, or a song.


Disorder of ejaculation

description: A disorder referring to problems related to ejaculation. This category includes premature, delayed, retrograde, and painful ejaculation.


Anejaculation

description: Inability to ejaculate.


Shock from electric current

description: A brief, unintentional exposure to an electric current, which may result in local tissue damage due to thermal injury or in a cardiac dysrhythmia.


Abnormal EKG

description: Abnormal rhythm of the heart.


Prolonged QRS complex

description: Increased time for the complex comprised of the Q wave, R wave, and S wave as measured by the electrocardiogram (EKG).. In adults, normal values are 0.06 - 0.10 sec.


ST segment depression

description: An electrocardiographic anomaly in which the ST segment is observed to be located inferior to the isoelectric line.


ST segment elevation

description: An electrocardiographic anomaly in which the ST segment is observed to be located superior to the isoelectric line.


T-wave inversion

description: An inversion of the T-wave (which is normally positive).


EEG abnormality

description: Abnormality observed by electroencephalogram (EEG), which is used to record of the brain's spontaneous electrical activity from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp.


Electrolyte imbalance

description: Higher or lower than normal values for the serum electrolytes; usually affecting NA, K, CHL, CO2, glucose, bun.


Arterial embolism

description: The passage of an embolus from its site of formation in the arterial system to another location within the circulatory system.


Venous embolism

description: The passage of an embolus from its site of formation to another location within the venous system.


empyema

description: An accumulation of pus in a body cavity, usually the pleural space.


Enanthema

description: A sudden eruption (rash) of the surface of a mucous membrane of the mouth or pharynx.


viral encephalitis

description: Encephalitis resulting from viral infection.


cephalocele

description: A congenital neural tube closure defect resulting in the protrusion of the brain through a skull opening. When the protrusion includes the meninges, the term encephalomeningocele is used.


endocarditis

description: Inflammation of the endocardium.


endocrine system disorder

description: A disease involving the endocrine system.


endometrium adenocarcinoma

description: An adenocarcinoma arising from the uterine body cavity. This is the most frequent malignant tumor affecting the uterine body, and is linked to estrogen therapy. Most patients present with uterine bleeding and are over age 40 at the time of diagnosis. The prognosis depends on the stage of the tumor, the depth of the uterine wall invasion, and the histologic subtype. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma is the most frequently seen morphologic variant of endometrial adenocarcinoma.


Clitoral hypertrophy

description: Hypertrophy of the clitoris.


enteritis

description: Inflammation of the small intestine.


enterovirus infectious disease

description: An disease caused by infection with Enterovirus.


enthesopathy

description: A disorder involving the attachment of a tendon or ligament to a bone


enuresis

description: An elimination disorder characterized by urinary incontinence, whether involuntary or intentional, which is not due to a medical condition and which occurs at or beyond an age at which continence is expected (usually 5 years).


Decreased eosinophil count

description: Abnormal reduction in the count of eosinophils in the blood per volume.


hypereosinophilic syndrome

description: Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) constitutes a rare and heterogeneous group of disorders, defined as persistent and marked blood eosinophilia and/or tissue eosinophilia associated with a wide range of clinical manifestations reflecting eosinophil-induced tissue/organ damage.


iomeprol

A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a glycoloyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.


iobitridol

mrdef: a nonionic monomeric low-osmolality contrast medium; structure given in second source

description: A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a 3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propanimido at position 5.


eosinophilic fasciitis

description: Eosinophilic fasciitis is a rare connective tissue disease that is characterized by inflammation and thickening of the fascia, usually associated with peripheral eosinophilia. It presents during adulthood with symmetrical and painful swelling of mainly the extremities that progressively become indurated. Fatigue, disabling cutaneous fibrosis, myositis and arthritis may also be observed.


spermatocele

description: A benign testicular cyst that is located in the epididymis, and which contains serous fluid, lymphocytes, spermatozoa, and debris.


epididymitis

description: Inflammation of the epididymis. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen scrotum; pain; pyuria; and fever. It is usually related to infections in the urinary tract, which likely spread to the epididymis through either the vas deferens or the lymphatics of the spermatic cord.


Epiphyses, Slipped

description: Abnormal separation of an epiphysis from the shaft of a bone.


Episcleritis

description: Inflammation of the episclera, a thin layer of tissue covering the white part (sclera) of the eye.


Epstein-Barr virus infection

description: An infection that is caused by Epstein-Barr virus.


Eructation

description: To belch, the casting of upwind from the stomach.


