benzimidazoles

An organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring fused to an imidazole ring.


benzazepine

A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to an azepine ring.


(S)-dyphylline

The (S)-enantiomer of dyphylline.


stigmastane derivative

Any steroid (or derivative) based on a stigmastane skeleton.


A menaquinol whose structure comprises a 2-methylbenzohydroquinone nucleus and a side chain of ten isoprenoid units.


flavonoid oligomer

A phenylpropanoid obtained by the coupling of two or more units of aryl-substituted benzopyran units and their substituted derivatives.


RACEMETHORPHAN

An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene which is substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and a methyl group at position 11.


benzodiazepine

A group of heterocyclic compounds with a core structure containing a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring.


naphthalenediol

A class of naphthalenediols that consists solely of naphthelene with any two of its hydrogens replaced by hydroxy groups. A 'closed class'.


hexahydronaphthalenes

Any carbobycyclic compound that is an hexahydronaphthalene or a compound obtained from an hexahydronaphthalene by formal substitution of one or more hydrogens.


azaspiro compound

An azaspiro compound is a spiro compound in which at least one of the cyclic components is a nitrogen heterocyle.


9-hydroxy steroid

A hydroxy steroid having a hydroxy group located at position 9.


pyrimidopyrimidine

An organic heterobicyclic compound with a skeleton consisting of two pyrimidine rings that are ortho-fused to each other at any position.


naphthyridine derivative

Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound that is a derivative of a naphthyridine.


cinnolines

Any  organic heteropolycyclic compound based on the 1,2-diaza analogue of naphthalene and its substituted derivatives.


folinic acid

A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.


2alpha-hydroxy steroid

A 2-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 2 has an alpha-configuration.


Any dihydroxypteridine in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 2 and 4.


26-hydroxy steroid

Any hydroxy steroid in which a hydroxy group is located at position 26.


A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol bearing an additional 6alpha-hydroxy substituent.


biflavonoid

A flavonoid oligomer that is obtained by the oxidative coupling of at least two units of aryl-substituted benzopyran rings or its substituted derivatives, resulting in the two ring systems being joined together by a single atom or bond.


A tetrahydrofolyl-poly(glutamic acid) macromolecule in which the glutamic acid residues all have L-configuration.


A menaquinol whose structure comprises a 2-methylbenzohydroquinone nucleus and a side chain of thirteen isoprenoid units.


Tryptamine and its substitution derivatives.


A menaquinol whose structure comprises a 2-methylbenzohydroquinone nucleus and a side chain of eight isoprenoid units.


purine nucleobase

A nucleobase whose skeleton is derived from purine.


tetrahydrofolic acid

A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid units.


biopterin

A pterin derivative that consists of pterin bearing amino, oxo and 1,2-dihydroxypropyl substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6 respectively. The parent of the class of biopterins; the L-erythro isomer occurs widely in nature.


aminocoumarin

Any coumarin carrying at least one amino substituent.


oxaspiro compound

A spiro compound in which at least one of the cyclic components is an oxygen heterocyle.


thienopyridine

Any organic heterobicyclic compound whose skeleton results from the formal ortho-fusion of any bond of a pyridine with any bond of a thiophene.


7beta-hydroxy steroid

A 7-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 7 has beta-configuration.


A 16beta-hydroxy steroid that is estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-16beta-ol substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.


aminopurine

Any purine having at least one amino substituent.


carbobicyclic compound

A bicyclic compound in which all the ring atoms are carbon.


penams

Natural and synthetic antibiotics containing the 4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-7-one structure, generally assumed to have the 5R configuration unless otherwise specified.


steroid acid

Any steroid substituted by at least one carboxy group.


A menaquinol whose structure comprises a 2-methylbenzohydroquinone nucleus and a side chain of twelve isoprenoid units.


furofuran

Organic heterobicyclic compounds containing a two furan rings ortho-fused to each other.


An indan-1-ol in which the carbon bearing the hydroxy group has S configuration.


oxa-steroid

A steroid where in the carbon skeleton a carbon atom is replaced by oxygen.


A cis-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol with a (1S,2R)-configuration.


A menaquinol whose structure comprises a 2-methylbenzohydroquinone nucleus and a side chain of four isoprenoid units.


dimethylnaphthalene

Any member of the class of  naphthalenes carrying two methyl groups at unspecified positions.


carbotricyclic compound

A carbopolyclic compound comprising of three carbocyclic rings.


carbacephem

Any member of a group of synthetic antibiotics, similar to cephems but with carbon substituted for the sulfur; all possessing an acylated amine functionality at C-6 and (S,R) stereochemistry at C-6 and C-7.


Delta(14) steroid

Any steroid that contains a double bond between positions 14 and 15.


(6S)-10-formyltetrahydrofolic acid

A 10-formyltetrahydrofolic acid that has S-configuration at position 6.


chromones

A chromenone that consists of a 1,4-benzopyrone skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.


dihydronaphthalenes

Any carbobycyclic compound that is a dihydronaphthalene or a compound obtained from a dihydronaphthalene by formal substitution of one or more hydrogens.


carbopolycyclic compound

A polyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms.


bridged compound

A polycyclic compound that contains more than one ring with at least two common atoms (also known as bridgehead carbons) that are not adjacent to each other.


polycyclic arene

A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.


11beta-hydroxy steroid

Any 11-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has beta- configuration.


chromenochromene

Any organic heteroolycyclic compound whose skeleton two ortho-fused chromene rings, and their derivatives.


tetrahydrochromenochromene

Any chromenochromene resulting from the formal cis-fusion of two dihydro chromene rings, together with their substituted derivatives.


The cis-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol with a (1R,2S)-configuration.


(S,R,R,R)-nebivolol

A 2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] that has (1R,1'R,2R,2'S)-configuration.


flavans

Any flavonoid with a 3,4-dihydro-2-aryl-2H-1-benzopyran skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


methoxynaphthalene

Any alkyloxynaphthalene bearing one or more methoxy substituents.


C21-steroid hormone

A steroid compound with a structure based on a 21-carbon (pregnane) skeleton that acts as a hormone.


neoflavonoid

Any 1-benzopyran with an aryl substituent at position 4. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.


ecdysteroid

A class of steroids that include insect moulting and sex hormones.


17-hydroxy steroid

A hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 17.


Any member of the class of coumarins that contains a 7-amino-2H-chromen-2-one skeleton.


benzofurochromene

An organic heteropolycyclic compound whose skeleton consists of a chromene ring fused onto a 1-benzofuran ring, together with their substituted derivatives.


heteropolycyclic compound

A polycyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one non-carbon atom.


methylindole

Any member of the class of indoles carrying one or more methyl substituents.


methyladenine

Any member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine bearing a single methyl substituent.


xanthene dye

A dye derived by condensation of phthalic anhydride with resorcinol (and derivatives) or m-aminophenol (and derivatives).


purines

A class of imidazopyrimidines that consists of purine and its substituted derivatives.


(R)-dyphylline

The (R)-enantiomer of dyphylline.


Any member of the class of pteridines in which the the pteridine ring has been reduced by the formal addition of one molecule of hydrogen to positions 6 and 7.


oxindoles

Any member of the class of indolones whose structure is based on an oxindole (2-indolone) skeleton.


20-hydroxy steroid

Any hydroxy steroid that in which the steroid skeleton contains a hydroxy substituent at position 20.


imidazotetrazine

Any organic heterobicyclic compound containing ortho-fused imidazole and tetrazine rings.


CATECHIN

Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


benzofuran antifungal drug

Any member of the class of benzofurans which has been used as an antifungal drug.


Compounds based on a fused 1,2-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton, with the O atom positioned adjacent to one of the positions of ring fusion.


6beta-hydroxy steroid

Any 6-hydroxy steroid in which the 6-hydroxy substituent has beta-configuration.


16-hydroxy steroid

Any hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 16.


tetralins

Compounds containing a tetralin skeleton.


cephalosporin

A class of beta-lactam antibiotics differing from the penicillins in having a 6-membered, rather than a 5-membered, side ring.  Although cephalosporins are among the most commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of routine infections, and their use is increasing over time, they can cause a range of hypersensitivity reactions, from mild, delayed-onset cutaneous reactions to life-threatening anaphylaxis in patients with immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy.


A benzothiazole consisting of a benzene ring fused to an isothiazole.


name: N-[3-carbamoyl-5-[diethylamino(oxo)methyl]-4-methyl-2-thiophenyl]carbamic acid methyl ester


anthracycline antibiotic

An organic compound that has a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine and which exhibits antibiotic activity.


aspartic acid derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of aspartic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of aspartic acid by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing aspartic acid residues.


D-aspartic acid derivative

A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from the formal reaction of D-aspartic acid at the amino group or either carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-aspartic acid by a heteroatom.


L-aspartic acid derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-aspartic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-aspartic acid by a heteroatom.


