name: cellular response to epinephrine stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epinephrine stimulus. Epinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C9H13NO3; it is secreted by the adrenal medulla to act as a hormone, and released by certain neurons to act as a neurotransmitter active in the central nervous system.


dinoprostone

Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.


asthma

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: A bronchial disease that is characterized by chronic inflammation and narrowing of the airways, which is caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors resulting in recurring periods of wheezing (a whistling sound while breathing), chest tightness, shortness of breath, mucus production and coughing. The symptoms appear due to a variety of triggers such as allergens, irritants, respiratory infections, weather changes, exercise, stress, reflux disease, medications, foods and emotional anxiety.


succimer

A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.


rhinitis

description: An inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the nose, usually associated with nasal discharge.


response to bacterium

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium.


name: RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Binding to a specific upstream regulatory DNA sequence (transcription factor recognition sequence or binding site) located in cis relative to the transcription start site (i.e., on the same strand of DNA) of a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II.


name: response to topologically incorrect protein

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a protein that is not folded in its correct three-dimensional structure.


nuclear envelope

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space).


Urinary retention

category: biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: Inability to completely empty the urinary bladder during the process of urination.


lateral plasma membrane

description: The portion of the plasma membrane at the lateral side of the cell. In epithelial cells, lateral plasma membranes are on the sides of cells which lie at the interface of adjacent cells.


centriole

description: A cellular organelle, found close to the nucleus in many eukaryotic cells, consisting of a small cylinder with microtubular walls, 300-500 nm long and 150-250 nm in diameter. It contains nine short, parallel, peripheral microtubular fibrils, each fibril consisting of one complete microtubule fused to two incomplete microtubules. Cells usually have two centrioles, lying at right angles to each other. At division, each pair of centrioles generates another pair and the twin pairs form the pole of the mitotic spindle.


name: negative regulation of establishment of protein localization

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization.


name: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-retinol--[retinol-binding protein] + NAD+ = all-trans-retinal--[retinol-binding protein] + H+ + NADH. Recognizes the substrate both in free form and when bound to cellular-retinol-binding-protein (CRBP1), but has higher affinity for the bound form.


name: response to arsenic-containing substance

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides.


carboxypeptidase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single C-terminal amino acid residue from a polypeptide chain.


Increased Creatinine

description: A laboratory test result demonstrating an increased concentration of creatinine in a biological specimen.


didanosine

A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.


nucleosome assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.


name: inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of inorganic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.


ATP-dependent activity, acting on RNA

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction requires the presence of RNA, and it drives another reaction.


rhythmic process

description: Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism.


centrosome

description: A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle.


bicalutamide

A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.


dendrite development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


transmembrane transporter binding

description: Binding to a transmembrane transporter, a protein or protein complex that enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.


name: positive regulation of cell projection organization

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.


sitagliptin

A  triazolopyrazine that exhibits  hypoglycemic activity.


Retching

description: Involuntary spasms of the stomach and esophagus resulting in vomiting or dry heaving.


limbic system development

description: The progression of the limbic system over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The limbic system is a collection of structures in the brain involved in emotion, motivation and emotional aspects of memory.


small molecule biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule.


homologous recombination

description: A DNA recombination process that results in the exchange of an equal amount of genetic material between highly homologous DNA molecules.


regulation of kinase activity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.


regulation of isotype switching

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.


positive regulation of lipid storage

description: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.


negative regulation of cell migration

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration.


vagus nerve

category: biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Cranial nerve that branches into the lateral (to body sense organs) and the intestino-accessorial (to the skin, muscles of shoulder, hyoid, larynx, gut, lungs, and heart).


progesterone

A C21-steroid hormone in which a pregnane skeleton carries oxo substituents at positions 3 and 20 and is unsaturated at C(4)-C(5). As a hormone, it is involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy and embryogenesis of humans and other species.


sinusitis

description: An acute or chronic inflammatory process affecting the mucous membranes of any sinus cavity.


alpha-amino acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alpha-amino acid.


vesicle membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell.


protein catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.


phototransduction

description: The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal.


MHC class II receptor activity

description: Combining with an MHC class II protein complex and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


canonical Wnt signaling pathway

description: A type of Wnt signaling pathway in which Wnt binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell results in the by propagation of the molecular signals via beta-catenin, and end with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.


glycosaminoglycan binding

description: Binding to a glycan (polysaccharide) containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues.


plasma membrane protein complex

description: Any protein complex that is part of the plasma membrane.


