acarbose

mrdef: An inhibitor of ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASES that retards the digestion and absorption of DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES in the SMALL INTESTINE.

description: A tetrasaccharide derivative consisting of a dideoxy-4-{[4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl C7 cyclitol moiety [called valienol (or valienamine)] linked via nitrogen to isomaltotriose.


Stercoral ulcer

category: biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: An ulcer of the colon due to pressure and irritation from retained fecal masses.


paracetamol

mrdef: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.

status: OFP

description: A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.


acetophenazine

mrdef: major descriptor (73-85); minor descriptor (64-72); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-72); ACETOPHENAZINE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd

status: OFM

description: A member of the class of  phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.


albendazole

mrdef: A benzimidazole broad-spectrum anthelmintic structurally related to MEBENDAZOLE that is effective against many diseases. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p38)

description: A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a propylsulfanyl group at position 5. It is commonly used in the treatment of parasitic worm infestations.


priapism

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: Persistent and usually painful erection that lasts for at least four hours in the absence of physical or psychological stimulation, which can be caused by hematologic disorders, including sickle cell disease and leukemia, spinal cord injuries, and medications.


thrombocytosis disease

description: A disease characterized by higher than normal platelet counts in the peripheral blood.


alfentanil

mrdef: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.

description: A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.


amiloride

mrdef: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705)

description: A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.


anastrozole

mrdef: A nitrile and triazole derivative that acts as a selective nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of ESTROGEN NUCLEAR RECEPTOR-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women.

description: A 1,2,4-triazole compound having a 3,5-bis(2-cyano-2-propyl)benzyl group at the 1-position.


apomorphine

mrdef: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.


inamrinone

mrdef: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.

description: A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.


bacampicillin

mrdef: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure

description: A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.


gonorrhea

description: A common sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It is transmitted through vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse. Infected individuals may be asymptomatic. Symptoms in males include burning sensation during urination, discharge from the penis, and painful swelling of the testes. Symptoms in females include painful urination, vaginal discharge, and vaginal bleeding between periods. If untreated, the infection may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease.


name: methemoglobinemia due to deficiency of methemoglobin reductase


bunolol

mrdef: The L-Isomer of bunolol.

description: A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.


budesonide

mrdef: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.

description: A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.


Hypercapnia

description: Abnormally elevated blood carbon dioxide (CO2) level.


Gastrectomy

category: biolink:Procedure biolink:ActivityAndBehavior biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


candesartan

mrdef: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist


ophthalmia neonatorum

description: Inflammation of the conjunctiva in a newborn due to chemical or infectious causes. Aseptic conjunctivitis is often related to the use of prophylactic medications for infectious conjunctivitis. Septic conjunctivitis is related to perinatal exposure to microorganisms.


Fever of Unknown Origin

description: A febrile process with an etiology that is not apparent or yet determined.


acute gonococcal cervicitis

description: Acute form of gonococcal cervicitis.


dimethyl sulfoxide

mrdef: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.

smiles: CS(C)=O

description: A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.


lens disorder

description: A disease involving the lens of camera-type eye.


digoxin

mrdef: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666)

description: A  cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.


doxylamine

mrdef: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.


doxercalciferol

mrdef: decrease of bone density caused by prednisolone was prevented by above cpd; decreases number of osteoclast areas in normal rats; RN given refers to (1alpha,3beta,5Z,7E,22E)-isomer

description: A hydroxy seco-steroid and synthetic vitamin D2 analogue that undergoes metabolic activation in vivo to form 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 (1alpha,25-(OH)2D2), a naturally occurring, biologically active form of vitamin D2. It is used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism, a condition in which the body produces excess parathyroid hormone (PTH; a natural substance needed to control the amount of calcium in the blood) in certain people with chronic kidney disease.


name: Decreased circulating copper concentration

description: A reduced concentration of copper in the blood.


diphenylpyraline

mrdef: an antihistamine used to treat allergic rhinitis, hay fever, and allergic skin disorders, diphenylpyraline blocks the action of endogenous histamine at the histamine H1 receptor

description: A member of the class of  piperidines that is the benzhydryl ether derivative of 1-methyl-4-hydroxypiperidine. A sedating antihistamine, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and hay fever, and in pruritic skin disorders. It is also used as the teoclate salt (piprinhydrinate) as an ingredient in compound preparations for the symptomatic relief of coughs and the common cold.


efavirenz

mrdef: Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor of HIV-1. Efavirenz activity is mediated predominantly by noncompetitive inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. HIV-2 RT and human cellular DNA polymerases alpha, beta, gamma, and delta are not inhibited by efavirenz.

description: 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.


epirubicin

mrdef: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.

description: An anthracycline that is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin.


toxic megacolon

description: An acute form of megacolon, severe pathological dilatation of the colon. It is associated with clinical conditions such as ulcerative colitis; crohn disease; amebic dysentery; or clostridium enterocolitis.


felodipine

mrdef: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.

description: The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.


thrombophlebitis

description: Inflammation of the veins associated with the presence of a thrombus.


glucosamine

A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.


ulobetasol propionate

mrdef: used in ointment to treat psoriasis; Ulobetasol cream contains 0.05% 6-fluoroclobetasol 17-propionate


granuloma annulare

description: Granuloma annulare is a long-term (chronic) skin disease consisting of a rash with reddish bumps arranged in a circle or ring. The most commonly affected areas are the forearms, hands and feet. The lesions associated with granuloma annulare usually resolve without treatment. Strong steroids (applied as a cream or injection) are sometimes used to clear the rash more quickly. Most symptoms will disappear within 2 years (even without treatment), but recurrence is common. The underlying cause of granuloma annulare is unknown.


haloprogin

mrdef: minor descriptor (73-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search PHENYL ETHERS (73-86)


Azotemia

description: An increased concentration of nitrogen compounds in the blood.


