carbidopa

3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.


name: regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids.


name: negative regulation of protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region.


Hrd1p ubiquitin ligase complex

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A multiprotein complex that recognizes and ubiquitinates proteins with misfolded luminal and membrane domains during ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). In S. cerevisiae, this complex contains the ubiquitin ligase Hrd1p. In mammals, this complex contains the ubiquitin ligase HRD1 (Synoviolin) or AMFR (gp78).


Hypotonia

category: biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.


I-SMAD binding

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Binding to an inhibitory SMAD signaling protein.


name: deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA

description: Cleavage of the 5'-cap of a nuclear mRNA triggered by shortening of the poly(A) tail to below a minimum functional length.


centriolar satellite

description: A small (70-100 nm) cytoplasmic granule that contains a number of centrosomal proteins; centriolar satellites traffic toward microtubule minus ends and are enriched near the centrosome.


nuclear DNA replication

description: The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.


cefdinir

A cephalosporin compound having 7beta-2-(2-amino-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(Z)-hydroxyimino]-acetylamino- and 3-vinyl side groups.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH-OH group of donors

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group act as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


name: regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.


name: regulation of response to external stimulus

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus.


ofloxacin

An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.


cyclic nucleotide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.


name: cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus.


type 2 diabetes mellitus

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: A type of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by insulin resistance or desensitization and increased blood glucose levels. This is a chronic disease that can develop gradually over the life of a patient and can be linked to both environmental factors and heredity.


glycoprotein biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.


nucleic acid transport

description: The directed movement of nucleic acids, single or double-stranded polynucleotides involved in the storage, transmission and transfer of genetic information, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


transition metal ion transport

description: The directed movement of transition metal ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.


regulation of peptide transport

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


cell recognition

description: The process in which a cell in an organism interprets its surroundings.


secretory granule

description: A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules.


mycophenolic acid

A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.


skin papilloma

description: A benign papillary neoplastic growth on the skin composed of epithelial cells and a fibrous stalk. It usually develops in the eyelid, axilla, neck, upper chest, and groin.


lymph vessel development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lymph vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


organelle inner membrane

description: The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope; usually highly selective to most ions and metabolites.


estradiol

The 17beta-isomer of estradiol.


keratitis

description: A corneal disease that is characterized by inflammation of the cornea.


antioxidant activity

description: Inhibition of the reactions brought about by dioxygen (O2) or peroxides. Usually the antioxidant is effective because it can itself be more easily oxidized than the substance protected. The term is often applied to components that can trap free radicals, thereby breaking the chain reaction that normally leads to extensive biological damage.


pyrimethamine

An aminopyrimidine that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine which is substituted at position 5 by a p-chlorophenyl group and at position 6 by an ethyl group. It is a folic acid antagonist used as an antimalarial or with a sulfonamide to treat toxoplasmosis.


pulmonary eosinophilia

description: A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with eosinophils due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.


lymphocyte differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of a lymphocyte. A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.


name: regulation of cellular response to stress

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular response to stress. Cellular response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).


fear response

description: The response of an organism to a perceived external threat.


muscle organ development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work.


regulation of protein targeting

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting.


mitochondrial respirasome

description: The protein complexes that form the mitochondrial electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.


translational elongation

description: The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis.


icosapent

A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-icosapentaenoic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.


response to wounding

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism.


cinolazepam

A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a 2-cyanoethyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-fluorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position, it has general properties similar to those of diazepam and has been used for the short-term management of sleep disorders.


demethylase activity

description: Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a substrate.


troponin complex

description: A complex of accessory proteins (typically troponin T, troponin I and troponin C) found associated with actin in muscle thin filaments; involved in calcium regulation of muscle contraction.


methylation

description: The process in which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule.


gastroesophageal reflux disease

description: A chronic disorder characterized by reflux of the gastric and/or duodenal contents into the distal esophagus. It is usually caused by incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter. Symptoms include heartburn and acid indigestion. It may cause injury to the esophageal mucosa.


name: positive regulation of T-helper 17 cell differentiation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell differentiation.


