Hydrocele testis

description: Accumulation of clear fluid in the between the layers of membrane (tunica vaginalis) surrounding the testis.


hydrocephalus

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: A disorder characterized by an abnormal increase of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain.


hydronephrosis

description: Collection of urine in the renal pelvis that results in dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces. It is caused by obstruction of urine flow, nephrolithiasis, or vesicoureteral reflux. Signs and symptoms include flank pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dysuria.


hydrops fetalis

description: Hydrops fetalis is a severe and challenging fetal condition usually defined as the excessive accumulation of fetal fluid within the fetal extravascular compartments and body cavities that manifests as edema, pleural and pericardial effusion and ascites. It is the end-stage of a wide variety of disorders. The cause may be immunologic (immune hydrops fetalis, IHF) or non immunologic (non-immune hydrops fetalis, NIHF), depending on the presence or absence of maternal antibodies against fetal red cell antigens (ABO incompatibility or rhesus (Rh) incompatibility).


hyperacusis

description: A disorder in which an individual has an abnormally low noise tolerance, and increased sensitivity to sounds.


Hyperemia

description: The presence of an increased amount of blood in a part or organ; engorgement.


Hyperesthesia

category: biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: Increased sensitivity to stimulation, excluding the special senses, which may refer to various modes of cutaneous sensibility including touch and thermal sensation without pain, as well as to pain.


Increased circulating antibody level

description: An increased level of gamma globulin (immunoglobulin) in the blood.


name: monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance

description: A condition characterized by the presence of a monoclonal gammopathy (MG) in which the clonal mass has not reached a predefined state in which the condition is considered malignant. Up to 25% of cases of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) progress to a B-cell malignancy or myeloma. MGUS may occur in conjunction with various carcinomas, chronic inflammatory and infectious conditions, and other diseases.


hyperopia

description: A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)


primary hyperparathyroidism

description: Hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands resulting in the overproduction of parathyroid hormone. It is caused by parathyroid adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia, parathyroid carcinoma, and multiple endocrine neoplasia. It is associated with hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. Signs and symptoms include weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, constipation, depression, bone pain, osteoporosis, cystic bone lesions, and kidney stones.


Polyphagia

description: A neurological anomaly with gross overeating associated with an abnormally strong desire or need to eat.


hyperplasia

description: An abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or a tissue with consequent enlargement.


Hyperpyrexia

description: An extreme elevation of core body temperature above normal defined as a rectal temperature of 41.1 degrees Celsius (106 degrees Fahrenheit).


Hyperreflexia

description: Hyperreflexia is the presence of hyperactive stretch reflexes of the muscles.


allergic disease

description: An immune response that occurs following re-exposure to an innocuous antigen, and that requires the presence of existing antibodies against that antigen. This response involves the binding of IgE to mast cells, and may worsen with repeated exposures.


hypersplenism

description: Overactive functioning of the spleen, resulting in excessive destruction of blood cells.


Hypertensive crisis

description: A severe, acute increase in blood pressure that may result in stroke or myocardial ischemia.


hypertensive encephalopathy

description: Encephalopathy resulting from hypertension.


hypertensive heart disease

description: Abnormal enlargement of the heart resulting from long-standing hypertension.


Hyperthermia

description: A condition characterized by an abnormally high body temperature. In a hyperthermic state, the hypothalamic set-point is normal but body temperature increases and overrides the ability to lose heat, resulting from exogenous heat exposure or endogenous heat production.


Hypertonia

description: A condition in which there is increased muscle tone so that arms or legs, for example, are stiff and difficult to move.


hypertrichosis

description: Excessive hair growth anywhere on the body.


Hyperventilation

description: Hyperventilation refers to an increased pulmonary ventilation rate that is faster than necessary for the exchange of gases. Hyperventilation can result from increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or both, and leads to an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.


Hypervolemia

description: An increase in the amount of intravascular fluid, particularly in the volume of the circulating blood.


Hyphema

description: Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye.


Hypnagogic hallucination

description: Hypnagogic hallucinations are brief hallucinations that occur as you are falling asleep.


Somatic sensory dysfunction

description: An abnormality of the primary sensation that is mediated by peripheral nerves (pain, temperature, touch, vibration, joint position). The word hypoesthesia (or hypesthesia) refers to a reduction in cutaneous sensation to a specific type of testing.


hypoaldosteronism disease

description: Abnormally low levels of aldosterone in the blood.


Hypocapnia

description: Abnormally reduced blood carbon dioxide (CO2) level.


hypochromic anemia

description: Anemia caused by the reduction of hemoglobin in relation to the red cell volume. As a result, the red cells have an area of central pallor which is increased in size. The leading cause is iron deficiency.


syndromic agammaglobulinemia

description: A agammaglobulinemia that is part of a larger syndrome.


Hypogeusia

description: A decreased ability to perceive flavor.


Neonatal hypoglycemia

description: Blood glucose concentration below the lower limit of established reference ranges in a newborn.


name: Loss of hypoglycemic warning due to diabetes mellitus


Hypoglycemic coma

description: Coma induced by low blood sugar.


Hypoglycemic encephalopathy

description: Brain damage related to a lowering of blood glucose below a critical level (around 30 mg/dl), which may lead to confusion, lethargy and delirium followed by seizures and coma. Prolonged hypoglycemia may lead to irreversible brain damage.


Hypomenorrhea

description: Decreased menstrual blood flow.


hypoplastic left heart syndrome

description: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) refers to the abnormal development of the left-sided cardiac structures, resulting in obstruction to blood flow from the left ventricular outflow tract. In addition, the syndrome includes underdevelopment of the left ventricle, aorta, and aortic arch, as well as mitral atresia or stenosis.


Hypopnea

description: Hypopnea is referring to breathing that is abnormally shallow.


hypopyon

description: An accumulation of pus in the anterior chamber of the eye.


hypospadias

description: Hypospadias is the displacement of the urethral meatus on the ventrum of the penis. This abnormality is associated with a varyingly bent, twisted penis and opened dorsal prepuce.


Hypotonia

description: Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.


Neonatal hypotonia

description: Muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone) manifesting in the neonatal period.


ocular hypotension

description: Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).


Hypouricemia

description: An abnormally low level of uric acid in the blood.


oculomotor nerve paralysis

description: Paralysis of the oculomotor nerve.


Perforation of ileum

description: A rupture in the ileal wall due to traumatic or a pathologic processes.


Ileal Stenosis

description: Narrowing of the lumen of ileum.


Ileal ulcer

description: An erosion of the mucous membrane in a portion of the ileum.


Illusions

description: Perceptual experiences that involve misinterpretations or distortions of sensory stimuli.


Impulsivity

description: Acting on the spur of the moment in response to immediate stimuli; acting on a momentary basis without a plan or consideration of outcomes; having difficulty establishing or following plans; experiencing a sense of urgency and engaging in self-harming behavior when under emotional distress.


Incisional hernia

description: An abdominal hernia that occurs at a site of weakness in the abdominal wall resulting from an incompletely-healed surgical wound.


Incoherent

description: Unintelligibility of verbal or written communication due to a lack of clarity or connectedness.


Incontinence

description: Involuntary passage of stool or urine from the body.


Infection

description: The invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents and their multiplication, as well as the reaction by the host to these organisms and/or toxins that the organisms produce.


infertility disorder

description: Inability to conceive for at least one year after trying and having unprotected sex. Causes of female infertility include endometriosis, fallopian tubes obstruction, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Causes of male infertility include abnormal sperm production or function, blockage of the epididymis, blockage of the ejaculatory ducts, hypospadias, exposure to pesticides, and health related issues.


Ingrown nail

description: Excessive growth of a nail laterally into the nail fold.


Inguinal hernia

description: Protrusion of the contents of the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal.


insulin autoimmune syndrome

description: Insulin autoimmune syndrome is a rare condition that causes low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). This occurs because the body begins to make a specific kind of protein called antibodies to attack insulin. Insulin is a naturally occurring hormone that is responsible for keeping blood sugar at a normal level. When blood sugar levels get too high, insulin helps to store the sugar for future use. People affected by insulin autoimmune syndrome have antibodies that attack insulin, causing it to work too hard and the level of blood sugar to become too low. Insulin autoimmune syndrome most often begins during adulthood.


Insulin resistance

description: Increased resistance towards insulin, that is, diminished effectiveness of insulin in reducing blood glucose levels.


name: International normalized ratio outside reference range


Decreased prothrombin time

description: Abnormally short time to coagulation in the prothrombin time test, which is a measure of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. The results of the prothrombin time test are often expressed in terms of the International normalized ratio (INR), which is calculated as a ratio of the patient's prothrombin time (PT) to a control PT standardized for the potency of the thromboplastin reagent developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) using the formula: INR is equal to Patient PT divided by Control PT.


Prolonged prothrombin time

description: Increased time to coagulation in the prothrombin time test, which is a measure of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. The results of the prothrombin time test are often expressed in terms of the International normalized ratio (INR), which is calculated as a ratio of the patient's prothrombin time (PT) to a control PT standardized for the potency of the thromboplastin reagent developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) using the formula: INR is equal to Patient PT divided by Control PT.


intertrigo

description: A superficial dermatitis occurring on skin surfaces in contact with each other, such as the axillae, neck creases, intergluteal fold, between the toes, etc. Obesity is a predisposing factor. The condition is caused by moisture and friction and is characterized by erythema, maceration, burning, and exudation.


