sperm cytoplasmic droplet

description: A small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane that is generally retained in spermatozoa after spermiogenesis, when the majority of the cytoplasm is phagocytosed by Sertoli cells to produce what are called residual bodies. Initially, the droplet is located at the neck just behind the head of an elongated spermatid. During epididymal transit, the cytoplasmic droplet migrates caudally to the annulus at the end of the midpiece; the exact position and time varies by species. The cytoplasmic droplet consists of lipids, lipoproteins, RNAs, a variety of hydrolytic enzymes, receptors, ion channels, and Golgi-derived vesicles. The droplet may be involved in regulatory volume loss (RVD) at ejaculation, and in most species, though not in humans, the cytoplasmic droplet is lost at ejaculation. Note that the cytoplasmic droplet is distinct from 'excessive residual cytoplasm' that sometimes remains in epididymal spermatozoa, particularly when spermiogenesis has been disrupted.


presynaptic endosome

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: An endosome present in the presynapse that fuses with endocytic vesicles arising in the presynaptic endocytic zone. This organelle is believed to be involved in regeneration of synaptic vesicles.


fusiform vesicle

description: A cytoplasmic vesicle which contains two urothelial plaques and can deliver these plaques to the apical plasma membrane of urothelial superficial (umbrella) cells. It can also be formed by endocytosis of apical plasma membrane during contractions of the urinary bladder.


macropinosome

description: A membrane-bounded, uncoated intracellular vesicle formed by the process of macropinocytosis.


granular vesicle

description: A cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle of varying size, but usually larger than 45 nm, with an electron dense granular core, found in noradrenergic and peptidergic cells.


ficolin-1-rich granule

description: Highly exocytosable gelatinase-poor granules found in neutrophils and rich in ficolin-1. Ficolin-1 is released from neutrophil granules by stimulation with fMLP or PMA, and the majority becomes associated with the surface membrane of the cells and can be detected by flow cytometry.


esterosome

description: A vesicle filled with crystalline protein that shows sequence similarities with various esterases.


basolateral recycling endosome

description: Tubulo-vesicular structure located in the basolateral cytoplasm that participates in basolateral cargo recycling in polarized epithelial cells.


endolysosome

description: An transient hybrid organelle formed by fusion of a late endosome with a lysosome, and in which active degradation takes place.


pericanalicular vesicle

description: A membrane-bounded vesicle found near the apical, or pericanalicular, membrane of a hepatocyte; contains proteins involved in bile salt transport and other fluid and solute transport processes.


postsynaptic early endosome

description: An early endosome of the postsynapse. It acts as the major sorting station on the endocytic pathway, targeting neurotransmitter receptors for degregation or recycling.


tertiary granule

description: A secretory granule that contains cathepsin and gelatinase and is readily exocytosed upon cell activation; found primarily in mature neutrophil cells.


postsynaptic endosome

description: An endosomal compartment that is part of the post-synapse. Only early and recycling endosomes are typically present in the postsynapse.


CGRP receptor complex

description: A transmembrane, G protein-coupled signaling receptor complex recognized by calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRP).


calcitonin family receptor complex

description: A protein complex which is capable of calcitonin family receptor activity. Calcitonin family receptors may form dimers, trimers or tetramers; adrenomedullin and amylin receptors have only been observed as dimers so far.


adrenomedullin receptor complex

description: A transmembrane, G protein-coupled signaling receptor complex which is capable of adrenomedullin receptor activity.


amylin receptor complex 3

description: A G protein-coupled receptor complex that serves as a receptor for amylin polypeptide (AMY) and consists of a calcitonin receptor (CTR/CALCR) and a receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP) 3. Amylin receptor complex 3 (AMY3) also serves as a receptor for the amyloid-beta complex. Ligand binding to AMY3 results in increased cytosolic calcium ion levels and in activation on multiple intracellular signaling pathways.


amylin receptor complex

description: A protein complex which is capable of amylin receptor activity.


amylin receptor complex 1

description: A G protein-coupled receptor complex that serves as a receptor for amylin polypeptide (AMY) and consists of a calcitonin receptor (CTR/CALCR) and a receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP) 1. Amylin receptor complex 1 (AMY1) also serves as a receptor for the calcitonin related peptide (CGRP) and adrenomedullin (AM/ADM).


amylin receptor complex 2

description: A G protein-coupled receptor complex that serves as a receptor for amylin polypeptide (AMY) and consists of a calcitonin receptor (CTR/CALCR) and a receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP) 2. Amylin receptor complex 2 (AMY2) also serves as a receptor for adrenomedullin (AM/ADM).


MutS complex

description: A homodimeric mismatch repair complex involved in binding to and correcting insertion/deletion mutations.


mismatch repair complex

description: Any complex formed of proteins that act in mismatch repair.


MutSalpha complex

description: A heterodimer involved in the recognition and repair of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MSH2 and MSH6.


MutSgamma complex

description: A heterodimer involved in the stabilization of DNA recombination intermediates, the promotion of crossover recombination, and the proper assembly of the synaptonemal complex in meiotic prophase nuclei. In yeast the complex consists of two subunits, Msh4 and Msh5.


MutLbeta complex

description: A heterodimer involved in the recognition of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MLH1 and PMS1.


MutSbeta complex

description: A heterodimer involved in binding to and correcting insertion/deletion mutations. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MSH2 and MSH3.


MutLalpha complex

description: A heterodimer involved in the recognition of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MLH1 and PMS2.


MutLgamma complex

description: A heterodimer involved in the recognition of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In S. cerevisiae the complex consists of two subunits, Mlh1 and Mlh3.


MAML2-RBP-Jkappa-ICN4 complex

description: A protein complex that consists of the intracellular domain of Notch4 (ICN4), the DNA-binding transcription factor RBP-Jkappa, and the transcriptional coactivator Mastermind-like-2 (MAML2); the complex is involved in transcriptional activation in response to Notch-mediated signaling.


description: A protein complex that contains the cell adhesion molecules protocadherin-alpha-v4 and protocadherin-gamma-b2, and is involved in the regulation of protein localization to the plasma membrane.


Hrd1p ubiquitin ligase ERAD-L complex

description: A multiprotein complex that recognizes and ubiquitinates proteins with misfolded luminal domains during ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). In S. cerevisiae, this complex contains the ubiquitin ligase Hrd1p.


brahma complex

description: A SWI/SNF-type complex that contains 8 to 14 proteins, including both conserved (core) and nonconserved components; contains the ATPase product of the Drosophila brm (brahma) or mammalian SMARCA2/BAF190B/BRM gene, or an ortholog thereof.


tubovesicular membrane network

description: A complex, symbiont-induced host-derived organelle that is comprised of multiple protein and lipid domains.


Grb2-EGFR complex

description: A protein complex that contains the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Grb2, and is involved in linking EGFR activation to the p21-Ras pathway.


mitochondrial endopeptidase Clp complex

description: A Clp endopeptidase complex located in the mitochondrion.


name: signal recognition particle, plasma membrane targeting

description: A complex consisting of a protein and RNA component which binds the signal sequence of some proteins and facilitates their export to or across the plasma membrane.


name: transcription factor TFIIIB-alpha complex

description: A transcription factor TFIIIB-beta complex that contains the TATA-binding protein (TBP), B'' and a specialized homolog of the conserved subunit BRF referred to as BRFU or TFIIIB50, which found in human but not conserved in yeast; the complex is involved in the regulation of transcription from type 3 (upstream) RNA polymerase III promoters.


intestinal brush border layer

category: biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A brush border layer that is part of a intestine.


Golgi trans cisterna membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the thin, flattened compartments that form the trans portion of the Golgi complex.


Golgi cisterna membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the thin, flattened compartments that form the central portion of the Golgi complex.


Golgi medial cisterna membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the thin, flattened compartments that form the medial portion of the Golgi complex.


Golgi cis cisterna membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the thin, flattened compartments that form the cis portion of the Golgi complex.


myosin V complex

description: A myosin complex containing a dimer of class V myosin heavy chains and associated light chains; involved in intracellular transport. Myosin V is a dimeric molecule consisting of conserved motor domains followed by 6 IQ motifs which bind specific light chains and calmodulin. The tail domain is important for cellular localization and cargo binding and can be divided into an alpha-helical coiled coil region and a C-terminal globular region.


excinuclease repair complex

description: Any of the protein complexes formed by the UvrABC excinuclease system, which carries out nucleotide excision repair. Three different complexes are formed by the 3 proteins as they proceed through the excision repair process. First a complex consisting of two A subunits and two B subunits bind DNA and unwind it around the damaged site. Then, the A subunits disassociate leaving behind a stable complex between B subunits and DNA. Now, subunit C binds to this B+DNA complex and causes subunit B to nick the DNA on one side of the complex while subunit C nicks the DNA on the other side of the complex. DNA polymerase I and DNA ligase can then repair the resulting gap.