Cul4A-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex

description: A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul4A subfamily and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by an adaptor protein.


regulation of lyase activity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lyase activity, the catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring.


ovarian follicle development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


levofloxacin

An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.


cataract

description: Partial or complete opacity of the crystalline lens of one or both eyes that decreases visual acuity and eventually results in blindness. Some cataracts appear in infancy or in childhood, but most develop in older individuals. (Sternberg Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, 3rd ed.)


retinal vascular occlusion

description: An occlusion of the retinal vasculature.


name: positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of long-term synaptic potentiation.


phenytoin

A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that consists of hydantoin bearing two phenyl substituents at position 5.


beta-catenin binding

description: Binding to a catenin beta subunit.


external side of plasma membrane

description: The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.


regulation of fibroblast migration

description: Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.


pazopanib

A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.


regulation of peptidase activity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.


pneumonia

description: An acute, acute and chronic, or chronic inflammation focally or diffusely affecting the lung parenchyma, caused by an infection in one or both of the lungs (by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or mycoplasma.). Symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, fevers, chills, chest pain, headache, sweating, and weakness.


regulation of B cell activation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation.


signal release

description: The process in which a signal is secreted or discharged into the extracellular medium from a cellular source.


HOPS complex

description: A multimeric protein complex that associates with the vacuolar membrane, late endosomal (multivesicular body) and lysosomal membranes. HOPS is a tethering complex involved in vesicle fusion.


learning

description: Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience.


Nasal dryness

description: A lack of humidification of the nasal mucosa.


ankyrin binding

description: Binding to ankyrin, a 200 kDa cytoskeletal protein that attaches other cytoskeletal proteins to integral membrane proteins.


name: regulation of acute inflammatory response

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.


steroid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification.


lomitapide

A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 9-[4-(4-aminopiperidin-1-yl)butyl]-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-9H-fluorene-9-carboxamide. Used (as its mesylate salt) as a complement to a low-fat diet and other lipid-lowering treatments in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.


regulation of amine metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform amines.


regulation of phosphatase activity

description: Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing phosphate.


parathyroid gland

category: biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The parathyroid gland is an endocrine gland for secretion of parathyroid hormone, usually found as a pair, embedded in the connective tissue capsule on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Parathyroid regulates calcium and phosphorous metabolism.


cystitis

description: Inflammation of the urinary bladder.


regulation of protein kinase activity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.


methylphenidate

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.


respirasome

description: The protein complexes that form the electron transport system (the respiratory chain), associated with a cell membrane, usually the plasma membrane (in prokaryotes) or the inner mitochondrial membrane (on eukaryotes). The respiratory chain complexes transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor and are associated with a proton pump to create a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.


respiratory system development

description: The progression of the respiratory system over time from its formation to its mature structure. The respiratory system carries out respiratory gaseous exchange.


chiasma assembly

description: The cell cycle process in which a connection between chromatids assembles, indicating where an exchange of homologous segments has taken place by the crossing-over of non-sister chromatids.


peptidyl-lysine modification

description: The modification of peptidyl-lysine.


hydroxyurea

A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. An antineoplastic used in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia as well as for sickle-cell disease.


name: chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive

description: A chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the expression of the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene. It presents with neutrophilic leukocytosis. It can appear at any age, but it mostly affects middle aged and older individuals. Patients usually present with fatigue, weight loss, anemia, night sweats, and splenomegaly. If untreated, it follows a biphasic or triphasic natural course; an initial indolent chronic phase which is followed by an accelerated phase, a blast phase, or both. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation and tyrosine kinase inhibitors delay disease progression and prolong overall survival.


The L-enantiomer of thyroxine.


ribonucleoside biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.


clathrin-coated vesicle

description: A vesicle with a coat formed of clathrin connected to the membrane via one of the clathrin adaptor complexes.


name: RNA endonuclease activity, producing 3'-phosphomonoesters

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within ribonucleic acids by creating internal breaks to yield 3'-phosphomonoesters.


regulation of body fluid levels

description: Any process that modulates the levels of body fluids.


nicotine dependence

description: Physical and psychological dependence on nicotine.


detoxification

description: Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of a toxic substance. These may include transport of the toxic substance away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance.


gabapentin

A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.


bortezomib

L-Phenylalaninamide substituted at the amide nitrogen by a 1-(dihydroxyboranyl)-3-methylbutyl group and at N(alpha) by a pyrazin-2-ylcarbonyl group. It is a dipeptidyl boronic acid that reversibly inhibits the 26S proteasome.