Intestinal fistula

description: An abnormal connection between the gut and another hollow organ, such as the bladder, urethra, vagina, or other regions of the gastrointestinal tract.


intestinal obstruction

description: Blockage of the normal flow of the intestinal contents within the bowel.


intestinal pseudo-obstruction

description: Intestinal pseudo-obstruction is a digestive disorder in whichthe intestinal walls are unable to contract normally (called hypomotility); the conditionresembles a true obstruction, but no actual blockage exists. Signs and symptoms may include abdominal pain; vomiting; diarrhea; constipation; malabsorption of nutrients leading to weight loss and/or failure to thrive ; and other symptoms. It may be classified as neuropathic (from lack of nerve function)or myopathic (from lack of muscle function), depending on the source of the abnormality. The condition is sometimes inherited (in an X-linked recessive or autosomal dominant manner)and may be caused by mutations in the FLNA gene; it may also be acquired after certain illnesses. The goal of treatment is to provide relief from symptoms andensure that nutritional support is adequate.


Intracranial tumor hemorrhage

description: A  brain hemorrhage caused by an intracranial tumor.


Ocular hypertension

description: Intraocular pressure that is 2 standard deviations above the population mean.


Intraventricular hemorrhage

description: Bleeding into the ventricles of the brain.


Perinatal intraventricular hemorrhage

description: Bleeding within the cerebral ventricles occurring around the time of birth.


intussusception

description: Telescoping or invagination of a part of the intestine into an adjacent segment.


Iris atrophy

description: Loss of iris tissue (atrophy)


Iron deficiency

description: Subnormal concentrations of iron resulting from low iron intake, inefficient iron absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, or increased iron loss.


dequalinium

mrdef: A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.

description: A quinolinium ion comprising decane in which one methyl hydrogen at each end of the molecule has been replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group.


Prolonged neonatal jaundice

description: Neonatal jaundice refers to a yellowing of the skin and other tissues of a newborn infant as a result of increased concentrations of bilirubin in the blood. Neonatal jaundice affects over half of all newborns to some extent in the first week of life. Prolonged neonatal jaundice is said to be present if the jaundice persists for longer than 14 days in term infants and 21 days in preterm infants.


Fractured bone of jaw

description: A partial or complete breakage of the bone of jaw.


JC virus infection

description: An infection that is caused by JC virus.


ankylosis

description: Fixation and immobility of a joint.


Flexion contracture

description: A flexion contracture is a bent (flexed) joint that cannot be straightened actively or passively. It is thus a chronic loss of joint motion due to structural changes in muscle, tendons, ligaments, or skin that prevents normal movement of joints.


Joint dislocation

description: Displacement or malalignment of joints.


hydrarthrosis

description: Accumulation of watery fluid in the cavity of a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)


Joint stiffness

description: Joint stiffness is a perceived sensation of tightness in a joint or joints when attempting to move them after a period of inactivity. Joint stiffness typically subsides over time.


Joint swelling

description: The presence of swelling in a joint.


Impaired judgement

description: Reduced ability to plan, poor decision making.


keratoacanthoma

description: A dome-shaped, rapidly growing skin lesion composed of well differentiated squamous cells. It represents a proliferation of the infundibular epithelium of the hair follicle and its morphologic distinction from a well differentiated carcinoma may be difficult or impossible. Keratoacanthomas affect males more frequently than females and the majority tend to regress spontaneously. It has been suggested that keratoacanthoma represents a distinct subtype of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.


keratoconus

description: A degenerative, structural disorder of the eye, characterized by a cone-shaped protrusion of the cornea. It may lead to visual disturbances.


keratopathy

description: Any disorder of the cornea.


Ketonuria

description: High levels of ketone bodies (acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone) in the urine. Ketone bodies are insignificant in the blood and urine of normal individuals in the postprandial or overnight-fasted state.


Ketosis

description: Presence of elevated levels of ketone bodies in the body.


Double kidney (disorder)

description: A congenital abnormality of the kidney characterized by the presence of two separate pelvicocaliceal systems with a single or duplex ureter.


Abnormality of the kidney

description: An abnormality of the kidney.


Kyphoscoliosis

description: An abnormal curvature of the spine in both a coronal (lateral) and sagittal (back-to-front) plane.


Kyphosis

description: Exaggerated anterior convexity of the thoracic vertebral column.


Abnormal Laboratory Test Result

description: A laboratory test result that falls outside of the normal, acceptable range.


glucarpidase

mrdef: a recombinant bacterial enzyme that hydrolyzes the carboxylterminal glutamate residue from folic acid and classical antifolates such as methotrexate, provides an alternate non-renal pathway for methotrexate elimination in patients with renal dysfunction during high-dose methotrexate treatment


labyrinthitis

description: Inflammation of the inner ear. The cause is often not clear. It may be due to a virus, but it can also arise from bacterial infection, head injury, extreme stress, an allergy, or as a reaction to medication.


excessive tearing

description: Profuse lacrimation.


lagophthalmos

description: A condition in which the eyelids do not close to cover the eye completely.


Large for gestational age

description: The term large for gestational age applies to babies whose birth weight lies above the 90th percentile for that gestational age.


description: T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia (T-cell LGL leukemia) is a lymphoproliferative malignancy that arises from the mature T-cell (CD3+) lineage.


larynx cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the larynx. The majority are carcinomas.


laryngostenosis

description: Narrowing of the laryngeal airway.


laryngitis

description: An acute or chronic, bacterial or viral inflammatory process affecting the larynx. Signs and symptoms include sore throat, cough, swallowing difficulties, and hoarseness.


Laryngeal stridor

description: An abnormal high-pitched noisy sound, occurring during inhalation or exhalation caused by the incomplete obstruction in the throat.


learning disability

description: A group of disorders that affect a person's ability to learn or process specific types of information which is in contrast to his/her apparent level of intellect.


Lethargy

description: A state of disinterest, listlessness, and indifference, resulting in difficulty performing simple tasks or concentrating.


lentigo

description: A flat, benign, pigmented spot on the skin caused by excessive deposition of melanin from an increased number of melanocytes in the cell layer directly above the basement membrane of the epidermis. Formation is usually related to sun exposure during youth, and the lesions do not typically progress to malignancy.


Hutchinson's Melanotic Freckle

description: An atypical proliferation of atypical melanocytes in the dermal-epidermal junction, without infiltration of the papillary or reticular dermis. The melanocytic proliferation is associated with actinic damage and epidermal atrophy.  It usually occurs in the sun-exposed skin of elderly people.  It is a form of melanoma in situ.


Leukoderma

description: Localized loss of skin pigmentation, often in patches.


Leukoencephalopathy

description: This term describes abnormality of the white matter of the cerebrum resulting from damage to the myelin sheaths of nerve cells.


myelophthisic anemia

description: A laboratory test result indicating an abnormal amount of circulating nucleated red blood cells and immature red blood cells.


Decreased libido

description: Decreased sexual desire.


Increased libido

description: Elevated sexual desire.


lichen sclerosus et atrophicus

description: A chronic inflammatory process affecting the skin. It is characterized by the presence of white, indurated plaques, epidermal atrophy, and fibrosis of the upper dermis. It usually appears in the vulva and penis.


linear IgA Dermatosis

description: Autoimmune disease characterized by subepidermal blisters and linear deposition of autoantibodies at the dermoepidermal junction. The accumulated autoantibodies are of immunoglobulin A and occasionally immunoglobulin G classes against epidermal basement membrane proteins. The dermatosis is sometimes associated with malignancies and use of certain drugs (e.g., vancomycin).


angular cheilitis

description: Inflammation of the skin at the corners of the mouth characterized by redness, fissures or crusts.


Swollen lip

description: Enlargement of the lip typically due to fluid buildup or inflammation.


Lipoatrophy

description: Localized loss of fat tissue.


lipoma

description: A benign, usually painless, well-circumscribed lipomatous tumor composed of adipose tissue.


livedo reticularis

description: A condition characterized by a reticular or fishnet pattern on the skin of lower extremities and other parts of the body. This red and blue pattern is due to deoxygenated blood in unstable dermal blood vessels. The condition is intensified by cold exposure and relieved by rewarming.


locked-in syndrome

description: Locked-in syndrome (LIS) is a neurological condition characterized by the presence of sustained eye opening, quadriplegia or quadriparesis, anarthria, preserved cognitive functioning and a primary code of communication that uses vertical eye movements or blinking.


long QT syndrome

description: A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (syncope) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are Romano-Ward syndrome (also known as long QT syndrome 1) and Jervell-Lange Nielsen syndrome.


swayback

description: Congenital locomotor ataxia of lambs, thought to be associated with copper deficiency. It is characterized clinically by progressive incoordination of the hind limbs and pathologically by disruption of neuron and myelin development in the central nervous system. It is caused by a deficiency of metabolizable copper in the ewe during the last half of her pregnancy. (Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)


hypobetalipoproteinemia

description: A group of lipoprotein metabolism disorders that are characterized by permanently low levels (below the 5th percentile) of apolipoprotein B and LDL cholesterol.


