valacyclovir

mrdef: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.


chronic eosinophilic leukemia

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: A rare myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by a clonal proliferation of eosinophilic precursors resulting in persistently increased numbers of eosinophils in the blood, marrow and peripheral tissues.  Since acute eosinophilic leukemia is at best exceedingly rare, the term eosinophilic leukemia is normally used as a synonym for chronic eosinophilic leukemia.  In cases in which it is impossible to prove clonality and there is no increase in blast cells, the diagnosis of "idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome" is preferred.  (WHO, 2001)


oral mucosa leukoplakia

description: A white patch or plaque on the oral mucosa that cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease. The diagnosis of leukoplakia is one of exclusion; other conditions such as candidiasis, lichen planus, leukoedema, etc., must be ruled out before a diagnosis of leukoplakia can be made. Leukoplakia may be a premalignant condition.


Respiratory acidosis

category: biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: Acidosis because of respiratory retention of carbon dioxide.


Rectal Pain

description: Pain in the rectal area.


name: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, inattentive type

description: A mental disorder characterized by inattention, easy distraction, careless mistakes and avoidance of tasks that require sustained mental focus. These behaviors can lead to maladaptive consequences in the affected individual's life.


intracranial hypertension

description: A finding characterized by increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure within the skull.


late latent syphilis

description: Latent syphilis when infection was acquired more than twelve months previously.


von Willebrand disease type 2B

description: A subtype of type 2 VWD characterized by a bleeding disorder associated with an increase in the affinity of the Willebrand factor (von Willebrand factor; VWF) for platelets. This anomaly results in spontaneous binding of high molecular weight VWF multimers to platelets leading to rapid clearance of both the platelets (increasing the risk of thrombocytopenia) and the high molecular weight VWF multimers from the plasma.


Skin Discoloration

description: Abnormal skin coloration.


[125I]GnRH I (human, mouse, rat)

mrdef: A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

status: OFM

description: A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, glycyl, leucyl, arginyl, prolyl and glycinamide residues joined in sequence.


Plasmodium ovale malaria

description: An malaria caused by infection with Plasmodium ovale.


varicose disease

description: A vascular disease characterized by the presence of enlarged and tortuous veins.


sulfabenzamide

description: A sulfonamide containing a benzamido substituent on nitrogen. An antibacterial/antimicrobial, it is often used in conjunction with sulfathiazole and sulfacetamide as a topical, intravaginal antibacterial preparation.


purpura

description: A small blood vessel hemorrhage into the skin and/or mucous membranes. Newer lesions appear reddish in color. Older lesions are usually a darker purple color and eventually become a brownish-yellow color.


mepivacaine

mrdef: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168)

status: OFP

description: A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.


Reduced blood folate concentration

description: A reduced circulating concentration of folic acid, which is also known as vitamin B9.


Ewing sarcoma

description: A small round cell tumor that lacks morphologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic evidence of neuroectodermal differentiation. It represents one of the two ends of the spectrum called Ewing sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumor. It affects mostly males under age 20, and it can occur in soft tissue or bone. Pain and the presence of a mass are the most common clinical symptoms.


cutaneous candidiasis

description: Candidiasis of the skin manifested as eczema-like lesions of the interdigital spaces, perleche, or chronic paronychia. (Dorland, 27th ed)


tiagabine

mrdef: The precise mechanism by which tiagabine exerts its antiseizure effect is unknown, although it is believed to be related to its ability to block GABA uptake into presynaptic neurons, permitting more GABA to be available for receptor binding on the surfaces of post-synaptic cells.

description: A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.


name: superficial multifocal basal cell carcinoma

description: A superficial basal cell carcinoma of the skin characterized by the presence of lobules of basaloid cells which are separated by large distances and represent multifocal discrete tumors.


albinism

description: A congenital disorder characterized by partial or complete absence of melanin pigment in the eyes, hair, or skin.


Hypertyrosinemia

description: An increased concentration of tyrosine in the blood.


pyrantel

mrdef: Broad spectrum anthelmintic for livestock.

description: A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.


ascariasis

description: An infection that is caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides, many cases of which remain asymptomatic. During the transient larval migratory phase, shortness of breath, fever, and eosinophilia can occur. Depending on the intestinal worm burden, a spectrum of gastrointestinal tract symptoms can occur.


Small intestine excision

category: biolink:Procedure biolink:ActivityAndBehavior biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


aprepitant

mrdef: Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors. Aprepitant has little or no affinity for serotonin (5-HT3), dopamine, and corticosteroid receptors, the targets of existing therapies for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). Aprepitant has been shown in animal models to inhibit emesis induced by cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin, via central actions.

description: A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.


balsalazide

mrdef: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine

description: A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.


icatibant

mrdef: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer

description: A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.


Lewy body dementia

description: A progressive form of dementia characterized by the presence of protein deposits called Lewy bodies in the midbrain and cerebral cortex, and loss of cholinergic and dopaminergic neurons. The signs and symptoms overlap with Alzheimer and Parkinson disease.


balantidiasis

description: Infection by parasites of the genus balantidium. The presence of Balantidium in the large intestine leads to diarrhea; dysentery; and occasionally ulcer.


endophthalmitis

description: An infectious process affecting the internal structures of the eye.


hemolytic-uremic syndrome

description: Acute kidney injury associated with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia.


paracoccidioidomycosis

description: A systemic fungal infection caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis that is most often seen in immunocompromised patients. It affects the mucous membranes, lymph nodes, lungs and bones.


name: Right-sided Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis


name: Nutritional deficiency with AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)


nocardiosis

description: Nocardiosis is a local (skin, lung, brain) or disseminated (whole body) acute, subacute, or chronic bacterial infection.


betaine

mrdef: A naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341)

description: The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.


homocystinuria

description: An autosomal recessive inherited metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the CBS, MTHFR, MTR, and MTRR genes. It is characterized by abnormalities in the methionine metabolism and is associated with deficiency of cystathionine synthase. It results in the accumulation of homocysteine in the serum. It may affect the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and the central nervous systems.


pramlintide

mrdef: Pramlintide is an analog of human amylin. Amylin is colocated with insulin in secretory granules and cosecreted with insulin by pancreatic beta cells in response to food intake. Amylin and insulin show similar fasting and postprandial patterns in healthy individuals. In patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, there is reduced secretion from pancreatic beta cells of both insulin and amylin in response to food. Amylin affects the rate of postprandial glucose appearance through a variety of mechanisms, as determined by nonclinical studies. Amylin slows gastric emptying (i.e., the rate at which food is released from the stomach to the small intestine) without altering the overall absorption of nutrients. In addition, amylin suppresses glucagon secretion (not normalized by insulin alone), which leads to suppression of endogenous glucose output from the liver. Amylin also regulates food intake due to centrally-mediated modulation of appetite. In human studies, pramlintide, acting as an amylin analog, slows gastric emptying, reduces the postprandial rise in plasma glucagon, and modulates satiety leading to decreased caloric intake.


scalp dermatosis

description: Dermotosis of scalp


renal osteodystrophy

description: Abnormalities of bone mineral metabolism associated with chronic kidney disease.


Sleep onset insomnia

description: Difficulty initiating sleep, that is, increased sleep onset latency, refers to the condition where it takes 30 minutes or more to fall asleep.


toxic epidermal necrolysis

description: Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is an acute and severe skin disease with clinical and histological features characterized by the destruction and detachment of the skin epithelium and mucous membranes.


Paranoia

description: An inappropriate feeling of being persecuted or being the subject of hostility from others.


diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

description: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in adults characterized by a median age of presentation in the sixth decade of life (but also rarely occurring in adolescents and children) with the initial presentation being single or multiple rapidly growing masses (that may or may not be painful) in nodal or extranodal sites (such as thyroid, skin, breast, gastrointestinal tract, testes, bone, or brain) and that can be accompanied by symptoms of fever, night sweats and weight loss. DLBCL has an aggressive disease course, with the elderly having a poorer prognosis than younger patients, and with relapses being common.


bacterial arthritis

description: The inflammation of one or more joints caused by a bacterial infection within the joint space. Symptoms include pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion in the affected joint.


cryptorchidism

description: The failure of one or both testes of a male fetus to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum during the late part of pregnancy. If not surgically corrected in early childhood, males may be at increased risk for testicular cancer later in life.


