name: TRAF6 binds to p-IRAK2 complexed with activated TLR7 or TLR21 (Gallus gallus)


TLR21 cascade (Gallus gallus)

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


name: TLR21homodimer binds to DNA (Gallus gallus)

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent


name: TLR15 binds to recognized ligand (Gallus gallus)


name: Formation of classical C5 convertase (Gallus gallus)


name: Cleavage of C3 by fluid-phase C3i:factor B (Gallus gallus)


name: Opsonization with C3b or C4b (Gallus gallus)


name: Formation of alternate C5 convertase (Gallus gallus)


name: Cleavage of C5 by C5 convertases (Gallus gallus)


name: Cleavage of C3 by surface-bound C3 convertases (Gallus gallus)


name: Anaphylatoxins initiate inflammatory responses (Gallus gallus)


name: C5a anaphylatoxin binds C5a receptor (Gallus gallus)


name: C3a anaphylatoxin binds C3a receptor (Gallus gallus)


name: Creation of classical C3 convertase (Gallus gallus)


name: Cleavage of factor B to form classical C3 convertase  (Gallus gallus)


name: Proteolytic cleavage of complement factor C4 (Gallus gallus)


name: C4b binds to target cell surface (Gallus gallus)


name: Formation of C4b:factor B complex (Gallus gallus)


name: Lectin-mediated initiation of complement cascade (Gallus gallus)


name: MBL or ficolin binds an oligosaccharide pattern on the target cell surface (Gallus gallus)


name: Classical antibody-mediated complement activation (Gallus gallus)


name: Activation of C1r within the C1complement complex (Gallus gallus)


name: C1r activates C1s component within C1 complement complex (Gallus gallus)


name: Antigen bound antibody interacts with C1complement complex (Gallus gallus)


name: Regulation of complement cascades (Gallus gallus)


name: CREM (CREMP) binds to surface-bound C3b or C4b (Gallus gallus)


name: Factor H binds to host cell surface (Gallus gallus)


name: CREG (CR1L) causes dissociation of C3 convertases (Gallus gallus)


name: Vitronectin prevents C9 polymerization (Gallus gallus)


name: Complement factor H binds to surface-bound C3b (Gallus gallus)


name: Complement factor I inactivates C3b (Gallus gallus)


name: Factor H displaces Bb in Cb:Bb complex (Gallus gallus)


name: CREG(CR1L) binds to surface-bound C3 convertases (Gallus gallus)


name: Vitronectin binds to C5b-C7 complex (Gallus gallus)


name: Complement factor H binds to C3b (Gallus gallus)


name: Complement factor I inactivates surface-bound C3b (Gallus gallus)


name: Formation of membrane attack complex (MAC) (Gallus gallus)


name: C8 binds to C5b:C6:C7 complement complex (Gallus gallus)


name: C5b:C6:C7:C8 and C9 bind to form membrane attack complex (MAC) (Gallus gallus)


name: C5b:C6:C7 inserts into the target cell membrane (Gallus gallus)


name: Formation of membrane-bound convertase C3 (Gallus gallus)


name: Complement factor B binds to surface-bound C3b fragment (Gallus gallus)


name: Cleavage of surface-bound factor B (Gallus gallus)


name: C3b fragment binds to the target cell surface (Gallus gallus)


name: Formation of fluid-phase convertase C3 (Gallus gallus)


name: Spontaneous hydrolysis of an internal thioester bond in complement factor C3 (Gallus gallus)


name: Complement factor B binds to the hydrolyzed form of C3 (Gallus gallus)


name: Fluid-phase proteolytic cleavage of factor B (Gallus gallus)


name: RLR (RIG-like receptor) mediated induction of IFN alpha/beta (Gallus gallus)


name: Activated MDA5 binds IPS-1 (Gallus gallus)


name: Negative Regulation of MDA5 signaling (Gallus gallus)


name: Inhibition of MDA5-IPS1 signaling by Atg5-Atg12 conjugate (Gallus gallus)


name: NLRC5 binds to CARD domain of Mda5 and prevents IPS1 binding. (Gallus gallus)


name: ITCH homolog downregulates MDA5/IPS1 signaling   (Gallus gallus)


name: NLRX1 inhibits IPS1 signaling (Gallus gallus)


name: TRAF6 mediated NF-kB activation (Gallus gallus)


name: TRAF6/or TRAF2 interacts with IPS-1 (Gallus gallus)


name: TRAF6/or TRAF2 ubiquitination within dsRNA:Mda5:Ips1:Traf6/ or Traf2 complex (Gallus gallus)


name: Phosphorylation of IKKs complex mediated by MEKK1 (Gallus gallus)


name: TRAF mediated activation of IRF (Gallus gallus)


name: TBK1/IKK epsilon bind to TANK:TRAF3/TRAF6 complex followed by their activation (Gallus gallus)


name: Phosphorylation and release of IRF3 (Gallus gallus)


name: TANK binds polyubiquitinated TRAF3/6 (Gallus gallus)


name: TRAF3/or TRAF6 ubiquitination within dsRNA:MDA5:IPS1:TRAF3/TRAF6 complex (Gallus gallus)


name: Recruitment of IRF to activated TBK1/IKK epsilon (Gallus gallus)


name: TRAF3/or TRAF6 interacts with IPS-1 (Gallus gallus)


name: Caspase-8 and -10 mediated induction of NF-kB (Gallus gallus)


name: Caspase 8 or 10 recruitment to IPS1 complex followed by their dimerization (Gallus gallus)


name: Recruitment of IKK complex (Gallus gallus)


name: IPS1 interacts with TRADD, RIP1 and FADD (Gallus gallus)


name: pyruvate + CoASH + NAD+ => acetylCoA + CO2 + NADH + H+ (Gallus gallus)


name: pyruvate + NADH + H+ <=> lactate + NAD+ (Gallus gallus)


name: lactate + H+ [extracellular] <=> lactate + H+ [cytosol] (Gallus gallus)


name: lactate + H+ [cytosol] <=> lactate + H+ [extracellular] (Gallus gallus)


name: pyruvate + H+ [cytosol] => pyruvate + H+ [mitochondrial matrix] (Gallus gallus)


name: lactate + NAD+ <=> pyruvate + NADH + H+ (Gallus gallus)


name: hydroxymethylbilane => uroporphyrinogen I + H2O (Gallus gallus)


name: 4 porphobilinogen + H2O => hydroxymethylbilane + 4 NH3 (Gallus gallus)


name: Mitochondrial uptake and processing of ALAS2 (Gallus gallus)


name: uroporphyrinogen I => coproporphyrinogen I + 4 CO2 (Gallus gallus)


name: succinyl-CoA + glycine => delta-aminolevulinate + CoA SH + CO2 (Gallus gallus)


name: Synthesis of ALAS2 nascent polypeptide (Gallus gallus)


name: uroporphyrinogen III => coproporphyrinogen III + 4 CO2 (Gallus gallus)


name: hydroxymethylbilane => uroporphyrinogen III + H2O (Gallus gallus)


name: Translocation of coproporphyrinogen III from the cytosol to the mitochondrial intermembrane space (Gallus gallus)


name: Transport of delta-aminolevulinate from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol (Gallus gallus)


name: Mitochondrial uptake and processing of ALAS1 (Gallus gallus)


name: 2 protoporphyrinogen IX + 3 O2 => 2 protoporphyrin IX + 6 H2O (Gallus gallus)


name: Transport of protoporphyrin IX from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the mitochondrial matrix (Gallus gallus)


name: 2 delta-aminolevulinate => porphobilinogen + 2 H2O (Gallus gallus)


name: Synthesis of ALAS1 nascent polypeptide (Gallus gallus)


name: protoporphyrin IX + Fe++ => heme + 2 H+ (Gallus gallus)


name: coproporphyrinogen III + 2 O2 => protoporphyrinogen IX + 2 H2O2 + 2 CO2 (Gallus gallus)


name: De novo synthesis of GMP (Gallus gallus)


name: xanthosine 5'-monophosphate (XMP) + L-glutamine + ATP + H2O => guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP) + L-glutamate + adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) + pyrophosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) + NAD+ + H2O => xanthosine 5'-monophosphate (XMP) + NADH + H+ (Gallus gallus)


name: De novo synthesis of IMP (Gallus gallus)


name: 5-phosphoribosylglycinamide (GAR) + 10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate => 5'-phosphoribosylformylglycinamide (FGAR) + tetrahydrofolate (Gallus gallus)


name: 5'-phosphoribosylformylglycinamide (FGAR) + L-glutamine + ATP + H2O => 5'-phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine (FGAM) + L-glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: Formation of PPAT tetramers (Gallus gallus)


name: Formation of PPAT dimers (Gallus gallus)


name: 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole (AIR) + CO2 <=> 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxylate (CAIR) (Gallus gallus)


name: 5-phosphoribosylamine + glycine + ATP <=> 5-phosphoribosylglycinamide (GAR) + adenosine 5'-diphosphate + orthophosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) + H2O + L-glutamine <=> 5-phosphoribosylamine + L-glutamate + pyrophosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-formaminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (FAICAR) <=> inosine 5'-monophosphate + H2O (Gallus gallus)


name: 5'-phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine (FGAM) + ATP => 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole (AIR) + ADP + orthophosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-N-succinocarboxamide (SAICAR) <=> 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR) + fumarate (Gallus gallus)


name: 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxylate (CAIR) + L-aspartate + ATP => 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-N-succinocarboxamide (SAICAR) + adenosine 5'-diphosphate + orthophosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR) + 10-formyltetrahydrofolate => 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-formaminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (FAICAR) + tetrahydrofolate (Gallus gallus)