WD40-repeat domain binding

description: Binding to a WD40 repeat domain of a protein. The WD40 repeat is a short structural motif of approximately 40 amino acids, often terminating in a tryptophan-aspartic acid (W-D) dipeptide. Several of these repeats are combined to form a type of protein domain called the WD domain.


focal adhesion

description: A cell-substrate junction that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. In insects focal adhesion has also been referred to as hemi-adherens junction (HAJ).


negative regulation of cell division

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.


methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule.


metallo-sulfur cluster assembly

description: The incorporation of a metal and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster.


UDP-glycosyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from a UDP-sugar to a small hydrophobic molecule.


immunoglobulin mediated immune response

description: An immune response mediated by immunoglobulins, whether cell-bound or in solution.


amide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.


regulation of cartilage development

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.


chromatin

description: The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome.


name: ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activity

description: Primary active transporter of a solute across a membrane, via the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to directly drive the transport of a substance across a membrane. The transport protein may be transiently phosphorylated (P-type transporters), or not (ABC-type transporters and other families of transporters). Primary active transport occurs up the solute's concentration gradient and is driven by a primary energy source.


protein-DNA complex organization

description: Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein-DNA complex.


protein lipidation

description: The covalent attachment of lipid groups to an amino acid in a protein.


name: termination of RNA polymerase III transcription

description: A transcription termination process that completes the production of a primary RNA polymerase II transcript. RNA polymerase III has an intrinsic ability to terminate transcription upon incorporation of at least 4 contiguous U residues.


macromolecule glycosylation

description: The covalent attachment of a glycosyl residue to one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule.


gemifloxacin

A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.


connective tissue disorder

description: A disease involving the connective tissue.


morphogenesis of a branching structure

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. Examples in animals would include blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and other endothelial or epithelial tubes.


cefotiam

A cephalosporin with ({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)methyl and (2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. A third generation beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic, it is active against a broad spectrum of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.


cefapirin

A cephalosporin with  acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.


vocalization behavior

description: The behavior in which an organism produces sounds by a mechanism involving its respiratory system.


name: positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle

description: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.


skin development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.


azithromycin

A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.


trophoblast giant cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a trophoblast giant cell of the placenta. Trophoblast giant cells are the cell of the placenta that line the maternal decidua.


synovial membrane of synovial joint

category: biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Soft tissue that lines the non-cartilaginous surfaces within joints with cavities (synovial joints).


amino acid transmembrane transport

description: The process in which an amino acid is transported across a membrane.


name: negative regulation of protein ubiquitination

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.


digoxin

A  cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.


carboxylic acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups.


ramipril

A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.


limb development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. Examples include legs, arms or some types of fin.


acidosis disorder

description: An abnormally high acidity of the blood and other body tissues. Acidosis can be either respiratory or metabolic.


G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle

description: The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated.


detection of external stimulus

description: The series of events in which an external stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


name: regulation of protein activation cascade

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein activation cascade.


name: negative regulation of secretion by cell

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.


name: regulation of fatty acid metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.


lenalidomide

A dicarboximide that consists of 1-oxoisoindoline bearing an amino substituent at position 4 and a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group at position 2. Inhibits the secretion of TNF-alpha.


digestive system disorder

description: A disease or disorder that involves the digestive system.


mefenamic acid

An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.


Hematemesis

description: The vomiting of blood.


Vomiting

description: Forceful ejection of the contents of the stomach through the mouth by means of a series of involuntary spasmic contractions.


benzocaine

A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.


sensory perception of chemical stimulus

description: The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory chemical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


name: regulation of engulfment of apoptotic cell

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of engulfment of apoptotic cell.


dexmethylphenidate

A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration.  It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.


regulation of system process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system.


domperidone

1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.


hypotensive disorder

description: Blood pressure that is abnormally low.


suramin

A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.


name: TRAM-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor where the TRAM adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.


name: biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms

description: Any process evolved to enable an interaction with an organism of a different species.


pigment biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.


Electrolyte imbalance

description: Higher or lower than normal values for the serum electrolytes; usually affecting NA, K, CHL, CO2, glucose, bun.


inclusion body

description: A discrete intracellular part formed of aggregated molecules such as proteins or other biopolymers.


GTPase regulator activity

description: Binds to and modulates the activity of a GTPase.


protein targeting

description: The process of targeting specific proteins to particular regions of the cell, typically membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif.


colitis

description: Inflammation of the colon.


name: positive regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of proteasomal protein catabolic process.


olanzapine

A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.


name: nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


lidocaine

The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.


regulation of digestive system process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.


name: positive regulation of regulated secretory pathway

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of regulated secretory pathway.


cytokinesis

description: The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its partitioning into two daughter cells.


negative regulation of cell motility

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.


septin complex

description: A protein complex containing septins. Typically, these complexes contain multiple septins and are oligomeric.


name: gephyrin clustering involved in postsynaptic density assembly

description: The clustering process in which gephyrin molecules are localized to distinct domains in the postsynaptic density as part of postsynaptic density assembly. Gephyrin is a component of the postsynaptic protein network of inhibitory synapses.


