description: Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sugar(out) = protein histidine + sugar phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + protein L-glutamate = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + protein L-glutamate 5-methyl ester; this reaction is the methylation of peptidyl-L-glutamate to form peptidyl-L-glutamate 5-methyl ester.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: protein L-glutamate O(5)-methyl ester + H2O = protein L-glutamate + methanol.


pyruvate, water dikinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O + pyruvate = AMP + 3 H+ + phosphate + phosphoenolpyruvate.


quinolinate synthetase A activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: iminoaspartate + dihydroxy-acetone-phosphate = quinolinate + 2 H2O + phosphate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N6-methyladenine.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N1-methylguanine.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing N2-methylguanine.


rhamnulokinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-rhamnulose = ADP + L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: L-rhamnulose 1-phosphate = glycerone phosphate + (S)-lactaldehyde.


ribonuclease E activity

description: Catalysis of the cleavage of single-stranded RNA that is monophosphorylated at its 5'-end; cleavage occurs predominantly at 5 nucleotides from the 5'-end and in A + U-rich regions, and is blocked by the presence of a 5'-triphosphate group.


ribonuclease G activity

description: Catalysis of the cleavage of single-stranded RNA that is monophosphorylated at its 5'-end; cleavage occurs predominantly at positions 5 and 6 nucleotides from the 5'-end and in A + U-rich regions, and is blocked by the presence of a 5'-triphosphate group.


ribonuclease R activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: RNA + H2O = 5'-phosphomononucleotides. Cleaves RNA in the 3' to 5' direction, leaving an undigested core of 3-5 nucleotides.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = ribonucleoside triphosphate + thioredoxin.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + N-terminal L-alanyl-peptide = CoA + H+ + N-terminal N-alpha-acetyl-L-alanyl-peptide.


selenocysteine lyase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: L-selenocysteine + reduced acceptor = hydrogen selenide + L-alanine + acceptor.


serine O-acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: L-serine + acetyl-CoA = O-acetyl-L-serine + CoA.


name: serine-type D-Ala-D-Ala carboxypeptidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (Ac)2-L-Lys-D-alanyl-D-alanine + H2O = (Ac)2-L-Lys-D-alanine + D-alanine.


name: site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + DNA adenine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + DNA 6-methylaminopurine.


DNA-methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to a DNA molecule.


site-specific recombinase activity

description: Catalysis of the formation of new phosphodiester bonds between a pair of short, unique target DNA sequences.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NAD+ = D-fructose 6-phosphate + NADH + H+.


starch synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ADP-glucose + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n) = ADP + (1,4)-alpha-D-glucosyl(n+1).


description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + streptomycin = 3''-adenylylstreptomycin + diphosphate + H+.


name: succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: succinate semialdehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O = succinate + NAD(P)H + H+.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: N-succinyl-LL-2,6-diaminopimelate + H2O = LL-2,6-diaminopimelate + succinate.


N-succinylarginine dihydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-succinyl-L-arginine + 2 H2O + 2 H+ = N(2)-succinyl-L-ornithine + CO2 + 2 NH4.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + N-succinyl-LL-2,6-diaminopimelate = L-2-succinylamino-6-oxopimelate + L-glutamate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: N-succinyl-L-glutamate + H2O = L-glutamate + succinate.


sucrose phosphorylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: sucrose + phosphate = D-fructose + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate.


tRNA nucleotidyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA(n+1) + phosphate = tRNA(n) + a nucleoside diphosphate.


tagatose-6-phosphate kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-tagatose 6-phosphate = ADP + D-tagatose 1,6-bisphosphate.


tagatose-bisphosphate aldolase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-tagatose 1,6-diphosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + glycerone phosphate.


tagaturonate reductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-altronate + NAD+ = D-tagaturonate + H+ + NADH.


tartrate dehydrogenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: tartrate + NAD+ = oxaloglycolate + NADH + H+.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glyoxylate + H+ = 2-hydroxy-3-oxopropanoate + CO2.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-D-glucosaminyl-(1->6)-beta-D-2,3-bis(3-hydroxytetradecanoyl)-beta-D-glucosaminyl 1-phosphate + ATP = ADP + 2 H+ + lipid IV(a).