Low-set ears

description: Upper insertion of the ear to the scalp below an imaginary horizontal line drawn between the inner canthi of the eye and extending posteriorly to the ear.


lumbar spinal stenosis

description: A spinal stenosis that involves the lumbar region of vertebral column.


lung adenocarcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from the lung and is characterized by the presence of malignant glandular epithelial cells. There is a male predilection with a male to female ratio of 2:1. Usually lung adenocarcinoma is asymptomatic and is identified through screening studies or as an incidental radiologic finding. If clinical symptoms are present they include shortness of breath, cough, hemoptysis, chest pain, and fever. Tobacco smoke is a known risk factor.


lung carcinoma in situ

description: A carcinoma in situ involving a lung.


name: Lung carcinoma cell type unspecified stage I


name: Lung carcinoma cell type unspecified stage II


name: Lung carcinoma cell type unspecified stage III


Stage IV Lung Cancer AJCC v7

description: Stage IV includes: (Any T, Any N, M1a); (Any T, Any N, M1b).  M1a: Lung cancer with separate tumor nodule(s) in a contralateral lobe; tumor with pleural nodules or malignant pleural (or pericardial) effusion.  M1b: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Lung consolidation

description: A chest X-ray finding indicating the presence of a radio-opaque area in the lung. The opacification is caused by fluid or solid material within the airways or lung parenchyma.


Pulmonary infiltrates

description: A finding indicating the presence of an inflammatory or neoplastic cellular infiltrate in the lung parenchyma.


lupus vulgaris

description: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal mucosa; buccal mucosa; and conjunctival mucosa.


erythromycin propionate

mrdef: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.

status: OFM


Lymph Node Pain

description: A painful sensation in a lymph node.


lymph node tuberculosis

description: Tuberculosis of the lymph node.


lymphadenitis

description: Acute or chronic inflammation of one or more lymph nodes. It is usually caused by an infectious process.


Mediastinal lymphadenopathy

description: Swelling of lymph nodes within the mediastinum, the central compartment of the thoracic cavities that contains the heart and the great vessels, the esophagus, and trachea and other structures including lymph nodes.


lymphangitis

description: Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels.


Abnormal lymphocyte count

description: Any abnormality in the total number of lymphocytes in the blood.


Lymphocytosis

description: Increase in the number or proportion of lymphocytes in the blood.


Lymphopenia

description: An abnormally small number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood.


Lymphocytosis

description: A finding indicating the presence of a non-neoplastic or neoplastic proliferation of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, effusions, or bone marrow.


macular degeneration

description: Loss of vision in the central portion of the retina (macula), secondary to retinal degeneration.


Macule

description: A flat, distinct, discolored area of skin less than 1 cm wide that does not involve any change in the thickness or texture of the skin.


magnesium deficiency

description: A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)


malabsorption syndrome

description: A syndrome resulting from the inadequate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea.


Malaise

description: A feeling of general discomfort, weakness, or lack of health.


male orgasm disorder

description: Persistent delay or absence in orgasm not accounted for by a medical reason.


Malignant ascites

description: Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity resulting from the growth of primary or metastatic malignant neoplasms in the peritoneum.


undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma

description: An undifferentiated soft tissue sarcoma characterized by the presence of a pleomorphic malignant cellular infiltrate. It is also known as malignant fibrous histiocytoma.


Pleural Effusion, Malignant

description: A collection of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain free-floating malignant cells.


Mallory-Weiss syndrome

description: A disorder characterized by upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding caused by longitudinal mucosal tears in the gastroesophageal junction. The tears result from retching or forceful coughing. It was initially described in alcoholics.


Mantle cell lymphoma recurrent

description: The reemergence of a mantle cell lymphoma after a period of remission.


marasmus

description: The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.


Bone marrow hyperplasia

description: Increase in the number of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow. It may involve all or individual hematopoietic cell lines.


Mass

description: A benign or malignant pathologic structure in any part of the body, resulting from a neoplastic accumulation of cells, inflammatory cells, or cystic changes.


mastitis

description: Inflammation of breast tissue during lactation or postpartum due to an obstructed duct or infection. Mastitis can also occur in non-breastfeeding women, and rarely in men.


mastocytosis

description: A clonal myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the proliferation and accumulation of neoplastic mast cells in one or multiple organs or organ systems. It is a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, ranging from cutaneous proliferations which may regress spontaneously, to aggressive neoplasms associated with organ failure and short survival.


name: Mean cell hemoglobin concentration decreased


Melena

description: The passage of blackish, tarry feces associated with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Melena occurs if the blood remains in the colon long enough for it to be broken down by colonic bacteria. One degradation product, hematin, imbues the stool with a blackish color. Thus, melena generally occurs with bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract (e.g., stomach ulcers or duodenal ulcers), since the blood usually remains in the gut for a longer period of time than with lower gastrointestinal bleeding.


name: Mean cell hemoglobin concentration increased


name: Decreased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

description: A reduction from the normal range of the average amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell (27 to 31 picograms/cell). A reduced mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) may indicate a hypochromic anemia, but the MCH may be normal if both the total hemoglobin and the red blood cell count are reduced.


Decreased mean corpuscular volume

description: A reduction from normal of the mean corpuscular volume, or mean cell volume (MCV) of red blood cells (usually defined as an MCV below 80 femtoliters).


Increased mean corpuscular volume

description: Larger than normal size of erythrocytes.


mediastinitis

description: An inflammatory process affecting the mediastinum.


Melanocytic nevus

description: A oval and round, colored (usually medium-to dark brown, reddish brown, or flesh colored) lesion. Typically, a melanocytic nevus is less than 6 mm in diameter, but may be much smaller or larger.


Meningioma

description: The presence of a meningioma, i.e., a benign tumor originating from the dura mater or arachnoid mater.


cyproterone acetate

mrdef: An agent with anti-androgen and progestational properties. It shows competitive binding with dihydrotestosterone at androgen receptor sites.

description: A steroid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetic acid with the 17-hydroxy group of cyproterone. It is an antiandrogenic drug which has recently been recognized to promote the occurrence and growth of intracranial meningiomas.


benign meningioma

description: A grade I, slowly growing meningioma. Only a minority of tumors recur following complete resection.


aseptic meningitis

description: Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord without a bacterial pathogen.


viral meningitis

description: Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord due to a viral infection.


myelomeningocele

description: Myelomeningocele is the most severe form of spina bifida. It happens when parts of the spinal cord and nerves come through the open part of the spine. It causes nerve damage and other disabilities. Seventy to ninety percent of children with this condition also have too much fluid on their brains (hydrocephalus). This happens because fluid that protects the brain and spinal cord is unable to drain like it should. The fluid builds up, causing pressure and swelling. Without treatment, a persons head grows too big, and theymay have brain damage. Other disorders of the spinal cord may be seen, including syringomyelia and hip dislocation. The cause of myelomeningocele is unknown. However, low levels of folic acid in a woman's body before and during early pregnancy is thought to play a part in this type of birth defect.


Menometrorrhagia

description: Prolonged/excessive menses and bleeding at irregular intervals.


Menopausal Symptom

description: Any of the mental or physical manifestations that accompany perimenopause and menopause.


Polymenorrhea

description: Frequent menses; menstrual cycles lasting less than 21 days.


irregular menstruation (diagnosis)

description: Deviations from the normal process; e.g. delayed, difficult, profuse, scanty, unusual bleeding, etc.


Mesenteric venous thrombosis

description: A clot that obstructs blood flow in a mesenteric vein (the superior and the inferior mesenteric vein drain blood from the small and large intestine).


name: Metastatic malignant neoplasm to adrenal gland

description: A malignant tumor that has spread to the adrenal gland from an adjacent or distant anatomic site.  The majority of cases are metastatic carcinomas, and less frequently lymphomas.


Secondary malignant neoplasm of breast

description: The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the breast. This may be from a primary breast malignant neoplasm on the opposite side, or from a malignant neoplasm at a distant site.


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to liver

description: A malignant neoplasm that has spread to the liver from another (primary) anatomic site. Representative examples include carcinomas, lymphomas, melanomas, or sarcomas.


Secondary malignant neoplasm of lung

description: The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the lung. This may be from a primary lung malignant neoplasm, or from a malignant neoplasm at a distant site.


name: metastatic malignant neoplasm in the lymph nodes

description: The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the lymph nodes.


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to pleura

description: The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the pleura from an adjacent or distant anatomic site.


Secondary malignant neoplasm of skin

description: The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the skin.  This may be from a primary skin malignant neoplasm, or from a malignant neoplasm at a distant site.


name: Metastatic malignant neoplasm to vertebral column

description: The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the spine.  This may be from a primary spinal malignant neoplasm, or from a malignant neoplasm at a distant site.


name: Metastatic malignant neoplasm to mediastinum

description: The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the mediastinum from an adjacent or distant anatomic site.


Moderate albuminuria

description: The presence of moderately increased concentrations of albumin in the urine, defined as and albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) of 30 to 299 mg/gm (3.4 to 34 mg/mmol).


microcephaly

description: A congenital or acquired developmental disorder in which the circumference of the head is smaller than normal for the person's age and sex.


microcytic anemia

description: Anemia in which the red blood cell volume is decreased.


Micrognathia

description: Developmental hypoplasia of the mandible.


microphthalmia

description: Congenital or developmental anomaly in which the eyeballs are abnormally small.


microtia

description: A congenital malformation of the external ear, seen more frequently in males, that occurs sporadically or is inherited, that is characterized by unilateral (79-93% of cases, 60% of which involve the right ear) or bilateral small and abnormally shaped auricles and that is often associated with atresia or stenosis of the ear canal, attention deficit disorders and delayed language development. The variation in auricle size ranges from grade I, where the auricle is simply smaller than normal, to grade IV, also known as anotia, where there is a complete absence of the external ear and of the auditory canal.


Maintenance insomnia

description: Individuals affected by abnormal difficulty in staying asleep tend to wake up at night and struggle to return to sleep. This condition typically involves spending more than 30 minutes awake during the night.


miliaria

description: A small (one mm or less) vesicular, papular or pustular monomorphous rash, which is associated with heat, fever or occlusion of sweat glands.