Yawning

description: An involuntary deep inhalation with the mouth open, often a sign of drowsiness or boredom.


pigment granule

description: A small, subcellular membrane-bounded vesicle containing pigment and/or pigment precursor molecules. Pigment granule biogenesis is poorly understood, as pigment granules are derived from multiple sources including the endoplasmic reticulum, coated vesicles, lysosomes, and endosomes.


Flat Affect

description: The absence of emotional expressiveness.


GPI anchor biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that attaches some membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The phosphatidylinositol group is linked via the C-6 hydroxyl residue of inositol to a carbohydrate chain which is itself linked to the protein via an ethanolamine phosphate group, its amino group forming an amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein. Some GPI anchors have variants on this canonical linkage.


Poor appetite

description: A reduced desire to eat.


loratadine

A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.


name: positive regulation of protein catabolic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.


name: regulation of natural killer cell activation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.


monoatomic ion channel complex

description: A protein complex that spans a membrane and forms a water-filled channel across the phospholipid bilayer allowing selective monoatomic ion transport down its electrochemical gradient.


insulin binding

description: Binding to insulin, a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.


regulation of immune effector process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.


name: negative regulation of cholesterol efflux

description: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.


name: negative regulation of protein kinase activity

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.


name: clathrin coat of trans-Golgi network vesicle

description: A clathrin coat found on a vesicle of the trans-Golgi network.


metoprolol

A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a  4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.


sexual and gender identity disorders

description: A category of psychiatric disorders characterized by a disturbance in sexual desire and in the psychophysiological changes that make up the sexual response cycle.


cytokine activity

description: The activity of a soluble extracellular gene product that interacts with a receptor to effect a change in the activity of the receptor to control the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissues and cells.


ERK1 and ERK2 cascade

description: A MAPK cascade containing at least the ERK1 or ERK2 MAP kinases. It starts with the activation of a MAP3K, and the consecutive activation of a MPK2K and of ERK1 or ERK2. The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier. The ERK1/ERK2 cascade is activated by mitogens, growth factors, G protein-coupled receptors, and results in cellular responses such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation and development.


macromolecule catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


felbamate

The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.


eszopiclone

The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.


hearing loss disorder

description: A partial or complete loss of hearing in one or both ears. It is classified as conductive, sensory, or central.


nephron epithelium development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron.


transmembrane transporter complex

description: A transmembrane protein complex which enables the transfer of a substance from one side of a membrane to the other.


iohexol

A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.


EEG abnormality

description: Abnormality observed by electroencephalogram (EEG), which is used to record of the brain's spontaneous electrical activity from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp.


overactive bladder

description: Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. urinary incontinence may or may not be present.


protein maturation by protein folding

description: The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that results in the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.


ribosome

description: An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins.


tolcapone

Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.


bladder calculus

description: A concretion in the urinary bladder.


name: regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation

description: Any process in which skeletal muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.


potassium iodide

A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.


name: negative regulation of protein catabolic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process.


biotin

An organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of 2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole having a valeric acid substituent attached to the tetrahydrothiophene ring. The parent of the class of biotins.


methdilazine

A phenothiazine substituted on nitrogen by a (1-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl group; a first-generation antihistamine with anticholinergic properties.


fluphenazine

A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the N-10 position.


flavoxate

A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.


regulation of cell development

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.


endosome

description: A vacuole to which materials ingested by endocytosis are delivered.


eye development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight.


regulation of epidermis development

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.


name: negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.


name: regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


sertraline

A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.


ceftizoxime

A parenteral third-generation cephalosporin, bearing a 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino group at the 7beta-position.


RNA secondary structure unwinding

description: The process in which a secondary structure of RNA are broken or 'melted'.


name: regulation of cilium beat frequency involved in ciliary motility

description: Any process that modulates the frequency of cilium beating involved in ciliary motility.


hydrochlorothiazide

A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.


immunoglobulin A vasculitis

description: A systemic IgA vasculitis that affects small vessels. It is characterized by skin purpura, arthritis, and abdominal and/or renal involvement.


membrane organization

description: A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins.


fatty-acyl-CoA metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group.


Paranoia

description: An inappropriate feeling of being persecuted or being the subject of hostility from others.


name: cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.


hyaluronic acid binding

description: Binding to hyaluronic acid, a polymer composed of repeating dimeric units of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl glucosamine.


extracellular structure organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures in the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane, and also covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite.


hereditary hemochromatosis

description: An inherited metabolic disorder characterized by iron accumulation in the tissues.


tRNA-specific ribonuclease activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in tRNA molecules.


cellular response to UV

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.


name: somite rostral/caudal axis specification

description: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the rostro-caudal axis of a somite, prior to the morphological formation of a somite boundary.


name: negative regulation of inflammatory response

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.


name: regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation.