Thrombosis of renal artery

description: The formation of a thrombus in the renal artery.


Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

description: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a brain disorder, due to thiamine deficiency that has been associated with both Wernicke's encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome. The term refers to two different syndromes, each representing a different stage of the disease. Wernicke's encephalopathy represents the 'acute' phase and Korsakoff's syndrome represents the 'chronic' phase. However, they are used interchangeable in many sites. Wernicke's encephalopathy is characterized by confusion, abnormal stance and gait (ataxia), and abnormal eye movements (nystagmus). Korsakoff's syndrome is observed in a small number of patients. It is a type of dementia, characterized by memory loss and confabulation (filling in of memory gaps with data the patient can readily recall) and involvement of the heart, vascular, and nervous system. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome mainly results from chronic alcohol use, but also from dietary deficiencies, prolonged vomiting, eating disorders, systemic diseases (cancer, AIDS, infections), bariatric surgery, transplants, or the effects of chemotherapy. Studies indicate that there may be some genetic predisposition for the disease.Treatment involves supplementing the diet with thiamine. Wernicke encephalopathy is an acute syndrome and requires emergency treatment to prevent death and neurologic complications. In cases where the diagnosis is not confirmed, patients should still be treated while additional evaluations are completed.


intrinsic asthma

description: An asthma that is triggered by factors not related to allergies such as anxiety, stress, exercise, cold air, dry air, hyperventilation, smoke, viruses, chemical irritants, autonomic imbalance, hormonal deficiencies and psychogenic influences. It is characterized by airway obstruction and inflammation that is at least partially reversible with medication. The symptoms include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath or rapid breathing, and chest tightness.


proflavine

mrdef: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.

description: An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.


Alkalosis

description: Depletion of acid or accumulation base in the body fluids.


hypertensive retinopathy

description: Retinopathy due to hypertension.


name: Distinctive exudative discoid AND lichenoid chronic dermatosis of Sulzberger and Garbe


famciclovir

mrdef: An aminopurine derivative and prodrug of penciclovir which is a competitive inhibitor of herpes simplex 2 DNA polymerase. It is used to treat HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION.

description: 2-Amino-9H-purine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-3-(acetoxymethyl)but-1-yl group. A prodrug of the antiviral penciclovir, it is used for the treatment of acute herpes zoster (shingles), for the treatment or suppression of recurrent genital herpes in immunocompetent patients and for the treatment of recurrent mucocutaneous herpes simplex infections in HIV infected patients.


zinc pyrithione

mrdef: dimer of two pyrithione molecules bound by zinc; ingredient of commercial anti-dandruff shampoos; Do not confuse zinc pyrithione with Raman spectrum probe dye known as zincon; antifungal and antibacterial


Addictive benzodiazepine use

description: Addiction to a benzodiazepine.


Injury of ear

description: Trauma to the ear.


pyuria

description: The presence of excessive white blood cells in the urine as determined by urinalysis.


penicilliosis

description: A disease caused by infection with Talaromyces marneffei.


urolithiasis

description: Stone(s) within the urinary tract.


dipivefrine

mrdef: used in treatment of both primary & open angle glaucoma; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer

description: The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.


Mucocutaneous candidiasis

description: A fungal infection of the skin, nails, oral and vaginal mucosal sites caused by species of the genus Candida. It manifests with white discoloration of the tongue and swelling, redness, and tenderness of the nails.


anemia of prematurity

description: A blood disorder characterized by low hemoglobin levels in premature neonates that usually spontaneously resolves within 3-6 months post birth. A combination of factors including the transition from the liver to the bone marrow for erythropoiesis in a neonate, blood loss experienced during delivery, the shortened life span of fetal blood cells, and an acclimation to a relatively hyperoxic environment outside the womb can predispose a neonate to this condition.


T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

description: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia of T-cell origin. It comprises about 15% of childhood cases and 25% of adult cases. It is more common in males than females. (WHO, 2001)


manganese chloride

A hydrate that is the tetrahydrate form of manganese(II) chloride.


esophageal cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the esophagus.


acetohexamide

mrdef: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.

description: An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.


tetralogy of fallot

description: Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital cardiac malformation that consists of an interventricular communication, also known as a ventricular septal defect, obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract, override of the ventricular septum by the aortic root, and right ventricular hypertrophy.


Listerial endocarditis

description: Endocarditis caused by bacterial infection with Listeria species.


name: anti-glomerular basement membrane disease

description: An autoimmune disease that affects the lungs and kidneys and is characterized by pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage (bleeding in the lungs) and a kidney disease known as glomerulonephritis. Some use the term 'Goodpasture syndrome' for the findings of glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage and the term 'Goodpasture disease' for those patients with glomerulonephritis, pulmonary hemorrhage, and anti-GBM antibodies. Currently, the preferred term for both conditions is “ anti-GBM antibody disease ”. Circulating antibodies are directed against the collagen of the part of the kidney known as the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), resulting in acute or rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Antibodies also attack the collagen of the air sacs of the lung (alveoli) resulting in bleeding of the lung (pulmonary hemorrhage). Symptoms may include general body discomfort or pain, bleeding from the nose and/or blood in the urine, respiratory problems, anemia, chest pain, and kidney failure. Anti-GBM disease is thought to result from an environmental insult (smoking, infections, exposure to certain drugs) in a person with genetic susceptibility, such as a specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type. Diagnosis is confirmed with the presence of anti-GBM antibody in the blood or in the kidney. The treatment of choice is plasmapheresis in conjunction with prednisone and cyclophosphamide.


female infertility

description: Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.


Cardiac amyloidosis

description: Extracellular deposition in cardiac tissue of a proteinaceous material that, when stained with Congo red, demonstrates apple-green birefringence under polarized light and that has a distinct color when stained with sulfated Alcian blue. Viewed with electron microscopy, the amyloid deposits are seen to be composed of a beta-sheet fibrillar material. These nonbranching fibrils have a diameter of 7.5 to 10 nm and are the result of protein misfolding.


Left-to-right shunt

description: Pattern of blood flow in the heart that deviates from the normal circuit of the circulatory system from the left side of the heart to the right.


Creutzfeldt Jacob disease

description: A rare transmittable degenerative disorder of the brain caused by prions. Morphologically it is characterized by spongiform degeneration of the cerebral and cerebellar cortex. Signs and symptoms include sleep disturbances, personality changes, aphasia, ataxia, muscle atrophy and weakness, visual loss, and myoclonus. It usually leads to death within a year from the onset of the disease.


Irritability

description: A proneness to anger, i.e., a tendency to become easily bothered or annoyed.


posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome

description: An acute or subacute reversible condition characterized by headaches, mental status changes, visual disturbances, and seizures associated with imaging findings of posterior leukoencephalopathy. It has been observed in association with hypertensive encephalopathy, eclampsia, and immunosuppressive and cytotoxic drug treatment.


latent syphilis

description: A stage of syphilis characterized by the serologic evidence of infection by Treponema pallidum without evidence of accompanying signs or symptoms related to the disease.


argininosuccinic aciduria

description: Argininosuccinic aciduria (ASA) is a disorder of urea cycle metabolism most commonly characterized by either a severe, neonatal-onset form that manifests with hyperammonemia accompanied with vomiting, hypothermia, lethargy and poor feeding in the first few days of life, or late-onset forms (any age outside the newborn period) that manifest with stress or infection-induced episodic hyperammonemia or, in some, behavioral abnormalities and/or learning disabilities. Patients often manifest liver dysfunction.


bronchiolitis

description: Inflammation of the bronchioles characterized by swelling of the bronchioles and mucus accumulation. It is usually caused by the respiratory syncytial virus and affects children. Signs and symptoms include coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.


lymphoma

description: A malignant (clonal) proliferation of B- lymphocytes or T- lymphocytes which involves the lymph nodes, bone marrow and/or extranodal sites. This category includes Non-Hodgkin lymphomas and Hodgkin lymphomas.


phenprocoumon

mrdef: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.

description: A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.


disorder of methionine catabolism

description: An inherited metabolic disease that is has its basis in the disruption of methionine catabolic process.


