AIDS

description: A syndrome resulting from the acquired deficiency of cellular immunity caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is characterized by the reduction of the Helper T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and the lymph nodes. Symptoms include generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, weight loss, and chronic diarrhea. Patients with AIDS are especially susceptible to opportunistic infections (usually pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections, tuberculosis, candida infections, and cryptococcosis), and the development of malignant neoplasms (usually non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Kaposi sarcoma). The human immunodeficiency virus is transmitted through sexual contact, sharing of contaminated needles, or transfusion of contaminated blood.


trichilemmal cyst

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

description: Nontender, round and firm, but slightly compressible, intradermal or subcutaneous cyst measuring 0.5-5 cm in diameter. Trichilemmal cysts are acquired rather than congenital, and tend to appear on the scalp rather than the face, and to be intradermal rather than subcutaneous.


name: preterm premature rupture of the membranes

description: A female reproductive system disease characterized by rupture of chorioamniotic membranes before 37 weeks of gestation.


cholelithiasis

description: The presence of calculi in the gallbladder.


mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome

description: Kawasaki disease (KD) is a febrile, systemic, self-limiting vasculitis affecting children and characterized by inflammation in the medium sized vessels associated with coronary arterial aneurysms (CAA) that may be life threatening when untreated. KD is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries and is a risk factor for ischemic heart disease in adulthood.


Ewing sarcoma

description: A small round cell tumor that lacks morphologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic evidence of neuroectodermal differentiation. It represents one of the two ends of the spectrum called Ewing sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumor. It affects mostly males under age 20, and it can occur in soft tissue or bone. Pain and the presence of a mass are the most common clinical symptoms.


noise induced hearing loss

description: A condition in which a person loses the ability to hear due to exposure to high intensity sound.


name: metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

description: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or NAFLD) is a type of liver disease that is not caused by alcohol. It typically does not cause symptoms in the early stages, but it can cause health problems due to fat accumulation, inflammation, and scarring in the liver.


insomnia

description: A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep and/or remaining asleep.


psoriasis 14, pustular

description: Any psoriasis in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the IL36RN gene.


Barrett esophagus

description: Esophageal lesion lined with columnar metaplastic epithelium which is flat or villiform. Barrett epithelium is characterized by two different types of cells: goblet cells and columnar cells. The symptomatology of Barrett esophagus is that of gastro-esophageal reflux. It is the precursor of most esophageal adenocarcinomas. (WHO)


intracerebral hemorrhage

description: Bleeding into one or both cerebral hemispheres including the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex. It is often associated with hypertension and craniocerebral trauma.


specific language impairment 5

description: A communication disorder that involves the processing of linguistic information.


thyroid gland carcinoma

description: A carcinoma arising from the thyroid gland. It is usually an adenocarcinoma and includes the following main subtypes: follicular, papillary, medullary, poorly differentiated, and anaplastic.


Brugada syndrome

description: A genetically heterogeneous condition characterized by complete or incomplete right bundle branch block accompanied by ST elevation in leads V1-V3. There is a high incidence of ventricular arrhythmia that may result in sudden death.


isolated craniosynostosis

description: A craniosynostosis that is not part of a larger syndrome.


craniofacial microsomia

description: A congenital birth defect characterized by incomplete development or absence of face structures, usually affecting one side of the face. The defects include partially formed or absent ear, nose, lip, mandible, and/or soft palate.


differentiated thyroid carcinoma

description: Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), also known as papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma, is a slow-growing malignancy usually presenting in adults as an asymptomatic thyroid mass.


cryptosporidiosis

description: Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe diarrhea.


keratoconus

description: A degenerative, structural disorder of the eye, characterized by a cone-shaped protrusion of the cornea. It may lead to visual disturbances.


common variable immunodeficiency

description: Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) comprises a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by a significant hypogammaglobulinemia of unknown cause, failure to produce specific antibodies after immunizations and susceptibility to bacterial infections, predominantly caused by encapsulated bacteria.


aplastic anemia

description: Anemia resulting from bone marrow failure (aplastic or hypoplastic bone marrow). The production of erythroblasts and red cells is markedly decreased, and it may be associated with decreased production of granulocytes (granulocytopenia) and platelets (thrombocytopenia) as well. Aplastic anemia may be idiopathic or secondary due to bone marrow damage by toxins, radiation, or immunologic factors.


pulmonary arterial hypertension

description: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a group of diseases characterized by mean pulmonary artery pressure >20 mmHg and elevated pulmonary arterial resistance leading to right heart failure. PAH is progressive and potentially fatal. PAH may be idiopathic and/ or familial, have overt features of venous/capillary involvement (pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, PVOD/pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis, PCH), induced by drug or toxin (drug-or toxin-induced PAH), or associated with other diseases like congenital heart disease, connective tissue disease, HIV, schistosomiasis, portal hypertension (PAH associated with other disease).


interstitial lung disease

description: A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of pulmonary alveoli that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.


pneumoconiosis

description: An occupational lung disorder caused by inhalation of dust particles. It is characterized by bilateral interstitial lung infiltrates. Representative examples include asbestosis, silicosis, anthracosis, and talc pneumoconiosis.


name: eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

description: Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), previously known as Churg-Strauss syndrome, is a systemic vasculitis of small-to medium vessels, characterized by asthma, transient pulmonary infiltrates, and hypereosinophilia.


cleft lip/palate

description: Cleft lip and palate is a fissure type embryopathy extending across the upper lip, nasal base, alveolar ridge and the hard and soft palate.


name: familial clubfoot with or without associated lower limb anomalies

description: Familial clubfoot with or without associated lower limb anomalies is a rare congenital limb malformation syndrome characterized by malalignment of the bones and joints of the foot and ankle, with presence of forefoot and midfoot adductus, hindfoot varus, and ankle equinus, presenting as rigid inward turning of the foot towards the midline, in various members of a single family. Hypoplasia of lower leg muscles is a frequently associated finding. Patients may present with other low-limb malformations, such as patellar hypoplasia, oblique talus, tibial hemimelia, and polydactyly.


cleft palate

description: Cleft palate is a fissure type embryopathy that affects the soft and hard palate to varying degrees.


narcolepsy-cataplexy syndrome

description: Narcolepsy with cataplexy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive day-time sleepiness associated with uncontrollable sleep urges and cataplexy (loss of muscle tone often triggered by pleasant emotions).


hemoglobin E disease

description: Hemoglobin E disease (HbE) is a hemoglobinopathy characterized by production of abnormal variant hemoglobin known as hemoglobin E, with a generally benign, asymptomatic presentation.


autoimmune hepatitis

description: Hepatitis caused by autoantibodies. Drugs, infections, and toxins may trigger the production of the autoantibodies against the liver parenchyma.


dermatomyositis

description: Dermatomyositis (DM) is a type of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy characterized by evocative skin lesions and symmetrical proximal muscle weakness.


name: aldosterone-producing adrenal cortex adenoma

description: An adenoma of the adrenal cortex that produces aldosterone. It may be associated with Conn syndrome. Clinical presentation includes hypertension, hypokalemia, and muscle weakness.


conotruncal heart malformations

description: Conotruncal heart malformations are a group of congenital cardiac outflow tract anomalies that include such defects as tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect, double-outlet right ventricle (DORV), double-outlet left ventricle, truncus arteriosus and transposition of the great arteries (TGA), among others. This group of defects is frequently found in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. A deletion of chromosome 22q11.2 has equally been associated in a subset of patients with various types of isolated non-syndromic conotruncal heart malformations (with the exception of DORV and TGA where this is very uncommon).


systemic mastocytosis

description: Systemic mastocytosis (SM) comprises a heterogeneous group of rare acquired and chronic hematological malignancies that are related to an abnormal proliferation of mast cells in tissue, including bone marrow, with or without skin involvement.


meningioma

description: A generally slow growing tumor attached to the dura mater. It is composed of neoplastic meningothelial (arachnoidal) cells. It typically occurs in adults, often women and it has a wide range of histopathological appearances. Of the various subtypes, meningothelial, fibrous and transitional meningiomas are the most common. Most meningiomas are WHO grade I tumors, and some are WHO grade II or III tumors. Most subtypes share a common clinical behavior, although some subtypes are more likely to recur and follow a more aggressive clinical course. (Adapted from WHO)


Moyamoya disease

description: Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare intracranial arteriopathy involving progressive stenosis of the cerebral vasculature located at the base of the brain causing transient ischemic attacks or strokes.


osteochondritis dissecans

description: A rare bone disease characterized by an acquired idiopathic necrotic lesion of subchondral bone with the formation of a sequestrum, which may detach to form loose bodies in joints. OCD mainly affects the knee, ankle and elbow joints and can lead to pain, functional limitations and secondary osteoarthritis.


frontotemporal dementia

description: Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) comprises a group of neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by progressive changes in behavior, executive dysfunction and language impairment, as a result of degeneration of the medial prefrontal and frontoinsular cortices. Four clinical subtypes have been identified: semantic dementia, progressive non-fluent aphasia, behavioral variant FTD and right temporal lobar atrophy.


marginal zone lymphoma

description: A usually indolent mature B-cell lymphoma, arising from the marginal zone of lymphoid tissues. It is characterized by the presence of small to medium sized atypical lymphocytes. It comprises three entities, according to the anatomic sites involved: extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, which affects extranodal sites (most often stomach, lung, skin, and ocular adnexa); nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, which affects lymph nodes without evidence of extranodal disease; and splenic marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, which affects the spleen and splenic hilar lymph nodes, bone marrow, and often the peripheral blood.