hydroflumethiazide

mrdef: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822)

description: A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.


ketamine

mrdef: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.

description: A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.


obsessive-compulsive disorder

description: A disorder characterized by the presence of persistent and recurrent irrational thoughts (obsessions), resulting in marked anxiety and repetitive excessive behaviors (compulsions) as a way to try to decrease that anxiety.


irbesartan

mrdef: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.

description: A  biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.


connective tissue disorder

description: A disease involving the connective tissue.


ixabepilone

mrdef: Ixabepilone is a semi-synthetic analog of epothilone B. Ixabepilone binds directly to beta-tubulin subunits on microtubules, leading to suppression of microtubule dynamics. Ixabepilone suppresses the dynamic instability of alphaBeta-II and alphaBeta-III microtubules. Ixabepilone possesses low in vitro susceptibility to multiple tumor resistance mechanisms including efflux transporters, such as MRP-1 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Ixabepilone blocks cells in the mitotic phase of the cell division cycle, leading to cell death.

description: A macrocycle that is a lactam analogue of epothilone B. Binds directly to beta-tubulin subunits on microtubules, leading to suppression of microtubule dynamics.


Rhabdomyolysis

description: Breakdown of muscle fibers that leads to the release of muscle fiber contents (myoglobin) into the bloodstream.


felbamate

mrdef: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.

description: The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.


endemic typhus

description: A bacterial infection caused by Rickettsia typhi.


pharyngitis

description: Inflammation of the throat most often caused by viral and bacterial infections. Other causes include allergens, chemical substances, and trauma.


furosemide

mrdef: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.

description: A  chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.


fosamprenavir

mrdef: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir

description: A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.


flurazepam

mrdef: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.

description: A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.


geniculate herpes zoster

description: A viral ear infection caused by the spread of varicella-zoster virus to the facial nerves. It is characterized by intense otalgia and a cutaneous vesicular eruption.


cilastatin

mrdef: A renal dehydropeptidase-I and leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor. Since the antibiotic, IMIPENEM, is hydrolyzed by dehydropeptidase-I, which resides in the brush border of the renal tubule, cilastatin is administered with imipenem to increase its effectiveness. The drug also inhibits the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukotriene E4.

description: The thioether resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the thiol group of L-cysteine with the 7-position of (2Z)-2-({[(1S)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropyl]carbonyl}amino)hept-2-enoic acid. It is an inhibitor of dehydropeptidase I (membrane dipeptidase, 3.4.13.19), an enzyme found in the brush border of renal tubes and responsible for degrading the antibiotic imipenem. Cilastatin is therefore administered (as the sodium salt) with  imipenem to prolong the antibacterial effect of the latter by preventing its renal metabolism to inactive and potentially nephrotoxic products. Cilastatin also acts as a leukotriene D4 dipeptidase inhibitor, preventing the metabolism of leukotriene D4 to leukotriene E4.


anthrax infection

description: An infection caused by Bacillus anthracis bacteria. It may affect the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, or skin. Patients with lung infection present with fever, headaches, cough, chest pain and shortness of breath. Patients with gastrointestinal infection present with nausea, vomiting and bloody diarrhea. Patients with skin infection develop blisters and ulcers.


gastrointestinal anthrax

description: An anthrax disease that results in infection located in mucosa of gastrointestinal tract, has material basis in Bacillus anthracis, which is transmitted by ingestion of anthrax-infected meat. The infection has symptom lesions, has symptom vomiting of blood, has symptom severe diarrhea, has symptom loss of appetite.


babesiosis

description: Babesiosis refers to a condition caused by microscopic parasites that infect the red blood cells. Many people who are infected with Babesia parasites do not experience any symptoms of the condition. When present, signs and symptoms may include flu-like symptoms such as fever, chills, headache, body aches, nausea and fatigue. In severe cases, babesiosis can be associated with hemolytic anemia. Babesia parasites are primarily spread by infected ticks. Treatment is generally only required in people who develop symptoms of the condition. When necessary, affected people are often prescribed a combination of antimicrobial medications along with supportive care to manage symptoms.


clevidipine

mrdef: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent


cisapride

mrdef: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)


citalopram

mrdef: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.

description: A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer,  escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.


Respiratory insufficiency

description: Impairment of gas exchange within the lungs secondary to a disease process, neoplasm, or trauma, possibly resulting in hypoxia, hypercarbia, or both, but not requiring intubation or mechanical ventilation. Patients are normally managed with pharmaceutical therapy, supplemental oxygen, or both.


colchicine

mrdef: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (PERIODIC DISEASE). Potential to limit COVID-19-related myocardial damage has been hypothesized based on the drug’s mechanisms of action and promising results of ongoing research on colchicine in various cardiac conditions. However, the drug's safety and efficacy for treatment of COVID-19 is not yet established.

description: A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.


mercaptamine

mrdef: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.

smiles: NCCS

description: An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.


diabetes insipidus

description: A disorder characterized by excretion of large amounts of urine, accompanied by excessive thirst. Causes include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone or failure of the kidneys to respond to antidiuretic hormone. It may also be drug-related.


dapsone

mrdef: A sulfone active against a wide range of bacteria but mainly employed for its actions against MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. Its mechanism of action is probably similar to that of the SULFONAMIDES which involves inhibition of folic acid synthesis in susceptible organisms. It is also used with PYRIMETHAMINE in the treatment of malaria. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p157-8)

description: A  sulfone that is diphenylsulfone in which the hydrogen atom at the 4 position of each of the phenyl groups is substituted by an amino group. It is active against a wide  range of bacteria, but is mainly employed for its actions against Mycobacterium leprae, being used as part of multidrug regimens in the treatment of all forms of leprosy.