thiamine-phosphate kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thiamine phosphate = ADP + H+ + thiamine diphosphate.


thymidine phosphorylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: thymidine + phosphate = thymine + 2-deoxy-D-ribose 1-phosphate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H+ + trimethylamine-N-oxide = NAD+ + trimethylamine + H2O.


tryptophanase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: L-tryptophan + H2O = indole + NH4 + pyruvate.


name: type I site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity

description: Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give random double-stranded fragments with terminal 5' or 3' protrusions, driven by ATP hydrolysis. Cleavage is dependent on the presence in the DNA of a specific recognition site. Cleavage may occur hundreds or thousands of base pairs away from the recognition site due to translocation of DNA.


name: type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease activity

description: Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates and 3' hydroxyls. Cleavage is dependent on the presence in the DNA of a specific recognition site; cleavage occurs at or very near this recognition site.


name: tyrosine-based site-specific recombinase activity

description: Catalysis of the formation of new phosphodiester bonds between a pair of short, unique DNA target sequences; occurs through a phosphotyrosyl intermediate in which the target sequence is first cleaved by the nucleophilic attack by a tyrosine in the active site.


undecaprenol kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + undecaprenol = ADP + undecaprenyl phosphate.


urease activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: urea + H2O = CO2 + 2 NH3.


ureidoglycolate dehydrogenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-ureidoglycolate + NAD(P)+ = oxalureate + NAD(P)H + H+.


UMP/dUMP kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + (d)UMP = ADP + (d)UDP.


valine-pyruvate transaminase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: L-valine + pyruvate = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + L-alanine.


xylan 1,4-beta-xylosidase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-xylans so as to remove successive D-xylose residues from the non-reducing termini.


xylose isomerase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-xylose = D-xylulose.


name: zinc D-Ala-D-Ala carboxypeptidase activity

description: Catalysis of the cleavage of the D-alanyl-D-alanine bond in (Ac)2-L-lysyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine.


name: dosage compensation by hyperactivation of X chromosome

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by a global hyperactivation of all, or most of, the genes on the X-chromosome in the heterogametic sex, leading to a two-fold increase in gene expression from this chromosome. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: dosage compensation by inactivation of X chromosome

description: Compensating for the two-fold variation in X-chromosome:autosome ratios between sexes by heterochromatin formation leading to a global inactivation of all, or most of, the genes on one of the X-chromosomes in the XX sex.


glycopeptide catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycopeptides, a compound in which carbohydrate is covalently attached to an oligopeptide composed of residues of L and/or D-amino acids. The term usually denotes a product of proteolytic degradation of a glycoprotein but includes glycated peptide.


name: pentose-phosphate shunt, oxidative branch

description: The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which involves the oxidation of glucose 6-P and produces ribulose 5-P, reduced NADP+ and carbon dioxide (CO2).


name: pentose-phosphate shunt, non-oxidative branch

description: The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which does not involve oxidation reactions. It comprises a series of sugar phosphate interconversions, starting with ribulose 5-P and producing fructose 6-P and glyceraldehyde 3-P.


electron transfer activity

description: A molecular function representing the directed movement of electrons from one molecular entity to another, typically mediated by electron carriers or acceptors, resulting in the transfer of energy and/or the reduction-oxidation (redox) transformation of chemical species. This activity is fundamental to various biological processes, including cellular respiration and photosynthesis, as well as numerous enzymatic reactions involved in metabolic pathways.


catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, including the breakdown of carbon compounds with the liberation of energy for use by the cell or organism.


macromolecule catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.


macromolecule biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass.


aerobic respiration

description: The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.


anaerobic respiration

description: The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which uses compounds other than oxygen (e.g. nitrate, sulfate) as the terminal electron acceptor.


fatty acid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.


amino acid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.


name: glutamine family amino acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.


name: glutamine family amino acid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.


name: aspartate family amino acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.


name: aspartate family amino acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.


name: aspartate family amino acid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.


name: serine family amino acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.