TRAF2-GSTP1 complex

description: A protein complex comprising tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) and glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1). This complex is thought to disrupt the TNF signaling cascade, thus down-regulating inflammatory responses.


axon cytoplasm

description: Any cytoplasm that is part of a axon.


plus-end kinesin complex

description: Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily and any associated proteins, and moves towards the plus end of a microtubule.


kinesin complex

description: Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily, a group of related proteins that contain an extended region of predicted alpha-helical coiled coil in the main chain that likely produces dimerization. The native complexes of several kinesin family members have also been shown to contain additional peptides, often designated light chains as all of the noncatalytic subunits that are currently known are smaller than the chain that contains the motor unit. Kinesin complexes generally possess a force-generating enzymatic activity, or motor, which converts the free energy of the gamma phosphate bond of ATP into mechanical work.


kinesin I complex

description: A complex of two kinesin heavy chains and two kinesin light chains.


kinesin II complex

description: A complex consisting of two distinct motor subunits that form a heterodimer complexed with a third non-motor accessory subunit, the kinesin associated protein or KAP; the KIF3 heterodimer interacts via its C-terminal portion with KAP, which is thought to regulate the binding of the motor to cargo membranes.


minus-end kinesin complex

description: Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily and any associated proteins, and moves towards the minus end of a microtubule.


axonemal central bridge

description: Part of the 9+2 axoneme, that occurs in most motile cilia, consisting of the two bridges which connect the central pair of single microtubules.


name: triglyceride-rich plasma lipoprotein particle

description: A plasma lipoprotein particle that has a hydrophobic core enriched in triglycerides surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol and apolipoproteins. Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles transport lipids, which are non-covalently associated with the particles, in the blood.


very-low-density lipoprotein particle

description: A triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle that is typically composed of APOB100, APOE and APOCs and has a density of about 1.006 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-80 nm. It is found in blood and transports endogenous products (newly synthesized cholesterol and triglycerides) from the liver.


description: A triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle that typically contains APOB100, APOE and APOCs and has a density of 1.006-1.019 g/ml and a diameter of between 25-30 nm. IDL particles are found in blood and are formed by the delipidation of very-low-density lipoprotein particles (VLDL). IDL particles are removed from blood by the liver, following binding to the APOE receptor, or are converted to low-density lipoprotein (LDL).


LinE complex

description: A protein complex that associates with chromatin to form linear elements in fission yeast. In S. pombe, the LinE complex contains four main structural components (Rec10, Rec25, Rec27, and Mug20) and other associated proteins.


myosin II filament

description: A bipolar filament composed of myosin II molecules.


macropinocytic cup membrane

description: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a macropinocytic cup.


sensory dendrite

description: A dendrite that is found on a sensory neuron, and directly transduces a sensory signal from the sensory neuron to another neuron.


Elg1 RFC-like complex

description: A pentameric replication factor C (RLC) complex, which unloads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) from chromatin and has roles in telomere length regulation and other aspects of genome stability. In Saccharomyces the subunits are known as Elg1p, Rfc2p, Rfc3p, Rfc4p, and Rfc5p.


description: A homodimeric, bifunctional enzyme complex which catalyzes the synthesis and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, and is required for both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.


name: ER-to-endosome phospholipid transfer complex

description: Lipid transfer complex that is responsible for the non-vesicular transport of phospholipids, such as phosphatidylserine, from the endoplasmic reticulum to the endosome. It resides in the endosomal (acceptor) membrane and binds to specific lipids on the donor membrane at the ER-endosome contact site.


cytoplasmic side of Golgi membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of the Golgi membrane that faces the cytoplasm.


name: external side of mycolate outer membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of the mycolate outer membrane that faces the environment and any proteins embedded in it or loosely bound to its surface.


cytoplasmic side of membrane

description: The side of a membrane that faces the cytoplasm.


lumenal side of early endosome membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of the early endosome membrane that faces the lumen.


name: lumenal side of transport vesicle membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of the transport vesicle membrane that faces the lumen.


periplasmic side of plasma membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of a plasma membrane that faces the periplasm, and all proteins embedded in it or attached to its surface.


name: cytoplasmic side of mitochondrial outer membrane

description: The external (cytoplasmic) face of the mitochondrial outer membrane.


lumenal side of endosome membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of the endosome membrane that faces the lumen.


name: matrix side of mitochondrial inner membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of the mitochondrial inner membrane that faces the matrix.


name: cytoplasmic side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm.


lumenal side of late endosome membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of the late endosome membrane that faces the lumen.


name: cytoplasmic side of transport vesicle membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of the transport vesicle membrane that faces the cytoplasm.


lumenal side of membrane

description: Any side (leaflet) of a membrane that faces the lumen of an organelle.


stromal side of plastid inner membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of the plastid inner membrane that faces the stroma, and any proteins embedded in it or loosely bound to its surface.


periplasmic side of cell outer membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of the outer membrane that faces the periplasm of the cell.


name: cytoplasmic side of trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of the trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane that faces the cytoplasm.


name: internal side of mycolate outer membrane

description: The side of the mycolate outer membrane that faces the cell wall peptidoglycan. It is rich in long-chain mycolic acids (hydroxylated branched-chain fatty acids) that are covalently linked to the cell wall peptidoglycan via an arabinogalactan network.


name: cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane, cell tip

description: The leaflet the plasma membrane at the cell tip that faces the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.


name: lumenal side of plastid thylakoid membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of the plastid thylakoid membrane that faces the lumen, and any proteins embedded in it or loosely bound to its surface.


external side of apical plasma membrane

description: The leaflet the apical region of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.


name: cytoplasmic side of dendritic spine plasma membrane

description: The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface surrounding a dendritic spine.


name: lumenal side of trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of the trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane that faces the lumen.


name: stromal side of plastid thylakoid membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of the plastid thylakoid membrane that faces the stroma, and any proteins embedded in it or loosely bound to its surface.


lumenal side of Golgi membrane

description: The side of the Golgi membrane that faces the lumen.


name: cytoplasmic side of smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum membrane that faces the cytoplasm.


name: cytoplasmic side of rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of the rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane that faces the cytoplasm.


cytoplasmic side of endosome membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of the endosome membrane that faces the cytoplasm.


external side of cell outer membrane

description: The side of the outer membrane that is opposite to the side that faces the periplasm of the cell.


name: cytoplasmic side of early endosome membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of the early endosome membrane that faces the cytoplasm.


cytoplasmic side of lysosomal membrane

description: The side (leaflet) of the lysosomal membrane that faces the cytoplasm.


6-phosphofructokinase complex

description: A protein complex that possesses 6-phosphofructokinase activity; homodimeric, homooctameric, and allosteric homotetrameric forms are known.


cochlear basement membrane

description: The the continuous basement membrane found within the membranous labyrinth of the cochlea, known to extend from the limbus, down to the inner sulcus, across the basilar membrane, up to the external sulcus to the spiral prominence and radiating into the spiral ligament ensheathing the root cell processes.


mitotic spindle pole body

description: The microtubule organizing center that forms as part of the mitotic cell cycle; functionally homologous to the animal cell centrosome.


old mitotic spindle pole body

description: The spindle pole body that exists in a cell prior to spindle pole body duplication. An old spindle pole body segregates to the daughter cell upon mitosis, and lacks active proteins involved in signaling exit from mitosis.


new mitotic spindle pole body

description: The spindle pole body that is formed by spindle pole body duplication, and to which proteins involved in mitotic exit signaling (for example, the septation initiation network in fission yeast) localize.


G-protein alpha(q)-synembrin complex

description: A protein complex formed by the association of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor synembrin with the alpha(q) subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein.


plastid acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex

description: An acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex located in the stroma of a plastid.


acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex

description: A protein complex that catalyzes the first step in long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis. For example, in E. coli the complex is heterohexameric and composed of biotin carbonyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and the acetate CoA-transferase complex.


IgG B cell receptor complex

description: An IgG immunoglobulin complex that is present in the plasma membrane of B cells and is composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgG isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains and a signaling subunit, a heterodimer of the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins.


tubulin complex

description: A heterodimer of tubulins alpha and beta that constitutes the protomer for microtubule assembly.


name: mitochondrial inner membrane assembly complex

description: A protein complex that promotes the biogenesis of mitochondrial F1Fo-ATP synthase by facilitating assembly of the peripheral stalk. Loss of INAC function causes dissociation of the F1-domain from the membrane-integral Fo-portion.


Gram-negative-bacterium-type cell wall

description: The peptidoglycan layer of the Gram-negative cell envelope. In Gram-negative cells the peptidoglycan is relatively thin (1-2nm) and is linked to the outer membrane by lipoproteins. In Gram-negative cells the peptidoglycan is too thin to retain the primary stain in the Gram staining procedure and therefore cells appear red after Gram stain.


description: A homohexameric complex that recognizes and unfolds core proteasome substrate proteins, and translocates them to the core complex in an ATP dependent manner.


photoreceptor cell terminal bouton

description: A specialized region of the axon terminus portion of a photoreceptor cell axon. A photoreceptor cell is a neuron specialized to detect and transduce light.


recycling endosome lumen

description: The volume enclosed by the membranes of a recycling endosome.


Lewy body-like hyaline inclusion

description: Cytoplasmic inclusion found in neurons. It consists of filaments and granular materials, exhibits a dense core with a rough peripheral halo and lacks a limiting membrane. The filaments of these inclusions are composed of approximately 15-25 nm granule-coated fibrils in association with normal 10-nm neurofilaments.


P-TEFb-cap methyltransferase complex

description: A protein complex that is formed by the association of positive transcription elongation factor complex b (P-TEFb) with the mRNA capping methyltransferase.


lysosomal multienzyme complex

description: A protein complex found in the lysosome that contains beta-galactosidase, cathepsin A, alpha-neuraminidase and N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase, and is involved in glycosaminoglycan catabolism.


perichromatin fibrils

description: Structures of variable diameter visible in the nucleoplasm by electron microscopy, mainly observed near the border of condensed chromatin. The fibrils are enriched in RNA, and are believed to be sites of pre-mRNA splicing and polyadenylylation representing the in situ form of nascent transcripts.


caveola bulb

description: The region of a caveola that extends into the cytoplasm, excluding the neck (rim). This region is associated with intracellular caveola proteins.