dermatitis herpetiformis

description: Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is a chronic autoimmune subepidermal bullous disease characterized by grouped pruritic lesions such as papules, urticarial plaques, erythema, and herpetiform vesiculae, with a predominantly symmetrical distribution on extensor surfaces of the elbows (90%), knees (30%), shoulders, buttocks, sacral region, and face of children and adults. Erosions, excoriations and hyperpigmentation usually follow. DH may also appear as a consequence of gluten intolerance.


arteriosclerosis disorder

description: A vascular disorder characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries.


rifaximin

mrdef: Rifaximin is a semi-synthetic derivative of rifampin and acts by binding to the beta-subunit of bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase blocking one of the steps in transcription. This results in inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis and consequently inhibits the growth of bacteria.

status: ONP

description: A semisynthetic member of the class of rifamycins and non-systemic gastrointestinal site-specific broad spectrum antibiotic. Used in the treatment of traveller's diarrhoea, hepatic encephalopathy and irritable bowel syndrome.


ranitidine

mrdef: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.


lactic acidosis

description: Metabolic acidosis characterized by the accumulation of lactate in the body. It is caused by tissue hypoxia.


secobarbital

mrdef: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.

description: A member of the class of  barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.


sildenafil

mrdef: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT  that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.

description: A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.


sertraline

mrdef: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.

description: A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.


Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

description: A more severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) with more extreme mood and physical symptoms. As with PMS, symptoms begin prior to an individual's menstrual cycle and typically taper off as menstruation begins.


sibutramine

mrdef: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride


saquinavir

mrdef: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A. There was some evidence of in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2, but no clinical trial data was found to support use in the treatment of COVID-19.

description: An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.


Ketoacidosis

description: Acidosis resulting from accumulation of ketone bodies.


secretin

mrdef: A peptide hormone of about 27 amino acids from the duodenal mucosa that activates pancreatic secretion and lowers the blood sugar level. (USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names, 1994, p597)


alcoholic fatty liver disease

description: Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells that is due to alcohol abuse. The fatty changes in the alcoholic fatty liver may be reversible, depending on the amounts of triglycerides accumulated.


idoxuridine

mrdef: An analog of DEOXYURIDINE that inhibits viral DNA synthesis. The drug is used as an antiviral agent.

description: A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-iodouracil as the nucleobase; used as an antiviral agent.


imatinib

mrdef: A tyrosine kinase inhibitor and ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT that inhibits the BCR-ABL kinase created by chromosome rearrangements in CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA and ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA, as well as PDG-derived tyrosine kinases that are overexpressed in gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

description: A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]benzoic acid with the primary aromatic amino group of 4-methyl-N(3)-[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]benzene-1,3-diamine. Used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.


systemic mastocytosis

description: Systemic mastocytosis (SM) comprises a heterogeneous group of rare acquired and chronic hematological malignancies that are related to an abnormal proliferation of mast cells in tissue, including bone marrow, with or without skin involvement.


ovarian cyst

description: A cyst that arises from the ovary. Representative examples include simple, complex, corpus luteum, and endometrioid cysts. Symptoms include pelvic and abdominal pain and irregular periods.


ketorolac

mrdef: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.

description: A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.


lamotrigine

mrdef: A phenyltriazine compound, sodium and calcium channel blocker that is used for the treatment of SEIZURES and BIPOLAR DISORDER.

description: A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines in which the triazene skeleton is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 5, and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 6.


latanoprost (isopropyl ester)

mrdef: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.

description: A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.


mesna

mrdef: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.

smiles: OS(=O)(=O)CCS

description: An organosulfonic acid consisting of sulfonic acid having a 2-mercaptoethyl group attached to sulfur.


Impaired Healing

description: Improper body tissue repair due to factors affecting one or more of the phases of wound healing, including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.


lisinopril

mrdef: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.


loratadine

mrdef: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.

description: A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.


loracarbef

mrdef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring

description: A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.


chronic pyelonephritis

description: Persistent pyelonephritis.


methylphenidate

mrdef: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.

description: A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.


methadone

mrdef: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3)

description: A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.


methicillin

mrdef: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.

description: A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.


methocarbamol

mrdef: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206)

description: A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.


levomepromazine

mrdef: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604)

description: A member of the class of  phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.


acetylmethadol

mrdef: A narcotic analgesic with a long onset and duration of action.


digestive system disorder

description: A disease or disorder that involves the digestive system.


minocycline

mrdef: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.

description: A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.


nandrolone

mrdef: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.

description: A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.


nadolol

mrdef: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.


nafcillin

mrdef: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.

description: A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.


nicotinamide

mrdef: An important compound functioning as a component of the coenzyme NAD. Its primary significance is in the prevention and/or cure of blacktongue and PELLAGRA. Most animals cannot manufacture this compound in amounts sufficient to prevent nutritional deficiency and it therefore must be supplemented through dietary intake.

description: A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.


mupirocin

mrdef: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.

description: An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.


mycophenolate mofetil

mrdef: Mycophenolate mofetil is a prodrug of mycophenolic acid, an inhibitor of inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase. MPA depletes guanosine nucleotides preferentially in T and B lymphocytes and inhibits their proliferation.

description: A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.


heart valve disorder

description: A disease involving the cardial valve.


nilotinib

mrdef: Nilotinib is an inhibitor of the BCR-ABL kinase. Nilotinib binds to and stabilizes the inactive conformation of the kinase domain of ABL protein. In vitro, nilotinib inhibited BCR-ABL mediated proliferation of murine leukemic cell lines and human cell lines derived from patients with Ph+ CML. Under the conditions of the assays, nilotinib was able to overcome imatinib resistance resulting from BCR-ABL kinase mutations, in 32 out of 33 mutations tested. In vivo, nilotinib reduced the tumor size in a murine BCR-ABL xenograft model.


nimodipine

mrdef: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.

description: A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.


subarachnoid hemorrhage

description: Intracranial hemorrhage into the subarachnoid space.