name: serine family amino acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.


name: serine family amino acid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.


aromatic amino acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).


name: aromatic amino acid family biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).


name: aromatic amino acid family catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).


name: pyruvate family amino acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.


name: pyruvate family amino acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.


name: pyruvate family amino acid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.


name: branched-chain amino acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.


name: branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.


name: branched-chain amino acid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.


name: glutamine family amino acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.


lysine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.


methionine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


methionine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


threonine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


name: lysine biosynthetic process via diaminopimelate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lysine, via the intermediate diaminopimelate.


homoserine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of homoserine, alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid.


homoserine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of homoserine, alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid.


homoserine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving homoserine, alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cystathionine, threonine and methionine.


cysteine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.


L-phenylalanine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.


name: aromatic amino acid family biosynthetic process, prephenate pathway

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phenylalanine and tyrosine from other compounds, including chorismate, via the intermediate prephenate.


isoleucine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.


L-leucine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.


valine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.


glycoprotein metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.


glycoprotein biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.


biotin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid.


lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.


lipopolysaccharide catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipopolysaccharides, any of a group of related, structurally complex components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.


lipoate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.


lipoate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipoate, 1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoate, the anion derived from lipoic acid.


vitamin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.


vitamin catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.


nucleobase metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid, e.g. the purines: adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and the pyrimidines: cytosine, uracil, thymine.


purine nucleobase biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.


hypoxanthine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hypoxanthine, 6-hydroxy purine, an intermediate in the degradation of adenylate. Its ribonucleoside is known as inosine and its ribonucleotide as inosinate.


xanthine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xanthine, 2,6-dihydroxypurine, a purine formed in the metabolic breakdown of guanine but not present in nucleic acids.


nucleoside metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (a ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleoside), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine).


nucleotide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleotide, a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).


name: regulation of nucleoside metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleosides.


ribonucleoside metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.


deoxyribonucleoside metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


name: nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: nucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: nucleoside monophosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: purine nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: purine nucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: purine nucleoside monophosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: nucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: nucleoside diphosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: purine nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: purine nucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: purine nucleoside diphosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: nucleoside triphosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: purine nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: purine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: purine nucleoside triphosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


purine ribonucleotide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


name: purine deoxyribonucleotide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


name: purine ribonucleotide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


name: purine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


purine ribonucleotide catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


name: purine deoxyribonucleotide catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


name: ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: ribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


nucleoside biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


nucleoside catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


nucleotide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).


nucleotide catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotides, any nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety; may be mono-, di- or triphosphate; this definition includes cyclic-nucleotides (nucleoside cyclic phosphates).


name: purine ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: purine ribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.


name: purine ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: purine ribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: purine ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


cyclic nucleotide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.


name: ribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


cyclic nucleotide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.


name: ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine deoxynucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine deoxynucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.


name: ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: ribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: purine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: purine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: purine ribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


cyclic nucleotide catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.


name: purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.


name: pyrimidine ribonucleotide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine deoxynucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


name: pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


name: pyrimidine ribonucleotide catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


name: pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


CMP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CMP, cytidine monophosphate.


nucleotide-sugar metabolic process

description: The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide-carbohydrate in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.


nucleotide-sugar biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide-carbohydrate in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.


nucleotide-sugar catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide-carbohydrate in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.


thiamine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.


name: thiamine diphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.


thiamine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.


riboflavin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).


riboflavin catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).


menaquinone metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the menaquinones, quinone-derived compounds synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.


menaquinone biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the menaquinones. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones that have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.


cobalamin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.


cobalamin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.


siderophore metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances made by aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria, especially when growing under iron deficient conditions. The complexes of Fe(3+)-siderophores have very high stability constants and are taken up by specific transport systems by microorganisms; the subsequent release of iron requires enzymatic action.


enterobactin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway.


enterobactin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of enterobactin, a catechol-derived siderochrome of Enterobacteria; enterobactin (N',N',N''-(2,6,10-trioxo-1,5,9-triacyclodecane-3,7,11-triyl)tris(2,3-dihydroxy)benzamide) is a self-triester of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine and a product of the shikimate pathway.


name: isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids.


colanic acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of colanic acid, a capsular bacterial polysaccharide.