DNA replication

description: The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by the origin recognition complex, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA.


type 1 diabetes mellitus

description: A chronic condition characterized by minimal or absent production of insulin by the pancreas.


name: regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.


name: hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any O-glycosyl bond.


Mastalgia

description: Pain in the breast.


cefalotin

A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.


T cell differentiation in thymus

description: The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus.


water-soluble vitamin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.


regulation of innate immune response

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection.


synapse

description: The junction between an axon of one neuron and a dendrite of another neuron, a muscle fiber or a glial cell. As the axon approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic terminal bouton, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the terminal bouton is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic terminal bouton secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.


pentostatin

A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.


name: carbohydrate:monoatomic cation symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sugar(out) + cation(out) = sugar(in) + cation(in).


name: negative regulation of phosphatase activity

description: Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.


name: positive regulation of cell morphogenesis

description: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.


biphenyl metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving biphenyl, a toxic aromatic hydrocarbon used as a heat transfer agent, as a fungistat in packaging citrus fruits and in plant disease control. Biphenyl can be chlorinated with 1-10 chlorine molecules to form polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).


prostate gland development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prostate gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid.


vesicle localization

description: Any process in which a vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.


Upper Respiratory Infections

description: An infectious process affecting the upper respiratory tract (nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, or trachea). Symptoms include congestion, sneezing, coughing, fever, and sore throat.


cytokine binding

description: Binding to a cytokine, any of a group of proteins that function to control the survival, growth and differentiation of tissues and cells, and which have autocrine and paracrine activity.


rhythmic behavior

description: The specific behavior of an organism that recur with measured regularity.


modulation by virus of host process

description: The process in which a virus effects a change in the structure or processes of its host organism.


name: positive regulation of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion.


spliceosomal complex

description: Any of a series of ribonucleoprotein complexes that contain snRNA(s) and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), and are formed sequentially during the spliceosomal splicing of one or more substrate RNAs, and which also contain the RNA substrate(s) from the initial target RNAs of splicing, the splicing intermediate RNA(s), to the final RNA products. During cis-splicing, the initial target RNA is a single, contiguous RNA transcript, whether mRNA, snoRNA, etc., and the released products are a spliced RNA and an excised intron, generally as a lariat structure. During trans-splicing, there are two initial substrate RNAs, the spliced leader RNA and a pre-mRNA.


dendritic cell differentiation

description: The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell. A dendritic cell is a leukocyte of dendritic lineage specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation.


name: solute:sodium symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: solute(out) + Na+(out) = solute(in) + Na+(in).


microtubule minus-end

description: The end of a microtubule that does not preferentially grow (polymerize).


moracizine

A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.


name: regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration

description: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the cytosol of a cell or between the cytosol and its surroundings.


dGTP metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dGTP, guanosine triphosphate.


anastrozole

A 1,2,4-triazole compound having a 3,5-bis(2-cyano-2-propyl)benzyl group at the 1-position.


ATP metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ATP, adenosine triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.


erythrocyte differentiation

description: The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte.


Pruritus

description: Pruritus is an itch or a sensation that makes a person want to scratch. This term refers to an abnormally increased disposition to experience pruritus.


5-aminolevulinic acid

The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.


regulation of protein localization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


name: modulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). EPSP is a process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.


name: regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.


name: defense response to Gram-positive bacterium

description: Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.


Cold Sensation

category: biolink:PhysiologicalProcess biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


response to erythropoietin

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an erythropoietin stimulus. Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis.


procainamide

A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group.  It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.


Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia

description: A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of episodic atrial tachycardia with abrupt onset and termination.


ubiquitin protein ligase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of ubiquitin to a substrate protein via the reaction X-ubiquitin + S = X + S-ubiquitin, where X is either an E2 or E3 enzyme, the X-ubiquitin linkage is a thioester bond, and the S-ubiquitin linkage is an amide bond: an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of lysine residues in the substrate or, in the linear extension of ubiquitin chains, a peptide bond the between the C-terminal glycine and N-terminal methionine of ubiquitin residues.


paliperidone

A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.


adenoma

description: A neoplasm arising from the epithelium. It may be encapsulated or non-encapsulated but non-invasive. The neoplastic epithelial cells may or may not display cellular atypia or dysplasia. In the gastrointestinal tract, when dysplasia becomes severe it is sometimes called carcinoma in situ. Representative examples are pituitary gland adenoma, follicular adenoma of the thyroid gland, and adenomas (or adenomatous polyps) of the gastrointestinal tract.


organelle outer membrane

description: The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing in a cellular organelle, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope.