NAE1-UBA3 complex

description: A heterodimeric E1 complex that activates the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8. In humans the subunits are NAE1 (also known as APPBP1) and UBA3.


collagen anchoring fibril

description: A specialised collagen fibril that functions as an anchor, binding to other collagen structures.


collagen type VII anchoring fibril

description: An antiparallel dimer of two collagen VII trimers, one end of which is embedded in the lamina densa while the other end attaches to banded collagen fibrils in the dermis.


name: cytosolic DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex

description: The eubacterial DNA-directed RNA polymerase is a multisubunit complex with a core composed of the essential subunits beta-prime, beta, and two copies of alpha and a fifth nonessential subunit called omega. An additional subunit, a sigma factor, is required for promoter recognition and specificity.


catenin-TCF7L2 complex

description: A protein complex that contains a catenin and TCF7L2 (TCF4), binds to the TCF DNA motif within a promoter element, and is involved in the regulation of WNT target gene transcription.


beta-catenin-TCF7L2 complex

description: A protein complex that contains beta-catenin and TCF7L2 (TCF4), binds to the TCF DNA motif within a promoter element, and is involved in the regulation of WNT target gene transcription.


gamma-catenin-TCF7L2 complex

description: A protein complex that contains gamma-catenin and TCF7L2 (TCF4), binds to the TCF DNA motif within a promoter element, and is involved in the regulation of WNT target gene transcription.


pollen aperture

description: An area where exine is reduced or absent, in the pollen wall.


name: eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 complex

description: A multisubunit nucleotide exchange complex that binds GTP and aminoacyl-tRNAs, and catalyzes their codon-dependent placement at the A-site of the ribosome. In humans, the complex is composed of four subunits, alpha, beta, delta and gamma.


viral terminase, large subunit

description: The part of the viral terminase complex that contains the translocase and endonuclease activities and allows the translocation of the phage DNA into the procapsid. The large subunit usually assembles as a heterooligomer with the small subunit.


P5 peroxisome

description: A subform of peroxisome that corresponds to an intermediate in a peroxisome assembly pathway, which operates by conversion of peroxisomal subforms in the direction P1, P2 -> P3 -> P4 -> P5 -> P6. P5 peroxisomes are distinguished from the other subforms on the bases of buoyant density and protein content.


meisosome

description: A cell part that is composed of multifold plasma membrane of the epidermis where it is in direct contact with apical extracellular matrix. Meisosome, or multiple eisome is named because of its superficial similarity to yeast eisosome.


interleukin-3 receptor complex

description: A protein complex that binds interleukin-3; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha chain is specific to the interleukin-3 receptor, whereas the beta chain is shared with the receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-5.


dystrobrevin complex

description: A protein complex comprising alpha- and beta-dystrobrevin; forms part of the dystrophin glycoprotein complex.


name: PAM complex, Tim23 associated import motor

description: Protein complex located on the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane and associated with the TIM23 mitochondrial import inner membrane translocase complex (GO:0005744); ATPase motor activity to drive import of proteins into the mitochondrial matrix.


root hair

description: A long, thin projection from a root epidermal cell that contains F-actin and tubulin, and a cell wall.


monomeric IgA immunoglobulin complex

description: A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of an IgA isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds, and present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.


oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

description: A multi-enzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate (also known as 2-oxoglutarate) to form succinyl-CoA. The complex comprises multiple copies of three enzymes referred to as E1, E2 and E3: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase (E2) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). Additional proteins may also be present.


Descemet's membrane

description: A transparent homogeneous acellular layer found between the substantia propria and the endothelial layer of the cornea[MP].


anterior limiting lamina of cornea

description: A transparent homogeneous acellular layer, 6 to 9 um thick, lying between the basal lamina of the outer layer of stratified epithelium and the substantia propria of the cornea; it is considered to be a basement membrane.


RNA-directed RNA polymerase complex

description: A protein complex that possesses RNA-directed RNA polymerase activity.


name: plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase complex B

description: A plastid-encoded DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex that resembles eubacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases with a core composed of alpha, beta, and beta-prime subunits. An additional subunit, a sigma factor, is required for promoter recognition. PEP-B is distinguished from PEP-A by its sensitivity to the antibiotic rifampicin. PEP-B is found in both etioplasts and chloroplasts, but is the predominate form in etioplasts. It forms the core of the PEP-A form; the conversion from PEP-B to PEP-A occurs during chloroplast maturation.


name: nuclear RNA-directed RNA polymerase complex

description: A complex required for RNAi mediated heterochromatin assembly. In S. pombe this contains RNA-directed RNA polymerase, a putative helicase and a protein containing a pap25 associated domain.


name: viral RNA-directed RNA polymerase complex

description: A virus-specific protein complex that possesses RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity and replicates the genome of an RNA virus.


TERT-RMRP complex

description: A ribonucleoprotein complex that has RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRP) activity, and is composed of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and the non-coding RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease (RMRP).


name: mitochondrial DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex

description: A DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex located in the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial RNA polymerase is composed of two subunits, a catalytic core, which resembles the enzymes from bacteriophage T7 and T3, and a specificity factor required for promoter recognition, which is similar to members of the eubacterial sigma factor family. In S. cerevisiae, these are encoded by the nuclear genes RPO41 and MTF1 and the specificity factor, required for promoter recognition and initiation, is not present in the elongating form.


alpha DNA polymerase:primase complex

description: A complex of four polypeptides, comprising large and small DNA polymerase alpha subunits and two primase subunits, which are capable of catalyzing the synthesis of an RNA primer on the lagging strand of replicating DNA and the subsequent synthesis of a small stretch of DNA. The smaller of the two primase subunits alone can catalyze oligoribonucleotide synthesis.


RNA polymerase IV complex

description: RNA polymerase IV is a multisubunit RNA polymerase complex found in the nucleus of plants and involved in accumulation of siRNAs and in DNA methylation-dependent silencing of endogenous repeated sequences. Pol IV is composed of subunits that are paralogous or identical to the 12 subunits of Pol II. The largest and second-largest subunits of Pol IV are the catalytic subunits and share similarity with the corresponding subunits of other eukaryotic and bacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases. The second largest subunit is also found in RNA polymerase V, while the largest subunit is found only in RNAP IV complex.


name: plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase complex

description: An RNA polymerase complex containing polypeptides encoded by the plastid genome. Plastid-encoded DNA-directed RNA polymerases resemble eubacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases, with a core composed of alpha, beta, and beta-prime subunits. Some forms contain multiple additional subunits. An additional sigma factor subunit is required for promoter recognition.


name: plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase complex A

description: A plastid-encoded DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex that resembles eubacterial multisubunit RNA polymerases, with a core composed of alpha, beta, and beta-prime subunits. An additional subunit, a sigma factor, is required for promoter recognition. PEP-A is generated from the PEP-B form during chloroplast maturation to generate a complex composed of at least thirteen polypeptides that is not sensitive to the antibiotic rifampicin, like its precursor form the PEP-B complex.


Tic complex

description: The translocon of the inner envelope of chloroplasts, which facilitates the import of proteins across the chloroplast inner membrane.


name: signal recognition particle, endoplasmic reticulum targeting

description: A ribonucleoprotein particle of 325 kDa composed of a 7S (300 nucleotide) RNA molecule and a complex of six different polypeptides. This binds both to the N-terminal signal peptide for proteins destined for the endoplasmic reticulum as they emerge from the large ribosomal subunit and also to the ribosome. This binding arrests further translation thereby preventing the proteins from being released into the cytosol. The SRP-ribosome complex then diffuses to the endoplasmic reticulum where it is bound to the signal recognition particle receptor, which allows resumption of protein synthesis and facilitates the passage of the growing polypeptide chain through the translocon. Through a process involving GTP hydrolysis, the SRP-SRP receptor complex dissociates and SRP returns to the cytosol. Of the six polypeptides of SRP the 54 kDa subunit (SRP54) is the central player. It contains an N-terminal GTPase domain and a C-terminal domain that binds directly to the signal peptide and the SRP RNA. Examples of this component are found in Mus musculus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana.


name: equatorial microtubule organizing center

description: A microtubule organizing center formed by a band of gamma-tubulin that is recruited to a circumferential band of F-actin at the midpoint of a cell and which nucleates microtubules from the cell division site at the end of mitosis.


left nucleus

description: One of the two nuclei found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is located on the left side of the cell when viewed from the dorsal side.


telopode

description: A telopode is a plasma membrane bounded cell projection that is present on a telocyte and is tens to hundreds of microns long. Telopodes form a labyrinthine system communicating through gap junctions.


FNIP-folliculin RagC/D GAP

description: A heterodimeric complex that functions as a GTPase-Activating Protein (GAP) Complex for members of the Rag family of GTPases. In the budding yeast, this complex contains Lst4 and Lst7, while the orthologous mammalian complex contains follicular (FLCN) and either follicular interacting protein 1 (FNIP1) or FNIP2.


GTPase activator complex

description: A protein complex which is capable of GTPase activator activity.


