name: small intestinal intraepithelial neoplasia

description: A precancerous neoplastic process that affects the small intestine. It is characterized by low or high grade dysplasia of the mucosal epithelium. There is no evidence of invasion.


inflammatory bowel disease 26

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: An inflammatory bowel disease that has material basis in variation in the chromosome region 12q15.


chemical colitis

description: A colitis caused by the introduction of harsh chemicals to the colon by an enema or other procedure. Chemical colitis can resemble ulcerative colitis, infectious colitis and pseudomembranous colitis endoscopically.


gastric leiomyoma

description: A rare benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the wall of the stomach. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern. Unlike gastrointestinal stromal tumors, gastric leiomyomas are by definition negative for CD34 and CD117 (C-KIT).


cholangiolocellular carcinoma

description: An intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma that arises from the canals of Hering.


gastric liposarcoma

description: A malignant adipose tissue neoplasm of the stomach.


anal canal carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the anal canal


insulin-resistance syndrome type B

description: Type B insulin-resistance syndrome belongs to the group of extreme insulin-resistance syndromes (which includes leprechaunism, the lipodystrophies, Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome, and type A insulin resistance syndrome) and occurs in the context of immune dysfunction.


colon juvenile polyp

description: A non-neoplastic hamartomatous polyp that arises from the colon. It is characterized by the presence of tortuous and cystically dilated glands, edematous changes, and inflammation.


name: cutaneous photosensitivity-lethal colitis syndrome

description: Cutaneous photosensitivity and lethal colitisis is a rare inflammatory bowel disease characterized by early cutaneous photosensitivity manifesting by sun-induced facial erythematous and vesicular lesions and severe recurent colitis which lead to untreatable diarrhea. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1991.


intestinal motility disease

description: A disease that has its basis in the disruption of intestinal motility.


bacterial gastritis

description: Gastritis resulting from bacteria.


benign neoplasm of appendix

description: A benign neoplasm that involves the vermiform appendix.


anus leiomyosarcoma

description: An aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, arising from the anus. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells.


liver adenomatosis

description: A rare neoplastic disease characterized by the presence of ten or more hepatocellular adenomas in a background of normal appearing hepatic parenchyma. The majority of reported cases are female. There is no association with steroid use. The condition is considered benign, although the risk of complications (such as malignant transformation or spontaneous rupture with intraperitoneal hemorrhage) is much higher than in isolated hepatic adenoma. Hepatocellular carcinoma develops in less than 10% of cases.


name: megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome 5


Epstein-Barr virus hepatitis

description: A viral hepatitis that results in inflammation, located in liver, has material basis in Human herpesvirus 4 and has symptom headache, has symptom fatigue, has symptom fever, has symptom abdominal pain, has symptom nausea, and has symptom jaundice.


protoporphyria, erythropoietic, 1

description: Erythropoietic protoporphyria caused by a compound heterozygous or homozygous mutation in the gene encoding ferrochelatase (FECH) on chromosome 18q21.


name: acute infantile liver failure due to synthesis defect of mtDNA-encoded proteins

description: Acute infantile liver failure due to mtDNA-encoded proteins synthesis defect is a very rare mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency described in fewer than 10 infants, primarily of middle Eastern descent, and characterized clinically by transient but life-threatening liver failure with elevated liver enzymes, jaundice, vomiting, coagulopathy, hyperbilirubinemia, and lactic acidemia.


name: benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis

description: Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis (BRIC) is a hereditary liver disorder characterized by intermittent episodes of intrahepatic cholestasis, generally without progression to chronic liver damage. BRIC is now believed to belong to a clinical spectrum of intrahepatic cholestatic disorders that ranges from the mild intermittent attacks in BRIC to the severe, chronic and progressive cholestasis seen in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC).


xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis

description: Cholecystitis that is characterized by nodules containing lipid.


opioid-induced constipation

description: A constipation disorder caused by use of opioids. OIC may present immediately when a patient takes the opioid, or it may present gradually during opioid therapy.


X-linked erythropoietic protoporphyria

description: X-linked form of erythropoietic protoporphyria.


jejunal adenocarcinoma

description: A adenocarcinoma that involves the jejunum.


VIPoma

description: VIPoma is an extremely rare type of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor that secretes vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) leading to the manifestations of watery diarrhea, hypokalemia and achlorhydia or hypochhlorhydia (known as WDHA syndrome).


Waardenburg syndrome type 4A

description: A subtype of Waardenburg syndrome type 4 (Waardenburg-Shah syndrome) caused by mutations in EDNRB.


name: Lugano Classification Stage IV Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma AJCC v8

description: Stage IV: Diffuse or disseminated involvement of one or more extralymphatic organs, with or without associated lymph node involvement; or noncontiguous extralymphatic organ involvement in conjunction with nodal stage II disease; or any extralymphatic organ involvement in nodal stage III disease. Stage IV includes any involvement of the CSF, bone marrow, liver, or lungs (other than by direct extension in stage IIE disease). (from AJCC 8th Ed.)


type 4 somatostatin receptor binding

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Binding to a type 4 somatostatin receptor.


Cryogenic Burn

description: Local tissue damage due to exposure to extreme cold.


Supratentorial Gliosarcoma

description: A gliosarcoma arising from the supratentorial region.


Cerebral Glioblastoma

description: A glioblastoma that occurs in the cerebrum.


Heart Rupture, Post-Infarction

description: Tearing of the heart muscle as a sequela of acute myocardial infarction.


hyaluronate lyase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: hyaluronate = n 3-(4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.


benign granular cell tumor

description: A granular cell tumor that is confined to the site of origin, without metastatic potential.


cardiac granular cell neoplasm

description: A very rare granular cell tumor that arises from the heart.


name: benign peripheral nerve granular cell tumor

description: A benign granular cell tumor that involves the nerve.


Multiple hamartoma of lung

description: The presence of multiple hamartomas in the lungs.  Hamartomas are usually solitary lesions on chest-x-rays.  Multiple lung hamartomas are rare.


Increased CSF alanine concentration

category: biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: Abnormally increased levels of alanine in cerebrospinal fluid.


Glutathionuria

description: Level of glutathione in the urine above the upper limit of normal.


cell cycle process

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The cellular process that ensures successive accurate and complete genome replication and chromosome segregation.


medial membrane band assembly

description: The assembly of a sterol-rich region of the plasma membrane at the cell surface overlying the contractile ring.


name: attachment of meiotic spindle microtubules to meiosis II kinetochore

description: The cellular process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex in meiosis II. During meiosis II sister kinetochores are situated facing opposite spindle poles and bipolar attachment of the sister chromosomes to the spindle occurs.


meiotic spindle pole body organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the meiotic spindle pole body.


meiotic nuclear membrane disassembly

description: The cell cycle process in which the controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes during meiotic cell division occurs.


name: spindle assembly involved in male meiosis I

description: The formation of the spindle during meiosis I of a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


LinE complex assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components during meiotic prophase to form a LinE complex, the protein complex that associates with chromatin to form linear elements in fission yeast. In S. pombe, the LinE complex contains four main structural components (Rec10, Rec25, Rec27, and Mug20) and other associated proteins.


name: metaphase/anaphase transition of meiosis II

description: The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase as part of meiosis II.


name: establishment of meiotic spindle orientation

description: Any process that set the alignment of meiotic spindle relative to other cellular structures.


name: meiotic attachment of telomeric heterochromatin to spindle pole body

description: The meiotic cell cycle process in which physical connections are formed between telomeric heterochromatin and the spindle pole body, facilitating bouquet formation.


name: meiotic telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication

description: Any telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication that is involved in meiotic cell cycle.


name: cell plate formation involved in plant-type cell wall biogenesis

description: The cell cycle process in which the cell plate is formed at the equator of the spindle in the dividing cells during early telophase. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


name: regulation of syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle

description: A cell cycle process that modulates the rate or extent of the progression through the syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle.


name: astral microtubule anchoring at mitotic spindle pole body

description: Any process in which an astral microtubule is maintained in a specific location in a cell by attachment to a mitotic spindle pole body. Microtubules attach to spindle pole bodies at the minus end.


name: centromere clustering at the mitotic interphase nuclear envelope

description: The process in which chromatin, or kinetochores are anchored to the nuclear envelope. This process involves the microtubule cytoskeleton, and nuclear tethering factors and is responsible for the Rabl-like configuration of chromosomes in the interphase nuclei.


contractile ring contraction

description: The process of an actomyosin ring getting smaller in diameter.