Miosis

description: Abnormal (non-physiological) constriction of the pupil.


inborn mitochondrial myopathy

description: Myopathy caused by mitochondrial abnormalities.


congenital mitral valve insufficiency

description: Dysfunction of the mitral valve characterized by incomplete valve closure.


Congenital facial diplegia

description: Facial diplegia (that is, bilateral facial palsy) with congenital onset.


Monocytosis

description: An increased number of circulating monocytes.


Monoplegia

description: Paralysis that affects one limb.


Oral bleeding

description: Bleeding originating from the mouth.


Oral ulcer

description: Erosion of the mucous mebrane of the mouth with local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.


movement disorder

description: Neurological conditions resulting in abnormal voluntary or involuntary movement, which may impact the speed, fluency, quality and ease of movement.


Mucosal ulcer

description: A circumscribed loss of integrity of the mucous membrane.


Multiple congenital anomalies

description: The presence of multiple congenital malformations in a patient.


Recurrent fractures

description: The repeated occurrence of bone fractures (implying an abnormally increased tendency for fracture).


Muscle hemorrhage

description: Bleeding occuring within a muscle


Rigidity

description: Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from muscle spasticity.


Muscle fibrillation

description: Fine, rapid twitching of individual muscle fibers with little or no movement of the muscle as a whole. If a motor neuron or its axon is destroyed, the muscle fibers it innervates undergo denervation atrophy. This leads to hypersensitivity of individual muscle fibers to acetyl choline so that they may contract spontaneously. Isolated activity of individual muscle fibers is generally so fine it cannot be seen through the intact skin, although it can be recorded as a short-duration spike in the EMG.


Musculoskeletal Pain

description: Pain that originates in the bones, muscles, tendons or ligaments.


mutism

description: The inability to generate oral-verbal expression, despite normal comprehension of speech. This may be associated with brain diseases or mental disorders. Organic mutism may be associated with damage to the frontal lobe; brain stem; thalamus; and cerebellum. Selective mutism is a psychological condition that usually affects children characterized by continuous refusal to speak in social situations by a child who is able and willing to speak to selected persons. Kussmal aphasia refers to mutism in psychosis.


eumycotic mycetoma

description: A chronic granulomatous inflammation involving the deep dermis and the subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by fungi and actinomycetes.


name: Infection caused by Mycobacterium kansasii


aquarium granuloma

description: A skin condition caused by Mycobacterium marinum, characterized by a skin lesion that presents roughly three weeks after exposure.


myelitis

description: An inflammatory process affecting the spinal cord. Causes include viral infections, autoimmune disorders, vascular disorders, and toxic agents. Symptoms include weakness, paresthesia, sensory loss, pain, and incontinence.


myelodysplastic syndrome

description: A clonal hematopoietic disorder characterized by dysplasia and ineffective hematopoiesis in one or more of the hematopoietic cell lines. The dysplasia may be accompanied by an increase in myeloblasts, but the number is less than 20%, which, according to the WHO guidelines, is the requisite threshold for the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia. It may occur de novo or as a result of exposure to alkylating agents and/or radiotherapy. (WHO, 2001)


myeloid leukemia

description: A clonal proliferation of myeloid cells and their precursors in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and spleen. When the proliferating cells are immature myeloid cells and myeloblasts, it is called acute myeloid leukemia. When the proliferating myeloid cells are neutrophils, it is called chronic myelogenous leukemia.


spinal cord disorder

description: A disease involving the spinal cord.


Bone Marrow Suppression

description: A condition in which the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and/or platelets by bone marrow stem cells is inhibited, usually as a side effect of treatment with various anti-cancer agents, radiation, or tumor development within the bone marrow.


Myocardial fibrosis

description: Myocardial fibrosis is characterized by dysregulated collagen turnover (increased synthesis predominates over unchanged or decreased degradation) and excessive diffuse collagen accumulation in the interstitial and perivascular spaces as well as by phenotypically transformed fibroblasts, termed myofibroblasts.


myocardial rupture

description: Disease-related laceration or tearing of tissues of the heart, including the free-wall MYOCARDIUM; HEART SEPTUM; PAPILLARY MUSCLES; CHORDAE TENDINEAE; and any of the HEART VALVES. Pathological rupture usually results from myocardial infarction (HEART RUPTURE, POST-INFARCTION).


hereditary myoglobinuria

description: The presence of myoglobin in the urine.


Myokymia

description: Myokymia consists of involuntary, fine, continuous, undulating contractions that spread across the affected striated muscle.


myopia

description: The condition in which the individual does not see far distances clearly.


Nail Discoloration

description: A change in the color of the nail.


nail disorder

description: A disease involving the nail.


nonsyndromic congenital nail disorder 9

description: Deformity or discoloration of a fingernail or toenail.


Nail pits

description: Small (typically about 1 mm or less in size) depressions on the dorsal nail surface.


Nail psoriasis

description: Psoriatic nail abnormality characterized by the presence of neutrophils in the nail bed epithelium, hyperkeratosis with parakeratosis, presence of exudates on the corneal epithelium, focal hypogranulosis and psoriasiform hyperplasia of the nail bed.


nasal cavity carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the nasal cavity


Nasal dryness

description: A lack of humidification of the nasal mucosa.


Deviated nasal septum

description: Positioning of the nasal septum to the right or left in contrast to the normal midline position of the nasal septum.


Nasal ulcer

description: An open sore of the nasal mucosa.


Nasal vestibulitis

description: Inflammation of the lining of the anterior portion of the nasal cavity, usually caused by a bacterial infection.


nasopharyngitis

description: An inflammatory process that affects the nasopharynx.


Neck pain

description: An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the neck.


Ischemic Necrosis

description: Loss of vascularization and tissue death caused by the disruption in the arterial access. Common causes include trauma due to accidents, insect or reptile bites, severe cold exposure or pathological conditions such as infarctions or blood dyscrasias.


necrotizing fasciitis

description: Necrotizing fasciitis is a serious infection of the skin, the tissue just beneath the skin (subcutaneous tissue), and the tissue that covers internal organs (fascia). Necrotizing fasciitis can be caused by several different types of bacteria, and the infection can arise suddenly and spread quickly. Early signs include flu-like symptoms and redness and pain around the infection site. A prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential.If the infection is not treated promptly, it can lead to multiple organ failure and death. Treatment typically includes intravenous (IV) antibiotics and surgery to remove infected and dead tissue.


perinatal asphyxia

description: A disorder caused by a lack of blood flow or gas exchange to or from the fetus in the period immediately before, during, or after the birth process.


Neonatal disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder which occurs during the neonatal period.


skin neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant tumor involving the skin. Representative examples of benign skin neoplasms include the benign melanocytic skin nevus, acanthoma, sebaceous adenoma, sweat gland adenoma, lipoma, hemangioma, fibroma, and benign fibrous histiocytoma. Representative examples of malignant skin neoplasms include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and Kaposi sarcoma.


nephrolithiasis

description: The presence of a calculus in the pelvis of the kidney; this is most often composed of mineral salts and proteins.


nephrosclerosis

description: Hardening of the kidney due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (fibrosis), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic hypertension. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ischemia.


neuroma

description: A tumor that grows from a nerve or is composed of nerve cells and nerve fibers.


nervous system disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves.


neuritis

description: A neuropathy arising from inflammation of one or more nerves.


neurodermatitis

description: Skin findings arising from repeated rubbing, picking or scratching of a real or imagined irritation of the skin.


peripheral nervous system disorder

description: A disease involving the peripheral nervous system.


toxic encephalopathy

description: A group of neurologic disorders caused by damage to the nervous system following exposure to pharmacologic, biologic, and chemical agents. Examples of neurotoxins include chemotherapy agents, radiation treatment, heavy metals, pesticides, and food additives.


Neonatal neutropenia (disorder)

description: A condition characterized by a decrease in the number of neutrophils in the blood below established reference ranges in a newborn.


Neutrophilia

description: Increased number of neutrophils circulating in blood.


Nightmares

description: Frightening dreams, typically occurring during REM sleep, are normal and common in children under 10. However, they can also impact teenagers and adults.


Nodal Arrhythmia by ECG Finding

description: An electrocardiographic finding of an arrhythmia originating from within the atrioventricular node.


Atrioventricular junctional rhythm

description: An electrocardiographic finding of a rhythm which originates in the AV junction and results in a normal heart rate. It is characterized by retrograde P waves which may be obscured by or may follow the QRS complexes. The QRS complexes may be narrow or may demonstrate aberration. (CDISC)


Non-small cell lung cancer recurrent

description: The re-emergence of non-small cell lung carcinoma after a period of remission.


Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema

description: Pulmonary edema that is not a result of cardiac dysfunction.


atosiban

mrdef: Atosiban is a synthetic peptide which is a competitive antagonist of human oxytocin at receptor level. In human pre-term labour, atosiban at the recommended dosage antagonises uterine contractions and induces uterine quiescence.


normocytic anemia

description: Anemia in which the red blood cell volume is normal.


nosocomial infection

description: An infection acquired in a hospital or other healthcare setting.


pathologic nystagmus

description: Involuntary movements of the eyeballs. The presence or absence of nystagmus is often used in the diagnosis of a variety of neurological and visual disorders.


bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome

description: A lung disorder that is mainly associated with chronic allograft dysfunction after lung transplantation and that is characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of bronchiolar walls that reduce the diameter of the bronchioles and result in progressive and irreversible airflow obstruction.