Drooling

description: Habitual flow of saliva out of the mouth.


Bacterial gastroenteritis

description: Gastroenteritis resulting from a bacterial infection.


succimer

mrdef: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.

description: A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.


Darier disease

description: Darier disease (DD) is a keratinization disorder characterized by the development of keratotic papules in seborrheic areas and specific nail anomalies.


Retinoic acid syndrome

description: A syndrome observed in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with all-trans retinoic acid. It is characterized by weight gain, dyspnea, pleural and pericardial effusions, leukocytosis, and renal failure.


vitiligo

description: Generalized well circumscribed patches of leukoderma that are generally distributed over symmetric body locations and is due to autoimmune destruction of melanocytes.


abarelix

A polypeptide compound composed of ten natural and non-natural amino acid resiudes in a linear sequence.


polycythemia

description: Abnormally high mass or concentration of red blood cells in the blood, either due to an increase in erythropoiesis or a decrease in plasma volume.


pleurisy

description: Inflammation of the pleura. It is usually caused by infections. Chest pain while breathing or coughing is the presenting symptom.


rat-bite fever

description: An infectious disease that is caused transmitted by the bite of a rat. Two species of bacteria can cause the infection: Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum minus.


cutaneous vasculitis

description: Inflammation of the blood vessel wall characterized by palpable purpura.


trimetaphan

mrdef: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocker in hypertension, as an adjunct to anesthesia, and to induce hypotension during surgery.

description: A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension.


Myoclonus

description: Very brief, involuntary random muscular contractions occurring at rest, in response to sensory stimuli, or accompanying voluntary movements.


sapropterin

description: A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).


Oily Skin

description: The pores of the skin are generally large and visible with a coarse or thick texture. The skin has a tendency to look dull and greasy and feels oily to the touch.


glucagonoma

description: Glucagonoma is a rare, functioning type of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET) that hypersecretes glucagon, leading to a syndrome comprised of necrolytic migratory erythema, diabetes mellitus, anemia, weight loss, mucosal abnormalities, thromboembolism, gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric symptoms.


cisplatin

mrdef: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.

description: A diamminedichloroplatinum compound in which the two ammine ligands and two chloro ligands are oriented in a cis planar configuration around the central platinum ion. An anticancer drug that interacts with, and forms cross-links between, DNA and proteins, it is used as a neoplasm inhibitor to treat solid tumours, primarily of the testis and ovary. Commonly but incorrectly described as an alkylating agent due to its mechanism of action (but it lacks alkyl groups).


ischemic colitis

description: Inflammation of the colon due to colonic ischemia resulting from alterations in systemic circulation or local vasculature.


psychogenic polydipsia

description: A form of primary polydipsia caused by underlying psychiatric symptoms, including those caused by psychoses and rarely by affective disorders.


primary biliary cholangitis

description: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic and slowly progressive cholestatic liver disease of autoimmune etiology characterized by injury of the intrahepatic bile ducts that may eventually lead to liver failure.


Esophageal stenosis

description: An abnormal narrowing of the lumen of the esophagus.


L-glutamine

mrdef: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.

description: An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.


genital herpes

description: Herpes simplex infection of the genitals, most commonly caused by the herpes simplex-2 virus.


Paradoxical respiration

description: Breathing movements in which the chest wall moves in on inspiration and out on expiration, in reverse of the normal movements. It may be seen in children with respiratory distress of any cause, which leads to indrawing of the intercostal spaces during inspiration. Patients with chronic airways obstruction also show indrawing of the lower ribs during inspiration, due to the distorted action of a depressed and flattened diaphragm. Crush injuries of the chest, with fractured ribs and sternum, can lead to a severe degree of paradoxical breathing.


schizoaffective disorder

description: A disorder in which the individual suffers from both symptoms that qualify as schizophrenia and symptoms that qualify as a mood disorder (e.g., depression or bipolar disorder) for a substantial portion (but not all) of the active period of the illness; for the remainder of the active period of the illness, the individual suffers from delusions or hallucinations in the absence of prominent mood symptoms.


cystitis

description: Inflammation of the urinary bladder.


sulfapyridine

mrdef: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.

description: A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.


letterer-Siwe disease

description: A multifocal, multisystem form of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis. There is involvement of multiple organ systems including the bones, skin, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Patients are usually infants presenting with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, bone and skin lesions, and pancytopenia.


Shallow anterior chamber

description: Reduced depth of the anterior chamber, i.e., the anteroposterior distance between the cornea and the iris is decreased.


vincamine

mrdef: A major alkaloid of Vinca minor L., Apocynaceae. It has been used therapeutically as a vasodilator and antihypertensive agent, particularly in cerebrovascular disorders.


qualitative platelet defect

description: A group of conditions characterized by impaired platelet function, which may be suggested by clinical evidence of bleeding in the setting of a normal platelet count.


spinosad

mrdef: combination of spinosyns A and D; isolated from Saccharopolyspora spinosa

description: A two-component mixture comprising spinosyn A and spinosyn D in a ratio of approximately 5:1. Obtained from the fermentation of the naturally occurring soil dwelling bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa, it is used for the topical treatment of head lice.


thrombophlebitis migrans

description: A thrombophlebitis that is characterized by repeated occurrences of thrombophlebitis in different locations.


Sinus Node Dysfunction (disorder)

description: A derangement in the normal functioning of the sinoatrial node. Typically, SA node dysfunction is manifest as sinoatrial exit block or sinus arrest, but may present as an absolute or relative bradycardia in the presence of a stressor. It may be associated with bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome


gentian violet

mrdef: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.

description: An iminium ion that is malachite green cation in which the hydrogen at the para- psition of the monosubstituted phenyl group is replaced by a dimethylamino group.


T-lymphoblastic lymphoma

description: The most frequent type of lymphoblastic lymphoma. It comprises approximately 85-90% of cases. It is more frequently seen in adolescent males. It frequently presents with a mass lesion in the mediastinum. Pleural effusions are common. (WHO, 2001)


butoconazole

description: A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl]butyl group. An antifungal agent, it is used as its nitrate salt in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.


acamprosate

mrdef: The mechanism of action of acamprosate in maintenance of alcohol abstinence is not completely understood. Chronic alcohol exposure is hypothesized to alter the normal balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition. In vitro and in vivo studies in animals have provided evidence to suggest acamprosate may interact with glutamate and GABA neurotransmitter systems centrally, and has led to the hypothesis that acamprosate restores this balance.

smiles: CC(=O)NCCCS(O)(=O)=O

description: An  organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.


Viral gastroenteritis

description: Gastroenteritis resulting from a viral infection.


name: Yersinia enterocolitica infectious disease


Dry skin

description: Skin characterized by the lack of natural or normal moisture.


Crystalluria

description: The presence of crystals in the urine.


biotinidase deficiency

description: Biotinidase deficiency is a late-onset form of multiple carboxylase deficiency, an inborn error of biotin metabolism that, if untreated, is characterized by seizures, breathing difficulties, hypotonia, skin rash, alopecia, hearing loss and delayed development.


propionic acidemia

description: Propionic acidemia (PA) is an organic aciduria caused by the deficient activity of the propionyl Coenzyme A carboxylase and is characterized by life threatening episodes of metabolic decompensation, neurological dysfunction and that may be complicated by cardiomyopathy.


syphilis

description: A contagious bacterial infection caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. It is a sexually transmitted disorder, although it can also be transmitted from the mother to the fetus in utero. Typically, it is initially manifested with a single sore which heals without treatment. If the infection is left untreated, the initial stage is followed by skin rash and mucous membrane lesions. A late stage follows, which is characterized by damage of the internal organs, including the nervous system.


gingival overgrowth

description: Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (gingival hypertrophy) or by an increase in their number (gingival hyperplasia). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)


Paresthesia

description: Abnormal sensations such as tingling, pricking, or numbness of the skin with no apparent physical cause.