Increased blood urea nitrogen

description: An increased amount of nitrogen in the form of urea in the blood.


plasma membrane raft

description: A membrane raft that is part of the plasma membrane.


signaling receptor regulator activity

description: Binds to and modulates the activity of a receptor.


lipid binding

description: Binding to a lipid.


pemetrexed

An N-acylglutamic acid in which the N-acyl group is specified as 4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).


interstitial lung disease

description: A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of pulmonary alveoli that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.


negative regulation of cell killing

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing.


protein targeting to vacuole

description: The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole, usually using signals contained within the protein.


chlorambucil

A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.


alosetron

A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.


name: positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.


urine

description: Excretion that is the output of a kidney.


immune effector process

description: Any process of the immune system that executes a component of an immune response. An effector immune process takes place after its activation.


positive regulation of T cell migration

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.


Hemoglobin measurement

category: biolink:Procedure biolink:ActivityAndBehavior biolink:NamedThing biolink:Occurrent biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


name: branched-chain amino acid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.


response to glucose

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.


skin epidermis

description: The outer epithelial layer of the skin that is superficial to the dermis.


protein kinase regulator activity

description: Modulates the activity of a protein kinase, an enzyme which phosphorylates a protein.


glycosaminoglycan catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.


spleen development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spleen over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spleen is a large vascular lymphatic organ composed of white and red pulp, involved both in hemopoietic and immune system functions.


name: negative regulation of nervous system development

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.


regulation of mitotic spindle assembly

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle assembly.


name: regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal.


name: microtubule cytoskeleton organization involved in mitosis

description: Any microtubule cytoskeleton organization that is involved in mitosis.


associative learning

description: Learning by associating a stimulus (the cause) with a particular outcome (the effect).


cellular response to insulin stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.


mitotic metaphase chromosome alignment

description: A chromosome localization process whereby chromosomes are positioned in a specific order and orientation at the metaphase plate (spindle equator), during mitotic chromosome segregation. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive the correct number of chromosomes during cell division.


name: positive regulation of secretion by cell

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell.


name: response to molecule of bacterial origin

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of bacterial origin such as peptides derived from bacterial flagellin.


cytoskeletal motor activity

description: Generation of force resulting in movement, for example along a microfilament or microtubule, or in torque resulting in membrane scission or rotation of a flagellum. The energy required is obtained either from the hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate or by an electrochemical proton gradient (proton-motive force).


GTP binding

description: Binding to GTP, guanosine triphosphate.


name: regulation of biological process involved in symbiotic interaction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiosis, an interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association.


trimipramine

A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.


acrosomal vesicle

description: A structure in the head of a spermatozoon that contains acid hydrolases, and is concerned with the breakdown of the outer membrane of the ovum during fertilization. It lies just beneath the plasma membrane and is derived from the lysosome.


alcohol dependence

description: Physical and psychological dependence on alcohol.


apoptotic signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


phosphorelay signal transduction system

description: A conserved series of molecular signals found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; involves autophosphorylation of a histidine kinase and the transfer of the phosphate group to an aspartate that then acts as a phospho-donor to response regulator proteins.


primary neural tube formation

description: The formation of the neural tube from an epithelial cell sheet (the neuroepithelium or neural plate). In primary neurulation, the cells surrounding the neural plate direct the neural plate cells to proliferate, invaginate, and pinch off from the surface to form a hollow epithelial tube. Primary neurulation is the typical mechanism of formation of the anterior neural tube.


small ribosomal subunit

description: The smaller of the two subunits of a ribosome.


name: regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anatomical structure morphogenesis.


regulation of DNA metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.


metal ion transport

description: The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


glycogen (starch) synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = UDP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).


regulation of JNK cascade

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.


carbohydrate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.


name: negative regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.


neuron-neuron synaptic transmission

description: The process of synaptic transmission from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse.


name: positive regulation of type I interferon production

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


ankylosing spondylitis

description: An autoimmune chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by inflammation in the vertebral joints of the spine and sacroiliac joints. It predominantly affects young males. Patients present with stiffness and pain in the spine.


gentamicin

Any of a group of aminoglycoside antibiotics produced by fermentation of some Micromonospora spp.


hypophosphatemia

description: Lower than normal levels of phosphates in the circulating blood.


camera-type eye morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.


actin filament organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.


left/right axis specification

description: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the left/right axis. The left/right axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes. Each side is defined from the viewpoint of the organism rather of the observer (as per anatomical axes).