A melanin pigment produced by certain fungi. It plays important roles in UV protection, oxidative stress and pathogenesis. In Aspergillus fumigatus, it is used as a virulence factor and plays an important role in the survival of the fungus during unfavorable conditions both in vivo and in vitro, and protects it from the host immune system. The pigment is generally synthesised from the pentaketide pathway in which 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene is the immediate precursor which is polymerized to 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-melanin by a laccase enzyme.


dehydroamino acid

An amino acid derivative that is an amino acid whose side-chain has undergone formal dehydrogenation.


2,3-dehydroamino acid

A dehydroamino acid whose side-chain contains a double bond at the 2-3 position.


organic heterocyclic compound

A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of carbon and at least of one other element.


delta-lactam

A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a six-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.


A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.


yaequinolone D

Published in DOI:10.1038/ja.2006.86


aminoquinoline

Any member of the class of quinolines in which the quinoline skeleton is substituted by one or more amino or substituted-amino groups.


uranidine

A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, and 8. It is isolated from the sponge Aplysina aerophoba.


bipyridines

Compounds containing a bipyridine group.


quinolines

A class of aromatic heterocyclic compounds each of which contains a benzene ring ortho fused to carbons 2 and 3 of a pyridine ring.


name: 5-amino-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-methyl-4-oxo-1-thieno[3,4-d]pyridazinecarboxylic acid methyl ester


A quinolone that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 4.


biphenylyltetrazole

A member of the class of biphenyls that consists of a biphenyl ring system substituted by a tetrazole ring at an unspecified position.


triazoles

An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.


A member of the class of  2,2'-bithiophenes that is 2,2'-bithiophene substituted by a 3-buten-1-ynyl group at position 5.


(S)-oxamniquine

A {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol that has S configuration.


An N-glycosyl compound that consists of any triazole having a glycosyl residue attached at position 1.


metalloprotoporphyrin

A metal--protoporphyrin coordination complex.


arene epoxide

Any epoxide formally derived from an arene by the 1,2 addition of an oxygen atom to a double bond.


polypyrrole

A compound composed of two or more pyrrole units.


coproporphyrin

A member of the class of porphyrins obtained during the heme biosynthesis in humans.


morphinane-like compound

Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a morphinan skeleton. These are synthetic or semi-synthetic compounds that resemble the  morphinane (opioid) alkaloids in their pharmacological effects.


tetrapyrrole

A natural pigment containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.


beta-lactam antibiotic

An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic that contains a beta-lactam ring.


azole

Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.


fluoroquinolone antibiotic

An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic containing a quinolone (or quinolone-like) moiety and which have a fluorine atom attached to the central ring system.


yaequinolone C

Published in DOI:10.1038/ja.2006.86


(S)-bendroflumethiazide

The (S)-enantiomer of bendroflumethiazide.


nucleobase-containing molecular entity

Any compound that has a nucleobase as a part.


A quinolone consisting of quinolin-4(1H)-one carrying a heptyl substituent at position 2 and a hydroxy group at position 3.


aminoimidazole

Any member of the class of  imidazoles carrying at least one amino substituent.


penigequinolone B

Published in DOI:10.1038/ja.2006.86


triazole antifungal drug

Any triazole antifungal agent that has been used for the treatment of fungal infections in humans or animals.


corrinoid

A derivative of the corrin nucleus, which contains four reduced or partly reduced pyrrole rings joined in a macrocycle by three =C- groups and one direct carbon-carbon bond linking alpha positions.


porphyrins

Natural pigments containing a fundamental skeleton of four pyrrole nuclei united through the alpha-positions by four methine groups to form a macrocyclic structure.


name: 5-nitro-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid [2-oxo-2-[(phenylmethyl)amino]ethyl] ester


tetrazoles

An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains four N atoms and one C atom.


porphyrinogens

Hexahydroporphyrins in which the nitrogen atoms and four meso positions are saturated.


1,3-thiazolium cation

An organic cation resulting from protonation or quaternisation at the 3-position of any 1,3-thiazole.


nucleobase

That part of DNA or RNA that may be involved in pairing.


name: 5-[(cyclohexylamino)-oxomethyl]-4-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-thiophen-2-ylethyl)amino]-3-thiophenecarboxylic acid ethyl ester


name: 5-nitro-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid [2-oxo-2-[[oxo-[(phenylmethyl)amino]methyl]amino]ethyl] ester


oxazole

An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.


triazole antifungal agent

A member of the class of triazole that has significant antifungal properties.


(S)-bifonazole

A 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole that is the S-enantiomer of bifonazole.


crown compound

A macrocyclic polydentate compound, usually uncharged, in which three or more coordinating ring atoms are or may become suitably close for easy formation of chelate complexes with metal ions or other cationic species.


(R)-bendroflumethiazide

The (R)-enantiomer of bendroflumethiazide.


name: 4,5-dimethyl-2-[[oxo(thiophen-2-yl)methyl]amino]-3-thiophenecarboxylic acid ethyl ester


beta-lactam

A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.


cyclic acetal

An acetal in the molecule of which the acetal carbon and one or both oxygen atoms thereon are members of a ring.


biladienes

Compounds based on a biladiene skeleton.


epoxide

Any cyclic ether in which the oxygen atom forms part of a 3-membered ring.


A quinolone consisting of quinolin-4(1H)-one carrying a heptyl substituent at position 2.


quinolone antibiotic

An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.


(1R,2S)-naphthalene 1,2-oxide

A naphthalene 1,2-oxide (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer).


imidazole antifungal drug

Any imidazole antifungal agent that has been used for the treatment of fungal infections in humans or animals.


thiazide

Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.


name: N-[1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-5-thieno[2,3-c]pyrazolyl]carbamic acid 2,2-dimethylpropyl ester


batimastat

A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3R)-5-methyl-3-{[(2S)-1-(methylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-[(thiophen-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]hexanoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. It a broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor.


heteroarene

A heterocyclic compound formally derived from an arene by replacement of one or more methine (-C=) and/or vinylene (-CH=CH-) groups by trivalent or divalent heteroatoms, respectively, in such a way as to maintain the continuous pi-electron system characteristic of aromatic systems and a number of out-of-plane pi-electrons corresponding to the Hueckel rule (4n+2).


A  ring assembly that consists of two thiophene rings connected by a single covalent bond.


A quinolone that is quinolin-2(1H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 4.


lactam

Cyclic amides of amino carboxylic acids, having a 1-azacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.


dimethenamide ESA

An organosulfonic acid that is 2-oxoethanesulfonic acid substituted by a (2,4-dimethylthiophen-3-yl)(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)amino group at position 2.


cyclic ether

Any ether in which the oxygen atom forms part of a ring.


imidazole antifungal agent

A compound that has significant antifungal properties whose structure contains an imidazole moiety.


An L-alanine derivative obtained by formal condensation between N-butyl-L-alaninamide and 2-thienylacetic acid.


canagliflozin

A C-glycosyl compound that is used (in its hemihydrate form) for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.


name: 5-nitro-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid [2-oxo-2-(1-phenylethylamino)ethyl] ester


conazole antifungal drug

Any conazole antifungal agent that has been used for the treatment of fungal infections in animals or humans.


organonitrogen heterocyclic compound

Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms.


A member of the class of quinolones that is 2-methylquinolin-4(1H)-one in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a 4-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy]phenyl group. A potent inhibitor of Toxoplasma gondii growth.


name: 5-amino-3-[[[1-(2-furanylmethyl)-5-oxo-3-pyrrolidinyl]-oxomethoxy]methyl]thiophene-2,4-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester


conazole antifungal agent

A compound that has a structure that is related to miconazole, contains an azole (imidazole or triazole) moiety, and has significant systemic antifungal properties.  They inhibit cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes (particularly C14-demethylase) involved in the biosynthesis of ergosterol, which is required for fungal cell membrane structure and function.


A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thione and its derivatives by substitution.


cyclic ketal

A ketal in the molecule of which the ketal carbon and one or both oxygen atoms thereon are members of a ring.


name: 5-nitro-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid [1-[(3,5-dichloro-2-pyridinyl)amino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl] ester


imidazoles

A five-membered organic heterocycle containing two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3, or any of its derivatives; compounds containing an imidazole skeleton.


tetrahydropyrimidine

Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound containing a pyrimidine ring that has been reduced by the formal addition of 2 mol eq. of hydrogen.


beta-lactam antibiotic allergen

Any beta-lactam antibiotic which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.


oxacycle

Any organic heterocyclic compound containing at least one ring oxygen atom.


benzothiadiazine

Heterocyclic compound of a ring with sulfur and two nitrogen atoms fused to a benzene ring. Members inhibit sodium-potassium-chloride symporters and are used as diuretics.


name: 2-[[1-oxo-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ylthio)ethyl]amino]-4-thiophen-2-yl-3-thiophenecarboxylic acid ethyl ester


Any tetrahydropyrimidine in which the double bond is between positions 1 and 2.