name: De novo synthesis of AMP (Gallus gallus)


name: adenylosuccinate => adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) + fumarate (Gallus gallus)


name: inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) + L-aspartate + GTP => adenylosuccinate + GDP + orthophosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: hypoxanthine + H2O + NAD+ => xanthine + NADH + H+ (Gallus gallus)


name: inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) + H2O => inosine + orthophosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: xanthine + H2O + NAD+ => urate + NADH + H+ (Gallus gallus)


name: inosine + orthophosphate <=> hypoxanthine + D-ribose 1-phosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: Pyrimidine metabolism: de novo synthesis of UMP (Gallus gallus)


name: N-carbamoyl L-aspartate + H+ <=> (S)-dihydroorotate + H2O (Gallus gallus)


name: carbamoyl phosphate + L-aspartate <=> N-carbamoyl L-aspartate + orthophosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: (S)-dihydroorotate + ubiquinone => orotate + ubiquinol (Gallus gallus)


name: L-glutamine + 2 ATP + HCO3- + H2O => carbamoyl phosphate + L-glutamate + 2 ADP + orthophosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: orotidine 5'-monophosphate => uridine 5'-monophosphate + CO2 (Gallus gallus)


name: orotate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) <=> orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) + pyrophosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: aspartate + alpha-ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) <=> oxaloacetate + glutamate (Gallus gallus)


name: oxaloacetate + glutamate <=> aspartate + alpha-ketoglutarate (2-oxoglutarate) (Gallus gallus)


name: aspartate [mitochondrial matrix] + glutamate [cytosol] <=> aspartate [cytosol] + glutamate [mitochondrial matrix] (Gallus gallus)


name: 2-oxoglutarate [mitochondrial matrix] + 2-oxoadipate [cytosol] <=> 2-oxoglutarate [cytosol] + 2-oxoadipate [mitochondrial matrix] (Gallus gallus)


name: ornithine (cytosolic) + citrulline (mitochondrial) => ornithine (mitochondrial) + citrulline (cytosolic) (Gallus gallus)


name: carbamoyl phosphate + ornithine => citrulline + orthophosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: argininosuccinate <=> fumarate + arginine (Gallus gallus)


name: arginine + H2O => ornithine + urea (Gallus gallus)


name: ATP + aspartate + citrulline <=> argininosuccinate + AMP + pyrophosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: The tricarboxylic acid cycle (Gallus gallus)


name: succinate + FAD <=> fumarate + FADH2 (Gallus gallus)


name: fumarate + H2O <=> malate (Gallus gallus)


name: succinate + CoASH + GTP <=> succinylCoA + GDP + Pi (Gallus gallus)


name: 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) + CoASH + NAD+ => succinylCoA + CO2 + NADH + H+ (Gallus gallus)


name: succinylCoA + ADP + Pi <=> succinate + CoASH + ATP (Gallus gallus)


name: malate + NAD+ <=> oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ (Gallus gallus)


name: succinylCoA + GDP + Pi <=> succinate + CoASH + GTP (Gallus gallus)


name: malate <=> fumarate + H2O (Gallus gallus)


name: fumarate + FADH2 <=> succinate + FAD (Gallus gallus)


name: succinate + CoASH + ATP <=> succinylCoA + ADP + Pi (Gallus gallus)


name: acetyl-CoA + H2O + oxaloacetate => citrate + CoA (Gallus gallus)


name: isocitrate + NAD+ => 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) + CO2 + NADH + H+ (Gallus gallus)


name: glucose + ATP => glucose 6-phosphate + ADP (Gallus gallus)


name: glucose 6-phosphate + H2O => glucose + phosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: glucose [cytosol] <=> glucose [extracellular] (Gallus gallus)


name: glucose [extracellular] <=> glucose [cytosol] (Gallus gallus)


name: Efflux of glucose and orthophosphate from the endoplasmic reticulum (Gallus gallus)


name: glucose 6-phosphate [cytosol] => glucose 6-phosphate [endoplasmic reticulum lumen] (Gallus gallus)


name: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP <=> 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP (Gallus gallus)


name: dihydroxyacetone phosphate <=> glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + NAD+ + phosphate <=> 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+ (Gallus gallus)


name: fructose 6-phosphate + ATP => fructose 2,6-bisphosphate + ADP (Gallus gallus)


name: glucose 6-phosphate <=> fructose 6-phosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: 3-phosphoglycerate <=> 2-phosphoglycerate (Gallus gallus)


name: fructose 1,6-bisphosphate <=> dihydroxyacetone phosphate + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP => pyruvate + ATP (Gallus gallus)


name: fructose 6-phosphate + ATP => fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP (Gallus gallus)


name: 2-phosphoglycerate <=> phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O (Gallus gallus)


name: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+ <=> glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + NAD+ + phosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP <=> 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP (Gallus gallus)


name: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate <=> dihydroxyacetone phosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: phosphoenolpyruvate [mitochondrial matrix] + citrate [cytosol] <=> phosphoenolpyruvate [cytosol] + citrate [mitochondrial matrix] (Gallus gallus)


name: 2-phosphoglycerate <=> 3-phosphoglycerate (Gallus gallus)


name: 2-oxoglutarate [mitochondrial matrix] + malate [cytosol] <=> 2-oxoglutarate [cytosol] + malate [mitochondrial matrix] (Gallus gallus)


name: malate + NAD+ <=> oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ (Gallus gallus)


name: oxaloacetate + GTP => phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2 [mitochondrial matrix] (Gallus gallus)


name: malate [mitochondrial matrix] + orthophosphate [cytosol] <=> malate [cytosol] + orthophosphate [mitochondrial matrix] (Gallus gallus)


name: phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O <=> 2-phosphoglycerate (Gallus gallus)


name: fructose 6-phosphate <=> glucose 6-phosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: fructose 2,6-bisphosphate + H2O => fructose 6-phosphate + orthophosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: pyruvate + CO2 + ATP => oxaloacetate + ADP + orthophosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: dihydroxyacetone phosphate + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate <=> fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ <=> malate + NAD+ (Gallus gallus)


name: fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O => fructose 6-phosphate + orthophosphate (Gallus gallus)


name: oxaloacetate + GTP => phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2 [cytosol] (Gallus gallus)


name: dihydroceramide + NADPH + H+ + O2 => phytoceramide + NADP+ + H2O (Gallus gallus)


name: ceramide + H2O => stearate + sphingosine [endoplasmic reticulum] (Gallus gallus)


name: sphinganine + stearyl-CoA => dihydroceramide + CoASH (Gallus gallus)


name: 3-dehydrosphinganine + NADPH + H+ => sphinganine + NADP+ (Gallus gallus)


name: phytoceramide + H2O => stearate + phytosphingosine (Gallus gallus)


name: dihydroceramide + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 => ceramide + NAD(P)+ + H2O (Gallus gallus)


name: palmitoyl-CoA + serine => 3-dehydrosphinganine + CoASH + CO2 (Gallus gallus)


name: sphinganine (dihydrosphingosine) +ATP => sphinganine 1-phosphate + ADP (Gallus gallus)