Takayasu arteritis

description: A rare inflammatory large-vessel vasculitis primarily affecting the aorta and its major branches, but also other large vessels, causing stenosis, occlusion, or aneurysm.


tuberculosis

description: A chronic, recurrent infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB) may affect almost any tissue or organ of the body with the lungs being the most common site of infection. The clinical stages of TB are primary or initial infection, latent or dormant infection, and recrudescent or adult-type TB. Ninety to 95% of primary TB infections may go unrecognized. Histopathologically, tissue lesions consist of granulomas which usually undergo central caseation necrosis. Local symptoms of TB vary according to the part affected; acute symptoms include hectic fever, sweats, and emaciation; serious complications include granulomatous erosion of pulmonary bronchi associated with hemoptysis. If untreated, progressive TB may be associated with a high degree of mortality. This infection is frequently observed in immunocompromised individuals with AIDS or a history of illicit IV drug use.


Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease

description: A bilateral, chronic, diffuse granulomatous panuveitis typically characterized by serous retinal detachment and frequently associated with neurological (meningitis), auditory, and dermatological alterations.


Gaucher disease

description: Gaucher disease (GD) is a lysosomal storage disorder encompassing three main forms (types 1, 2 and 3), a fetal form and a variant with cardiac involvement (Gaucher disease - ophthalmoplegia - cardiovascular calcification or Gaucher-like disease).


glioblastoma

description: The most malignant astrocytic tumor (WHO grade IV). It is composed of poorly differentiated neoplastic astrocytes and it is characterized by the presence of cellular polymorphism, nuclear atypia, brisk mitotic activity, vascular thrombosis, microvascular proliferation and necrosis. It typically affects adults and is preferentially located in the cerebral hemispheres. It may develop from diffuse astrocytoma WHO grade II or anaplastic astrocytoma (secondary glioblastoma, IDH-mutant), but more frequently, it manifests after a short clinical history de novo, without evidence of a less malignant precursor lesion (primary glioblastoma, IDH- wildtype). (Adapted from WHO)


Stevens-Johnson syndrome

description: Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a limited form of toxic epidermal necrolysis characterized by destruction and detachment of the skin epithelium and mucous membranes involving less than 10% of the body surface area.


Hirschsprung disease

description: Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital intestinal motility disorder that is characterized by signs of intestinal obstruction due to the presence of an aganglionic segment of variable extent in the terminal part of the colon.


adult-onset myasthenia gravis

description: Acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction characterized by fatigable muscle weakness with frequent ocular signs and/or generalized muscle weakness, and occasionally associated with thymoma.


refractory celiac disease

description: Refractory celiac disease (RCD) is a complex autoimmune disorder much like the more common celiac disease but, unlike celiac disease, it is resistant or unresponsive to at least 12 months of treatment with a strict gluten-free diet. Gliadin, a component of the wheat storage protein gluten, together with similar proteins in barley and rye, are the villains that trigger the immune reaction in celiac disease. The diagnosis of RCD is made by exclusion, especially of any other disorder that can affect the huge number of thread-like projections that line the interior of the intestine (intestinal villi), such as intestinal lymphoma, Crohn's disease, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth or hypogammaglobulinemia.


neonatal lupus erythematosus

description: A self-limited skin rash that appears in the neonatal period and usually resolves in four to six months after birth. It is caused by placental transfer of maternal autoantibodies, usually anti-Ro antibody. In a minority of cases, it is associated with congenital heart block, hepatitis, or thrombocytopenia. The mothers of the affected babies may be asymptomatic or suffer from systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, or rheumatoid arthritis.


malignant epithelial tumor of ovary

description: An invasive malignant tumor that originates from the surface epithelium of the ovary. It is composed of malignant epithelial cells and stroma. Representative examples include serous adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, endometrioid adenocarcinoma, clear cell adenocarcinoma, and malignant Brenner tumor.


name: pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection


small intestine neuroendocrine neoplasm

description: A neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the small intestine. It includes well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (low and intermediate grade) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (high grade).


sclerosing cholangitis

description: A chronic, autoimmune inflammatory liver disorder characterized by narrowing and scarring of the lumen of the bile ducts. It is often seen in patients with ulcerative colitis. Signs and symptoms include jaundice, fatigue, and malabsorption. It may lead to cirrhosis and liver failure.


acute myeloid leukemia

description: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a group of neoplasms arising from precursor cells committed to the myeloid cell-line differentiation. All of them are characterized by clonal expansion of myeloid blasts. AML manifests by fever, pallor, anemia, hemorrhages and recurrent infections.


myelodysplastic syndrome

description: A clonal hematopoietic disorder characterized by dysplasia and ineffective hematopoiesis in one or more of the hematopoietic cell lines. The dysplasia may be accompanied by an increase in myeloblasts, but the number is less than 20%, which, according to the WHO guidelines, is the requisite threshold for the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia. It may occur de novo or as a result of exposure to alkylating agents and/or radiotherapy. (WHO, 2001)


vasculitis

description: Vasculitis represents a clinically heterogenous group of diseases of multifactorial etiology characterized by inflammation of either large-sized vessels (large-vessel vasculitis, e.g. Giant-cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis), medium-sized vessels (medium-vessel vasculitis e.g. polyarteritis nodosa and Kawasaki disease), or small-sized vessels (small-vessel vasculitis, e.g. granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis, immunoglobulin A vasculitis, and cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis). Vasculitis occurs at any age, may be acute or chronic, and manifests with general symptoms such as fever, weight loss and fatigue, as well as more specific clinical signs depending on the type of vessels and organs affected. The degree of severity is variable, ranging from life or sight threatening disease (e.g. Behcet disease) to relatively minor skin disease.


posterior cortical atrophy

description: Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA) is a rare progressive neurodegenerative disorder with a typical onset between 50-65 years of age characterized by progressive impairment of higher visual processing skills and other posterior cortical functions without any evidence of ocular abnormalities.


diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

description: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in adults characterized by a median age of presentation in the sixth decade of life (but also rarely occurring in adolescents and children) with the initial presentation being single or multiple rapidly growing masses (that may or may not be painful) in nodal or extranodal sites (such as thyroid, skin, breast, gastrointestinal tract, testes, bone, or brain) and that can be accompanied by symptoms of fever, night sweats and weight loss. DLBCL has an aggressive disease course, with the elderly having a poorer prognosis than younger patients, and with relapses being common.


follicular lymphoma

description: Follicular lymphoma is a form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by a proliferation of B cells whose nodular structure of follicular architecture is preserved.


non-Hodgkin lymphoma

description: Distinct from Hodgkin lymphoma both morphologically and biologically, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is characterized by the absence of Reed-Sternberg cells, can occur at any age, and usually presents as a localized or generalized lymphadenopathy associated with fever and weight loss. The clinical course varies according to the morphologic type. NHL is clinically classified as indolent, aggressive, or having a variable clinical course. NHL can be of B-or T-/NK-cell lineage.


kidney Wilms tumor

description: An embryonal pediatric tumor of the kidney which may also be seen rarely in adults. The peak incidence of Wilms tumor is between the second and fifth year of life. Microscopically, it is composed of a mixture of cellular elements (blastemal, stromal, and epithelial). The most common sites of metastasis include the regional lymph nodes, lungs, and liver.


Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy

description: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) is a recently described acute cardiac syndrome that mimics acute myocardial infarction and is characterized by ischemic chest symptoms, an elevated ST segment on electrocardiogram, and elevated levels of cardiac disease markers.


cutaneous mastocytosis

description: Cutaneous mastocytosis is a term referring to a group of diseases characterized by abnormal accumulation and proliferation of skin mastocytes. In some cases (most commonly in adults), cutaneous mastocytosis may occur in association with mast cell infiltration of various extracutaneous organs, in which case the disorder is referred to as systemic mastocytosis.


progressive supranuclear palsy

description: A rare late-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by supranuclear gaze palsy, postural instability, progressive rigidity, and mild dementia.


bullous pemphigoid

description: Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common form of autoimmune bullous dermatosis.


carcinoma of esophagus

description: Esophageal carcinoma (EC) is a tumor arising in the epithelial cells lining the esophagus and can be divided into two subtypes: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC).


cholangiocarcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from the intrahepatic biliary tree (intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma) or from the junction, or adjacent to the junction, of the right and left hepatic ducts (hilar cholangiocarcinoma). Grossly, the malignant lesions are solid, nodular, and grayish. Morphologically, the vast majority of cases are adenocarcinomas. Signs and symptoms include malaise, weight loss, right upper quadrant abdominal pain, and night sweats. Early detection is difficult and the prognosis is generally poor.


bronchopulmonary dysplasia

description: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a chronic respiratory disease that results from complications related to lung injury during the treatment of infant acute respiratory distress syndrome in low-birth-weight premature infants or from abnormal lung development in older infants. Clinical signs are tachypnea, tachycardia and signs of respiratory distress such as intercostal recession, grunting and nasal flaring.


neuromyelitis optica

description: A rare inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized mainly by attacks of uni- or bilateral optic neuritis (ON) and acute myelitis.


polymyositis

description: A rare idiopathic inflammatory myopathy characterized by symmetric proximal muscle weakness and elevated muscle enzymes.


central precocious puberty

description: Central precocious puberty (CPP), also referred to as gonadotropin dependent precocious puberty, is an endocrine-related developmental disease characterized by the onset of pubertal changes, with development of secondary sexual characteristics and accelerated growth and bone maturation, before the normal age of puberty (8 years in girls and 9 years in boys).


familial long QT syndrome

description: A hereditary cardiac disease characterized by a prolongation of the QT interval at basal ECG and by a high risk of life-threatening arrhythmias.


retinitis pigmentosa

description: Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited retinal dystrophy leading to progressive loss of the photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium and resulting in blindness usually after several decades.


thyrotoxic periodic paralysis

description: Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is a rare neurological disease characterized by recurrent episodes of paralysis and hypokalemia during a thyrotoxic state.


SAPHO syndrome

description: SAPHO syndrome (acronym for Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis and Osteitis) is an auto-inflammatory disease, mainly characterized by the association of neutrophilic cutaneous involvement and chronic osteomyelitis.


lymphedema

description: Excess fluid collection in tissues, causing swelling. It is the result of obstruction of lymphatic vessels or lymph nodes.


pemphigus foliaceus

description: Pemphigus foliaceous is a rare superficial pemphigus disease characterized by multiple, pruritic, scaly, crusted cutaneous erosions, with flaky circumscribed patches, localized mostly on the face, scalp, trunk and extremities, often presenting an erythematous base. Mucosal involvement is rarely observed.


sarcoidosis

description: Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic disorder of unknown cause characterized by the formation of immune granulomas in involved organs.


shigellosis

description: Shigellosis is a bacterial infection leading to dysentery and is caused by Shigella, which are small, ubiquitous Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the enterobacteria family. There are four species: S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii and S. sonnei, all of which cause bacillary dysentery and are strictly limited to human hosts.


adult-onset Still disease

description: A rare inflammatory multisystem disorder characterized clinically by fever of unknown origin, arthralgia or arthritis, hyperleucocytosis, and typical skin rash.


name: rheumatoid factor-negative juvenile idiopathic arthritis

description: Rheumatoid factor-negative polyarthritis is a term used to describe a group of poorly defined heterogenous conditions that incorporates forms of rheumatoid factor-negative polyarthritis and forms of oligoarticular arthritis that become extensive in less than 6 months after onset.


name: oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis

description: Oligoarticular juvenile arthritis is the most common form of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), representing nearly 50% of cases.


name: systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis

description: Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis is marked by the severity of the extra-articular manifestations (fever, cutaneous eruptions) and by an equal sex ratio.


AL amyloidosis

description: AL Amyloidosis is a plasma cell disorder characterized by the aggregation and deposition of insoluble amyloid fibrils derived from misfolding of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains usually produced by a plasma cell tumor. It usually presents as primary systemic amyloidosis (PSA) with multiple organ involvement and less frequently as primary localized amyloidosis (PLA) restricted to a single organ.


extranodal nasal NK/T cell lymphoma

description: Extranodal nasal NK/T cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is a rare, malignant neoplasm mainly affecting men in the fifth decade of life, that usually arises in the nose, paranasal sinuses, orbits or upper airway, and that can present with a nasal mass, nasal bleeding, nasal obstruction, palate perforation (i.e. midline perforation of the hard palate), and mid-facial and/or upper airway destructive lesions. In advanced disease stages, which are associated with a poor prognosis, NKTCL may disseminate to other organs. A few cases of NKTCL presenting primarily in the lymph nodes have also been described.


congenital heart malformation

description: A disease that has its basis in the disruption of heart development.


renal agenesis, unilateral

description: Unilateral renal agenesis (URA) is a form of renal agenesis characterized by the complete absence of development of one kidney accompanied by an absent ureter.


posterior urethral valve

description: Posterior urethral valve (PUV) is the most common anomaly of fetal lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) and is characterized by an abnormal congenital obstructing membrane that is located within the posterior urethra associated with significant obstruction of the male bladder restricting normal bladder emptying.


toxic epidermal necrolysis

description: Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is an acute and severe skin disease with clinical and histological features characterized by the destruction and detachment of the skin epithelium and mucous membranes.


anorectal malformation

description: An abnormality of the anus or rectum.


central nervous system malformation

description: An abnormality of the nervous system.


uveitis

description: An inflammatory process affecting a part of or the entire uvea. Causes include inflammatory agents (e.g., herpes simplex, herpes zoster, leptospirosis) and systemic diseases (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis). Patients present with pain and redness in the eye, light sensitivity, and blurred and decreased vision.


familial atrioventricular septal defect

description: A spectrum of septal defects involving the atrial septum; ventricular septum; and the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid valve; bicuspid valve). These defects are due to incomplete growth and fusion of the endocardial cushions which are important in the formation of two atrioventricular canals, site of future atrioventricular valves.


name: mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis

description: Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis is a rare epilepsy syndrome defined by seizures originating in limbic areas of the mesial temporal lobe, particularly in the hippocampus, amygdala, and in the parahippocampal gyrus and its connections, and hippocampal sclerosis, usually unilateral or assymetric. It is frequently associated with an initial precipitating event, such as febrile seizures, hypoxia, intracranial infection or head trauma, most often occurring in the first five years of life, followed by a latent period without seizures. Typical seizures consist of a characteristic aura that is frequently a rising epigastric sensation associated with emotional disturbances, illusions, and autonomic symptoms (widened pupils, palpitations), progressive impairment of consciousness, oro-alimentary automatisms (lip smacking, chewing, licking, tooth grinding), behavioral arrest, head deviation, dystonic postures, hand and verbal automatisms. Seizures are followed by postictal dysfunction. Initially, seizures are easily controlled with antiepileptic drugs, later they frequently become refractory and associated with progressive behavioral changes and memory deficits.


chronic graft versus host disease

description: Chronic graft versus host disease (GVHD) is a complication that can occur after a stem cell or bone marrow transplant in which the newly transplanted donor cells attack the transplant recipient's body. Symptoms may include skin rash, mouth sores, dry eyes, liver inflammation, development of scar tissue in the skin and joints, and damage to the lungs. The exact cause of chronic GVHD is unknown.It likely results from a complex immune-mediated interaction between the donor and recipient cells.Chronic GVHD is treated with prednisone or other similar anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive medications.


disorder of pharynx

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the pharynx. Representative examples include pharyngitis and carcinoma.