A heteroaryl hydroxy compound that is 2-quinolone substituted at position 4 by a hydroxy group.


diazole

An azole that is either one of a pair of heterocyclic organic compounds comprising three carbon atoms and two nitrogen atoms arranged in a ring.


(R)-oxamniquine

A {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol that has R configuration.


crown amine

Crown compounds containing only nitrogen as coordinating atom.


gamma-lactam

A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a five-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.


A thiophene derivative that consists of two thiophene rings connected by a 2,2'-linkage.


bismuth ion

A bismuth atom having a net electric charge.


bismuth cation

A bismuth ion having a positive net electric charge.


Any flavonol carrying a 7-hydroxy substituent.


glutamine derivative

A glutamic acid derivative resulting from reaction of glutamine acid at the amino group, the carboxy group, or the side-chain carboxamide, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing glutamine residues.


L-glutamine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-glutamine at the amino group, the carboxy group, or the carboxamide, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-glutamine by a heteroatom.


ribofuranose

A cyclic ribose having a 5-membered tetrahydrofuran ring; the predominant (C3'-endo) form of the two cyclic structures (the other is the "C2'-endo" form, having a 6-membered ring) adopted by ribose in aqueous solution.


hydracid

A hydracid is a compound which contains hydrogen that is not bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).


L-glucitol

The L-enantiomer of glucitol.


A glucitol that is D-glucitol in which the carbon at position 1 is the (13)C isotope.


ketoxime

Oximes of ketones R2C=NOH (where R =/= H).


A cyanohydrin that is obtained by the formal addition of hydrogen cyanide to the aldehyde group of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde.


mixture

A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind.


racemate

A racemate is an equimolar mixture of a pair of enantiomers.


polymer

A polymer is a mixture, which is composed of macromolecules of different kinds and which may be differentiated by composition, length, degree of branching etc..


diastereoisomeric mixture

A mixture composed of two or more diastereoisomers (stereoisomers not related as mirror images).


SEPANTRONIUM BROMIDE

An organic bromide salt consisting of sepantronium cations and bromide anions. It has been found to selectively inhibit survivin (BIRC5) gene promoter activity and to down-regulate survivin in vitro, so leading to induction of apoptosis.


difluorobenzene

Any member of the class of fluorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring carrying two fluorine atoms.


HOMIDIUM BROMIDE

The organic bromide salt of ethidium.


hydroxamic acid

A compound, RkE(=O)lNHOH, derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH) (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH with -NHOH, and derivatives thereof. Specific examples of hydroxamic acids are preferably named as N-hydroxy amides.


acetohydroxamic acids

Any hydroxamic acid in which the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.


beta-D-xylofuranose

A D-xylose that is the furanose form of xylose which has beta- configuration at the anomeric centre.


disaccharide

A compound in which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond.


hexopyranosyl hexopyranoside

A disaccharide formed by a (1<->1)-glycosidic bond between two hexopyranose units.


glycosylmannose

A disaccharide having mannose at the reducing end with a glycosyl residue attached at an unspecified position via a glycosidic bond.


glycosyl glycoside

Any disaccharide in which the two monosaccharide components are connected by a glycosidic linkage between their anomeric centres.


D-glucosyl-D-mannose

A glycosylmannose with both components having D-configuration.


trehalose

A disaccharide formed by a (1<->1)-glycosidic bond between two units of D-glucose.


N-carbamoyl-L-amino acid

A N-carbamoyl-amino acid in which the amino acid has a L-configuration.


lysine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of lysine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of lysine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing lysine residues.


L-lysine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-lysine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-lysine by a heteroatom.


azamacrocycle

A cyclic macromolecule containing one or more nitrogen atoms in place of carbon either as the divalent group NH for the group CH2 or a single trivalent nitrogen atom for the group CH.


A dihydroceramide in which the acyl moiety contains 26 carbons and 1 double bond.


L-glyceraldehyde

The L-enantiomer of glyceraldehyde.


anhydrohexose

Any anhydro sugar formally arising by elimination of water from two hydroxy groups of a single molecule of a hexose or hexose derivative.


long-chain fatty alcohol

A fatty alcohol with a chain length ranging from C13 to C22.


fatty alcohol 18:0

Any fatty alcohol containing 18 carbons.


fatty alcohol 20:0

Any fatty alcohol containing 20 carbons.


fatty alcohol 14:0

Any fatty alcohol containing 14 carbons.


fatty alcohol 16:0

Any fatty alcohol containing 16 carbons.


D-cystine zwitterion

A cysteine zwitterion derived from D-cysteine by transfer of a proton from each of the carboxy groups to the amino groups.


beryllium difluoride

The fluoride salt of beryllium (+2 oxidation state). In the solid state it exists as a glass, with four-coordinate Be(2+) tetrahedral centres and two-coordinate fluoride centres. As a gas it adopts a linear triatomic structure and in the liquid state a fluctuating tetrahedral structure. In protein crystallography it is used as a mimic of phosphate.


organofluorine compound

An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.


inorganic fluoride salt

A fluoride salt that lacks C-H bonds


sodium fluoride

A metal fluoride salt with a Na(+) counterion.


monofluorobenzenes

Any member of the class of fluorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring carrying a single fluorine substitutent.


R-FLUOXETINE

An N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine that has R configuration. [The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine].


trifluorobenzene

Any member of the class of fluorobenzenes carrying three fluorine substituents at unspecified positions.


fluorobiphenyl

Any member of the class of  biphenyls that is a mono or poly-substituted biphenyl having fluro group as one of the substituents.


(trifluoromethyl)benzenes

An organofluorine compound that is (trifluoromethyl)benzene and derivatives arising from substitution of one or more of the phenyl hydrogens.


organic fluoride salt

A fluoride salt with C-H bonds


perfluorinated compound

An organofluorine compound containing only C-F bonds (no C-H bonds) and C-C bonds but also other heteroatoms (particularly other halogens, oxygen, and sulfur). Their properties represent a blend of fluorocarbons (containing only C-F and C-C bonds) and the parent functionalised organic species.


oxygen-18 atom

The stable isotope of oxygen with relative atomic mass 17.999160 and 0.205 atom percent natural abundance.


heteroatomic molecular entity

A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements.


aromatic primary alcohol

Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.


organic fundamental parent

An organic fundamental parent is a structure used as a basis for substitutive names in organic nomenclature, containing, in addition to one or more hydrogen atoms, a single atom of an element, a number of atoms (alike or different) linked together to form an unbranched chain, a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, or a ring assembly or ring/chain system.


organic oxide

An oxide in which the oxygen atom is bonded to a carbon atom.


dihydroxyflavone

Any hydroxyflavone in which two ring hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy substituents.


short-chain fatty alcohol

A fatty alcohol with a chain length of less than C6.


pentahydroxyflavone

A hydroxyflavone substituted by five hydroxy groups.


trihydroxyflavone

Any  hydroxyflavone carrying three hydroxy groups at unspecified positions.


aliphatic alcohol

An  alcohol derived from an aliphatic compound.


dodecyl(triphenyl)phosphonium bromide

An organic bromide salt that containing equal numbers of dodecyl(triphenyl)phosphonium cations and bromide anions.


propylene glycol

The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.


imidic acid

Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing =O by =NR; thus tautomers of amides. In organic chemistry an unspecified imidic acid is generally a carboximidic acid, RC(=NR)(OH).


ipratropium bromide

The anhydrous form of the bromide salt of ipratropium. An anticholinergic drug, ipratropium bromide blocks the muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the smooth muscles of the bronchi in the lungs. This opens the bronchi, so providing relief in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute asthma.


sulfates

Salts and esters of sulfuric acid


tergitol

A poly(ethylene glycol) derivative that is poly(ethylene glycol) in which one of the terminal hydroxy groups has been converted into the corresponding p-nonylphenyl ether.


bromoalkane

Any haloalkane that consists of an alkane substituted by at least one bromine atom.


6-bromoharmine hydrobromide

A hydrobromide salt prepared from 6-bromoharmine and 1 equivalent of hydrogen bromide. It is semisynthetic derivative of harmine and has been shown to exhibit significant anti-HIV activity.


A hydrobromide resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of  1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile and hydrogen bromide.


secondary fatty alcohol

A fatty alcohol consisting of a chain of 3 to greater than 27 carbon atoms in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom different from the terminal carbons. Secondary fatty alcohols may be saturated or unsaturated and may be branched or unbranched.


vinylarene

A vinyl-substituted arene.


alcohol

A compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom.


glycosylglycerol

A glycoside resulting from the condensation of one of the hydroxy groups of glycerol with a glycosyl group.


sulfoglycolipid

A sulfate ester of a glycolipid.


ketone hydrate

A 1,1-diol resulting from the formal addition of water to the carbonyl group of a ketone.


ethanols

Any primary alcohol based on an ethanol skeleton.


acyclic olefin

Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having one or more carbon-carbon double bond.