olmesartan

mrdef: Olmesartan blocks the vasoconstrictor effects of angiotensin II by selectively blocking the binding of angiotensin II to the AT1 receptor in vascular smooth muscle.


ondansetron

mrdef: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.


orlistat

mrdef: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.

description: A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.


pemetrexed

mrdef: Pemetrexed is a folate analog metabolic inhibitor that disrupts folate-dependent metabolic processes essential for cell replication. In vitro studies show that pemetrexed inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), dihydrofolate reductase, and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT), which are folate-dependent enzymes involved in the de novo biosynthesis of thymidine and purine nucleotides. Pemetrexed is taken into cells by membrane carriers such as the reduced folate carrier and membrane folate binding protein transport systems. Once in the cell, pemetrexed is converted to polyglutamate forms by the enzyme folylpolyglutamate synthetase. The polyglutamate forms are retained in cells and are inhibitors of TS and GARFT.

description: An N-acylglutamic acid in which the N-acyl group is specified as 4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).


malignant pleural mesothelioma

description: A malignant neoplasm that arises from mesothelial cells in the pleura and shows a diffuse growth pattern. It arises on the parietal and sometimes visceral pleura as multiple small nodules that later become confluent and invade the chest wall adipose tissue and muscle. Asbestos exposure is the main cause for the development of pleural malignant mesothelioma. It usually affects patients over sixty years of age. The latency period is long. Patients usually present with pleural effusion, dyspnea and chest wall pain. Additional signs and symptoms include chills, sweating, weight loss, and weakness. Morphologic variants include epithelioid, desmoplastic, sarcomatoid, and biphasic mesothelioma. The clinical course is usually aggressive.


streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome

description: Streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome (streptococcal TSS) is an acute disease mediated by the production of superantigenic toxins characterized by the sudden onset of fever and other febrile symptoms, pain, multisystem organ involvement and potentially leading to coma, shock and death due to a Streptococcus pyogenes infection.


vitamin B12 deficiency

description: A disease characterized by low serum levels of vitamin B12, either inherited or acquired.


G6PD deficiency

description: An X-linked genetic condition caused by alterations in the gene G6PD that result in moderately to severely decreased activity levels of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Most individuals with G6PD deficiency are asymptomatic. Individuals with G6PD variants that cause G6PD deficiency are at risk for neonatal jaundice. These individuals are also at risk for acute hemolytic anemia in response to certain medication exposures, chemical exposures, infections, or consumption of fava beans.


musculoskeletal system disorder

description: A disease involving the musculoskeletal system.


pramipexole

mrdef: A dopamine agonist that binds with high selectivity and specificity to the D2 subfamily of dopamine receptors of which it has a preferential affinity to D3 receptors, and has full intrinsic activity. Pramipexole alleviates parkinsonian motor deficits by stimulation of dopamine receptors in the striatum. Animal studies have shown that pramipexole inhibits dopamine synthesis, release, and turnover.

description: A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.


procaine

mrdef: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).

description: A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.


infectious mononucleosis

description: A condition characterized by an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and swollen lymph nodes, which is usually caused by infection with the Epstein-Barr virus.


procainamide

mrdef: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.

description: A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group.  It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.


rosiglitazone

mrdef: A thiazolidinedione that functions as a selective agonist for PPAR GAMMA. It improves INSULIN SENSITIVITY in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and the liver of patients with TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.


Hypothermia

description: Reduced body temperature due to failed thermoregulation.


trimethadione

mrdef: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378)

description: An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.


tretamine

mrdef: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers.


Dyssynergia

description: A type of ataxia characterized by the impairment of the ability to smoothly perform the elements of a voluntary movement in the appropriate order and speed. With dyssynergia, a voluntary movement appears broken down into its component parts.


triflupromazine

mrdef: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.

description: A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.


trimipramine

mrdef: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.

description: A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.


verapamil

mrdef: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.

description: A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.


thiamine

description: A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.


riboflavin

mrdef: Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FLAVIN MONONUCLEOTIDE and FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE.

description: D-Ribitol in which the hydroxy group at position 5 is substituted by a 7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl moiety. It is a nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables, but the richest natural source is yeast. The free form occurs only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as flavin mononucleotide and flavin-adenine dinucleotide.


vecuronium

mrdef: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.

description: A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.


cirrhosis of liver

description: A disorder characterized by replacement of the liver parenchyma with fibrous tissue and regenerative nodules. It is usually caused by alcoholism, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. Complications include the development of ascites, esophageal varices, bleeding, and hepatic encephalopathy.


trovafloxacin

mrdef: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity

description: A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and  6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.


uramustine

mrdef: Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.


zolpidem

mrdef: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.

description: An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.


Cognitive impairment

description: Abnormal cognition is characterized by deficits in thinking, reasoning, or remembering.


capreomycin

mrdef: Cyclic peptide antibiotic similar to VIOMYCIN. It is produced by Streptomyces capreolus.


estrone

mrdef: An aromatized C18 steroid with a 3-hydroxyl group and a 17-ketone, a major mammalian estrogen. It is converted from ANDROSTENEDIONE directly, or from TESTOSTERONE via ESTRADIOL. In humans, it is produced primarily by the cyclic ovaries, PLACENTA, and the ADIPOSE TISSUE of men and postmenopausal women.

description: A 17-oxo steroid that is estra-1,3,5(10)-triene substituted by an hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17.


dementia

description: Loss of intellectual abilities interfering with an individual's social and occupational functions. Causes include Alzheimer's disease, brain injuries, brain tumors, and vascular disorders.