name: Phosphorylated BSK kinase is dephosphorylated and deactivated by PUC phosphatase (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Transcriptional activtion and repression of REL-68 target genes (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated REL-68 transports from the cytosol to the nucleus (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated REL-68 forms a complex with PCAF at its target gene and activates transcription (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: AP-1:DSP1:STAT92E complex recruits RPD3 and represses transcription of the REL-68 target gene (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: AP-1 transcription factor forms a complex with STAT92E and DSP1 which displaces REL-68 from its target gene (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated REL is cleaved by and dissociates from DREDD (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated REL is cleaved by and dissociates from DREDD in the PGN:PGRP-LC oligomer receptor 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated REL is cleaved by and dissociates from DREDD in the monomeric PGN:PGRP-LE oligomer receptor 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Activated IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex, Phospho IRD5:KEY dimer, phosphorylates REL in the PGN:PGRP-LC/LE receptor 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Activated Phospho IRD5:KEY dimer phosphorylates REL in the monomeric PGN:PGRP-LE oligomer receptor 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Activated Phospho IRD5:KEY dimer phosphorylates REL in the PGN:PGRP-LC oligomer receptor 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: REL binds to DREDD in the PGN:PGRP-LC/LE receptor 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: REL binds to DREDD in the PGN:PGRP-LC oligomer receptor 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: REL binds to monomeric PGN:PGRP-LE oligomer receptor 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Assembly of the PGN:PGRP-LC/LE receptor 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Assembly of the monomeric PGN:PGRP-LE oligomer receptor 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Assembly of the PGN:PGRP-LC oligomer receptor 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Peptidoglycan bound PGRP-LC/LE oligomerises (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Monomeric PGN bound PGRP-LE oligomerises in the cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Polymeric PGN bound PGRP-LCx multimerises at the plasma membrane (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Monomeric PGN bound PGRP-LCx heterodimerises with PGRP-LCa at the plasma membrane (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Peptidoglycans (PGN) bind to a peptidoglycan recognition protein receptor, PGRP-LC/LE (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Monomeric PGN binds to PGRP-LE in the cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Monomeric PGN binds to PGRP-LCx at the plasma membrane (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Polymeric PGN binds to PGRP-LCx at the plasma membrane (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Activation of the IkappaB kinase complex, KEY:IRD5 dimer:KEY (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Activated phosphorylated TAK1 kinase phosphorylates and activates IRD5 (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Activated TAK1 kinase is autophosphorylated (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: TAB2 binds to ubiquitinated IAP2:BEN:UEV1A E3 ligase complex and activates TAK1 kinase (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: IAP2:BEN:UEV1A E3 ligase complex auto-ubiquitinates (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: TAK1-binding protein TAB2 binds to TAK1 kinase (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: HEP is phosphorylated and activated by Phospho TAK1:TAB2 kinase complex (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Formation of the nuclear AP-1 transcription factor 'scaffolding complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: AP-1 transcription factor, JRA:KAY, is phosphorylated by phosphorylated BSK kinase (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated BSK kinase and the AP-1 transcription factor, JRA:KAY, bind to CKA scaffolding protein in the nucleus (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated BSK kinase transports from the cytosol to the nucleus (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Formation of the cytosolic BSK 'scaffolding complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: CKA is phosphorylated by phosphorylated BSK kinase (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Scaffolding protein CKA binds BSK and phosphorylated HEP kinases (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated BSK kinase dissociates from CKA scaffolding protein (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: BSK is phosphorylated and activated by phosphorylated HEP kinase (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Activation of RAC1:GTP by FZ:DSH complex (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: RAC1:GTP and MSN activate HEP (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: DSH binds to RAC1:GTP (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Transcriptional activtion by AP-1 transcription factor (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated AP-1, Phospho JRA:Phospho KAY binds to a target gene and activates transcription (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated AP-1, Phospho JRA:Phospho KAY dissociates from CKA (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: N-HH ligand not bound to PTC receptor complex (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: CI75 transports from the cytosol to the nucleus (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: CI75 inhibits transcription (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Ubiquitination and proteolysis of phosphorylated CI (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Ubiquitinated and phosphorylated CI is partially degraded by the proteasome complex (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: SLMB binds to and ubiquitinates phosphorylated CI (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Assembly of the CI containing complexes (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Formation of the CI:SU(FU) complex (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Formation of the 'scaffold complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylation of CI (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylation of CI by PKA-C1 (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylation of CI by CKIalphaepsilon (CKIalpha/DCO) (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylation of CI by SGG (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Further phosphorylation of CI by CKIalphaepsilon (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Formation and transport of the N-HH ligand (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: N-HH is palmitoylated by RASP (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: N-HH binds to the transmembrane HSPG proteins (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: N-HH moves from the cytosol to the extracellular region (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Autocleavage of HH (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Activation of CI (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: CI activates transcription (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: CI transports from the cytosol to the nucleus (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Liberation of CI from SU(FU) repression (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Dissociation of CI from COS (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Activation of SMO (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated SMO changes conformation and is activated (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Autophosphorylated FU phosphorylates COS (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylation of SMO (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylation of SMO by PKA-C1 (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylation of SMO by CKIalpha (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Assembly of the 'signalling complexes' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: COS binds to SMO (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: N-HH binds to PTC receptor complex (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Nuclear CI is degraded (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Ubiquitinated CI is degraded by the proteasome complex (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: RDX binds to and ubiquitinates CI (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Circadian Clock pathway (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: PP2A dephosphorylates phosphorylated CLK (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: CLK is degraded by the 26S proteasome (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Transcription repression by PER and activation by PDP1 (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated PER rebinds to phosphorylated TIM (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: PDP1 replaces VRI as binder to Clk and cry genes (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: CLK is phosphorylated by DCO (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: CLK:CYC heterodimer dissociates from per, tim, vri, and Pdp1 genes (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated PER binds to CLK (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Nuclear import of PER and TIM (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated PER transports from the cytosol to the nucleus (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated TIM transports from the cytosol to the nucleus (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylation of PER and TIM (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: PER binds to DCO (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: CRY is phosphorylated by SGG (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: PER is phosphorylated by DCO (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated PER is phosphorylated by CK2 (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated TIM:PER heterodimer dissociate (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: TIM is phosphorylated by CK2 (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated PER binds to TIM (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Transcription activation by CLK:CYC and repression by VRI (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: VRI replaces PDP1 as binder to Clk and cry genes (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: CLK:CYC heterodimer binds to per, tim, vri, and Pdp1 genes (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: CLK and CYC bind to form a heterodimer (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Degradation of PER (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Cytosolic PER is degraded by the 26S proteasome (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: SLMB binds phosphorylated cytosolic PER, facilitating its ubiquitination (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: SLMB binds phosphorylated nuclear PER, facilitating its ubiquitination (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Nuclear PER is degraded by the 26S proteasome (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Degradation of TIM (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Nuclear TIM is degraded by the 26S proteasome (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: JET binds phosphorylated nuclear TIM, facilitating its ubiquitination (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Cytosolic TIM is degraded by the 26S proteasome (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: CRY is activated by light and binds to cytosolic TIM (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: JET binds cytosolic TIM, facilitating its ubiquitination (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: CRY is activated by light and binds to phosphorylated nuclear TIM (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Degradation of CRY (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Nuclear JET binds CRY, facilitating its ubiquitination (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Nuclear CRY is degraded by the 26S proteasome (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Cytosolic CRY is degraded by the 26S proteasome (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Cytosolic JET binds to CRY, facilitating its ubiquitination (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Dephosphorylation of PER (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Cytosolic PP2A dephosphorylates phosphorylated PER complexed with TIM and DCO (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Cytosolic PP2A dephosphorylates phosphorylated PER complexed with DCO (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Nuclear PP2A dephosphorylates phosphorylated PER (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Dephosphorylation of TIM (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: PP1 dephosphorylates phosphorylated TIM (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: PP1 dephosphorylates phosphorylated TIM in the complex with PER and DCO (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: PP1 binds to phosphorylated TIM (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: PP1 binds to phosphorylated TIM in complex with PER (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Transcription regulation of cwo gene (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: CLK:CYC heterodimer binds to cwo gene and activates transcription (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: CWO binds to cwo gene and represses transcription (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: DS ligand bound to FT receptor (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: HPO dimer binds to RASSF (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated HPO dimer phosphorylates TH (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: LFT binds to FT and DS (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Subcellular localisation of D (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: FT binds to DS in an adjacent cell (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: DCO binds to FT (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: FT is phosphorylated by DCO (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phospho FT reduces D accumulation at the plasma membrane (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylation-dependent inhibition of YKI (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: 14-3-3 dimer binds to phosphorylated YKI (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: YKI is phosphorylated by and then dissociates from phosphorylated WTS (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: YKI binds to phosphorylated WTS (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Formation of the Hippo kinase cassette (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: MATS is phosphorylated by HPO dimer and binds to phosphorylated WTS (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: HPO dimer binds to SAV (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated WTS autophosphorylates (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: MATS binds to HPO dimer (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: HPO dimer autophosphorylates (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated HPO dimer phosphorylates WTS (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated HPO dimer phosphorylates SAV (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: WTS binds to SAV (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylation-independent inhibition of YKI (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: YKI binds to WTS (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: YKI binds to EX (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: YKI binds to HPO homodimer (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: DS ligand not bound to FT receptor (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: D inhibits WTS (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Transcriptional activation by YKI (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: YKI binds to HTH and TSH and activates transcription (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: YKI binds to SD and activates transcription (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: YKI transports from the cytosol to the nucleus (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: WG ligand not bound to FZ receptors (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: In the absence of ARM, GRO binds to PAN and inhibits transcription (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Assembly of the 'destruction complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Formation of the 'destruction complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: ARM binds to APC and AXN in the 'destruction complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylation of AXN and APC (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylation of AXN and APC by SGG (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Further phosphorylation of APC by SGG (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylation of AXN and APC by DCO (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Further phosphorylation of APC by DCO (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylation of ARM (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylation of ARM by CKIalpha (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Further phosphorylation of ARM by SGG (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Ubiquitination and degradation of phosphorylated ARM (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: SLMB binds to phosphorylated ARM to form the 'destruction complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Ubiquitinated and phosphorylated ARM binds to and is degraded by the proteasome complex (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Dissociation of free ubiquitinated and phosphorylated ARM from SLMB and the 'destruction complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Assembly of receptor complex (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Membrane-bound GISH binds to ARR receptor complex (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: WG, FZ and ARR bind to each other (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylation of ARR (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Membrane localised SGG phosphorylates ARR (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: GISH further phosphorylates ARR in the receptor complex (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Recruitment of the 'destruction complex' to the receptor complex, the degradation of AXN and release of ARM (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Inhibition of SGG results in the dephosphorylation of the 'destruction complex' by PP2A and release of ARM (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Disassembly of the destabilised 'destruction complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Membrane recruitment of DSH to FZ and AXN to phosphorylated ARR (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Destabilisation and degradation of AXN in the 'destruction complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Transport of ARM to the nucleus (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: LGS:ARM complex transports from the cytosol to the nucleus (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: LGS binds to ARM (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: LGS dissociates from the PYGO complex (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: LGS transports from the nucleus to the cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Transcription activation by ARM (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: ARM displaces GRO and binds to PAN which activates transcription (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: PYGO binds to the LGS:ARM complex (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Negative feedback loop regulates asymmetric localisation (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: DGO binds to PK (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: PK binds to DSH (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Homo-/heterophilic binding of transmembrane components (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Extracellular domains of STAN bind to each other in adjacent cells (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: GUG binds to FT (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: FZ and VANG bind to STAN homodimer (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: RHO1 GTPase cycle (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: RHO1:GDP complex dissociates from RHOGAPP190 (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: RHOGAPP190 activates GTP hydrolysis by RHO1:GTP (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: RHOGDI binds to and sequesters RHO1:GDP complex to the cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: RHOGEF2 stimulates nucleotide exchange of RHO1:GDP complex (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: RHO1:GTP complex dissociates from RHOGEF2 (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: RHO1:GDP complex dissociates from RHOGDI and binds to the plasma membrane (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: RHOGAPP190 binds to RHO1:GTP complex at the plasma membrane (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: RHOGEF2 binds to RHO1:GDP complex at the plasma membrane (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Activation of RHO1 by FZ:DSH complex (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: DSH binds to DAAM (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: RHO1:GTP binds to activated DAAM (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: ROK binds to activated RHO1:GTP (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Activation of non-muscle Myosin II (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: ROK phosphorylates MBS (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: ROK phosphorylates SQH (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Regulation of non-muscle Myosin II (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: PP1-87B:MBS complex dephosphorylates SQH (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: FLW:MBS complex dephosphorylates SQH (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: FLW:MYPT-75D complex dephosphorylates SQH (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Inhibition of actin polymerization (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: MWH binds to RHO1:GTP and is activated (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: VANG, IN, FY, and FRTZ colocalise at the plasma membrane (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Formation and asymmetric localisation of transmembrane complexes (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: PK binds to VANG at the plasma membrane (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: DSH binds to FZ at the plasma membrane (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: DGO binds to DSH (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Formation of the trans-membrane 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Full-length EA is cleaved by SNK serine protease (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Full-length SNK is cleaved by GD serine protease (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Full-length SPZ dimer is cleaved by EA/SPE serine protease (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Full-length GD is cleaved by an unknown protease (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: MYD88 binds to TUB (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: SPZ dimer bound TL dimerises at the plasma membrane (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: ProSPZ:SPZ dimer binds to TL receptor at the plasma membrane (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: SPN27A binds to and inhibits EA protease activity (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: PLL kinase binds to TUB in the TL receptor 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: PLL kinase binds to TL:WEK:MYD88:TUB 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: PLL kinase binds to TL:MYD88:TUB 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Adaptor protein complex binds to TL receptor at the plasma membrane (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: MYD88:TUB binds to TL receptor (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: WEK and MYD88:TUB bind to the TL receptor (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Transcriptional activtion by phosphorylated DL/DIF dimer (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated DL/DIF dimer transports from the cytosol to the nucleus (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated DL/DIF dimer activates transcription (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Degradation of NF-kappa-B inhibitor, CACT (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated CACT is degraded in the cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated CACT, DL and DIF homodimers dissociate from the TL receptor 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated CACT and DL dimer dissociate from the TL:WEK:MYD88:TUB:PLL 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated CACT and DL/DIF dimer dissociate from the TL:MYD88:TUB:PLL 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: DL and DIF homodimers complexed with CACT are all phosphorylated in the TL receptor 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: CACT and DL/DIF dimer are phosphorylated in TL:MYD88:TUB:PLL 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: CACT and DL dimer are phosphorylated in TL:WEK:MYD88:TUB:PLL 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: DL and DIF homodimers bind to TUB and phosphorylated PLL in the TL receptor 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: DL/DIF dimer binds to TUB and phosphorylated PLL in TL:MYD88:TUB:PLL 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: DL dimer binds to TUB and phosphorylated PLL in TL:WEK:MYD88:TUB:PLL 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Activated PLL kinase is autophosphorylated in the TL receptor 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Activated PLL kinase is autophosphorylated in TL:WEK:MYD88:TUB:PLL 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Activated PLL kinase is autophosphorylated in TL:MYD88:TUB:PLL 'signalling complex' (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: JAK/STAT pathway (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated STAT92E dimer activates transcription (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Dephosphorylation by PTP61F phosphatases (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated STAT92E dimer is dephosphorylated by PTP61F isoform 1 (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated HOP is dephosphorylated by PTP61F isoform 1 (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: STAT92E dimer dephosphorylated in the nucleus and transported to the cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated STAT92E dimer is dephosphorylated by PTP61F isoform 2 (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Formation of the activated receptor complex (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Tyrosine kinase Hopscotch (HOP) binds to the transmembrane cytokine receptor Domeless (DOME) to form the HOP:DOME complex (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: DOME:HOP complex forms a dimer at the plasma membrane (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated HOP phosphorylates DOME (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Activated HOP is autophosphorylated and/or transphosphorylated (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: UPD ligand binds to the HOP:DOME:DOME:HOP complex and activates HOP (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Transcriptional repression by nuclear factors (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: KEN dimer represses transcription (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: SU(VAR)2-10 binds to the phosphorylated STAT92E dimer and inhibits transcription (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Formation of the activated STAT92E dimer and transport to the nucleus (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated STAT92E dissociates from HOP and DOME and dimerises (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: STAT92E is phosphorylated by phosphorylated HOP (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylated STAT92E dimer transports from the cytosol to the nucleus (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: STAT92E binds to phosphorylated HOP and phosphorylated DOME (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: TOR signaling pathway (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Activated DTOR phosphorylates DS6K (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: GDP is exchanged for GTP on DRheb (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: DRheb is inhibited by the TSC1/2 complex (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: GEF dissociates from DRheb-GTP (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Activated DTOR also phosphorylates D4EBP (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Activated DAkt1 phosphorylates TSC2 which inhibits the TSC1/2 complex (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: GEF binds to the inactive DRheb (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: DTSC1 AND DTSC2 form a complex (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: DTOR is positively regulated by DRheb-GTP (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: DPDK1 phosphorylates and activates DS6K (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Insulin signaling pathway (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phospho-Chico: Activated DINR binds p60:Dp110 (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Increased PIP3 levels recruit DAkt1 to the membrane (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Activated DINR binds Chico (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: DAkt1-mediated phosphorylation inactivates DFOXO (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: PIP3 dephosphorylated to PIP2 by DPTEN (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Chico is phosphorylated (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Autophosphorylation of DINR (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Activation of DAkt1 by DPDK1 (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: Phosphorylation of PIP2 to PIP3 by Dp110 (Drosophila melanogaster)