DODECLONIUM BROMIDE

The organic bromide salt of dodeclonium. It is an antispetic drug and an ingredient found in creams such as Phlebocreme and Sedorrhoide which are recommended for use in some painful anal pathologies (hemorrhoidal crisis).


alcuronium bromide

The organic bromide salt of alcuronium.


haloethene

A compound derived from ethene by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with halogen atoms.


methyl halides

A haloalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a halide atom.


tannin

Any of a group of astringent polyphenolic vegetable principles or compounds, chiefly complex glucosides of catechol and pyrogallol.


FENOTEROL HBR

The hydrobromide salt of fenoterol. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.


azane

Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.


diarylheptanoid

A family of plant metabolites with a common 1,7-diphenylheptane structural skeleton, carrying various substituents. They are mainly distributed in the roots, rhizomes and bark of Alpinia, Zingiber, Curcuma and Alnus species.


sinapyl alcohol

A primary alcohol, being cinnamyl alcohol hydroxylated at C-4 and methoxylated at C-3 and -5.


primary fatty alcohol

Any fatty alcohol in which the hydroxy group is attached to a methylene (CH2) group.


A ubiquinol in which the polyprenyl substituent is decaprenyl.


phenols

Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring.


The (R)-enantiomer of 1-phenylethanol.


A ubiquinol in which the polyprenyl substituent is hexaprenyl.


alkene

An acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n. Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one double bond are alkadienes, alkatrienes, etc.


tyramines

Aralkylamino compounds which contain a tyramine skeleton.


dodecene

An alkene that is dodecane containing one double bond at unspecified position.


organobromine compound

A compound containing at least one carbon-bromine bond.


nitrophenol

Any member of the class of  phenols or substituted phenols carrying  at least 1 nitro group.


macrogol

A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.


diol

A compound that contains two hydroxy groups, generally assumed to be, but not necessarily, alcoholic. Aliphatic diols are also called glycols.


amino alcohol

An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.


phenolic donor

Any phenol that acts as an electron donor.


halide

Any heteroatomic molecular entity that is a chemical compound of halogen with other chemical elements.


The ubiquinol corresponding to ubiquinone-0.


A dinitroglycerol that is glycerol in which both of the primary hydroxy groups have been converted to the corresponding nitrate estes.


alkylbenzene

A  monocyclic arene that is benzene substituted with one or more alkyl groups.


glycol

A diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent.


alkyl hydroperoxide

A peroxol R-OOH where the substituent R is an alkyl group.


alkyl alcohol

An aliphatic alcohol in which the aliphatic alkane chain is substituted by a hydroxy group at unspecified position.


cycloalkane

Saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons (with or without side chains).


oxoacid

A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons).


lipid hydroperoxide

Any lipid carrying one or more hydroperoxy substituents.


allylic alcohol

An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).


phenylethanolamines

An ethanolamine compound having a phenyl (substituted or unsubstituted) group on the carbon bearing the hydroxy substituent.


arabinitol

A pentitol that is the sugar alcohol produced by the reduction of arabinose or lyxose. It is found in serum or urine of human infected with Candida albicans.


galactosylglycerol

A glycosylglycerol in which the glycosyl residue specified is galactose.


medium-chain fatty alcohol

Any fatty alcohol with a chain length between C6 and C12.


escitalopram hydrobromide

A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile hydrobromide resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of escitalopram and hydrogen bromide.


resorcinols

Any benzenediol in which the two hydroxy groups are meta to one another.


organic sulfate

Compounds of the general formula SO3HOR where R is an organyl group


acyl halide

A compound consisting of an acyl group bonded to halogen.


NEOSTIGMINE BROMIDE

The bromide salt of neostigmine.


acyl fluoride

A compound consisting of an acyl group bonded to fluorine.


hydrides

Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements.


VORTIOXETINE HYDROBROMIDE

A hydrobromide obtained by combining vortioxetine with one molar equivalent of hydrobromic acid. Used for treatment of major depressive disorder.


artemisinin derivative

Any organic peroxide formally obtained from artemisinin.


organosulfonic acid

An organic derivative of sulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked directly to carbon.


hydrobromide

Salts formally resulting from the reaction of hydrobromic acid with an organic base.


(R)-citalopram hydrobromide

A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile hydrobromide resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and hydrogen bromide.


peroxides

Compounds of structure ROOR'.


halohydrocarbon

A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing a hydrogen atom with a halogen atom.


enol

Alkenols; the term refers specifically to vinylic alcohols, which have the structure HOCR'=CR2. Enols are tautomeric with aldehydes (R' = H) or ketones (R' =/= H).


A ubiquinol in which the polyprenyl substituent is nonaprenyl.


hexahydroxyflavone

Members of the class of hydroxyflavone that is  flavone substituted by 6 hydroxy groups.


DARIFENACIN HYDROBROMIDE

The hydrobromide salt of darifenacin.  A selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, it is used in the management of urinary incontinence.


cyclic olefin

The inclusive term for any cyclic hydrocarbon having any number of double bonds.


D-galactosylglycerol

Any galactosylglycerol resulting from the formal condensation of one of the hydroxy groups of glycerol with anomeric hydroxy group of D-galactose.


hydroxypolyether

A hydroxyether compound containing more than one ether group.


bromohydrocarbon

A compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing a hydrogen atom with a bromine atom.


hydroxyflavone

Any flavone in which one or more ring hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy groups.


organic hydroxy compound

An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom.


short-chain primary fatty alcohol

Any primary fatty alcohol with a chain length less than 6 carbons.


tertiary allylic alcohol

An allylic alcohol in which the carbon atom that links the double bond to the hydroxy group is also attached to two other carbons (R4,R5 =/= H).


3-D-galactosyl glycerol

A D-galactosylglycerol in which consisting of D-galactopyranose joined to one of the primary hydroxy groups of glycerol by a glycosidic bond.


NIROGACESTAT HYDROBROMIDE

A hydrobromide salt obtained by reaction of nirogacestat with two equivalents of hydrobromic acid.


levobetaxolol

The (S)-enantiomer of betaxolol.


hydroquinones

Benzenediols that have the hydroxy substituents in the 1- and 4-positions.


aminosulfinic acid

Organosulfinic acids containing one or more amino groups.


tertiary alcohol

A tertiary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has three other carbon atoms attached to it.


A tetritol that is butane substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2, 3 and 4.


(R)-bevantolol

The (R)-enantiomer of bevantolol.


resveratrol

A stilbenol that is stilbene in which the phenyl groups are substituted at positions 3, 5, and 4' by hydroxy groups.


cyclohexanols

An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.


octopamine

A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.


haloalkane

A halohydrocarbon that is an alkane in which at least one hydrogen atom has been replaced by with a halogen atom.


hydroxyether

Any ether carrying a hydroxy group at unspecified position.


hydrocarbon

A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.


allomelanin

Allomelanin is a type of nitrogen-free melanin most commonly found in fungi


PANCURONIUM BROMIDE

A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication.


flutropium bromide

The organic bromide salt of flutropium. It is used in Japan for the treatment asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.


(S)-SKF 38393 hydrobromide

A hydrobromide obtained by combining (S)-SKF 38393 with one molar equivalent of hydrogen bromide.


tertiary amine oxide

An N-oxide where there are three organic groups bonded to the nitrogen atom.


alkenyl alcohol

Any aliphatic alcohol in which the carbon chain contains one or more olefinic bonds.


N-acylethanolamine

An ethanolamine substituted at nitrogen by an acyl group.


A mononitrophenol that is 2-nitrophenol and its derivatives resulting from substitution of one or more of the hydrogens attached to the benzene ring by a non-nitro group.


main-group coordination entity

A coordination entity in which the central atom to which the ligands are attached comes from groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 of the periodic table.


oligosaccharide sulfate

Any  carbohydrate sulfate that is an oligosaccharide carrying at least one O-sulfo substituent.


lithium bromide

A lithium salt in which the counterion is bromide. The anhydrous salt forms cubic crystals similar to common salt.


cresol

A hydroxytoluene that consists of toluene carrying a single hydroxy substituent at any position. A 'closed class'.