AIDS dementia complex

description: A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)


hemochromatosis type 1

description: Hemochromatosis type 1 (classic) is the most common form of hereditary hemochromatosis (HH), a group of diseases characterized by excessive tissue iron deposition. Due to its incidence (1/200-1/1000), it is not considered as a rare disease, unlike the other subforms of the disease


pancreatic neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm involving the pancreas.


glioma

description: A benign or malignant brain and spinal cord tumor that arises from glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells). Tumors that arise from astrocytes are called astrocytic tumors or astrocytomas. Tumors that arise from oligodendrocytes are called oligodendroglial tumors. Tumors that arise from ependymal cells are called ependymomas.


anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis

description: An autoimmune acute encephalitis caused by antibodies against the glutamate NMDA receptor. It usually affects females and in the majority of cases it is associated with the presence of a tumor, most commonly an ovarian teratoma. The presence of a tumor in patients with this form of encephalitis implies that the latter is a paraneoplastic syndrome. It is manifested with psychiatric symptoms and epileptic seizures. It is a potentially lethal disorder; however, it is usually reversible with the prompt removal of the tumor.


vision disorder

description: Any impairment to the vision.


breast neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm of the breast parenchyma. It can originate from the ducts, lobules or the breast adipose tissue. Breast neoplasms are much more common in females than males.


meningitis

description: A disorder characterized by acute inflammation of the meninges of the brain and/or spinal cord.


respiratory failure

description: The significant impairment of gas exchange within the lungs resulting in hypoxia, hypercarbia, or both, to the extent that organ tissue perfusion is severely compromised. Causes include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, emphysema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pneumothorax, and congestive heart failure. Treatment requires intubation and mechanical ventilation until the time the lungs recover sufficient function.


luminal A breast carcinoma

description: A biologic subset of breast carcinoma defined by high expression of genes characteristic of luminal epithelial cells, including estrogen receptor (ER), estrogen regulated protein LIV-1, and the transcription factors hepatocyte nuclear factor 3, HNF3A, XBP1, and GATA 3. This subtype of breast cancer is associated with a good prognosis.


female infertility

description: Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.


myositis disease

description: An inflammatory disease involving a pathogenic inflammatory response in the muscle tissue.


hyperlipidemia

description: Elevated levels of lipids in the blood.


brain neoplasm

description: A neoplasm (disease) that involves the brain.


oral cavity neoplasm

description: A neoplasm (disease) that involves the oral cavity.


gallbladder neoplasm

description: A neoplasm (disease) that involves the gall bladder.


polyp of large intestine

description: A polyp that involves the large intestine.


polyp of colon

description: A polyp that involves the colon.


polyp of gallbladder

description: A polyp that involves the gall bladder.


coronary atherosclerosis

description: Atherosclerosis of the coronary vasculature.


chlamydia infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.


corticobasal degeneration disorder

description: A progressive neurodegenerative condition affecting the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia. The disorder is characterized by varying degrees of cognitive and motor impairment.


enuresis

description: An elimination disorder characterized by urinary incontinence, whether involuntary or intentional, which is not due to a medical condition and which occurs at or beyond an age at which continence is expected (usually 5 years).


sciatica

description: A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of sciatic neuropathy; radiculopathy (involving the spinal nerve roots; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with intervertebral disk displacement); or lesions of the cauda equina.


aortic valve disease 1

description: Any aortic valve disease in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the NOTCH1 gene.


hypertensive nephropathy

description: Kidney damage that results from chronically elevated blood pressure; complications include glomerular damage resulting in proteinuria and hematuria.


myocardial ischemia

description: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary artery disease), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction).


urolithiasis

description: Stone(s) within the urinary tract.


hypertension, pregnancy-induced

description: A hypertensive disorder that develops during pregnancy.


prurigo nodularis

description: Prurigonodularis (PN) is a skin disease in which hard crusty lumps are formed on the skin that itches intensely. Repetitive rubbing, scratching, and touching results in more lesions in the skin. The itching is so intense that people scratch themselves to the point of bleeding or pain. The lumps formed in the skin are hard, and have about a half inch across, with a dry and rough top that is often scratched open. They tend to be located in the areas most easily reached and are worse on the outer sides: arms, shoulders and legs. The trunk, face and even palms can also be affected. The exact cause is unknown but some factors triggering PN include liver and kidneys problems, nervous and mental conditions and other skin diseases. Prurigo nodulares, in some cases, can be seen in other diseases such as lymphoma, chronic autoimmune cholestatic hepatitis, HIV infection, severe anemia,or a chronic kidney disease-related itching known as uremic pruritus. Treatment is very difficult, and may include corticoids, antihistaminic and other medication such as thalidomide and similar (Lenalidomide). In some cases, cryotherapy, photochemotherapy and habit reversal therapy for the itch-scratch cycle has improved the symptoms. PN can last for many years, and the itching is so intense that may affect all the everyday activities.


postherpetic neuralgia

description: Pain that occurs after the disappearance of herpes zoster infection lesions.


digestive system infectious disorder

description: A viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infectious process that affects the digestive system.


radiation-induced disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder which results from exposure to radiation. Examples of non-neoplastic disorders include dermatitis, enteritis, stomatitis, pneumonitis, and cerebritis. Examples of neoplastic disorders include myelodysplastic syndromes, leukemias, and sarcomas.


cluster headache syndrome

description: A headache disorder that is characterized by periodic severe, unilateral orbital, supraorbital, and/or temporal pain, and is associated with ipsilateral cranial autonomic symptoms.


alcoholic liver diseases

description: A disorder caused by damage to the liver parenchyma due to alcohol consumption. It may present with an acute onset or follow a chronic course, leading to cirrhosis.


vitreous body disorder

description: Any disease affecting the vitreous body of the eye.


name: central nervous system non-hodgkin lymphoma

description: A non-Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from the central nervous system.


tendinopathy

description: Disorders that are causes by overuse of tendons.


description: A disease caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.


parasomnia, sleepwalking type

description: A disorder in which a series of complex behaviors are initiated during slow-wave (non-REM) sleep and result in walking during sleep. It is a parasomnia, defined as a clinical disorder resulting in undesirable physical phenomena that occur predominantly during sleep. Parasomnias are not abnormalities of the processes responsible for sleep and wake states. Sleepwalking is more common in childhood (up to 26%), and usually resolves in adolescence; however, it can persist into adulthood (3%).


Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia

description: Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia in a patient who has at least one first degree relative with either Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia or another B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder.


focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

description: A renal disorder characterized by sclerotic lesions in the glomeruli. Causes include drugs, viruses, and malignancies (lymphomas), or it may be idiopathic. It presents with asymptomatic proteinuria or nephritic syndrome and it may lead to renal failure.


migraine without aura

description: A migraine disorder characterized by episodes that occur in the absence of preceding focal neurological symptoms.


azoospermia

description: A male infertility disease characterized by the absence of any measurable level of sperm in semen.


name: B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with t(1;19)(q23;p13.3); E2A-PBX1 (TCF3-PBX1)

description: A B-cell acute leukemia characterized by the presence of lymphoblasts that carry a translocation between the E2A gene on chromosome 19 and the PBX1 gene on chromosome 1. It occurs in children and less often in adults.


interstitial lung disease 2

description: A nonneoplastic pulmonary disease that is characterized by the formation of scar tissue within the lungs in the absence of any known cause.


erythema nodosum

description: A panniculitis that is characterized by sudden onset of painful, erythematous, subcutaneous nodules mainly localized to the pretibial areas. Lesions are usually bilateral and symmetrical, ranging from 1 to 5 cm in diameter.


antiphospholipid syndrome

description: A disorder caused by the presence of autoantibodies directed against phospholipids, causing a hypercoaguable state, which may result in blood clots, stroke, heart attack, and in women, significant pregnancy-related complications, including miscarriage and still birth. The syndrome is often associated with other autoimmune disorders, most commonly lupus erythematosus, and infections, including syphilis and Lyme disease.


Decreased Attention

category: biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:NamedThing biolink:ThingWithTaxon

description: Impaired ability to focus on a subject or idea.


Obstructive Ureterocele

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: A ureterocele with a small, obstructive orifice.


ureterocele

description: A cystic and dysplastic dilation of the distal ureter within the bladder that may extend into the bladder neck and urethra.


Orthotopic ureterocele

description: A ureterocele that is located entirely within the bladder, and which may be associated with a single system, with the upper pole ureter of a completely duplicated system, or rarely associated with a lower pole ureter. (Adapted from Glassberg KI, Braren V, Duckett JW, Jacobs EC, King LR, Lebowitz RL et al. Suggested terminology for duplex systems, ectopic ureters and ureteroceles. J Urol 1984; 132(6):1153-1154.)


Sphincteric Ureterocele

description: A ureterocele in which the orifice is distal to the external urinary sphincter.


Cecoureterocele

description: A ureterocele in which the orifice is located in the bladder, with the ureterocele pouch extending submucosally into the urethra.


Ectopic ureterocele

description: A ureterocele in which some portion of the ureterocele is situated permanently at the bladder neck or in the urethra. The orifice may be situated in the bladder, at the bladder neck, or in the urethra. (Adapted from Glassberg KI, Braren V, Duckett JW, Jacobs EC, King LR, Lebowitz RL et al. Suggested terminology for duplex systems, ectopic ureters and ureteroceles. J Urol 1984; 132(6):1153-1154.)


taurodontism

description: Taurodontism is a dental anomaly characterized by an elongated pulp chamber, displaced toward the apical floor of the tooth with no constriction at the level of the cemento-enamel junction, and short roots. It most frequently affects permanent molar teeth. Taurodontism increases the risk of pulp exposure. It can be isolated or associated with certain syndromes such as Down syndrome, amelogenesis imperfecta, and Klinefelter syndrome.


name: myasthenic syndrome, congenital, 23, presynaptic


name: nephrolithiasis susceptibility caused by SLC26A1


Postsurgical Stage II Hepatoblastoma

description: No metastases, tumor grossly resected with microscopic residual disease (i.e., positive margins); or tumor rupture, or tumor spill at the time of surgery. (from PDQ 2004)


primary ciliary dyskinesia 4

description: A primary ciliary dyskinesia that is characterized by partial absence of the inner dynein arms with variable occurrence of situs inversus and has material basis in variation in the chromosome region 15q13.1-q15.1.


cystoid macular edema

description: An autosomal dominantly inherited cystoid macular edema manifesting with macular atrophy, strabismus and, sometimes, pericentral retinitis pigmentosa. It is associated with a poor visual prognosis.


macular retinal edema

description: Accumulation of intraretinal fluid and protein in the macula, which may result in swelling and decreased central vision.


infantile diarrhea

description: Diarrhea occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.


name: Premature birth following premature rupture of fetal membranes

category: biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing


Premature rupture of membranes

description: Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is a condition which occurs in pregnancy when the amniotic sac ruptures more than an hour before the onset of labor.