Listeria meningitis

description: Inflammation of the meninges caused by listeria monocytogenes infection, usually occurring in individuals under the age of 3 years or over the age of 50 years. It may occur at any age in individuals with immunologic deficiency syndromes. Clinical manifestations include fever, altered mentation, headache, meningeal signs, focal neurologic signs, and seizures. (From Medicine 1998 Sep;77(5):313-36)


water intoxication

description: A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.


name: central nervous system infectious disorder

description: An infectious process that affects the brain and/or spinal cord. Representative examples include encephalitis, poliomyelitis, arachnoiditis, and meningitis.


zalcitabine

mrdef: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.

description: A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.


ulcerative proctosigmoiditis

description: Inflammation of the rectum and the distal portion of the colon.


pulmonary venoocclusive disease

description: A disorder characterized by pulmonary venous constriction or occlusion, resulting in pulmonary hypertension.


telbivudine

mrdef: A thymidine derivative and antiviral agent that inhibits DNA synthesis by HEPATITIS B VIRUS and is used for the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS B.

description: A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside that is the L-enantiomer of thymine. A synthetic thymidine nucleoside analogue with activity against HBV DNA polymerase.


cystinuria

description: Cystinuria is a renal tubular amino acid transport disorder characterized by recurrent formation of kidneys cystine stones.


naftifine

mrdef: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd

description: A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.


sulconazole

description: A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.


Neurocysticercosis

description: A parasitic infection with tapeworms of the genus Taenia affecting the brain. It is manifested with seizures and headaches.


lymphoid leukemia

description: A malignant lymphocytic neoplasm of B-cell or T-cell lineage involving primarily the bone marrow and the peripheral blood. This category includes precursor or acute lymphoblastic leukemias and chronic leukemias.


renal fibrosis

description: A final common manifestation of a wide variety of chronic kidney diseases characterized by glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis.


phenacemide

mrdef: Phenacemide (Phenurone) is an older antiepileptic agent. It is capable of relieving patients resistant to other antiepileptics, although its therapeutic effectiveness must be balanced against its toxic effects.


neoplasm of esophagus

description: A neoplasm (disease) that involves the esophagus.


hepatic vein thrombosis

description: A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small hepatic veins to the junction of the inferior vena cava and the right atrium. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (thrombus) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal fibrosis is uncommon.


Multiple Gestation

description: A pregnancy involving twins or higher-order multiple fetuses (e.g., triplets, quadruplets).


calcium metabolic disease

description: Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.


ehrlichiosis

description: An disease or disorder caused by infection with Ehrlichia.


glossopharyngeal neuralgia

description: Glossopharyngeal neuralgia is a condition characterized by repeated episodes of severe pain in the tongue, throat, ear, and tonsils (areas connected to the ninth cranial nerve, or glossopharyngeal nerve). It typically occurs in individuals over age 40. Episodes of pain may last from a few seconds to a few minutes, and usually occur on one side. The pain may be triggered by swallowing, speaking, laughing, chewing or coughing. The condition is thought to be due to irritation of the nerve, although the source of irritation is unclear. The goal of treatment is to control pain, but over-the-counter pain medications are not very effective; the most effective drugs are anti-seizure medications. Some antidepressants help certain people. Surgery to cut or take pressure off of the glossopharyngeal nerve may be needed in severe cases.


pneumothorax

description: Abnormal presence of air in the pleural cavity.


Whipple disease

description: A systemic infection caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. It affects the small intestine resulting in malabsorption. Other sites or systems affected by the infection are the joints, central nervous system, and the cardiovascular system.


enalaprilat

mrdef: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.

description: Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.


persistent fetal circulation syndrome

description: A cardiopulmonary disorder characterized by systemic arterial hypoxemia secondary to pulmonary hypertension and extrapulmonary right to left shunting across the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus.


Myxedema coma

description: A life-threatening condition characterized by altered mental status and defective thermoregulation. It is seen in individuals with severe, decompensated hypothyroidism.


congenital hypothyroidism

description: A thyroid hormone deficiency present from birth.


name: Epidermal growth factor receptor negative non-small cell lung cancer


multibacillary leprosy

description: A lepromatous form of leprosy that is characterized by numerous infiltrated skin lesions displaying high bacillary loads, impaired peripheral nerves, possible involvement of internal organs, and a Th2-mediated immune response.


lactic acid

mrdef: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

smiles: CC(O)C(O)=O

description: A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.


plantar wart

description: A wart in the plantar surface of the foot. It is caused by human papillomavirus.


Hemodynamic instability

description: A state of hypoperfusion that does not support normal organ perfusion or function. It can include periods of reduced, unstable, or abnormal blood pressure with near syncope, or episodes of syncope.


isovaleric acidemia

description: Isovaleric acidemia (IVA) is an autosomal recessively inherited organic aciduria characterized by a deficiency in isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase, that has wide clinical variability and that can present in infancy with acute manifestations of vomiting, failure to thrive, seizures, lethargy, a characteristic ''sweaty feet'' odor, acute pancreatitis and mild to severe developmental delay or in childhood with metabolic acidosis (brought on by prolonged fasting, an increased intake of protein-rich food or infections) and that can be fatal if not treated immediately. Chronic intermittent presentations and asymptomatic patients have also been reported.


Recurrent genital herpes

description: Recurrent episodes of genital herpes, typically characterized by stages of erythema, papules, short-lived vesicles, painful ulcers, and crusts on the skin of the genitals and surrounding area, and that typically resolve over a period of 2 to 3 weeks.


bejel

description: A chronic skin and tissue disease caused by infection by the endemicum subspecies of the spirochete Treponema pallidum.


Hypocalcemic tetany

description: Hyperexcitability of the neuromuscular system related to abnormally low level of calcium in the blood, resulting in carpopedal or generalized spasms.


Dysphasia

description: Impairment of verbal communication skills, often resulting from brain damage.


liver abscess (disease)

description: An abscess that involves the liver.


encephalitis

description: An acute inflammatory process affecting the brain parenchyma. Causes include viral infections and less frequently bacterial infections, toxins, and immune-mediated processes.


temporomandibular joint disorder

description: Any condition affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint.


cryptococcosis

description: An acute or chronic, localized or disseminated infection by Cryptococcus neoformans. Sites of involvement include the lungs, central nervous system and meninges, skin, and visceral organs.--2004


dumping syndrome

description: A disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. It is typically caused by the rapid emptying of undigested food from the stomach to the small intestine following gastroesophageal surgery but may be seen secondary to diabetes or the use of certain medications. Clinical signs may be seen 30-60 minutes after eating (early dumping): cramping, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea or they may be seen 1-3 hours later as a result of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (late dumping): sweating, dizziness, confusion and heart palpitations. Untreated, the clinical course progresses to malnutrition and weight loss.


blastomycosis

description: Blastomycosis is a rare infection that may develop when people inhale a fungus called Blastomyces dermatitidis, a fungus that is found in moist soil, particularly where there is rotting vegetation. The fungus enters the body through the lungs, infecting them. The fungus then spreads to other areas of the body.The infection may affect the skin, bones and joints, and other areas. The disease usually affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV or who have had an organ transplant.


neuroblastoma

description: Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common solid, extracranial childhood tumor. It is an aggressive pediatric cancer that originates from neural crest tissues of the sympathetic nervous system.


Carcinomatosis

description: Carcinoma that has spread diffusely to an anatomic site or throughout the body.


Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

description: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne zoonotic disease caused by CCHF virus and characterized by initial fever, headache, and malaise followed by gastrointestinal symptoms and, in severe cases, bleeding, shock, and multi-organ system failure.


female reproductive system neoplasm

description: A benign, precancerous, or malignant neoplasm that affects the female reproductive system. Representative examples include uterine corpus leiomyoma, endocervical polyp, ovarian carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, and endometrial carcinoma.


steatorrhea

description: A finding of an excessive amount of fat in the stool.


cryptosporidiosis

description: Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe diarrhea.


pinta disease

description: An endemic bacterial infection caused by Treponema carateum. It is manifested with chronic cutaneous lesions. The early lesions consist of papules and erythematous plaques. The late lesions consist of hypochromic, achromic, hyperpigmented and atrophic lesions. The late skin lesions may cause destruction of bones and cartilage and produce disfiguring changes.


pipecuronium

mrdef: A piperazinyl androstane derivative which is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS). It is used as a muscle relaxant during ANESTHESIA and surgical procedures.


atrial flutter

description: A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of an organized, regular atrial rhythm with atrial rate of 240-340 beats per minute. Multiple P waves typically appear in the inferior leads in a saw tooth-like pattern between the QRS complexes. (CDISC)


Actinomycetoma

description: A chronic granulomatous inflammation involving the deep dermis and the subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by Actinomycetes bacteria.


trioxsalen

mrdef: Pigmenting photosensitizing agent obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.

description: 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis.


name: Asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction


name: pneumonia caused by gram negative bacteria


cystoid macular edema

description: An autosomal dominantly inherited cystoid macular edema manifesting with macular atrophy, strabismus and, sometimes, pericentral retinitis pigmentosa. It is associated with a poor visual prognosis.


baylisascariasis

description: An infection that is caused by the raccoon nematode Baylisascaris procyonis, which is transmitted by the ingestion of embryonated eggs in contaminated soil; symptoms depend on larval migration sites (visceral organs, eye, or brain) provoking severe inflammatory responses.


