iobenguane (131I)

mrdef: AZEDRA is an I 131 labeled iobenguane. Iobenguane is similar in structure to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) and is subject to the same uptake and accumulation pathways as NE. Iobenguane is taken up by the NE transporter in adrenergic nerve terminals and accumulates in adrenergically innervated tissues, such as the heart, lungs, adrenal medulla, salivary glands, liver, and spleen as well as tumors of neural crest origin. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) are tumors of neural crest origin that express high levels of the NE transporter on their cell surfaces. Following intravenous administration, AZEDRA is taken up and accumulates within pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma cells, and radiation resulting from radioactive decay of I 131 causes cell death and tumor necrosis.


paraganglioma

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from paraganglia located along the sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves. Infrequently, it may arise outside the usual distribution of the sympathetic and parasympathetic paraganglia. Tumors arising from the adrenal gland medulla are called pheochromocytomas. Morphologically, paragangliomas usually display a nesting (Zellballen) growth pattern. There are no reliable morphologic criteria to distinguish between benign and malignant paragangliomas. The only definitive indicator of malignancy is the presence of regional or distant metastases.


sotrovimab

mrdef: Sotrovimab is a human IgG1 mAb that binds to a highly conserved epitope on the spike protein receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2.


regdanvimab

mrdef: Regdanvimab is a recombinant human IgG1 monoclonal antibody that binds to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike(s) protein of SARS-CoV-2 consequently blocking cellular entry and SARS-CoV-2 infection.


oteseconazole

mrdef: Oteseconazole is an azole metalloenzyme inhibitor targeting the fungal sterol, 14alpha demethylase(CYP51), an enzyme that catalyzes an early step in the biosynthetic pathway of ergosterol, a sterol required for fungal cell membrane formation and integrity. Inhibition of CYP51 results in the accumulation of 14-methylated sterols, some of which are toxic to fungi. Through the inclusion of a tetrazole metal-binding group, oteseconazole has a lower affinity for human CYP enzymes.

status: ONP


sutimlimab

mrdef: Sutimlimab-jome is an immunoglobulin G (IgG), subclass 4 (IgG4) monoclonal antibody (mAb) that inhibits the classical complement pathway (CP) and specifically binds to complement protein component 1, s subcomponent (C1s), a serine protease which cleaves C4. Sutimlimab-jome does not inhibit the lectin and alternative pathways. Inhibition of the classical complement pathway at the level of C1s prevents deposition of complement opsonins on the surface of RBCs, resulting in inhibition of hemolysis in patients with CAD.


autoimmune hemolytic anemia, cold type

description: Cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia comprises two types of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) defined by the presence of cold autoantibodies (autoantibodies which are active at temperatures below 30B0C): cold agglutinin disease (CAD), which is the more common, and paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH).


tebentafusp

mrdef: Tebentafusp-tebn is a bispecific gp100 peptide-HLA-A02:01 directed T cell receptor CD3 T cell engager. The TCR arm binds to a gp100 peptide presented by human leukocyte antigen-A*02:01 (HLA¬ A02:01) on the cell surface of uveal melanoma tumor cells. In vitro, tebentafusp-tebn bound to HLA-A02:01-positive uveal melanoma cells and activated polyclonal T cells to release inflammatory cytokines and cytolytic proteins, which results in direct lysis of uveal melanoma tumor cells.


Unresectable Uveal Melanoma

description: Uveal melanoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


Metastatic Uveal Melanoma

description: Uveal melanoma that has spread from its primary site to another anatomic site.


relatlimab

mrdef: Relatlimab is a human IgG4 monoclonal antibody that binds to the LAG-3 receptor, blocks interaction with its ligands, including MHC II, and reduces LAG-3 pathway-mediated inhibition of the immune response. Antagonism of this pathway promotes T cell proliferation and cytokine secretion. Binding of the PD-1 ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, to the PD-1 receptor found on T cells, inhibits T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Upregulation of PD-1 ligands occurs in some tumors, and signaling through this pathway can contribute to inhibition of active T-cell immune surveillance of tumors. Nivolumab is a human IgG4 monoclonal antibody that binds to the PD-1 receptor, blocks interaction with its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2, and reduces PD-1 pathwaymediated inhibition of the immune response, including the anti-tumor immune response. In syngeneic mouse tumor models, blocking PD-1 activity resulted in decreased tumor growth. The combination of nivolumab (anti-PD-1) and relatlimab (anti-LAG-3) results in increased T-cell activation compared to the activity of either antibody alone. In murine syngeneic tumor models, LAG-3 blockade potentiates the anti-tumor activity of PD-1 blockage, inhibiting tumor growth and promoting tumor regression.


faricimab

mrdef: Faricimab is a humanized bispecific antibody that acts through inhibition of two pathways by binding to VEGF-A and Ang-2. By inhibiting VEGF-A, faricimab suppresses endothelial cell proliferation, neovascularization and vascular permeability. By inhibiting Ang-2, faricimab is thought to promote vascular stability and desensitize blood vessels to the effects of VEGF-A. Ang-2 levels are increased in some patients with nAMD and DME. The contribution of Ang-2 inhibition to the treatment effect and clinical response for nAMD and DME has yet to be established.


name: Infection of skin of eyelid and periocular region


tirzepatide

mrdef: Tirzepatide is a GIP receptor and GLP-1 receptor agonist. It is a 39-amino-acid modified peptide with a C20 fatty diacid moiety that enables albumin binding and prolongs the half-life. Tirzepatide selectively binds to and activates both the GIP and GLP-1 receptors, the targets for native GIP and GLP-1. Tirzepatide enhances first- and second-phase insulin secretion, and reduces glucagon levels, both in a glucosedependent manner.

description: A 39-amino acid linear polypeptide which is conjugated to a C20 fatty diacid moiety via a linker connected to lysine-20. It is a dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist used for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.


somatrogon

mrdef: Somatrogon is a glycoprotein comprised of the amino acid sequence of hGH with one copy of the of C-terminal peptide (CTP) from the beta chain of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) at the N-terminus and two copies of CTP (in tandem) at the C-terminus. The glycosylation and CTP domains account for the half-life of somatrogon, which allows for weekly dosing. Somatrogon binds to the GH receptor and initiates a signal transduction cascade culminating in changes in growth and metabolism. Consistent with GH signalling, somatrogon binding leads to activation of the STAT5b signalling pathway and increases the serum concentration of IGF-1. IGF-1 was found to increase in a dose-dependent manner during treatment with somatrogon partially mediating the clinical effect. As a result, GH and IGF-1 stimulate metabolic changes, linear growth and enhance growth velocity in paediatric patients with GHD.


clazosentan

mrdef: Clazosentan is an endothelin receptor antagonist indicated for the prevention of cerebrovascular spasm after surgery for subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by cerebral aneurysm, and cerebral infarctions and cerebral ischemic symptoms accompanying the cerebrovascular spasm.


gefapixant

mrdef: Gefapixant is a selective, non-narcotic P2X3 receptor antagonist being approved for the treatment of refractory chronic cough or unexplained chronic cough.


Chronic refractory cough

category: biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing


nirmatrelvir

mrdef: Nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir (Paxlovid) is an antiviral therapeutic developed by Pfizer for the treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It received conditional approval  by EMA, FDA and PMDA. Nirmatrelvir (PF-07321332) is a peptidomimetic inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), also referred to as 3C-like protease (3CLpro) or nsp5 protease. Inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro renders the protein incapable of processing polyprotein precursors which leads to the prevention of viral replication. Ritonavir inhibits the CYP3A-mediated metabolism of PF-07321332, thereby providing increased plasma concentrations of PF-07321332.

status: OFP

description: An azabicyclohexane that is (1R,5S)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane substituted by {(1S)-1-cyano-2-[(3S)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl]ethyl}aminoacyl, 3-methyl-N-(trifluoroacetyl)-L-valinamide, methyl and methyl groups at positions 2S, 3, 6 and 6, respectively. It is the first orally administered inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease developed by Pfizer and used in combination with ritonavir for the treatment of COVID-19.


tapinarof

mrdef: Tapinarof is an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist. The specific mechanisms by which VTAMA cream exerts its therapeutic action in psoriasis patients are unknown.


monkeypox

description: An infection that is caused by an Orthopoxvirus, which is transmitted by primates or rodents, and which is characterized by a prodromal syndrome of fever, chills, headache, myalgia, and lymphedema; initial symptoms are followed by a generalized papular rash that typically progresses from vesiculation through crusting over the course of two weeks.


cowpox

description: A mild, eruptive skin disease of milk cows caused by cowpox virus, with lesions occurring principally on the udder and teats. Human infection may occur while milking an infected animal.


mitapivat

mrdef: Mitapivat is a pyruvate kinase activator that acts by allosterically binding to the pyruvate kinase tetramer and increasing pyruvate kinase (PK) activity. The red blood cell (RBC) form of pyruvate kinase (PK-R) is mutated in PK deficiency, which leads to reduced adenosine triphosphate(ATP), shortened RBC lifespan, and chronic hemolysis.


pyruvate kinase deficiency of red cells

description: Hemolytic anemia due to red cell pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency is a metabolic disorder characterized by a variable degree of chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia.


pacritinib

mrdef: Pacritinib is a kinase inhibitor with activity against Janus-associated kinase 2 (JAK2) and Fms-like receptor tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3). Pacritinib inhibits both wild-type JAK2 and the JAK2V617F mutant form that is common in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Pacritinib also exhibits inhibitory activity against additional cellular kinases (such as colony-stimulating factor 1 and interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 1), the clinical relevance of which is unknown.