O antigen biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the O side chain of a lipopolysaccharide, which determines the antigenic specificity of the organism. It is made up of about 50 repeating units of a branched tetrasaccharide.


name: lipopolysaccharide core region biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the core region of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, which contains ten saccharide residues.


lipid A biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipid A, the glycolipid group of bacterial lipopolysaccharides, consisting of four to six fatty acyl chains linked to two glucosamine residues. Further modifications of the backbone are common.


name: enterobacterial common antigen biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the enterobacterial common antigen, an acidic polysaccharide containing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-mannosaminouronic acid, and 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose. A major component of the cell wall outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.


glycolipid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide).


K antigen biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a K antigen, a capsular polysaccharide antigen carried on the surface of bacterial capsules that masks somatic (O) antigens.


protein lipoylation

description: The lipoylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-lipoyl-L-lysine.


glucan biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.


glucan catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.


peptidoglycan biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.


peptidoglycan catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.


peptidoglycan turnover

description: The continual breakdown and regeneration of peptidoglycan required to maintain the cell wall.


name: Entner-Doudoroff pathway through 6-phosphogluconate

description: A pathway that converts a carbohydrate to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate by producing 6-phosphogluconate and then dehydrating it.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.


ribonucleotide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


ribonucleotide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


ribonucleotide catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


deoxyribonucleotide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


deoxyribonucleotide catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a 2'-deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a 2'-deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


response to temperature stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus.


cellular response to starvation

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nourishment.


response to pH

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.


response to desiccation

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a desiccation stimulus, extreme dryness resulting from the prolonged deprivation of water.


response to humidity

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a humidity stimulus, moisture in the atmosphere.


phage shock

description: A response by bacterial cells to a variety of stresses including filamentous phage infection, mislocalization of envelope proteins, extremes of temperature, osmolarity or ethanol concentration, and the presence of proton ionophores such as carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), that involves expression of the phage shock protein operon, and acts to protect the bacterial cells from damage.


fungal-type cell wall biogenesis

description: A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a fungal-type cell wall. The fungal-type cell wall contains beta-glucan and may contain chitin.


name: peptidoglycan-based cell wall biogenesis

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the peptidoglycan-based cell wall. An example of this process is found in Escherichia coli.


peptidoglycan-based cell wall

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A protective structure outside the cytoplasmic membrane composed of peptidoglycan (also known as murein), a molecule made up of a glycan (sugar) backbone of repetitively alternating N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid with short, attached, cross-linked peptide chains containing unusual amino acids. An example of this component is found in Escherichia coli.


Gram-positive-bacterium-type cell wall

description: A layer of peptidoglycan found outside of the cytoplasmic membrane. The peptidoglycan is relatively thick (20-80nm) and retains the primary stain of the Gram procedure, thus cells appear blue after Gram stain. The cell walls often contain teichoic acids (acidic anionic polysaccharides) bound to the peptidoglycan. Examples of this component are found in Gram-positive bacteria.


Gram-negative-bacterium-type cell wall

description: The peptidoglycan layer of the Gram-negative cell envelope. In Gram-negative cells the peptidoglycan is relatively thin (1-2nm) and is linked to the outer membrane by lipoproteins. In Gram-negative cells the peptidoglycan is too thin to retain the primary stain in the Gram staining procedure and therefore cells appear red after Gram stain.


fungal-type cell wall

description: A rigid yet dynamic structure surrounding the plasma membrane that affords protection from stresses and contributes to cell morphogenesis, consisting of extensively cross-linked glycoproteins and carbohydrates. The glycoproteins may be modified with N- or O-linked carbohydrates, or glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors; the polysaccharides are primarily branched glucans, including beta-linked and alpha-linked glucans, and may also include chitin and other carbohydrate polymers, but not cellulose or pectin. Enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis are also found in the cell wall. Note that some forms of fungi develop a capsule outside of the cell wall under certain circumstances; this is considered a separate structure.