Obsessive thoughts

description: A series of thoughts that are difficult to suppress and may be a consequence or cause of anxiety.


Gastric Obstruction

description: Blockage of the normal flow of the contents in the stomach.


Oculogyric crisis

description: An acute dystonic reaction with blepharospasm, periorbital twitches, and protracted fixed staring episodes. There may be a maximal upward deviation of the eyes in the sustained fashion. Oculogyric crisis can be triggered by a number of factors including neuroleptic medications.


esophageal adenocarcinoma

description: A malignant tumor with glandular differentiation arising predominantly from Barrett mucosa in the lower third of the esophagus. Rare examples of esophageal adenocarcinoma deriving from ectopic gastric mucosa in the upper esophagus have also been reported. Grossly, esophageal adenocarcinomas are similar to esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Microscopically, adenocarcinomas arising in the setting of Barrett esophagus are typically papillary and/or tubular. The prognosis is poor.


esophageal atresia

description: A congenital abnormality of the esophagus in which the upper esophagus ends as a blind pouch and does not connect with the lower esophagus; it is often accompanied by a tracheoesophageal fistula. Signs and symptoms in a newborn with this abnormality include excessive salivation, choking, coughing, and the development of cyanosis and respiratory distress when fed.


carcinoma of esophagus

description: Esophageal carcinoma (EC) is a tumor arising in the epithelial cells lining the esophagus and can be divided into two subtypes: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC).


esophagus carcinoma in situ

description: Stage 0 includes: For squamous cell carcinoma: Tis (HGD), N0, M0, G1, GX, Tumor location: Any. For adenocarcinoma: Tis (HGD), N0, M0, G1, GX. Tis: High-grade dysplasia. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. G1: Well differentiated. GX: Grade cannot be assessed-stage grouping as G1. Tumor location: Location of the primary cancer site is defined by the position of the upper (proximal) edge of the tumor in the esophagus. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Esophageal bleeding

description: Bleeding originating from the esophagus.


Esophageal obstruction

description: Blockage of the normal flow of the contents in the esophagus.


Esophageal Pain

description: Painful sensation in the esophageal region.


Esophageal Perforation

description: The presence of a hole or other type of opening in the esophageal wall through which the contents of the esophagus can pass into the mediastinum. The most common cause of esophageal perforation is injury during a medical procedure such as esophagoscopy or placement of a naso-gastric tube; and pathologic process such as neoplasm or gastric reflux with ulceration. Less common causes include injuries from penetrating or blunt trauma or injury to the esophagus during an operation on another organ, mechanical problem such as violent retching or vomiting; ingestion of a foreign body or caustic agents. The condition often results in infection of the mediastinum and mediastinitis.


oligohydramnios

description: A lower than normal quantity of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac as compared to normal values. Typically associated with an amniotic fluid index (AFI) of less than 5 cm or a single maximum vertical pocket (MVP) of less than 2 cm.


Oligomenorrhea

description: Infrequent menses (less than 6 per year or more than 35 days between cycles).


Onycholysis

description: Detachment of the nail from the nail bed.


Ophthalmoplegia

description: Paralysis of one or more extraocular muscles that are responsible for eye movements.


Opportunistic infection

description: An infection that is caused by a pathogen that would generally not be able to cause an infection in a host with a normal immune system. Such pathogens take advantage of the opportunity, so to speak, that is provided by a weakened immune system.


optic atrophy

description: A disorder characterized by loss of optic nerve fibers. It may be inherited or acquired. Acquired causes include ischemia, optic nerve neuropathy, glaucoma, trauma, radiation, brain tumors, and multiple sclerosis. It leads to vision disturbances.


Oral Pain

description: Painful sensation in the mouth, tongue, or lips.


Oral mucosal blisters

description: Blisters arising in the mouth.


orchitis

description: Inflammation of one or both testes due to viral or bacterial infections. Signs and symptoms include enlargement or tenderness of the affected testis, inguinal lymphadenopathy, blood in the semen, and pain during urination, intercourse, or ejaculation.


orgasm disorder

description: A change in the ability to obtain orgasm or in the quality of the orgasmic sensation.


Orthopnea

description: A sensation of breathlessness in the recumbent position, relieved by sitting or standing.


bone inflammation disease

description: Inflammation of the bone.


osteochondrosis

description: A condition that is characterized by defective bone growth that affects the growth centers of bone.


osteonecrosis

description: A none disease characterized by death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply.


osteopetrosis

description: Osteopetrosis, also known as marble bone disease, is a descriptive term that refers to a group of rare, heritable disorders of the skeleton characterized by increased bone density on radiographs.


Osteoporotic Fractures

description: A pathologic bone fracture due to osteoporosis. It is generally caused by a fall from a standing height or lower and usually involves the spine, hip, or wrist.


osteosclerosis

description: Abnormally high bone density.


chronic otitis media

description: Chronic form of otitis media (disease).


discharging ear

description: Discharge or drainage of fluid from the ear.


ovarian disorder

description: A disease involving the ovary.


Drug Overdose

description: Exposure to, or intake of, an excessive amount of a substance.


Overweight

description: Increased body weight with a body mass index of 25-29.9 kg per square meter.


Low Blood Oxygen Saturation

description: A low level of the degree to which oxygen is bound to hemoglobin given as a percentage calculated by dividing the maximum oxygen capacity into the actual oxygen content and multiplying by 100. Oxygen saturation usually is measured using pulse oximetry.


Limb pain

description: Chronic pain in the limbs with no clear focal etiology.


Jaw pain

description: An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the jaw.


Skin Pain

description: Painful sensation in the skin.


palindromic rheumatism

description: A syndrome that involves sudden and rapidly developing attacks of arthritis with a remission period that results in no joint damage or symptoms.


Pallor

description: Abnormally pale skin.


hand-foot syndrome

description: A condition characterized by redness, pain, swelling, and tingling in the palms of the hands or the soles of the feet. It may appear as a side effect to chemotherapy agents.


Palpitations

description: A sensation that the heart is pounding or racing, which is a non-specific sign but may be a manifestation of arrhythmia.


palmoplantar keratosis

description: A group of autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked inherited or acquired disorders characterized by the thickening of the palms and soles due to hyperkeratosis.


exocrine pancreatic carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the exocrine pancreas


Pancreatic cysts

description: A cyst of the pancreas that possess a lining of mucous epithelium.


stage IV pancreatic cancer

description: A carcinoma that arises from the pancreas and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


pancreas disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the pancreas. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include pancreatitis and pancreatic insufficiency. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include cystadenomas, carcinomas, lymphomas, and neuroendocrine neoplasms.


Pancreatic pseudocyst

description: Cyst-like space not lined by epithelium and contained within the pancreas. Pancreatic pseudocysts are often associated with pancreatitis.


acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis

description: An acute pancreatits that is characterized by acute inflammation of the pancreas in which the initial edematous pancreatitis evolved into necrosis accompanied by hemorrhage.


acute necrotizing pancreatitis

description: An acute pancreatitis that is characterized by one or more areas of necrosis in the pancreas with varying degree of involvement of the surrounding tissues or organ systems.


Recurrent pancreatitis

description: A recurrent form of pancreatitis.


Panic attack

description: A sudden episode of intense fear in a situation where there is no danger or apparent cause.


Panic

description: A sudden and overwhelming sense of fear characterized by the inability to function as normal.


panniculitis

description: Inflammation of the subcutaneous adipose tissue.


Papule

description: A circumscribed, solid elevation of skin with no visible fluid, varying in size from a pinhead to less than 10mm in diameter at the widest point.


Paraparesis

description: Weakness or partial paralysis in the lower limbs.


paraplegia

description: Complete paralysis of the lower half of the body including both legs, often caused by damage to the spinal cord.


parapsoriasis

description: Parapsoriasis describes a group ofskin diseases that can be characterized by scaly patches or slightly elevated papules and/or plaques (red, scaly patches) that have a resemblance to psoriasis. However, this description includes several inflammatory cutaneous diseases that are unrelated with respect to pathogenesis, histopathology, and response to treatment. Because of the variation in clinical presentation and a lack of a specific diagnostic finding on histopathology, a uniformly accepted definition of parapsoriasis remains lacking. There are 2 general forms: a small plaque type, which is usually benign, and a large plaque type, which is a precursor of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL).Treatment of small plaque parapsoriasis is unnecessary but can include emollients, topical tar preparations or corticosteroids, and/or phototherapy. Treatment of large plaque parapsoriasis is phototherapy or topical corticosteroids.


parathyroid gland disorder

description: A disease involving the parathyroid gland.


benign neoplasm of parathyroid gland

description: A benign neoplasm that involves the parathyroid gland.


Parosmia

description: Misperception of existing odor, that is, distorted or altered olfactory perception in the presence of known stimuli.


parotitis

description: Inflammation of the parotid glands.


Fractured patella

description: A partial or complete breakage of the patella.


name: Patent ductus arteriosus - persisting type


piritramide

mrdef: A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.


dihydralazine

mrdef: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)


Decreased Peak Expiratory Flowrate

description: Decreased expiratory peak flow measurement achieved during forced expiration that primarily reflects changes in upper airway conductance and may be of limited use in evaluation of changes in peripheral airway conductance. Evaluation of peak flow performance is subjective, and, therefore, acceptability criteria are lacking. Because the maneuver is effort and volume dependent, the patient must be encouraged to perform as vigorously as clinically feasible. The results of subjective evaluation may be difficult to interpret consistently. A validated dyspnea rating scale may be useful.


pectus excavatum

description: A developmental anomaly in which the lower sternum is posteriorly dislocated and concavely deformed, resulting in a funnel-shaped thorax.


pelvic inflammatory disease

description: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an acute or chronic inflammation in the pelvic cavity. It is most commonly caused by sexually transmitted diseases, including chlamydia and gonorrhea that have ascended into the uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries as a result of intercourse or childbirth, or of surgical procedures, including insertion of IUDs or abortion. PID may be either symptomatic or asymptomatic. It may cause infertility and it may raise the risk of ectopic pregnancy. PID is a disease associated with HIV infection.