Contusions

description: Injury of the soft tissues or bone without breaking the skin that is characterized by blood leakage into the surrounding area.


positive regulation of neurogenesis

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system.


actin binding

description: Binding to monomeric or multimeric forms of actin, including actin filaments.


vandetanib

A quinazoline that is 7-[(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methoxy]quinazoline bearing additional methoxy and 4-bromo-2-fluorophenylamino substituents at positions 6 and 4 respectively. Used for the treatment of symptomatic or progressive medullary thyroid cancer in patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic disease.


nail disorder

description: A disease involving the nail.


positive regulation of translation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.


male gamete generation

description: Generation of the male gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a female gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.


cephalexin

A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.


cefpiramide

A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (R)-2-{[(4-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity.


embryonic heart tube development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryonic heart tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart tube forms as the heart rudiment from the heart field.


ethanolaminephosphotransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-ethanolamine + 1,2-diacylglycerol = CMP + a phosphatidylethanolamine.


sodium channel regulator activity

description: Binds to and modulates the activity of a sodium channel.


name: positive regulation of ceramide biosynthetic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ceramide biosynthetic process.


response to metal ion

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a metal ion stimulus.


systemic lupus erythematosus

description: An autoimmune multi-organ disease typically associated with vasculopathy and autoantibody production. Most patients have antinuclear antibodies (ANA). The presence of anti-dsDNA or anti-Smith antibodies are highly-specific.


manual digit

description: A digit that is part of a manus (hand).


name: response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.


name: regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide.


COPI-coated vesicle

description: A vesicle with a coat formed of the COPI coat complex proteins. COPI-coated vesicles are found associated with Golgi membranes at steady state, are involved in Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum (retrograde) vesicle transport, and possibly also in intra-Golgi transport.


name: regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading.


Hyperreflexia

description: Hyperreflexia is the presence of hyperactive stretch reflexes of the muscles.


name: adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation or inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).


mucositis

description: Inflammation of the mucous membranes.


name: positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation

description: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.


DNA modification

description: The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotide sites in DNA, resulting in a change in its properties.


amantadine

A member of the class of  adamantanes that is used as an antiviral and  antiparkinson drug.


protein phosphorylation

description: The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.


erlotinib

A quinazoline compound having a (3-ethynylphenyl)amino group at the 4-position and two 2-methoxyethoxy groups at the 6- and 7-positions.


oxybutynin

A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of cyclohexyl(hydroxy)phenylacetic acid with the hydroxy group of 4-(diethylamino)but-2-yn-1-ol.


Flatulence

description: Passage of excessive amounts of gas and the feeling of abdominal fullness and bloating.


chloramphenicol

An organochlorine compound that is dichloro-substituted acetamide containing a nitrobenzene ring, an amide bond and two alcohol functions.


name: hematopoietic and lymphoid system neoplasm

description: Neoplasms of the hematopoietic system, including hematopoietic cell neoplasms (e.g. leukemias, lymphomas) and non-hematopoietic cell neoplasms that can affect the hematopoietic system (e.g. lymph node and splenic sarcomas). --2003


blood coagulation

description: The sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers.


name: hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride.


GAIT complex

description: A protein complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes. The complex binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements in the 3'-UTR of diverse inflammatory mRNAs and suppresses their translation by blocking the recruitment of the 43S ribosomal complex to m7G cap-bound eIF4G. In humans it includes RPL13A, EPRS, SYNCRIP and GAPDH; mouse complexes lack SYNCRIP.


epidermal cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis.


response to nutrient levels

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of nutrients.


RNA transport

description: The directed movement of RNA, ribonucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


mitotic cell cycle process

description: A process that is part of the mitotic cell cycle.


protein-RNA complex organization

description: Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a ribonucleoprotein complex.


name: regulation of interferon-alpha production

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production.


purine nucleobase metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.


basal plasma membrane

description: The region of the plasma membrane located at the basal end of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.


regulation of cell shape

description: Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell.


name: DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest

description: A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the stopping or reduction in rate of the cell cycle.


mitochondrial translational termination

description: The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome in a mitochondrion, usually in response to a termination codon (note that mitochondria use variants of the universal genetic code that differ between different taxa).


positive regulation of cell motility

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.


transcription factor binding

description: Binding to a transcription factor, a protein required to initiate or regulate transcription.


microtubule-based process

description: Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.


betahistine

An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.


positive regulation of MAPK cascade

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade.


name: inorganic cation transmembrane transport

description: A process in which an inorganic cation is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


response to dsRNA

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a double-stranded RNA stimulus.


haloperidol

A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.


meiotic spindle organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.


cidofovir

Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.


receptor clustering

description: The receptor metabolic process that results in grouping of a set of receptors at a cellular location, often to amplify the sensitivity of a signaling response.


cellular defense response

description: A defense response that is mediated by cells.


name: response to transition metal nanoparticle

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transition metal nanoparticle.


name: positive regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol

description: Any process that increases the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.


name: regulation of striated muscle contraction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.


protein kinase binding

description: Binding to a protein kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a protein substrate.


regulation of protein secretion

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.


peptidase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid.


response to amine

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amine stimulus. An amine is a compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.


name: amino acid transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Amino acids are organic molecules that contain an amino group and a carboxyl group.


name: positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.


response to lipopolysaccharide

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.


name: mesenchymal stem cell maintenance involved in nephron morphogenesis

description: The process in which an organism retains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that contributes to the shaping of a nephron. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.


name: regulation of Ral protein signal transduction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Ral protein signal transduction.


regulation of cytokinesis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells.


potassium ion transmembrane transport

description: A process in which a potassium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other.


embryonic heart tube morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic heart tube are generated and organized. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.