A primary alcohol based on a propan-1-olskeleton and its substituted derivatives.


imetit dihydrobromide

A hydrobromide salt obtained by reaction of imetit with two equivalents of hydrobromic acid. An extremely potent, high affinity agonist at H3 and H4 receptors (Ki values are 0.3 and 2.7 nM respectively). Induces shape change in eosinophils with an EC50 of 25 nM. Centrally active following systemic administration.


secondary alcohol

A secondary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has two other carbon atoms attached to it.


alkanesulfonic acid

Organic derivatives of sulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is linked directly to carbon of an alkyl group.


mononitrophenol

A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.


glycol ether

A hydroxyether which contains both an ether and alcohol functional groups. It is one of the most versatile classes of organic solvents which are commonly used in paints, cleaners, adhesives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.


polyol

A compound that contains two or more hydroxy groups.


peroxol

Monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide HOOH, having the skeleton ROOH, in which R is any organyl group.


primary allylic alcohol

An allylic alcohol in which the carbon atom that links the double bond to the hydroxy group is also attached to two hydrogens.


ethanediol

Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.


phosphorus oxoacid

A pnictogen oxoacid which contains phosphorus and oxygen, at least one hydrogen atom bound to oxygen, and forms an ion by the loss of one or more protons.


halomethane

A haloalkane that is methane in which one (or more) of the hydrogens have been replaced by a halogen atom/halogen atoms.


coordination entity

An assembly consisting of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms (ligands).


sulfuric ester

An ester of an alcohol and sulfuric acid.


alditol

A carbohydrate that is an acyclic polyol having the general formula HOCH2[CH(OH)]nCH2OH (formally derivable from an aldose by reduction of the carbonyl group).


hydroxides

Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)).


organic peroxide

Compounds of structure ROOR' in which R and R' are organic groups.


aromatic alcohol

Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.


cinnamyl alcohol

A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).


haloalkene

A compound derived from an alkene by replacing a hydrogen atom with a halogen atom.


alkadiene

Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having two carbon-carbon double bonds.


phosphoric acids

Compounds containing one or more phosphoric acid units.


The (S)-enantiomer of 1-phenylethanol.


octadienol

A primary alcohol that is octanol consisting of two double bonds at unspecified positions.


NAN 190 hydrobromide

A hydrobromide obtained by reaction of NAN 190 with one equivalent of hydrobromic acid.


monohydroxyflavone

A hydroxyflavone carrying a single hydroxy substituent.


(S)-bevantolol

The (S)-enantiomer of bevantolol.


ethanediol derivative

A substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.


organohalogen compound

A compound containing at least one carbon-halogen bond (where X is a halogen atom).


long chain primary alcohol

A primary alcohol with a chain length ranging from 13-22 carbons which is usually but not always a fatty alcohol.


pentol

A  polyol with five hydroxy groups.


fatty alcohol

An aliphatic alcohol consisting of a chain of 3 to greater than 27 carbon atoms. Fatty alcohols may be saturated or unsaturated and may be branched or unbranched.


4-hydroxycinnamyl alcohol

A primary alcohol being cinnamyl alcohol hydroxylated at C-4 of the phenyl ring.


oxide

An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements.


A hydrobromide salt prepared from N-allyl-6-chloro-1-(3-methylphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol and one equivalent of hydrogen bromide. High affinity, selective dopamine D1-like receptor agonist. Ki values are 3.2, 3.1, 186, 66, 335, 1167, 1251 and 1385 nM at recombinant D1, D5, D2, D3, D4, 5-HT2A, alpha1A and alpha1B receptors respectively. Stimulates adenylyl cyclase (EC50 = 65 nM) but not phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Induces extreme arousal and hyperlocomotion following subcutaneous administration in monkeys.


N-sulfonylurea

A urea in which one of the hydrogens attached to a nitrogen of the urea group is replaced by a sulfonyl group. The N-sulfonylurea moiety is a key group in various herbicides, as well as in a number of antidiabetic drugs used in the management of type 2 diabetis mellitus.


sulfonamide

An amide of a sulfonic acid RS(=O)2NR'2.


organosulfinic acid

Organic derivatives of sulfinic acid in which the sulfino group is linked directly to carbon.


triol

A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.


aldehyde hydrate

A 1,1-diol resulting from the formal addition of water to the carbonyl group of a aldehyde.


stilbenol

Any  stilbenoid with at least one phenolic group.


heteroaryl hydroxy compound

Any organic aromatic compound having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a heteroarene ring.


(R)-SKF 38393 hydrobromide

A hydrobromide obtained by combining (R)-SKF 38393 with one molar equivalent of hydrogen bromide.


A form of water consisting of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to an oxygen-18 atom.


olefin

Acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, apart from the formal ones in aromatic compounds. The class olefins subsumes alkenes and cycloalkenes and the corresponding polyenes.


A ubiquinol in which the polyprenyl substituent is heptaprenyl.


pinitol

A cyclitol ether formed by etherification of the 3-hydroxy group of chiro-inositol. It is plant metabolite isolated from the leaves of Sutherlandia frutescens.


monocyclic arene

A monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.


annulene

A mancude monocyclic hydrocarbon without side chains of the general formula CnHn (n is an even number) or CnHn+1 (n is an odd number). In systematic nomenclature an annulene with seven or more carbon atoms may be named [n]annulene, where n is the number of carbon atoms.


An organic bromide salt having 9-benzyl-2-butyl-9H-beta-carbolin-2-ium as the counterion


isourea

A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.


arene

Any monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.


primary alcohol

A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.


polyphenol

Members of the class of phenols that contain 2 or more benzene rings each of which is substituted by at least one hydroxy group.


flavonols

Any hydroxyflavone in which is the ring hydrogen at position 3 of the heterocyclic ring is replaced by a hydroxy group.


Any alcohol in which two hydroxy groups are bonded to the same atom.


scopolamine hydrobromide (anhydrous)

A hydrobromide that is obtained by reaction of scopolamine with hydrogen bromide.


hydroxytoluene

Any member of the class of  toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.


Any hydroxyflavone with a hydroxy substituent at position 3'.


A halophenol in which the halogen atom is bonded to the carbon atom adjacent to the C-OH group.


secondary allylic alcohol

An allylic alcohol in which the carbon atom that links the double bond to the hydroxy group is also attached to one other carbon and one hydrogen.


pentitol

An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.


polyprenylhydroquinone

A hydroquinone compound having a polyprenyl substituent in an unspecified position.


hydroperoxide

A monosubstitution product of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH.


A mononitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group at position 2 is replaced by a nitro group.


sulfolipid

A compound containing a sulfonic acid residue joined by a carbon-sulfur bond to a lipid.


tetrahydroxyflavone

Any hydroxyflavone carrying four hydroxy substituents.


SODIUM BROMIDE

An inorganic sodium salt having bromide as the counterion.


sulfonamide antibiotic

A class of sulfonamides whose members generally have bacteriostatic antibiotic properties.


salt

A salt is an assembly of cations and anions.


alkaloid

Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is  exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids.


indole alkaloid

An alkaloid containing an indole skeleton.


isoquinoline alkaloid

Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.


cinchona alkaloid

An alkaloid based on a cinchonan skeleton.


monoterpenoid indole alkaloid

A terpenoid indole alkaloid which is biosynthesised from L-tryptophan and diisoprenoid (usually secolaganin) building blocks.


hemiterpenoid indole alkaloid

A terpenoid indole alkaloid which is biosynthesised from L-tryptophan and monoisoprenoid (usually dimethylallyl pyrophosphate or isopentenyl pyrophosphate) building blocks


morphinane alkaloid

An  isoquinoline alkaloid based on a morphinan skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


benzylisoquinoline alkaloid

Any isoquinoline alkaloid based on a benzylisoquinoline skeleton.


vinca alkaloid

A group of indole-indoline dimers which are alkaloids obtained from the Vinca genus of plants, together with semi-synthetic and fully synthetic analogues.


ergoline alkaloid

One of a class of naturally occurring alkaloids with a structure based on that of ergoline.


terpenoid indole alkaloid

An indole alkaloid which is biosynthesised from L-tryptophan and isoprenoid building blocks.


aporphine alkaloid

Any benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that has a structure based on 4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline or its 3-methyl derivative.


anthracycline

Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.


ether lipid

A lipid similar in structure to a glycerolipid but in which one or more of the carbon atoms on glycerol is bonded to an alkyl chain via an ether linkage, as opposed to the usual ester linkage.


L-methionine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-methionine  at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-methionine by a heteroatom.


amino acid opine

Any opine whose structure is based on the condensation of an amino acid with a carbohydrate or a keto-acid.


organothiophosphorus compound

An organothiophosphorus compound is an organophosphorus compound which contains a phosphorus-sulfur bond.


thiocarboxylic ester

An ester in which one or both oxygens of an ester group have been replaced by divalent sulfur.


organic trisulfide

An organosulfur compound with structure Compounds of structure R(1)SSSR(2) in which R(1) and R(2) are organic groups.


organosulfur compound

An organosulfur compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-sulfur bond.


methanesulfonates

Esters or salts of methanesulfonic acid.


glutathione derivative

Any organonitrogen compound derived from the Glu-Cys-Gly tripeptide glutathione.


thioureas

Compounds of general formula RR'NC(=S)NR''R'''.


S-substituted glutathione

A glutathione derivative that is glutathione in which the hydrogen of the thiol has been replaced by any other group.


S-glycosyl compound

A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and a S atom bound to a carbon atom, thus creating a C-S bond.


thiocarbonyl compound

Any compound containing the thiocarbonyl group, C=S.