description: An azamacrocycle with formula C28H32N4O3. It is a Janus kinase inhibitor and its citrate salt is approved for the treatment of intermediate or high risk, primary or secondary myelofibrosis.


ganaxolone

mrdef: The precise mechanism by which ganaxolone exerts its therapeutic effects in the treatment of seizures associated with CDD is unknown, but its anticonvulsant effects are thought to result from positive allosteric modulation of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor in the CNS.


name: developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 2

description: Any early infantile epileptic encephalopathy in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the CDKL5 gene.


lutetium (177Lu) vipivotide tetraxetan

mrdef: Lutetium Lu 177 vipivotide tetraxetan is a radioligand therapeutic agent. The active moiety of lutetium Lu 177 vipivotide tetraxetan is the radionuclide lutetium-177 which is linked to a moiety that binds to PSMA, a transmembrane protein that is expressed in prostate cancer, including mCRPC. Upon binding of lutetium Lu 177 vipivotide tetraxetan to PSMA- expressing cells, the beta-minus emission from lutetium-177 delivers radiation to PSMA-expressing cells, as well as to surrounding cells, and induces DNA damage which can lead to cell death.


mavacamten

mrdef: Mavacamten is an allosteric and reversible inhibitor selective for cardiac myosin. Mavacamten modulates the number of myosin heads that can enter “on actin” (power-generating) states, thus reducing the probability of force-producing (systolic) and residual (diastolic) cross-bridge formation. Excess myosin actin cross-bridge formation and dysregulation of the super-relaxed state are mechanistic hallmarks of HCM. Mavacamten shifts the overall myosin population towards an energy-sparing, recruitable, super-relaxed state. In HCM patients, myosin inhibition with mavacamten reduces dynamic LVOT obstruction and improves cardiac filling pressures.


eosinophilic esophagitis

description: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, allergic disease of the esophagus characterized clinically by symptoms of esophageal dysfunction (including vomiting, dysphagia, feeding disorders, food impaction and abdominal pain) which persist after treatment with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).


name: hyperphenylalaninemia due to tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency

description: Hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) due to tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiency, also known as malignant HPA is an amino acid disorder with neonatal onset that is clinically characterized by the classic manifestations of phenylketonuria (PKA) and that later on is clinically differentiated by neurologic symptoms such as microcephaly, intellectual disability, central hypotonia, delayed motor development, peripheral spasticity and seizures, that develop and persist despite an established metabolic control of plasma phenylalanine.


salivary gland cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the major or minor salivary glands. Representative examples include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.


pemphigus foliaceus

description: Pemphigus foliaceous is a rare superficial pemphigus disease characterized by multiple, pruritic, scaly, crusted cutaneous erosions, with flaky circumscribed patches, localized mostly on the face, scalp, trunk and extremities, often presenting an erythematous base. Mucosal involvement is rarely observed.


molnupiravir

mrdef: EIDD-1931 has broad spectrum antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and related zoonotic group 2b or 2c Bat-CoVs, as well as increased potency against a coronavirus bearing resistance mutations to the nucleoside analog inhibitor remdesivir

description: A nucleoside analogue that is N(4)-hydroxycytidine in which the 5'-hydroxy group is replaced by a (2-methylpropanoyl)oxy group. It is the prodrug of the active antiviral ribonucleoside analog N(4)-hydroxycytidine (EIDD-1931), has activity against a number of RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses. It is currently in phase III trials for the treatment of patients with COVID-19.


Lactation

category: biolink:PhysiologicalProcess biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


spesolimab

mrdef: Spesolimab-sbzo is a humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin G1 antibody that inhibits interleukin-36 (IL-36) signaling by specifically binding to the IL36R. Binding of spesolimab-sbzo to IL36R prevents the subsequent activation of IL36R by cognate ligands (IL-36 alpha, beta and gamma) and downstream activation of pro inflammatory and pro-fibrotic pathways. The precise mechanism linking reduced IL36R activity and the treatment of flares of GPP is unclear.


generalized pustular psoriasis

description: A rare and extreme form of psoriasis characterized by the appearance of sterile pustules which can take many patterns. All the main pathological features of the disease are accentuated. Generalized pustular psoriasis is clinically heterogeneous in its age at onset, precipitants, severity, and natural history. Many overlapping clinical entities are recognized. There is a relationship between these entities and plaque psoriasis, as some individuals may have episodes of plaque psoriasis preceding or following the generalized pustular psoriasis, but in others generalized pustular psoriasis occurs as the sole phenotype without plaque psoriasis at any time.


deucravacitinib

mrdef: Deucravacitinib is an inhibitor of tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2). TYK2 is a member of the Janus kinase (JAK) family. Deucravacitinib binds to the regulatory domain of TYK2, stabilizing an inhibitory interaction between the regulatory and the catalytic domains of the enzyme. This results in allosteric inhibition of receptor-mediated activation of TYK2 and its downstream activation of Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs) as shown in cell-based assays. JAK kinases, including TYK2, function as pairs of homo- or heterodimers in the JAK-STAT pathways. TYK2 pairs with JAK1 to mediate multiple cytokine pathways and also pairs with JAK2 to transmit signals as shown in cell-based assays. The precise mechanism linking inhibition of TYK2 enzyme to therapeutic effectiveness in the treatment of adults with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis is not currently known.


terlipressin

mrdef: Terlipressin is a synthetic vasopressin analogue with twice the selectivity for vasopressin V1 receptors versus V2 receptors. Terlipressin acts as both a prodrug for lysine-vasopressin, as well as having pharmacologic activity on its own. Terlipressin is thought to increase renal blood flow in patients with hepatorenal syndrome by reducing portal hypertension and blood circulation in portal vessels and increasing effective arterial volume and mean arterial pressure (MAP). It is used to control bleeding of ESOPHAGEAL VARICES and for the treatment of HEPATORENAL SYNDROME.


ischemic disease

description: Lack of blood supply to an area of the body, resulting in impairment of tissue oxygenation.


eflapegrastim

mrdef: Eflapegrastim-xnst is a recombinant human granulocyte growth factor that binds to G-CSF receptors on myeloid progenitor cells and neutrophils, triggering signaling pathways that control cell differentiation, proliferation, migration and survival.


Febrile Neutropenia

description: Neutropenia associated with fever, the latter indicating the presence of an infection.


tauroursodeoxycholic acid

mrdef: Relyvrio contains two active ingredients: sodium phenylbutyrate and taurursodiol, being indicated for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in adults.The mechanism by which relyvrio exerts its therapeutic effects in patients with ALS is unknown.

description: A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.


futibatinib

mrdef: Futibatinib is a small molecule kinase inhibitor of FGFR 1, 2, 3, and 4 with IC50 values of less than 4 nM. Futibatinib covalently binds FGFR. Constitutive FGFR signaling can support the proliferation and survival of malignant cells. Futibatinib inhibited FGFR phosphorylation and downstream signaling and decreased cell viability in cancer cell lines with FGFR alterations including FGFR fusions/rearrangements, amplifications, and mutations. Futibatinib demonstrated anti-tumor activity in mouse and rat xenograft models of human tumors with activating FGFR genetic alterations.


intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from the intrahepatic bile duct epithelium in any site of the intrahepatic biliary tree. Grossly, the malignant lesions are solid, nodular, and grayish. Morphologically, the vast majority of cases are adenocarcinomas. Signs and symptoms include malaise, weight loss, right upper quadrant abdominal pain, and night sweats. Early detection is difficult and the prognosis is generally poor.


eladocagene exuparvovec

mrdef: Eladocagene exuparvovec is a gene therapy medicinal product that expresses the human aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase enzyme (hAADC). It is a non-replicating recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) based vector containing the cDNA of the human dopa decarboxylase (DDC) gene under the control of the cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter.


name: aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency

description: Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency is a very rare, severe, genetic neurometabolic disorder associated with clinical manifestations related to underproduction of serotonin and dopamine, mainly hypotonia, hypokinesia, ptosis oculogyric crises, and signs of autonomic dysfunction.


gadopiclenol

mrdef: Gadopiclenol is a paramagnetic molecule (macrocyclic non-ionic complex of gadolinium) that develops a magnetic moment when placed in a magnetic field. The magnetic moment alters the relaxation rates of water protons in its vicinity in the body, leading to an increase in signal intensity (brightness) of tissues.


name: Medicinal product acting as imaging agent (product)


sodium bicarbonate

mrdef: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.


lutetium (177Lu) chloride

mrdef: Lutetium (177 Lu) chloride is a radiopharmaceutical precursor, and it is not intended for direct use in patients. It is to be used only for the radiolabelling of carrier molecules that have been specifically developed and authorised for radiolabelling with lutetium (177 Lu) chloride.


tixagevimab

mrdef: Tixagevimab is a recombinant human IgG1 monoclonal antibody used in combination with cilgavimab for the treatment of COVID-19.


cilgavimab

mrdef: Cilgavimab is a recombinant human IgG1 monoclonal antibody used in combination with tixagevimab for the treatment of COVID-19.


darinaparsin

mrdef: Darinaparsin, an organoarsenic compound with anticancer activity, is a novel mitochondrial-targeted agent being developed for the treatment of various hematologic and solid tumors. The proposed mechanism of action of the drug involves the disruption of mitochondrial function, increased production of reactive oxygen species, and modulation of intracellular signal transduction pathways.


pimitespib

mrdef: Pimitespib is an oral small molecule inhibitor of the alpha and beta isoforms of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90).


ferric derisomaltose

mrdef: Ferric derisomaltose is a complex of iron (III) hydroxide and derisomaltose, an iron carbohydrate oligosaccharide that releases iron. Iron binds to transferrin for transport to erythroid precursor cells to be incorporated into hemoglobin.