Eosinophilia

description: Abnormal high level of eosinophils in the blood.


Tubo-ovarian abscess

description: A tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA) is a complex infectious mass of the adnexa that forms as a sequela of pelvic inflammatory disease.


allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

description: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a rare immunologic pulmonary disorder caused by hypersensitivity to Aspergillus fumigatus, clinically manifesting with poorly controlled asthma and recurrent pulmonary infiltrates.


disruptive behavior disorder

description: A mental disorder that includes conduct disorder (CD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Features may include frequent aggression, deceitfulness, and defiance, and often persist through the lifespan.


inherited lipid metabolism disorder

description: An inherited metabolic disorder caused by an enzyme deficiency, resulting in an inability to oxidize fatty acids for energy production.


Rift valley fever

description: Rift Valley fever (RVF), caused by the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), is an arbovirus characterized by a usually self-limiting febrile illness but that in some cases can also manifest with thrombosis, vision loss, hemorrhages and/or neurological symptoms.


trichuriasis

description: An infection that is caused by the nematode Trichuris trichiura, a soil-transmitted helminth, which is transmitted via food and/or water contaminated with the eggs of the worm. Symptoms are usually mild and include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, and possibly anemia secondary to blood loss in diarrhea.


ursodeoxycholic acid

mrdef: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.

description: A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.


tinea barbae

description: A dermatophytosis that involves the beard.


chloroxine

description: A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 have been substituted by chlorine. A synthetic antibacterial prepared by chlorination of quinolin-8-ol, it is used for the treatment of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp.


oxamniquine

mrdef: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121)

description: A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.


schistosomiasis

description: An infectious disease caused by parasitic trematodes of the genus Schistosoma that colonize human blood vessels and release eggs that can cause granulomatous reactions leading to acute (swimmer's itch or acute schistosomiasis syndrome) or chronic disease. Depending on where the eggs lodge, manifestations of chronic schistosomiasis can include diarrhea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, anemia (intestines), hepatosplenism, periportal fibrosis with portal hypertension (liver), urogenital inflammation and scarring, hematuria and dysuria (genitourinary system). Other patients may be asymptomatic.


venous insufficiency

description: Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with edema and sometimes with venous stasis ulcers at the ankle.


acute monocytic leukemia

description: Acute monoblastic leukemia (AML-M5), is one of the most common subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that is either comprised of more than 80% of monoblasts (AML-M5a) or 30-80% monoblasts with (pro)monocytic differentiation (AML-M5b). AML-M5 presents with asthenia, pallor, fever, and dizziness. Specific features of AML-M5 include hyperleukocytosis, propensity for extramedullary infiltrates, coagulation abnormalities including disseminated intravascular coagulation and neurological disorders. Leukemia cutis and gingival infiltration can also be seen. A characteristic translocation observed in AML-M5 is t(9;11).


dextrothyroxine

mrdef: The dextrorotary isomer of the synthetic THYROXINE.

description: The D-enantiomer of thyroxine.


nitrogen

mrdef: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.

smiles: N#N

description: An elemental molecule consisting of two trivalently-bonded nitrogen atoms.


hexachlorophene

mrdef: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)

description: An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.


vaginitis

description: A non-infectious or infectious inflammatory process affecting the vagina.


Tetany

description: A condition characterized by intermittent involuntary contraction of muscles (spasms) related to hypocalcemia or occasionally magnesium deficiency.


methylmalonic acidemia

description: A rare autosomal recessive inherited disorder caused by mutations of the MUT, MMAA, MMAB, MMADHC, and MCEE genes. It is characterized by abnormalities in the metabolism of lipids and proteins. Signs and symptoms usually appear early in life and vary from mild to life threatening. They include vomiting, dehydration, hypotonia, developmental delays, hepatomegaly, lethargy, intellectual disabilities, and chronic kidney disease.


metyrapone

mrdef: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.

description: An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.


name: respiratory syncytial virus infectious disease

description: Infection with the respiratory syncytial virus, an RNA virus of the genus Pneumovirus, in the family Paramyxoviridae, which is characterized by the formation of syncytia in tissue culture. It causes minor respiratory infection with rhinitis and cough in adults, but is capable of causing severe bronchitis and bronchopneumonia in young children.


chorioamnionitis

description: A morphologic finding indicating inflammation of the fetal sac membranes. It is characterized by neutrophilic infiltration of the amnion and chorion.


Acute gastric ulcer with perforation

description: Evidence of an acute gastric ulcer with perforation.


tyrosinemia type I

description: Tyrosinemia type 1 (HTI) is an inborn error of tyrosine catabolism caused by defective activity of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) and is characterized by progressive liver disease, renal tubular dysfunction, porphyria-like crises and a dramatic improvement in prognosis following treatment with nitisinone.


fosfomycin

mrdef: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.

description: A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.


Paroxysmal hypertension

description: Hypertension that presents intermittently.


Respiratory alkalosis

description: Alkalosis due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body.


esotropia

description: A form of strabismus in which one or both eyes are deviated medially.


carbocisteine

mrdef: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.

description: An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.


Brill-Zinsser disease

description: A delayed relapse of epidemic typhus, caused by Rickettsia prowazekii.


Spinal cord compression

description: External mechanical compression of the spinal cord.


Candidal endocarditis

description: Endocarditis caused by fungal infection with Candida species.


nephrocalcinosis

description: Nephrocalcinosis is a disorder that occurs when too much calcium is deposited in the kidneys. It commonly occurs in premature infants. Individuals may not have symptoms or may have symptoms related to thecondition causing nephrocalcinosis. If kidney stones are present, symptoms may include blood in the urine, fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, and severe pain in the belly area, sides of the back (flank), groin, or testicles. Later symptoms may be associated with chronic kidney failure. It may be caused by use of certain medications or supplements, infection, or any condition that leads to high levels of calcium in the blood or urine including hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis, Alport syndrome, Bartter syndrome,and a variety of other conditions. Some of the underlying disorders that can cause nephrocalcinosis are genetic, with the inheritance pattern depending on the specific disorder. Treatment differs depending on the cause of nephrocalcinosis and often aims to prevent more calcium from being deposited in the kidneys.


L-threonine

mrdef: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.

description: An optically active form of threonine having L-configuration.


acrodermatitis enteropathica

description: Acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) is a rare inherited inborn error of metabolism resulting in a severe zinc deficiency and characterized by acral dermatitis, alopecia, diarrhea and growth failure.


patent ductus arteriosus

description: A congenital defect characterized by the failure of the ductus arteriosus to close soon after birth. As a consequence, blood from the aorta mixes with blood from the pulmonary artery. If untreated, it may lead to congestive heart failure.


paratyphoid fever

description: A condition resembling typhoid fever that is caused by infection by Salmonella enterica serovar Parathyphi.