Erythema

description: Redness of the skin, caused by hyperemia of the capillaries in the lower layers of the skin.


betamethasone phosphate

mrdef: phosphate ester of betamethasone; RN given refers to the di-Na salt (11beta,16beta)-isomer; structure in Negwer,5th ed, 4975

description: A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of betamethasone.


erythema infectiosum

description: A self-limited viral infectious disorder caused by the human parvovirus B19. It affects predominantly children and is characterized by the development of a bright red skin eruption in the cheeks. It is followed by a maculopapular skin eruption in the extremities which eventually fades into a lacey pattern.


erythema nodosum

description: A panniculitis that is characterized by sudden onset of painful, erythematous, subcutaneous nodules mainly localized to the pretibial areas. Lesions are usually bilateral and symmetrical, ranging from 1 to 5 cm in diameter.


Eyelid erythema

description: Redness of the skin of the eyelids, caused by hyperemia of the capillaries in the lower layers of the skin.


essential tremor

description: A relatively common disorder characterized by a fairly specific pattern of tremors which are most prominent in the upper extremities and neck, inducing titubations of the head. The tremor is usually mild, but when severe may be disabling. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance may occur in some families (i.e., familial tremor). (Mov Disord 1988;13(1):5-10)


eustachian tube disorder

description: A disease involving the pharyngotympanic tube.


exophthalmos

description: The anterior displacement of the eye within the orbit, giving a bulging appearance.


exostosis

description: Non-neoplastic overgrowth of bone.


Babinski sign

description: Upturning of the big toe (and sometimes fanning of the other toes) in response to stimulation of the sole of the foot. If the Babinski sign is present it can indicate damage to the corticospinal tract.


Epidural hemorrhage

description: Hemorrhage occurring between the dura mater and the skull.


Premature Cardiac Complex

description: A cardiac beat originating from an abnormal site.


Eye Discharge

description: Liquid exudate from the eye.


Hemorrhage of the eye

description: Bleeding from vessels of the various tissues of the eye.


ocular toxoplasmosis

description: Ocular toxoplasmosis is an infection in the eye caused by the parasite, Toxoplasm a gondii. Toxoplasmosis is the most common cause of eye inflammation in the world. Toxoplamosis can beacquired or present at birth (congenital), having crossed the placenta from a newly infected mother to her fetus. Most humans acquire toxoplasmosis by eating raw or undercooked meat, vegetables or milk products, or by coming into contact with infected cat litterbox or sandboxes.In humans,the infectionusually causes no symptoms, and resolves without treatment in a few months. In individuals with compromised immune systems, Toxoplasm a gondii can reactivate to cause disease. Reactivation of a congenital infection was traditionally thought to be the most common cause ofocular toxoplasmosis, but an acquired infection is now considered to be more common. A toxoplasmosis infection that affects the eye usually attacks the retina andinitially resolves without symptoms. However,the inactive parasite maylaterreactivate causing eyepain, blurred vision, and possibly permanent damage, including blindness. Although most cases of toxoplasmosis resolve on their own,for some,inflammation can be treated with antibiotics and steroids.


Eye Irritation

description: A generic term used to describe abnormal sensations that bother the eyes like dryness, itchiness, burning and grittiness.


Palpebral edema

description: Edema in the region of the eyelids.


ptosis

description: The drooping of the upper eyelid.


Facial edema

description: Swelling due to an excessive accumulation of fluid in facial tissues.


Fractured facial bone

description: A partial or complete breakage of the facial bone.


Facial Pain

description: Painful sensation in the face.


facial paralysis

description: Severe or complete loss of facial muscle motor function. This condition may result from central or peripheral lesions. Damage to CNS motor pathways from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei in the pons leads to facial weakness that generally spares the forehead muscles. facial nerve diseases generally results in generalized hemifacial weakness. neuromuscular junction diseases and muscular diseases may also cause facial paralysis or paresis.


Failure to anastomose

description: Failure of a surgically-induced connection between tubular structures in the body.


Failure to Thrive

description: A clinical finding indicating less than normal growth in an infant or child, or a state of global decline in an adult.


Increased adipose tissue

description: An increase in adipose tissue mass by hyperplastic growth (increase in the number of adipocytes) or by hypertrophic growth (increase in the size of adipocytes occurring primarily by lipid accumulation within the cell).


name: Febrile seizure (within the age range of 3 months to 6 years)

description: A febrile seizure is any type of seizure (most often a generalized tonic-clonic seizure) occurring with fever (at least 38 degrees Celsius) but in the absence of central nervous system infection, severe metabolic disturbance or other alternative precipitant in children between the ages of 3 months and 6 years.