Bfa1-Bub2 complex

description: A protein complex that acts as a two-component GTPase-activating protein for Tem1 GTPase, thus regulating a signal transduction cascade, called the mitotic exit network (MEN), which is required for mitotic exit and cytokinesis. Bub2/Bfa1 keeps Tem1 inactive until the spindle is properly oriented, thus inhibiting MEN activation.


A axonemal microtubule

description: A complete microtubule with 13 protofilaments that fuses with an incomplete microtubule called B tubule (containing 10 protofilaments only) to form an axonemal outer doublet. Inner and outer dynein arms, as well as the radial spoke, are attached to the A tubule.


lamin filament

description: Any of a group of intermediate-filament proteins that form the fibrous matrix on the inner surface of the nuclear envelope. They are classified as lamins A, B and C.


skeletal muscle myofibril

description: A myofibril of a skeletal muscle fiber.


dendritic microtubule

description: Any microtubule in a dendrite, a neuron projection.


type III intermediate filament

description: A type of intermediate filament, typically made up of one or more of the proteins vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Unlike the keratins, the type III proteins can form both homo- and heteropolymeric IF filaments.


fibronectin fibril

description: A supramolecular fiber formed from fibronectin molecules. The fibrils are 5 to 25nm in diameter and can form branched meshworks.


intraconoid microtubule

description: A microtubule located such that it threads through the conoid and projects through the polar ring.


collagen network

description: A supramolecular complex that consists of collagen triple helices associated to form a network.


astral microtubule

description: Any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell.


kinetochore microtubule

description: Any of the spindle microtubules that attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes by their plus ends, and maneuver the chromosomes during mitotic or meiotic chromosome segregation.


post-anaphase array microtubule

description: Any microtubule that is part of a post-anaphase microtubule array.


mitotic spindle polar microtubule

description: Any of the mitotic spindle microtubules that come from each pole and overlap at the spindle midzone.


smooth muscle contractile fiber

description: The contractile fiber of smooth muscle cells.


meiotic spindle astral microtubule

description: Any of the meiotic spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell.


name: actomyosin contractile ring actin filament

description: Any actin filament that is part of a actomyosin contractile ring.


polar microtubule

description: Any of the spindle microtubules that come from each pole and overlap at the spindle midzone. This interdigitating structure consisting of antiparallel microtubules is responsible for pushing the poles of the spindle apart.


collagen sheet

description: A protein complex that consists of collagen triple helices associated to form a sheet-like network.


subpellicular microtubule

description: Singlet microtubule that lie underneath the inner membrane pellicle complex and emanate from the basal ring of the conoid.


microfibril

description: Extracellular matrix components occurring independently or along with elastin. Thought to have force-bearing functions in tendon. In addition to fibrillins, microfibrils may contain other associated proteins.


cortical microtubule

description: Arrays of microtubules underlying and connected to the plasma membrane in the cortical cytosol.


cardiac myofibril

description: A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.


name: actin filament of cell cortex of cell tip

description: Any actin filament that is part of a cell cortex of cell tip.


complex of collagen trimers

description: A complex of collagen trimers such as a fibril or collagen network.


paraflagellar rod

description: A large lattice-like axial structure found in some flagellated protists which extends alongside the axoneme. Protein components of the paraflagellar rod are likely implicated, among other, in adenine nucleotide signaling and metabolism, and in calcium signaling.


mastigoneme

description: A hair-like structure covering the flagella found in some algae (heterokonts and cryptophytes). It is approximately 15 nm in diameter, and usually consist of a tubular shaft that itself terminates in smaller hairs. It is composed of glycoproteins and, likely, carbohydrates. Mastigonemes may assist in locomotion by increasing the surface area of a flagellum.


C2 axonemal microtubule

description: One of two microtubules present in the axonemal central pair. It is distinguishable from the C1 axonemal microtubule (also called C1 tubule) by the presence of differing protein components of the projections.


collagen beaded filament

description: A supramolecular assembly of collagen trimers with a 'beads on a string'-like structure.


outer dense fiber

description: A supramolecular fiber found in the flagella of mammalian sperm that surrounds the nine microtubule doublets. These dense fibers are stiff and noncontractile. In human, they consist of about 10 major and at least 15 minor proteins, where all major proteins are ODF1, ODF2 or ODF2-related proteins.


horsetail-astral microtubule array

description: An array of astral microtubules that emanates from the spindle pole body during meiosis and facilitates horsetail nuclear movement.


intranuclear rod

description: A macromolecular fiber consisting of actin and cofilin that is formed in the nucleus as a consequence of chemical or mechanical stress conditions.


mitotic spindle microtubule

description: Any microtubule that is part of a mitotic spindle; anchored at one spindle pole.


mitotic spindle astral microtubule

description: Any of the mitotic spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles and are thought to contribute to the forces that separate the poles and position them in relation to the rest of the cell.


banded collagen fibril

description: A supramolecular assembly of fibrillar collagen complexes in the form of a long fiber (fibril) with transverse striations (bands).


aster

description: An array of microtubules emanating from a spindle pole MTOC that do not connect to kinetochores.


neurofilament

description: A type of intermediate filament found in the core of neuronal axons. Neurofilaments are heteropolymers composed of three type IV polypeptides: NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H (for low, middle, and high molecular weight). Neurofilaments are responsible for the radial growth of an axon and determine axonal diameter.


myosin filament

description: A supramolecular fiber containing myosin heavy chains, plus associated light chains and other proteins, in which the myosin heavy chains are arranged into a filament.


glial filament

description: An intermediate filament composed of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and found in astrocytes.


mitotic spindle kinetochore microtubule

description: Any of the mitotic spindle microtubules that attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes by their plus ends, and maneuver the chromosomes during mitotic chromosome segregation.


striated muscle myosin thick filament

description: Bipolar filaments formed of polymers of a muscle-specific myosin II isoform, found in the middle of sarcomeres in myofibrils.


cytoophidium

description: A subcellular filamentary structure where CTP synthase is compartmentalized in a range of organisms including bacteria, yeast, fruit fly, rat and human.


B axonemal microtubule

description: An incomplete microtubule containing 10 protofilaments that fuses with a complete microtubule called A tubule (containing 13 protofilaments) to form an axonemal outer doublet.


name: cortical microtubule, transverse to long axis

description: Arrays of microtubules underlying and connected to the plasma membrane, in the cortical cytosol, oriented mainly with their axes transverse to the long axis of the cell (and root in plants). In plants it influences the direction of cellulose microfibril deposition.


C1 axonemal microtubule

description: One of two microtubules present in the axonemal central pair. It is distinguishable from the C2 axonemal microtubule (also called C2 tubule) by the presence of differing protein components of the projections.


nuclear microtubule

description: Any microtubule in the nucleus of a cell.


trichome papilla

description: A plant cell papilla that is part of a trichome cell.


investment cone

description: A cytoskeletal part that consists of a microfilament-rich cone that forms round each nucleus in a spermatogenic cyst and translocates the length of the cyst during sperm individualization.


chiasma

description: A connection formed between chromatids, visible during meiosis, thought to be the point of the interchange involved in crossing-over.


name: neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle fiber

description: A neuromuscular junction in which the target muscle cell is a skeletal muscle fiber.


SCF-Hrt3/Pof7 ubiquitin ligase complex

description: An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Hrt3 in S. cerevisiae (Pof7 in S. pombe).


yolk plasma

description: Discrete structures that partition the water-soluble portion of the yolk of oocytes and ova, which may or may not be membrane enclosed.


germ tube septin cap

description: A faint structure formed of septins found at the leading edge of growth in germ tubes of fungal cells growing filamentously. This cap of septins colocalizes with a region of the plasma membrane that is rich in ergosterol.


actin cytoskeleton of dendritic spine

description: The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a dendritic spine.


hyphae septin collar

description: A septin collar in pathogenic fungi involved in the constriction of hyphae at the plant plasmodesma enabling penetration of an adjacent cell.


prospore septin filament array

description: Arrays of septin filaments, or bars, found in a series of filamentous structures; observed in the prospore membrane during spore formation.


septin filament array

description: Arrays of septin filaments, or bars, found in a series of filamentous structures. Such structures have been observed in the prospore membrane during spore formation in S. cerevisiae and in the chlamydospore membrane during chlamydospore formation in C. albicans.


postsynaptic cytoskeleton

description: The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the postsynapse.


postsynaptic septin cytoskeleton

description: The portion of the septin cytoskeleton contained within the postsynapse.


mating projection septin ring

description: A septin ring, i.e. a ring-shaped structure composed of septins and septin-associated proteins, located at the neck of a shmoo (mating projection). The septin ring in the neck of a shmoo may act as a barrier to localize mating factors in the shmoo tip.


name: postsynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton

description: The intermediate filament cytoskeleton that is part of a postsynapse.


septin ring

description: A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane at the site of cytokinesis; composed of members of the conserved family of filament-forming proteins called septins as well as septin-associated proteins. This type of septin structure is observed at the bud neck of budding fungal cells, at the site of cell division in animal cells, at the junction between the mother cell and a pseudohyphal projection, and also within hyphae of filamentous fungi at sites where a septum will form.


septin collar

description: A tubular, hourglass-shaped structure composed of highly ordered arrays of septin filaments; in budding yeast cells, the septin collar forms from the initial septin ring by expanding into the daughter cell.


postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton

description: The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a postsynapse.


germ tube septin ring

description: A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane within the germ tube of filamentous fungi at sites where a septum will form; composed of septins as well as septin-associated proteins.