CMG complex assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the CMG complex, a protein complex that contains the GINS complex, Cdc45p, and the heterohexameric MCM complex, and that is involved in unwinding DNA during replication. The process begins when additional proteins (e.g. Cdc45 and Sld3) join the loaded, inactive double MCM hexamer at replication origins, and ends when Mcm10 triggers the separation of the Mcm2-7 double hexamers, forming two active CMG complexes.


name: mitotic cohesin ssDNA (lagging strand) loading

description: The ATP-dependent protein localization to chromatin by which a cohesin ring complex is topologically linked to ssDNA (lagging strand) which is already linked to a dsDNA (leading strand) molecule as part of the mitotic cell cycle.


actomyosin contractile ring contraction

description: The process of an actomyosin ring getting smaller in diameter, in the context of cytokinesis that takes place as part of a cell cycle.


actomyosin contractile ring assembly

description: The process of assembly of a ring composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis.


meiosis I cytokinesis

description: A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after meiosis I, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.


spindle disassembly

description: The controlled breakdown of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.


male meiosis chromosome separation

description: The process in which paired chromosomes are physically detached from each other during male meiosis.


plant-type primary cell wall biogenesis

description: A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of cellulose and pectin-containing cell walls that form adjacent to the middle lamella following cell division and during cell expansion. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


name: mitotic cohesin dsDNA (leading strand) loading

description: The protein localization to chromatin by which a cohesin ring complex is topologically linked to dsDNA (leading strand) as part of the mitotic cell cycle.


name: meiotic G2/MI DNA replication checkpoint signaling

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A signal transduction process that controls the G2/M1 transition of the meiotic cell cycle and prevents the initiation of nuclear division until DNA replication is complete.


plant-type sporogenesis

description: The formation of plant spores derived from the products of meiosis. The spore gives rise to gametophytes.


name: mitotic contractile ring actin filament bundle assembly

description: Any actin filament bundle assembly that is involved in mitotic actomyosin contractile ring assembly.


male meiosis II

description: A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis II, the second meiotic division in the male germline.


spindle pole body duplication

description: Construction of a new spindle pole body.


meiosis I/meiosis II transition

description: The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from meiosis I to meiosis II.


name: cell cycle switching, mitotic to meiotic cell cycle

description: The process in which a cell switches cell cycle mode from mitotic to meiotic division.


name: mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric

description: The cell cycle process in which centromeres of sister chromatids are joined during mitosis.


name: mitotic pre-replicative complex assembly

description: Any pre-replicative complex assembly involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.


mitotic cleavage furrow formation

description: Any cleavage furrow formation that is involved in mitotic cell cycle.


name: meiotic strand displacement involved in double-strand break repair via SDSA

description: Any meiotic strand displacement that is involved in double-strand break repair via synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA).


name: microtubule bundle formation involved in horsetail-astral microtubule organization

description: Any microtubule bundle formation that is involved in horsetail-astral microtubule organization.


name: actomyosin contractile ring actin filament bundle assembly

description: A process of actin filament bundle formation that occurs in the context of assembling an actomyosin contractile ring during cytokinesis.


meiosis II cytokinesis

description: A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after meiosis II, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.


mitotic cleavage furrow ingression

description: Advancement of the mitotic cleavage furrow from the outside of the cell inward towards the center of the cell. The cleavage furrow acts as a 'purse string' which draws tight to separate daughter cells during mitotic cytokinesis and partition the cytoplasm between the two daughter cells. The furrow ingresses until a cytoplasmic bridge is formed.


cellular bud site selection

description: The specification of the site where a daughter cell will form, in organisms that reproduce by budding. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


name: meiotic DNA recombinase assembly involved in reciprocal meiotic recombination

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form higher order oligomers on single-stranded DNA resulting in meiotic recombination. Meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.


ascospore release from ascus

description: A developmental process that results in the discharge of ascospores from the ascus. Ascospore release may be active or passive.


name: attachment of telomeric heterochromatin to nuclear envelope

description: The process in which physical connections are formed between sub-telomeric heterochromatin and the nuclear envelope facilitating bouquet formation.


name: sister chromosome movement towards spindle pole involved in meiotic sister chromatid segregation

description: The directed movement of sister chromosomes from the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles, mediated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, during meiosis II.


meiotic strand invasion

description: The cell cycle process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules. This occurs during meiosis.


name: meiotic sister chromatid cohesion involved in meiosis I

description: The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome during meiosis I.


name: meiotic sister chromatid centromere separation

description: The cell cycle process in which the centromeres of sister chromatids are physically detached from each other during meiosis.


name: maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric

description: The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the length of the centromeric region is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate during a mitotic cell cycle.


astral microtubule depolymerization

description: The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of an astral microtubule. An astral microtubule is any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell.


bacterial-type DNA replication

description: The DNA-dependent DNA replication, exemplified by prokaryotes, that occurs as part of the cell cycle. Prokaryotic DNA replication is bi-directional and originates at a single origin of replication on the circular genome.


name: regulation of spindle attachment to meiosis I kinetochore

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore involved in homologous chromosome segregation.


cohesin loading

description: The protein localization to chromatin by which a cohesin ring complex is topologically linked to DNA.


mitotic chromosome arm condensation

description: The cell cycle process in which chromosome arm chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells.


name: meiotic DNA recombinase assembly involved in meiotic gene conversion

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form higher order oligomers on single-stranded DNA resulting in meiotic gene conversion. Meiotic gene conversion is the cell cycle process in which genetic information is transferred from one helix to another.


name: positive regulation of mitotic actomyosin contractile ring contraction

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic actomyosin contractile ring contraction.


sexual spore wall assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a sexual spore wall, the specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore derived from a product of meiosis.


male meiosis sister chromatid cohesion

description: The joining of the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the entire length of the chromosome that occurs during meiosis in a male.


name: microtubule anchoring at spindle pole body

description: Any process in which a microtubule is maintained in a specific location in a cell by attachment to a spindle pole body. Microtubules attach to spindle pole bodies at the minus end.


name: germline cell cycle switching, mitotic to meiotic cell cycle

description: The process in which a germline cell switches cell cycle mode from mitotic to meiotic division.


name: meiotic centromeric cohesion protection in anaphase I

description: The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome centromeric region is maintained during homologous chromosome segregation at meiotic anaphase I after cohesin is cleaved by separase along the arm regions.


name: meiotic DNA double-strand break processing involved in reciprocal meiotic recombination

description: The cell cycle process in which the 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang occurs resulting in double strand break formation and repair through a double Holliday junction intermediate.


name: mitotic G2 cell size control checkpoint signaling

description: A signal transduction process that contributes to a cell size control checkpoint prior to the G2/M transition of mitosis.


name: ascospore wall (1->3)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds, found in the walls of ascospores.


description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the horsetail-astral array, a structure of astral microtubules that emanates from the spindle pole body during meiosis.


name: meiotic DNA repair synthesis involved in reciprocal meiotic recombination

description: The synthesis of DNA proceeding from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end that uses the homologous intact duplex as the template resulting in meiotic recombination. Meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.


name: positive regulation of mitotic sister chromatid biorientation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid biorientation, the mitotic cell cycle process in which sister chromatids establish stable, end-on attachments to the plus ends of microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles, oriented such that separation can proceed.


name: meiotic metaphase II chromosome alignment

description: A chromosome localization process whereby chromosomes are positioned in a specific order and orientation at the metaphase plate (spindle equator), during meiosis II chromosome segregation. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive the correct number of chromosomes during cell division.


name: mitotic spindle formation (spindle phase two)

description: The spindle organization process in which the spindle is maintained at a constant length during mitotic metaphase.


mitotic spindle pole body organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitotic spindle pole body.


MCM complex loading

description: The protein localization process in which two MCM complexes become associated with chromatin at replication origins. MCM loading begins when origin-bound ORC and Cdc6 (Cdc18 in fission yeast) recruit one MCM2-7/Cdt1 complex to the origin, includes formation of a succession of intermediate complexes and ATP hydrolysis-dependent Mcm2-7 ring closure, and ends when two MCM hexamers fully encircle DNA, and are oriented head-to-head. The double hexamer is inactive for DNA unwinding. MCM loading takes place during G1 phase, and precedes CMG complex assembly.


name: spindle attachment to meiosis I kinetochore

description: The cellular process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex in meiosis I. During meiosis I sister kinetochores are lying next to each other facing the same spindle pole and monopolar attachment of the chromatid to the spindle occurs.


name: spindle assembly involved in male meiosis II

description: The formation of the spindle during meiosis II of a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


secondary cell septum biogenesis

description: A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a secondary cell septum following nuclear division.


meiotic spindle elongation

description: The lengthening of the distance between poles of the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.


name: negative regulation of syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle.


name: cellular bud neck septin ring organization

description: Control of the formation, spatial distribution, and breakdown of a septin ring located at the bud neck.


meiotic sister chromatid arm separation

description: The cell cycle process in which sister chromatid arms are physically detached from each other during meiosis.


name: maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, arms

description: The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the length of the chromosome arms, is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate during a mitotic cell cycle.


name: maintenance of protein location to spindle pole body

description: Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location at the spindle pole body, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.


name: meiotic spindle formation (spindle phase two)

description: The spindle organization process in which the spindle is maintained at a constant length during meiotic metaphase.


mitotic nuclear bridge organization

description: A mitotic cell cycle process which results in the assembly, arrangement, or disassembly of the mitotic nuclear bridge during closed mitosis.