doxacurium

mrdef: according to Unlisted Drugs, BW-A938U is a bis-benzylisoquinolinium diester and a highly potent neuromuscular blocker

description: A mixture of the (1R,2S,1'S,2'R), (1R,2S,1'R,2'S) and (1S,2R,1'S,2'R) stereoisomers (a meso isomer and two enantiomers, respectively) of 2,2'-[(1,4-dioxobutane-1,4-diyl)bis(oxypropane-3,1-diyl)]bis[6,7,8-trimethoxy-2-methyl-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinium], all of which are in a trans configuration at the 1 and 2 positions of the tetrahydroisoquinolinium rings. A competitive neuromuscular blocker, the chloride salt is used to provide muscle relaxation in general anaesthesia and to facilitate mechanical ventilation in patients in intensive care.


phytomenadione

mrdef: A lipid cofactor that is required for normal blood clotting. Several forms of vitamin K have been identified: VITAMIN K 1 (phytomenadione) derived from plants, VITAMIN K 2 (menaquinone) from bacteria, and synthetic naphthoquinone provitamins, VITAMIN K 3 (menadione). Vitamin K 3 provitamins, after being alkylated in vivo, exhibit the antifibrinolytic activity of vitamin K. Green leafy vegetables, liver, cheese, butter, and egg yolk are good sources of vitamin K.

description: A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.


hyperphosphatemia

description: Abnormally high level of phosphate in the blood.


lisdexamfetamine

mrdef: A dextroamphetamine drug precursor that also functions as a CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANT and DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.


gastric cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the stomach.


lithium carbonate

mrdef: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.


rivaroxaban

mrdef: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM.  It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.

description: A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.


fingolimod

mrdef: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.

description: An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.


hydroxyprogesterone caproate

mrdef: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.


doripenem

mrdef: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.


sulfur

cd_formula: S

mrdef: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.


dermatitis

description: An inflammatory process affecting the skin. Signs include red rash, itching, and blister formation. Representative examples are contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and seborrheic dermatitis.


Tinnitus

description: Tinnitus is an auditory perception that can be described as the experience of sound, in the ear or in the head, in the absence of external acoustic stimulation.


name: Abnormal uterine bleeding unrelated to menstrual cycle


hearing disorder

description: A disorder characterized by the partial or complete loss of the ability to detect sounds due to damage to the ear structures or inability of the brain to properly interpret or process the auditory signals it receives from the anatomic structures of the ear.


paliperidone palmitate

mrdef: A benzisoxazole derivative and active metabolite of RISPERIDONE that functions as a DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST. It is an ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.

description: A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone palmitate. A long-acting injectable formulation of paliperidone (the major active metabolite of risperidone) that is used for treatment of schizophrenia.


colistin

mrdef: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.

description: A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.


iodine

mrdef: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.

smiles: II

description: Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..


zinc gluconate

mrdef: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted


alclometasone dipropionate

description: A prednisolone compound having an alpha-chloro substituent at the 7-position, an alpha-methyl substituent at the 16-position and O-propanoyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.


contact dermatitis

description: An inflammatory skin condition caused by direct contact between the skin and either an irritating substance or an allergen.


ileus

description: Decrease in peristalsis in the absence of a mechanical bowel obstruction.


aluminium phosphate

mrdef: gel used as immunologic adjuvent; RN given refers to Al salt


Androgen insufficiency

description: Insufficient amount of androgenic activity.


potassium phosphate, monobasic

A potassium salt in which dihydrogen phosphate(1-) is the counterion.


Leukocytosis

description: An abnormal increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood.


silicon dioxide

mrdef: A non-crystalline form of silicon oxide that has absorptive properties. It is commonly used as a desiccating agent and as a stationary phase for CHROMATOGRAPHY. The fully hydrated form of silica gel has distinct properties and is referred to as SILICIC ACID.

smiles: O=[Si]=O

description: A silicon oxide made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a silicon atom is covalently bonded to two oxygens.


hemorrhoid

description: Dilated veins in the anal canal.


Traumatic injury

description: Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.


meningeal tuberculosis

description: A bacterial infection of the membranes covering the brain and the spinal cord caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.


porfimer

mrdef: The purified component of HEMATOPORPHYRIN DERIVATIVE, it consists of a mixture of oligomeric porphyrins. It is used in photodynamic therapy (HEMATOPORPHYRIN PHOTORADIATION); to treat malignant lesions with visible light and experimentally as an antiviral agent. It is the first drug to be approved in the use of PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY in the United States.

description: The sodium salt of porfimer. The purified component of haematoporphyrin derivative, it consists of a mixture of oligomeric porphyrins formed by ether and ester linkages of up to eight porphyrin units (n = 0-6), where R = CH(OH)Me and/or CH=CH2. After addition of hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide to pH 7.2 - 7.9, it is used as a photosensitiser in photodynamic therapy of non-small cell lung cancer, oesophageal cancer, and superficial bladder cancer. The drug is administered by slow intravenous injection and accumulates in malignant tissue. After 40-50 hours, it is activated by laser light at 630 nm, delivered to the tumour using a fibre optic guide. Subsequent spin transfer to oxygen molecules within the tissue, generates highly reactive singlet oxygen, and subsequent radical reactions generate superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Propagation of radical reactions ultimately kills the tumour cells.


pazopanib

mrdef: Pazopanib is a multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-α and -β, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-1 and -3, cytokine receptor (Kit), interleukin-2 receptor-inducible T-cell kinase (Itk), leukocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck), and transmembrane glycoprotein receptor tyrosine kinase (c-Fms). In vitro, pazopanib inhibited ligand-induced autophosphorylation of VEGFR-2, Kit, and PDGFR-β receptors. In vivo, pazopanib inhibited VEGF-induced VEGFR-2 phosphorylation in mouse lungs, angiogenesis in a mouse model, and the growth of some human tumor xenografts in mice.

description: A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.


phenyl salicylate

A benzoate ester that is the phenyl ester of salicylic acid. Also known as salol, it can be formed by heating salicylic acid with phenol and is used in the manufacture of some polymers, lacquers, adhesives, waxes and polishes.