pleura

description: The invaginated serous membrane that surrounds the lungs (the visceral portion) and lines the walls of the pleural cavity (parietal portion).


negative regulation of cell activation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation.


abacavir

A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.


guanidine

An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, oxygen as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.


gadoversetamide

A gadolinium coordination entity that consists of Gd(3+) coordinated to 3,6,9-triazaundecadiamide in which each of the amide nitrogens is substituted by a 2-methoxyethyl group and in which the nitrogens at positions 3, 6, and 9 are each substituted by carboxylatomethyl group. The gadolinium is coordinated to the three tertiary amino groups as well as to the carboxylate groups. A white odourless powder that is freely soluble in water, gadoversetamide has paramagnetic properties and is used as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging. It distributes mainly in extracellular fluid, but does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It is used particularly in imaging the brain, spine and liver.


umbilical artery

description: The umbilical artery is a paired artery (with one for each half of the body) that is found in the abdominal and pelvic regions. In the fetus, it extends into the umbilical cord. [WP,unvetted].


Venous embolism

description: The passage of an embolus from its site of formation to another location within the venous system.


regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.


lovastatin

A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).


name: regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction.


head development

description: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a head from an initial condition to its mature state. The head is the anterior-most division of the body.


telomere maintenance

description: Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins, the length of telomeric DNA and the replication and repair of the DNA. These processes includes those that shorten, lengthen, replicate and repair the telomeric DNA sequences.


secretion

description: The controlled release of a substance by a cell or a tissue.


multi-organism reproductive process

description: A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals, involving another organism.


renal tubule development

description: The progression of the renal tubule over time from its formation to the mature form. A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis.


organelle fission

description: The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle.


name: central nervous system neuron development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the central nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron.


regulation of cellular pH reduction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a process that reduces the internal pH of a cell.


hair follicle morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized.


name: regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome.


response to estradiol

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.


peptic esophagitis

description: Inflammation of the esophagus that is caused by the reflux of gastric juice with contents of the stomach and duodenum.


skin pigmentation disorder

description: A pigmentation disease that involves the zone of skin.


endocytic vesicle

description: A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. Endocytic vesicles fuse with early endosomes to deliver the cargo for further sorting.


name: cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of the embryonic placenta.


regulation of peptide hormone secretion

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules.


cellular response to external stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus.


selenocysteine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving selenocysteine, an essential component of glutathione peroxidase and some other proteins.


etodolac

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.


Onycholysis

description: Detachment of the nail from the nail bed.


response to peptide hormone

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals.


name: aspartate family amino acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.


name: pyrimidine ribonucleoside biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which a pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.


name: cellular response to topologically incorrect protein

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a protein that is not folded in its correct three-dimensional structure.


circulatory system process

description: A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the circulatory system. The circulatory system is an organ system that moves extracellular fluids to and from tissue within a multicellular organism.


skeletal muscle cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle cell, a somatic cell located in skeletal muscle.


name: negative regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.


GTPase binding

description: Binding to a GTPase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of GTP.


Golgi membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus.


intra-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

description: The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network).


heart contraction

description: The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.


deaminase activity

description: Catalysis of the removal of an amino group from a substrate, producing a substituted or nonsubstituted ammonia (NH3/NH2R).


zileuton

A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a 1-[carbamoyl(hydroxy)amino]ethyl group. A selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, it inhibits the formation of leukotrienes LTB4, LTC4, LDT4, and LTE4. It is used for the management of chronic asthma.


cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac muscle tissue are generated and organized.


triglyceride metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol. The three fatty acid residues may all be the same or differ in any permutation. Triglycerides are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins.


tissue regeneration

description: The regrowth of lost or destroyed tissues.


α-linolenic acid

A linolenic acid with cis-double bonds at positions 9, 12 and 15. Shown to have an antithrombotic effect.


endocrine system disorder

description: A disease involving the endocrine system.


purine ribonucleoside metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.


intracranial hypertension

description: A finding characterized by increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure within the skull.


name: cellular response to amino acid starvation

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of amino acids.


Sjogren syndrome

description: An autoimmune disorder in which immune cells attack and destroy the glands that produce tears and saliva. Sjögren syndrome is also associated with rheumatic disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus. The hallmark symptoms of Sjögren syndrome are dry mouth and dry eyes. In addition, Sjogren syndrome may cause skin, nose, and vaginal dryness. It also may affect other organs of the body including the kidneys, blood vessels, lungs, liver, pancreas, and brain


name: regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, wakefulness

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the wakeful phase of the circadian sleep/wake cycle. The wakeful phase is the part of the circadian sleep/wake cycle where the organism is not asleep.


metencephalon development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


peptidase regulator activity

description: Binds to and modulates the activity of a peptidase, any enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis peptide bonds.


impulse control disorder

description: A category of behaviors that can be loosely defined as the failure to resist an impulsive act or behavior that may be harmful to self or others.