carotegrast methyl

mrdef: Carotegrast methyl is a small-molecule alpha4 integrin antagonist which received its first approval in Japan for the treatment of moderate ulcerative colitis in patients who had inadequate response to 5-aminosalicylic acid. The active metabolite of carotegrast methyl exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by blocking the interaction of alpha4beta1 or alpha4beta7 integrins and their ligands, VCAM-1 and MAd-CAM-1, thereby inhibiting the adhesion of inflammatory cells, including T cells, to vascular endothelial cells and extravasation into inflammatory sites.


nemolizumab

mrdef: Nemolizumab is a subcutaneously administered humanized anti-interleukin-31 (IL-31) receptor A (IL-31RA) monoclonal antibody to treat skin diseases, including atopic dermatitis, AD associated pruritus, prurigo nodularis, chronic kidney disease associated pruritus and systemic sclerosis.


tremelimumab

mrdef: CTLA-4 is a negative regulator of T-cell activity. Tremelimumab-actl is a monoclonal antibody that binds to CTLA-4 and blocks the interaction with its ligands CD80 and CD86, releasing CTLA-4-mediated inhibition of T-cell activation. In synergistic mouse tumor models, blocking CTLA-4 activity resulted in decreased tumor growth and increased proliferation of T cells in tumors.


name: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusion oncogene negative non-small cell lung cancer


mirvetuximab soravtansine

mrdef: Mirvetuximab soravtansine-gynx is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). The antibody is a chimeric IgG1 directed against folate receptor alpha (FRalpha). The small molecule, DM4, is a microtubule inhibitor attached to the antibody via a cleavable linker. Upon binding to FRalpha, mirvetuximab soravtansine-gynx is internalized followed by intracellular release of DM4 via proteolytic cleavage. DM4 disrupts the microtubule network within the cell, resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death.


teplizumab

mrdef: Teplizumab-mzwv binds to CD3 (a cell surface antigen present on T lymphocytes) and delays the onset of Stage 3 type 1 diabetes in adults and pediatric patients aged 8 years and older with Stage 2 type 1 diabetes. The mechanism may involve partial agonistic signaling and deactivation of pancreatic beta cell autoreactive T lymphocytes. Teplizumab-mzwv leads to an increase in the proportion of regulatory T cells and of exhausted CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood.


olutasidenib

mrdef: Olutasidenib is a small-molecule inhibitor of mutated isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1). In patients with AML, susceptible IDH1 mutations are defined as those leading to increased levels of 2- hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) in the leukemia cells and where efficacy is predicted by 1) clinically meaningful remissions with the recommended dose of olutasidenib and/or 2) inhibition of mutant IDH1 enzymatic activity at concentrations of olutasidenib sustainable at the recommended dosage according to validated methods. The most common of such mutations in patients with AML are R132H and R132C substitutions. In vitro, olutasidenib inhibited mutated IDH1 R132H, R132L, R132S, R132G, and R132C proteins; wild-type IDH1 or mutated IDH2 proteins were not inhibited. Olutasidenib inhibition of mutant IDH1 led to decreased 2-HG levels in vitro and in in vivo xenograft models.


Refractory acute myeloid leukemia

description: Acute myeloid leukemia that does not respond to treatment.


adagrasib

mrdef: Adagrasib is an irreversible inhibitor of KRAS G12C that covalently binds to the mutant cysteine in KRAS G12C and locks the mutant KRAS protein in its inactive state that prevents downstream signaling without affecting wild-type KRAS protein. Adagrasib inhibits tumor cell growth and viability in cells harboring KRAS G12C mutations and results in tumor regression in KRAS G12C-mutated tumor xenograft models with minimal off-target activity.


xenon (129Xe) hyperpolarized

cd_formula: Xe

mrdef: When hyperpolarized xenon Xe 129 gas is inhaled, a multi-nuclear capable MRI scanner can be used to image the hyperpolarized xenon Xe 129 distribution throughout the ventilated lung. Hyperpolarized xenon Xe 129 nuclei are directly detected by a Xe 129 MRI coil.

description: The stable isotope of xenon with relative atomic mass 128.904780, 26.4 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 1/2.


anacaulase

mrdef: NexoBrid (anacaulase-bcdb) dissolves burn wound eschar. The specific components responsible for this effect have not been identified.


Skin eschar

description: A crust that covers necrotic tissue in the skin that is caused by a burn or gangrene.


ublituximab

mrdef: The precise mechanism by which ublituximab-xiiy exerts its therapeutic effects in multiple sclerosis is unknown, but is presumed to involve binding to CD20, a cell surface antigen present on pre-B and mature B lymphocytes. Following cell surface binding to B lymphocytes, ublituximab-xiiy results in cell lysis through mechanisms including antibody-dependent cellular cytolysis and complement-dependent cytolysis.


vutrisiran

mrdef: Vutrisiran is a double-stranded siRNA-GalNAc conjugate that causes degradation of mutant and wild-type TTR mRNA through RNA interference, which results in a reduction of serum TTR protein and TTR protein deposits in tissues.


mosunetuzumab

mrdef: Mosunetuzumab is an anti-CD20/CD3 T-cell engaging bispecific antibody targeting CD20-expressing B-cells. It is a conditional agonist; targeted B-cell killing is observed only upon simultaneous binding to CD20 on B-cells and CD3 on T-cells. Engagement of both arms of mosunetuzumab results in the formation of an immunologic synapse between a target B cell and a cytotoxic T cell leading to T-cell activation. Subsequent directed release of perforin and granzymes from T-cell activation through the immunologic synapsis induce B-cell lysis leading to cell death.


linzagolix

mrdef: Linzagolix is a selective, non-peptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonist that inhibits endogenous GnRH signalling by binding competitively to GnRH receptors in the pituitary gland, thereby modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.


birch bark extract

mrdef: A dry extract from two species of birch bark consisting of naturally occurring substances known as triterpenes, including betulin, betulinic acid, erythrodiol, lupeol and oleanolic acid. It is used in adults and children aged 6 months or older with epidermolysis bullosa but the precise mechanism of action in wound healing is not known.


olipudase alfa

mrdef: Olipudase alfa is a recombinant human acid sphingomyelinase that reduces sphingomyelin (SM) accumulation in organs of patients with Acid Sphingomyelinase Deficiency (ASMD).


Niemann-Pick disease type A

description: Niemann-Pick disease type A is a very severe subtype of Niemann-Pick disease, an autosomal recessive lysosomal disease, and is characterized clinically by onset in infancy or early childhood with failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, and rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorders.


Niemann-Pick disease type B

description: Niemann-Pick disease type B is a mild subtype of Niemann-Pick disease, an autosomal recessive lysosomal disease, and is characterized clinically by onset in childhood with hepatosplenomegaly, growth retardation, and lung disorders such as infections and dyspnea


lenacapavir

mrdef: Lenacapavir is a multistage, selective inhibitor of HIV-1 capsid function that directly binds to the interface between capsid protein (CA) subunits. Lenacapavir inhibits HIV-1 replication by interfering with multiple, essential steps of the viral lifecycle, including capsid-mediated nuclear uptake of HIV-1 proviral DNA (by blocking nuclear import proteins binding to capsid), virus assembly and release (by interfering with Gag/Gag-Pol functioning, reducing production of CA subunits), and capsid core formation (by disrupting the rate of capsid subunit association, leading to malformed capsids).


valoctocogene roxaparvovec

mrdef: Valoctocogene roxaparvovec is a gene therapy medicinal product that expresses the B-domain deleted SQ form of human coagulation factor VIII (hFVIII-SQ). It is a non-replicating recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype AAV5 based vector containing the cDNA of the B-domain deleted SQ form of human coagulation factor VIII gene under the control of a liver-specific promoter.


severe hemophilia A

description: Severe hemophilia A is a form of hemophilia A characterized by a large deficiency of factor VIII leading to frequent spontaneous hemorrhage and abnormal bleeding as a result of minor injuries, or following surgery or tooth extraction.


Hepatic fibrosis

description: The presence of excessive fibrous connective tissue in the liver. Fibrosis is a reparative or reactive process.


teclistamab

mrdef: Teclistamab is a full-size, IgG4-PAA bispecific antibody that targets the CD3 receptor expressed on the surface of T cells and B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), which is expressed on the surface of malignant multiple myeloma B-lineage cells, as well as late-stage B cells and plasma cells. With its dual binding sites, teclistamab is able to draw CD3+ T cells in close proximity to BCMA+ cells, resulting in T cell activation and subsequent lysis and death of BCMA+ cells, which is mediated by secreted perforin and various granzymes stored in the secretory vesicles of cytotoxic T cells. This effect occurs without regard to T cell receptor specificity or reliance on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class 1 molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells.


Helicobacter pylori infection

description: A recurrent infection of the GI tract with helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium usually found in the stomach.


Orchiectomy

category: biolink:Procedure biolink:ActivityAndBehavior biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


IgA glomerulonephritis

description: Inflammation of a specific segment of glomeruli within the kidney.


amebic dysentery

description: Dysentery caused by intestinal amebic infection, chiefly with entamoeba histolytica. This condition may be associated with amebic infection of the liver and other distant sites.


name: Sepsis caused by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus


name: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infection


name: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection

description: Infection with staphylococcus aureus resistant to the antibiotic methicillin (MRSA). MRSA can infect any individual but is more common among hospitalized patients, and can also occur as an opportunistic infection.


Low back pain

description: An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the lower back.