DNA endoreduplication

description: Regulated re-replication of DNA within a single cell cycle, resulting in an increased cell ploidy. An example of this process occurs in the synthesis of Drosophila salivary gland cell polytene chromosomes.


FtsZ-dependent cytokinesis

description: A cytokinesis process that involves a set of conserved proteins including FtsZ, and results in the formation of two similarly sized and shaped cells.


phragmoplast assembly

description: The formation of a structure composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis in cells that perform cytokinesis by cell plate formation. The structure usually contains antiparallel microtubules and membrane (often visible as vesicles).


mitotic sister chromatid biorientation

description: The mitotic cell cycle process in which sister chromatids establish stable, end-on attachments to the plus ends of microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles, oriented such that separation can proceed. This is the final step in metaphase plate congression.


name: meiotic sister chromatid cohesion involved in meiosis II

description: The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome during meiosis II.


meiosis I nuclear membrane reassembly

description: The reformation of the nuclear membranes during meiosis I.


anastral spindle assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart, in the absence of centrosomes. Formation is initiated by the nucleation of microtubules (MTs) in the vicinity of condensed chromatin. MTs then attach to and congress around the chromatin due to activity of microtubule motors. A bipolar spindle is formed by focusing of the terminal ends of the MT array into spindle poles by molecular motors and cross-linking proteins.


name: mitotic DNA replication preinitiation complex assembly

description: Any DNA replication preinitiation complex assembly that is involved in mitotic cell cycle.


name: maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, telomeric

description: The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the length of the telomeric region is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate during a mitotic cell cycle.


name: mitotic cytokinesis, division site positioning

description: The process in which a contractile ring is positioned in a specific location during the mitotic cell cycle. This process is critical for both for both symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions.


mitotic nuclear pore complex reassembly

description: The cell cycle process in which nuclear pore complexes reform during mitotic cell division.


meristemoid mother cell division

description: The asymmetric cell division by which a meristemoid mother cells (MMC) give rise to a meristemoid and another cell. The other cell may itself become a MMC or may generate an epidermal cell. Any cell that undergoes this type of division is a MMC.


name: metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle

description: The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase as part of meiosis.


primary cell septum biogenesis

description: A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a primary cell septum following nuclear division.


name: meiotic DNA double-strand break processing

description: The cell cycle process in which the 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang occurs. This takes place during meiosis.


astral microtubule nucleation

description: The 'de novo' formation of an astral microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule.


mitotic spindle disassembly

description: The controlled breakdown of the spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.


name: subnuclear spatial organization of silent mating-type cassette heterochromatin

description: The localization of silent mating-type cassette heterochromatin at a specific location in the nucleus.


karyomere membrane fusion

description: Process whereby karyomere membranes fuse during interphase to form a single lobed nucleus.


name: DNA synthesis involved in mitotic DNA replication

description: Any DNA biosynthetic process that is involved in mitotic DNA replication.


name: early meiotic recombination nodule assembly

description: During meiosis, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form small, electron dense structures in association with meiotic chromosomes during leptotene and zygotene.


name: mitotic actomyosin contractile ring maturation

description: The cellular process in which the mitotic contractile ring cytokinetic ring attains its fully functional state.


meiotic heteroduplex formation

description: During meiosis, the formation of a stable duplex DNA that contains one strand from each of the two recombining DNA molecules.


name: ascospore-type prospore membrane formation

description: The process in which the nascent membrane forms at the meiotic outer plaque and grows until closure occurs and forespores, or prospores, are formed.


name: ascospore-type prospore-specific spindle pole body remodeling

description: A spindle pole body (SPB) organization process that takes place during the second meiotic division during ascospore formation and results in the structural reorganization of the SPB; includes the recruitment of sporulation-specific proteins to the outer plaque to form the meiotic outer plaque (MOP).


name: positive regulation of spindle attachment to meiosis I kinetochore

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore involved in homologous chromosome segregation.


name: kinetochore disassembly involved in meiotic chromosome organization

description: The cell cycle process in which outer kinetochore components delocalize from the centromere, contributing to the rearrangement of chromosomes into the orientation characteristic of meiotic prophase I.


meiotic spindle checkpoint signaling

description: A signal transduction process that contributes to a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a meiotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and that the chromosomes are attached to the spindle.


name: protein localization to mitotic actomyosin contractile ring

description: Any protein localization to actomyosin contractile ring that is involved in mitotic cytokinesis.


mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, arms

description: The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the length of the chromosome arms during mitosis.


name: mitotic spindle orientation checkpoint signaling

description: A signaling process that monitors and signals errors in the placement or orientation of the spindle in the cell. This delays the completion of anaphase until errors are corrected.


cytokinesis, division site positioning

description: The process in which a contractile ring is positioned in a specific location. This process is critical for both for both symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions.


name: mitotic G1 cell size control checkpoint signaling

description: A signal transduction process that contributes to a cell size control checkpoint during the G1/S transition of the cell cycle.


name: homologous chromosome movement towards spindle pole in meiosis I anaphase

description: The directed movement of homologous chromosomes from the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles, mediated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, during meiosis I anaphase.


mitotic cohesin loading

description: The protein localization to chromatin by which a cohesin ring complex is topologically linked to DNA as part of the mitotic cell cycle.


name: attachment of meiotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore

description: The cellular process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex in meiosis.


name: negative regulation of mitotic actomyosin contractile ring contraction

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic actomyosin contractile ring contraction.


name: nuclear DNA replication DNA duplex unwinding

description: Any DNA duplex unwinding that is involved in nuclear cell cycle DNA replication.


spindle pole body organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle pole body (SPB). The SPB is the microtubule organizing center in fungi, and is functionally homologous to the animal cell centrosome.


oocyte karyosome formation

description: The chromosome organization process in which meiotic chromosomes in the oocyte nucleus cluster together to form a compact spherical structure called the karyosome.


female meiosis chromosome separation

description: The process in which paired chromosomes are physically detached from each other during female meiosis.


microsporogenesis

description: The process in which the microsporocyte undergoes meiosis, giving rise to four haploid microspores.


name: initial meiotic spindle pole body separation

description: The release of duplicated meiotic spindle pole bodies (SPBs).


mitotic spindle pole body duplication

description: Any spindle pole body duplication that is involved in the mitotic cell cycle.


name: meiotic mismatch repair involved in reciprocal meiotic recombination

description: A system for the identification and correction of base-base mismatches, small insertion-deletion loops, and regions of heterology that are present in duplex DNA formed with strands from two recombining molecules resulting in meiotic recombination. Meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.


name: regulation of mitotic actomyosin contractile ring contraction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic actomyosin contractile ring contraction.


name: regulation of actomyosin contractile ring contraction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of contraction of the actomyosin ring involved in cytokinesis that takes place as part of a cell cycle.


name: pre-replicative complex assembly involved in premeiotic DNA replication

description: Any pre-replicative complex assembly involved in meiotic cell cycle DNA replication.


name: vesicle fusion with nuclear membrane involved in mitotic nuclear envelope reassembly

description: The cell cycle process that results in the joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle with the lipid bilayer membrane around the nucleus, and contributes to mitotic nuclear envelope reassembly.


name: maintenance of meiotic sister chromatid cohesion

description: The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate during a meiotic cell cycle.


ascospore wall assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an ascospore wall. During sporulation in Ascomycota, each ascospore nucleus becomes surrounded by a specialized spore wall, formed by deposition of spore wall components in the lumenal space between the outer and inner leaflets of the prospore membrane. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


name: mitotic nuclear pore complex disassembly

description: The mitotic cell cycle process in which the controlled breakdown of the nuclear pores occurs during open or closed mitosis.


name: pre-replicative complex assembly involved in cell cycle DNA replication

description: Any pre-replicative complex assembly that is involved in cell cycle DNA replication.


meiotic joint molecule formation

description: The conversion of the paired broken DNA and homologous duplex DNA into a four-stranded branched intermediate, known as a joint molecule, formed during meiotic recombination. These joint molecules contain Holliday junctions on either side of heteroduplex DNA.


name: mitotic cell size control checkpoint signaling

description: A signal transduction process that contributes to a cell size control checkpoint during mitosis.


name: ascospore wall beta-glucan biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by beta-D-glucosidic bonds, found in the walls of ascospores.


name: initial mitotic spindle pole body separation

description: The release of duplicated mitotic spindle pole bodies (SPBs) that begins with the nucleation of microtubules from each SPB within the nucleus, leading to V-shaped spindle microtubules. Interpolar microtubules that elongate from each pole are interconnected, forming overlapping microtubules. Capturing and antiparallel sliding apart of microtubules promotes the initial separation of the SPB.


name: lateral attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore

description: The cellular process in which sister chromatids become laterally attached to spindle microtubules as part of mitotic metaphase plate congression. Attachment precedes migration along microtubules towards the spindle equator (metaphase plate).


name: mitotic DNA replication DNA duplex unwinding

description: Any DNA duplex unwinding involved in mitotic cell cycle DNA replication.


name: meiotic DNA double-strand break formation involved in meiotic gene conversion

description: The cell cycle process in which double-strand breaks are generated at defined hotspots throughout the genome during meiosis I resulting in meiotic gene conversion. Meiotic gene conversion is the cell cycle process in which genetic information is transferred from one helix to another.