split septin rings

description: A pair of rings that flank the site of cell division, formed by splitting of the septin ring (or collar) prior to cytokinesis; this double ring structure is thought to trap proteins needed for cytokinesis or the formation of the new membrane or cell wall between the two septin rings. Split septin rings are known to occur in budding yeast cells and probably occur in other cell types as well.


septin cytoskeleton

description: The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of septins and associated proteins. Includes septin cytoskeleton-associated complexes.


presynaptic actin cytoskeleton

description: The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a presynapse.


prospore septin ring

description: A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane at the site of cytokinesis in a prospore; composed of septins as well as septin-associated proteins.


chlamydospore septin filament array

description: Arrays of septin filaments, or bars, found in a series of filamentous structures. Observed in the chlamydospore membrane during chlamydospore formation.


neurofilament cytoskeleton

description: Intermediate filament cytoskeletal structure that is made up of neurofilaments. Neurofilaments are specialized intermediate filaments found in neurons.


hyphal septin cap

description: A faint structure formed of septins found at the leading edge of growth in hyphae of fungal cells growing filamentously. This cap of septins colocalizes with a region of the plasma membrane that is rich in ergosterol.


septin cap

description: A faint structure formed of septins found at the leading edge of growth in germ tubes and hyphae in fungal cells growing filamentously. This cap of septins colocalizes with a region of the plasma membrane that is rich in ergosterol.


pseudohyphal septin ring

description: A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane at the junction between the mother cell and a pseudohyphal projection; composed of septins as well as septin-associated proteins.


presynaptic cytoskeleton

description: The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the presynapse.


cellular bud neck septin ring

description: A ring-shaped structure that forms at the site of cytokinesis in the bud neck of a budding cell; composed of members of the conserved family of filament forming proteins called septins as well as septin-associated proteins. In S. cerevisiae, this structure forms at the time of bud emergence and the septins show a high rate of exchange.


perinuclear theca

description: A condensed cytoplasmic structure that covers the nucleus of mammalian spermatozoa except for a narrow zone around the insertion of the tail. It shows two distinct regions, a subacrosomal layer and, continuing caudally beyond the acrosomic system, the postacrosomal sheath. The perinuclear theca has been considered a cytoskeletal scaffold responsible for maintaining the overall architecture of the mature sperm head; however, recent studies indicate that the bulk of its constituent proteins are not traditional cytoskeletal proteins but rather a variety of cytosolic proteins.


name: presynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton

description: The intermediate filament cytoskeleton that is part of a presynapse.


cytoskeleton of dendritic spine

description: The portion of the cytoskeleton that lies within a dendritic spine. The actin component of this cytoskeleton is involved in spine head remodeling in response to postsynaptic signaling.


hyphal septin ring

description: A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane within hyphae of filamentous fungi at sites where a septum will form; composed of septins as well as septin-associated proteins.


cellular bud neck split septin rings

description: Two separate septin rings that are formed from the septin collar at the time of cytokinesis in cells that divide by budding. These two rings are thought to delineate a special compartment in which factors involved in cytokinesis are concentrated.


spectrin-associated cytoskeleton

description: The part of the cytoskeleton composed of spectrin, protein 4.1 and ankyrin. Spectrin-associated cytoskeleton is associated with the plasma membrane.


medial cortex septin ring

description: A ring-shaped structure that forms at the medial cortex of a symmetrically dividing cell at the onset of cytokinesis; composed of members of the conserved family of filament forming proteins called septins as well as septin-associated proteins.


description: The portion of the spectrin-associated cytoskeleton contained within the postsynapse.


MsbA transporter complex

description: An ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter complex made up of a dimer of MsbA. Facilitates the export across the plasma membrane of, amongst others, lipid A and lipopolysaccharide. In contrast to most ABC transporter complexes, each chain of the homodimer contains both the transmembrane domain (TMD) and the cytoplasmic ATP-binding domain (NBD).


mitochondrial prohibitin complex

description: A complex composed of two proteins, prohibitin 1 and prohibitin 2 (PHB1/PHB-1 and PHB2/PHB-2) that is highly conserved amongst eukaryotes and associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane. The mitochondrial prohibitin complex is a macromolecular supercomplex composed of repeating heterodimeric subunits of PHB1 and PHB2. The mitochondrial prohibitin complex plays a role in a number of biological processes, including mitochondrial biogenesis and function, development, replicative senescence, and cell death.


dinoflagellate apical horn

description: A horn-shaped dinoflagellate apex found in thecate species.


host cell endocytic vesicle membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a host cell endocytic vesicle.


esterosome membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding an esterosome. This membrane has characteristics of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) membranes.


axonemal microtubule doublet ribbon

description: The 3 protofilaments A11, A12, and A13 of the A tubule along with associated inner sheath microtuble inner proteins (MIPs), either in the lumen of the A tubule or of the B tubule, which stabilize these three filiments within the axonemal doublet microtubule. The ribbon protofilaments separate the lumens of the A and B tubules.


BID-BCL-xl complex

description: A heterodimeric protein complex consisting of BID and BCL-xl, members of the Bcl-2 family of anti- and proapoptotic regulators.


Golgi medial cisterna

description: The middle Golgi cisterna (or cisternae).


oligosaccharyltransferase I complex

description: An oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex that contains at least seven polypeptides and is the major OST complex in mammalian cells. Of the three forms of mammalian OST complex identified, the OSTI complex has the weakest affinity for ribosomes.


glycolate oxidase complex

description: An enzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidation of 2-hydroxy acid to form 2-oxo acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The enzyme is a flavoprotein (FMN).


thioredoxin-disulfide reductase complex

description: A protein complex which is capable of thioredoxin-disulfide reductase activity.


connexin complex

description: An assembly of six molecules of connexin, made in the Golgi apparatus and subsequently transported to the plasma membrane, where docking of two connexons on apposed plasma membranes across the extracellular space forms a gap junction.


host cell Golgi apparatus

description: A compound membranous cytoplasmic organelle of eukaryotic host cells, consisting of flattened, ribosome-free vesicles arranged in a more or less regular stack.


MHC class Ib protein complex

description: A transmembrane protein complex composed of a MHC class Ib alpha chain and, in most cases, an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide or lipid antigen. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families.


chromoplast inner membrane

description: The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the chromoplast envelope; also faces the chromoplast stroma.


chromoplast membrane

description: Either of the lipid bilayers that surround a chromoplast and form the chromoplast envelope.


H zone

description: A relatively pale zone traversing the center of the A band of a sarcomere, visible in relaxed muscle fibers; consists of the central portion of thick (myosin) filaments that are not overlapped by thin (actin) filaments.


rixosome complex

description: A conserved RNA endonuclease complex required for spreading and epigenetic inheritance of heterochromatin. The rixosome contains six unique subunits: three structural subunits (Crb3, Rix1, and Ipi1) which form the core of the complex, and three catalytic subunits (the endonuclease Las1, the polynucleotide kinase Grc3, and the AAA-type ATPase Mdn1), which are involved in the processing of ribosomal RNA precursors. All subunits are essential for viability and are conserved from yeast to mammals, including humans.


nephron tubule basement membrane

description: A basement membrane that is part of a nephron tubule.


collagen type IX trimer

description: A collagen heterotrimer containing type IX alpha chains in alpha1(IX)alpha2(IX)alpha3(IX) trimers; type IX collagen triple helices associate to form a structure that links glycosaminoglycans to type II collagen fibrils.


amyloplast

description: A plastid whose main function is to synthesize and store starch.


secondary cell wall

description: A plant cell wall that is no longer able to expand and so does not permit growth. Secondary cell walls contain less pectin that primary cell walls. The secondary cell is mostly composed of cellulose and is strengthened with lignin.


name: extrinsic component of periplasmic side of plasma membrane

description: The component of a plasma membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to its periplasmic surface, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


hippocampal mossy fiber to CA3 synapse

description: One of the giant synapses that form between the mossy fiber axons of dentate gyrus granule cells and the large complex spines of CA3 pyramidal cells. It consists of a giant bouton known as the mossy fiber expansion, synapsed to the complex, multiheaded spine (thorny excresence) of a CA3 pyramidal cell.


left caudal basal body

description: Any ciliary basal body that is part of a left caudal flagellum found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage).


spindle pole centrosome

description: A centrosome from which one pole of a mitotic or meiotic spindle is organized.


CHOP-ATF4 complex

description: A heterodimeric transcription factor complex that is composed of CHOP (C/EBP homology protein, GADD153) and ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4, also known as cAMP response element binding protein-2/CREB-2) subunits.


G-protein beta/gamma-subunit complex

description: The heterodimer formed by the beta and gamma subunits of a heterotrimeric G protein, which dissociates from the alpha subunit upon guanine nuclotide exchange.


tissue

category: biolink:GrossAnatomicalStructure biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Multicellular anatomical structure that consists of many cells of one or a few types, arranged in an extracellular matrix such that their long-range organisation is at least partly a repetition of their short-range organisation.


organism subdivision

description: Anatomical structure which is a subdivision of a whole organism, consisting of components of multiple anatomical systems, largely surrounded by a contiguous region of integument.


Digestive System Part

description: A term that refers to any anatomic structure that is part of the digestive system.


Epithelium Part

description: Any component of the avascular cellular layers that cover body surfaces and cavities and may form glands.