Menopausal syndrome

description: A grouping of variable physical, vasomotor and psychological symptoms in climacteric females. Physical symptoms include: cessation of menses, headaches, fatigue, weight gain and vaginal dryness. Vasomotor symptoms typically include: palpitations, hot flashes and night sweats. Psychological symptoms may include: decrease in libido, emotional lability, difficulty concentrating and insomnia.


ovarian dysfunction

description: The inability of the ovaries to function.


dydrogesterone

mrdef: A synthetic progestational hormone with no androgenic or estrogenic properties. Unlike many other progestational compounds, dydrogesterone produces no increase in temperature and does not inhibit OVULATION.

status: OFM


talc

mrdef: Finely powdered native hydrous magnesium silicate. It is used as a dusting powder, either alone or with starch or boric acid, for medicinal and toilet preparations. It is also an excipient and filler for pills, tablets, and for dusting tablet molds. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)


immunodeficiency disease

description: Disease in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.


Dependence on Renal Dialysis

description: Evidence of dependence on renal dialysis.


Hypoproteinemia

description: A decreased concentration of protein in the blood.


Metastatic malignant neoplasm to bone

description: Evidence of secondary malignant neoplasm of bone and bone marrow.


indigo carmine

mrdef: Indolesulfonic acid used as a dye in renal function testing for the detection of nitrates and chlorates, and in the testing of milk. It is a dye excreted by the kidney through tubular secretion and enhances visualization of the ureteral orifices by its deep blue color.

description: A member of the class of indolones obtained by formal 2,2'-oxidative coupling of two molecules of 3-oxo-2,3-dihydroindole-5-sulfonic acids.


name: diagnostic cystoscopy revealed bullous edema of both ureteral orifices


bexagliflozin

mrdef: Bexagliflozin is an inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2), the transporter responsible for reabsorption of the majority of glucose from the renal glomerular filtrate in the renal proximal tubule. By inhibiting SGLT2, bexagliflozin reduces renal reabsorption of filtered glucose and lowers the renal threshold for glucose, and thereby increases urinary glucose excretion.

description: A C-glycosyl comprising of beta-D-glucose in which the anomeric hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-chloro-3-({4-[2-(cyclopropyloxy)ethoxy]phenyl}methyl)phenyl group. It is a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.


pirtobrutinib

mrdef: Pirtobrutinib is a small molecule, noncovalent inhibitor of BTK. BTK is a signaling protein of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) and cytokine receptor pathways. In B-cells, BTK signaling results in activation of pathways necessary for B-cell proliferation, trafficking, chemotaxis, and adhesion. Pirtobrutinib binds to wild type BTK and BTK harboring C481 mutations, leading to inhibition of BTK kinase activity. In nonclinical studies, pirtobrutinib inhibited BTK-mediated B-cell CD69 expression and inhibited malignant B-cell proliferation. Pirtobrutinib showed dose-dependent anti-tumor activities in BTK wild type and BTK C481S mutant mouse xenograft models.

description: A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-fluoro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-3-[4-(aminomethyl)phenyl]-1-[(2S)-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide. It is a BTK inhibitor used for the treatment of adult patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma.


mantle cell lymphoma

description: Mantle cell lymphoma is a rare form of malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma affecting B lymphocytes in the lymph nodes in a region called the ``mantle zone''.


elacestrant

mrdef: Elacestrant is an estrogen receptor antagonist that binds to estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalfa). In ER-positive (ER+) HER2-negative (HER2-) breast cancer cells, elacestrant inhibited 17beta-estradiol mediated cell proliferation at concentrations inducing degradation of ERalfa protein mediated through proteasomal pathway. Elacestrant demonstrated in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity including in ER+ HER2- breast cancer models resistant to fulvestrant and cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors and those harboring estrogen receptor 1 gene (ESR1) mutations.

description: A member of the class of tetralins that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene which is substituted by hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 2-(ethyl{4-[2-(ethylamino)ethyl]benzyl}amino)-4-methoxyphenyl group at position 6R. It is a is an estrogen receptor degrader indicated for the treatment of postmenopausal women or adult men, with ER-positive, HER2-negative, ESR1-mutated advanced or metastatic breast cancer with disease progression following at least one line of endocrine therapy.


sparsentan

mrdef: Sparsentan is a single molecule with antagonism of the endothelin type A receptor (ETAR) and the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R). Sparsentan has high affinity for both the ETAR (Ki= 12.8 nM) and the AT1R (Ki=0.36 nM), and greater than 500-fold selectivity for these receptors over the endothelin type B and angiotensin II subtype 2 receptors. Endothelin-1 and angiotensin II are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of IgAN via the ETAR and AT1R, respectively

description: A biphenyl that is 1,1'-biphenyl substituted by (4,5-dimethyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)aminosulfonyl, ethoxymethyl, and (2-butyl-4-oxo-1,3-diazaspiro[4.4]non-1-en-3-yl)methyl groups at positions 2, 2' and 4', respectively. It is a dual antagonist of endothelin and angiotensin II receptors approved for the reduction of proteinuria in adults with primary immunoglobulin A nephropathy at risk of rapid disease progression.


omaveloxolone

mrdef: The precise mechanism by which omaveloxolone exerts its therapeutic effect in patients with Friedreich’s ataxia is unknown. Omaveloxolone have been shown to activate the Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathway in vitro and in vivo in animals and humans. The Nrf2 pathway is involved in the cellular response to oxidative stress.

description: A semi-synthetic triterpenoid drug. It is an Nrf2 activator that is approved for the treatment of Friedreich's ataxia in adults and adolescents aged 16 years and older.


Friedreich ataxia

description: An inherited condition that affects the nervous system and causes movement problems. People with this condition develop impaired muscle coordination (ataxia) that worsens over time. Other features include the gradual loss of strength and sensation in the arms and legs, muscle stiffness (spasticity), and impaired speech. Many individuals have a form of heart disease called hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Some develop diabetes, impaired vision, hearing loss, or an abnormal curvature of the spine (scoliosis). Most people with Friedreich ataxia begin to experience the signs and symptoms around puberty.


zavegepant

mrdef: Zavegepant is a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist.

description: A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which both amino groups are replaced by 4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl and {(2R)-3-(7-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)-1-[4-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}amino groups. It is a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist whose hydrochloride salt has been approved by the FDA for the acute treatment of migraine.


migraine without aura

description: A migraine disorder characterized by episodes that occur in the absence of preceding focal neurological symptoms.


migraine with aura

description: A migraine disorder characterized by episodes that are preceded by focal neurological symptoms.


trofinetide

mrdef: Trofinetide is a chemically modified analog of GPE (glycine-proline-glutamate), an endogenous peptide produced by N-terminal cleavage of IGF-1. The mechanism by which trofinetide exerts therapeutic effects in patients with Rett syndrome is unknown.

description: A tripeptide comprising of glycine, 2-methyl-L-proline, and L-glutamic acid joined in sequence by peptide linkages.  It is the first and only treatment approved by the FDA specifically indicated for Rett syndrome in adults and pediatric patients two years of age and older.


Rett syndrome

description: A severe neurodevelopmental disorder affecting the central nervous system.


leniolisib

mrdef: Leniolisib inhibits PI3K-delta by blocking the active binding site of PI3K-delta. In cell-free isolated enzyme assays, leniolisib was selective for PI3K-delta over PI3K-alpha (28-fold), PI3K-beta (43-fold), and PI3K-gamma (257-fold), as well as the broader kinome. In cell-based assays, leniolisib reduced pAKT pathway activity and inhibited proliferation and activation of B and T cell subsets. Gain-of-function variants in the gene encoding the p110-delta catalytic subunit or loss of function variants in the gene encoding the p85-alpha regulatory subunit each cause hyperactivity of PI3K-delta. Leniolisib inhibits the signalling pathways that lead to increased production of PIP3, hyperactivity of the downstream mTOR/AKT pathway, and to the dysregulation of B and T cells.

description: A pyridopyrimidine that is 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidine substituted by [(3S)-1-propanoylpyrrolidin-3-yl]amino and 6-methoxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl groups at positions 4 and 6, respectively.


immunodeficiency 14

description: An autosomal dominant condition caused by mutation(s) caused by mutation(s) in the PIK3CD gene, encoding phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform. It is characterized by defects in T-cells and B-cells and recurrent sinopulmonary infections in childhood.


rezafungin

mrdef: Rezafungin is a semi-synthetic echinocandin. Rezafungin inhibits the 1,3-beta-D glucan synthase enzyme complex, which is present in fungal cell walls but not in mammalian cells. This results in inhibition of the formation of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an essential component of the fungal cell wall of many fungi, including Candida species (spp.). Inhibition of 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthesis results in concentration-dependent in vitro fungicidal activity against Candida spp., however, the clinical significance of this activity is unknown.

description: A member of the family of echinocandins that inhibits 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase. It is developed by Cidara Therapeutics and approved for the treatment of candidaemia and invasive candidiasis in patients aged >= 18 years who have limited or no alternative treatment options.


lecanemab

mrdef: Lecanemab-irmb is a humanized immunoglobulin gamma 1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody directed against aggregated soluble and insoluble forms of amyloid beta. The accumulation of amyloid beta plaques in the brain is a defining pathophysiological feature of Alzheimer disease.


velmanase

mrdef: Velmanase alfa-tycv provides an exogenous source of alpha-mannosidase. Velmanase alfa-tycv is internalized via binding to the mannose-6-phosphate receptor on the cell surface and transported into lysosomes where it is thought to exert enzyme activity. Alpha-mannosidosis is a lysosomal storage disease that results from reduced activity of the enzyme alpha-mannosidase, caused by gene variants in Mannosidase Alpha Class 2B Member 1. Alpha-mannosidase catalyzes the degradation of accumulated mannose-containing oligosaccharides. The deficiency of alpha-mannosidase causes an intra-lysosomal accumulation of mannose-rich oligosaccharides in various tissues.