cell outer membrane

description: A lipid bilayer that forms the outermost membrane of the cell envelope; enriched in polysaccharide and protein; the outer leaflet of the membrane contains specific lipopolysaccharide structures.


bacterial-type flagellum

description: A motor complex composed of an extracellular helical protein filament coupled to a rotary motor embedded in the cell envelope.


pilus

description: A proteinaceous hair-like appendage on the surface of bacteria ranging from 2-8 nm in diameter.


name: DNA import into cell involved in transformation

description: The directed movement of DNA into a cell that contributes to the process of transformation, the uptake of foreign genetic material into a cell.


unidirectional conjugation

description: The process of unidirectional (polarized) transfer of genetic information involving direct cellular contact between a donor and recipient cell; the contact is followed by the formation of a cellular bridge that physically connects the cells. Some or all of the chromosome(s) of the donor cell is transferred into the recipient cell.


horizontal gene transfer

description: The introduction of genetic information into a cell to create a genetically different individual, without production of new individuals.


transduction

description: A type of horizontal gene transfer in which genetic material is introduced into a cell mediated by a virus.


DNA-mediated transformation

description: The direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material (DNA or RNA) into a cell from its surroundings through the cell envelope.


nucleoid

description: The region of a virus, bacterial cell, mitochondrion or chloroplast to which the nucleic acid is confined.


pilus assembly

description: The assembly from its constituent parts of a pilus, a short filamentous structure of bacterial cell, flagella-like in structure and generally present in many copies. Pili are variously involved in transfer of nucleic acids, adherence to surfaces, and formation of pellicles. Is required for bacterial conjugation, or can play a role in adherence to surfaces (when it is called a fimbrium), and in the formation of pellicles.


GDP-mannose biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.


mRNA transcription

description: The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template.


antisense RNA transcription

description: The synthesis of antisense RNA, an RNA molecule complementary in sequence to another RNA or DNA molecule, which, by binding the latter, acts to inhibit its function and/or completion of synthesis, on a template of DNA.


snRNA transcription

description: The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template.


sno(s)RNA transcription

description: The synthesis of snoRNA class RNA (also referred to as sRNA in Archaea) from a DNA template.


rRNA transcription

description: The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), any RNA that forms part of the ribosomal structure, from a DNA template.


tRNA transcription

description: The synthesis of transfer RNA (tRNA) from a DNA template.


protein secretion

description: The controlled release of proteins from a cell.


DNA restriction-modification system

description: A defense process found in many bacteria and archaea that protects the organism from invading foreign DNA by cleaving it with a restriction endonuclease. The organism's own DNA is protected by methylation of a specific nucleotide, which occurs immediately following replication, in the same target site as the restriction enzyme.


amine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.


amine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.


amine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.


oligosaccharide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.


oligosaccharide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.


oligosaccharide catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.


response to radiation

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.


3-isopropylmalate dehydratase complex

description: A heterodimeric enzyme complex composed of subunits leuC and leuD. Catalyzes the isomerization between 2-isopropylmalate and 3-isopropylmalate, via the formation of 2-isopropylmaleate.


acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex

description: A protein complex that catalyzes the first step in long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis. For example, in E. coli the complex is heterohexameric and composed of biotin carbonyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and the acetate CoA-transferase complex.


exodeoxyribonuclease VII complex

description: An enzyme complex that catalyzes exonucleolytic cleavage in either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction to yield nucleoside 5'-phosphates; it prefers single-stranded DNA.


cytochrome o ubiquinol oxidase complex

description: A protein complex that possesses cytochrome o ubiquinol oxidase activity; consists of four polypeptide subunits and associated prosthetic groups.


description: A protein complex that possesses phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase activity.


alkyl hydroperoxide reductase complex

description: An enzyme complex, usually a homodimer, which directly reduces cellular levels of organic hydroperoxides.


description: An enzyme complex that catalyzes the reduction of trimethylamine N-oxide to trimethylamine.