Femoral Neck Fractures

description: Traumatic or pathological injury to the hip in which the continuity of either the femoral head, femoral neck, intertrochanteric or subtrochanteric regions is broken. Symptoms include pain in the hip or groin, bruising and swelling in and around the hip area. The injured hip is turned outward and the leg appears shorter on that side.


fibroma

description: A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the fibrous tissue. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts.


Fibrosis

description: The formation of fibrous tissue.


Fractured fibula

description: A partial or complete breakage of the fibula.


pathologic fistula

description: Abnormal epithelial-lined communication between two anatomical structures.


Flank pain

description: An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) and perceived to originate in the flank.


name: Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder


Flat Affect

description: The absence of emotional expressiveness.


Absent anterior chamber of the eye

description: Absence of the anterior chamber of the eye owing to a developmental defect.


Flight of ideas

description: Successive thoughts and speech are easily diverted by external stimuli or internal superficial associations.


food allergy

description: Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.


Food Poisoning

description: Any disorder that results from the consumption of food contaminated with an infectious agent or toxin.


Fracture of foot

description: A traumatic break in one or more of the bones in the foot.


Decreased Forced Expiratory Volume

description: A decrease in the fraction of the forced vital capacity that is exhaled in a specific number of seconds.


Fractured forearm bones

description: Bone fracture in the radius, ulna, or wrist.


Delayed fracture healing

description: A delay in healing of a fracture past the expected duration.


name: Full blood count outside reference range


Fungemia

description: A laboratory test result indicating the presence of fungi or yeasts in the blood.


Furuncle

description: An infection of a hair follicle that extends subcutaneously, forming an abscess.


Spastic gait

description: Spasticity is manifested by increased stretch reflex which is intensified with movement velocity. This results in excessive and inappropriate muscle activation which can contribute to muscle hypertonia. Spastic gait is characterized by manifestations such as muscle hypertonia, stiff knee, and circumduction of the leg.


galactorrhea

description: Excessive or inappropriate lactation in females or males, and not necessarily related to pregnancy. Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is hyperprolactinemia.


gallbladder cancer

description: A malignant neoplasm involving the gall bladder


cholesterolosis of gallbladder

description: A disorder characterized by a change in the gallbladder wall due to excess cholesterol.


Injury of gallbladder

description: Trauma to the gallbladder.


Gamma-Glutamyltransferase Increased

description: Increase in the level of the enzyme gamma-glutamyltransferase in the blood, which catalyzes the transfer of a gamma glutamyl group from a gamma glutamyl peptide to another peptide, aminoacids, or water.


stomach carcinoma in situ

description: A in situ carcinoma that involves the stomach.


Malignant neoplasm of stomach stage I

description: Stage I includes: IA (T1, N0, M0); IB (T2, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0).  T1: Tumor invades lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, or submucosa.  T2: Tumor invades the muscularis propria. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in 1-2 regional lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Malignant neoplasm of stomach stage II

description: Stage II includes: IIA (T3, N0, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); IIB (T4a, N0, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T1, N3, M0).  T1: Tumor invades lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, or submucosa.  T2: Tumor invades the muscularis propria. T3: Tumor penetrates subserosal connective tissue without invasion of visceral peritoneum or adjacent structures.  T4a: Tumor invades serosa (visceral peritoneum).  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in 1-2 regional lymph nodes.  N2: Metastasis in 3-6 regional lymph nodes.  N3: Metastasis in seven or more regional lymph nodes.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Malignant neoplasm of stomach stage III

description: Stage III includes: IIIA (T4a, N1, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T2, N3, M0); IIIB (T4b, N0, M0); (T4b, N1, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); (T3, N3, M0); IIIC (T4b, N2, M0); (T4b, N3, M0); (T4a, N3, M0).  T2: Tumor invades the muscularis propria. T3: Tumor penetrates subserosal connective tissue without invasion of visceral peritoneum or adjacent structures.  T4a: Tumor invades serosa (visceral peritoneum).  T4b: Tumor invades adjacent structures. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in 1-2 regional lymph nodes.  N2: Metastasis in 3-6 regional lymph nodes.  N3: Metastasis in seven or more regional lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


Gastric hemorrhage

description: Bleeding from the gastric wall.