alpha-mannosidosis

description: Alpha-mannosidosis is an inherited lysosomal storage disorder characterized by immune deficiency, facial and skeletal abnormalities, hearing impairment, and intellectual deficit.


retifanlimab

mrdef: Retifanlimab-dlwr binds to the PD-1 receptor, blocks interaction with its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2, and potentiates T-cell activity. Binding of the PD-1 ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, to the PD-1 receptor found on T cells, inhibits T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Upregulation of PD-1 ligands occurs in some tumors, and signaling through this pathway can contribute to inhibition of active T-cell immune surveillance of tumors.


pegunigalsidase alfa

mrdef: Pegunigalsidase alfa is a pegylated recombinant form of human alpha-galactosidase-A. The amino acid sequence of the recombinant form is similar to the naturally occurring human enzyme. Pegunigalsidase alfa supplements or replaces alpha-galactosidase-A, the enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of the terminal α-galactosyl moieties of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides in the lysosome, reducing the amount of accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and globotriaosylsphingosine (Lyso-Gb3).


cipaglucosidase alfa

mrdef: Pombiliti (cipaglucosidase alfa) is a long-term enzyme replacement therapy used in combination with the enzyme stabiliser miglustat for the treatment of adults with late-onset Pompe disease (acid alpha-glucosidase [GAA] deficiency). Cipaglucosidase alfa is intended to replace the absent or impaired endogenous enzyme. Cipaglucosidase alfa is stabilised by miglustat minimising the loss of enzyme activity in the blood during infusion of this hydrolytic glycogen-specific enzyme enriched with bis-M6P N-glycans for high affinity cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) binding. After binding, it is internalised in the lysosome where it undergoes proteolytic cleavage and N-glycan trimming which are both required to yield the most mature and active form of the GAA enzyme. Cipaglucosidase alfa then exerts enzymatic activity in cleaving glycogen and reducing intramuscular glycogen, and ameliorating tissue damage.


mirikizumab

mrdef: Mirikizumab is a humanised IgG4 monoclonal, anti-interleukin-23 (anti-IL-23) antibody that selectively binds to the p19 subunit of human IL-23 cytokine and inhibits its interaction with the IL-23 receptor. IL-23, a regulatory cytokine, affects the differentiation, expansion, and survival of T cell subsets, (e.g., Th17 cells and Tc17 cells) and innate immune cell subsets, which represent sources of effector cytokines, including IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-22 that drive inflammatory disease. In humans, selective blockade of IL-23 was shown to normalise production of these cytokines.


ozoralizumab

mrdef: Ozoralizumab is a new type of antibody that can block the activity of TNFalpha, a protein that causes inflammation in the body. It is made of three small molecules called NANOBODIES; two of these NANOBODIES attach to TNFalpha and prevent it from binding to its receptors. The third NANOBODY binds to a protein in the blood called HSA, which helps ozoralizumab stay longer in the body. Ozoralizumab is smaller and more stable than conventional antibodies, and it may have fewer side effects. It is being developed as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases.


valemetostat

mrdef: Valemetostat is a drug that blocks two enzymes called EZH1 and EZH2. These enzymes are involved in the growth of some blood cancers and solid tumors, such as non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). Valemetostat is used to treat a type of NHL called adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL) that has come back or does not respond to other treatments.


foscarbidopa

mrdef: Foscarbidopa and foslevodopa combination (ABBV-951) was aproved by PMDA for the treatment of motor fluctuations in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease. Foscarbidopa and foslevodopa are prodrugs of carbidopa and levodopa, respectively. They have higher solubility than their parent compounds, which allows them to be administered as a continuous subcutaneous infusion.

description: An L-tyrosine derivative that is carbidopa in which the hydroxy group at position 4' is replaced by a phosphonooxy group. It is a water-soluble prodrug of carbidopa which is used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.


foslevodopa

mrdef: Foslevodopa and foscarbidopa combination (ABBV-951) was aproved by PMDA for the treatment of motor fluctuations in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease. Foscarbidopa and foslevodopa are prodrugs of carbidopa and levodopa, respectively. They have higher solubility than their parent compounds, which allows them to be administered as a continuous subcutaneous infusion.

description: An L-tyrosine derivative that is L-dopa in which the hydroxy group at position 4' is replaced by a phosphonooxy group. It is a water-soluble prodrug of levodopa which is used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.


ensitrelvir

mrdef: Ensitrelvir is an orally active 3C-like protease inhibitor and it was approved for emergency use in Japan in November 2022. Ensitrelvir has reached Phase III clinical trials and is being evaluated for its efficacy and safety in patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19.


ritlecitinib

mrdef: Ritlecitinib irreversibly inhibits Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) and the tyrosine kinase expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (TEC) kinase family by blocking the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding site. In cellular settings, ritlecitinib inhibits cytokine induced STAT phosphorylation mediated by JAK3-dependent receptors. Additionally, ritlecitinib inhibits signaling of immune receptors dependent on TEC kinase family members. The relevance of inhibition of specific JAK or TEC family enzymes to therapeutic effectiveness is not currently known.

description: A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by a [(3R,6S)-6-methyl-1-(prop-2-enoyl)piperidin-3-yl]amino group. It is a dual inhibitor of Janus kinase 3 and the TEC family of tyrosine kinases.


fezolinetant

mrdef: Fezolinetant is a neurokinin 3 (NK3) receptor antagonist that blocks neurokinin B (NKB) binding on the kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin (KNDy) neuron to modulate neuronal activity in the thermoregulatory center. Fezolinetant has high affinity for the NK3 receptor (Ki value of 19.9 to 22.1 nmol/L), which is more than 450-fold higher than binding affinity to NK1 or NK2 receptors.

description: A triazolopyrazine that is 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine substituted by 3-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl, 4-fluorobenzoyl and methyl groups at positions 3, 7, and 8R, respectively. It is a prescription medicine used to reduce moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms due to menopause.


perfluorohexyloctane

mrdef: Perfluorohexyloctane, a semifluorinated alkane, contains 6 perfluorinated carbon atoms and 8 hydrogenated carbon atoms. Perfluorohexyloctane forms a monolayer at the air-liquid interface of the tear film which can be expected to reduce evaporation. The exact mechanism of action for MIEBO in DED is not known.

description: A fluoroalkane that is tetradecane in which all of the hydrogen atoms at positions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 have been replaced by fluorine atoms. It is an ophthalmic solution used to treat the signs and symptoms of dry eye disease.


durlobactam

mrdef: Durlobactam is a diazabicyclooctane non-beta-lactam, beta-lactamase inhibitor, that protects sulbactam from degradation by certain serine-beta-lactamases. Durlobactam alone does not have antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex (ABC) isolates but in combination with sulbactam it has been approved for the treatment of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (HABP/VABP), caused by susceptible isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex.

description: A member of the class of azabicycloalkanes that is (1R,2S,5R)-3-methyl-7-oxo-1,6-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-ene-2-carboxamide in which the amino hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a sulfooxy group.


name: Infection caused by carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter


flotufolastat f-18 gallium

mrdef: Flotufolastat F 18 binds to PSMA (IC50 = 4.4 nM) expressed on cells, including prostate cancer cells, and is internalized. Prostate cancer cells usually overexpress PSMA. Fluorine-18 is a beta+ emitting radionuclide that can be detected using positron emission tomography.


tofersen

mrdef: Tofersen is an antisense oligonucleotide that causes degradation of SOD1 mRNA through binding to SOD1 mRNA, which results in a reduction of SOD1 protein synthesis.


epcoritamab

mrdef: Epcoritamab-bysp is a T-cell engaging bispecific antibody that binds to the CD3 receptor expressed on the surface of T-cells and CD20 expressed on the surface of lymphoma cells and healthy B-lineage cells. In vitro, epcoritamab-bysp activated T-cells, caused the release of proinflammatory cytokines, and induced lysis of B-cells.


rozanolixizumab

mrdef: Rozanolixizumab-noli is a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody that binds to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), resulting in the reduction of circulating IgG.


glofitamab

mrdef: Glofitamab is a bispecific monoclonal antibody that binds bivalently to CD20 expressed on the surface of B cells and monovalently to CD3 in the T-cell receptor complex expressed on the surface of T cells. By simultaneous binding to CD20 on the B cell and CD3 on the T cell, glofitamab mediates the formation of an immunological synapse with subsequent T-cell activation and proliferation, secretion of cytokines and release of cytolytic proteins that results in the lysis of CD20-expressing B cells.


name: Bacteremia caused by Staphylococcus aureus


name: thyroid gland undifferentiated (anaplastic) carcinoma

description: A primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland composed of undifferentiated cells. The malignant cells demonstrate evidence of epithelial differentiation, either by immunohistochemistry or electron microscopic studies. Microscopically, in the majority of cases there is a mixture of spindle, epithelioid, and giant cells. The vast majority of the patients present with a rapidly enlarging neck mass. The clinical course is usually aggressive.


name: Nonexudative age-related macular degeneration


Solid carcinoma

description: A carcinoma morphologically characterized by the presence of solid sheets of malignant epithelial cells in tissues.


chronic liver failure

description: Liver failure that develops slowly and gradually for some time, possibly for years, often as the result of cirrhosis, or malnutrition.


name: thyroid gland oncocytic follicular carcinoma

description: A follicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland, characterized by the presence of large cells with eosinophilic granular cytoplasm and pleomorphic nuclei with prominent, eosinophilic nucleoli. The nuclear features that characterize the papillary carcinomas of the thyroid gland are absent.


acute graft versus host disease

description: A syndrome of immunologically mediated tissue damage that may occur following an allogeneic transplant, usually affecting the skin, liver, and GI tract. The onset is usually within one hundred days of transplantation or immunologic manipulation.