Preterm premature rupture of membranes

description: PPROM (preterm premature rupture of membranes) occurs at less than 37 weeks of gestation. PPROM can happen spontaneously, during preterm labor, or following a procedure such as amniocentesis.


atrioventricular septal defect 4

description: Any atrioventricular septal defect in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the GATA4 gene.


name: structural congenital heart disease, multiple types - GATA4

description: Any congenital heart disease in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the GATA4 gene.


ventricular septal defect 1

description: Any ventricular septal defect in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the GATA4 gene.


atrial septal defect 2

description: Any atrial heart septal defect in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the GATA4 gene.


name: severe combined immunodeficiency, autosomal recessive, T cell-negative, B cell-negative, NK cell-negative, due to adenosine deaminase deficiency

description: A form of SCID characterized by profound lymphopenia and very low immunoglobulin levels of all isotypes resulting in severe and recurrent opportunistic infections.


reactive arthritis

description: Reactive arthritis (ReA) is an autoimmune disorder belonging to the group of seronegative spondyloarthropathies and is characterized by the classic triad of arthritis, urethritis and conjunctivitis.


Localized Parathyroid Gland Carcinoma

description: A parathyroid gland carcinoma that has not spread to other anatomic sites.


name: Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage

description: A term that refers to the staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition.


name: Refractory Thyroid Gland Oncocytic Carcinoma

description: Thyroid gland oncocytic carcinoma that is resistant to treatment.


name: Stage II Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma AJCC v7

description: Stage II includes: Under 45 years: Any T, Any N, M1.  45 years and older: T2, N0, M0.  T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M1: Distant metastasis.  M0: No evidence of distant metastasis.  (from AJCC 7th Ed.)


name: Oropharyngeal (p16-Negative) Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage

description: A term that refers to the staging of p16-negative oropharyngeal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.


name: Thyroid Gland Sclerosing Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma with Eosinophilia

description: A rare type of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the thyroid gland, usually associated with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis.  It exhibits a unique morphologic appearance consisting of a squamoid, nested growth pattern, dense fibrosis, and mucinous differentiation.  The histogenesis of this unusual carcinoma has been debated, and it is unclear if it arises from remnants of the ultimobranchial body or from the follicular epithelial cells.


name: Stage I Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma AJCC v8

description: Stage I includes: Under 55 years: Any T, Any N, M0. 55 years and older: (T1, N0/NX, M0); (T2, N0/NX, M0).  T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. N0: No evidence of locoregional lymph node metastasis. NX: Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


name: Unresectable Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

description: Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


name: Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Nonkeratinizing Carcinoma

description: Nasopharyngeal non-keratinizing carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.


Stage IVC Laryngeal Cancer AJCC v8

description: Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


name: Hypopharyngeal Spindle Cell Squamous Carcinoma

description: A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the hypopharynx. It is characterized by the presence of a malignant spindle cell cellular component. In some cases, there is a biphasic morphology due to the presence of a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma component. The latter is either in situ or invasive squamous cell carcinoma.


name: Metastatic Thyroid Gland Anaplastic Carcinoma

description: Thyroid gland anaplastic carcinoma that has spread from the original site of growth to another anatomic site.


name: Hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma stage III

description: Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0).  T3: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm in greatest dimension or with fixation of hemilarynx or extension to esophagus.  T1: Tumor limited to one subsite of hypopharynx and/or 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T2: Tumor invades more than one subsite of the hypopharynx or an adjacent site, or measures more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest diameter without fixation of hemilarynx.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


name: Oropharyngeal Human Papillomavirus-Related Non-Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma

description: An oropharyngeal human papillomavirus-related squamous cell carcinoma characterized by the absence of keratinization and intercellular bridges.


name: Stage I Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v6

description: Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0.  T1: Tumor limited to one subsite of the hypopharynx and 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th ed.)


name: Spindle Cell Variant Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma

description: Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland with focal areas of spindle cell metaplasia.


Locally Advanced Laryngeal Carcinoma

description: Laryngeal carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Carcinoma of pyriform fossa

description: A carcinoma that arises from the pyriform sinus.  Patients usually present with advanced stage disease and the prognosis is poor.


name: Refractory Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma

description: Differentiated thyroid gland carcinoma that is resistant to treatment.


Stage I Laryngeal Cancer AJCC v6 and v7

description: Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0.  T1: (Supraglottis) Tumor limited to one subsite of supraglottis with normal vocal cord mobility. (Glottis) Tumor limited to the vocal cord(s) (may involve anterior or posterior commissure) with normal mobility.  (Subglottis) Tumor limited to the subglottis.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


Laryngeal Cancer by AJCC v8 Stage

description: A term that refers to the staging of laryngeal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.


name: Pathologic Stage I HPV-Mediated (p16-Positive) Oropharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8

description: Stage I includes: (T0, N0, M0); (T0, N1, M0); (T1, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N0, M0); (T2, N1, M0). T0: No primary identified. T1: Tumor 2 cm or smaller in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor larger than 2 cm but not larger than 4 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Tumor with metastasis in four or fewer lymph nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


name: Stage IVB Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma AJCC v8

description: Stage IVB includes: T4b, Any N, M0. T4b: Very advanced disease; tumor of any size with extension towards the spine or into nearby large blood vessels, invading the prevertebral fascia, or encasing the carotid artery or mediastinal vessels. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


name: Stage IVC Laryngeal Verrucous Carcinoma AJCC v7

description: Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1.  M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


name: Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma with Fibromatosis/Fasciitis-Like/Desmoid-Type Stroma

description: A rare morphologic variant of papillary thyroid gland carcinoma characterized by the presence of abundant and cellular stroma resembling nodular fasciitis, fibromatosis, or other proliferative myofibroblastic processes. (WHO)


name: Stage I Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma Under 55 Years AJCC v8

description: Stage I includes: Any T, Any N, M0. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Stage II Laryngeal Cancer AJCC v8

description: Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Supraglottis: Tumor invades the mucosa of more than one adjacent subsite of supraglottis or glottis or region outside the supraglottis (e.g., mucosa of base of the tongue, vallecula, medial wall of pyriform sinus) without fixation of the larynx. Glottis: Tumor extends to supraglottis and/or subglottis, and/or with impaired vocal cord mobility. Subglottis: Tumor extends to vocal cord(s) with normal or impaired mobility. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


Laryngeal verrucous carcinoma stage IV

description: Stage IV includes: IVA: (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB: (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); IVC: (Any T, Any N, M1).  T4a: Supraglottis: Moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor invades through the thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscle of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus).  Glottis: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor invades through the outer cortex of the thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscles of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus).  Subglottis: Moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor invades cricoid or thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscles of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus).  T4b: Supraglottis, Glottis, and Subglottis: Very advanced local disease.  Tumor invades prevertebral space, encases carotid artery, or invades mediastinal structures.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3cm or less in greatest dimension.  N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension.  N3: Metastasis in a lymph node, more than 6 cm in greatest dimension.  M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


name: Stage III Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v7

description: Stage III includes: (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N0, M0); (T3, N1, M0); (T3, N2, M0). T1: Nasopharyngeal cancer with tumor confined to the nasopharynx, or tumor extending to oropharynx and/or nasal cavity without parapharyngeal extension.  Parapharyngeal extension denotes posterolateral infiltration of tumor. T2: Nasopharyngeal cancer with parapharyngeal extension.  Parapharyngeal extension denotes posterolateral infiltration of tumor.  T3: Nasopharyngeal cancer with tumor involving bony structures of skull base and/or paranasal sinuses.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Nasopharyngeal cancer with unilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa, and/or unilateral or bilateral, retropharyngeal lymph nodes, 6 cm or less in greatest dimension.  Midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes.  N2: Nasopharyngeal cancer with bilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa.  Midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


name: Stage IVA Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma AJCC v8

description: Stage IVA includes: 55 years and older: T4b, Any N, M0. T4b: Gross extrathyroidal extension invading prevertebral fascia or encasing the carotid artery or mediastinal vessels from a tumor of any size. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


name: Stage IVC Oropharyngeal (p16-Negative) Carcinoma AJCC v8

description: Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


name: Metastatic Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma

description: A follicular carcinoma that arises from the thyroid gland and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


hypopharynx squamous cell carcinoma

description: A squamous cell carcinoma that involves the hypopharynx.