L-methionine

mrdef: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.

description: The L-enantiomer of methionine.


sodium lactate

mrdef: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.

description: An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.


sulfanilamide

mrdef: Sulfanilamide has been a useful ingredient of vaginal formulations for about four decades. It blocks certain metabolic processes essential for the growth of susceptible bacteria.

description: A sulfonamide in which the sulfamoyl functional group is attached to aniline at the 4-position.


sulfadoxine

mrdef: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.

description: A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.


sulfamethizole

mrdef: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.

description: A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.


streptomycin

mrdef: An antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis.

description: A amino cyclitol glycoside that consists of streptidine having a disaccharyl moiety attached at the 4-position. The parent of the streptomycin class


succinylcholine

mrdef: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.

description: A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.


telmisartan

mrdef: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.

description: A member of the class of  benzimidazoles  used widely in the treatment of hypertension.


renal artery obstruction

description: Narrowing or occlusion of the renal artery or arteries. It is due usually to atherosclerosis; fibromuscular dysplasia; thrombosis; embolism, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (hypertension, renovascular).


tenofovir disoproxil

mrdef: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is the fumarate salt of the prodrug tenofovir disoproxil. Tenofovir disoproxil is absorbed and converted to the active substance tenofovir, which is a nucleoside monophosphate (nucleotide) analogue. Tenofovir is then converted to the active metabolite, tenofovir diphosphate, an obligate chain terminator, by constitutively expressed cellular enzymes. Tenofovir diphosphate has an intracellular half-life of 10 hours in activated and 50 hours in resting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Tenofovir diphosphate inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and the HBV polymerase by direct binding competition with the natural deoxyribonucleotide substrate and, after incorporation into DNA, by DNA chain termination. Tenofovir diphosphate is a weak inhibitor of cellular polymerases alpha, beta, and gamma. At concentrations of up to 300 umol/l, tenofovir has also shown no effect on the synthesis of mitochondrial DNA or the production of lactic acid in in vitro assays.

description: An organic phosphonate that is the disoproxil ester of tenofovir. A prodrug for tenofovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, tenofovir disoproxil is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.


tegaserod

mrdef: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source


temozolomide

mrdef: Temozolomide is not directly active but undergoes rapid nonenzymatic conversion at physiologic pH to the reactive compound 5-(3-methyltriazen1-yl)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (MTIC). The cytotoxicity of MTIC is thought to be primarily due to alkylation of DNA.

description: An imidazotetrazine that is 3,4-dihydroimidazo[5,1-d][1,2,3,5]tetrazine which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 8 by methyl, oxo, and carboxamide groups, respectively. A prodrug for MTIC (5-(3-methyltriaz-1-en-1-yl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide, formed by spontaneous hydrolysis of temozolomide in the body), it is used as an oral alkylating agent for the treatment of newly diagnosed malignant  glioblastoma multiforme (concomitantly with radiotherapy) and malignant melanoma.


xerophthalmia

description: Dryness of the eye due to inadequate production of tears. Causes include vitamin A deficiency, Sjogren syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and scleroderma.


acute promyelocytic leukemia

description: An aggressive form of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), characterized by arrest of leukocyte differentiation at the promyelocyte stage, due to a specific chromosomal translocation t(15;17) in myeloid cells. APL manifests with easy bruising, hemorrhagic diathesis and fatigue.


toremifene

mrdef: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.


tranexamic acid

mrdef: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.


ticarcillin

mrdef: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.

description: A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.


tobramycin

mrdef: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.

description: A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.


Brain abscess

description: A collection of pus, immune cells, and other material in the brain.


aplastic anemia

description: Anemia resulting from bone marrow failure (aplastic or hypoplastic bone marrow). The production of erythroblasts and red cells is markedly decreased, and it may be associated with decreased production of granulocytes (granulocytopenia) and platelets (thrombocytopenia) as well. Aplastic anemia may be idiopathic or secondary due to bone marrow damage by toxins, radiation, or immunologic factors.


tizanidine

mrdef: Tizanidine is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites and presumably reduces spasticity by increasing presynaptic inhibition of motor neurons. In animal models, tizanidine has no direct effect on skeletal muscle fibers or the neuromuscular junction, and no major effect on monosynaptic spinal reflexes. The effects of tizanidine are greatest on polysynaptic pathways. The overall effect of these actions is thought to reduce facilitation of spinal motor neurons.

description: 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group.  It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.


Hallucinations

description: Perceptions in a conscious and awake state that, in the absence of external stimuli, have qualities of real perception. These perceptions are vivid, substantial, and located in external objective space.


tridihexethyl

mrdef: synonym Pathilon refers to chloride; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure


autonomic nervous system disorder

description: A disease involving the autonomic nervous system.


trimethoprim

mrdef: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.

description: An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.


desoximetasone

mrdef: A topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in DERMATOSES, skin allergies, PSORIASIS, etc.

description: Dexamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position is substituted by hydrogen. A synthetic corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic in the treatment of various skin disorders, including skin allergies and psoriasis.


dexfenfluramine

mrdef: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.

description: The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.


diclofenac

mrdef: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.

description: A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.


diazoxide

mrdef: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.

description: A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.


hyperinsulinism

description: Abnormally high levels of insulin in the blood.


potassium phosphate

mrdef: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF

description: An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.


ferrous sulfate

mrdef: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt

description: A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.


levomefolic acid

mrdef: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined

description: A 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid that has 6S-configuration.


γ-hydroxybutyrate

mrdef: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.

description: A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.


Narcolepsy-Cataplexy Syndrome

description: Evidence of narcolepsy with cataplexy.