D-amino-acid dehydrogenase complex

description: A protein complex that possesses D-amino-acid dehydrogenase activity.


nitrate reductase complex

description: An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of nitrate from nitrite with the concomitant reduction of an acceptor.


formate dehydrogenase complex

description: An enzyme complex that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of formate to produce carbon dioxide (CO2).


phenylalanine-tRNA ligase complex

description: An enzyme complex that catalyzes the ligation of phenylalanine to tRNA(Phe), forming L-phenylalanyl-tRNA(Phe).


acetate CoA-transferase complex

description: A heterotetrameric enzyme complex made up of two alpha subunits and two beta subunits. Part of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex. Catalyzes the transfer of a carboxyl group to form malonyl-CoA.


name: DNA topoisomerase type II (double strand cut, ATP-hydrolyzing) complex

description: Complex that possesses DNA topoisomerase II (double strand cut, ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.


name: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (FAD) complex

description: An enzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidation of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, with concurrent reduction of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) to FADH2. In E. coli, the complex is either a GlpA-GlpB-GlpC heterotrimer that functions in anaerobic conditions, or a GlpD homodimer that functions in aerobic conditions.


glutamate-tRNA ligase complex

description: An enzyme complex that catalyzes the ligation of glutamate and tRNA(Glu) to form glutamyl-tRNA(Glu).


cysteine synthase complex

description: Cysteine synthase is a multienzyme complex made up, in E. coli, of the heteromeric hexamer serine acetyltransferase and the homodimer O-acetylserine (thiol)-lyase A.


3-phenylpropionate dioxygenase complex

description: Enzyme complex consisting of four proteins: the two subunits of the hydroxylase component (hcaE and hcaF), a ferredoxin (hcaC) and a ferredoxin reductase (hcaD). Converts 3-phenylpropionic acid (PP) into cis-3-(3-carboxyethyl)-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol (PP-dihydrodiol).


name: sulfate adenylyltransferase complex (ATP)

description: An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation adenylylsulfate from sulfate and ATP.


sulfite reductase complex (NADPH)

description: A multisubunit iron flavoprotein, which in yeast is composed of 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits. Catalyzes the reduction of sulfite to sulfide.


exodeoxyribonuclease V complex

description: An enzyme complex that catalyzes exonucleolytic cleavage (in the presence of ATP) in either 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction to yield 5'-phosphooligonucleotides. Exodeoxyribonuclease V shows a preference for double-stranded DNA and possesses DNA-dependent ATPase activity. It acts endonucleolytically on single-stranded circular DNA.


glycolate oxidase complex

description: An enzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidation of 2-hydroxy acid to form 2-oxo acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The enzyme is a flavoprotein (FMN).


DNA topoisomerase IV complex

description: A heterodimeric enzyme, which in most bacterial species is composed of two subunits, ParC and ParE. Functions in chromosome segregation and can relax supercoiled DNA.


beta-galactosidase complex

description: A protein complex that possesses beta-galactosidase activity, i.e. catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-D-galactosides. In E. coli, the complex is a homotetramer; dimeric and hexameric beta-galactosidase complexes have been observed in other species.


glutamate synthase complex (NADPH)

description: A complex that possesses glutamate synthase (NADPH) activity.


nitrite reductase complex [NAD(P)H]

description: Complex that possesses nitrite reductase [NAD(P)H] activity.


glycine-tRNA ligase complex

description: A multimeric enzyme complex which, in bacteria, is usually a tetramer of two alpha and two beta chains and in eukaryotes, is usually a homodimer. Functions in the ligation of glycine and tRNA(Gly) to form glycyl-tRNA(Gly).


ATP-independent citrate lyase complex

description: Citrate lyase is a multienzyme complex with three constituents: the alpha subunit, citrate-ACP transferase; the beta subunit, citryl-ACP lyase; and the gamma subunit, an acyl-carrier protein which also carries the prosthetic group components. All three subunits are required for citrate lyase enzyme activity. This enzyme has only been found in bacteria.


aspartate carbamoyltransferase complex

description: A multienzyme complex that catalyzes the formation N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate from carbamoyl phosphate and L-aspartate. It exhibits a variety of architectural organizations, but in all microorganisms the core catalytic component is a homotrimer of approximately 34 kDa polypeptides.


riboflavin synthase complex

description: An flavoprotein that catalyzes the reaction the breakdown of dimethyl(ribityl)lumazine to form riboflavin and ribitylamino-amino-dihydroxypyrimidine.


ethanolamine ammonia-lyase complex

description: An enzyme complex that catalyzes the breakdown of ethanolamine to form acetaldehyde and ammonia.