name: Stage IVA Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8

description: Stage IVA includes: (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0); (T4, N2, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); T4: Tumor with intracranial extension, involvement of cranial nerves, hypopharynx, orbit, parotid gland, and/or extensive soft tissue infiltration beyond the lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid muscle.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Tumor with unilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), and/or unilateral or bilateral metastasis in retropharyngeal lymph node(s), 6 cm or smaller in greatest dimension, above the caudal border of cricoid cartilage. N2: Tumor with bilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or smaller in greatest dimension, above the caudal border of cricoid cartilage. N3: Tumor with unilateral or bilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), larger than 6 cm in greatest dimension, and/or extension below the caudal border of cricoid cartilage. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


name: Stage IVA Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma AJCC v8


name: Hypopharyngeal Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma

description: A high-grade, aggressive variant of squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the hypopharynx. It is characterized by the presence of small malignant cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and scant amount of cytoplasm forming lobules with peripheral palisading.


name: Stage IV Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v6

description: Stage IV includes: IVA (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1).  T4a: Tumor invades thyroid/cricoid cartilage, hyoid bone, thyroid gland, esophagus, or central compartment soft tissue.  T4b: Tumor invades prevertebral fascia, encases carotid artery, or involves mediastinal structures.  N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3cm but not more than 6cm in greatest dimension, or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension.  N2a: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension.  N2b: Metastasis in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N2c: Metastasis in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension.  N3: Metastasis in a lymph node more than 6 cm in greatest dimension.  M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)


name: Clinical Stage IV HPV-Mediated (p16-Positive) Oropharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8

description: Stage IV includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


name: Unresectable Nasopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

description: Nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


name: Stage IV Oropharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma AJCC v7

description: Stage IV includes: IVA (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a: Tumor with moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor invades the larynx, extrinsic muscle of tongue, medial pterygoid, hard palate, or mandible.  Mucosal extension to lingual surface of epiglottis from primary tumors of the base of the tongue and vallecula does not constitute invasion of larynx. T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension.  T3: Tumor measuring more than 4 centimeters in greatest dimension or extension to lingual surface of epiglottis.  T4b: Tumor with very advanced local disease.  Tumor invades lateral pterygoid muscle, pterygoid plates, lateral nasopharynx, or skull base or encases carotid artery. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. N2: Tumor with metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. N3: Tumor with metastasis in a lymph node more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis.  M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Metastatic Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from the hypopharynx and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


name: Stage II Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma AJCC v8

description: Stage II includes: Under 55 years: Any T, Any N, M1; 55 years and older: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3a/T3b, Any N, M0). T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3a: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3b: Gross extrathyroidal extension invading only strap muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, or omohyoid muscles) from a tumor of any size. N1: Metastasis to regional nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


name: Stage IVB Oropharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma AJCC v7

description: Stage IVB includes: (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0). T4b: Tumor with very advanced local disease.  Tumor invades lateral pterygoid muscle, pterygoid plates, lateral nasopharynx, or skull base or encases carotid artery. N3: Tumor with metastasis in a lymph node more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


name: Nasopharyngeal Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

description: An extremely rare small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma that arises from the nasopharynx.


pharynx carcinoma in situ

description: Stage 0 carcinoma of the pharynx according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th, 7th, and 8th editions.


name: Stage IVC Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7

description: Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


name: Unresectable Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

description: Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


name: Stage IVB Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma AJCC v7

description: Stage IVB includes: T4b, Any N, M0. T4b: Very advanced disease.  Tumor invades prevertebral fascia or encases carotid artery or mediastinal vessels.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


Recurrent Thyroid Carcinoma

description: The reemergence of thyroid gland carcinoma after a period of remission.


carcinoma in situ of nasopharynx

description: A in situ carcinoma that involves the nasopharynx.


name: Nasopharyngeal lymphoepithelioma stage II

description: Stage II includes: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N0, M0); (T2, N1, M0).  T1: Nasopharyngeal cancer with tumor confined to the nasopharynx, or tumor extending to oropharynx and/or nasal cavity without parapharyngeal extension.  Parapharyngeal extension denotes posterolateral infiltration of tumor. T2: Nasopharyngeal cancer with parapharyngeal extension.  Parapharyngeal extension denotes posterolateral infiltration of tumor.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Nasopharyngeal cancer with unilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa, and/or unilateral or bilateral, retropharyngeal lymph nodes, 6 cm or less in greatest dimension.  Midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


name: papillary squamous cell carcinoma of larynx

description: A variant of squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the larynx. It is characterized by exophytic and papillary growth usually in the supraglottic area. The papillae are covered by a malignant stratified squamous epithelium.


name: Locally Recurrent Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

description: The reemergence of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma after a period of remission, at or adjacent to the site of the original tumor.


name: Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma recurrent

description: Reemergence of squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx after a period of remission.


name: Hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma recurrent

description: Reemergence of squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx after a period of remission.


name: Metastatic Thyroid Gland Oncocytic Carcinoma

description: Thyroid gland oncocytic carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.


carcinoma in situ of epiglottis

description: A in situ carcinoma that involves the epiglottis.


Pharyngeal Carcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage

description: A term that refers to the staging of pharyngeal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 7th edition.


name: Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage

description: A term that refers to the staging of thyroid gland medullary carcinoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.


name: mixed medullary-follicular thyroid carcinoma

description: A primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland containing a medullary carcinoma component that is immunohistochemically positive for calcitonin, and follicular carcinoma component that is immunohistochemically positive for thyroglobulin.


tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma

description: A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the mucosal lining of the tonsil and tends to metastasize early to the lymph nodes. It predominantly affects middle aged and elderly patients who have a history of alcohol and tobacco use. Patients may present with tonsillar swelling, sore throat, pain radiating to the ipsilateral ear, or a neck mass.


name: Stage III Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma AJCC v8

description: Stage III includes: 55 years and older: T4a, Any N, M0. T4a: Gross extrathyroidal extension invading subcutaneous soft tissues, larynx, trachea, esophagus, or recurrent laryngeal nerve from a tumor of any size. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


name: Advanced Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

description: A squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


name: Stage II Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma AJCC v7

description: Stage II includes: Under 45 years: Any T, Any N, M1.  45 years and older: T2, N0, M0.  T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M1: Distant metastasis.  M0: No evidence of distant metastasis.  (from AJCC 7th Ed.)


Laryngeal verrucous carcinoma recurrent

description: The reemergence of verrucous carcinoma of the larynx after a period of remission.


name: Oropharyngeal Poorly Differentiated Carcinoma

description: A high-grade carcinoma that arises from the oropharynx. It is characterized by the presence of malignant cells which bear minimal resemblance to the cells from which they arose.


name: Stage III Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma AJCC v7

description: Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1a, M0); (T2, N1a, M0); (T3, N1a, M0). T3: Tumor greater than 4 cm in greatest dimension and limited to the thyroid gland, or tumor of any size with minimal extrathyroid extension (e.g., extension to sternothyroid muscle or perithyroid soft tissues).  T1: Tumor size 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland.  T2: Tumor more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid gland.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1a: Metastasis to pretracheal, paratracheal or prelaryngeal/Delphian lymph nodes (Level VI lymph nodes).  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


name: Stage IVC Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma AJCC v7

description: Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


name: Locally Recurrent Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

description: The reemergence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma after a period of remission, at or adjacent to the site of the original tumor.


Stage IVC Pharyngeal Carcinoma

description: Stage IVC carcinoma of the pharynx according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th, 7th, and 8th editions.


papillary thyroid Microcarcinoma

description: A papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland measuring 10mm or less in diameter. The survival rates of patients with this type of carcinoma are the same with those of the normal population.


name: Stage 0 Nasopharyngeal Undifferentiated Carcinoma AJCC v6, v7, and v8

description: Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0.  Tis: Carcinoma in situ. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th, 7th, and 8th eds.)


name: Stage IVB Oropharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v7

description: Stage IVB includes: (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0). T4b: Tumor with very advanced local disease.  Tumor invades lateral pterygoid muscle, pterygoid plates, lateral nasopharynx, or skull base or encases carotid artery. N3: Tumor with metastasis in a lymph node more than 6 cm in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


name: Stage III Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma AJCC v7


laryngeal carcinoma

description: Carcinoma that arises from the laryngeal epithelium. More than 90% of laryngeal carcinomas are squamous cell carcinomas. The remainder are adenoid cystic carcinomas, mucoepidermoid carcinomas and carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation.