L-methionine (S)-S-oxide

The (S)-oxido diastereomer of L-methionine S-oxide.


organic sulfide

Compounds having the structure RSR (R =/= H). Such compounds were once called thioethers.


alkanethiol

An alkanethiol is a compound in which a sulfanyl group, -SH, is attached to an alkyl group.


methionine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of methionine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of methionine  by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing methionine residues.


aryl sulfide

Any organic sulfide in which the sulfur is attached to at least one aromatic group.


sulfide

Any sulfur molecular entity that involves either covalently bonded or anionic sulfur.


dithioacetal

A thioacetal having the structure R2C(SR')2. The term includes dithioketals (R =/= H, R' =/= H) as a subclass.


sulfone

An organosulfur compound having the structure RS(=O)2R (R =/= H).


L-methionine (R)-S-oxide

The (R)-oxido diastereomer of L-methionine S-oxide.


methionine S-oxide

The S-oxide derivative of methionine. It is a biomarker of oxidative stress.


methyl sulfide

Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.


sulfoxide

An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H).


thioacetal

The sulfur analogue of 'acetal'.  The term includes monothioacetals having the structure R2C(OR')(SR') (subclass monothioketals, R =/= H); and dithioacetals having the structure R2C(SR')2 (subclass dithioketals, R =/= H, R' =/= H).


thiol

An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.


thiosugar

A carbohydrate derivative in which one or more of the oxygens or hydroxy groups of the parent carbohydrate is replaced by sulfur or -SR, where R can be hydrogen or any group.


monothioacetal

A thioacetal having the structure R2C(OR')(SR'). The term includes monothioketals, R =/= H, as a subclass.


dithioketal

A dithioacetal of formula R2C(SR')2, R =/= H, R' =/= H.


Any 6-carbon amino monosaccharide with at least one alcoholic hydroxy group replaced by an amino group.


palmitoyl bioconjugate

A bioconjugate obtained by coupling of palmitic acid to another biomolecule (e.g. coenzyme A, an acyl-carrier protein, a phospholipid, an oligosaccharide, a nucleic acid etc.), which for the sake of convenience, is represented by an R group.


N-acylsphingosine

The parent compounds of the ceramide family, composed of sphingosine having an unspecified fatty acyl group attached to the nitrogen.


formamides

Amides with the general formula R(1)R(2)NCHO (R(1) and R(2) can be H).


pnictogen molecular entity

A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen.


oxime

Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.


glycine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of glycine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of glycine by a heteroatom.


L-tryptophan derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-tryptophan at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-tryptophan by a heteroatom.


triazene derivative

A nitrogen molecular entity resulting from the formal substitution of one or more of the hydrogens of triazene.


dihydroceramide

An N-acylsphingoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any fatty acid with the amino group of any dihydrosphingoid base.


L-tyrosine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-tyrosine by a heteroatom.


Any carbohydrate derivative that consists of glycan moieties covalently attached to the side chains of the amino acid residues that constitute the peptide.


hydroxylamines

Hydroxylamine, H2N-OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.


amino acid derivative

Any derivative of an amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing amino acid residues.


L-threonine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-threonine  at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-threonine  by a heteroatom.


mononitroglycerol

A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which one nitro group replaces the hydrogen(s) attached to one of the hydroxy groups.


polyamine

Any organic amino compound that contains two or more amino groups.


nitrohydrocarbon

A C-nitro compound that is a hydrocarbon in which one or more of the hydrogens has been replaced by nitro groups.


L-phenylalanine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-phenylalanine  at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-phenylalanine  by a heteroatom.


N-nitrosoureas

A nitroso compound that is any urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group


bleomycin A5

A member of the class of bleomycins that is used in sclerotherapy for cervicofacial lymphatic malformations.


reactive nitrogen species

A family of nitrogen molecular entities which are highly reactive and derived from nitric oxide (.NO) and superoxide (O2.(-)) produced via the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and NADPH oxidase respectively.


N-palmitoyl-sphingoid base

A ceramide where the N-acyl is a palmitoyl chain but the sphingoid base is not defined


sphingoid

Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.


primary diamine

A primary diamine is a compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing two hydrogen atoms by amino groups.


pentaerithrityl tetranitrate

A pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex.


vitamin B12

Any member of a group of cobalamin vitamers that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with low red blood cell count and anemia. The vitamers are found in foods such as cereals, meat, fish, and poultry. The vitamers include adenosylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, cyanocobalamin, aquacobalamin, nitritocobalamin and methylcobabalamin (also includes their ionized, salt and phosphate derivatives).


primary amide

A derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.


oxime O-ether

O-organyl oximes R2C=NOR' (R' =/= H).


acetyl-amino acid

Any amino acid derivative that is the N-acetyl or O-acetyl derivative of an amino acid.


azo compound

Derivatives of diazene with the general structure R-N=N-R'.


amide

An amide is a derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.


acetamides

Compounds with the general formula RNHC(=O)CH3.


carbohydrazide

A hydrazide consisting of hydrazine carrying one or more carboacyl groups.


carboxamide

An amide of a carboxylic acid, having the structure RC(=O)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)NH2 group including its carbon atom.


nucleoside analogue

An analogue of a nucleoside, being an N-glycosyl compound in which the nitrogen-containing moiety is a modified nucleotide base. They are commonly used as antiviral products to prevent viral replication in infected cells.


N-methyl-amino acid

An amino acid derivative in which at least one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a methyl group.


phosphoramide

A compound in which one or more of the OH groups of phosphoric acid have been replaced with an amino or substituted amino group. The term is commonly confined to the phosphoric triamides, P(=O)(NR2)3, since replacement of one or two OH groups produces phosphoramidic acids: P(=O)(OH)(NR2)2 , P(=O)(OH)2(NR2).


hydrazone

Compounds having the structure R2C=NNR2, formally derived from aldehydes or ketones by replacing =O by =NNH2 (or substituted analogues).


B vitamin

Any member of the group of eight water-soluble vitamins originally thought to be a single compound (vitamin B) that play important roles in cell metabolism. The group comprises of vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12 (Around 20 other compounds were once thought to be B vitamins but are no longer classified as such).


mixed diacylamine

Any imide in which the acyl substituents are any two from carboacyl, sulfonyl and phosphoryl


imine

Compounds having the structure RN=CR2 (R = H, hydrocarbyl). Thus analogues of aldehydes or ketones, having NR doubly bonded to carbon; aldimines have the structure RCH=NR, ketimines have the structure R'2C=NR (where R' is not H). Imines include azomethines and Schiff bases. Imine is used as a suffix in systematic nomenclature to denote the C=NH group excluding the carbon atom.


vitamin B9

Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.


sphingolipid

Sphingolipids are a complex family of compounds that share a common structural feature, a sphingoid base backbone.


asparagine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of asparagine at the amino group, the carboxy group, or the carboxamide, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of asparagine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing asparagine residues.


organonitrogen compound

Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.


pantothenic acids

A class of amides formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine and its derivatives.


D-tyrosine derivative

A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-tyrosine by a heteroatom.


glycodiaosylceramide

An oligoglycosylceramide in which the oligoglycosyl component is derived from the cyclic form of a disaccharide (or derivative).


N-glycosyl compound

A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to a nitrogen atom, thus creating a C-N bond.


nitrogen mustard

Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.


L-selenocysteine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-selenocysteine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-selenocysteine by a heteroatom.


hydrazide

Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH  by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).


nitroarene

A nitrohydrocarbon that consists of an arene skeleton substituted by one or more nitro groups at unspecified positions.


phosphonic acids

HP(=O)(OH)2  (phosphonic acid) and its P-substituted derivatives.


A diosylceramide having beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucose as the disaccharide component.


organic amino compound

A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.


N-acylsphingoid

A ceramide consisting of an undefined sphingoid base linked to an undefined fatty acid via an amide bond.


amidine

Derivatives of oxoacids RnE(=O)OH in which the hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group and the oxo group is replaced by =NR. In organic chemistry an unspecified amidine is commonly a carboxamidine.


valine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of valine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of valine  by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing valine  residues.


nitroglycerol

A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.


sphingosine-based sphingolipid

A family of sphingolipids that share a common structural feature, a sphingosine base backbone.


cysteine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of cysteine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing cysteine residues.


N-substituted cadaverine

An N-substituted diamine in which the diamine is cadaverine.


amino acid amide

An amide of an amino acid formed formally by conversion of the carboxy group to a carboxamido group.


cerebroside

Any member of a group of glycosphingolipids, also known as monoglycosylceramides, which are important components in animal muscle and nerve cell membranes.


L-asparagine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-asparagine at the amino group, the carboxy group, or the carboxamide, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-asparagine by a heteroatom.


quaternary nitrogen compound

A nitrogen molecular entity that is electronically neutral but which contains a quaternary nitrogen.