Nausea

description: A sensation of unease in the stomach together with an urge to vomit.


famciclovir

2-Amino-9H-purine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-3-(acetoxymethyl)but-1-yl group. A prodrug of the antiviral penciclovir, it is used for the treatment of acute herpes zoster (shingles), for the treatment or suppression of recurrent genital herpes in immunocompetent patients and for the treatment of recurrent mucocutaneous herpes simplex infections in HIV infected patients.


mitochondrial matrix

description: The gel-like material, with considerable fine structure, that lies in the matrix space, or lumen, of a mitochondrion. It contains the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and, in some organisms, the enzymes concerned with fatty acid oxidation.


microtubule cytoskeleton organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.


name: regulation of epithelial cell differentiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.


plasma membrane region

description: A membrane that is a (regional) part of the plasma membrane.


name: negative regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.


name: purine nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


carcinoma

description: A malignant tumor arising from epithelial cells. Carcinomas that arise from glandular epithelium are called adenocarcinomas, those that arise from squamous epithelium are called squamous cell carcinomas, and those that arise from transitional epithelium are called transitional cell carcinomas. Morphologically, the malignant epithelial cells may display abnormal mitotic figures, anaplasia, and necrosis. Carcinomas are graded by the degree of cellular differentiation as well, moderately, or poorly differentiated. Carcinomas invade the surrounding tissues and tend to metastasize to other anatomic sites. Lung carcinoma, skin carcinoma, breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma, and prostate carcinoma are the most frequently seen carcinomas.


positive regulation of exocytosis

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.


aminohippuric acid

An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.


name: positive regulation of adaptive immune response

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.


excitement emotion

category: biolink:Behavior biolink:OntologyClass biolink:ActivityAndBehavior biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


cytoskeleton organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.


organelle envelope lumen

description: The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope.


polymeric cytoskeletal fiber

description: A component of the cytoskeleton consisting of a homo or heteropolymeric fiber constructed from an indeterminate number of protein subunits.


striated muscle tissue development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. Skeletal muscle myoblasts fuse to form myotubes and eventually multinucleated muscle fibers. The fusion of cardiac cells is very rare and can only form binucleate cells.


paracetamol

A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.


name: positive regulation of fatty acid metabolic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.


toll-like receptor 10 signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 10.


amine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.


lytic vacuole organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lytic vacuole.


vasculature development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism.


name: purine ribonucleotide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


cell cycle checkpoint signaling

description: A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression by monitoring the integrity of specific cell cycle events. A cell cycle checkpoint begins with detection of deficiencies or defects and ends with signal transduction.


Coma

description: The complete absence of wakefulness and consciousness, which is evident through a lack of response to any form of external stimuli.


nucleoside biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


aplastic anemia

description: Anemia resulting from bone marrow failure (aplastic or hypoplastic bone marrow). The production of erythroblasts and red cells is markedly decreased, and it may be associated with decreased production of granulocytes (granulocytopenia) and platelets (thrombocytopenia) as well. Aplastic anemia may be idiopathic or secondary due to bone marrow damage by toxins, radiation, or immunologic factors.


growth

description: The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell.


endomembrane system organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endomembrane system.


name: detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception

description: The series of events involved in sensory perception in which a sensory stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


nitrendipine

A  dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.


regulation of BMP signaling pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any BMP receptor signaling pathway.


efavirenz

1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.


Alcohol Intolerance

description: Increased sensitivity to the adverse effects of alcohol, which can include nasal congestion, skin flushes, heart dysrhythmias, nausea, vomiting, indigestion and headaches.


name: cardiac endothelial cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac endothelial cell.


methadone

A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.


anaphylaxis

description: An acute hypersensitivity reaction that occurs from exposure to an allergen. It results from the release of histamine and histamine-like substances from mast cells, and can present with breathing difficulty due to narrowed airways, dizziness and hypotension, skin rash, weak pulse, nausea and vomiting.


name: cell-cell signaling involved in mammary gland development

description: Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the mammary gland, from its initial state to the mature structure.


name: positive regulation of myotube differentiation

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.


regulation of cytoskeleton organization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.


nerve development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


canagliflozin

A C-glycosyl compound that is used (in its hemihydrate form) for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.