Oropharyngeal Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

description: An extremely rare neuroendocrine carcinoma that arises from the oropharynx.


Epiglottic Squamous Cell Carcinoma

description: A squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx that arises from the epiglottis.


name: Stage IVB Thyroid Gland Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma AJCC v8

description: Stage IVB includes: (T1-T3a, N1, M0); (T3b, Any N, M0); (T4, Any N, M0). T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3a: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3b: Gross extrathyroidal extension invading only strap muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, or omohyoid muscles) from a tumor of any size. T4: Tumor of any size with gross extrathyroidal extension. N1: Metastasis to regional nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


name: Stage II Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma Under 55 Years AJCC v8

description: Stage II includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


name: Stage IVB Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7


name: Stage IV Nasopharyngeal Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7

description: Stage IV includes: IVA: (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0); (T4, N2, M0); IVB (Any T, N3, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1). T4: Nasopharyngeal cancer with intracranial extension and/or involvement of cranial nerves, hypopharynx, orbit, or with extension to the infratemporal fossa/masticator space.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Nasopharyngeal cancer with unilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa, and/or unilateral or bilateral, retropharyngeal lymph nodes, 6 cm or less in greatest dimension.  Midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes.  N2: Nasopharyngeal cancer with bilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa.  Midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes. N3: Nasopharyngeal cancer with metastasis in a lymph node (s) more than 6 cm in greatest dimension and/or to supraclavicular fossa.  Supraclavicular zone or fossa is relevant to the staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and is the triangular region originally described by Ho.  It is defined by three points: (1) the superior margin of the sternal end of the clavicle, (2) the superior margin of the lateral end of the clavicle, (3) the point where the neck meets the shoulder.  This would include caudal portions of levels IV and VB.  All cases with lymph nodes (whole or part) in the fossa are considered N3b.  M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


name: Oropharyngeal Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

description: An extremely rare large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma that arises from the oropharynx.


Refractory Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

description: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma that is resistant to treatment.


name: Pathologic Stage IV HPV-Mediated (p16-Positive) Oropharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8

description: Stage IV includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


name: Stage III Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v7

description: Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0).  T3: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm in greatest dimension or with fixation of hemilarynx or extension to esophagus.  T1: Tumor limited to one subsite of hypopharynx and/or 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  T2: Tumor invades more than one subsite of the hypopharynx or an adjacent site, or measures more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest diameter without fixation of hemilarynx.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


name: Locally Advanced Thyroid Gland Oncocytic Carcinoma

description: Thyroid gland oncocytic carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


name: Stage IVB Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7

description: Stage IVB includes: (T4b, Any N, M0); (Any T, N3, M0).  T4b: Supraglottis: Very advanced local disease.  Tumor invades prevertebral space, encases carotid artery, or invades mediastinal structures. Glottis: Very advanced local disease.  Tumor invades prevertebral space, encases carotid artery, or invades mediastinal structures. Subglottis: Very advanced local disease.  Tumor invades prevertebral space, encases carotid artery, or invades mediastinal structures.  N3: Metastasis in a lymph node, more than 6 cm in greatest dimension.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


name: Advanced Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

description: A squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


name: Clinical Stage I HPV-Mediated (p16-Positive) Oropharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8

description: Stage I includes: (T0, N0, M0); (T0, N1, M0); (T1, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N0, M0); (T2, N1, M0). T0: No primary identified. T1: Tumor 2 cm or smaller in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor larger than 2 cm but not larger than 4 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Tumor with metastasis in one or more ipsilateral lymph nodes, none larger than 6 cm. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


name: Unresectable Thyroid Gland Oncocytic Carcinoma

description: Thyroid gland oncocytic carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


name: Stage II Oropharyngeal (p16-Negative) Carcinoma AJCC v8

description: Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: Tumor larger than 2 cm but not larger than 4 cm in greatest dimension. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


name: Squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx stage IV

description: A squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx that has spread from the original site of growth to another anatomic site.


name: Stage II Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma 55 Years and Older AJCC v8

description: Stage II includes: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3a/T3b, Any N, M0). T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3a: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3b: Gross extrathyroidal extension invading only strap muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, or omohyoid muscles) from a tumor of any size. N1: Metastasis to regional nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


name: Oncocytic Variant Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma

description: A morphologic variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland characterized by the presence of papillary or follicular structures, containing malignant follicular cells with abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm. These cells have the nuclear features that characterize the papillary carcinomas of the thyroid gland.


name: Recurrent Hereditary Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma

description: The reemergence of hereditary thyroid gland medullary carcinoma after a period of remission.


thyroid gland squamous cell carcinoma

description: A rapidly growing primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland composed of malignant squamous cells. The clinical course is usually aggressive.


name: Advanced Pharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

description: Pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


name: Stage IVB Nasopharyngeal Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7

description: Stage IVB includes: Any T, N3, M0.  N3: Nasopharyngeal cancer with metastasis in a lymph node (s) more than 6 cm in greatest dimension and/or to supraclavicular fossa.  Supraclavicular zone or fossa is relevant to the staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and is the triangular region originally described by Ho.  It is defined by three points: (1) the superior margin of the sternal end of the clavicle, (2) the superior margin of the lateral end of the clavicle, (3) the point where the neck meets the shoulder.  This would include caudal portions of levels IV and VB.  All cases with lymph nodes (whole or part) in the fossa are considered N3b.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


name: Childhood Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma

description: A follicular thyroid gland carcinoma occurring in childhood.


name: Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma stage I

description: Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0.  T1: Tumor 2 cm or less in greatest dimension.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


name: Stage I Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8

description: Stage I includes: T1, N0, M0. T1: Tumor confined to the nasopharynx, or tumor extending to oropharynx and/or nasal cavity without parapharyngeal involvement. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


name: Stage IV Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v6

description: Stage IV includes: IVA: (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0); (T4, N2, M0); IVB (Any T, N3, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1). T4: Tumor with intracranial extension and/or involvement of cranial nerves, infratemporal fossa, hypopharynx, orbit, or masticator space.  N3: Metastasis in a lymph node(s).  N3a: greater than 6 cm in dimension.  N3b: extension to the supraclavicular fossa.  M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)


name: Thyroid Gland Anaplastic Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage

description: A term that refers to the staging of thyroid gland anaplastic carcinoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v8 classification system.


Tonsillar Undifferentiated Carcinoma

description: A non-keratinizing carcinoma arising from the tonsil.  It is characterized by the presence of large malignant cells with vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli, syncytial growth pattern, and a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate.


name: Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma by AJCC v7 Stage

description: A term that refers to the staging of follicular thyroid gland carcinoma, following the rules of the TNM AJCC v7 classification system.


name: Stage III Laryngeal Cancer AJCC v6 and v7

description: Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0).  T1: Supraglottis: Tumor limited to one subsite of supraglottis with normal vocal cord mobility. Glottis: Tumor limited to the vocal cord(s) (may involve anterior or posterior commissure) with normal mobility.  Subglottis: Tumor limited to the subglottis.  T2: Supraglottis: Tumor invades mucosa of more than one adjacent subsite of supraglottis or glottis or region outside the supraglottis (e.g., mucosa of base of tongue, vallecula, medial wall of pyriform sinus) without fixation of the larynx.  Glottis: Tumor extends to supraglottis and/or subglottis, and/or with impaired vocal cord mobility.  Subglottis: Tumor extends to vocal cord(s) with normal or impaired mobility. T3: Supraglottis: Tumor limited to larynx with vocal cord fixation and/or invades any of the following: postcricoid area, pre-epiglottic tissues, paraglottic space, and/or inner cortex of thyroid cartilage.  Glottis: Tumor limited to the larynx with vocal cord fixation and/or invasion of paraglottic space, and/or inner cortex of the thyroid cartilage.  Subglottis: Tumor limited to larynx with vocal cord fixation.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3cm or less in greatest dimension.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


Alcohol-Related Laryngeal Carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from the larynx and is caused by alcohol abuse.


name: Stage IVC Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma AJCC v7

description: Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1. M1: Distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


name: Stage II Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma AJCC v8

description: Stage II includes: Under 55 years: Any T, Any N, M1; 55 years and older: (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3a/T3b, Any N, M0). T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3a: Tumor measuring more than 4 cm in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T3b: Gross extrathyroidal extension invading only strap muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, or omohyoid muscles) from a tumor of any size. N1: Metastasis to regional nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. M1: Distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


name: Stage 0 Laryngeal Verrucous Carcinoma AJCC v6, v7, and v8

description: Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0.  Tis: Carcinoma in situ.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th, 7th, and 8th eds.)