GINS complex assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a GINS complex, a heterotetrameric protein complex that associates with DNA replication origins and replication forks.


name: microtubule anchoring at mitotic spindle pole body

description: Any process in which a microtubule is maintained in a specific location in a cell by attachment to a mitotic spindle pole body. Microtubules attach to spindle pole bodies at the minus end.


name: meiotic strand invasion involved in meiotic gene conversion

description: The cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate resulting in meiotic recombination.


name: pre-replicative complex assembly involved in bacterial-type DNA replication

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the bacterial pre-replicative complex, a protein-DNA complex that forms at the bacterial oriC during the initial step of DNA replication and allows the origin to become competent, or 'licensed', for replication.


name: double-strand break repair involved in meiotic recombination

description: The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix that contributes to reciprocal meiotic recombination.


cytokinesis by cell plate formation

description: The process of dividing the cytoplasm of a parent cell where a structure forms in the cytoplasm and grows until reaching the plasma membrane, thereby completely separating the cytoplasms of adjacent progeny cells. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


name: meiotic mismatch repair involved in meiotic gene conversion

description: A system for the identification and correction of base-base mismatches, small insertion-deletion loops, and regions of heterology that are present in duplex DNA formed with strands from two recombining molecules resulting in meiotic gene conversion. Meiotic gene conversion is the cell cycle process in which genetic information is transferred from one helix to another.


name: premeiotic DNA replication preinitiation complex assembly

description: Any DNA replication preinitiation complex assembly that is involved in meiotic cell cycle.


linear element maturation

description: The meiotic cell cycle chromosome organization process in which LinE complexes closely associate with chromatin during meiotic prophase to form mature linear elements.


karyomere assembly

description: The process where the nuclear membrane engulfs condensed chromosomes to form karyomeres during M phase of the mitotic cell cycle.


name: microtubule plus-end directed mitotic chromosome migration

description: The cell cycle process in which chromosomes that are laterally attached to one or more mitotic spindle microtubules migrate towards the spindle equator via plus-end-directed movement along the microtubules. This process is part of mitotic metaphase plate congression.


name: response to meiotic recombination checkpoint signaling

description: A process that occurs in response to signals generated as a result of meiotic recombination checkpoint signaling.


distributive segregation

description: The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during a normally chiasmate meiosis under the condition that chiasma have not occurred between a particular pair of homologs. Distributive segregation is a backup mechanism to ensure the segregation of homologs that have failed to cross over - either as a consequence of mutation or not, as, for example, the 4th chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster (which never exchanges, presumably due to its small size) - but nevertheless segregate normally.


name: male meiotic chromosome movement towards spindle pole

description: The directed movement of chromosomes in the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles, mediated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, during male meiosis.


name: meiotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling

description: A signal transduction process that contributes to a meiotic spindle assembly checkpoint, that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a meiotic cell cycle until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.


meiotic recombination nodule assembly

description: During meiosis, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form small, electron dense structures in association with meiotic chromosomes.


meiotic centromere clustering

description: The process by which centromeres/kinetochores attach to and migrate along microtubules to become localized to clusters at the spindle pole body during a meiotic prometaphase I.


name: DNA replication preinitiation complex assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the DNA replication preinitiation complex, a protein-DNA complex that is assembled at DNA replication origins as part of initiation of DNA replication. The complex consists of proteins that initiate the DNA binding, melt the helix and enable helicase activity.


megasporogenesis

description: The process in which the megasporocyte undergoes meiosis, giving rise to four haploid megaspores in the nucellus.


meiosis II nuclear membrane reassembly

description: The reformation of the nuclear membrane during meiosis II.


meiotic spindle disassembly

description: The controlled breakdown of the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.


name: mitotic spindle pole body insertion into the nuclear envelope

description: A process in which the duplicated mitotic spindle pole body is inserted into a fenestra which opens in the nuclear envelope in early mitosis, and is subsequently tethered to the membrane.


name: cell cycle DNA replication DNA unwinding

description: Any DNA unwinding that is involved in cell cycle DNA replication.


spore membrane bending pathway

description: The process in which a bending force is generated in the prospore membrane to form the characteristic curved shape of the prospore.


name: spindle assembly involved in male meiosis

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: mitotic spindle formation (spindle phase one)

description: The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle during mitotic prophase.


name: centromere detachment from spindle pole body involved in meiotic chromosome organization

description: The cell cycle process in which centromeres dissociate from the spindle pole body, contributing to the rearrangement of chromosomes into the orientation characteristic of meiotic prophase I.


name: assembly of actomyosin apparatus involved in mitotic cytokinesis

description: Any assembly of mitotic cytokinetic actomyosin apparatus.


division septum site selection

description: The process of marking the site where a division septum will form.


meiotic spindle midzone assembly

description: The formation of the spindle midzone, the area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap, as a part of the process of meiosis.


name: mitotic actomyosin contractile ring contraction

description: Any actomyosin contractile ring contraction that is involved in mitotic cell cycle.


achiasmate meiosis I

description: The first division of meiosis in which homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, occurring in the constitutive absence of chiasmata.


generative cell mitosis

description: The process in which the generative cell divides by mitosis to form two haploid cells. These will subsequently differentiate into sperm cells.


meiosis I cell cycle process

description: A process that contributes to the first meiotic division. The first meiotic division is the reductive division resulting in the separation of homologous chromosome pairs.


meiotic cell cycle phase transition

description: The cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering the next meiotic cell cycle phase.


name: mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, telomeric

description: The cell cycle process in which telomeres of sister chromatids are joined during mitosis.


name: establishment of mitotic spindle asymmetry

description: The mitotic spindle organization process by which a mitotic spindle becomes asymmetric either in position or structure.


mitotic nuclear membrane organization

description: A mitotic cell cycle process which results in the assembly, arrangement, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane during mitosis.


name: assembly of actomyosin apparatus involved in cytokinesis

description: The assembly and arrangement of an apparatus composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins that will function in cytokinesis.


premeiotic DNA replication

description: The replication of DNA that precedes meiotic cell division.


sperm karyosome formation

description: The chromosome organization process in which meiotic chromosomes in the spem nucleus cluster together to form a compact spherical structure called the karyosome.


mitotic nuclear membrane biogenesis

description: A process in which the nuclear inner or outer membrane is synthesized, aggregates, and bonds together during mitotic nuclear division.


lamin depolymerization

description: The cell cycle process in which lamin is depolymerized.


midbody abscission

description: The process by which the midbody, the cytoplasmic bridge that connects the two prospective daughter cells, is severed at the end of mitotic cytokinesis, resulting in two separate daughter cells.


name: spindle assembly involved in female meiosis II

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during meiosis II of a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


meiosis II nuclear membrane disassembly

description: The controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes during the second division of meiosis.


mitotic nuclear envelope segregation

description: The mitotic cell cycle process in which the nuclear envelope, including nuclear pores, is equally distributed to the two daughter cells during the mitotic cell cycle.


meiotic nuclear membrane reassembly

description: The cell cycle process in which the reformation of the nuclear membranes during meiosis occurs.


name: late meiotic recombination nodule assembly

description: During meiosis, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form small, electron dense structures in association with meiotic chromosomes during pachytene. Involved in the catalysis crossing over.


name: premeiotic DNA replication DNA duplex unwinding

description: Any DNA duplex unwinding involved in meiotic cell cycle DNA replication.


mitotic DNA-templated DNA replication

description: A DNA replication process that uses parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands during the mitotic cell cycle.