Puerperal endometritis

description: Infection of the endometrium, decidua and/or myometrium occurring at any time between birth and 42 days postpartum.


amlexanox

mrdef: The mechanism of action by which amlexanox accelerates healing of aphthous ulcers is unknown. In vitro studies have demonstrated amlexanox to be a potent inhibitor of the formation and/or release of inflammatory mediators (histamine and leukotrienes) from mast cells, neutrophils and mononuclear cells.

description: A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.


cervicofacial actinomycosis

description: A form of actinomycosis characterized by slow-growing inflammatory lesions of the lymph nodes that drain the mouth (lumpy jaw), reddening of the overlying skin, and intraperitoneal abscesses.


clofibrate

mrdef: A fibric acid derivative used in the treatment of HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA TYPE III and severe HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p986)

description: The ethyl ester of clofibric acid.


acute papillary necrosis

description: Acute form of kidney papillary necrosis.


epidemic louse-borne typhus

description: A gram-negative bacterial infection caused by Rickettsia prowazekii. It is spread by lice infected with the bacteria. Signs and symptoms include sudden headache, generalized muscle pain, malaise, and macular skin lesions. The infection may affect the central nervous system causing encephalitis.


name: Asthma-Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overlap Syndrome


trichostrongylosis

description: Infestation with nematode worms of the genus trichostrongylus. Humans become infected by swallowing larvae, usually with contaminated food or drink, although the larvae may penetrate human skin.


neoplastic meningitis

description: Metastatic neoplasm in which the tumor cells spread to leptomeninges (pia and arachnoid) and subarachnoid space. The most common primary tumors metastasizing to the leptomeninges are breast and lung carcinomas, melanoma, aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and acute lymphocytic leukemia.


nocturnal enuresis

description: Urination during sleep.


tubocurarine

mrdef: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.

description: A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.


carglumic acid

mrdef: carglumic acid could be helpful in lowering plasma ammonia levels over 400 micromol/L more rapidly

description: A urea that is the N-carbamoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. An orphan drug used to treat a deficiency in the enzyme N-acetylglutamate synthase, which leads to acute hyperammonaemia.


barbital

mrdef: A long-acting barbiturate that depresses most metabolic processes at high doses. It is used as a hypnotic and sedative and may induce dependence. Barbital is also used in veterinary practice for central nervous system depression.

description: A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).


tooth disorder

description: A disease involving the calcareous tooth.


vernal keratoconjunctivitis

description: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic, severe allergy that affectsthe surfaces of the eyes. It most commonly occurs in boys living in warm, dry climates. Attacks associated with VKC are common in the spring (hence the name 'vernal') and summer but often reoccur in the winter. Signs and symptoms usually begin before 10 years of age and may include hard, cobblestone-like bumps (papillae) on the upper eyelid; sensitivity to light; redness; sticky mucus discharge; andinvoluntary blinking or spasms of the eyelid (blepharospasm).The condition usually subsides at the onset of puberty. It is caused by ahypersensitivity (allergic reaction)to airborne-allergens. Management focuses on preventing 'flare ups' and relieving the symptoms of the condition.


oleandomycin

mrdef: Antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces antibioticus.


brain aneurysm

description: A congenital or acquired aneurysm within the cranium.


candidiasis

description: Infection with the organism Candida.


methoxamine

mrdef: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.

description: An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .


Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia

description: A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of episodic atrial tachycardia with abrupt onset and termination.


islet cell adenomatosis

description: A sporadic or inherited disorder characterized by the focal or diffuse proliferation of the cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. It results in hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia.


pertussis

description: A contagious bacterial respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis. It is characterized by severe and uncontrollable cough, resulting in a whooping sound during breathing following the cough.


Broncho-esophageal fistula

description: An abnormal connection between a bronchus and the esophagus.


phenylbutazone

mrdef: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.

description: A member of the class of  pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.


Paroxysmal atrial flutter

description: An electrocardiographic finding of atrial flutter which occurs intermittently during the recording. Other rhythms which may be present are sinus rhythm, junctional rhythm, or an atrial paced rhythm.


ectopic pregnancy

description: An abnormal pregnancy in which the conception is implanted outside the endometrial cavity.


interstitial cystitis

description: A rare chronic debilitating urogenital disease characterized by urinary frequency, urgency, and pelvic pain.


Atypical absence seizure

description: An atypical absence seizure is a type of generalized non-motor (absence) seizure characterized by interruption of ongoing activities and reduced responsiveness. In comparison to a typical absence seizure, changes in tone may be more pronounced, onset and/or cessation may be less abrupt, and the duration of the ictus and post-ictal recovery may be longer. Although not always available, an EEG often demonstrates slow (<3 Hz), irregular, generalized spike-wave activity.


Abdominal pain

description: An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) and perceived to originate in the abdomen.


Lupus anticoagulant disorder

description: A hypercoaguable state that results from the presence of the immunoglobulin known as Lupus Anticoagulant. The antibody interacts with cell membrane phospholipids, causing increased aggregation and adhesion of platelets, which causes increased clot formation. Though the majority of patients who test positive for lupus anticoagulant do not have lupus, those individuals afflicted with lupus have a higher probability of developing the antibody.


cidofovir

mrdef: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.

description: Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.


acute gonococcal epididymo-orchitis

description: Acute form of gonococcal epididymo-orchitis.


name: hereditary thrombophilia due to congenital protein C deficiency

description: Congenital protein C deficiency is an inherited coagulation disorder characterized by deep venous thrombosis symptoms due to reduced synthesis and/or activity levels of protein C.


Prolonged PR interval

description: Increased time for the PR interval (beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex).


night blindness

description: Inability to see clearly in dim light.


docosanol

smiles: CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO

description: A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It is a non-prescription medicine approved by the FDA to shorten healing time of cold sores.


vidarabine

mrdef: A nucleoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces antibioticus. It has some antineoplastic properties and has broad spectrum activity against DNA viruses in cell cultures and significant antiviral activity against infections caused by a variety of viruses such as the herpes viruses, the VACCINIA VIRUS and varicella zoster virus.

description: A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.


mycotic endocarditis

description: An endocarditis (disease) caused by infection with Fungi.


uterine anomalies

description: An abnormality of the uterus.


alcaftadine

mrdef: Alcaftadine is an H1 histamine receptor antagonist and inhibitor of the release of histamine from mast cells. Decreased chemotaxis and inhibition of eosinophil activation has also been demonstrated.

description: An imidazobenzazepine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][3]benzazepine substituted at position 3 by a formyl group and at position 11 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. An antihistamine used for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.


thyroid gland carcinoma

description: A carcinoma arising from the thyroid gland. It is usually an adenocarcinoma and includes the following main subtypes: follicular, papillary, medullary, poorly differentiated, and anaplastic.


aluminium chloride

mrdef: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.


natamycin

mrdef: Amphoteric macrolide antifungal antibiotic from Streptomyces natalensis or S. chattanoogensis. It is used for a variety of fungal infections, mainly topically.

description: A macrolide antibiotic that has formula C33H47NO13, produced by several Streptomyces species including Streptomyces natalensis. It exhibits broad spectrum antifungal activity and used in eye drops, and as a food preservative, and also as a postharvest biofungicide for citrus and other fruit crops.


netilmicin

mrdef: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.


allergic cutaneous vasculitis

description: Inflammation of the small vessels of the skin that is mediated by the immune system.


neonatal thyrotoxicosis

description: A hypermetabolic syndrome characterized by tachycardia, palpitations, tremor, weight loss, and moist skin that is caused by the elevation of thyroid hormone levels in the serum of the newborn infant or thyroid-axis receptor activation, most commonly due to transplacental passage of thyroid stimulating globulins.


parasomnia, sleepwalking type

description: A disorder in which a series of complex behaviors are initiated during slow-wave (non-REM) sleep and result in walking during sleep. It is a parasomnia, defined as a clinical disorder resulting in undesirable physical phenomena that occur predominantly during sleep. Parasomnias are not abnormalities of the processes responsible for sleep and wake states. Sleepwalking is more common in childhood (up to 26%), and usually resolves in adolescence; however, it can persist into adulthood (3%).


name: congenital non-bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma

description: A variant of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI), a rare epidermal disease, characterized by fine, whitish scales on a background of erythematous skin over the whole body.


ranolazine

mrdef: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.

description: A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.


hypertrichosis of eyelid

description: A hypertrichosis (disease) that involves the eyelid.


glucose intolerance

description: The inability to regulate blood glucose levels resulting in hyperglycemia.


Antepartum hemorrhage

description: Significant maternal hemorrhage/bleed in the second half of pregnancy and prior to the birth of the baby.


Vitamin E

mrdef: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.

description: An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.