Pharyngeal cancer stage I

description: Stage I carcinoma of the pharynx according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th, 7th, and 8th editions.


name: Stage I Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma 55 Years and Older AJCC v8

description: Stage I includes: (T1, N0/NX, M0); (T2, N0/NX, M0).  T1: Tumor measuring 2 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. T2: Tumor measuring more than 2 cm but 4 cm or less in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid. N0: No evidence of locoregional lymph node metastasis. NX: Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed. M0: No distant metastasis. (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


Stage IV Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from the nasopharynx and has metastasized to another anatomic site.


name: Advanced Nasopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

description: A squamous cell carcinoma of the nasopharynx that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


name: Metastatic Tonsillar Squamous Cell Carcinoma

description: Tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to another anatomic site.


name: HPV-Mediated (p16-Positive) Oropharyngeal Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage

description: A term that refers to the staging of HPV-mediated (p16-positive) oropharyngeal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.


name: Locally Advanced Parathyroid Gland Carcinoma

description: A parathyroid gland carcinoma that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


Unresectable Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

description: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


name: Unresectable Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

description: Hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


name: Stage III Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8

description: Stage III includes: (T3, N0, M0); (T1, N1, M0); (T2, N1, M0); (T3, N1, M0). T3: Tumor larger than 4 cm in greatest dimension or with fixation of hemilarynx or extension to esophagus. T1: Tumor limited to one subsite of hypopharynx and/or 2 cm or smaller in greatest dimension. T2: Tumor invading more than one subsite of hypopharynx or an adjacent site, or measuring more than 2 cm but not more than 4 cm in greatest dimension without fixation of hemilarynx. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Tumor with metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or smaller in greatest dimension and ENE (-). M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


name: Unresectable Thyroid Gland Anaplastic Carcinoma

description: Thyroid gland anaplastic carcinoma that is not amenable to surgical resection.


name: Stage II Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma AJCC v8

description: Stage II includes: (T1, N1, M0); (T0, N1, M0); (T2, N0, M0); (T2, N1, M0). T1: Tumor confined to the nasopharynx, or tumor extending to oropharynx and/or nasal cavity without parapharyngeal involvement. T0: No tumor identified, but EBV-positive cervical node(s) involvement is present. T2: Tumor with extension to parapharyngeal space, and/or adjacent soft tissue involvement (medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, prevertebral muscles). N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Tumor with unilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), and/or unilateral or bilateral metastasis in retropharyngeal lymph node(s), 6 cm or smaller in greatest dimension, above the caudal border of cricoid cartilage. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 8th ed.)


name: Stage IVC Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma AJCC v7


name: Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma by AJCC v8 Stage

description: A term that refers to the staging of hypopharyngeal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 8th edition.


name: Nasopharyngeal Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma

description: A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the nasopharynx and is characterized by prominent production of keratin.


Laryngeal Basaloid Carcinoma

description: An aggressive variant of squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the pyriform sinus or supraglottic area.  It is characterized by the presence of small malignant cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and scant amount of cytoplasm forming lobules with peripheral palisading.  Comedonecrosis may be present.  An in situ or invasive keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma component is always present.  Signs and symptoms include hoarseness, dysphagia, pain, and neck mass.


Pharyngeal Carcinoma by AJCC v6 Stage

description: A term that refers to the staging of pharyngeal carcinoma according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer, 6th edition.


thyroid gland adenocarcinoma

description: An adenocarcinoma arising from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. According to the degree of differentiation, it is classified either as differentiated carcinoma (extensive evidence of follicular cell differentiation), or poorly differentiated carcinoma (limited evidence of follicular cell differentiation).


Stage IVA Laryngeal Cancer AJCC v7

description: Stage IVA includes: (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); T4a: Supraglottis: Moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor invades through the thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscle of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus). Glottis: Moderately advanced local disease. Tumor invades through the outer cortex of the thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscles of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus). Subglottis: Moderately advanced local disease.  Tumor invades cricoid or thyroid cartilage and/or invades tissues beyond the larynx (e.g., trachea, soft tissues of neck including deep extrinsic muscles of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, or esophagus).  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  N1: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, 3 cm or less in greatest dimension.  N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension, or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes, none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


medullary thyroid gland carcinoma

description: A neuroendocrine carcinoma arising from the C-cells of the thyroid gland. It is closely associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes. Approximately 10% to 20% of medullary thyroid carcinomas are familial. Patients usually present with a thyroid nodule that is painless and firm. In the majority of cases nodal involvement is present at diagnosis. Surgery is the preferred treatment for both primary lesions and recurrences. This carcinoma is generally not very sensitive to radiation and almost unresponsive to chemotherapy.


name: Stage II Differentiated Thyroid Gland Carcinoma Under 45 Years AJCC v7

description: Stage II includes: Any T, Any N, M1.  M1: Distant metastasis.  (from AJCC 7th Ed.)


name: Stage II Laryngeal Cancer AJCC v6 and v7

description: Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0. T2: (Supraglottis) Tumor invades mucosa of more than one adjacent subsite of supraglottis or glottis or region outside the supraglottis (e.g., mucosa of base of tongue, vallecula, medial wall of pyriform sinus) without fixation of the larynx.  (Glottis) Tumor extends to supraglottis and/or subglottis, and/or with impaired vocal cord mobility.  (Subglottis) Tumor extends to vocal cord(s) with normal or impaired mobility. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


name: Classic Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma

description: A thyroid gland papillary carcinoma characterized by the presence of thin cores of fibrovascular tissue lined by one or occasionally several layers of malignant cells with distinct nuclear features that include nuclear pseudoinclusions, nuclear grooves, and ground glass nuclear inclusions.


supraglottis squamous cell carcinoma

description: A squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx that arises from the supraglottic area. Signs and symptoms include dysphagia, a sensation of foreign body in the throat, and hemoptysis. It spreads to the space anterior to the epiglottis, pyriform sinus, and base of the tongue.


Stage IV Oropharyngeal Carcinoma

description: Stage IV includes: IVA (T4a, N0, M0); (T4a, N1, M0); (T1, N2, M0); (T2, N2, M0); (T3, N2, M0); (T4a, N2, M0); IVB (T4b, Any N, M0); IVC (Any T, Any N, M1). T4a: Tumor invades the larynx, deep/extrinsic muscle of tongue, medial pterygoid, hard palate, or mandible. T4b: Tumor invades lateral pterygoid muscle, pterygoid plates lateral nasopharynx, or skull base or encases carotid artery. M1: Distant Metastasis. (AJCC 6th ed.)


laryngeal adenoid cystic carcinoma

description: A rare adenoid cystic carcinoma of the larynx. It usually arises from the supraglottic or subglottic area. It is characterized by slow progression and late distant metastases.


Hypopharyngeal Verrucous Carcinoma

description: An exophytic, warty, well differentiated, slow growing and non-metastasizing squamous cell carcinoma arising from the hypopharynx.


name: Stage 0 Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v6, v7, and v8

description: Stage 0 includes: Tis, N0, M0.  Tis: Carcinoma in situ.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th, 7th, and 8th eds.)


name: Stage IVC Thyroid Gland Medullary Carcinoma AJCC v7

description: Stage IVC includes: Any T, Any N, M1.  M1: Distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


name: Laryngeal Acantholytic Squamous Cell Carcinoma

description: A rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the larynx.  It is characterized by acantholysis of the tumor cells that results in the formation of pseudolumina that resemble glandular structures.


description: A nasopharyngeal carcinoma characterized by the lack of keratinization and the presence of a dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate.  It is subdivided into undifferentiated and differentiated types, based on the cytologic features of the malignant cells.  The undifferentiated type is characterized by the presence of cells with large vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli and a syncytial pattern of growth.  The differentiated type is characterized by the presence of smaller cells and cellular stratification reminiscent of transitional cell carcinoma.  While morphologically distinct, both types have similar clinical presentation and prognosis.


larynx carcinoma in situ

description: A in situ carcinoma that involves the larynx.


Nasopharyngeal Basaloid Carcinoma

description: An aggressive variant of squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the nasopharynx.  It is characterized by the presence of small malignant cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and scant amount of cytoplasm forming lobules with peripheral palisading.  Comedonecrosis may be present.


name: Stage IVA Nasopharyngeal Keratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7

description: Stage IVA includes: (T4, N0, M0); (T4, N1, M0); (T4, N2, M0). T4: Nasopharyngeal cancer with intracranial extension and/or involvement of cranial nerves, hypopharynx, orbit, or with extension to the infratemporal fossa/masticator space.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. N1: Nasopharyngeal cancer with unilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa, and/or unilateral or bilateral, retropharyngeal lymph nodes, 6 cm or less in greatest dimension.  Midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes.  N2: Nasopharyngeal cancer with bilateral metastasis in cervical lymph node(s), 6 cm or less in greatest dimension, above the supraclavicular fossa.  Midline nodes are considered ipsilateral nodes. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


name: Sporadic Thyroid Gland Micromedullary Carcinoma

description: A sporadic thyroid gland medullary carcinoma measuring less than 10mm in diameter.