axial cellular bud site selection

description: The process of defining the next site of bud emergence adjacent to the last site of bud emergence on a budding cell.


name: establishment of mitotic spindle orientation involved in growth plate cartilage chondrocyte division

description: A cell cycle process that sets the alignment of mitotic spindle relative to other cellular structures and contributes to oriented chondrocyte division in the growth plate.


name: mitotic cytokinesis checkpoint signaling

description: A signaling process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects a defect in cytokinesis and prevents further rounds of nuclear division until cytokinesis is completed.


meiotic nuclear division

description: One of the two nuclear divisions that occur as part of the meiotic cell cycle.


name: positive regulation of syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle

description: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle.


cleavage furrow ingression

description: Advancement of the cleavage furrow from the outside of the cell inward towards the center of the cell. The cleavage furrow acts as a 'purse string' which draws tight to separate daughter cells during cytokinesis and partition the cytoplasm between the two daughter cells. The furrow ingresses until a cytoplasmic bridge is formed.


name: protein localization to cell division site involved in mitotic actomyosin contractile ring assembly

description: Any protein localization to cell division site that is involved in mitotic actomyosin contractile ring assembly.


meiotic strand displacement

description: The cell cycle process in which the broken 3' single-strand DNA molecule that formed heteroduplex DNA with its complement in an intact duplex DNA is rejected. The Watson-Crick base pairing in the original duplex is restored. The rejected 3' single-strand DNA molecule reanneals with its original complement to reform two intact duplex molecules. This occurs during meiosis.


meiotic mismatch repair

description: A system for the identification and correction of base-base mismatches, small insertion-deletion loops, and regions of heterology that are present in duplex DNA formed with strands from two recombining molecules. Correction of the mismatch can result in non-Mendelian segregation of alleles following meiosis.


mitotic sister chromatid arm separation

description: The cell cycle process in which sister chromatid arms are physically detached from each other during mitosis.


name: maintenance of meiotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric

description: The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the length of the centromeric region is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate during a meiotic cell cycle.


mitotic spindle pole body localization

description: A process in which a mitotic spindle pole body is transported to, or maintained in, a specific cellular location.


name: actomyosin contractile ring assembly actin filament bundle convergence

description: A process of actin filament bundle distribution that occurs in the context of assembling an actomyosin contractile ring during cytokinesis, and that results in the compaction of actin filaments into a tight ring.


name: bacterial-type DNA replication DNA duplex unwinding

description: Any DNA duplex unwinding that is involved in bacterial-type DNA replication.


name: membrane addition at site of mitotic cytokinesis

description: A mitotic cell cycle process involved in the net addition of membrane at the site of cytokinesis; includes vesicle recruitment and fusion, local lipid synthesis and insertion.


name: meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation

description: Any meiotic cell cycle process that is involved in oocyte maturation.


name: pre-replicative complex assembly involved in nuclear cell cycle DNA replication

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the nuclear pre-replicative complex, a protein-DNA complex that forms at the eukaryotic DNA replication origin and is required for replication initiation.


name: female meiotic chromosome movement towards spindle pole

description: The directed movement of chromosomes in the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles, mediated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, during female meiosis.


name: anastral spindle assembly involved in male meiosis

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the anastral spindle in male meiotic cells.


name: mitotic spindle elongation (spindle phase three)

description: The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle during mitotic anaphase B.


Cdv-dependent cytokinesis

description: A cytokinesis that involves a set of conserved proteins including the Cdv proteins, and results in the formation of two similarly sized and shaped cells.


name: meiotic DNA double-strand break processing involved in meiotic gene conversion

description: The cell cycle process in which the 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang resulting in the transfer of genetic information from one helix to another.


mitotic nuclear division

description: A mitotic cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell.


mitotic division septum assembly

description: The assembly and arrangement of a septum that spans the plasma membrane interface between progeny cells following mitotic cytokinesis. The progeny cells that form a division septum are not able to exchange intracellular material.


exit from meiosis

description: Any process involved in the progression from anaphase/telophase of meiosis II to the creation of end products of meiosis, in which ploidy is reduced by half.


name: signal transduction involved in cytokinesis checkpoint

description: A signal transduction process that contributes to a cytokinesis checkpoint.


male meiosis cytokinesis

description: A cell cycle process that occurs as part of the male meiotic cell cycle and results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell to produce two daughter cells.


name: establishment of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion

description: The process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome become joined along the entire length of the chromosome during S phase during a mitotic cell cycle.


ascospore formation

description: The process in which cells that are products of meiosis acquire the specialized features of ascospores. Ascospores are generally found in clusters of four or eight spores within a single mother cell, the ascus, and are characteristic of the ascomycete fungi (phylum Ascomycota).


name: actomyosin contractile ring assembly actin filament organization

description: An actin filament organization process that contributes to actomyosin contractile ring assembly during cytokinesis.


ascospore-type prospore assembly

description: During ascospore formation, the process in which each haploid nucleus becomes encapsulated by a double membrane.


linear element assembly

description: The cell cycle process in which linear elements are assembled in association with fission yeast chromosomes during meiotic prophase. Linear element assembly begins with LinE complex formation and ends when LinE complexes are associated with chromatin in structures visible as nuclear foci. A linear element is a proteinaceous scaffold related to the synaptonemal complex.


name: DNA double-strand break attachment to nuclear envelope

description: A process in which the DNA double-strand breaks are attached to the inner surface of the nuclear envelope proximal to the spindle pole body, or iMTOCs.


name: membrane addition at site of cytokinesis

description: Any process involved in the net addition of membrane at the site of cytokinesis; includes vesicle recruitment and fusion, local lipid synthesis and insertion.


name: protein localization to meiotic spindle pole body

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a meiotic spindle pole body.


meiotic sister chromatid separation

description: The process in which sister chromatids are physically detached from each other during meiosis.


name: microtubule bundle formation involved in mitotic spindle midzone assembly

description: Any microtubule bundle formation that is involved in spindle midzone assembly involved in mitosis.


name: mitotic actomyosin contractile ring assembly actin filament organization

description: Any actin filament organization that is involved in mitotic actomyosin contractile ring assembly.


maintenance of spindle location

description: Any process in which the spindle is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.


meiosis I nuclear membrane disassembly

description: The controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes during the first division of meiosis.


name: zygote asymmetric cytokinesis in embryo sac

description: The division of the zygote in a plane perpendicular to the long axis of the embryo sac to produce a larger basal cell near the micropyle and a small terminal cell close to what was the central cell and is now the developing endosperm. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


name: re-entry into mitotic cell cycle after pheromone arrest

description: The resumption of the mitotic cell division cycle by pheromone-arrested cells that have not mated. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


name: metaphase/anaphase transition of meiosis I

description: The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase as part of meiosis I.


G2/MI transition of meiotic cell cycle

description: The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from meiotic G2 phase to M phase of meiosis I.


name: meiotic DNA double-strand break formation involved in reciprocal meiotic recombination

description: The cell cycle process in which double-strand breaks are generated at defined hotspots throughout the genome during meiosis I resulting in meiotic recombination. Meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.


name: meiosis I spindle assembly checkpoint signaling

description: Any spindle assembly checkpoint that is involved in meiosis I.


actomyosin contractile ring maturation

description: The cellular process in which the contractile ring cytokinetic ring attains its fully functional state.


name: meiotic strand invasion involved in reciprocal meiotic recombination

description: The cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate resulting in meiotic recombination. Meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.


name: mitotic chromosome centromere condensation

description: The cell cycle process in which centromere chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis.


name: meiotic DNA repair synthesis involved in meiotic gene conversion

description: The synthesis of DNA proceeding from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end that uses the homologous intact duplex as the template resulting in meiotic gene conversion. Meiotic gene conversion is the cell cycle process in which genetic information is transferred from one helix to another.


name: mitotic morphogenesis checkpoint signaling

description: A signaling process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle checkpoint which delays mitotic onset in response to perturbations that affect cell shape via the actin cytoskeleton, septin organization, small cell size, and/or the extent of membrane growth.


karyosome formation

description: The chromosome organization process in which meiotic chromosomes in the germ cell nucleus cluster together to form a compact spherical structure called the karyosome.


name: repair of mitotic kinetochore microtubule attachment defect

description: The mitotic cell cycle process where kinetochore microtubule attachment defects are corrected.


name: mitotic actomyosin contractile ring assembly

description: Any actomyosin contractile ring assembly that is involved in mitotic cytokinesis.


guard mother cell cytokinesis

description: The stereotyped symmetric cell division by which guard mother cell give rise to stomatal guard cells.


name: actomyosin contractile ring organization

description: A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an actomyosin contractile ring.


meiosis II cell cycle process

description: A process that coontributes to the second meiotic division. The second meiotic division separates chromatids resulting in a haploid number of chromosomes.


name: Increased level of galactitol in red blood cells

description: An increase in the level of galactitol in the red blood cells.


dysgerminoma of ovary

description: A malignant germ cell tumor arising from the ovary. Morphologically, it is identical to seminoma and consists of a monotonous population of germ cells with abundant pale cytoplasm and uniform nuclei. The stroma invariably contains chronic inflammatory cells, mostly T-lymphocytes. It responds to chemotherapy or radiotherapy and the prognosis relates to the tumor stage.


pediatric ovarian dysgerminoma

description: A dysgerminoma that arises from the ovary and occurs in children.


subpallium radially oriented migration

description: The migration of cells in the developing subpallium in which cells move from the ventricular and/or subventricular zone toward the surface of the brain.


vitamin D deficiency

description: Abnormally low level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the blood.