Breast mass

description: A breast lump is any discrete mass in a breast noticed by the patient, significant other, or physician.


metabolic acidosis

description: Increased acidity in the blood secondary to acid base imbalance. Causes include diabetes, kidney failure and shock.


pancreatic adenocarcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from glandular epithelial cells of the pancreas


mitral valve stenosis

description: Narrowing of the left atrioventricular mitral orifice.


aliskiren

mrdef: Renin is secreted by the kidney in response to decreases in blood volume and renal perfusion. Renin cleaves angiotensinogen to form the inactive decapeptide angiotensin I (Ang I). Ang I is converted to the active octapeptide angiotensin II (Ang II) by ACE and non-ACE pathways. Ang II is a powerful vasoconstrictor and leads to the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla and prejunctional nerve endings. It also promotes aldosterone secretion and sodium reabsorption. Together, these effects increase blood pressure. Ang II also inhibits renin release, thus providing a negative feedback to the system. This cycle, from renin through angiotensin to aldosterone and its associated negative feedback loop, is known as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Aliskiren is a direct renin inhibitor, decreasing plasma renin activity (PRA) and inhibiting the conversion of angiotensinogen to Ang I. Whether aliskiren affects other RAAS components, e.g., ACE or non-ACE pathways, is not known.

description: A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.


alfuzosin

mrdef: Alfuzosin is a selective antagonist of post-synaptic alpha1-adrenoreceptors, which are located in the prostate, bladder base, bladder neck, prostatic capsule, and prostatic urethra.


Hematuria

description: The presence of blood in the urine. Hematuria may be gross hematuria (visible to the naked eye) or microscopic hematuria (detected by dipstick or microscopic examination of the urine).


Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis

description: Infection of the lungs with aspergillus. In the respiratory mucosa, the spores may germinate into hyphae, which in turn can invade the mucosa leading to invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.


atracurium

mrdef: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.

description: A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.


anagrelide

mrdef: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia

description: A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.


astemizole

mrdef: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.

description: A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.


antazoline

mrdef: An ethylenediamine derivative with histamine H1 antagonistic and sedative properties. Antazoline antagonizes histamine H1 receptor and prevents the typical allergic symptoms caused by histamine activities on capillaries, skin, mucous membranes, and gastrointestinal and bronchial smooth muscles. These histamine activities include vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, increased vascular permeability, pain, itching, and spasmodic contractions of gastrointestinal smooth muscles. Antazoline is used to provide symptomatic relieve of allergic symptoms.

description: A member of the class of imidazolines that is 2-aminomethyl-2-imidazoline in which the exocyclic amino hydrogens are replaced by benzyl and phenyl groups. Antazoline is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.


azathioprine

mrdef: Azathioprine is an inactive pro-drug of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), which acts as a purine antagonist but requires cellular uptake and intracellular anabolism to thioguanine nucleotides (TGNs) for  immunosuppression. TGNs and other metabolites (e.g. 6-methylmercaptopurine ribonucleotides) inhibit de novo purine synthesis and purine nucleotide interconversions. The TGNs are also incorporated into nucleic acids and this contributes to the immunosuppressive effects of the medicinal product. Other potential mechanisms of azathioprine include the inhibition of many pathways in nucleic acid biosynthesis, hence preventing proliferation and activity of cells involved in the immune response (B and T lymphocytes). Because of these mechanisms, the therapeutic effect of azathioprine may be evident only after several weeks or months of treatment. Unlike 6-MP, the activity of the azathioprine metabolite 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-thioimidazole has not been clearly determined. However, compared with 6-MP it appears to modify the activity of azathioprine in several systems. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed)

description: A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.


bepridil

mrdef: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.

description: A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.


eye disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the eye. Representative examples include conjunctivitis, glaucoma, cataract, conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma, uveal melanoma, and retinoblastoma.


bretylium

mrdef: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.

description: A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.


bisacodyl

mrdef: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)


bethanechol

mrdef: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.

description: The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.


peritonitis

description: Inflammation of the peritoneum due to infection by bacteria or fungi. Causes include liver disease, perforation of the gastrointestinal tract or biliary tract, and peritoneal dialysis. Patients usually present with abdominal pain and tenderness, fever, chills, and nausea and vomiting. It is an emergency medical condition that requires prompt medical attention and treatment.


nephrotic syndrome

description: A collection of symptoms that include severe edema, proteinuria, and hypoalbuminemia; it is indicative of renal dysfunction.


cerebral malaria

description: A sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum in the brain, which can cause coma and/or seizures.


morbid obesity

description: An excess of body weight, normally defined as an individual with a body mass index greater than 35 or a body weight greater than one hundred percent of ideal body weight.


drug dependence

description: Drug dependence - replaced the term "drug addiction" and is defined as a state, psychic and sometimes also physical, resulting from the interaction between a living organism and a drug, characterized by behavioral and other responses that always include a compulsion to take the drug on a continuous or periodic basis in order to experience its psychic effects, and sometimes to avoid the discomfort of its absence. Tolerance may or may not be present. A person may be dependent on more than one drug.


Tension-type headache

description: A type of headache that last hours with continuous pain of mild or moderate intensity, bilateral location, a pressing/tightening (non-pulsating) quality and that is not aggravated by routine physical activity such as walking or climbing stairs.


peripheral ischemia

description: Deficient blood distribution to the limbs caused by narrowing or obstruction of the lumen of the peripheral arteries.


butorphanol

mrdef: Butorphanol is a mixed agonist-antagonist with low intrinsic activity at receptors of the mu-opioid type (morphine-like). It is also an agonist at k-opioid receptors. Its interactions with these receptors in the central nervous system apparently mediate most of its pharmacologic effects, including analgesia.

description: Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.