Pelvic mass

description: An abnormal enlargement or swelling in the pelvic region.


Pelvic pain

description: Pain perceived in the area of the pelvis, the lower part of the abdomen located between the hip bones.


Penile Pain

description: Painful sensation in the penis.


penile disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the penis. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include phimosis, balanitis, and hypospadias. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include hemangioma, penile intraepithelial neoplasia, and penile carcinoma.


periarthritis

description: Inflammation of the tissues around a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)


hemopericardium

description: An accumulation of blood within the pericardial sac.


Perinephric abscess

description: A perinephric abscess is a collection of suppurative material in the perinephric space (i.e., the connective and adipose tissues surrounding the kidney).


periodontal disorder

description: An inflammatory process of the gingival tissues and/or periodontal membrane of the teeth, resulting in an abnormally deep gingival sulcus, possibly producing periodontal pockets and loss of alveolar bone support.


Periorbital edema

description: Edema affecting the region situated around the orbit of the eye.


periostitis

description: Inflammation of the periosteum. The condition is generally chronic, and is marked by tenderness and swelling of the bone and an aching pain. Acute periostitis is due to infection, is characterized by diffuse suppuration, severe pain, and constitutional symptoms, and usually results in necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)


sensory peripheral neuropathy

description: Inflammation or degeneration of the sensory nerves.


peroneal nerve paralysis

description: Paralysis of the nerves located in the legs.


Delusion of persecution

description: False beliefs or perceptions in which a person believes that they are being treated with malicious intent, hostility, or harassment - despite significant evidence to suggest otherwise.


Personality changes

description: An abnormal shift in patterns of thinking, acting, or feeling.


personality disorder

description: A diverse category of psychiatric disorders characterized by behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture; this pattern of deviation is pervasive and inflexible and is stable over time. The behavioral pattern negatively interferes with relationships and work.


Petechiae

description: Petechiae are pinpoint-sized reddish/purple spots, resembling a rash, that appear just under the skin or a mucous membrane when capillaries have ruptured and some superficial bleeding into the skin has happened. This term refers to an abnormally increased susceptibility to developing petechiae.


adrenal gland pheochromocytoma

description: A benign or malignant neuroendocrine neoplasm of the sympathetic nervous system that secretes catecholamines. It arises from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Clinical presentation includes headaches, palpitations, chest and abdominal pain, hypertension, fever, and tremor. Microscopically, a characteristic nesting (zellballen) growth pattern is usually seen. Other growth patterns including trabecular pattern may also be present.


Pharyngeal Hemorrhage

description: Bleeding originating from the pharynx.


Pharyngeal edema

description: Abnormal accumulation of fluid leading to swelling of the pharynx.


streptococcal sore throat

description: Inflammation of the throat due to Streptococcus pyogenes.


Philadelphia Chromosome Positive

description: Indicates that the Philadelphia chromosome abnormality, t(9;22)(q34;q11), has been detected in a sample.


Phimosis

description: The male foreskin cannot be fully retracted from the head of the penis.


phobic disorder

description: An anxiety disorder characterized by an intense, irrational fear of an object, activity, or situation. The individual seeks to avoid the object, activity, or situation. In adults, the individual recognizes that the fear is excessive or unreasonable.


Photopsia

description: Perceived flashes of light.


obesity-hypoventilation syndrome

description: Hypoventilation syndrome in very obese persons with excessive adipose tissue around the abdomen and diaphragm is characterized by diminished to absent ventilatory chemoresponsiveness; chronic hypoxia; hypercapnia; polycythemia; and long periods of sleep during day and night (hypersomnolence). It is a condition often related to obstructive sleep apnea but can occur separately.


placenta disorder

description: A disease involving the placenta.


placental insufficiency

description: Failure of the placenta to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus.


plantar fasciitis

description: Inflammation of the thick tissue on the bottom of the foot (plantar fascia) causing heel pain. The plantar fascia (also called plantar aponeurosis) are bands of fibrous tissue extending from the calcaneal tuberosity to the toes. The etiology of plantar fasciitis remains controversial but is likely to involve a biomechanical imbalance. Though often presenting along with heel spur, they do not appear to be causally related.


plasma cell leukemia

description: An aggressive plasma cell neoplasm characterized by the presence of neoplastic plasma cells in the peripheral blood. It is characterized by the presence of a circulating clonal plasma cell count that exceeds 2x10^9/L or is 20% of the leukocyte differential count.


plasmacytoma

description: Plasmacytoma is a localized mass of neoplastic monoclonal plasma cells that represents approximately 5% of all plasma cell neoplasms. There are two separate entities: primary plasmacytoma of the bone and extramedullary plasmacytoma of the soft tissues. Of the extramedullary plasmacytomas, 80% occur in the head and neck, usually in the upper respiratory tract. The median age at diagnosis is 50 years and the male to female ratio is 3:1. Long-term survival is possible following local radiotherapy, particularly for soft tissue presentations.


Abnormal platelet count

description: Abnormal number of platelets per volume of blood. In a healthy adult, a normal platelet count is between 150,000 and 450,000 per microliter of blood.


name: inherited bleeding disorder, platelet-type


CSF pleocytosis

description: An increased white blood cell count in the cerebrospinal fluid.


Pleural effusion

description: The presence of an excessive amount of fluid in the pleural cavity.


Pleural thickening

description: An increase in the thickness of the pleura, generally related to scarring of the pleural tissue.


Pleuritic chest pain

description: Pleuritic chest pain is characterized by sudden and intense sharp, stabbing, or burning pain in the chest when inhaling and exhaling.


doxofylline

An oxopurine that is a derivative of xanthine, methylated at N-1 and N-3 and carrying a 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl group at N-7, used in the treatment of asthma.


cytomegalovirus pneumonia

description: Pneumonia caused by cytomegalovirus. Most humans are exposed to cytomegalovirus. Healthy individuals do not develop signs and symptoms of infection. Patients with weakened immune system (e.g., AIDS patients, cancer patients who are being treated with chemotherapy, and patients who have received bone marrow or solid organ transplants) develop signs and symptoms of infection. They include cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, malaise, fever, muscle and joint pain, and excessive sweating.


name: Pneumonia caused by respiratory syncytial virus

description: Pneumonia that is attributed to the respiratory syncytial virus.


viral pneumonia

description: Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.


pneumonitis

description: An inflammatory process affecting the lung parenchyma. It is a milder form of lung inflammation compared to pneumonia.


Spontaneous pneumothorax

description: Pneumothorax occurring without traumatic injury to the chest or lung.


Pocket erosion

description: Erosion of patient's skin pocket which houses a device.


polyarticular arthritis

description: An arthritis affecting five or more separate joints.


polydactyly

description: A disease characterized by the presence of polydactyly, including syndromic and non-syndromic forms.


polyhydramnios

description: An excess quantity of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac as compared to normal values. Typically associated with an amniotic fluid index (AFI) of greater than or equal to 25 cm or a single maximum vertical pocket (MVP) of greater than 8 cm.


polyneuropathy

description: A disease or disorder affecting more than one nerve.


portal vein thrombosis

description: The formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the portal vein.


Post abortion hemorrhage

description: Excessive bleeding occurring after spontaneous miscarriage or therapeutic abortion.


Surgical Wound Infection

description: An infection that occurs at a surgical site within 30 days after an operation.


Abnormal posturing

description: Involuntary flexion or extension of the arms and legs.


pouchitis

description: Acute inflammation in the intestinal mucosa of the continent ileal reservoir (or pouch) in patients who have undergone ileostomy and restorative proctocolectomy (proctocolectomy, restorative).


preeclampsia

description: Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that is characterized by new-onset hypertension with proteinuria presenting after 20 weeks of gestation, and depending on mild or severe forms may initially present with severe headache, visual disturbances, and hyperreflexia.


Positive Pregnancy Test

description: A test result indicating the presence of hormones (HCG) in the blood or urine of a woman that confirm pregnancy.


Premature birth

description: The birth of a baby of less than 37 weeks of gestational age.


Presyncope

description: Presyncope is a state of lightheadedness, muscular weakness, blurred vision, and feeling faint. Presyncope is most often cardiovascular in cause.


premature menopause

description: Cessation of menstruation before the age of 40. Symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings, and decreased sex drive.


Premature rupture of membranes

description: Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is a condition which occurs in pregnancy when the amniotic sac ruptures more than an hour before the onset of labor.


polydactyly-myopia syndrome

description: Polydactyly-myopia syndrome is an exceedingly rare autosomal dominant developmental anomaly reported in 1986 in nine individuals among four generations of the same family. The syndrome is characterized clinically by four-limb postaxial polydactyly and progressive myopia. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1986.


presbycusis

description: Bilateral hearing loss caused by progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways, typically associated with the aging process.


presbyopia

description: The normal decreasing elasticity of the crystalline lens that leads to loss of accommodation.


Pressured speech

description: There has been an increase in the amount of spontaneous speech, which is generally continuous, rapid, loud, and difficult to interrupt. It may sometimes be incoherent and continue even when no one is listening.