(S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2-hydroxy-acid + O2 = 2-oxo acid + hydrogen peroxide.


transferase complex

description: A protein complex capable of catalyzing the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor).


membrane fusion

description: The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane.


amyloid-beta metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease, and its precursor, amyloid precursor protein (APP).


chromosome, centromeric region

description: The region of a chromosome that includes the centromeric DNA and associated proteins. In monocentric chromosomes, this region corresponds to a single area of the chromosome, whereas in holocentric chromosomes, it is evenly distributed along the chromosome.


pregabalin

A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.


Hypohidrosis

description: Abnormally diminished capacity to sweat.


sulfamethoxazole

An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.


visual perception

description: The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image.


name: post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of an RNA transcript.


pimozide

A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.


name: negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.


basic amino acid transport

description: The directed movement of basic amino acids, amino acids with a pH above 7, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


epithelial cell proliferation

description: The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Epithelial cells make up the epithelium, the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances.


description: A protein complex that is part of a mitochondrion.


carfilzomib

A synthetic tetrapeptide consisting of morpholin-4-acetyl, L-2-amino-4-phenylbutanoyl, L-leucyl and L-phenylalanyl residues joined in sequence with the C-terminus connected to the amino group of (2S)-2-amino-4-methyl-1-[(2R)-2-methyloxiran-2-yl]-1-oxopentan-1-one via an amide linkage. Used for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma


pulmonary edema

description: Accumulation of fluid in the lung tissues causing disturbance of the gas exchange that may lead to respiratory failure. It is caused by direct injury to the lung parenchyma or congestive heart failure. The symptoms may appear suddenly or gradually. Suddenly appearing symptoms include difficulty breathing, feeling of suffocation, and coughing associated with frothy sputum. Gradually appearing symptoms include difficulty breathing while lying in bed, shortness of breath during activity, and weight gain (in patients with congestive heart failure).


brain aneurysm

description: A congenital or acquired aneurysm within the cranium.


third ventricle

description: Part of the ventricular system of the brain, forming a single large cavity in the midline of the diencephalon; it is continuous with the lateral ventricles through the interventricular foramen and the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct. (Maryann Martone).


tobramycin

A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.


glycosyl compound metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosyl compound.


nuclear chromosome segregation

description: The process in which genetic material, in the form of nuclear chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. Nuclear chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.


name: negative regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.


name: endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

description: The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.


monocarboxylic acid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (-COOH) group.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: A + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = B + succinate + CO2. This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from 2-oxoglutarate and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into each donor.


clathrin coat

description: A membrane coat found on coated pits and some coated vesicles; consists of polymerized clathrin triskelions, each comprising three clathrin heavy chains and three clathrin light chains, linked to the membrane via one of the AP adaptor complexes.


name: establishment of protein localization to organelle

description: The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on or in an organelle. Encompasses establishment of localization in the membrane or lumen of a membrane-bounded organelle.


enuresis

description: An elimination disorder characterized by urinary incontinence, whether involuntary or intentional, which is not due to a medical condition and which occurs at or beyond an age at which continence is expected (usually 5 years).


name: positive regulation by host of viral transcription

description: Any process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription, the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA.


ixabepilone

A macrocycle that is a lactam analogue of epothilone B. Binds directly to beta-tubulin subunits on microtubules, leading to suppression of microtubule dynamics.


Abnormal left ventricular function

description: Inability of the left ventricle to perform its normal physiologic function. Failure is either due to an inability to contract the left ventricle or the inability to relax completely and fill with blood during diastole.


macular degeneration

description: Loss of vision in the central portion of the retina (macula), secondary to retinal degeneration.


mesonephric duct development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A mesonephric duct is a tube drains the mesonephros.


acute lymphoblastic leukemia

description: Leukemia with an acute onset, characterized by the presence of lymphoblasts in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood. It includes the acute B lymphoblastic leukemia and acute T lymphoblastic leukemia.


name: epithelial to mesenchymal transition involved in endocardial cushion formation

description: A transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that will contribute to the formation of the endocardial cushion.


name: regulation of regulated secretory pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of regulated secretory pathway.


name: negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction.


name: cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


histone deacetylase regulator activity

description: Binds to and modulates the activity of histone deacetylase.


name: positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus

description: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.


calcium-mediated signaling

description: Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via calcium ions.