name: DILP binds to Drosophila insulin receptor (DINR) (Drosophila melanogaster)


adenosine 5'-monophosphate

A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.


ATP

An adenosine 5'-phosphate in which the 5'-phosphate is a triphosphate group. It is involved in the transportation of chemical energy during metabolic pathways.


ADP

A purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.


guanosine 5'-diphosphate

A  purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at the 5' position of guanosine with pyrophosphoric acid.


WATER

An oxygen hydride consisting of an oxygen atom that is covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms


reactive oxygen species

Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.


phosphoric acid

A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.


phosphatidylethanolamine zwitterion

The zwitterion of a phosphatidylethanolamine compound formed by proton transfer from the phosphate to the primary amino group.


The trianion of a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate; major species at pH 7.3.


A phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol moiety is the 1D-myo isomer and the phosphatidyl group is located at its position 1.


phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate

A phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 3-position.


phospholipid

A lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or di-ester. The term encompasses phosphatidic acids and phosphoglycerides.


NAD(+)

The oxidised form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide found in all living cells. In metabolism, NAD(+) is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another.


adenosine 5'-monophosphate(2-)

A nucleoside 5'-monophosphate(2-) that results from the removal of two protons from the phosphate group of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP).


ademetionine

A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.


hydron

The general name for the hydrogen nucleus, to be used without regard to the hydrogen nuclear mass (either for hydrogen in its natural abundance or where it is not desired to distinguish between the isotopes).


dATP

A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate having adenine as the nucleobase.


DEOXYGUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.


DEOXYCYTIDINE TRIPHOSPHATE

A 2'-deoxycytidine phosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.


TTP

A thymidine phosphate having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.


nucleoside 5'-triphoshate(4-)

A ribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion arising from global deprotonation of the  triphosphate groups of any nucleoside triphosphate; major species at pH 7.3.


polynucleotide

A nucleobase-containing molecular entity with a polymeric structure comprised of a linear sequence of 13 or more nucleotide residues.


diphosphoric acid

An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.


heparan sulfate

A linear polysaccharide in which the backbone consists of a variably sulfated repeating disaccharide unit.


A phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate in which the two phosphate groups are at C-4 and C-5 of the inositol moiety which has the 1D-myo configuration.


Dianion of UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine arising from deprotonation of the diphosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.


A phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate having 1D-myo-configuration.


glycine

The simplest (and the only achiral) proteinogenic amino acid, with a hydrogen atom as its side chain.


L-glutamic acid

An optically active form of glutamic acid having L-configuration.


diglyceride

A glyceride that is glycerol in which any two of the hydroxy groups have been acylated. In the structure shown, two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.


The trianion of a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate.


The pentaanion of a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate.


acyl-CoA

A thioester that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid.


A 1-acylglycerophosphoinositol in which sn-glycerol, acylated at O(1), is linked through a phospho group at O(3) to O(1) of D-myo-inositol.


A 2-acylglycerophosphoinositol in which sn-glycerol, acylated at O(2), is linked through a phospho group at O(3) to O(1) of D-myo-inositol.


A 3-sn-glycerophosphoserine compound having acyl substituents at the 1- and 2-hydroxy positions.


myo-inositol

An inositol having myo- configuration.