L-valine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-valine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-valine by a heteroatom.


quinone imine

An imine formed formally from a quinone by replacement of one or more atoms of quinonoid oxygen by =NH or =NR.


threonine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of threonine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of threonine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing threonine residues.


monoamine

An aralylamino compound which contains one amino group connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain. Monoamines are derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and the thyroid hormones by the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes.


nitrosamine

N-Nitroso amines, compounds of the structure R2NNO. Compounds RNHNO are not ordinarily isolable, but they, too, are nitrosamines. The name is a contraction of N-nitrosoamine and, as such, does not require the N locant.


chlormerodrin ((197)Hg)

Chlormerodrin containing the radioactive isotope (197)Hg. It was formerly used as a diagnostic aid in determination of renal function.


amidoxime

Amidines of general formula RC(=NOH)NR(1)R(2), in which the imino nitrogen is substituted by a hydroxy group.


N-sulfonylcarboxamide

A mixed diacylamine resulting from the formal condensation of the nitrogen of a carboxamide with a sulphonic acid.


L-cysteine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from the formal reaction of L-cysteine at the amino group, carboxy group, or thiol group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-cysteine by a heteroatom.


A ceramide in which the acyl group and the sphingoid base contain a total of 42 carbon atoms and 1 double bond.


nitrate ester

Any member of the class of nitrates resulting from the esterification of nitric acid with an alcohol.


phenylhydrazines

Any member of the class of  hydrazines carrying a phenyl substituent.


An N-acylsphinganine in which the fatty acyl group contains 18 carbons and 1 double bond.


vitamin B3

Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).


sphinganine-based sphingolipid

A family of sphingolipids that share a common structural feature, a sphinganine base backbone.


beta-D-glucosylceramide

Any glucosylceramide in which the glucosyl component has beta-D-configuration.


phenylureas

Any member of the class of ureas in which at least one of the nitrogens of the urea moiety is substituted by a phenyl or substituted phenyl group.


D-phenylalanine derivative

A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-phenylalanine by a heteroatom.


acetyl-L-serine

An acetyl-amino acid in which the amino acid specified is L-serine.


glycosylceramide

A ceramide compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxy group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.


vitamin B5

Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.


cyanides

Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.


alanine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of alanine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing alanine residues.


ceramide

Ceramides (N-acyl-sphingoid bases) are a major subclass of sphingoid base derivatives with an amide-linked fatty acid. The fatty acids are typically saturated or monounsaturated with chain lengths from 14 to 26 carbon atoms; the presence of a hydroxyl group on carbon 2 is fairly common. Ceramides are generally precursors of more complex sphingolipids. In the illustrated generalised structure, R(1) = OH, OX (where X = acyl, glycosyl, phosphate, phosphonate, etc.), or H.


vitamin B7

Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.


D-proline derivative

A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-proline by a heteroatom.


L-proline derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-proline  by a heteroatom.


isoleucine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of isoleucine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of isoleucine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing isoleucine residues.


azobenzenes

Any member of the wide class of molecules that share the core azobenzene structure, comprising two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond, which may have different functional groups extending from the rings.


monoamine molecular messenger

A group of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group  (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan.


organophosphorus compound

An organophosphorus compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-phosphorus bond, but the term is often extended to include esters and thioesters.


chlormerodrin ((203)Hg)

Chlormerodrin containing the radioactive isotope (203)Hg. It was formerly used as a diagnostic aid in determination of renal function.


proline derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of proline at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of proline by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing proline residues.


diamine

Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.


glutamic acid derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of glutamic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing glutamic acid residues.


dicarboximide

An imide in which the two acyl substituents on nitrogen are carboacyl groups.


aromatic amine

An amino compound in which the amino group is linked directly to an aromatic system.


ethylenediamine derivative

Any organic amino compound that is a derivative of  ethylenediamine.


N-acylsphinganine

A ceramide consisting of sphinganine in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a fatty acyl group.


phenylalanine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of phenylalanine  by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing phenylalanine  residues.


nitroso compound

Compounds having the nitroso group, -NO, attached to carbon, or to another element, most commonly nitrogen or oxygen.


PANTOTHENIC ACID, RACEMIC

A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.


ketimine

Any imine derived from a ketone.


selenocysteine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of selenocysteine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of selenocysteine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing selenocysteine residues.


hydrazines

Hydrazine (diazane) and its substituted derivatives.


glycosphingolipid

A glycosphingolipid is a glycolipid that is a carbohydrate-containing derivative of a sphingoid or ceramide. It is understood that the carbohydrate residue is attached by a glycosidic linkage to O-1 of the sphingoid.


ganglioside

A molecule composed of a glycosphingolipid (ceramide and oligosaccharide) with one or more sialic acids linked on the sugar chain.


tryptophan derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of tryptophan  at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of tryptophan  by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing tryptophan residues.


C-nitro compound

A nitro compound having the nitro group (-NO2) attached to a carbon atom.


glucosylceramide

Any of the cerebrosides in which the monosaccharide head group is glucose.


nitrotoluene

Any member of the class of  toluenes bearing one or more nitro substituents on the benzene ring.


guanidines

Any organonitrogen compound containing a carbamimidamido (guanidino) group. Guanidines have the general structure (R(1)R(2)N)(R(3)R(4)N)C=N-R(5) and are related structurally to amidines and ureas.


secondary carboxamide

A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with a primary amine; formula RC(=O)NHR(1).


tyrosine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, any substitution of phenyl hydrogens, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of tyrosine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing tyrosine residues.


biguanides

A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.


L-serine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-serine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-serine by a heteroatom.


neutral glycosphingolipid

Any glycosphingolipid containing unsubstituted glycosyl moieties.


proteinogenic amino acid derivative

Any derivative of a proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, or a side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom.


N-acetylisoleucine

An  isoleucine derivative that is the N-acetyl derivative of isoleucine.


serine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of serine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of serine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing serine residues.


aromatic amide

An amide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aromatic system.


secondary amino compound

A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.


anilide

Any aromatic amide obtained by acylation of aniline.


secondary amide

A derivative of two oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which two acyl groups are attached to the amino or substituted amino group.


L-glutamic acid derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-glutamic acid at the amino group or either of the carboxy groups, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-glutamic acid by a heteroatom.


N-acylurea

A member of the class of ureas that has the general formula R-CO-NH-CO-NH2 or R-CO-NH-CO-NH-CO-R', formally derived by the acylation of one or both of the nitrogens of a urea moiety.


non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative

Any derivative of a non-proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group or carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom.


Any glycodiaosylceramide having beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucose as the disaccharide component and undefined sphingoid base.


hydroxamic acid ester

A carboxamide that is a hydroxamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is replaced by an organyl group.


aralkylamino compound

An organic amino compound in which an aminoalkyl group is linked to an arene.


nitro compound

A compound having a nitro group, -NO2 (free valence on nitrogen), which may be attached to carbon, nitrogen (as in nitramines), or oxygen (as in nitrates), among other elements (in the absence of specification, C-nitro compounds are usually implied).


L-alanine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-alanine by a heteroatom.


A ceramide in which the acyl group and the sphingoid base contain a total of 42 carbon atoms and 2 double bonds.


L-isoleucine derivative

A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-isoleucine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-isoleucine by a heteroatom.


triamine

Any polyamine that contained three amino groups.


dinitroglycerol

A nitroglycerol carrying two nitro groups at unspecified positions.


1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)

Any member of the class of phosphonic acids in which a carbon atom is directly attached to two phosphonic acid groups. They are analogues of pyrophosphates (with the central oxygen atom replaced by a carbon atom) and like pyrophosphates they tend to have a strong affinity for bone, so are frequently used for their antiresorptive and hypocalcaemic properties.


N-acylglutamic acid

A glutamic acid derivative that is glutamic acid in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an acyl group.


histidine derivative

An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of histidine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of histidine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing alanine residues.


raffinose family oligosaccharide

Any oligosaccharide that has a biosynthetic pathway in common with that of raffinose.


D-ARABINOSE

D-Arabinose in its pyranose form.


L-arabinose

The L-enantiomer of arabinose.