NAD binding

description: Binding to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; binding may be to either the oxidized form, NAD+, or the reduced form, NADH.


clobetasol propionate

The 17-O-propionate ester of clobetasol. A potent corticosteroid, it is used to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.


name: regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor signaling via STAT.


name: positive regulation of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization.


steroid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.


name: Abnormality of extrapyramidal motor function

description: A neurological condition related to lesions of the basal ganglia leading to typical abnormalities including akinesia (inability to initiate changes in activity and perform volitional movements rapidly and easily), muscular rigidity (continuous contraction of muscles with constant resistance to passive movement), chorea (widespread arrhythmic movements of a forcible, rapid, jerky, and restless nature), athetosis (inability to sustain the muscles of the fingers, toes, or other group of muscles in a fixed position), and akathisia (inability to remain motionless).


dolutegravir

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (4R,12aS)-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12,12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1',2':4,5]pyrazino[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine-9-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2,4-difluorobenzylamine. Used (as its sodium salt) for treatment of HIV-1.


name: negative regulation of myeloid cell differentiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.


extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with either a ligand binding to a cell surface receptor, or a ligand being withdrawn from a cell surface receptor (e.g. in the case of signaling by dependence receptors), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


esophageal disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the esophagus. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include esophagitis and esophageal ulcer. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include carcinomas, lymphomas, and melanomas.


esmolol

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.


negative regulation of viral process

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant.


phosphate ion homeostasis

description: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phosphate ions within an organism or cell.


fluocinolone acetonide

A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.


conversion disorder

description: Conversion disorder is a disorder in which a person experiences blindness, paralysis, or other symptoms affecting the nervous system that cannot be explained solely by a physical illness or injury. Symptoms usually begin suddenly after a period of emotional or physical distress or psychological conflict. Conversion disorder is thought to be caused by the bodys reaction to a stressful physical or emotional event. Some research has identified potential neurological changes that may be related to symptoms of the disorder. Diagnosis of conversion disorder is based on identifying particular signs that are common among people with the disorder, as well as performing tests to rule out other causes of the symptoms. Treatment may include psychotherapy, hypnosis, and stress management training to help reduce symptoms. Treatment of any underlying psychological disorder is also recommended. The affected body part may require physical or occupational therapy until symptoms resolve.


name: regulation of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metanephric mesenchymal cell migration.


escitalopram

A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.


bipolar disorder

description: A disorder of the brain that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. Often these moods range and shift from periods of elation and energized behavior to those of hopelessness and depression.


name: lactate transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of lactate from one side of a membrane to the other. Lactate is 2-hydroxypropanoate, CH3-CHOH-COOH; L(+)-lactate is formed by anaerobic glycolysis in animal tissues, and DL-lactate is found in sour milk, molasses and certain fruit juices.


positive regulation of viral life cycle

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral life cycle.


Confusion

description: Lack of clarity and coherence of thought, perception, understanding, or action.


peripheral nervous system neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from a peripheral nerve or the perineural sheaths.


neuralgia

description: A pain disorder characterize by pain in the distribution of a nerve or nerves


ribosomal small subunit biogenesis

description: A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a small ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.


nevirapine

A dipyridodiazepine that is  5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.


mouth disorder

description: A disease involving the mouth.


name: multicellular organismal-level iron ion homeostasis

description: A chemical homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of iron within extracellular body fluids, such as blood, xylem or phloem, of a multicellular organism. This is distinct from maintenance of cellular homeostasis, which occurs within a cell.


name: regulation of mitotic spindle organization

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.


Drooling

description: Habitual flow of saliva out of the mouth.


uterine corpus leiomyoma

description: A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the body of the uterus. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.


Bone fracture

description: A partial or complete breakage of the continuity of a bone.


jejunal cancer

description: A malignant neoplasm involving the jejunum.


regulation of cardiac conduction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction.


name: pyruvate transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate, from one side of a membrane to the other.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


melatonin

A member of the class of  acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen atom is replaced by a 2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl group. It is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in humans.


name: carbohydrate derivative biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrate derivative.


lens morphogenesis in camera-type eye

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the lens are generated and organized. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.


name: regulation of epithelial cell proliferation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.


lymphopenia

description: Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.


Golgi vesicle transport

description: The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles.


structural constituent of ribosome

description: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the ribosome.


regulation of JUN kinase activity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.


inorganic ion transmembrane transport

description: The process in which an inorganic ion is transported across a membrane.


embryonic pattern specification

description: The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo.


esophageal cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the esophagus.


bronchial artery

description: A systemic artery that supplies the lung with with oxygenated blood.


Dysphagia

description: Difficulty in swallowing.


fatty acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.


actin cytoskeleton organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.


RNA localization

description: A process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


twitch skeletal muscle contraction

description: A process in which force is generated within twitch skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The twitch skeletal muscle responds to neurostimulations with a contraction followed by a relaxation.