CDP-diacylglycerol

A CDP-glycerol having unspecified acyl groups (most commonly fatty acyl groups) at the 1- and 2-positions.


phosphatidic acid

A derivative of glycerol in which one hydroxy group, commonly but not necessarily primary, is esterified with phosphoric acid and the other two are esterified with fatty acids.


choline

A choline that is the parent compound of the cholines class, consisting of ethanolamine having three methyl substituents attached to the amino function.


A  2-acylglycerophosphocholine in which the glycerol moiety has sn stereochemistry and which has an unspecified acyl group attached at the 2-position.


citicoline

A member of the class of  phosphocholines that is the chloine ester of CDP. It is an intermediate obtained in the biosynthetic pathway of structural phospholipids in cell membranes.


sn-glycerol 3-phosphate

An sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having unsubstituted hydroxy groups.


NADH

A coenzyme found in all living cells; consists of two nucleotides joined through their 5'-phosphate groups, with one nucleotide containing an adenine base and the other containing nicotinamide.


dihydroxyacetone phosphate

A member of the class of glycerone phosphates that consists of glycerone bearing a single phospho substituent.


name: 2-ammonioethyl (2R)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl phosphate zwitterion

description: Major species at pH 7.3.


MONOETHANOLAMINE

A member of the class of  ethanolamines that is ethane with an amino substituent at C-1 and a hydroxy substituent at C-2, making it both a primary amine and a primary alcohol.


A lysophosphatidylethanolamine obtained by selective hydrolysis of the 1-acyl substituent of any 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine.


A phosphatidylglycerol consisting of cardiolipin lacking one fatty acyl group from the 2 or 2'-position.


A 1-O-acylglycerophosphoethanolamine having (R)-configuration.


cardiolipin

A phosphatidylglycerol composed of two molecules of phosphatidic acid covalently linked to a molecule of glycerol.


carbon dioxide

A one-carbon compound with formula CO2 in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond. A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, it is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food.


L-serine

The L-enantiomer of serine.


NADPH

The reduced form of NADP+; used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent.


1-acylglycerone 3-phosphate

A glycerone 3-phosphate having an unspecified O-acyl substituent at the 1-position.


1-palmitoylglycerone 3-phosphate(2-)

An organophosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of 1-palmitoylglycerone 3-phosphate; major species at pH 7.3.


cetyl alcohol

A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is hexadecane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.


long-chain fatty acid

A fatty acid with a chain length ranging from C13 to C22.


phosphocholines

Any compound having phosphocholine as part of its structure.


acetylcholine

Actylcholine is an ester of acetic acid and choline, which acts as a neurotransmitter.


choline alfoscerate

A member of the class of phosphocholines that is the choline ester of sn-glycero-3-phosphate. It is one of the major osmolyte in the renal medullary cells.


glycerol

A triol with a structure of propane substituted at positions 1, 2 and 3 by hydroxy groups.


triglyceride

Any glyceride resulting from the condensation of all three hydroxy groups of glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) with fatty acids.


A monoglyceride in which the acyl substituent is located at position 2.


A glyceride in which any one of the R groups (position not specified) is an acyl group while the remaining two R groups can be either H or alkyl groups.


lysophosphatidylcholine

An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.


Conjugate base of CDP-ethanolamine arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups and protonation of the amino group; major species at pH 7.3.


PHOSPHORYLETHANOLAMINE

The ethanolamine mono-ester of phosphoric acid, and a metabolite of phospholipid metabolism. This phosphomonoester shows strong structural similarity to the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and is decreased in post-mortem Alzheimer's disease brain.


A phosphatidylglycerol(1-) in which the phosphatidyl moiety has R-configuration and the glycerol moiety has S-configuration.


Trianion of 1-(3-sn-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate arising from deprotonation of all three free phosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.


An anionic phospholipid obtained by deprotonation of both free phosphate OH groups of any 2,2'-dilysocardiolipin.


D-xylulose 5-phosphate

The D-enantiomer of xylulose 5-phosphate.


COCARBOXYLASE

A thiamine phosphate that is thiamine(1+) in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a diphosphate group. It is the active form of vitamin B1 and an essential cofactor for enzymes in key metabolic pathways.


D-erythrose 4-phosphate

An erythrose phosphate that is D-erythrose carrying a phosphate group at position 4. It is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway and Calvin cycle.


D-fructofuranose 6-phosphate

The five-membered ring form of D-fructose 6-phosphate.


D-xylulose

The D-enantiomer of xylulose.


xylitol

A pentitol (five-carbon sugar alcohol) having meso-configuration, being derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group.


The conjugate base of 3-dehydro-L-gulonic acid; major species at pH 7.3.


L-gulonate

The L-enantiomer of gulonate.


D-ribulose 5-phosphate

The D-enantiomer of ribulose 5-phosphate that is one of the end-products of the pentose phosphate pathway.


6-phospho-D-gluconic acid

A gluconic acid phosphate having the phosphate group at the 6-position. It is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway.


An aldonolactone phosphate comprising D-glucono-1,5-lactone having the phosphate group at the 6-position.


alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate

A D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate where alpha-D-glucose is the sugar component.


alpha-D-glucose

D-Glucopyranose having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.


beta-D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate

A D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.


FOSFRUCTOSE

The furanose form of D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.


citric acid

A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.


An organophosphate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate.


ammonium

An onium cation obtained by protonation of ammonia.


beta-D-fructofuranose 1-phosphate(2-)

a D-fructofuranose 1-phosphate(2-) obtained by deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of beta-D-fructofuranose 1-phosphate; major species at pH 7.3.


D-glyceraldehyde

The D-enantiomer of glyceraldehyde.


A monoatomic monocation obtained from potassium.


sorbitol

The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).


3-phosphonato-D-glyceroyl phosphate(4-)

Tetraanion of 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl dihydrogen phosphate arising from deprotonation of both phosphate groups.


An organophosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the carboxy and phosphate OH groups of 3-phospho-D-glyceric acid; major species at pH 7.3.


An organophosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH and carboxy groups of 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid; major species at pH 7.3.


phosphonatoenolpyruvate

An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy and phosphate groups of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.


organic anion

Any organic ion with a net negative charge.


oxalacetic acid

An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group.


pyruvic acid

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.


hydrogencarbonate

The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.


(S)-malic acid

An optically active form of malic acid having (S)-configuration.


α-ketoglutaric acid

An oxo dicarboxylic acid that consists of glutaric acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in Krebs cycle.


fumaric acid

A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.


heme b

A metalloprotoporphyrin in which the four pyrrole nitrogens of the protoporphyrin moiety are coordinated to iron. It is the most abundant of the heme compounds.


A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybutyric acid.


succinic acid

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.


Coenzyme Q2

Any benzoquinone derived from 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methylbenzoquinone; one of a group of naturally occurring homologues. The redox-active quinoid moiety usually carries a polyprenoid side chain at position 6, the number of isoprenoid units in which is species-specific. Ubiquinones are involved in the control of mitochondrial electron transport, and are also potent anti-oxidants.


A ubiquinol in which the polyprenyl substituent is decaprenyl.


An acyl-CoA oxoanion that is the pentaanion of succinyl-CoA, arising from deprotonation of the phosphate, diphosphate and carboxylic acid OH groups.


flavin adenine dinucleotide

A flavin adenine dinucleotide in which the substituent at position 10 of the flavin nucleus is a 5'-adenosyldiphosphoribityl group.


A 3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of 3-hydroxyhexacosanoic acid.


A 3-oxo-fatty acyl-CoA(4-) arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate functions of 3-oxohexacosanoyl-CoA.


An unsaturated fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of trans-2-hexacosenoic acid.


L-aspartic acid

The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.


α-oxoadipic acid

An oxo dicarboxylic acid that is adipic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 2.


3-phosphonooxypyruvic acid

A carboxyalkyl phosphate that is pyruvic acid substituted at position 3 by a 3-phosphonooxy group.


hexacosanoyl-CoA

A very long-chain fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of hexacosanoic (cerotic) acid..


hydrogen peroxide

An inorganic peroxide consisting of two hydroxy groups joined by a covalent oxygen-oxygen single bond.


ISOCITRIC ACID

The D-threo-diastereomer of isocitric acid.


L-leucine

The L-enantiomer of leucine.


L-isoleucine

The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.


L-valine

The L-enantiomer of valine.


CYCLIC ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE

A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide having having adenine as the nucleobase.


(S)-2-AMINOADIPIC ACID

The L-enantiomer of 2-aminoadipic acid.


L-saccharopine

The N(6)-(1,3-dicarboxypropan-1-yl) derivative of L-lysine.


L-allysine

An optically active form of allysine having L-configuration.


L-lysine

An L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of L-lysine; major species at pH 7.3.


An optically active form of 1-piperideine-6-carboxylate having (S)-configuration.


L-pipecolic acid zwitterion

The zwitterion of L-pipecolic acid formed by proton transfer from the carboxy group to nitrogen; major species at pH 7.3.


A piperidinecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of 1-piperideine-2-carboxylic acid.


cobamamide

A member of the class of cobalamins that is vitamin B12 in which the cyano group is replaced by a 5'-deoxyadenos-5'-yl moiety. It is one of the two metabolically active form of vitamin B12.


2-methyl-3-oxopropanoic acid

The 2-methyl-3-oxo derivative of propanoic acid.


cob(II)alamin

A cobalamin in which the central cobalt atom has an oxidation state of +2.


glutathione

A tripeptide compound consisting of glutamic acid attached via its side chain to the N-terminus of cysteinylglycine.


cyanocobalamin

A complex cob(III)alamin in which cobalt is positioned in the centre of a planar corrin tetrapyrrole ring and bound axially to a 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole moiety and a cyano group. It is one of several forms of the vitamin known as vitamin B12.


flavin mononucleotide

A flavin mononucleotide that is riboflavin (vitamin B2) in which the primary hydroxy group has been converted to its dihydrogen phosphate ester.