Splenomegaly

description: Abnormal increased size of the spleen.


Metastatic Colon Carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from the colon and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


Metastatic basal cell carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from the basal cells and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


name: Non-small cell lung cancer without mutation in epidermal growth factor receptor


palovarotene

mrdef: n patients with FOP, abnormal bone formation, including heterotrophic ossification (HO), is driven by a gain-of-function mutation in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor ALK2 (ACVR1).Palovarotene is an orally bioavailable retinoic acid receptor agonist, with particular selectivity at the gamma subtype of RAR. Through binding to RARgamma, palovarotene decreases the BMP/ALK2 downstream signaling pathway by inhibiting the phosphorylation of SMAD1/5/8, which reduces ALK2/SMAD-dependent chondrogenesis and osteocyte differentiation resulting in reduced endochondral bone formation.

description: An olefinic compound that is ethene is which a hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a 4-carboxyphenyl group and a hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-3-[(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl group (the E-stereoisomer). It is a selective retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARgamma) agonist developed by Ipsen, to reduce the formation of new heterotopic ossification in adults and children with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a rare bone disorder.


fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva

description: Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a severely disabling heritable disorder of connective tissue characterized by congenital malformations of the great toes and progressive heterotopic ossification that forms qualitatively normal bone in characteristic extraskeletal sites.


zuranolone

mrdef: The mechanism of action of zuranolone in the treatment of PPD is not fully understood, but is thought to be related to its positive allosteric modulation of GABAA receptors.

description: A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 5beta-19-norpregnane substituted by hydroxy, methyl, oxo, and 4-cyano-1H-pyrazol-1-yl groups at positions 3, 3, 20 and 21, respectively. It is a positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptor developed by Sage Therapeutics and Biogen for the treatment of postpartum depression in adults.


avacincaptad pegol

mrdef: Avacincaptad pegol is an RNA aptamer, a PEGylated oligonucleotide that binds to and inhibits complement protein C5. By inhibiting C5, avacincaptad pegol may prevent its cleavage to C5a and C5b thus decreasing membrane attack complex (MAC) formation.


pozelimab

mrdef: Pozelimab-bbfg is a human, monoclonal immunoglobulin G4P (IgG4P) antibody directed against the terminal complement protein C5 that inhibits terminal complement activation by blocking cleavage of C5 into C5a (anaphylatoxin) and C5b, thereby blocking the formation of the membrane-attack complex (C5b-C9, a structure mediating cell lysis).


protein-losing enteropathy

description: Pathological conditions in the intestines that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including serum albumin; immunoglobulins; and at times lymphocytes. Severe condition can result in hypogammaglobulinemia or lymphopenia. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including intestinal lymphangiectasis; whipple'S disease; and neoplasms of the small intestine.


elranatamab

mrdef: Elranatamab-bcmm is a bispecific B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-directed T-cell engaging antibody that binds BCMA on plasma cells, plasmablasts, and multiple myeloma cells and CD3 on T-cells leading to cytolysis of the BCMA-expressing cells. Elranatamab-bcmm activated T-cells, caused proinflammatory cytokine release, and resulted in multiple myeloma cell lysis.


talquetamab

mrdef: Talquetamab-tgvs is a bispecific T-cell engaging antibody that binds to the CD3 receptor expressed on the surface of T-cells and G protein-coupled receptor class C group 5 member D (GPRC5D) expressed on the surface of multiple myeloma cells and non-malignant plasma cells, as well as healthy tissues such as epithelial cells in keratinized tissues of the skin and tongue. In vitro, talquetamab-tgvs activated T-cells caused the release of proinflammatory cytokines and resulted in the lysis of multiple myeloma cells. Talquetamab-tgvs had anti-tumor activity in mouse models of multiple myeloma.


cantharidin

mrdef: The mechanism of action of cantharidin in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum is unknown.

description: A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria.  Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.


molluscum contagiosum

description: A common, benign, usually self-limited viral infection of the skin and occasionally the conjunctivae by a poxvirus (molluscum contagiosum virus). (Dorland, 27th ed)


lotilaner

mrdef: Lotilaner is a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channel inhibitor selective for mites. Inhibition of these GABA chloride channels causes a paralytic action in the target organism leading to its death. Lotilaner is not an inhibitor of mammalian GABA mediated chloride channels when tested at up to 30 microM (18 microg/mL) in vitro (approximately 1100 times the RHOD).

description: A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazole substituted by 4-methyl-5-({2-oxo-2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amino]ethyl}carbamoyl)thiophen-2-yl, trifluoromethyl, and 3,4,5-trichlorophenyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5, respectively (the 5S-stereoisomer). It is a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channel inhibitor selective for mites, approved for the treatment of Demodex blepharitis.


nirsevimab

mrdef: Nirsevimab is a recombinant neutralising human IgG1kappa long-acting monoclonal antibody to the prefusion conformation of the RSV F protein which has been modified with a triple amino acid substitution (YTE) in the Fc region to extend serum half-life. Nirsevimab binds to a highly conserved epitope in antigenic site OE on the prefusion protein with dissociation constants Kd = 0.12 nM and Kd = 1.22 nM for RSV subtype A and B strains, respectively. Nirsevimab inhibits the essential membrane fusion step in the viral entry process, neutralising the virus and blocking cell-to-cell fusion.


name: Metastatic malignant neoplasm to prostate

description: The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the prostate gland from an adjacent or distant anatomic site.


name: acute myeloblastic leukemia without maturation

description: An acute myeloid leukemia (AML) characterized by blasts without evidence of maturation to more mature neutrophils. (WHO, 2001)


chorionic gonadotrophin

mrdef: A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).


choriogonadotropin alfa

mrdef: Choriogonadotropin alfa, is an analogue of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and binds to the LH/hCG receptor of the granulosa and theca cells of the ovary to effect these changes in the absence of an endogenous LH surge. In pregnancy, hCG, secreted by the placenta, maintains the viability of the corpus luteum to provide the continued secretion of estrogen and progesterone necessary to support the first trimester of pregnancy.


acute pyelonephritis

description: Sudden onset pyelonephritis.


name: At increased risk of coronary heart disease


B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

description: A neoplasm of lymphoblasts committed to the B-cell lineage, typically composed of small to medium-sized blast cells. When the neoplasm involves predominantly the bone marrow and the peripheral blood, it is called B acute lymphoblastic leukemia. When it involves nodal or extranodal sites, it is called B lymphoblastic lymphoma. (WHO, 2001)


prostate carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the prostate gland.


name: Malignant neoplasm of cardioesophageal junction of stomach


adult-onset Still disease

description: A rare inflammatory multisystem disorder characterized clinically by fever of unknown origin, arthralgia or arthritis, hyperleucocytosis, and typical skin rash.


name: Familial Amyloid Neuropathy, Portuguese Type


Bardet-Biedl syndrome

description: A ciliopathy with multisystem involvement. It is invariantly characterized by rod-cone dystrophy, and at least three additional non-ocular features such as intellectual disability, obesity, polydactyly, hypogonadism, or renal anomalies as primary manifestations. In the absence of one of these four primary clinical features, the diagnosis of BBS is made when at least two secondary features are observed, including hepatic fibrosis, diabetes mellitus, reproductive and developmental abnormalities, growth retardation, speech delays, or cardiovascular problems


fetal cytomegalovirus syndrome

description: An infection with the Cytomegalovirus that is present from birth.


name: Disorder due to type 2 diabetes mellitus


familial hypercholesterolemia

description: An inheritable form of hyperlipidemia, in which there are excess lipids in the blood.


name: myeloid neoplasm associated with FGFR1 rearrangement

description: Hematologic neoplasms characterized by the rearrangement of the FGFR1 gene, resulting in translocations with an 8p11 breakpoint. Patients present with a myeloproliferative neoplasm, acute myeloid leukemia, lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia of T or B-cell lineage, or acute leukemia of mixed phenotype.


name: High grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia of esophagus


histiocytic sarcoma

description: An aggressive malignant neoplasm with a poor response to therapy, usually presenting as stage III/IV disease. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic cells with morphologic and immunophenotypic characteristics similar to those seen in mature histiocytes.


name: History of myocardial infarction due to atherothrombotic coronary artery disease


alkaptonuria

description: A metabolic disease characterized by the accumulation of homogentisic acid (HGA) and its oxidized product, benzoquinone acetic acid (BQA), in various tissues (e.g. cartilage, connective tissue) and body fluids (urine, sweat), causing urine to darken when exposed to air as well as grey-blue coloration of the sclera and ear helix (ochronosis), and a disabling joint disease involving both the axial and peripheral joints (ochronotic arthropathy).


name: epilepsy, idiopathic generalized, susceptibility to, 1


name: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, extended oligoarthritis


name: psoriasis-related juvenile idiopathic arthritis

description: Childhood arthritis typically associated with psoriasis.


name: Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, Rheumatoid Factor Negative

description: A category of juvenile idiopathic arthritis defined by the presence of arthritis affecting five or more separate joints during the first six months of disease, with negative serologic testing for rheumatoid factor.


fytic acid

mrdef: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.

description: A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.


lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma

description: A clonal neoplasm of small B-lymphocytes, lymphoplasmacytoid cells, and plasma cells involving the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen. The majority of patients have a serum IgM paraprotein.


pancreatic neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm involving the pancreas.


vulva cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the vulva.