L-carnitine

mrdef: A constituent of STRIATED MUSCLE and LIVER. It is an amino acid derivative and an essential cofactor for fatty acid metabolism.

description: The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.


carvedilol

mrdef: A carbazole and propanol derivative that acts as a non-cardioselective beta blocker and vasodilator. It has blocking activity for ALPHA 1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and, at higher doses, may function as a blocker of CALCIUM CHANNELS; it also has antioxidant properties. Carvedilol is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION; ANGINA PECTORIS; and HEART FAILURE. It can also reduce the risk of death following MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.

description: A member of the class of carbazoles that is an adrenergic antagonist with non-selective beta- and alpha-1 receptor blocking properties which helps in the management of congestive heart failure.


streptococcal meningitis

description: An infectious meningitis caused by infection with Streptococcus.


cefonicid

mrdef: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.

description: A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.


name: Recurrent lower respiratory tract infections

description: An increased susceptibility to lower respiratory tract infections as manifested by a history of recurrent lower respiratory tract infections.


cefotetan

mrdef: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.

description: A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and  {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.


cephalexin

mrdef: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.

description: A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.


chlorphentermine

mrdef: A sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. It has properties similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)


chlorzoxazone

mrdef: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202)

description: A member of the class of  1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.


citric acid

mrdef: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.

smiles: OC(=O)CC(O)(CC(O)=O)C(O)=O

description: A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.


Diamond-Blackfan anemia

description: A congenital aregenerative and often macrocytic anemia with erythroblastopenia.


bursitis

description: Inflammation or irritation of a synovial bursa, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.


conivaptan

description: The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).


Demyelination

description: Breakdown, or abnormal development, of a nerve fiber myelin sheath.


rheumatic fever

description: A post-bacterial multisystem inflammatory disease occurring as a post-infectious, nonsuppurative sequela of untreated streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus [GAS]) pharyngitis, and mainly occurs in individuals aged 5 to 15 years. The most common presenting signs are fever, migratory polyarthritis and carditis.


cyclobenzaprine

mrdef: structurally related to tricyclic antidepressants relieves skeletal muscle spasm of local origin without interfering with muscle function, it is ineffective in muscle spasm due to central nervous system disease

description: 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.


cyclopentolate

mrdef: A parasympatholytic anticholinergic used solely to obtain mydriasis or cycloplegia.

description: A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (1-hydroxycyclopentyl)(phenyl)acetic acid with N,N-dimethylethanolamine. A tertiary amine antimuscarinic with actions similar to atropine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt to produce mydriasis (excessive dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia (paralysis  of the ciliary muscle of the eye) for opthalmic diagnostic procedures. It acts more quickly than atropine and has a shorter duration of action.


exenatide

mrdef: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.


gastroparesis

description: Paralysis of the muscles of the stomach wall resulting in delayed emptying of the gastric contents into the small intestine.


sleep apnea syndrome

description: A disorder characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep.


keratoconjunctivitis

description: Inflammation of both the cornea and the conjunctiva.


galantamine

mrdef: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.

description: A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.


Cyclitis

description: Inflammation of the ciliary body.


fexofenadine

mrdef: a second generation antihistamine;  metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; ; RN refers to HCl

description: A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.


fludrocortisone acetate

mrdef: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.

description: An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the primary hydroxy group of fludrocortisone with acetic acid. A synthetic corticosteroid, it has glucocorticoid actions about 10 times as potent as hydrocortisone, while its mineralocorticoid actions are over 100 times as potent. It is used in partial replacement therapy for primary and secondary adrenocortical insufficiency in Addison's disease and for the treatment of salt-losing adrenal hyperplasia.


gefitinib

mrdef: Gefitinib reversibly inhibits the kinase activity of wild-type and certain activating mutations of EGFR, preventing autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues associated with the receptor, thereby inhibiting further downstream signalling and blocking EGFR-dependent proliferation.

description: A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline which is substituted by a (3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)nitrilo group, 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propoxy group and a methoxy group at positions 4,6 and 7, respectively. An EGFR kinase inhibitor used for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.


haloperidol

mrdef: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279)

description: A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.


Tourette syndrome

description: A neurologic disorder caused by defective metabolism of the neurotransmitters in the brain. It is characterized by repeated involuntary movements (motor tics) and uncontrollable vocal sounds (vocal tics). The symptoms are usually manifested before the age of eighteen.


mefenamic acid

mrdef: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.

description: An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.


melphalan

mrdef: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.

description: A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.


megestrol acetate

mrdef: Megestrol acetate is a progestogen with actions and uses similar to those of the progestogens in general. It also has anti-androgenic properties. It is given by mouth in the palliative treatment or as an adjunct to other therapy in endometrial carcinoma and in breast cancer. Megestrol acetate has been approved to treat anorexia and cachexia. (From Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995)

description: A steroid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of megestrol with the carboxy group of acetic acid. It is an appetite stimulant used for the treatment of anorexia and cachexia. Also used for birth control and for the treatment of breast cancer.


methdilazine

description: A phenothiazine substituted on nitrogen by a (1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl group; a first-generation antihistamine with anticholinergic properties.


methazolamide

mrdef: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.


renal tubular acidosis

description: A group of genetic disorders of the kidney tubules characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Defective renal acidification of urine (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as hypokalemia, hypercalcinuria with nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis, and rickets.


leprosy

description: Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease affecting primarily the skin and peripheral nervous system.


midodrine

mrdef: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.

description: An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.


miconazole

mrdef: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.

description: A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.


Diaper Rash

description: An inflammatory skin condition in the diaper area that may be caused by irritation or infection.


mifepristone

mrdef: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.


variegate porphyria

description: Variegate porphyria is a form of acute hepatic porphyria characterized by the occurrence of neuro-visceral attacks with or without the presence of cutaneous lesions.


name: twin reversal arterial perfusion syndrome


myo-inositol

mrdef: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.

description: An inositol having myo- configuration.


coccidioidomycosis

description: A fungal infection caused by Coccidioides immitis. Affected individuals usually have mild flu-like symptoms. However, pneumonia and systemic involvement with the formation of abscesses may develop as complications of the disease.


iopodic acid

mrdef: Ionic monomeric contrast media. Usually the sodium or calcium salts are used for examination of the gall bladder and biliary tract. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p704)