Pustular rash

description: A rash composed of pustular lesions. A pustule is defined as a vesicle or bulla containing purulent material. It varies in size and may occur at different levels within the epidermis: subcorneal, intraepidermal, or basement membrane zones. The pustules may or may not be sterile and are normally filled with neutrophils.


angiogenesis

description: Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.


amoxapine

A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.


regulation of positive chemotaxis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.


name: cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity

description: Cyclin-dependent catalysis of the reactions: ATP + protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate, and ATP + protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.


name: regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.


membrane lipid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.


name: lymphocyte activation involved in immune response

description: A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.


phosphatidylcholine binding

description: Binding to a phosphatidylcholine, a glycophospholipid in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.


name: negative regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy

description: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division.


metanephros development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.


dasatinib

An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).


Vaginal Hemorrhage

description: Bleeding originating from the vagina.


name: negative regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT.


name: negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.


name: sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding

description: Binding to double-stranded DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA, e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding.


name: establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion

description: The directed movement of a protein to the mitochondrion or a part of the mitochondrion.


response to radiation

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.


behavioral defense response

description: A behavioral response seeking to protect an organism from an a perceived external threat to that organism.


positive regulation of cell activation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation.


tracheobronchitis

description: Inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree.


name: insulin-like growth factor binding protein complex

description: A complex of proteins which includes the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and a number of IGF-binding proteins. The complex plays a role in growth and development.


acamprosate

An  organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.


duodenal ulcer

description: An ulcer in the duodenal wall.


regulation of amide metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.


chromosome

description: A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information.


embryonic morphogenesis

description: The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants.


name: cellular modified amino acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.


Agitation

description: A state of extreme restlessness and excessive motor activity is associated with mental distress or a feeling of inner tension.


cell-cell recognition

description: Cell recognition between cells. May involve the formation of specialized cell junctions.


name: cellular response to carbohydrate stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus.


Stevens-Johnson syndrome

description: Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a limited form of toxic epidermal necrolysis characterized by destruction and detachment of the skin epithelium and mucous membranes involving less than 10% of the body surface area.


respiratory chain complex I

description: Respiratory chain complex I is an enzyme of the respiratory chain. It consists of several polypeptide chains and is L-shaped, with a horizontal arm lying in the membrane and a vertical arm that projects into the matrix. The electrons of NADH enter the chain at this complex.


actin filament

description: A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane.


phosphoprotein phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate. Together with protein kinases, these enzymes control the state of phosphorylation of cellular proteins and thereby provide an important mechanism for regulating cellular activity.


urogenital system development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urogenital system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


cytokine-mediated signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.


regulation of intracellular transport

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.


ephedrine

A  phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.


losartan

A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position


chordate embryonic development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through a stage including a notochord and neural tube until birth or egg hatching.


name: positive regulation of nervous system development

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.


stomatitis

description: Inflammation of the oral mucosa due to local or systemic factors.


anagrelide

A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.


prednisone

A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.


cefepime

A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.


chondrocyte differentiation

description: The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.


name: negative regulation of protein maturation

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein maturation.


biomineral tissue development

description: Formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds, and also contain a small amounts of organic matrices that are believed to play important roles in their formation.


cardiac left ventricle morphogenesis

description: The process in which the left cardiac ventricle is generated and organized.


Atypical behavior

description: Atypical behavior is an abnormality in a person's actions, which can be controlled or modulated by the will of the individual. While abnormal behaviors can be difficult to control, they are distinct from other abnormal actions that cannot be affected by the individual's will.


regulation of cell motility

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility.


rivaroxaban

A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.


name: positive regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity

description: Any process that activates or increases the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase.


bupropion

An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.


sebaceous gland disorder

description: A disease involving the sebaceous gland.


glycogen metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha-(1->6) glycosidic linkages.


name: generation of precursor metabolites and energy

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.


name: inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of inorganic anions from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.


name: oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate, such as a molecule of dolichol-P-man or dolicol-P-Glc used in N-linked glycosylation.


name: sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of sodium ions (Na+) from one side of a membrane to the other.


name: branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tube

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in an epithelial tube are generated and organized. A tube is a long hollow cylinder.


name: G protein-coupled nucleotide receptor activity

description: Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


imatinib

A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]benzoic acid with the primary aromatic amino group of 4-methyl-N(3)-[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]benzene-1,3-diamine. Used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.