Low serum calcitriol

description: A reduced concentration of calcitriol in the blood. Calcitriol is also known as 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.


name: Decreased circulating calcifediol concentration

description: A reduced concentration of calcifediol in the blood. Calcifediol is also known as calcidiol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3.


name: Infant-Type Hemispheric Glioma, ROS1-Altered

description: A high-grade cellular astrocytoma that arises in the cerebral hemisphere and occurs in early childhood. It is characterized by receptor tyrosine kinase fusions in the ROS1 gene.


Dermal flame figures

description: Flame-figures are composed of a central part consisting of collagen fibers and eosinophilic granules, surrounded by a histiocytic and eosinophilic infiltrate. Subsequently, eosinophils tend to disappear and are replaced by phagocytic granulomas, consisting of histiocytes and sometimes giant cells, around the flame figures.


name: peptidyl-lysine dihydroxylation to 4,5-dihydroxy-L-lysine

description: The dihydroxylation of peptidyl-lysine to peptidyl-4,5-dihydroxy-L-lysine.


name: peptidyl-lysine hydroxylation to 5-hydroxy-L-lysine

description: The hydroxylation of peptidyl-lysine to peptidyl-5-hydroxy-L-lysine.


name: peptidyl-lysine hydroxylation involved in bacterial-type EF-P lysine modification

description: Any peptidyl-lysine hydroxylation that is involved in bacterial-type EF-P lysine modification.


name: peptidyl-N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-lysine hydroxylation to peptidyl-N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-5-hydroxy-L-lysine

description: The hydroxylation of peptidyl-N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine to form peptidyl-N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-5-hydroxy-L-lysine.


name: peptidyl-lysine hydroxylation to 4-hydroxy-L-lysine

description: The hydroxylation of peptidyl-lysine to peptidyl-4-hydroxy-L-lysine.


name: FSH-Producing Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: A pituitary neuroendocrine tumor that produces follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).


Anterior Pituitary Gland Neoplasm

description: A neoplasm arising from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The vast majority are pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (formerly pituitary adenomas).


name: Immature PIT1 Lineage Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: An immature pituitary neuroendocrine tumor composed of PIT1-lineage adenohypophyseal cells with cytologic atypia and limited differentiation towards thyrotroph, somatotroph, and/or lactotroph cells. (WHO)


name: Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor without Distinct Lineage Differentiation

description: A pituitary neuroendocrine tumor that belongs to more than one adenohypophysial cell lineage or does not show evidence of adenohypophysial hormonal immunoreactivity and specific adenohypophysial cell derivation.


name: Locally Advanced Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: Pituitary neuroendocrine tumor that has spread from its original site of growth to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.


name: Somatotroph-Lactotroph Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: A pituitary neuroendocrine tumor that produces both growth hormone and prolactin.


name: Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor of PIT1-Lineage

description: A pituitary neuroendocrine tumor arising from PIT1-lineage adenohypophysial cells.


name: Densely Granulated Corticotroph Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: A corticotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumor composed of basophilic PAS-positive cells that are diffusely and strongly positive for ACTH, consistent with the abundance of secretory granules seen at the ultrastructural level. (WHO)


name: Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor of SF1-Lineage

description: A pituitary neuroendocrine tumor arising from SF1-lineage adenohypophysial cells.


name: Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor, Not Otherwise Specified

description: A pituitary neuroendocrine tumor in which further characterization regarding subtyping is not available.


Crooke Cell Tumor

description: A corticotroph pituitary tumor composed of cells with Crooke hyaline change. Ring-like cytokeratin expression is typical of these neoplasms. ACTH expression is dislocated to the cell periphery and juxtanuclear region. Ultrastructurally, intermediate filaments are arranged in a ring-like pattern. (WHO)


name: Mammosomatotroph Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: A pituitary neuroendocrine tumor composed of acidophilic cells that produce both growth hormone and prolactin. Immunohistochemical studies reveal the presence of these two hormones localized in the same cell.


name: Null Cell Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: A non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumor without hormonal immunoreactivity or evidence of specific adenohypophyseal cell derivation.


name: LH-Producing Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: A pituitary neuroendocrine tumor that produces luteinizing hormone (LH).


non-functioning pituitary adenoma

description: A hormone producing or non-producing pituitary gland adenoma not associated with a hormonal syndrome.


Pituitary macroadenoma

description: A pituitary gland adenoma that is larger than 10mm.


name: growth hormone-producing pituitary gland adenoma

description: An adenoma of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that produces growth hormone. The vast majority of cases are hormonally functioning and are associated with either gigantism or acromegaly.


name: Plurimorphous Plurihormonal Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: A plurihormonal pituitary neuroendocrine tumor consisting of two or more different cell lineages. (WHO)


name: Non-Functioning Densely Granulated Corticotroph Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: A densely granulated corticotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumor not associated with a hormonal syndrome.


name: ACTH-producing pituitary gland carcinoma

description: A rare, hormonally functioning or non-functioning pituitary gland adenocarcinoma that produces corticotropin. It may be associated with Cushing disease.


name: Non-Functioning Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor/Macroadenoma

description: A pituitary neuroendocrine tumor/macroadenoma not associated with a hormonal syndrome.


pituitary blastoma

description: A pituitary cancer that is characterized by features of Cushing disease, with elevated blood ACTH levels and hypercortisolism arising within the fetal anterior pituitary and associated with DICER1 mutations.


name: mixed somatotroph-lactotroph pituitary gland adenoma

description: An infrequent pituitary gland adenoma composed of an admixture of acidophilic and chromophobic cells that produce growth hormone and prolactin respectively. Unlike mammosomatotroph adenomas, these two hormones are not localized in the same cell by immunohistochemistry.


name: Functioning Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor/Macroadenoma

description: A pituitary neuroendocrine tumor/macroadenoma associated with a hormonal syndrome.


name: Functioning Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor/Microadenoma

description: A pituitary neuroendocrine tumor/microadenoma associated with a hormonal syndrome.


name: Recurrent Anterior Pituitary Gland Neoplasm

description: The reemergence of a pituitary gland neoplasm after a period of remission.


pituitary adenocarcinoma

description: A rare adenocarcinoma with poor prognosis, arising from the adenohypophysial cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland or pre-existing adenomas. The majority are hormonally functioning neoplasms, usually producing prolactin or ACTH. The diagnosis is based on the presence of metastases. Syndromes associated with pituitary gland carcinomas include hyperprolactinemia, Cushing disease, and acromegaly.


name: Double Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors of Distinct Lineages

description: Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors composed of adenohypopheseal cells of two lineages or a null cell tumor in combination with a lineage-specific pituitary neuroendocrine tumor in the same gland.


name: Non-Functioning Corticotroph Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: Corticotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumor not associated with a hormonal syndrome.


name: prolactin-producing pituitary gland carcinoma

description: A rare, hormonally functioning or non-functioning pituitary gland adenocarcinoma that produces prolactin.


name: growth hormone-producing pituitary gland carcinoma

description: A rare, hormonally functioning or non-functioning pituitary gland adenocarcinoma that produces growth hormone. It may be associated with acromegaly.


name: Monomorphous Plurihormonal Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: A plurihormonal pituitary neuroendocrine tumor consisting of a single cell type producing two (or rarely more) hormones. (WHO)


Ectopic Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: A pituitary neuroendocrine tumor that does not involve the sella turcica.


name: Acidophil Stem Cell Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: An infrequent pituitary neuroendocrine tumor composed of cells showing immunoreactivity for prolactin and less often growth hormone. Electron microscopic studies reveal giant mitochondria, a finding not present in any other type of pituitary gland adenomas.