Primary hypothyroidism

description: A type of hypothyroidism that results from a defect in the thyroid gland.


Productive cough

description: A cough that produces phlegm or mucus.


progressive external ophthalmoplegia

description: A mitochondrial myopathy characterized by slowly progressive paralysis of the levator palpebrae, orbicularis oculi, and extraocular muscles. Ragged-red fibers and atrophy are found on muscle biopsy. Familial and sporadic forms may occur. Disease onset is usually in the first or second decade of life, and the illness slowly progresses until usually all ocular motility is lost. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1422)


prolactin producing pituitary tumor

description: An adenoma or carcinoma of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that produces prolactin.


metastatic prostate carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from the prostate gland and has spread to other anatomic sites.


Prostate cancer recurrent

description: Prostate carcinoma reemerging after a period of remission.


prostate disorder

description: A disease involving the prostate gland.


Prostatic Pain

description: Pain in the prostate gland.


PSA Progression

description: The amount of prostate specific antigen is increased, based on pre-defined thresholds.


Abnormal prothrombin time

description: Any deviation from the normal amount of time to coagulation in the prothrombin time test, which is a measure of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. The results of the prothrombin time test are often expressed in terms of the International normalized ratio (INR), which is calculated as a ratio of the patient's prothrombin time (PT) to a control PT standardized for the potency of the thromboplastin reagent developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) using the formula: INR is equal to Patient PT divided by Control PT.


Protruding tongue

description: Tongue extending beyond the alveolar ridges or teeth at rest.


prurigo

description: A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)


Liddle syndrome

description: A rare genetic form of low-renin hypertension characterized by hypertension associated with decreased plasma levels of potassium and aldosterone.


pseudolymphoma

description: A neoplastic process that resembles a malignant lymphoma, but has a benign course.


Pseudoporphyria

description: A drug-induced photodermatosis characterized by skin fragility, erythema, and the appearance of tense bullae, erosions and scarring in the absence of abnormalities in porphyrin metabolism.


hydrocortisone valerate

mrdef: used in treatment of atopic dermatitis; RN given refers to 11beta-isomer

status: OFP


Diminished motivation

description: A reduction in goal-directed behavior, that is, motivation, is the determinant of behavior and adaptation that allows individuals to get started, be energized to perform a sustained and directed action.


pterygium

description: A wedge-shaped fibrovascular lesion arising from the bulbar conjunctiva and extending to the cornea. It is caused by chronic exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation, heat, and dust. It may cause severe vision loss. Studies have linked pterygium to neoplastic proliferation and suggest that it may be a stem cell disorder.


Pulmonary Alveolar Hemorrhage

description: Bleeding in the alveoli.


name: Increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure

description: Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) above 15mmHg.


Congenital stenosis of pulmonary artery

description: A congenital cardiovascular abnormality characterized by the narrowing of the lumen of the main pulmonary artery or its branches. It may be associated with other congenital heart malformations. Signs and symptoms include dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, fatigue, and edema.


pulmonary eosinophilia

description: A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with eosinophils due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.


Pulmonary Granuloma

description: A granuloma that is located in lung tissue.


pulmonary hypoplasia

description: A respiratory malformation characterized by the presence of both bronchi (albeit rudimentary) and alveoli in an under-developed lobe. Both the size and the weight of the lung are reduced. The true prevalence is not well known (1.4% of all births according to Knox et al. 13), but in cases of premature rupture of membranes at 15-28 weeks gestation, the reported prevalence of pulmonary hypoplasia ranges from 9 to 28%. Factors that contribute to pulmonary hypoplasia include adequate volume of the thoracic cavity, pulmonary fluid dynamics, and abnormal fetal breathing movements.


pulmonary embolism and infarction

description: Localized necrosis of lung tissue caused by obstruction of the arterial blood supply, most often due to pulmonary embolism.


pulmonary sarcoidosis

description: Sarcoidosis affecting the lung parenchyma. It is characterized by the presence of non-necrotizing granulomas in the lung tissues. It is manifested with dyspnea, cough, fever, night sweats, fatigue, and weight loss.


pulmonary valve insufficiency

description: Dysfunction of the pulmonary valve characterized by incomplete valve closure.


Congenital stenosis of pulmonary valve

description: Pulmonary valve stenosis that is present at birth.


Pulmonary vasculitis

description: Cellular inflammation, vessel destruction, and tissue necrosis of the blood vessels of the lung.


Absent pulse

description: The pulsation of an artery where the pulse is taken (e.g. the radial artery at the wrist) cannot be detected on physical examination.


pulpitis

description: Inflammation of the dental pulp.


Abnormal pulse

description: An anomaly of the rhythmic throbbing of an artery that reflects the widening of the artery as blood flows through it and is caused by successive contractions of the heart.


pupil disorder

description: A disease involving the pupil.


Purulent Discharge

description: Pus-containing fluid that is draining from an orifice or wound.


Pustule

description: A small elevation of the skin containing cloudy or purulent material usually consisting of necrotic inflammatory cells.


pyoderma

description: Any skin disease that is pyegenic.


pyogenic granuloma

description: A disorder of the skin, the oral mucosa, and the gingiva, that usually presents as a solitary polypoid capillary hemangioma often resulting from trauma. It is manifested as an inflammatory response with similar characteristics to those of a granuloma.


pyomyositis

description: Pyomyositis (PM) is a rare primary bacterial infection of the skeletal muscle, usually resulting from hematogenous spread or due to muscle injury, and characterized by pain and tenderness in the affected muscle, fever and abscess formation.


quadriplegia

description: Paralysis of all four limbs.


radiation pneumonitis

description: Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.


radiculopathy

description: Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see spinal nerve roots) which may result from compression related to intervertebral disk displacement; spinal cord injuries; spinal diseases; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.


Fractured radius

description: Traumatic or pathological injury to the radius bone in which the continuity of the bone is broken.


Macular Rash

description: An outbreak of small, flat, red spots on the skin.


Maculopapular exanthema

description: A skin rash that is characterized by diffuse cutaneous erythema with areas of skin elevation. It may evolve to vesicles or papules as part of a more severe clinical entity. Different degrees of angioedema with involvement of subcutaneous tissue may also appear.


Morbilliform rash

description: An exanthema consisting of widespread pink-to-red macules (flat spots of 2-10 mm in diameter) or papules (red bumps) that blanch with pressure. The macules and papules may cluster and merge to form sheets over several days.


Papular Lesion

description: A small (less than 5-10 mm) elevation of skin that is non-suppurative.


Pustular rash

description: A rash composed of pustular lesions. A pustule is defined as a vesicle or bulla containing purulent material. It varies in size and may occur at different levels within the epidermis: subcorneal, intraepidermal, or basement membrane zones. The pustules may or may not be sterile and are normally filled with neutrophils.


rectum adenocarcinoma

description: An adenocarcinoma arising from the rectum. It is more frequently seen in populations with a Western type diet and in patients with a history of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Signs and symptoms include intestinal bleeding, anemia, and change in bowel habits. According to the degree of cellular differentiation, rectal adenocarcinomas are divided into well, moderately, and poorly differentiated. Histologic variants include mucinous adenocarcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, serrated adenocarcinoma, cribriform comedo-type adenocarcinoma, and micropapillary adenocarcinoma.


rectal carcinoma

description: A malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises from the rectum and invades through the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa. The vast majority are adenocarcinomas.


Rectal perforation

description: A hole (perforation) in the wall of the rectum.


polyp of rectum

description: A polyp that involves the rectum.


rectal prolapse

description: Protrusion of the rectum through the anus.


Rectal Stenosis

description: Narrowing of the rectal lumen.


Ulcer of rectum

description: A circumscribed inflammatory and necrotic erosive lesion in the mucosa surface of the rectum.


Rectocele

description: A Rectocele results from a tear in the rectovaginal septum (which is normally a tough, fibrous, sheet-like divider between the rectum and vagina). Rectal tissue bulges through this tear and into the vagina as a hernia. There are two main causes of this tear: childbirth, and hysterectomy.


Recurrent Carcinoma

description: The reemergence of a carcinoma after a period of remission.


Abnormal red blood cell count

description: Any deviation from the normal number of red blood cells per volume in the circulation.


Decreased red blood cell count

description: An abnormal reduction below the normal number of red blood cells per volume in the circulation.


Increased red blood cell count

description: An abnormal elevation above the normal number of red blood cells per volume in the circulation.


hyperreflexia

description: An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.


description: A myelodysplastic syndrome characterized by the presence of 5-19% myeloblasts in the bone marrow or 2-19% blasts in the peripheral blood. It includes two categories: myelodysplastic syndrome with excess blasts-1 and myelodysplastic syndrome with excess blasts-2.


Intrarenal abscess

description: An encapsulated collection of pus and necrotic material within the renal parenchyma. The destruction of renal parenchyma is associated with suppurative/neutrophil-rich inflammation and necrosis.


Renal amyloidosis

description: A form of amyloidosis that affects the kidney. On hematoxylin and eosin stain, amyloid is identified as extracellular amorphous material that is lightly eosinophilic. These deposits often stain weakly for periodic acid Schiff (PAS), demonstrate a blue-to-gray hue on the trichrome stain and are typically negative on the Jones methenamine silver (JMS) stain. These tinctorial properties contrast with the histologic appearance of collagen, a major component of basement membranes, mesangial matrix and areas of sclerosis, which demonstrates strong positivity for PAS and JMS (See Figure 1 of PMID:25852856).