Perforation of stomach

description: A rupture in the gastric wall caused by traumatic or pathologic processes.


stomach polyp

description: A polyp that arises from the stomach. This category includes neoplastic polyps (intestinal-type adenomatous polyps, gastric-type adenomas, and fundic gland polyps), and non-neoplastic polyps (hyperplastic polyps and hamartomatous polyps).


description: Gastritis that is characterized by erosion of the mucosal surface.


Hemorrhagic gastritis

description: Inflammation of the stomach resulting in bleeding.


Digestive System Fistula

description: An abnormal communication between any part of the digestive system and another organ or cavity.


eosinophilic gastroenteritis

description: Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) is a rare benign gastrointestinal disease characterized by the presence of abnormal and nonspecific gastro-intestinal (GI) manifestations, associated with an eosinophilic infiltration of the GI tract, which can affect several segments and involve several layers within the GI wall.


Viral gastroenteritis due to Rotavirus

description: Enteritis attributed to the rotavirus.


Salmonella gastroenteritis

description: Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of salmonella. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.


Gastrointestinal angiodysplasia

description: Dysplasia affecting the vasculature of the gastrointestinal tract.


description: An anomalous configuration of blood vessels that shunts arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the capillaries and that is located in the gastrointestinal tract.


digestive system carcinoma

description: A malignant neoplasm that arises from the epithelium of any part of the digestive system. Representative examples include colorectal carcinoma, esophageal carcinoma, and pancreatic carcinoma.


digestive system infectious disorder

description: A viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infectious process that affects the digestive system.


gastrointestinal lymphoma

description: A non-Hodgkin or Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from any part of the digestive system, with the bulk of the disease localized to that site.


Gastrointestinal stenosis

description: A narrowing or stricture within the digestive system.


gastroschisis

description: Gastroschisis is marked by viscera protruding, without a covering sac, from the fetal abdomen on the right lateral base of the umbilicus. It is due to defective embryo growth and other malformations are only exceptionally associated.


Generalized edema

description: Generalized abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin, or in one or more cavities of the body.


disorder of sexual differentiation

description: A congenital disorder characterized by abnormalities in the development of the sexual characteristics.


Gingival bleeding

description: Hemorrhage affecting the gingiva.


gingival disorder

description: A disease involving the gingiva.


gingival hypertrophy

description: Abnormal enlargement or overgrowth of the gingivae brought about by enlargement of existing cells.


Gingival Pain

description: Painful sensation in the gingival region.


gingival recession

description: A loss of gum tissue resulting in an exposure of the roots of the teeth.


glioma

description: A benign or malignant brain and spinal cord tumor that arises from glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells). Tumors that arise from astrocytes are called astrocytic tumors or astrocytomas. Tumors that arise from oligodendrocytes are called oligodendroglial tumors. Tumors that arise from ependymal cells are called ependymomas.


Gliosis

description: Gliosis is the focal proliferation of glial cells in the central nervous system.


Abnormal glomerular filtration rate

description: An abnormally increased or reduced amount of fluid filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time.


glossitis

description: Inflammation of the tongue.


Decreased glomerular filtration rate

description: An abnormal reduction in the volume of fluid filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time.


Increased glomerular filtration rate

description: An abnormal rise in the volume of water filtered out of plasma through glomerular capillary walls into Bowman's capsules per unit of time.


Glomerular vascular disorder

description: A disorder that is caused by pathologic changes in the glomerular vasculature.


description: Inflammation of the glomeruli characterized by deposits at the intraglomerular mesangium, resulting in thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, activation of complement, and impaired kidney function secondary to damaged glomeruli.


membranous glomerulonephritis

description: A slowly progressive inflammation of the glomeruli characterized by immune complex deposits at the glomerular basement membrane, resulting in a thickened membrane, and nephrotic syndrome.


lipoid nephrosis

description: A glomerular disorder characterized by the electron microscopic finding of loss of podocyte foot processes. Light microscopic examination does not show glomerular changes. Patients present with proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome.


proliferative glomerulonephritis

description: A constellation of renal disorders characterized by an increase number of cells in the glomerulus; these disorders generally present with nephrotic syndrome, and generally progress to end stage renal failure over a matter of weeks to years, depending on the etiology. Examples include IgA nephropathy, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis.


rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

description: Inflammation of the glomeruli that is characterized by a rapid loss in renal function with glomerular crescent formation observed on biopsy; it is often seen in patients with concomitant autoimmune disease, like Goodpasture's syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus.


glossodynia

description: Painful sensations in the tongue, including a sensation of burning.