ACTH-producing pituitary gland adenoma

description: An adenoma of the pituitary gland that produces corticotropin. The vast majority of cases are associated with Cushing disease. Clinical manifestations include truncal obesity with thin extremities, thinning of the skin, osteoporosis, and a tendency to bruise easily. Silent or hormonally non-functioning ACTH producing adenomas have also been described. They produce symptoms of a mass-related lesion.


name: Non-Functioning Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor/Microadenoma

description: A pituitary neuroendocrine tumor/microadenoma not associated with a hormonal syndrome.


name: Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor of TPIT-Lineage

description: A pituitary neuroendocrine tumor arising from TPIT-lineage adenohypophysial cells.


name: Sparsely Granulated Somatotroph Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: A growth hormone-producing pituitary neuroendocrine tumor composed of small, round cells containing fibrous bodies and scarce, small secretory granules.


name: Densely Granulated Lactotroph Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: A rare prolactin-producing pituitary neuroendocrine tumor composed of acidophilic cells with many large secretory granules.  The endoplasmic reticulum is not as abundant as in the sparsely granulated subtype.


name: Sparsely Granulated Lactotroph Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: A prolactin-producing pituitary neuroendocrine tumor composed of relatively large, chromophobic or slightly acidophilic cells with well developed, abundant endoplasmic reticulum, and many immature secretory granules.  Mature secretory granules are sparse.


name: Metastatic Unresectable Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: Metastatic pituitary neuroendocrine tumor that is not amenable to surgical resection.


name: Plurihormonal Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: A pituitary neuroendocrine tumor that expresses adenohypophyseal hormones and belongs to more than one adenohypophysial cell lineage.


name: Mature Plurihormonal PIT1 Lineage Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: A well-differentiated pituitary neuroendocrine tumor composed of PIT1-lineage adenohypophyseal cells with acidophilic cytoplasm, extensive immunoreactivity for growth hormone and variable immunoreactivity for TSH, prolactin, and alpha-subunit. (WHO)


name: Sparsely Granulated Corticotroph Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: A corticotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumor composed of faintly basophilic or chromophobic PAS-positive cells with weak or patchy positivity for ACTH, consistent with the scant, small secretory granules seen ultrastructurally. (WHO)


Atypical Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: A usually aggressive and invasive pituitary neuroendocrine tumor characterized by excessive p53 immunoreactivity, increased mitotic activity, and MIB-1 proliferative index greater than 3%.


name: Densely Granulated Somatotroph Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: A growth hormone-producing pituitary neuroendocrine tumor composed of medium-sized acidophilic cells with granular cytoplasm and abundant secretory granules.


description: A pituitary neuroendocrine tumor with a diameter equal or less than 10 mm.


name: Multiple Synchronous Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors of Distinct Lineages

description: Multiple pituitary neuroendocrine tumors composed of adenohypopheseal cells of two or more lineages or a null cell tumor in combination with a lineage-specific pituitary neuroendocrine tumor in the same gland.


name: Non-Functioning Sparsely Granulated Corticotroph Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: A sparsely granulated corticotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumor not associated with a hormonal syndrome.


name: Nasopharyngeal Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: An ectopic pituitary neuroendocrine tumor that arises from the nasopharynx.


name: Mixed Gangliocytoma-Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor

description: A pituitary neoplasm composed of mature ganglionic cells admixed with pituitary neoplastic neuroendocrine cells.


name: unexplained long-lasting fever/inflammatory syndrome


Rectocele

description: A Rectocele results from a tear in the rectovaginal septum (which is normally a tough, fibrous, sheet-like divider between the rectum and vagina). Rectal tissue bulges through this tear and into the vagina as a hernia. There are two main causes of this tear: childbirth, and hysterectomy.


name: Fractured proximal epiphysis of first metacarpal bone

description: A partial or complete breakage of the proximal epiphysis of first metacarpal bone.


Advanced Extramammary Paget Disease

description: Extramammary Paget disease that has spread extensively to other anatomic sites or is no longer responding to treatment.


extramammary Paget disease

description: A malignant neoplasm in which there is infiltration of the skin by neoplastic large cells with abundant pale cytoplasm and large nuclei with prominent nucleoli (Paget cells). It may affect the anus, penis, scrotum, and vulva.


vulval Paget disease

description: An uncommon intraepithelial malignant neoplasm of eccrine or apocrine origin, arising from the vulva. It usually affects post-menopausal women. In approximately 10-20% of the cases there is an associated anorectal, or urothelial carcinoma or a skin appendage adenocarcinoma identified. It presents as a red, eczematous lesion. Microscopically, it is characterized by the presence of the typical Paget cells which are large, round cells with abundant cytoplasm and prominent nuclei.


scrotum Paget disease

description: A mammary Paget's disease that involves the scrotum.


name: Recurrent Paget Disease of the Anal Canal

description: The reemergence of Paget disease of the anal canal after a period of remission.


Recurrent Extramammary Paget Disease

description: The reemergence of extramammary Paget disease after a period of remission.


Metastatic Extramammary Paget Disease

description: Extramammary Paget disease that has spread from the original site of growth to other anatomic sites.


Paget disease of the penis

description: A premalignant condition morphologically characterized by the presence of the characteristic Paget cells in the intraepithelial tissue of the penis. It presents as a smooth raised reddish area that may or may not be painful. -- 2003


Refractory Extramammary Paget Disease

description: Extramammary Paget disease that is resistant to treatment.


jasmonoyl-L-amino acid ligase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a jasmonate + an L-alpha-amino acid + ATP = a jasmonyl-L-amino acid + AMP + diphosphate + H+. In Arabidopsis, isoleucine is the principal amino acid that conjugates with JA to form JA (JA-Ile). Other amino acid can be conjugated with JA such as valine, leucine, and phenylalanine.


endocrine signaling

description: The transfer of information from one cell to another, where an endocrine hormone is transported from the signal-producing cell to the receiving cell via the circulatory system (via blood, lymph or cerebrospinal fluid). The signaling cell and the receiving cell are often distant to each other.


name: Intracellular accumulation of collagen VII

description: Collagen VII is the major molecular constituent of anchoring fibrils in the skin. Collagen VII is synthesized as three identical pro-alpha1(VII) polypeptide chains, which are hydroxylated and glycosylated in a coordinated manner and then fold into triple-helical procollagen VII in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Mature collagen VII undergoes a multistep fibril polymerization process to form the anchoring fibrils. Mutant pro-alpha1(VII) polypeptide chains or procollagen VII molecules do not pass the ER quality control and are retained in the ER or designated for ubiquitin-proteasome degradation resulting in reduced amounts of collagen VII in the skin.


name: MHC class II protein binding, via antigen binding groove

description: Binding to the antigen binding groove of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules.


carbapenem catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbapenem.


Stage II Renal Pelvis Cancer AJCC v7

description: Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0.  T2: Tumor invades muscularis.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis.  (AJCC 7th ed.)


name: Stage II Renal Pelvis and Ureter Cancer AJCC v7

description: Stage II includes: T2, N0, M0.  T2: Tumor invades the muscularis.  N0: No regional lymph node metastasis.  M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 7th ed.)


name: Duane retraction syndrome 3 with or without deafness

description: Duane syndrome type 3 is a disorder of eye movement.The affected eye, or eyes, has limited ability to move both inward toward the nose and outward toward the ears. The eye opening narrows and the eyeball pulls in when looking inward toward the nose. About 15 percent of all cases of Duane syndrome are type 3. Most cases occur without other signs and symptoms.In most people with Duane syndrome type 3, the cause is unknown; but it can sometimes be caused by mutations in the CHN1 gene and inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion.


carcinoma in situ of ureter

description: A in situ carcinoma that involves the ureter.


epithelial neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from and is composed of epithelial cells. This category include adenomas, papillomas, and carcinomas.


maxillary arteriovenous malformation

description: Maxillary arteriovenous malformation is a rare vascular anomaly characterized by an abnormal connection of the arterial and venous vasculature, without capillary connections, in the maxillofacial area, usually presenting with chronic, intermittent, and potentially life-threatening, hemorrhage. Association with infection, pain, pressure, pulsation, swelling, facial asymmetry, headache, ocular pain, tinnitus, otalgia, epistaxis, toothache and/or teeth mobility and compressibility into their sockets is possible, although it may also be asymptomatic.


thymoma

description: A neoplasm arising from the epithelial cells of the thymus. Although thymomas are usually encapsulated tumors, they may invade the capsule and infiltrate the surrounding tissues or even metastasize to distant anatomic sites. The following morphologic subtypes are currently recognized: type A, type B, type AB, metaplastic, micronodular, microscopic, and sclerosing thymoma. Thymomas type B are further subdivided into types B1, B2, and B3. Thymoma type B3 usually has the most aggressive clinical course.


scrotal carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the scrotum.


ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma

description: An endometrioid adenocarcinoma arising from the ovary. It comprises 10% to 25% of all primary ovarian carcinomas. Grossly, endometrioid carcinoma may present as a cystic or solid mass. Microscopically, the tumor greatly resembles the appearance of the ordinary type of endometrial adenocarcinoma. As a group, endometrioid carcinoma has a prognosis twice as good as that of serous or mucinous carcinoma.


ureter inverted papilloma

description: A neoplasm of the ureter in which the epithelial cells grow downward into the underlying supportive tissue, which often causes hematuria.


apocrine adenocarcinoma

description: A carcinoma with apocrine differentiation arising from the sweat glands. It presents as single or multiple nodular lesions which may be ulcerated or hemorrhagic and is usually in the axilla and less often in the anogenital region. It grows in the dermis and infiltrates subcutaneous tissues. It is characterized by the presence of large cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and large often vesicular nuclei. Most cases are slow growing tumors and have a prolonged course.


breast mucinous carcinoma

description: An invasive adenocarcinoma of the breast characterized by the presence of islands of small and uniform cells, surrounded by large amounts of mucin. Pure mucinous breast carcinomas generally have a favorable prognosis.


scirrhous breast carcinoma

description: An infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma associated with stromal fibrosis.


renal pelvis urothelial papilloma

description: A benign neoplasm of the renal pelvis that involves the transitional epithelium projecting above the surrounding epithelial surface and consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma.


kidney carcinoma in situ

description: A carcinoma in situ involving a kidney.


adenoid cystic breast carcinoma

description: An adenoid cystic carcinoma primarily involving the breast. Three morphologic patterns are seen: cribriform, trabecular, and solid. The prognosis is excellent.


transitional cell carcinoma

description: A malignant neoplasm arising from the transitional epithelium, usually affecting the urinary bladder, ureter, or renal pelvis. It may or may not have a papillary configuration. It is graded 1 to 3 or 4 according to the degree of cellular differentiation and architectural patterns. Grade 1 transitional cell carcinoma is histologically benign but it may recur. Transitional cell carcinomas may also affect the upper respiratory tract and the ovaries.


stage II endometrioid carcinoma

description: Endometrial carcinoma is a carcinoma that arises from the endometrium (the lining of the uterus or womb). It is the result of the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. The first sign is most often vaginal bleeding not associated with a menstrual period. Other symptoms include pain with urination or sexual intercourse, or pelvic pain. Endometrial cancer occurs most commonly after menopause. In stage II the cancer has spread from the body of the uterus and is growing into the supporting connective tissue of the cervix (called the cervical stroma). The cancer has spread into connective tissue of the cervix, but has not spread outside the uterus.


ovarian adenocarcinoma

description: An adenocarcinoma that arises from the ovary. It is the most common type of ovarian carcinoma. It includes the serous adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, clear cell adenocarcinoma, and endometrioid adenocarcinoma.


nasal cavity carcinoma in situ

description: A in situ carcinoma that involves the nasal cavity.


thyroid gland fetal adenoma

description: A thyroid gland adenoma composed of microfollicular structures.


ureter carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the ureter.


ovarian clear cell cancer

description: An invasive malignant neoplasm that arises from the ovary and is characterized by a predominance of clear and hobnail malignant epithelial cells.


skin cystic basal cell carcinoma

description: A basal cell carcinoma of the skin that is characterized by cyst formation.


vulvar clear cell hidradenocarcinoma

description: A vulvar sweat gland carcinoma characterized by the presence of clear cells.


stage IVb bladder cancer

description: Stage IV includes T4b, NO,MO/any T NI, MO/ any T N2 MO,/ any T N3 MO/ any T any N M1 : T4b: Tumor invades the pelvic wall, abdominal wall. N1: Metastasis in a single lymph node, 2 cm or less in greatest dimension. N2: Metastasis in a single lymph node, more than 2 cm but not more than 5 cm in greatest dimension; or multiple lymph nodes, none more than 5 cm in greatest dimension. N3: Metastasis in a lymph node more than 5 cm in greatest dimension. M1: Distant metastasis.


vulvar squamous cell carcinoma

description: An invasive squamous cell carcinoma arising from the vulva. Risk factors include the human papilloma virus and cigarette smoking. Precursor lesions include the vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, lichen sclerosus with associated squamous cell hyperplasia, and chronic granulomatous vulvar disease such as granuloma inguinale. Symptoms include vulvar pruritus or irritation, discharge, bleeding, and pain. The following morphologic variants have been identified: keratinizing, non-keratinizing, basaloid, warty, verrucous, keratoacanthoma-like, and squamous cell carcinoma with tumor giant cells. Risk factors for recurrence include advanced stage, tumor diameter greater than 2.5 cm, multifocality, capillary-like space involvement, associated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2 or 3, and margins of resection involved by tumor. (WHO, 2003)


mucinous adenocarcinoma

description: An invasive adenocarcinoma composed of malignant glandular cells which contain intracytoplasmic mucin. Often, the infiltrating glandular structures are associated with mucoid stromal formation. It may arise from the large and small intestine, appendix, stomach, lung, ovary, breast, corpus uteri, cervix, vagina, and salivary gland.


corneal intraepithelial neoplasm

description: A squamous cell intraepithelial neoplasia that involves the cornea.


pituitary gigantism

description: The condition of accelerated and excessive growth in children or adolescents who are exposed to excess human growth hormone before the closure of epiphyses. It is usually caused by somatotroph hyperplasia or a growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma. These patients are of abnormally tall stature, more than 3 standard deviations above normal mean height for age.


name: moderately-differentiated thymic neuroendocrine carcinoma


bladder signet ring cell adenocarcinoma

description: A signet ring cell carcinoma that involves the urinary bladder.


ureter transitional cell carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from the transitional epithelium of the ureter. It is associated with tobacco use and usually presents with gross or microscopic hematuria.


digestive system adenoma

description: A sporadic or less frequently familial neoplasm, arising from the glandular epithelium of the stomach, small intestine, biliary tract, colon, and rectum. It is a polypoid or flat circumscribed lesion. Morphologically, it is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic glandular cells and it is associated with dysplasia. According to the growth pattern, it may be classified as tubular, villous, or tubulovillous. The dysplasia is classified as mild, moderate, or severe. The frequency of malignant transformation depends on the size of the lesion and the degree of dysplasia. Larger adenomas with severe dysplastic changes (sometimes called carcinoma in situ) carry a higher risk of progressing to invasive adenocarcinoma. Gastrointestinal adenomas may present as solitary or multifocal lesions. Familial adenomas tend to be multifocal and carry a higher risk of malignant transformation.


vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia

description: Intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulvar squamous epithelium. There is no evidence of invasion. This category includes vulvar high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, differentiated type.


vulvar adenocarcinoma

description: An adenocarcinoma that arises from the vulva. Representative examples include Bartholin gland adenocarcinoma, eccrine adenocarcinoma, apocrine adenocarcinoma, and sebaceous carcinoma.


trabecular adenocarcinoma

description: A malignant epithelial neoplasm characterized by the presence of a trabecular glandular architectural pattern.


ovarian carcinoma

description: A malignant neoplasm originating from the surface ovarian epithelium. It accounts for the greatest number of deaths from malignancies of the female genital tract and is the fifth leading cause of cancer fatalities in women. It is predominantly a disease of older white women of northern European extraction, but it is seen in all ages and ethnic groups. Adenocarcinomas constitute the vast majority of ovarian carcinomas. The pattern of metastatic spread in ovarian carcinoma is similar regardless of the microscopic type. The most common sites of involvement are the contralateral ovary, peritoneal cavity, para-aortic and pelvic lymph nodes, and liver. Lung and pleura are the most common sites of extra-abdominal spread. The primary form of therapy is surgical. The overall prognosis of ovarian carcinoma remains poor, a direct result of its rapid growth rate and the lack of early symptoms. --2002


microcystic adenoma

description: A benign epithelial neoplasm characterized by a microcystic pattern. The cystic spaces are lined by small cuboidal cells without evidence of significant cytologic atypia.


papillary squamous carcinoma

description: A well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma characterized by a papillary, exophytic growth pattern and hyperkeratosis. The most commonly affected anatomic sites are the larynx, penis, cervix, vagina, and vulva.


name: hereditary clear cell renal cell carcinoma

description: A manifestation of von Hippel-Lindau disease or other familial renal cell cancer syndromes that present as a malignant epithelial neoplasm of the kidney. It is characterized by the presence of lipid-containing clear cells within a vascular network. The tumor usually is bilateral and polycentric, and metastasizes to unusual sites. Late metastasis is common.


basaloid carcinoma of the penis

description: An aggressive, human papillomavirus-related squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the penis. It is characterized by the presence of nests of small malignant cells. The malignant cells tend to invade deeply into the adjacent tissues. Comedo-type necrosis is often present.