Tissue Part

description: Any component of the anatomical structure consisting of similarly specialized cells and intercellular matrix, aggregated according to genetically determined spatial relationships, performing a specific function.


striated border microvillus layer

description: A microvillus layer that is striated and found in the intestine.


trachea basement membrane

description: A basement membrane that is part of a trachea.


bronchus basement membrane

description: A basement membrane that is part of a bronchus.


sexual spore wall

description: A specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore derived from a product of meiosis.


spore wall

description: The specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore.


asexual spore wall

description: A specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore derived from an asexual process. Examples of this process are found in bacterial and fungal species.


ascospore wall

description: The specialized cell wall of the ascospore (spore), which is the product of meiotic division. Examples of this component are found in Fungi.


name: endospore external encapsulating structure

description: The structures that lie outside the inner membrane and surround the entire endospore; consists of a peptidoglycan-containing inner layer (the endospore cortex) surrounded by a multilayered proteinaceous coat. An exosporium may be present as an extreme outer layer.


MBF transcription complex

description: A protein complex that binds to the Mlu1 cell cycle box (MCB) promoter element, consensus sequence ACGCGN, and is involved in regulation of transcription during the G1/S transition of the cell cycle. In Saccharomyces, the complex contains a heterodimer of the DNA binding protein Mbp1p and the activator Swi6p, and is associated with additional proteins known as Nrm1p, Msa1p, and Msa2p; in Schizosaccharomyces the complex contains Res1p, Res2p, and Cdc10p.


cellular bud

description: A protuberance from a cell of an organism that reproduces by budding, which will grow larger and become a separate daughter cell after nuclear division, cytokinesis, and cell wall formation (when appropriate). The daughter cell may completely separate from the mother cell, or the mother and daughter cells may remain associated.


NarGHI complex

description: A heterotrimeric protein complex with iron-sulfur and molybdenum cofactors that functions as a terminal reductase in electron transport pathways that operate during anaerobic nitrate respiration. In E. coli electrons are passed from the FdnGHI complex to the NarGHI complex via menoquinone and menaquinol. Within NarGHI, electrons are passed from the two heme molecules in the NarI subunit down a Fe-S cluster chain in the NarH and NarG subunits to the Molybdenum cofactor, Mo-bisMGD, in the NarG subunit.


name: mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint MAD1-MAD2 complex

description: A protein complex involved in the assembly of the mitotic checkpoint complex that in turn inhibits the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). The MAD1 dimer recruits the open form of MAD2 (O-MAD2) turning it into the closed form (C-MAD2) upon binding. C-MAD2 inhibits CDC20, a member of the APC/C, upon release from the MAD1-MAD2 complex.


Noc1p-Noc2p complex

description: A heterodimer associated with 90S and 66S preribosomes. Predominantly, but not exclusively, nucleolar; involved in ribosomal large subunit biogenesis.


description: A protein complex that is formed by the association of a heterodimeric interleukin-12 receptor complex with an interleukin-12 heterodimer.


thylakoid membrane

description: The pigmented membrane of any thylakoid.


photosynthetic membrane

description: A membrane enriched in complexes formed of reaction centers, accessory pigments and electron carriers, in which photosynthetic reactions take place.


cyanelle thylakoid membrane

description: The lipid bilayer membrane of any thylakoid within a cyanelle.


prothylakoid membrane

description: The membrane of prothylakoids, underdeveloped thylakoids found in etioplasts, lacking competent photosynthetic membranes.


chloroplast thylakoid membrane

description: The pigmented membrane of a chloroplast thylakoid. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


name: plasma membrane-derived chromatophore membrane

description: The lipid bilayer associated with a plasma membrane-derived chromatophore; surrounds chromatophores that form complete vesicles.


name: plasma membrane-derived thylakoid membrane

description: The pigmented membrane of a plasma membrane-derived thylakoid.


name: organellar chromatophore thylakoid membrane

description: The lipid bilayer membrane of any thylakoid within an organellar chromatophore.


plastid thylakoid membrane

description: The lipid bilayer membrane of any thylakoid within a plastid.


infected host cell surface knob

description: Protrusion that develops in the plasma membrane of a parasitized erythrocyte. An example of this component is found in Plasmodium species.


microvillar actin bundle

description: A parallel bundle of actin filaments at the core of a microvillus.


parallel actin filament bundle

description: An actin filament bundle in which the filaments are tightly packed (approximately 10-20 nm apart) and oriented with the same polarity.


formin-nucleated actin cable

description: An actin filament bundle that consists of short filaments organized into bundles of uniform polarity, and is nucleated by formins. In fungal cells, myosin motors transport cargo along actin cables toward sites of polarized cell growth; actin cables may play a similar role in pollen tube growth.


actin filament bundle of filopodium

description: A parallel bundle of actin filaments that is part of filopodium. Filaments are oriented such that the plus (barbed) ends are at the tip of the protrusion, capped by a tip complex.


actin filament bundle of stereocilium

description: A bundle of hundreds of cross-linked actin filaments (an actin cable), that is the supporting structure of a stereocilium. Filaments are oriented such that the the plus (barbed) ends are at the tip of the protrusion and are capped by a tip complex which bridges to the plasma membrane.


name: actin filament bundle of actin-based cell projection

description: A bundle of cross-linked actin filaments that is part of an actin-based cell protrusion, in which filaments are oriented such that the plus (barbed) ends are at the tip of the protrusion, capped by a tip complex which stabilizes the filaments.


ficolin-1-rich granule membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a ficolin-1-rich granule.


name: clathrin-coated phagocytic vesicle membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated phagocytic vesicle.


inter-Golgi transport vesicle membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances within the Golgi.


outer acrosomal membrane

description: The acrosomal membrane region that underlies the plasma membrane of the sperm. This membrane fuses with the sperm plasma membrane as part of the acrosome reaction.


chromaffin granule membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a chromaffin granule, a specialized secretory vesicle found in the cells of adrenal glands and various other organs, which is concerned with the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.


name: clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle.


specific granule membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a specific granule, a granule with a membranous, tubular internal structure, found primarily in mature neutrophil cells. Most are released into the extracellular fluid. Specific granules contain lactoferrin, lysozyme, vitamin B12 binding protein and elastase.


postsynaptic early endosome membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a postsynaptic early endosome.


organellar chromatophore inner membrane

description: The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, of the two lipid bilayers surrounding an organellar chromatophore.


postsynaptic endosome membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a postsynaptic endosome.


phagolysosome vesicle membrane

description: The lipid bylayer surrounding a phagolysosome.


macropinosome membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a macropinosome.


lamellar body membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a lamellar body. A lamellar body is a membrane-bounded organelle, specialized for the storage and secretion of various substances (surfactant phospholipids, glycoproteins and acid phosphates) which are arranged in the form of tightly packed, concentric, membrane sheets or lamellae. Has some similar properties to, but is distinct from, a lysosome.


platelet dense granule membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet dense granule.


organellar chromatophore membrane

description: Either of the lipid bilayers that surround an organellar chromatophore.


presynaptic endosome membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a presynaptic endosome.


name: postsynaptic recycling endosome membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a postsynaptic recycling endosome.


azurophil granule membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding an azurophil granule, a primary lysosomal granule found in neutrophil granulocytes that contains a wide range of hydrolytic enzymes and is released into the extracellular fluid.


name: trans-Golgi network transport vesicle membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances between the trans-Golgi network and other parts of the cell.


platelet alpha granule membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding the platelet alpha granule.


dense core granule membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a dense core granule.


endocytic vesicle membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding an endocytic vesicle.


peribacteroid membrane

description: A membrane that surrounds one or more bacteroids (such as nitrogen-fixing bacteroids within legume root nodule cells).


COPI-coated vesicle membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a COPI-coated vesicle.


alveolar lamellar body membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding an alveolar lamellar body, a specialized secretory organelle found in type II pneumocytes and involved in the synthesis, secretion, and reutilization of pulmonary surfactant.


early phagosome membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding an early phagosome.


tertiary granule membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a tertiary granule.


endolysosome membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding an endolysosome. An endolysosome is a transient hybrid organelle formed by fusion of a late endosome with a lysosome.


aleurone grain membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding an aleurone grain.


epidermal lamellar body membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding an epidermal lamellar body, a specialized secretory organelle found in keratinocytes and involved in the formation of an impermeable, lipid-containing membrane that serves as a water barrier and is required for correct skin barrier function.


gut granule membrane

description: The membrane of a gut granule, a lysosome-related organelle contained within the intestinal cells of the nematode C. elegans.


multivesicular body membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a multivesicular body.


name: clathrin-sculpted monoamine transport vesicle membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-sculpted monoamine transport vesicle.


merozoite dense granule membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a dense granule of the type found in apicomplexan parasites.


inner acrosomal membrane

description: The acrosomal membrane region that underlies the acrosomal vesicle and is located toward the sperm nucleus. This region is responsible for molecular interactions allowing the sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida and fuses with the egg plasma membrane.


name: clathrin-sculpted glutamate transport vesicle membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-sculpted glutamate transport vesicle.


name: multivesicular body, internal vesicle membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a multivesicular body internal vesicle.


organellar chromatophore outer membrane

description: The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, of the two lipid bilayers surrounding an organellar chromatophore.