S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion

A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.


L-cysteine

An optically active form of cysteine having L-configuration.


L-alanine

The L-enantiomer of alanine.


The conjugate base of 4-oxobutanoic acid; major species at pH 7.3.


GABA

A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.


A monoatomic monocation obtained from sodium.


The 5-phosphonooxy derivative of L-lysine having erythro-stereochemistry.


A hydroxylysine that is lysine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.


L-lactic acid

An optically active form of lactic acid having (S)-configuration.


ferriheme b

Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +3.


UDP-glucose

The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.


GDP-fucose

A GDP-fucose in which the fucosyl residue has L-configuration.


Dianion of CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate arising from deprotonation of carboxylic acid and phosphate functions; major species at pH 7.3.


cytidine 5'-monophosphate

A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.


Dianion of UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine arising from deprotonation of both free diphosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.


nitric oxide

A nitrogen oxide which is a free radical, each molecule of which consists of one nitrogen and one oxygen atom.


D-ribofuranose 5-phosphate

The furanose form of D-ribose 5-phosphate.


D-ribofuranose

A ribofuranose having D-configuration.


nimetazepam

A nitrazepam which is substituted at positions 1 by a methyl group. It is used as an anticonvulsant and as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia.


thromboxane A2

A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.


(-)-noradrenaline

The R-enantiomer of noradrenaline.


estrogen

A hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of female sex characteristics in mammals by binding to oestrogen receptors. The oestrogens are named for their importance in the oestrous cycle. The oestrogens that occur naturally in the body, notably estrone, estradiol, estriol, and estetrol are steroids. Other compounds with oestrogenic activity are produced by plants (phytoestrogens) and fungi (mycoestrogens); synthetic compounds with oestrogenic activity are known as xenoestrogens.


A HETE having a (12S)-hydroxy group and (5Z)-, (8Z)-, (10E)- and (14Z)-double bonds.


sphingosine 1-phosphate(1-)

The conjugate base of sphingosine 1-phosphate having an anionic phosphate group and a protonated amino group; major species at pH 7.3.


N-arachidonoylglycine

Biologically active derivative of anandamide


melatonin

A member of the class of  acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen atom is replaced by a 2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl group. It is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in humans.


A primary amino compound that is the 5-hydroxy derivative of tryptamine.


dopamine

Catechol in which the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group.


UTP

A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.


An oxoicosatetraenoic acid having a 5-oxo group; and (6E)-, (8Z), (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.


adenosine

A ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of adenine attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.


histamine

A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole substituted at position C-4 by a 2-aminoethyl group.


fMet-Leu-Phe

A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.


PROSTAGLANDIN D2

A member of the class of  prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).


sucrose

A glycosyl glycoside formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose.


maltose

A glycosylglucose consisting of two D-glucopyranose units connected by an alpha-(1->4)-linkage.


D-fructofuranose

A fructofuranose that has D configuration.


dinoprostone

Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.


A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.


LEUKOTRIENE D4

A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).


The L-enantiomer of 5-hydroxytryptophan.


L-tryptophan

The L-enantiomer of tryptophan.


sapropterin

A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).


A tetrahydropterin that is 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at the 4a-position.


β-alanine

A naturally-occurring beta-amino acid comprising propionic acid with the amino group in the 3-position.


betaine

The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.


9-O-acetylneuraminic acid

The acetate ester of the primary hydroxy group of neuraminic acid.


A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.


The (S)-enantiomer of 15-HPETE.


arachidonic acid

A long-chain fatty acid that is a C20, polyunsaturated fatty acid having four (Z)-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.


arachidonate

A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.


cholesteryl ester

A sterol ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of cholesterol.


cholesterol

A cholestanoid consisting of cholestane having a double bond at the 5,6-position as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group.


photon

Particle of zero charge, zero rest mass, spin quantum number 1, energy hnu and momentum hnu/c (h is the Planck constant, nu the frequency of radiation and c the speed of light), carrier of electromagnetic force.


palmitic acid

A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.


A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has octadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.


A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.


levodopa

An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease


A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.


decanoate

A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.


octanoic acid

A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.


palmitoleoyl-CoA

A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of palmitoleic acid.


β-phenylethylamine

A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.


Octaanion of 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate arising from global deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.


1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate(6-)

The hexaanion of 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate.


Octaanion of myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate arising from global deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.


1D-myo-inositol 3,4,6-trisphosphate

A myo-inositol trisphosphate having the three phosphate groups at the 3-, 4-, and 6-positions.


muramyl dipeptide

A glycopeptide that is N-propionyl-L-alanyl-D-alpha-glutamine in which the pro-R hydrogen of the propionyl group has been replaced by the oxygen at position 3 of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose. A peptidoglycan constituent of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.


γ-iE-DAP

The gamma-D-glutamyl derivative of meso-diaminopimelic acid. Minimal ligand of NOD1.


lipoteichoic acid

definition: s992, SIMPLE_MOLECULE

description: A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.


lipopolysaccharide

Liposaccharide natural compounds consisting of a trisaccharide repeating unit (two heptose units and octulosonic acid) with oligosaccharide side chains and 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid units (they are a major constituent of the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria).


ADP-L-glycero-D-manno-heptose

An ADP-glycero-D-manno-heptose having L-glycero-configuration at the 6-position of the heptose portion.


URACIL DIPHOSPHATE GALACTOSAMINE

A UDP-amino sugar having alpha-D-galactosamine as the amino-sugar component.


nicotinamide

A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.


N-glycan

The term used to refer to the carbohydrate portion of N-glycoproteins when attached to a nitrogen from asparagine or arginine side-chains.


A saturated fatty acyl-CoA(4-) that is palmitoyl-CoA in which the phosphate and diphosphate groups have been deprotonated to give the corresponding tetra-anion.


glycan G00008

A dolichyl diphosphooligosaccharide compound consisting of a branched tetradecasaccharide attached to the dolichyl chain via a diphosphate linkage.


L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion

Zwitterionic form of an L-alpha-amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.


deoxyribonucleic acid

High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; DNA contain the genetic information of organisms.


A nucleoside triphosphate(4-) obtained by global deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups of ATP; major species present at pH 7.3.


The anion obtained from global deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of myo-inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate; major species at pH 7.3.


fytic acid

A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.


Octaanion of 1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate arising from global deprotonation of the acidic phosphate OH groups.


A myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate that consists of myo-inositol having the four phospho groups located at positions 3, 4, 5 and 6 as well as a diphospho group at position 1.


A myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate that consists of myo-inositol having the four phospho groups located at positions 2, 3, 4 and 6 as well as a diphospho group at position 5.


A myo-inositol pentakisphosphate that consists of 1D-myo-inositol having the five phospho groups located at positions 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 as well as a diphospho group at position 5.


A myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate having the four phosphate groups at the 1-, 4-, 5- and 6-positions.


An inositol phosphate oxoanion obtained by global deprotonation of the phosphate and diphosphate OH groups of 1-diphospho-1D-myo-inositol 2,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate.


cyclic GMP

A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.


L-glutamine

An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.


sphingoid base(1+)

A cationic sphingoid obtained by protonation of the amino group of any 2-amino-1,3-dihydroxysphingoid base.


L-arginine

An L-alpha-amino acid that is the L-isomer of arginine.


L-citrulline

The L-enantiomer of citrulline.


An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group and protonation of the primary amino and imino groups; major species at pH 7.3.


A 7,8-dihydrobiopterin in which the 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group has (1S,2R)-configuration.


An organic radical cation derived from 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin.


dyspropterin

A tetrahydropterin  that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one substituted by a 2-oxopropanoyl group at position 6.


Tetraanion of 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate.


FORMIC ACID

The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.


L-phenylalanine

The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.


L-ascorbate

The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.


The conjugate base of monodehydro-L-ascorbic acid arising from deprotonation of the 4-hydroxy group; major species at pH 7.3.


peroxynitrite

The nitrogen oxoanion formed by loss of a proton from peroxynitrous acid.


A 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-all-trans-polyprenylbenzoate in which the polyprenyl chain contains 10 prenyl units; major species at pH 7.3.


A 3,4-dihydroxy-5-polyprenylbenzoate in which the polyprenyl chain contains 10 prenyl units; major species at pH 7.3.


S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine

An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.


L-methionine

The L-enantiomer of methionine.


A 4-hydroxy-3-polyprenylbenzoate in which the polyprenyl chain contains 10 prenyl units; major species at pH 7.3.


The conjugate base of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, comprising a 4-hydroxybenzoic acid core with a proton missing to give a charge of -1.


all-trans-decaprenyl diphosphate(3-)

An organophosphate oxoanion which is obtained from all-trans-decaprenyl diphosphate by removal of the three protons from the diphosphate group. The major species at pH 7.3.


isopentenyl diphosphate(3-)

An organophosphate oxoanion that is the trianion of isopentenyl diphosphate arising from deprotonation of the three OH groups of the diphosphate.


An organophosphate oxoanion that is the trianion obtained by removal of the three protons from the diphosphate group of 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate.


A  hydroxybenzaldehyde that is benzaldehyde substituted with a hydroxy group at position C-4.


4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.


L-tyrosine

An optically active form of tyrosine having L-configuration.