L-arabinopyranose

The six-membered ring form of L-arabinose.


methoxybenzenes

Any aromatic ether that consists of a benzene skeleton substituted with one or more methoxy groups.


dimethoxybenzene

Any methoxybenzene that consists of a benzene skeleton substituted with two methoxy groups and its derivatives.


alanine zwitterion

An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of alanine; major species at pH 7.3.


glycosyl alditol derivative

An alditol derivative that is formally obtained from a glycosyl alditol.


glycosylglycerol derivative

A glycosyl alditol derivative that is formally obtained from a glycosyl glycerol.


ester

A compound formally derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l > 0) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter.


aromatic ester

An ester where the ester linkage is bonded directly to an aromatic system.


polar amino acid zwitterion

Zwitterionic form of a polar amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.


carbonates

Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.


biphenyls

Benzenoid aromatic compounds containing two phenyl or substituted-phenyl groups which are joined together by a single bond.


benzenes

Any benzenoid aromatic compound consisting of the benzene skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


alkenylbenzene

A member of the class of benzenes that is benzene substituted with one or more alkenyl groups. It is a group of naturally occurring compounds that are synthesized as secondary metabolites in various plants, including nutmeg and basil.


toluenes

Any member of the class of benzenes that is a substituted benzene in which the substituents include one (and only one) methyl group.


acenes

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.


name: carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives

description: Any organooxygen compound that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone, or a compound derived from one. Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and usually have an empirical formula Cm(H2O)n; carbohydrate derivatives may contain other elements by substitution or condensation.


triose

A monosaccharide containing three carbon atoms, which is important in respiration. Only two trioses occur naturally: the aldotriose glyceraldehyde and the ketotriose dihydroxyacetone.


monosaccharide

Parent monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H-[CHOH]n-C(=O)[CHOH]m-H with three or more carbon atoms. The generic term 'monosaccharide' (as opposed to oligosaccharide or polysaccharide) denotes a single unit, without glycosidic connection to other such units. It includes aldoses, dialdoses, aldoketoses, ketoses and diketoses, as well as deoxy sugars, provided that the parent compound has a (potential) carbonyl group.


glycoside

A glycosyl compound resulting from the attachment of a glycosyl group to a non-acyl group RO-, RS-, RSe-, etc. The bond between the glycosyl group and the non-acyl group is called a glycosidic bond. By extension, the terms N-glycosides and C-glycosides are used as class names for glycosylamines and for compounds having a glycosyl group attached to a hydrocarbyl group respectively. These terms are misnomers and should not be used. The preferred terms are glycosylamines and C-glycosyl compounds, respectively.


aldehydo-D-galactose

An aldohexose that is the C-4 epimer of glucose.


oligosaccharide derivative

A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from an oligosaccharide.


amino monosaccharide

Any  amino sugar that is a monosaccharide in which one alcoholic hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group.


anthocyanidin glycoside

Any anthocyanidin cation having one or more glycosyl residues attached at unspecified positions.


anhydro sugar

Intramolecular ethers formally arising by elimination of water from two hydroxy groups of a single molecule of a monosaccharide (aldose or ketose) or monosaccharide derivative.


Major species at pH 7.3


carbohydrate acid derivative

A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a carbohydrate acid.


D-aldohexose

Any D-aldose having a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.


oligosaccharide

A compound in which monosaccharide units are joined by glycosidic linkages. The term is commonly used to refer to a defined structure as opposed to a polymer of unspecified length or a homologous mixture. When the linkages are of other types the compounds are regarded as oligosaccharide analogues.


L-FUCOSE

The pyranose form of L-fucose.


D-xylose

Any xylose with D-configuration.


L-sorbose

The L enantiomer of sorbose, a ketone-containing hexose (a six-carbon monosaccharide).


D-glucoside

Any glucoside in which the glycoside group is derived from D-glucose.


alpha-D-xylose

A D-xylopyranose in with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.


carbohydrate

Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates.


L-fucose

Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.


tetronic acid derivative

An aldonic acid derivative that is formally obtained from a tetronic acid.


glycosyl compound

A carbohydrate derivative arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to an oxygen, carbon, nitrogen or sulfur atom of a separate entity.


L-fucose

Any form of fucose having L configuration.


alpha-D-xylofuranose

A D-xylofuranose that has alpha configuration at the anomeric centre.


trisaccharide derivative

An oligosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a trisaccharide.


D-mannose

A mannose with D-configuration.


D-fructose

Fructose is a levorotatory monosaccharide and an isomer of glucose.  Although fructose is a hexose (6 carbon sugar), it generally exists as a 5-member hemiketal ring (a furanose).


anthocyanin cation

Any flavonoid that is a glycoside derivative of an anthocyanidin cation.


N-acetylmannosamine

Any mannosamine carrying an N-acetyl substituent


pentose

A five-carbon monosaccharide which in its linear form contains either an aldehyde group at position 1 (aldopentose) or a ketone group at position 2 (ketopentose).


aldohexose

A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.


L-sorbopyranose

The L-stereoisomer of sorbopyranose.


deoxyhexose derivative

A deoxy sugar derivative that is formally obtained from a deoxyhexose.


amino tetrasaccharide

A tetrasaccharide derivative having one or more substituted or unsubstituted amino groups in place of hydroxy groups at unspecified positions.


keto-L-sorbose

A ketohexose often involved in the commercial production of vitamin C. It has been found to occur naturally in grapes.


aldose

Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.


beta-D-glucoside

Any D-glucoside in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration.


disaccharide derivative

A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a disaccharide.


L-xylose

A xylose of ring-opened form having L-configuration.


ketotriose

Any ketone-containing triose.


ketohexose

Any hexose containing a single ketone group.


saponin

A glycoside that is a compound containing one or more hydrophilic glycoside moieties combined with a lipophilic triterpenoid or steroid derivative. Found in particular abundance in plant species.


deoxypentose derivative

A deoxy sugar derivative that is formally obtained from a deoxypentose.


ketoheptose

A heptose with a (potential) ketone group at the 2-position.


D-glucosamine

A 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose that is D-glucosamine having a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.


tetrasaccharide derivative

An oligosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a tetrasaccharide.


beta-D-xylose

D-Xylopyranose in which the anomeric configuration is beta.


aldonic acid derivative

A carbohydrate acid derivative that is formally obtained from an aldonic acid.


L-rhamnose

Any rhamnose having L-configuration. L-rhamnose occurs naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides.


tetrasaccharide

An oligosaccharide comprising four monomeric monosaccharide units.


L-xylose

Any xylose with L-configuration.


deoxyhexose

Any C6 deoxy sugar having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.


aldopentose

A pentose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.


carbohydrate-containing antibiotic

Any carbohydrate derivative that exhibits antibiotic activity.


deoxyketopentose derivative

A deoxypentose sugar derivative that is formally obtained from a deoxyketopentose.


amino disaccharide

A disaccharide derivative that is a disaccharide having one or more substituted or unsubstituted amino groups in place of hydroxy groups at unspecified positions.


glucosamines

Any  hexosamine that is glucose in which at least one of the hydroxy groups has been replaced by an amino group.


deoxyaldohexose derivative

A deoxy sugar derivative that is formally obtained from a deoxyaldopentose.


aldehydo-D-glucosamine

The open-chain form of D-glucosamine.


glucooligosaccharide

An oligosaccharide comprised of glucose residues.


deoxy sugar derivative

A carbohydrate derivative formally obtained from a deoxy sugar.


luteolin O-glucuronoside

A glycosyloxyflavone that is an O-glucuronidated derivative of luteolin.


sorbopyranose

The pyranose form of sorbose.


alditol derivative

A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from an alditol.


beta-glucoside

A glucoside in which the anomeric carbon of the glycosidic bond is in a beta configuration


pentasaccharide derivative

An oligosaccharide derivative that is formally obtained from a pentasaccharide.


rhamnose

A deoxymannose sugar that is the 6-deoxy derivative of hexose.


galactopyranose

The pyranose form of galactose.


glycolipid

Any member of class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide). Some substances classified as bacterial glycolipids have the sugar part acylated by one or more fatty acids and the glycerol part may be absent.


A disaccharide consisting of beta-D-galactose linked via a (1->4)-glycosidic bond to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.


D-fructofuranose

A fructofuranose that has D configuration.


amino sugar

Any sugar having one or more alcoholic hydroxy groups replaced by substituted or unsubstituted amino groups.


mannose

An aldohexose that is the C-2 epimer of glucose.


hexitol derivative

An alditol derivative that is formally obtained from a hexitol.


glucosiduronic acid

Any substance produced by linking glucuronic acid to another substance via a glycosidic bond.


D-xylofuranose

The furanose form of D-xylose.


L-xylofuranose

The furanose form of L-xylose.


GLUCOSAMINE

A 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.


glycan

Any oligosaccharide, polysaccharide or their derivatives consisting of monosaccharides or monosaccharide derivatives linked by glycosidic bonds. See also http://www.ontobee.org/ontology/GNO?iri=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GNO_00000001.


beta-D-glucosiduronic acid

A glucosiduronic acid resulting from the formal condensation of any substance with beta-D-glucuronic acid to form a glycosidic bond.


alpha-L-xylofuranose

An L-xylofuranose that has alpha- configuration at the anomeric centre.


C-glycosyl compound

A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to a carbon atom, thus creating a C-C bond.


carbohydrate derivative

Any organooxygen compound derived from a carbohydrate by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. The term also includes derivatives of these compounds.


D-hexose

A hexose that has D-configuration at position 5.


An amino tetrasaccharide comprising residues of galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, galactose and glucose in a linear sequence, all joined by beta-linkages.