Metastatic Biliary Tract Carcinoma

description: A biliary tract carcinoma that has spread from the original site of growth to other anatomic sites.


name: EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor

description: An EC 1.4.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH2 group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4).


myotonic syndrome

description: An inherited or acquired, localized or generalized disorder affecting the muscles. It may be associated with abnormalities in the chloride or sodium channels of the muscles. It is characterized by delayed muscle relaxation following stimulation or contraction. Representative examples include myotonia congenita and myotonic dystrophy.


neonatal diabetes mellitus

description: Neonatal diabetes mellitus presents as hyperglycemia, failure to thrive and, in some cases, dehydration and ketoacidosis which may be severe with coma, in a child within the first months of life.


otitis media

description: Inflammation of the anatomical structures of the middle ear, which is most often caused by an infectious process. Symptoms include erythema and edema of the tympanic membrane, pain, and possibly fever.


name: Substance induction of cytochrome p450 enzyme


plexiform neurofibroma

description: An elongated and multinodular neurofibroma, formed when the tumor involves either multiple trunks of a plexus or multiple fascicles of a large nerve, such as the sciatic. Some plexiform neurofibromas resemble a bag of worms, others produce a massive ropy enlargement of the nerve. (Adapted from WHO.)


name: polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis


Localization of sentinel lymph node

category: biolink:Activity biolink:ActivityAndBehavior biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


vasculitis due to ADA2 deficiency

description: Vasculitis due to ADA2 deficiency is a rare, genetic, systemic and rheumatologic disease due to adenosine deaminase-2 inactivating mutations, combining variable features of autoinflammation, vasculitis, and a mild immunodeficiency. Variable clinical presentation includes chronic or recurrent systemic inflammation with fever, livedo reticularis or racemosa, early-onset ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes, peripheral neuropathy, abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly, portal hypertension, cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa, variable cytopenia and immunoglobulin deficiency.


Abdominal adhesions

description: Fibrous bands (i.e., bands of scar-like tissue) that span two or more intra-abdominal organs and/or the inner abdominal wall (i.e. peritoneal membrane).


sodium chloride

cd_formula: ClNa

mrdef: A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.

description: An inorganic chloride salt having sodium(1+) as the counterion.


metamizole

mrdef: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.

description: A pyrazole that is antiipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfomethyl)amino group, the sodium salt of which, metamizole sodium, was widely used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic, but withdrawn from many markets from the 1970s due to a risk of causing risk of causing agranulocytosis.


manganese sulfate

A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of manganese(II) sulfate.


dexamethasone phosphate

description: A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of dexamethasone.


oxygen

mrdef: An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

smiles: O=O


atropine

mrdef: An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE. Hyoscyamine is the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.

description: A  racemate composed of equimolar concentrations of (S)- and (R)-atropine . It is obtained from deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and other plants of the family Solanaceae.


estriol

mrdef: A hydroxylated metabolite of ESTRADIOL or ESTRONE that has a hydroxyl group at C3, 16-alpha, and 17-beta position. Estriol is a major urinary estrogen. During PREGNANCY, a large amount of estriol is produced by the PLACENTA. Isomers with inversion of the hydroxyl group or groups are called epiestriol.

description: A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol substituted by additional hydroxy groups at positions 16 and 17 (16alpha,17beta-stereoisomer).


phthalylsulfathiazole

mrdef: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SULFATHIAZOLES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd

description: A sulfonamide incorporating 2-carboxybenzamido and 1,3-thiazol-2-yl moieties that is a broad-spectrum antibiotic indicated in the treatment of dysentery, colitis, gastroenteritis and intestinal surgery.


Abdominal distention

description: Distention of the abdomen.


icodextrin

mrdef: A glucan that is structurally related to maltodextrin, with more than 85% of its molecules having molecular weights between 1640 and 45 000 Daltons (Da), and a weight-average molecular weight of about 20 000 Da; it is used in dialysis fluids as an alternative to glucose-based solutions, and to reduce adhesions after gynecological or abdominal surgery. It has also been used as a vehicle for drugs given via the peritoneal cavity.


avobenzone

mrdef: causes allergic or photoallergic contact dermatitis; structure given in first source


octocrylene

mrdef: ingredient in sunscreens and cosmetics


sucrose

mrdef: A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.

description: A glycosyl glycoside formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose.


fenoterol

mrdef: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.

description: A member of the class  resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.


bismuth subnitrate

mrdef: antacid containing bismuth, sodium & magnesium carbonates, rutin, Khellin & Rhamnus bark powder; do not confuse with colloidal bismuth subcitrate


Abdominal mass

description: An abnormal enlargement or swelling in the abdomen.


titanium dioxide

mrdef: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure

smiles: O=[Ti]=O

description: A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2.  A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.


trimebutine

mrdef: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.


nimesulide

An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.


pivmecillinam

mrdef: Pivaloyloxymethyl ester of amdinocillin that is well absorbed orally, but broken down to amdinocillin in the intestinal mucosa. It is active against gram-negative organisms and used as for amdinocillin.


phloroglucinol

mrdef: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.

description: A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.


drotaverine

mrdef: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure


Abdominal rigidity

description: Involuntary tightening of the abdominal musculature that occurs in response to touching the abdomen to avoid pain. Rigidity can occur in the presence of abdominal inflammation and usually involves only the inflamed area.


Abnormal Weight Loss

description: Unexplained or unintentional weight loss.


Unspecified abortion incomplete

description: The uterus is not entirely emptied of products of conception following spontaneous, medical or operative pregnancy termination.


Missed abortion

description: Retention in uterus of an abortus.


Spontaneous abortion

description: Fetal loss at less than 20 weeks of gestation.


abscess

description: An inflammatory process characterized by the accumulation of pus within a newly formed tissue cavity which is the result of a bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection or the presence of a foreign body.


Sterile abscess

description: An abscess not caused by infection with pyogenic bacteria. Operationally, a sterile abscess is inferred if investigations of an abscess fail to reveal evidence of pathogenic organisms.


Epidermal acanthosis

description: Diffuse hypertrophy or thickening of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis (prickle cell layer of the skin).


name: Accident while engaged in work-related activity


nordazepam

mrdef: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.

description: A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.


eye accommodation disease

description: Disease that disrupts the process by which the vertebrate eye changes optical power to maintain a clear image or focus on an object as its distance varies.


Fracture of acetabulum

description: A traumatic break in the portion of the pelvic bone that forms the hip socket.


flucloxacillin

mrdef: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.

description: A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.


Cystic acne

description: A severe type of acne characterized by the formation of cysts enclosing a mixture of keratin and sebum.


AIDS

description: A syndrome resulting from the acquired deficiency of cellular immunity caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is characterized by the reduction of the Helper T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and the lymph nodes. Symptoms include generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, weight loss, and chronic diarrhea. Patients with AIDS are especially susceptible to opportunistic infections (usually pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections, tuberculosis, candida infections, and cryptococcosis), and the development of malignant neoplasms (usually non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Kaposi sarcoma). The human immunodeficiency virus is transmitted through sexual contact, sharing of contaminated needles, or transfusion of contaminated blood.


skin tag

description: A small, benign growth that arises from the skin. It is characterized by the presence of fibrovascular tissue lined by epidermis. It may be sessile or pendulous and usually occurs in sites where there is friction.


name: Activated partial thromboplastin time abnormal


Prolonged partial thromboplastin time

description: Increased time to coagulation in the partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test, a measure of the intrinsic and common coagulation pathways. Phospholipid, and activator, and calcium are mixed into an anticoagulated plasma sample, and the time is measured until a thrombus forms.


digitoxin

mrdef: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665)

description: A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.


name: Activated partial thromboplastin time shortened


Acute abdomen

description: A sudden onset of abdominal pain with associated nausea or vomiting. The acute abdomen may be caused by an infection, inflammation, vascular occlusion, or obstruction.


sweet syndrome

description: Sweet's syndrome (the eponym for acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis) is characterized by a constellation of clinical symptoms, physical features, and pathologic findings which include fever, neutrophilia, tender erythematous skin lesions (papules, nodules, and plaques), and a diffuse infiltrate consisting predominantly of mature neutrophils that are typically located in the upper dermis.


bromazepam

mrdef: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.


Parageusia

description: A distortion of the sense of taste, often characterized by the sensation of a metallic taste.


Acute sinusitis

description: An acute form of sinusitis.


adenocarcinoma

description: A common cancer characterized by the presence of malignant glandular cells. Morphologically, adenocarcinomas are classified according to the growth pattern (e.g., papillary, alveolar) or according to the secreting product (e.g., mucinous, serous). Representative examples of adenocarcinoma are ductal and lobular breast carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma), colon adenocarcinoma, and prostate adenocarcinoma.


colon adenocarcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from glandular epithelial cells of the colon


adenoid hypertrophy

description: An upper respiratory tract disease characterized by the unusual growth of the adenoid tonsil; has symptom snoring, has symptom hyponasality, has symptom otitis media with effusion, has symptom mouth breathing.


adenoma

description: A neoplasm arising from the epithelium. It may be encapsulated or non-encapsulated but non-invasive. The neoplastic epithelial cells may or may not display cellular atypia or dysplasia. In the gastrointestinal tract, when dysplasia becomes severe it is sometimes called carcinoma in situ. Representative examples are pituitary gland adenoma, follicular adenoma of the thyroid gland, and adenomas (or adenomatous polyps) of the gastrointestinal tract.


adrenal cortex adenoma

description: A benign neoplasm that can arise from any of the adrenal cortical layers. It can be associated with the overproduction of glucocorticoids (Cushing's syndrome), androgenic or estrogenic steroids (adrenogenital syndrome), or mineralocorticoids (Conn's syndrome). (Sternberg Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, 3rd ed.)


adrenal gland disorder

description: A disease involving the adrenal gland.