A 3-demethylubiquinol in which the polyprenyl chain contains 10 prenyl units.


A polyprenylhydroquinone in which the polyprenyl substituent is decaprenyl at C-2; additional methyl and methoxy groups are also present at positions C-3 and C-6 respectively.


A polyprenylhydroquinone in which the polyprenyl substituent is decaprenyl at C-2; a methoxy group is also present at C-6.


BILIVERDIN

A linear tetrapyrrole produced in the reticuloendothelial system by the first step of heme degradation, catalysed by heme oxygenase.


CARBON MONOXIDE

A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.


ferroheme b(2-)

Dicarboxylate anion of ferroheme b; major species at pH 7.3.


electron

Elementary particle not affected by the strong force having a spin 1/2, a negative elementary charge and a rest mass of 0.000548579903(13) u, or 0.51099906(15) MeV.


A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.


testosterone

An androstanoid having 17beta-hydroxy and 3-oxo groups, together with unsaturation at C-4-C-5..


androstenedione

A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.


chondroitin sulfate

A chondroitin sulfate in which the site of sulfation is carbon 4 of the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) sugar.


The parent structure of the family of 1,2-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 2 of the naphthalene ring. It is a metabolite of naphthalene and is found in diesel exhaust particles.


semiquinone

An organic radical resulting from the formal addition of one hydrogen atom with its electron to a quinone (or from the formal removal of one hydrogen atom with its electron from the corresponding hydroquinone).


oxidised phospholipid

The oxidised form of phospholipids, and a possible biomarker of atherogenesis.


A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.


tretinoin

A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.


The pentaanion of a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.


glycosaminoglycan

Any polysaccharide containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues.


L-dehydroascorbate

An organic anion and the conjugate base of L-dehydroascorbic acid, arising from deprotonation of the acidic C2-position.


xanthine

An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.


uric acid

An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.


hypoxanthine

A purine nucleobase that consists of purine bearing an oxo substituent at position 6.


alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate

The 1-phospho derivative of alpha-D-ribose.


2-deoxy-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate

The alpha-anomer of 2-deoxy-D-ribofuranose 1-phosphate.


inosine

A purine nucleoside in which hypoxanthine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.


guanine

A 2-aminopurine carrying a 6-oxo substituent.


A derivative of alpha-D-ribose having a phosphate group at the 5-position and a diphosphate at the 1-position.


5'-inosine monophosphate

A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having hypoxanthine as the nucleobase.


A purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.


5'-xanthylic acid

A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having xanthine as the nucleobase.


Dianion of 5-formamido-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide.


AICA ribonucleotide

A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.


Dianion of 10-formyltetrahydrofolic acid arising from deprotonation of both carboxylic acid functions.


SAICAR

A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide resulting from the formal condesation of the darboxy group of 5-amino-1-(5-O-phosphono-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylic acid with the amino group of L-aspartic acid.


A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazole that is 5-aminoimidazole in which the proton at position 1 has been replaced by a 5-phospho-beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.


The beta-anomer of 5-phospho-D-ribosylamine.


adenine

The parent compound of the 6-aminopurines, composed of a purine having an amino group at C-6.


GLYOXYLATE

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.


glyoxylate

The conjugate base of glyoxylic acid.


An oxo dicarboxylate obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid.


An L-alpha-amino acid anion resulting from deprotonation of the carboxy groups and protonation of the amino group of 4-hydroxy-L-glutamic acid


The L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion formed from L-4-hydroxyglutamic semialdehyde by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amine group; it is the principal microspecies at pH 7.3.


Conjugate base of 1-pyrroline-3-hydroxy-5-carboxylic acid.


4-hydroxy-L-proline zwitterion

The amino acid zwitterion formed from 4-hydroxy-L-proline. It is the major microspecies present at pH 7.3.


Product of glutathion transfer onto dichloroacette (DCA), catalyzed by GSTZ1


glycolate

A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is acetate where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.


A purine ribonucleoside 5'-tetraphosphate compound having 5'-guanosyl residues at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.


N-carbamoyl-L-aspartic acid

The L-enantiomer N-carbamoylaspartic acid.


(S)-dihydroorotic acid

The (S)-enantiomer of dihydroorotic acid that is an intermediate in the metabolism of pyridine.


orotic acid

A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.


OROTIDINE MONOPHOSPHATE

A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having 6-carboxyuracil as the nucleobase.


sulfate

A sulfur oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of both OH groups of sulfuric acid.


5'-adenylyl sulfate(2-)

An organic dianion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate and sufate groups of 5'-adenylyl sulfate; major species at pH 7.3.


D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate(2-)

An organophosphate oxoanion that is the dianion of D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate arising from deprotonation of both phosphate OH groups.


acetic acid

A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.


acetaldehyde

The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.


ethanol

A primary alcohol that is ethane in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group.


A nucleoside triphosphate(4-) obtained by global deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups of 2-oxo-ATP; major microspecies at pH 7.3


Major microspecies at pH 7.3.


A nucleoside 5'-monophosphate(2-) that results from the removal of two protons from the phosphate group of N(6)-methyl-AMP.


Major microspecies at pH 7.3


A 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion that is the tetraanion of 2'-deoxy-2-hydroxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate, arising from deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).


L-ornithine

An optically active form of ornithine having L-configuration.


N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine

A beta-alanine derivative that is propionic acid bearing a ureido group at position 3.


A pyrimidine obtained by formal addition of hydrogen across the 5,6-position of uracil.


uracil

A common and naturally occurring pyrimidine nucleobase in which the pyrimidine ring is substituted with two oxo groups at positions 2 and 4. Found in RNA, it base pairs with adenine and replaces thymine during DNA transcription.


L-glutamic 5-semialdehyde

A glutamic semialdehyde arising from formal reduction of the side-chain carboxy group of L-glutamic acid.


urea

A carbonyl group with two C-bound amine groups. The commercially available fertilizer has an analysis of 46-0-0 (N-P2O5-K2O).


(S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid

A 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid in which the chiral centre has S configuration.


L-proline

Pyrrolidine in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group. L-Proline is the only one of the twenty DNA-encoded amino acids which has a secondary amino group alpha to the carboxyl group. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. It also helps maintain and strengthen heart muscles.


A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.


nucleoside 5'-diphosphate(3-)

Trianion of nucleoside diphosphate arising from deprotonation of all three free OH groups of the diphosphate; major species at pH 7.3.


A nucleotide-sugar oxoanion that is the dianion of ADP-D-ribose(2-) arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.


An organophosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the three diphosphate OH groups of 8-oxo-dGDP; major species at pH 7.3.


2'-deoxyinosine 5'-diphosphate(3-)

A 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate obtained by deprotonation of the diphosphate OH groups of 2'-deoxyinosine  5'-diphosphate; major species at pH 7.3.


A 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion that is the tetraanion of 8-oxo-dGTP arising from deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).


An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the diphosphate OH groups of 8-oxo-dADP.


A nucleoside 5'-diphosphate(3-) arising from deprotonation of all three OH groups of the diphosphate function of of inosine 5'-diphosphate (IDP); major species at pH 7.3.


A nucleoside triphosphate(4-) obtained by global deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups of XTP; major species present at pH 7.3.


A nucleoside triphosphate(4-) obtained by global deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups of ITP; major species present at pH 7.3.


A 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate(4-) that is the tetraanion of 2'-deoxyinosine 5'-triphosphate(dITP), arising from deprotonation of the four free OH groups of the triphosphate; major species at pH 7.3.


2'-deoxycytosine 5'-monophosphate

A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.


DEOXYURIDINE MONOPHOSPHATE

A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.


thymidine

A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside having thymine as the nucleobase.


thymine

A pyrimidine nucleobase that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a methyl group.


A pyrimidone obtained by formal addition of hydrogen across the 5,6-position of thymine.


3-ureidoisobutyric acid

A ureidocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a carbamoylamino group at position 3.


(R)-3-aminoisobutyric acid

The (R)-enantiomer of 3-aminoisobutyric acid.


A 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate oxoanion being the tetraanion formed by global deprotonation of the triphosphate group.


DIHYDROFOLIC ACID

A folic acid derivative acted upon by dihydrofolate reductase to produce tetrahydrofolic acid. It interacts with bacteria during cell division and is targeted by various drugs to prevent nucleic acid synthesis.


dUTP

A deoxyuridine phosphate having a triphosphate group at the 5'-position.


An organophosphate oxoanion obtained by global deprotonation of the hexaphosphate OH groups of P(1),P(6)-bis(5'-adenosyl)hexaphosphate


5-iododeoxycytidine triphosphate

A 2'-deoxycytidine phosphate that is 2'-deoxycytidine-5'-triphosphate in which the hydrogen at position 5 on the cytosine ring is replaced by iodine.


pseudouridine 5'-phosphate

A C-nucleoside phosphate consisting of pseudouridine having a monophosphate group at the 5'-position.


alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate

A D-galactopyranose 1-phosphate having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.


D-GALACTOSE

A galactopyranose having D-configuration.


2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphate(2-)

Dianion of 2-deoxy-D-ribose 5-phosphate arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups; major product at pH 7.3.


D-glycerate

A glycerate that is the conjugate base of D-glyceric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.