Renal atrophy

description: Atrophy of the kidney.


kidney cancer

description: Primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the kidney.


Stage I Renal Cell Carcinoma

description: Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0.  T1: Lesions have been divided into T1a and T1b.  T1a is defined as tumor 4 cm or less in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney.  T1b is defined as tumor greater than 4 cm but not more than 7 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the kidney.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th and 7th Eds.)


Stage II Renal Cell Cancer

description: Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0.  T2: Tumor more than 7 cm in greatest dimension limited to the kidney.  N0: No regional lymph node metastases.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th Ed.)


Stage III renal cell cancer

description: Stage III includes: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N0, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T3a, N0, M0); (T3a, N1, M0); (T3b, N0, M0); (T3b, N1, M0); (T3c, N0, M0); (T3c, N1, M0). T3: Tumor extends into major veins or invades adrenal gland or perinephric tissues but not beyond Gerota's fascia.  T3a: Tumor directly invades adrenal gland or perirenal and/or renal sinus fat but not beyond Gerota's fascia.  T3b: Tumor grossly extends into the renal vein or its segmental (muscle containing) branches, or vena cava below the diaphragm.  T3c: Tumor grossly extends into the vena cava above the diaphragm or invades the wall of the vena cava.  N0: No regional lymph node metastases.  N1: Metastasis in a single regional lymph node. M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th Ed.)


Stage IV Renal Cell Cancer

description: Stage IV includes: (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0); (Any T, N2, M0); (Any T, Any N, M1). T4: Tumor invades beyond Gerota's fascia.  N0: No regional lymph node metastases.  N1: Metastasis in a single regional lymph node.  N2: Metastasis in more than one regional lymph node.  M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)


kidney cortex necrosis

description: Death of cells in the kidney cortex, a common final result of various renal injuries including hypoxia; ischemia; and drug toxicity.


cystic kidney disease

description: A congenital or acquired kidney disorder characterized by the presence of renal cysts.


renal hypodysplasia/aplasia 1

description: The presence of developmental dysplasia of the kidney.


Hemorrhage of kidney

description: Bleeding originating from the kidney.


Renal infarction

description: Ischemic necrosis of the kidney caused by interruption of the blood supply to the area.


kidney papillary necrosis

description: A complication of kidney diseases characterized by cell death involving kidney papilla in the kidney medulla. Damages to this area may hinder the kidney to concentrate urine resulting in polyuria. Sloughed off necrotic tissue may block kidney pelvis or ureter. Necrosis of multiple renal papillae can lead to kidney failure.


Renal tubular atrophy

description: The presence of renal tubules with thick redundant basement membranes, or a reduction of greater than 50% in tubular diameter compared to surrounding non-atrophic tubules.


renal tubule disorder

description: A disease that involves the renal tubule.


Renal vein thrombosis

description: The presence of a thrombus (blood clot) in the major renal veins or its tributaries, generally leading to passive congestion that develops causes the affected kidney to swell and become engorged, leading to degeneration of nephrons and causing symptoms of flank pain, hematuria, and decreased urine output.


Respiratory arrest

description: Cessation of breathing function.


respiratory system disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the respiratory system. Representative examples include pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary failure, lung adenoma, lung carcinoma, and tracheal carcinoma.


Respiratory distress

description: Respiratory distress is objectively observable as the physical or emotional consequences from the experience of dyspnea. The physical presentation of respiratory distress is generally referred to as labored breathing, while the sensation of respiratory distress is called shortness of breath or dyspnea.


Tachypnea

description: Very rapid breathing.


name: Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis


name: Congenital abnormality of respiratory system

description: An abnormality of the respiratory system that is present at birth or detected in the neonatal period.


Restlessness

description: A state of unease is characterized by diffuse motor activity or motion, which is subject to limited control, nonproductive, or disorganized behavior.


Retching

description: Involuntary spasms of the stomach and esophagus resulting in vomiting or dry heaving.


retinal artery occlusion

description: An occlusion of the retinal artery.


retinal degeneration

description: Degeneration of the retina.


Hypopigmentation of the fundus

description: Reduced pigmentation of the fundus, typically generalized. Fundoscopy may reveal a low level pigment in both RPE and choroid with clear visibility of choroidal vessels (pale/albinoid) or low pigment level in the RPE with deep pigment in choroid so that visible choroidal vessels are separated by deeply pigmented zones (tesselated/tigroid).


Retinal exudate

description: Fluid which has escaped from retinal blood vessels with a high concentration of lipid, protein, and cellular debris with a typically bright, reflective, white or cream colored appearance on the surface of the retina.


retinal ischemia

description: A ischemic disease that involves the retina.


retinal perforation

description: A usually small tearing of the retina occurring when the vitreous separates from the retina. It may lead to retinal detachment. Symptoms include flashes and floaters.


retinal vascular disorder

description: Retinal damage resulting from diminished blood flow/oxygenation due to abnormalities of the retinal vessels. Causes include hypertension, diabetes, thrombosis, embolism, and hemorrhage.


retinal vascular occlusion

description: An occlusion of the retinal vasculature.


retinal vasculitis

description: Inflammation of the retinal vasculature with various causes including infectious disease; lupus erythematosus, systemic; multiple sclerosis; behcet syndrome; and chorioretinitis.


retinitis

description: Inflammation of the retina.


retrograde amnesia

description: The loss of access to memories that were previously encoded; this disorder is most commonly preceded by trauma, including physical brain injury, stroke, or seizure, but may also be psychogenic in origin. Memory loss may be temporary or permanent, but the ability to encode new memories or skills is not generally affected.


Retrograde ejaculation

description: The emission of semen and seminal fluid into the bladder instead of through the penis during orgasm.


Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage

description: Bleeding originating in the retroperitoneal area.


Rheumatoid factor positive

description: The presence in the serum of an autoantibody directed against the Fc portion of IgG.


rheumatoid lung disease

description: Rheumatoid lung disease is a group of lung problems related to rheumatoid arthritis.


Rhonchi

description: Abnormal breath sounds characterized by low-pitched, snoring or rattle-like sounds.


Idioventricular Rhythm

description: An electrocardiographic finding of three or more consecutive complexes of ventricular origin with a rate less than a certain threshold (100 or 120 beats per minute are commonly used). The QRS complexes are wide and have an abnormal morphology. (CDISC)


Fractured rib

description: A partial or complete breakage of the rib.


rotator cuff syndrome

description: Tear of one or more of the tendons of the four rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder. A rotator cuff 'injury' can include any type of irritation or overuse of those muscles or tendons, and is among the most common conditions affecting the shoulder.


arthritis, sacroiliac

description: Inflammation of the sacroiliac joint, generally accompanied by lower back pain.


Fractured scapula

description: A partial or complete breakage of the scapula.


Scarring

description: A scar refers to a lesion in which wound, burn, or sore has not healed completely and fibrous connective tissue has developed.


sciatica

description: A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of sciatic neuropathy; radiculopathy (involving the spinal nerve roots; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with intervertebral disk displacement); or lesions of the cauda equina.


scleritis

description: Inflammation of the sclera.


scoliosis

description: A congenital or acquired spinal deformity characterized by lateral curvature of the spine.


Scrotal pain

description: An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the scrotum.


name: Greasy skin due to excessive secretion of sebum


seborrheic keratosis

description: A common benign skin neoplasm usually affecting older individuals. The lesions usually are multiple and arise in the face, chest, and shoulders. They appear as black or brown, slightly elevated skin lesions.


Second Primary Cancers

description: A primary malignant neoplasm in a patient who has been already diagnosed with a primary malignant neoplasm in another anatomic site.


secondary adrenal insufficiency

description: A hormonal disorder that occurs when lack of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) secretion from the hypothalamus or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion from the pituitary is responsible for hypofunction of the adrenal cortex.


Sedated

description: A state of a lowered level of consciousness.


paraldehyde

mrdef: A hypnotic and sedative with anticonvulsant effects. However, because of the hazards associated with its administration, its tendency to react with plastic, and the risks associated with its deterioration, it has largely been superseded by other agents. It is still occasionally used to control status epilepticus resistant to conventional treatment. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p608-9)

description: A trioxane that is 1,3,5-trioxane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.


Sensory Disorders

description: An interruption or alteration in the sensory activity or functions of the nervous system.


Sensory Loss

description: Any loss of sensation.


Septic arthritis staphylococcal

description: Arthritis due to staphylococcal sepsis.


Septic embolism

description: Embolization of intravascular thrombus containing microorganisms into the distant tissues via arterial system.


Seroma

description: A collection of serum in the body.


mrdef: 5-HTP (5-Hydroxytryptophan) is a chemical by-product of the protein building block L-tryptophan. It is also produced commercially from the seeds of an African plant known as Griffonia simplicifolia 5-HTP is used for sleep disorders such as insomnia, depression, anxiety, migraine and tension-type headaches, fibromyalgia, obesity, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), seizure disorder, and Parkinson's disease.

description: The L-enantiomer of 5-hydroxytryptophan.


Exudative retinal detachment

description: A type of retinal detachment arising from damage to the outer blood-retinal barrier that allows fluid to access the subretinal space and separate the neurosensory retina from the retinal pigment epithelium.


name: Abnormal circulating ferritin concentration

description: A deviation from the normal circulating concentration of ferritin. Ferritin concentration can be measured in serum or plasma.


name: Decreased circulating ferritin concentration

description: Abnormally reduced concentration of ferritin, a ubiquitous intracellular protein that stores iron, in the blood.


name: Increased circulating ferritin concentration

description: Increased concentration of ferritin in the blood circulation.