Golgi to ER transport vesicle membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle transporting substances from the Golgi to the ER.


phagolysosome membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a phagolysosome.


exocytic vesicle membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding an exocytic vesicle.


name: clathrin-sculpted gamma-aminobutyric acid transport vesicle membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-sculpted gamma-aminobutyric acid transport vesicle.


rod photoreceptor disc membrane

description: Stack of disc membranes located inside a rod photoreceptor outer segment, and containing densely packed molecules of rhodopsin photoreceptor proteins that traverse the lipid bilayer. It is thought that rod disc membranes arise as evaginations of the ciliary membrane near the base of the outer segment, which then become completely separated from the ciliary membrane, during the development of the rod outer segment.


contractile vacuolar membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding the contractile vacuole.


Cvt vesicle membrane

description: Either of the two lipid bilayers surrounding a Cvt vesicle, a vesicle that functions in the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway.


phagocytic vesicle membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a phagocytic vesicle.


chitosome membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a chitosome.


clathrin-coated vesicle membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a clathrin-coated vesicle.


foot layer

description: The inner layer of the ectexine.


protein C inhibitor-KLK3 complex

description: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and prostate-specific antigen (KLK3); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of prostate-specific antigen.


peptidase inhibitor complex

description: A protein complex which is capable of peptidase inhibitor activity.


protein C inhibitor-PLAU complex

description: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (PLAU); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of urokinase-type plasminogen activator.


name: protein C inhibitor-coagulation factor V complex

description: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and coagulation factor V (F5); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of coagulation factor V.


protein C inhibitor-thrombin complex

description: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and thrombin (F2); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of thrombin.


protease inhibitor complex

description: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains a protease inhibitor and a protease; formation of the complex inhibits protease activity.


name: protein C inhibitor-coagulation factor XI complex

description: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and coagulation factor XI (F11); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of coagulation factor XI.


protein C inhibitor-acrosin complex

description: A heterodimeric protein complex of protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and acrosin; formation of the complex inhibits the protease activity of acrosin.


serine protease inhibitor complex

description: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains a serine protease inhibitor and a protease; formation of the complex inhibits serine protease activity.


name: protein C inhibitor-coagulation factor Xa complex

description: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and coagulation factor Xa (F10); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of coagulation factor Xa.


protein C inhibitor-TMPRSS11E complex

description: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and transmembrane protease serine 11E (TMPRSS11E); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of transmembrane protease serine 11E.


protein C inhibitor-TMPRSS7 complex

description: A heterodimeric protein complex that contains protein C inhibitor (SERPINA5) and transmembrane protease serine 7 (TMPRSS7); formation of the complex inhibits the serine protease activity of transmembrane protease serine 7.


germ plasm

description: Differentiated cytoplasm associated with a pole of an oocyte, egg or early embryo that will be inherited by the cells that will give rise to the germ line.


name: cytoplasmic periphery of the nuclear pore complex

description: Cytoplasm situated in close proximity to a nuclear pore complex.


alphaV-beta3 integrin-NOV complex

description: A protein complex that consists of an alphaV-beta3 integrin complex bound to the extracellular matrix protein NOV.


integrin alphaL-beta2 complex

description: An integrin complex that comprises one alphaL subunit and one beta2 subunit.


tRNA-splicing ligase complex

description: A protein complex that catalyzes the ligation of cleaved pre-tRNAs by directly joining spliced tRNA halves to mature-sized tRNAs by incorporating the precursor-derived splice junction phosphate into the mature tRNA as a canonical 3',5'-phosphodiester.


MMXD complex

description: A protein complex that contains the proteins MMS19, MIP18 and XPD, localizes to mitotic spindle during mitosis, and is required for proper chromosome segregation.


name: mitochondrial inner membrane peptidase complex

description: Protease complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane, consisting of at least two subunits, involved in processing of both nuclear- and mitochondrially-encoded proteins targeted to the intermembrane space.


spermatoproteasome complex

description: A proteasome specifically found in mammalian testis. Contains the proteasome activator PA200 in the regulatory particle, and beta1i, beta2i, beta5i and/or alpha4s in the core (20S) subunit. Beta1i, beta2i and beta5i are inducible catalytic subunits, closely related to beta1, beta2 and beta5. Alpha4s is a sperm-specific 20S subunit, but unlike other alternative 20S subunits alpha4s lies in the outer alpha-ring and lacks catalytic activity.


Ubp3-Bre5 deubiquitination complex

description: A protein complex that cleaves ubiquitin from specific substrates. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this complex consists of Ubp3p and Bre5p.


caspase complex

description: A protein complex that contains one or more cysteine-type endopeptidases (also called caspases), which give the complex a peptidase activity with specificity for the hydrolysis of aspartyl bonds. These complexes may be involved e.g. in apoptotic or inflammation processes.


serine-type peptidase complex

description: A protein complex which is capable of serine-type peptidase activity.


HslUV protease complex

description: A protein complex that possesses ATP-dependent protease activity; consists of an ATPase large subunit with homology to other ClpX family ATPases and a peptidase small subunit related to the proteasomal beta-subunits of eukaryotes. In the E. coli complex, a double ring-shaped homohexamer of HslV is capped on each side by a ring-shaped HslU homohexamer.


nuclear proteasome complex

description: A proteasome found in the nucleus of a cell.


GPI-anchor transamidase complex

description: An enzyme complex which in humans and yeast consists of at least five proteins; for example, the complex contains GAA1, GPI8, PIG-S, PIG-U, and PIG-T in human, and Gaa1p, Gab1p, Gpi8p, Gpi16p, and Gpi17p in yeast. Catalyzes the posttranslational attachment of the carboxy-terminus of a precursor protein to a GPI-anchor.


PNGase complex

description: A protein complex responsible for the catalysis of the reaction: 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein + H2O = N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine + peptide L-aspartate. This reaction is the hydrolysis of an N4-(acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl)asparagine residue in which the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residue may be further glycosylated, to yield a (substituted) N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylamine and the peptide containing an aspartic residue.


name: mitochondrial processing peptidase complex

description: A protein complex consisting of a regulatory subunit (alpha-MPP) and a catalytic subunit (beta-MPP) that catalyzes the release of N-terminal targeting peptides from precursor proteins imported into the mitochondrion.


m-AAA complex

description: Protease complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane that is involved in mitochondrial protein turnover and in processing of proteins imported into mitochondria.


separase-securin complex

description: A protein complex that includes separase (a protease which cleaves cohesin as part of chromosome separation) and securin, a protease inhibitor. Chromosome separation is inhibited until securin is degraded by the Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC).


signal peptidase complex

description: A protein complex that is located in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and cleaves the signal sequence from precursor proteins following their transport out of the cytoplasmic space.


cytosolic proteasome complex

description: A proteasome complex found in the cytosol of a cell.


H-gal-GP complex

description: A membrane glycoprotein complex with aspartyl proteinase and metalloproteinase activity which is expressed in the gut. An example of this is found in the nematode Haemonchus contortus.


calpain complex

description: A calcium-dependent protease complex that processes its substrate by limited proteolysis rather than degrading it. In some cases limited proteolysis is required for the activation of its substrate.


serine-type endopeptidase complex

description: A protein complex which is capable of serine-type endopeptidase activity.


name: cerebellar Golgi cell to granule cell synapse

description: A synapse formed by a cerebellar Golgi cell synapsing on to a cerebellar granule cell.


presynaptic periactive zone

description: A region that surrounds the active zone of the presynaptic plasma membrane, and is specialized for the control of synaptic development.


name: multiple synapse bouton, contacting single dendrite

description: A single axon terminal bouton making contact onto two or more dendritic spines protruding from the same dendrite.


tripartite attachment complex

description: A three-part cytoskeletal structure in kinetoplastid species linking mitochondrial DNA organised in a kinetoplast through the mitochondrial membranes to the basal body.


dense body

description: An electron dense body which may contain granules.


nitrite reductase complex [NAD(P)H]

description: Complex that possesses nitrite reductase [NAD(P)H] activity.


G protein-coupled GABA receptor complex

description: A protein complex which is capable of G protein-coupled GABA receptor activity. In human, it is usually a heterodimer composed of GABA-B receptor subunits 1 and 2.


CST complex

description: A complex formed by the association of Cdc13 (CTC1 in mammals) with Stn1 in yeast (OBFC1 in mammals) and Ten1 protein (also TEN1 in mammals) with single-stranded telomeric DNA. The CST complex plays a role in telomere protection.


primary endosperm nucleus

description: Nucleus resulting from the fusion of the male gamete and two polar nuclei in the central cell of the embryo sac.


matrilin complex

description: A cartilage extracellular matrix complex that mediates interactions between major components of the extracellular matrix such as collagens and proteoglycans and contributes to their fibrillar network. Exists as an obligate homotrimer.


alphaV-beta3 integrin-LPP3 complex

description: A protein complex that consists of an alphaV-beta3 integrin complex bound to lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase-3.


actin cortical patch

description: An endocytic patch that consists of an actin-containing structure found at the plasma membrane in cells; formed of networks of branched actin filaments that lie just beneath the plasma membrane and assemble, move, and disassemble rapidly. An example of this is the actin cortical patch found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


endocytic patch

description: The part of the cell cortex consisting of an aggregation of proteins that will give rise to an endocytic vesicle.


name: intracellular cyclic nucleotide activated cation channel complex

description: A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which cations ions may pass in response to an intracellular cyclic nucleotide binding to the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


uniplex complex

description: A calcium channel complex in the mitochondrial inner membrane capable of highly-selective calcium channel activity. Its components include the EF-hand-containing proteins mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 (MICU1) and MICU2, the pore-forming subunit mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) and its paralog MCUb, and the MCU regulator EMRE.