Elevated LDH

description: An indication that the concentration of lactate dehydrogenase found in a sample is higher than previous noted or above the normal range.


exocrine system development

description: Progression of the exocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The exocrine system is a system of hormones and glands, where the glands secrete straight to a target site via ducts or tubes. The human exocrine system includes the salivary glands, sweat glands and many glands of the digestive system.


thioester biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a thioester, a compound of general formula RC(=O)SR' in which the linking oxygen in an ester is replaced by a sulfur atom. They are the product of esterification between a carboxylic acid and a thiol.


nitrazepam

A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).


Hypothermia

description: Reduced body temperature due to failed thermoregulation.


name: transcription cis-regulatory region binding

description: Binding to a specific sequence of DNA that is part of a regulatory region that controls transcription of that section of the DNA. The transcribed region might be described as a gene, cistron, or operon.


propylthiouracil

A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.


acute kidney failure

description: Sudden and sustained deterioration of the kidney function characterized by decreased glomerular filtration rate, increased serum creatinine or oliguria.


name: positive regulation of cell population proliferation

description: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation.


cell migration

description: The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues.


verapamil

A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.


prostaglandin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities.


description: Catalysis of the transfer of an N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue from UDP-N-acetyl-galactosamine to an oligosaccharide.


adaptive immune response

description: An immune response mediated by cells expressing specific receptors for antigens produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for an enhanced secondary response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory).


timolol

The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.


phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a phosphoric monoester, releasing a phosphate.


name: regulation of glutamate metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate metabolic process.


glycerolipid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone.


name: negative regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway

description: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinase binding to its physiological ligand.


behavior

description: The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity.


psoriatic arthritis

description: Joint inflammation associated with psoriasis.


cirrhosis of liver

description: A disorder characterized by replacement of the liver parenchyma with fibrous tissue and regenerative nodules. It is usually caused by alcoholism, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. Complications include the development of ascites, esophageal varices, bleeding, and hepatic encephalopathy.


trachea development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trachea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.


milrinone

A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2-pyridone which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 6 by cyano, pyrid-4-yl, and methyl groups, respectively. It is used (particularly intravenously, as the lactate) for the short-term management of severe heart failure.


potassium deficiency disease

description: Any disorder caused by an insufficient amount or availability of potassium, which generally manifests with myalgia, tetany, hypotension, polyuria, and polydipsia.


name: positive regulation of establishment of protein localization

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization.


peptidyl-arginine methylation

description: The addition of a methyl group to an arginine residue in a protein.


regulation of corticosterone secretion

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of corticosterone secretion.


clenbuterol

A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.


organophosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organophosphates, any phosphate-containing organic compound.


name: hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in linear amides

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a linear amide.


platelet-derived growth factor binding

description: Binding to platelet-derived growth factor.


cell-cell junction

description: A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells of an organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic intercellular bridges, such as ring canals in insects.


amino acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.


name: endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response

description: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation.


cilostazol

A lactam that is 3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 4-(1-cyclohexyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group.


influenza

description: An acute viral infection of the respiratory tract, occurring in isolated cases, in epidemics, or in pandemics; it is caused by serologically different strains of viruses (influenzaviruses) designated A, B, and C, has a 3-day incubation period, and usually lasts for 3 to 10 days. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, pharynx, and conjunctiva; headache; myalgia; often fever, chills, and prostration; and occasionally involvement of the myocardium or central nervous system.


toxic substance binding

description: Binding to a toxic substance, a poisonous substance that causes damage to biological systems.


tetrapyrrole binding

description: Binding to a tetrapyrrole, a compound containing four pyrrole nuclei variously substituted and linked to each other through carbons at the alpha position.


name: regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process.


anchoring junction

description: A cell junction that mechanically attaches a cell (and its cytoskeleton) to neighboring cells or to the extracellular matrix.


amisulpride

A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of 2-(aminomethyl)-1-ethylpyrrolidine. It is a potent, selective dopamine D2 and D3 receptor antagonist. It is an atypical antipsychotic/antischizophrenic agent with limited extrapyrimidal side effects.


Pregnancy

category: biolink:PhysiologicalProcess biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


placenta development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.


moxifloxacin

A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.


pharyngitis

description: Inflammation of the throat most often caused by viral and bacterial infections. Other causes include allergens, chemical substances, and trauma.


name: microtubule organizing center organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microtubule organizing center, a structure from which microtubules grow.


synaptic signaling

description: Cell-cell signaling to, from or within a synapse.


regulation of B cell mediated immunity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.


clobazam

7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.


spermatid differentiation

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.


regulation of leukocyte differentiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation.


ponatinib

A benzamide obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-3-ylethynyl)-4-methylbenzoic acid with the anilino group of 4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. It is a multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets ABL, SRC, FGFR, and others and was designed to overcome the resistance of BCR-ABL mutation to imatinib, in particular the gatekeeper mutation ABL(T315I).