Adrenal hemorrhage

description: Hemorrhage and necrosis of the adrenal gland tissue. Bilateral and extensive hemorrhage may lead to acute adrenal insufficiency, shock, and death.


Suppression of adrenal gland

description: Inadequate production of cortisol due to negative feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis that is caused by exposure to exogenous glucocorticoids or endogenous hypercortisolism.


mood disorder

description: A cognitive disorder a disturbance in which the person's mood is hypothesized to be the main underlying feature.


tiapride

mrdef: A benzamide derivative that is used as a dopamine antagonist.


lormetazepam

A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.


nitrous oxide

mrdef: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.

description: A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.


nefopam

mrdef: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26)

description: A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The  hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.


Air Embolism

description: The presence of bubbles of air in the vascular system; occurrence is related to the entry of air into the venous circulation following trauma or surgery.


carbon dioxide

mrdef: A solid form of carbon dioxide used as a refrigerant.

smiles: O=C=O

description: A one-carbon compound with formula CO2 in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond. A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, it is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food.


Akinesia

description: Inability to initiate changes in activity or movement and to perform ordinary volitional movements rapidly and easily.


name: Elevated circulating alanine aminotransferase concentration

description: An abnormally high concentration in the circulation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT).


alcohol abuse

description: The use of alcoholic beverages to excess, either on individual occasions ("binge drinking") or as a regular practice.


mosapride

mrdef: Mosapride is a 5-HT4 receptor agonist which increases the release of acetylcholine and stimulates GI motility.

description: A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methanamine.


teprenone

mrdef: ; RN given refers to isomeric cpd without isomeric designation; mixture of (5E,9E,13E) & (5Z,9E,13E)-isomers

description: A terpene ketone in which a (9E,13E)-geranylgernayl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone (it is a mixture of 5E- and 5Z-geoisomers in a 3:2 ratio).


glutathione

mrdef: A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.

description: A tripeptide compound consisting of glutamic acid attached via its side chain to the N-terminus of cysteinylglycine.


protionamide

mrdef: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.


Albuminuria

description: Increased concentration of albumin in the urine.


Alcohol Intolerance

description: Increased sensitivity to the adverse effects of alcohol, which can include nasal congestion, skin flushes, heart dysrhythmias, nausea, vomiting, indigestion and headaches.


Animal protein allergy

description: Hypersensitivity in form of an adverse immune reaction against animal proteins.


hydrocortisone butyrate

description: Cortisol esterified with butyric acid at the 17-hydroxy group.


name: Elevated circulating alpha-fetoprotein concentration

description: Concentration of alpha-fetoprotein in the blood circulation above the upper limit of normal.


flunitrazepam

mrdef: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.

description: A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.


pipamperone

A member of the class of  bipiperidines that is 1,4'-bipiperidine which is substituted at the 1' and 4' positions by 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl and carboxamide groups, respectively. A first generation antipsychotic, its properties are generally similar to those of haloperidol.


pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

description: A rare lung disorder characterized by the filling of the pulmonary alveoli with proteinaceous material which stains positive with periodic acid-Schiff stain. It may be idiopathic or secondary due to hematologic malignancies or the inhalation of mineral dusts. Signs and symptoms include dyspnea, cough and low grade fever.


amaurosis fugax

description: Transient complete or partial monocular blindness due to retinal ischemia. This may be caused by emboli from the CAROTID ARTERY (usually in association with CAROTID STENOSIS) and other locations that enter the central RETINAL ARTERY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p245)


renal aminoaciduria

description: A group of inherited kidney disorders characterized by the abnormally elevated levels of amino acids in urine. Genetic mutations of transport proteins result in the defective reabsorption of free amino acids at the proximal renal tubules. Renal aminoaciduria are classified by the specific amino acid or acids involved.


etoricoxib

mrdef: A sulfone and pyridine derivative that acts as a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. It is used as a NSAID for the treatment of pain associated with RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS. It is also used for the short-term treatment of moderate postoperative dental pain.

description: A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2,3'-bipyridine which is substituted at the 3, 5, and 6' positions by 4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl, chlorine, and methyl groups, respectively.


potassium canrenoate

mrdef: A synthetic pregnadiene derivative with anti-aldosterone activity.


dimetindene

mrdef: A histamine H1 antagonist. It is used in hypersensitivity reactions, in rhinitis, for pruritus, and in some common cold remedies.


etamsylate

mrdef: Benzenesulfonate derivative used as a systemic hemostatic.


terizidone

mrdef: minor descriptor (1975-1984); on-line & Index Medicus search OXAZOLES (1975-1984); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation


canrenone

mrdef: A synthetic pregnadiene compound with anti-aldosterone activity.


macrocytic anemia

description: Anemia that is characterized by increased red blood cell volume.


neonatal anemia

description: The mildest form of erythroblastosis fetalis in which anemia is the chief manifestation.


anemia due to chronic disorder

description: Anemia due to a disorder that is persistent or long-standing in nature.


name: Megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B>12< deficiency

description: Evidence of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia.


anal fistula

description: A pathologic tract that connects an opening in the anal canal to the perianal skin. In the vast majority of cases there is a history of perianal abscess.


fibroepithelial polyp of the anus

description: A non-neoplastic polypoid lesion that arises from the anal canal or perianal skin. It is composed of dense fibrous stroma and it is covered by squamous epithelium.


Anal stenosis

description: Abnormal narrowing of the anal opening.


iohexol

mrdef: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.

description: A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.


iodixanol

mrdef: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source

description: A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.


iopamidol

mrdef: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.

description: A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.


gadoteridol

mrdef: nonionic magnetic resonance contrast agent; structure given in first source

description: A non-ionic gadolinium chelate having a macrocyclic tetraamine framework. It is used as a paramagnetic contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).


sulfur hexafluoride

mrdef: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.

description: A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).


iron dextran

mrdef: A complex of ferric oxyhydroxide with dextrans of 5000 to 7000 daltons in viscous solution containing 50 mg/ml of iron. It is supplied as parenteral preparation and is used as hematinic. (Goodman and Gilmans The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1292)

description: Please consider adding concept for iron dextran. CAS# 9004-66-4. Thank you.


gadopentetate dimeglumine

mrdef: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)


iopromide

description: A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.


dexketoprofen

mrdef: a water-soluble tromethamine salt of the racemic ketoprofen, rac(+-)-ketoprofen

description: A monocarboxylic acid that is (S)-hydratropic acid substituted at position 3 on the phenyl ring by a benzoyl group. A cyclooxygenase inhibitor, it is used to relieve short-term pain, such as muscular pain, dental pain and dysmenorrhoea.


pheneticillin

mrdef: pheneticillin (feneticillin) is an oral acid resistant penicillin analogous to penicillin V with a range of antimicrob activity similar to penicillin G

description: A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.


anencephaly 1

description: Anencephaly is a neural tube defect. This malformation is characterized by the total or partial absence of the cranial vault and the covering skin, the brain being missing or reduced to a small mass. Most cases are stillborn, although some infants have been reported to survive for a few hours or even a few days.


ferric hydroxide

mrdef: additional RNs for iron hydroxide oxide: 11115-92-7, 20344-49-4; RN for unspecified iron hydroxide: 11113-66-9

smiles: O[Fe](O)O


extranodal nasal NK/T cell lymphoma

description: Extranodal nasal NK/T cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is a rare, malignant neoplasm mainly affecting men in the fifth decade of life, that usually arises in the nose, paranasal sinuses, orbits or upper airway, and that can present with a nasal mass, nasal bleeding, nasal obstruction, palate perforation (i.e. midline perforation of the hard palate), and mid-facial and/or upper airway destructive lesions. In advanced disease stages, which are associated with a poor prognosis, NKTCL may disseminate to other organs. A few cases of NKTCL presenting primarily in the lymph nodes have also been described.


angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma

description: A mature T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, characterized by systemic disease and a polymorphous infiltrate involving lymph nodes and extranodal sites. The clinical course is typically aggressive.


angiosarcoma

description: A malignant tumor arising from the endothelial cells of the blood vessels. Microscopically, it is characterized by frequently open vascular anastomosing and branching channels. The malignant cells that line the vascular channels are spindle or epithelioid and often display hyperchromatic nuclei. Angiosarcomas most frequently occur in the skin and breast. Patients with long-standing lymphedema are at increased risk of developing angiosarcoma.


Metastatic angiosarcoma

description: An angiosarcoma that has spread to another anatomical site.


Anhedonia

description: Inability to experience pleasurable activities usually found enjoyable.


anhidrosis

description: Lack of sweating or the ability to sweat when provoked by the appropriate stimulus.


Anisocytosis

description: Abnormally increased variability in the size of erythrocytes.


Fractured ankle

description: A fracture or multiple fractures of one or more of three bones in the ankle joint: the tibia (shinbone), the fibula (outer ankle bone), and the talus (which is the bone that connects your leg to your foot).


Anorgasmia

description: Inability of individual to reach orgasm.


anosmia

description: Loss of or impaired ability to smell. This may be caused by olfactory nerve diseases; paranasal sinus diseases; viral respiratory tract infections; craniocerebral trauma; smoking; and other conditions.


anterograde amnesia

description: Loss of the ability to form new memories beyond a certain point in time. This condition may be organic or psychogenic in origin. Organically induced anterograde amnesia may follow craniocerebral trauma; seizures; anoxia; and other conditions which adversely affect neural structures associated with memory formation (e.g., the hippocampus; fornix (brain); mammillary bodies; and anterior thalamic nuclei). (From Memory 1997 Jan-Mar;5(1-2):49-71)


Anticipatory anxiety

description: A state characterized by future-oriented worry, accompanied by negative affect and autonomic arousal.


name: Antimicrobial susceptibility test resistant