HCN channel complex

description: A cation ion channel with a preference for K+ over Na+ ions, which is activated by membrane hyperpolarization, and consists of a tetramer of HCN family members. Some members of this family (HCN1, HCN2 and HCN4) are also activated when cAMP binds to their cyclic nucleotide binding domain (CNBD). Channel complexes of this family play an important role in the control of pacemaker activity in the heart.


Kv4.2-KChIP1 channel complex

description: A voltage-gated potassium channel complex that contains the Kv channel interacting protein KChIP1 associated with the channel via interaction with the Kv alpha subunit 4.2.


name: Kir2 inward rectifier potassium channel complex

description: A inward rectifier potassium channel complex. Homo- or heterotetramer composed of subunits of the eukaryotic Kir2 protein family. Plays a key role in maintaining the correct resting potential in eukaryotic cells.


Kv4.2-KChIP3 channel complex

description: A voltage-gated potassium channel complex that contains the Kv channel interacting protein KChIP3 associated with the channel via interaction with the Kv alpha subunit 4.2.


name: mitochondrial ATP-gated potassium channel complex

description: A protein-containing complex that is capable of the ATP-dependent diffusion of a potassium ion across the mitochondrial inner membrane.


name: chloroplast proton-transporting ATP synthase complex

description: A proton-transporting ATP synthase complex found in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane; it catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP during photo-phosphorylation.


voltage-gated sodium channel complex

description: A sodium channel in a cell membrane whose opening is governed by the membrane potential.


ryanodine receptor complex

description: A voltage-gated calcium-release channel complex of the sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum. It plays an important role in the excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling of muscle cells. RyR comprises a family of ryanodine receptors, widely expressed throughout the animal kingdom.


name: L-type voltage-gated calcium channel complex

description: A type of voltage-dependent calcium channel responsible for excitation-contraction coupling of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. 'L' stands for 'long-lasting' referring to the length of activation.


potassium channel complex

description: An ion channel complex through which potassium ions pass.


name: serotonin-activated cation-selective channel complex

description: A protein complex which is capable of serotonin-activated cation-selective channel activity. Mainly found in pre- and postsynaptic membranes of the brain and gastrointestinal tract. Depending on its location it transports Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ or K+. It is always a pentamer, containing at least the 5HT3A subunit forming 5HT3A homopentamers or 5HT3A/B heteropentamers. In human, 5HT3A/C, A/D and A/E heteropentamers also exist.


name: inward rectifier potassium channel complex

description: A protein complex which is capable of inward rectifier potassium channel activity.


name: plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase complex

description: A proton-transporting ATP synthase complex found in the plasma membrane. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.


inward rectifying potassium channel

description: A protein complex that comprises four pore-forming (Kir6.x) and four regulatory sulphonylurea receptor (SURx) subunits and forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass. The opening and closing of the channel is regulated by ATP: binding of ATP to the Kir6.x subunit inhibits channel activity, whereas binding of Mg2+-complexed ATP or ADP to the SURx subunit stimulates channel activity.


Kv4.2-KChIP2 channel complex

description: A voltage-gated potassium channel complex that contains the Kv channel interacting protein KChIP2 associated with the channel via interaction with the Kv alpha subunit 4.2.


name: kainate selective glutamate receptor complex

description: An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. Kainate receptors are multimeric assemblies of GluK1-3 (also called GluR5-7), GluK4 (KA1) and GluK5 (KA2) subunits.


Kv4.3-DPP10 channel complex

description: A voltage-gated potassium channel complex that contains the peptidase-related protein DPP10 associated with the channel via interaction with the Kv alpha subunit 4.3.


name: I(KACh) inward rectifier potassium channel complex

description: An inward rectifier potassium channel complex expressed in cardiac muscle, specifically the sinoatrial node and atria, where it controls the heart rate, via regulation by G protein-coupled receptor signaling. In mammals it is composed of GIRK1 (or Kir3.1) and GIRK4 (or Kir3.4) subunits.


Kv4.1-DPP10 channel complex

description: A voltage-gated potassium channel complex that contains the peptidase-related protein DPP10 associated with the channel via interaction with the Kv alpha subunit 4.1.


Kv4.3-DPP6 channel complex

description: A voltage-gated potassium channel complex that contains the peptidase-related protein DPP6 associated with the channel via interaction with the Kv alpha subunit 4.3.


Kv4.2-Kv4.3 channel complex

description: A voltage-gated potassium channel complex that contains the Kv alpha subunits 4.2 and 4.3.


Kv4.2-KChIP4 channel complex

description: A voltage-gated potassium channel complex that contains the Kv channel interacting protein KChIP4 associated with the channel via interaction with the Kv alpha subunit 4.2.


name: light-activated voltage-gated calcium channel complex

description: A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which calcium ions may cross a cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential generated in response to a light stimulus.


Kv4.2-DPP6 channel complex

description: A voltage-gated potassium channel complex that contains the peptidase-related protein DPP6 associated with the channel via interaction with the Kv alpha subunit 4.2.


Kv4.1-DPP6 channel complex

description: A voltage-gated potassium channel complex that contains the peptidase-related protein DPP6 associated with the channel via interaction with the Kv alpha subunit 4.1.


description: A SNARE complex that contains cellubrevin (VAMP3), VAMP4, endobrevin (VAMP8), and syntaxin 6 (or orthologs thereof).


flagella connector

description: A mobile transmembrane junction at the tip of the flagellum of some kinetoplastid species linking the tip of a new growing flagellum to an older flagellum.


TRAPPI protein complex

description: A complex that tethers COPII vesicles at ER-Golgi intermediate compartment. Its role in this part of the vesicular transport may start at the ER exit sites. Binds to a component of the COPII coat. In yeast it includes the following subunits: Bet3 (as homodimer), Bet5, Trs20, Trs23, Trs31, Trs33 which are regarded as the core subunits of all TRAPP complexes in yeast.


BIM-BCL-2 complex

description: A heterodimeric protein complex consisting of BIM and BCL-2, members of the Bcl-2 family of anti- and proapoptotic regulators.


host cell nuclear envelope

description: The double lipid bilayer enclosing the host nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the host cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space).


name: 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase complex, mitochondrial

description: A mitochondrial protein complex which is capable of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase activity. In mammals, at least, consists as a dodecamer of 6 alpha and 6 beta subunits. MCCC-alpha has a covalently bound biotin essential for the ATP-dependent carboxylation. MCCC-beta possesses carboxyltransferase activity which presumably is essential for binding to 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA.


cytosolic creatine kinase complex

description: A dimeric protein complex having creatine kinase activity.


cellulose microfibril

description: A microfibril composed of cellulose arranged in orthogonal layers. Cellulose is a straight chain polysaccharide composed of B(14) linked glucose subunits. It is a major component of plant cell walls. Higher plant microfibrils are about 10nm in diameter and extremely long in relation to their width. The cellulose molecules are oriented parallel to the long axis of the microfibril in a paracrystalline array, which provides great tensile strength. The microfibrils are held in place by the wall matrix and their orientation is closely controlled by the cell.


integrin alpha6-beta4 complex

description: An integrin complex that comprises one alpha6 subunit and one beta4 subunit.


neck portion of tanycyte

description: Elongated portion of a tanycyte that sticks into the periventricular layer of neuropil where it appears to contact a blood vessel; characterized by numerous cytoplasmic extensions. A tanycyte is a specialized elongated ventricular ependymal cell that has processes that extend to the outer, or pial, surface of the CNS.


lamellipodium membrane

description: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a lamellipodium.


MAD1 complex

description: A protein complex involved in the assembly of the mitotic checkpoint complex that in turn inhibits the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C).


chloroplast chromosome

description: A circular DNA molecule containing chloroplast encoded genes.


plastid chromosome

description: A circular DNA molecule containing plastid encoded genes.


phenylalanine-tRNA ligase complex

description: An enzyme complex that catalyzes the ligation of phenylalanine to tRNA(Phe), forming L-phenylalanyl-tRNA(Phe).


IgX immunoglobulin complex

description: A protein complex composed of two identical immunoglobulin heavy chains of the IgX isotype and two identical immunoglobulin light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. An IgX immunoglobulin complex may be embedded in the plasma membrane or present in the extracellular space, in mucosal areas or other tissues, or circulating in the blood or lymph.


somatic spine

description: Spine emanating from the cell soma of a neuron.


name: nuclear membrane microtubule tethering complex

description: A nuclear membrane protein complex which connects the nuclear outer and inner membranes together, and links thereby links the nuclear lumen to cytoplasmic microtubules.


name: mitotic nuclear membrane microtubule tethering complex

description: A protein complex capable of interacting with the spindle pole body and the nuclear envelope, in order to embed the spindle pole body in the nuclear envelope at fusion sites of the inner and outer nuclear membrane.


glycinergic synapse

description: A synapse that uses glycine as a neurotransmitter.


PCSK9-LDLR complex

description: A protein complex consisting of the serine protease PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-9) and a low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). Interaction typically occurs through the epidermal growth factor-like repeat A (EGF-A) domain of the LDLR, and complex formation promotes degradation of the LDLR through the endosome/lysosome pathway.


platelet dense tubular network

description: A network of membrane-bounded compartments found in blood platelets, where they regulate platelet activation by sequestering or releasing calcium. The dense tubular network exists as thin elongated membranes in resting platelets, and undergoes a major ultrastructural change, to a rounded vesicular form, upon addition of thrombin.