Wound Discharge

description: The material exuded from a wound, either surgical or traumatic.


SH3 domain binding

description: Binding to a SH3 domain (Src homology 3) of a protein, small protein modules containing approximately 50 amino acid residues found in a great variety of intracellular or membrane-associated proteins.


Accidental Injuries

description: Unintentional trauma to the body.


locomotor rhythm

description: The rhythm of the locomotor activity of an organism during its 24 hour activity cycle.


conjunctivitis

description: Inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye.


etoricoxib

A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2,3'-bipyridine which is substituted at the 3, 5, and 6' positions by 4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl, chlorine, and methyl groups, respectively.


basal cell carcinoma

description: A carcinoma involving the basal cells.


name: inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus

description: An inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus, which can be include any number of T cell or B cell epitopes.


myeloid cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages.


name: negative regulation of necroptotic process

description: Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a necroptotic process, a necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.


name: DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific

description: A DNA-binding transcription factor activity that modulates the transcription of specific gene sets transcribed by RNA polymerase II.


fondaparinux

A synthetic pentasaccharide which, apart from the O-methyl group at the reducing end of the molecule, consists of monomeric sugar units which are identical to a sequence of five monomeric sugar units that can be isolated after either chemical or enzymatic cleavage of the polymeric glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate.


heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

description: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a drug-induced, immune-mediated prothrombotic disorder associated with thrombocytopenia and venous and/or arterial thrombosis.


cardiocyte differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual.


dipyridamole

A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.


Perineal Pain

description: Painful sensation in the perineal area.


cholestasis

description: Impairment of the bile flow caused by obstruction within the liver, or outside the liver in the bile duct system.


actin filament-based transport

description: The transport of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along actin filaments.


nucleolus

description: A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome.


name: negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.


exemestane

A 17-oxo steroid that is androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione in which the hydrogens at position 6 are replaced by a double bond to a methylene group. A selective inhibitor of the aromatase (oestrogen synthase) system, it is used in the treatment of advanced breast cancer.


thrombocytopenia

description: A laboratory test result indicating that there is an abnormally small number of platelets in the circulating blood.


myeloid leukocyte differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage.


sphingolipid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).


name: positive regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.


regulation of protein ubiquitination

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.


name: pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a pattern recognition receptor (PRR), and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species, or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs), endogenous molecules released from damaged cells.


magnesium ion binding

description: Binding to a magnesium (Mg) ion.


calcipotriol

A seco-cholestane that is 26,27-cyclo-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10,22-tetraene carrying additional hydroxy substituents at positions 1, 3 and 24. It is used (as its hydrate) in combination with betamethasone dipropionate, a corticosteroid, for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adult patients.


sexual reproduction

description: A type of reproduction that combines the genetic material of two gametes (such as a sperm or egg cell or fungal spores). The gametes have an haploid genome (with a single set of chromosomes, the product of a meiotic division) and combines with one another to produce a zygote (diploid).


glycerol ether biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol.


1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

A hydroxycalciol that is calcidiol in which the pro-S hydrogen of calcidiol is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the active form of vitamin D3, produced fom calciol via hydoxylation in the liver to form calcidiol, which is subsequently oxidised in the kidney to give calcitriol.


chronic kidney disease

description: Impairment of the renal function secondary to chronic kidney damage persisting for three or more months.


carbohydrate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.


name: neutral L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of neutral L-amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Neutral amino acids have side chains with no charge at pH 7.3.


regulation of tissue remodeling

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.


response to pain

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli.


name: regulation of lipid biosynthetic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.


name: positive regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.


positive regulation of ossification

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.


latent tuberculosis infection

description: Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection that does not induce infectious expression of the disease in the affected person, although it can cause continuous immune response generated towards TB antigens; person having LTBI are asymptomatic and acting as a reservoir of active tuberculosis tuberculosis cases and Mycobacterium tuberculosis and run a 5-10% risk of reactivating tuberculosis throughout their lives.


phospholipid efflux

description: The directed movement of a phospholipid out of a cell or organelle.


perflutren

A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.


enzyme regulator activity

description: Binds to and modulates the activity of an enzyme.


male meiotic nuclear division

description: A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline.


midazolam

An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.


cefoxitin

A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.