Elevated hemoglobin A1c

description: An increased concentration of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), which is the product of nonenzymatic attachment of a hexose molecule to the N-terminal amino acid of the hemoglobin molecule. This reaction is dependent on blood glucose concentration, and therefore reflects the mean glucose concentration over the previous 8 to 12 weeks. The HbA1c level provides a better indication of long-term glycemic control than one-time blood or urinary glucose measurements.


Urate tophus

description: Intradermal urate crystal deposits appeared as small, superficial, pustule-like, whitish lesions. The lesions may be the focus of inflammatory episodes with increasing pain, swelling, and erythema of the intradermal tophi.


amsacrine

mrdef: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.

description: A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits  antineoplastic activity.


Granulocytosis

description: An increased count of granulocytes in the peripheral blood circulation.


Granuloma

description: A compact, organized collection of mature mononuclear phagocytes, which may be but is not necessarily accompanied by accessory features such as necrosis.


Skin Granuloma

description: A granuloma located in the skin.


Pedal edema

description: An abnormal accumulation of excess fluid in the lower extremity resulting in swelling of the feet and extending upward to the lower leg.


Groin pain

description: An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the groin region.


Guillain-Barre syndrome

description: A spectrum of rare post-infectious neuropathies that usually occur in otherwise healthy patients. GBS is clinically heterogeneous and encompasses acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP), acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) and acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN), Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS) and some other regional variants.


congenital hemangioma

description: A hemangioma present and fully formed at birth. The different types are Rapidly involuting congenital hemangiomas (RICH), Partially involuting congenital hemangioma (PICH) and Non-involuting congenital hemangiomas (NICH).


liver hemangioma

description: A hemangioma arising from the liver.


skin hemangioma

description: A hemangioma arising from the skin.


hemarthrosis

description: Bleeding into the joints. It may arise from trauma or spontaneously in patients with hemophilia.


Hematemesis

description: The vomiting of blood.


Hematochezia

description: The passage of fresh (red) blood per anus, usually in or with stools. Most rectal bleeding comes from the colon, rectum, or anus.


Reduced hematocrit

description: A reduction below the normal ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.


Increased hematocrit

description: An elevation above the normal ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.


Hematoma

description: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel.


Hematospermia

description: A finding indicating the presence of blood in the semen.


Abnormal hemoglobin

description: Anomaly in the level or the function of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein of erythrocytes.


name: Increased circulating hemoglobin concentration

description: Concentration of hemoglobin in the blood circulation above the upper limit of normal.


hemoglobinuria

description: A laboratory test result which indicates free hemoglobin in the urine.


Hemoperitoneum

description: Accumulation of blood in the peritoneal cavity owing to internal hemorrhage.


Hemorrhagic complication of pregnancy

description: Bleeding occurring during pregnancy.


Subcutaneous hemorrhage

description: This term refers to an abnormally increased susceptibility to bruising (purpura, petechiae, or ecchymoses).


hemorrhagic disease

description: Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (blood coagulation disorders) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (hemostatic disorders).


Hemothorax

description: The presence of blood in the pleural space.


disorder of pilosebaceous unit

description: A disease that involves the pilosebaceous unit.


Benign Hair Follicle Neoplasm

description: A neoplasm that arises from the hair follicle and is characterized by the absence of atypical or malignant cytological and architectural features, and absence of invasive features or metastatic potential.


Auditory hallucination

description: Perception of sounds without auditory stimulus.


Tactile hallucination

description: Perception of touch without a tactile stimulus.


Fractured hand bones

description: A traumatic break in one or more of the bones in the hand.


Visual hallucination

description: Visual perception in the absence of a visual stimulus.


name: hangover (any Alcohol or Other Drugs substance)


Haptoglobin Decreased

description: A laboratory test result which indicates decreased levels of haptoglobin in a biological specimen.


Headache

description: Cephalgia, or pain sensed in various parts of the head, not confined to the area of distribution of any nerve.


Tachycardia

description: A rapid heartrate that exceeds the range of the normal resting heartrate for age.


Irregular Heart Beat

description: A clinical finding in which the rhythm of the heart is noted to be abnormal. (ACC/AHA)


Abnormal heart sound

description: Any abnormal noise generated by the beating heart.


Hemianopia

description: Partial or complete loss of vision in one half of the visual field of one or both eyes.


Hemiparesis

description: Loss of strength in the arm, leg, and sometimes face on one side of the body. Hemiplegia refers to a complete loss of strength, whereas hemiparesis refers to an incomplete loss of strength.


hemiplegia

description: Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by brain diseases that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, brain stem lesions; cervical spinal cord diseases; peripheral nervous system diseases; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see paresis) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.