Urinary hesitancy

description: Difficulty in beginning the process of urination.


omphalitis

description: Inflammation of the umbilical cord stump in newborns.


polysorbate 80

mrdef: Sorbitan mono-9-octadecanoate poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivatives; complex mixtures of polyoxyethylene ethers used as emulsifiers or dispersing agents in pharmaceuticals.

description: A polymer composed of PEG-ylated sorbitan, where the total number of poly(ethylene glycol) units is 20 (w + x + y + z = 20) and a single terminal is capped by an oleoyl group.


potassium acetate

mrdef: A potassium salt used to replenish ELECTROLYTES, for restoration of WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, as well as a urinary and systemic alkalizer, which can be administered orally or by intravenous infusion. Formerly, it was used in DIURETICS and EXPECTORANTS.

description: A potassium salt comprising equal numbers of potassium and acetate ions


meglumine antimonate

mrdef: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.


name: Influenza due to Influenza virus, type B


name: Malignant melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation


male infertility

description: The inability of the male to effect fertilization of an ovum after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.


dracunculiasis

description: Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease) is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) characterized by a painful burning skin lesion from which the Dracunculus medinensis parasite emerges approximately 1 year after infection resulting from consumption of unsafe drinking water containing parasite-infected copepods (Cyclops spp., microcrustacea also called water fleas).


radiodermatitis

description: A cutaneous inflammatory reaction occurring as a result of exposure to biologically effective levels of ionizing radiation.


obstructive hydrocephalus

description: An abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain that occurs as a consequence of an obstruction at any location within the ventricular system that prevents cerebrospinal fluid flowing into the subarachnoid space.


trilostane

mrdef: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome

description: An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.


Staphylococcal enterocolitis

description: Gastroenteritis resulting from an infection with Staphylococcus aureus.


Pulmonary artery stenosis

description: An abnormal narrowing or constriction of the pulmonary artery, in the main pulmonary artery and/or in the left or right pulmonary artery branches.


description: Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive (AR) disorder characterized by the formation and hyperexcretion of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (2,8-DHA) in urine, causing urolithiasis and crystalline nephropathy.


holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency

description: A life-threatening early-onset form of multiple carboxylase deficiency, an inborn error of biotin metabolism, that, if untreated, is characterized by vomiting, tachypnea, irritability, lethargy, exfoliative dermatitis, and seizures that can worsen to coma.


Cardiomegaly

description: Increased size of the heart, clinically defined as an increased transverse diameter of the cardiac silhouette that is greater than or equal to 50% of the transverse diameter of the chest (increased cardiothoracic ratio) on a posterior-anterior projection of a chest radiograph or a computed tomography.


name: Dementia associated with Parkinson's Disease


mephentermine

mrdef: A sympathomimetic agent with specificity for alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It is used to maintain BLOOD PRESSURE in hypotensive states such as following SPINAL ANESTHESIA.


gestational diabetes

description: Carbohydrate intolerance first diagnosed during pregnancy.


Wheezing

description: A high-pitched whistling sound associated with labored breathing.


sermorelin

mrdef: The biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor, consisting of GHRH(1-29)-amide. This N-terminal sequence is identical in several mammalian species, such as human, pig, and cattle. It is used to diagnose or treat patients with GROWTH HORMONE deficiency.

description: A 29 amino acid polypeptide that is used to treat growth problems (usually in children) due to growth hormone deficiency. It is the biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRH).


intracranial embolism

description: Blocking of a blood vessel in the skull by an embolus which can be a blood clot (thrombus) or other undissolved material in the blood stream. Most emboli are of cardiac origin and are associated with heart diseases. Other non-cardiac sources of emboli are usually associated with vascular diseases.


Odynophagia

description: Pain experienced with swallowing.


Acute pulmonary edema

description: Rapid or severe onset or rapid progression of pulmonary edema causing significant hypoxemia or the need for supplemental oxygen.


lipodystrophy

description: A congenital or acquired disorder characterized by abnormal loss or redistribution of the adipose tissue in the body.


cupric chloride

smiles: Cl[Cu]Cl

description: An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.


herpes simplex encephalitis

description: Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) is caused by the infection of the central nervous system by Herpes simplex virus (HSV) that could have a devastating clinical course and a potentially fatal outcome particularly with delay or lack of treatment. HSV often involves the frontal and temporal lobes, usually asymmetrically, resulting in personality changes, cognitive impairment, aphasia, seizures, and focal weakness.


copper sulfate

mrdef: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.

description: The pentahydrate of copper(2+) sulfate. A bright blue crystalline solid.


guanadrel

description: A spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of the keto group of cyclohexanone with the hydroxy groups of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)guanidine. A postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent formerly used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the management of hypertension, it has been largely superseded by other drugs less likely to cause orthostatic hypotension (dizzy spells on standing up or stretching).


phenolsulfonphthalein

mrdef: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.

description: 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.


name: myeloid neoplasm associated with PDGFRA rearrangement

description: A rare, malignant, neoplastic disease characterized by clonal proliferation of myeloid and/or lymphoid precursors harboring rearrangements in the PDGFRA gene, in the blood, bone marrow and often other tissues as well (spleen, lymph nodes, skin, etc.). It usually presents as chronic eosinophilic leukemia or, less commonly, as acute myeloid leukemia or T-lymphoblastic leukemia with eosinophilia. Patients usually present with eosinophilia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutrophilia, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, fever, sweating and/or weight loss. Tissue infiltration by eosinophils can manifest with skin rash, erythema, cough, neurological alterations, gastrointestinal symptoms or, rarely, endomyocardial fibrosis and restrictive cardiomyopathy.


multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A

description: Multiple endocrine neoplasia caused by mutation of the RET gene. Patients develop medullary thyroid carcinomas, and may also develop pheochromocytomas and parathyroid gland hyperplasia.


eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome

description: A complex systemic syndrome with inflammatory and autoimmune components that affect the skin, fascia, muscle, nerve, blood vessels, lung, and heart. Diagnostic features generally include eosinophilia, myalgia severe enough to limit usual activities of daily living, and the absence of coexisting infectious, autoimmune or other conditions that may induce eosinophilia. Biopsy of affected tissue reveals a microangiopathy associated with diffuse inflammation involving connective tissue. (From Spitzer et al., J Rheumatol Suppl 1996 Oct;46:73-9; Blackburn wd, Semin Arthritis Rheum 1997 Jun;26(6):788-93)


congenital toxoplasmosis

description: Toxoplasma infection that is present from birth.


benzonatate

The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.


central nervous system cancer

description: A malignant neoplasm involving the central nervous system


name: Decreased circulating carnitine concentration

description: Concentration of carnitine in the blood circulation below the lower limit of normal.


loiasis

description: Loiasis is a form of filariasis (see this term), caused by the parasitic worm Loa loa, endemic to the forest and savannah regions of Central and Western Africa. Loiasis may either be asymptomatic or manifest as a large, transient area of localized, non-erythematous subcutaneous edema (Calabar swellings), adult worm migration through the sub-conjunctiva (''African eye worm'') and pruritus. Generalized itching, hives, muscle pains, arthralgias, fatigue, and adult worms visibly migrating under the surface of the skin may be observed. Severe complications such as encephalopathy have been reported in highly infected individuals receiving ivermectin during mass drug administration programs for the control of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis.


hyperostosis

description: Excessive thickening of bone.