interstitial nephritis

description: Inflammation of the renal tubules and supporting tissues of the kidney.


name: columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.


response to interleukin-2

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-2 stimulus.


ubiquitin protein ligase binding

description: Binding to a ubiquitin protein ligase enzyme, any of the E3 proteins.


ubiquitin binding

description: Binding to ubiquitin, a protein that when covalently bound to other cellular proteins marks them for proteolytic degradation.


quinone metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving quinone.


salmeterol

A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.


name: chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex, mediated by chaperone molecules that do not form part of the finished complex.


name: meiotic nuclear membrane microtubule tethering complex

description: A nuclear membrane protein complex which connects the nuclear outer and inner membranes together, and links links the nuclear lumen to cytoplasmic microtubules during meiosis.


name: positive regulation of glucokinase activity

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucokinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a glucose molecule.


purine nucleoside biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any purine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


brain development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).


response to organophosphorus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organophosphorus stimulus. Organophosphorus is a compound containing phosphorus bound to an organic molecule; several organophosphorus compounds are used as insecticides, and they are highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitors.


gingival recession

description: A loss of gum tissue resulting in an exposure of the roots of the teeth.


name: regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.


polycystic ovary syndrome

description: A disorder that manifests as multiple cysts on the ovaries. It results in hormonal imbalances and leads to irregular and abnormal menstrual periods, excess growth of hair, acne eruptions and obesity.


name: racemase and epimerase activity, acting on carbohydrates and derivatives

description: Catalysis of a reaction that alters the configuration of one or more chiral centers in a carbohydrate molecule.


name: ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac ventricle muscle is generated and organized.


Jaundice

description: Yellow pigmentation of the skin due to bilirubin, which in turn is the result of increased bilirubin concentration in the bloodstream.


ganglion

category: biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies.


nicotine

A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.


congestive heart failure

description: Failure of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to meet the needs of the body tissues, resulting in tissue congestion and edema. Signs and symptoms include shortness of breath, pitting edema, enlarged tender liver, engorged neck veins, and pulmonary rales.


name: branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis

description: The process in which the branching structure of the salivary gland is generated and organized.


regulation of inflammatory response

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response, the immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents.


name: nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process

description: The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.


name: regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.


FLUVASTATIN

A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.


Bladder pain

description: An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the urinary bladder. Bladder pain may be more pronounced with a full bladder and relieved upon urination, but this is not always the case.


ketoprofen

An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.


name: immune response-activating signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals generated by a ligand binding to its receptor that lead to the activation or perpetuation of an immune response.


name: extracellular matrix structural constituent

description: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix.


enzyme inhibitor activity

description: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an enzyme.


name: hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride which contains phosphorus.


name: active transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.


Laryngeal edema

description: An abnormal accumulation of fluid and swelling in the tissues of the larynx.


type B pancreatic cell differentiation

description: The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a type B pancreatic cell. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.


paroxetine

A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.


name: regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition

description: Any signaling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the cell cycle.


ouabain

A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.


taxis

description: The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to an external stimulus.


name: positive regulation of glucose metabolic process

description: Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.


name: regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via a stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.


myelination

description: The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.


response to interleukin-12

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-12 stimulus.


endopeptidase inhibitor activity

description: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of an endopeptidase.


name: negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.


description: Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylcholine, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylcholine containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.


mucopolysaccharide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving mucopolysaccharide.


vesicle cytoskeletal trafficking

description: The directed movement of a vesicle along a cytoskeletal fiber such as a microtubule or and actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.


morphine

A morphinane alkaloid that is a highly potent opiate analgesic psychoactive drug. Morphine acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to relieve pain but has a high potential for addiction, with tolerance and both physical and psychological dependence developing rapidly. Morphine is the most abundant opiate found in Papaver somniferum (the opium poppy).


Pulmonary Function Test Decreased

description: A decrease in any of the parameters used to measure the mechanical function of the lungs and upper airway.


name: regulation of interferon-beta production

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.


name: immune response-regulating signaling pathway

description: The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to the activation, perpetuation, or inhibition of an immune response.


cranial skeletal system development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial skeletal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial skeletal system is the skeletal subdivision of the head, and includes the skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus.


name: negative regulation of protein import into nucleus

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.


mRNA catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.


regulation of bone resorption

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone tissue loss (resorption).


name: negative regulation of transferase activity

description: Any process that stops or reduces the rate of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.


endothelium

description: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body[MESH]. Simple squamous epithelium which lines blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart[FMA].


positive regulation of wound healing

description: Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.


salbutamol

A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).


regulation of angiogenesis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.