1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

A hydroxycalciol that is calcidiol in which the pro-S hydrogen of calcidiol is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the active form of vitamin D3, produced fom calciol via hydoxylation in the liver to form calcidiol, which is subsequently oxidised in the kidney to give calcitriol.


calcifediol

A hydroxycalciol that is calciol in which the hydrogen at position 25 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. A prehormone resulting from the oxidation of calciol in the liver, it is further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D3.


colecalciferol

Any member of a group of fat-soluble hydroxy seco-steroids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D  can be obtained from sun exposure, food and supplements and is biologically inactive and converted into the biologically active calcitriol via double hydroxylation in the body.


A cholestanoid that is (5alpha)-cholest-7-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.


A cholestanoid that is 5alpha-cholestane substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.


A steroid acid, the 4-carboxy derivative of zymosterol.


A 3beta-hydroxy steroid, the 4-methyl derivative of zymosterol.


A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is zymosterol which has been substituted by a methyl group at C-4, and in which the 3-hydroxy function has been oxidised to an oxo group.


A steroid acid, the 4-carboxy-4-methyl derivative of zymosterol.


lanosterol

A tetracyclic triterpenoid that is lanosta-8,24-diene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at the 3beta position. It is the compound from which all steroids are derived.


A 2,3-epoxysqualene in which the chiral centre has S configuration. It is converted into lanosterol by lanosterol synthase (EC 5.4.99.7) in a key rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of chloesterol, steroid hormones, and vitamin D.


squalene

A triterpene consisting of 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane having six double bonds at the 2-, 6-, 10-, 14-, 18- and 22-positions with (all-E)-configuration.


trans,trans-farnesyl diphosphate

The trans,trans-stereoisomer of farnesyl diphosphate.


isopentenyl diphosphate

A prenol phosphate comprising 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol having an O-diphosphate substituent.


geranyl diphosphate

The diphosphate of the polyprenol compound geraniol.


DIMETHYLALLYL DIPHOSPHATE

A prenol phosphate that is a phosphoantigen comprising the O-pyrophosphate of prenol.


The 5-diphospho derivative of (R)-mevalonic acid.


A carboxyalkyl phosphate that is mevalonic acid phosphorylated at position 5.


MEVALONIC ACID

The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.


A 3beta-sterol having the structure of desmosterol with an extra double bond at C-7--C-8.


desmosterol

A cholestanoid that is cholesta-5,24-diene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. It is an intermediate metabolite obtained during the synthesis of cholesterol.


A ten-membered branched glucosamine oligosaccharide consisting of nine D-mannosyl residues and one N-acetylglucosamine residue (the latter being located at the reducing end). An intermediate glycan structure of glycosylated proteins


A six-membered branched glucosamine oligosaccharide consisting of five D-mannosyl residues and one N-acetylglucosamine residue (the latter being located at the reducing end). An intermediate glycan structure of glycosylated proteins.


D-mannose

D-Mannose in its six-membered ring form.


dolichyl beta-D-glucosyl phosphate

A polyprenyl glycosyl phosphate having dolichyl as the polyprenyl component and beta-D-glucose as the glycosyl component.


An N-glycan residue involved in post-translational modification of proteins.


A nucleotide-sugar oxoanion resulting from the removal of both of the hydrogens from the diphosphate group of GDP-beta-L-fucose.


A group obtained by removing the hydroxy group from the hemiacetal function of beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.


An adenosine bisphosphate having monophosphate groups at the 3'- and 5'-positions and a sulfo group attached to the phosphate at position 5'.


An adenosine bisphosphate having two monophosphate groups at the 3'- and 5'-positions.


An N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl group derived from beta-D-glucuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosamine.


An N(4)-glycosylated asparagine residue in which the glycan moiety is a branched octasaccharide consisting of five D-mannosyl residues and three N-acetylglucosamine residues, one of which at the reducing end is bonded to the asparagine N(4) atom.


An N(4)-glycosylated asparagine residue in which the glycan moiety is a branched hexasaccharide consisting of three D-mannosyl residues and three N-acetylglucosamine residues, one of which at the reducing end is bonded to the asparagine N(4) atom.


An N(4)-glycosylated asparagine residue in which the glycan moiety is a branched nonasaccharide consisting of seven D-mannosyl residues and two N-acetylglucosamine residues, one of which at the reducing end is bonded to the asparagine N(4) atom.


An N-glycan group involved in post-translational modification of proteins.


A dolichyl diphosphooligosaccharide intermediate involved in post-translational modification of proteins.


glycan G10599

A dolichyl diphosphooligosaccharide compound consisting of a branched tridecasaccharide attached to the dolichyl chain via a diphosphate linkage.


An alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-[alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-[alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->6)]-alpha-D-Man-(1->6)]-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc(PP-Dol) in which the anomeric centre has alpha-configuration.


dolichyl D-mannosyl phosphate(1-)

Conjugate base of dolichyl D-mannosyl phosphate arising from deprotonation of the free OH group of the phosphate.


glycan G10595

A dolichyl diphosphooligosaccharide compound consisting of a branched octasaccharide attached to the dolichyl chain via a diphosphate linkage.


An alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->2)-alpha-D-Man-(1->3)-[alpha-D-Man-(1->6)]-beta-D-Man-(1->4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1->4)-D-GlcNAc(PP-Dol) in which the anomeric centre has alpha-configuration.


A dolichyl diphosphooligosaccharide compound consisting of a branched pentasaccharide attached to the dolichyl chain via a diphosphate linkage.


Conjugate base of GDP-alpha-D-mannose arising from deprotonation of both free OH groups of the diphosphate.


diacetylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol

A chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol compound having two acetyl substituents in unspecified positions.


dolichyl phosphate(2-)

Dianion of dolichyl phosphate arising from deprotonation of both phosphate OH groups.


dolichol

Any one of a group of prenol derivatives made up of varying numbers of cis-linked isoprene units, terminating in an alpha-saturated isoprenoid group containing an alcohol functional group, with the three isoprene units at the distal end trans-linked.


ditrans,polycis-polyprenol

A polyprenol in which all linkages of the isoprene units are cis, except for the two furthest from the hydroxy group which are trans.


Dianion of N-acetyl-alpha-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups; major species at pH 7.3.


N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate(2-)

Dianion of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate arising from deprotonation of both OH groups of the phosphate.


N-glycoloyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate

An N-acyl-D-glucosamine phosphate in which the N-acyl group is specified as glycoloyl and the phosphate group is located at position 6. An intermediate in the N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) degradation pathway


aldehydo-N-acetyl-D-mannosamine

An N-acetylmannosamine in open-chain aldehyde form with D-configuration.


N-acetylneuraminate

A ketoaldonate that is the conjugate base of N-acetylneuraminic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.


alpha-D-galactosyl group

A galactosyl group obtained by removing the hydroxy group from the hemiacetal function of alpha-D-galactose and, by extension, of a lower oligosaccharide having alpha-D-galactose at the reducing end. The unsubstituted parent of the class of alpha-D-galactosyl groups.


An aldehydo-N-acyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate that has acetyl as the acyl group.


An anionic ganglioside that is the conjugate base alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-ceramide arising from deprotonation of the neuraminosyl carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.


N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl group

A galactosaminyl group (D-configuration) in which the amino group at C-2 is acetylated. The group may be substituted with further mono- or oligo-saccharide groups.


N-acetylneuraminyl group

A sialosyl group derived from N-acetylneuraminic acid.


D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate(2-)

A D-hexopyranose 6-phosphate(2-) that is the dianion of D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate arising from deprotonation of the phosphate function.


alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate(2-)

An organophosphate oxoanion that is the dianion of alpha-D-mannose 1-phosphate.


A GDP-sugar having 4-dehydro-6-deoxy-alpha-D-mannose as the sugar portion.


A GDP-4-dehydro-L-fucose in which the anomeric centre of the fucose portion has beta-configuration. An intermediate formed during the de novo synthesis of GDP-L-fucose.


beta-L-fucose 1-phosphate

The beta-anomer of L-fucose 1-phosphate.


beta-L-fucose

A L-fucopyranose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.


alpha-L-fucose

An L-fucopyranose having alpha-configuration at the anomeric centre.


N-acylphytosphingosine

A ceramide that is phytosphingosine having a fatty acyl group attached to the nitrogen.


dihydroceramide

An N-acylsphingoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any fatty acid with the amino group of any dihydrosphingoid base.


phytoceramide

A class of phytoceramides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any fatty acid with the amino group of any phytosphingoid base.


sphingoid

Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.


3-dehydrosphingoid base(1+)

A cationic sphingoid obtained by protonation of the amino group of any 3-dehydrosphingoid base. Major species at pH 7.3.


N-acylsphingoid

A ceramide consisting of an undefined sphingoid base linked to an undefined fatty acid via an amide bond.


A hexadecenal containing a double bond at position 2 (the trans-stereoisomer).


sphingoid 1-phosphate(1-)

A generic class of anionic phospholipids, encompassing phosphorylated derivatives of sphinganine, its homologues and stereoisomers, as well as the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.


sphingomyelin d18:1

Any sphingomyelin having sphingosine as the sphingoid component.


N-hexadecanoylsphinganine

A dihydroceramide in which the ceramide N-acyl group is specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl).


An optically active phosphatidylethanolamine zwitterion having R-configuration


2-saturated fatty acid anion

A fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any 2-saturated fatty acid.


beta-D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine

A D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine in which the glucosyl head group has beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.


galactosylceramide

Any of the cerebrosides in which the monosaccharide head group is galactose.


ganglioside GM1(1-)

A carbohydrate acid derivative anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of GM1 ganglioside.


A dihexosylceramide sulfate(1-) obtained by deprotonation of the sulfate group of beta-D-3-sulfogalactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-ceramide; major species at pH 7.3.