Left bundle branch block

description: A conduction block of the left branch of the bundle of His. This manifests as a generalized disturbance of QRS morphology on EKG.


emedastine

description: 1-Methyl-1,4-diazepane in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 4 is substituted by a 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl group. A relatively selective histamine H1 antagonist, it is used as the difumatate salt for allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and pruritic skin disorders, and in eyedrops for the symptomatic relief of allergic conjuntivitis.


thiethylperazine

mrdef: A dopamine antagonist that is particularly useful in treating the nausea and vomiting associated with anesthesia, mildly emetic cancer chemotherapy agents, radiation therapy, and toxins. This piperazine phenothiazine does not prevent vertigo or motion sickness. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p457)

description: A member of the class of phenothiazines that is perazine substituted by a ethylsulfanyl group at position 2.


ethinamate

mrdef: short duration hypnotic with fast onset & relatively low toxicity; may cause dependence; minor descriptor (76-85); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBAMATES (76-85)

description: A carbamate ester that is the 1-vinylcyclohexyl ester of carbamic acid. A short-acting sedative-hypnotic, it was formerly used to treat insomnia.


name: Intrathecal injection of chemotherapeutic agent


vitamin A deficiency

description: Deficiency of vitamin A due to malnutrition, malabsorption, or dietary lack. It is manifested with reduced night vision, night blindness, and xerophthalmia.


gnathomiasis

description: An infection that is caused by nematodes of the genus Gnathostoma, which is commonly found in Southeast Asia, and which is transmitted via the consumption of contaminated raw/undercooked birds, eels, fish, frogs, or reptiles. The pattern of symptoms is species-dependent, and extraintestinal manifestations are due to larval migration (e.g., pulmonary infiltrates, eosinophilic meningitis, or painful, pruritic subcutaneous swellings, and peripheral blood eosinophilia).


moracizine

mrdef: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.

description: A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.


spinal cord injury

description: Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).


Pancreatic fistula

description: An abnormal communication between the pancreas and another organ or cavity.


troglitazone

mrdef: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.


galactosemia

description: Galactosemia is a group of rare genetic metabolic disorders characterized by impaired galactose metabolism resulting in a range of variable manifestations encompassing a severe, life-threatening disease (classic galactosemia), a rare mild form (galactokinase deficiency) causing cataract, and a very rare form with variable severity (galactose epimerase deficiency) resembling classic galactosemia in the severe form.


Huntington disease

description: Huntington disease (HD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system characterized by unwanted choreatic movements, behavioral and psychiatric disturbances and dementia.


Pelvic abscess

description: An abscess that is located in the pelvic cavity.


name: Decreased circulating vitamin B1 concentration

description: The concentration of vitamin B1 in the blood circulation is below the lower limit of normal.


description: Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency isaconditionin which the body cannot break down the nucleotides thymine and uracil. DPD deficiency can have a wide range of severity; some individuals may have various neurological problems, while others have no signsand symptoms. Signs and symptoms in severely affected individuals begin in infancy and may include seizures, intellectual disability, microcephaly, increased muscle tone (hypertonia), delayed motor skills, and autistic behavior. All individuals with the condition, regardless of the presence or severity of symptoms, are at risk for severe, toxic reactions to drugs called fluoropyrimidines which are used to treat cancer. Individuals with no symptoms may be diagnosed only by laboratory testing or after exposure to fluoropyrimidines. DPD deficiency is caused by mutations in the DPYD gene and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.


cervicitis

description: An acute or chronic inflammatory process that affects the cervix. Causes include sexually transmitted diseases and bacterial infections. Clinical manifestations include abnormal vaginal bleeding and vaginal discharge.


acute myelomonocytic leukemia M4

description: An acute leukemia characterized by the proliferation of both neutrophil and monocyte precursors. (WHO, 2001)


benzyl alcohol

mrdef: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.

description: An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.


Pediculus humanus corporis infestation

description: A infectious disease involving the Pediculus humanus corporis.


isosorbide

mrdef: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma.


Congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma

description: An ichthyosiform abnormality of the skin with congenital onset.


latent early syphilis

description: Latent syphilis when infection was acquired less than twelve months previously.


subcorneal pustular dermatosis

description: A rare, benign, chronic disease characterized by sterile pustular eruption, typically involving the flexural sites of the trunk and proximal extremities.


hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

description: Abnormal ovarian or testicular function due to insufficient hormonal stimulation from the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.


erythrasma

description: A chronic bacterial infection of major folds of the skin, caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum.


osteogenesis imperfecta

description: Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) comprises a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders characterized by increased bone fragility, low bone mass, and susceptibility to bone fractures with variable severity.


Cancer of Urinary Tract

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the urinary tract.


Ectopic ossification

description: Formation of abnormal, extraskeletal bony tissue, i.e., the presence of bone in soft tissue where bone normally does not exist.


choroiditis

description: An inflammatory process that affects the choroid.


Pseudophakia

description: The term pseudophakia refers to having an artificial lens implanted after the natural eye lens has been removed. During cataract surgery the natural cloudy lens is replaced by an pseudophakia intraocular lens (IOL).


adrenoleukodystrophy

description: A peroxisomal disorder resulting in cerebral demyelination, axonal dysfunction in the spinal cord leading to spastic paraplegia, adrenal insufficiency and in some cases testicular insufficiency.


hydroa vacciniforme

description: A rare skin disorder of unknown etiology affecting children. It is a photodermatitis, characterized by the formation of vesicles and scarring on sun exposed areas.


dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans

description: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare infiltrating soft tissue sarcoma, generally of low grade malignancy, arising from the dermis of the skin and characteristically associated with a specific chromosomal translocation t(17;22).


esophageal varices with bleeding

description: Bleeding from esophageal varices.


interstitial nephritis

description: Inflammation of the renal tubules and supporting tissues of the kidney.


mazindol

mrdef: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.


name: Herpes zoster with AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)


Acute peptic ulcer with hemorrhage

description: Evidence of an acute peptic ulcer, site unspecified, with hemorrhage.


multifocal atrial tachycardia

description: Multifocal atrial tachycardia is a rare supraventricular arrhythmia in neonates and young infants that is characterized by multiple P waves with varying P wave morphology and is usually asymptomatic.


tocainide

mrdef: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.

description: A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.


diphtheritic myocarditis

description: An myocarditis caused by infection with Corynebacterium diphtheriae.


blackwater fever

description: A complication of malaria resulting from hemolysis.


Nummular eczema

description: A type of eczema characterized by pruritic coin-shaped patches on the skin. Nummular eczema most commonly occurs on the extremities, particularly the legs, but may occur anywhere on the trunk, hands, or feet


buclizine

description: An N-alkylpiperazine carrying (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and 4-tert-butylbenzyl groups.


sitosterolemia

description: A rare autosomal recessive sterol storage disease characterized by the accumulation of phytosterols in the blood and tissues. Clinical manifestations include xanthomas, arthralgia and premature atherosclerosis. Hematological manifestations include hemolytic anemia with stomatocytosis and macrothrombocytopenia. The disease is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in ABCG5 (2p21) and ABCG8 (2p21) genes.


bartonellosis

description: An infectious disease produced by bacteria of the genus Bartonella.


Toothache

description: A painful sensation originating from a tooth.


name: Selective decontamination of the digestive tract


giant papillary conjunctivitis

description: Conjunctivitis that is associated with contact lens wear, and which is characterized by giant papillae in the tarsal conjunctiva.


name: Pelvic inflammatory disease caused by Metamycoplasma hominis


Bartter syndrome

description: Bartter syndrome is a group of rare renal tubular disease characterized by impaired salt reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop and clinically by the association of hypokalemic alkalosis, hypercalciuria/nephrocalcinosis, increased levels of plasma renin and aldosterone, low blood pressure and vascular resistance to angiotensin II.


capillary leak syndrome

description: A syndrome characterized by leakage of intravascular fluids into the extravascular space. This syndrome is observed in patients who demonstrate a state of generalized leaky capillaries following shock syndromes, low-flow states, ischemia-reperfusion injuries, toxemias, medications, or poisoning. It can lead to generalized edema and multiple organ failure.


bepotastine

description: An ether that is (S)-(4-chlorophenyl)(pyridin-2-yl)methanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is substituted by a 1-(3-carboxypropyl)piperidin-4-yl group. A topical, selective and non-sedating histamine (H1) receptor antagonist used (as its benzenesulfonate salt) for treatment of itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis.


Paroxysmal tachycardia

description: An electrocardiographic finding of episodic tachycardia with abrupt onset and termination.


malignant glioma

description: A grade III or grade IV glioma arising from the central nervous system. This category includes glioblastoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, anaplastic ependymoma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, and anaplastic oligoastrocytoma.


subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus

description: Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) is a form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) that can present either as a non-scarring, annular photo-distributed dermatosis or psoriasiform plaques. SCLE is associated with anti-Ro/SSA antibodies and can be drug-induced.


Verruca plana

description: Slightly raised wart 2-5 mm in diameter often associated with viral infections, commonly persistent in immunodeficient individuals.