Hemivertebrae

description: Absence of one half of the vertebral body.


immunoglobulin A vasculitis

description: A systemic IgA vasculitis that affects small vessels. It is characterized by skin purpura, arthritis, and abdominal and/or renal involvement.


Hepatic cysts

description: A cystic lesion located in the liver.


pyridoxal

mrdef: The 4-carboxyaldehyde form of VITAMIN B 6 which is converted to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid.

description: A pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine-4-carbaldehyde bearing methyl, hydroxy and hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5 respectively. The 4-carboxyaldehyde form of vitamin B6, it is converted into pyridoxal phosphate, a coenzyme for the synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters, sphingolipids and aminolevulinic acid.


pantethine

An organic disulfide that consists of two molecules of pantothenic acid linked by amide bonds to a cysteamine disulfide bridging group.


hepatic infarction

description: Prolonged ischemia to the liver resulting in necrosis.


Hepatic Pain

description: A painful sensation in the liver.


hepatitis A virus infection

description: Acute inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus. It is highly contagious and usually contracted through close contact with an infected individual or their feces, contaminated food or water.


Hepatitis C Virus RNA Positive

description: An indication that hepatitis C RNA has been detected in a sample.


drug-induced liver injury

description: A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to acute liver failure, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.


hepatitis E virus infection

description: Acute inflammation of the liver in humans; caused by hepatitis E virus, a non-enveloped single-stranded rna virus. Similar to hepatitis A, its incubation period is 15-60 days and is enterically transmitted, usually by fecal-oral transmission.


Fulminant hepatitis

description: Acute hepatitis complicated by acute liver failure with hepatic encephalopathy occurring less than 8 weeks after the onset of jaundice.


viral hepatitis

description: An acute or chronic inflammation of the liver parenchyma caused by viruses. Representative examples include hepatitis A, B, and C, cytomegalovirus hepatitis, and herpes simplex hepatitis.


Liver damage

description: Disruption of hepatocyte function due to liver injury.


Hepatosplenomegaly

description: Simultaneous enlargement of the liver and spleen.


Hepatotoxicity

description: Toxicity that impairs or damages the liver.


Hernia

description: The protrusion of part of an organ or fibroadipose tissue through an abnormal opening.


Herpesviridae infectious disease

description: Virus diseases caused by the herpesviridae.


Recurrent singultus

description: A contraction of the diaphragm that repeats several times per minute. In humans, the abrupt rush of air into the lungs causes the epiglottis to close, creating a hic sound. Also known as synchronous diaphragmatic flutter (SDF), or singultus, from the Latin singult, the act of catching one's breath while sobbing. The hiccup is an involuntary action involving a reflex arc.


hidradenitis

description: An inflammatory disease involving a pathogenic inflammatory response in the apocrine sweat gland.


High palate

description: Height of the palate more than 2 SD above the mean (objective) or palatal height at the level of the first permanent molar more than twice the height of the teeth (subjective).


Hilar lymph node enlargement

description: Hilar lymphadenopathy is swelling or enlargement of lymph nodes localized in hila, wedge-shaped anatomical structures containing pulmonary vessels, major bronchi, nerves and lymph nodes. Hilar lymph nodes are not visible on chest X-ray if they are not enlarged. Hilar lymph node enlargement can be caused by benign and malignant conditions and can be symmetrical (bilateral) or asymmetrical (unilateral).


Hirsutism

description: Abnormally increased hair growth referring to a male pattern of body hair (androgenic hair).


Disseminated histoplasmosis

description: Histoplasmosis infection involving multiple sites of the body. Disseminated histoplasmosis can involve various organs, including reticuloendothelial organs, gastrointestinal tract, adrenal glands, central nervous system, endovascular structures, kidney, and skin. It typically presents with systemic symptoms like fever, generalized fatigue, night sweats, weight loss, and the symptoms related to the specific organ involved. Severe disseminated disease can manifest as septic shock, multi organ failure, and ARDS.


Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive

description: A laboratory test result indicating the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a sample.


Infection by human herpesvirus 6

description: An infection that is caused by human herpesvirus-6.


Fractured humerus

description: A partial or complete breakage of the humerus.


B cell deficiency

description: A broad classification of disorders where circulating numbers of B lymphocytes are decreased or ineffective. Complement components and the production of antibodies may also be deficient.