DNA polymerase V complex

description: A DNA polymerase complex that contains two UmuD' and one UmuC subunits, and acts in translesion DNA synthesis.


aminodeoxychorismate synthase complex

description: A heterodimeric protein complex that possesses 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase activity.


description: An enzyme complex that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate from protein N(PI)-phosphohistidine to a sugar molecule. It is enzyme II of the phosphotransferase system.


polyphosphate kinase complex

description: A protein complex that possesses polyphosphate kinase activity.


name: type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease complex

description: A protein complex that functions as an endonuclease to cleave DNA at or near a specific recognition site, when that site is unmethylated. These complexes may be dimers or tetramers; it is also possible for the endonuclease to be in a complex with the corresponding methyltransferase that methylates the recognition site. DNA restriction systems such as this are used by bacteria to defend against phage and other foreign DNA that may enter a cell.


DNA polymerase III complex

description: The DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is a complex that contains 10 different types of subunits. These subunits are organized into 3 functionally essential sub-assemblies: the pol III core, the beta sliding clamp processivity factor and the clamp-loading complex. The pol III core carries out the polymerase and the 3'-5' exonuclease proofreading activities. The polymerase is tethered to the template via the sliding clamp processivity factor. The clamp-loading complex assembles the beta processivity factor onto the primer template and plays a central role in the organization and communication at the replication fork.


name: succinate-CoA ligase complex (ADP-forming)

description: A heterodimeric enzyme complex, composed of an alpha and beta chain, most usually found in (but not limited to) bacteria. Functions in the TCA cycle, hydrolyzing succinyl-CoA into succinate and CoA, thereby forming ATP.


protein histidine kinase complex

description: A complex that possesses protein histidine kinase activity.


enterobactin synthetase complex

description: A multienzyme complex usually composed of four proteins, EntB, EntD, EntE and EntF. Plays a role in the enterobactin biosynthesis pathway.


endopeptidase Clp complex

description: A protein complex comprised of members of the ClpX, ClpC, ClpD, ClpP or ClpR protein families. ClpPs are the proteolytic subunit of active complexes, and ClpA and ClpX form the regulatory subunits. Enzymatically active and inactive complexes can form.


quorum sensing

description: The cell-cell signaling process in which single-celled organisms carry out coordinated responses by monitoring their own population density, and often also that of other microbes, by producing small, diffusible, signal molecules, detecting the concentration of these molecules, and triggering a signal transduction pathway when a certain threshold is reached. Quorum sensing can occur amongst microbial communities in the environment or within host organisms.


biotin binding

description: Binding to biotin (cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid), the (+) enantiomer of which is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.


ferredoxin hydrogenase complex

description: An enzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidation of reduced ferredoxin. Hydrogenase contains iron-sulfur clusters, and some contain nickel; it can use molecular hydrogen for the reduction of a variety of substances.


HslUV protease complex

description: A protein complex that possesses ATP-dependent protease activity; consists of an ATPase large subunit with homology to other ClpX family ATPases and a peptidase small subunit related to the proteasomal beta-subunits of eukaryotes. In the E. coli complex, a double ring-shaped homohexamer of HslV is capped on each side by a ring-shaped HslU homohexamer.


four-way junction helicase activity

description: Unwinding a DNA helix of DNA containing four-way junctions, including Holliday junctions, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


Holliday junction helicase complex

description: A DNA helicase complex found at Holliday junctions where the helicase activity is involved in the migration of the junction branch point. The best-characterized example is the E. coli RuvAB complex, in which a hexamer of RuvB subunits possesses helicase activity that is modulated by association with RuvA.


excinuclease repair complex

description: Any of the protein complexes formed by the UvrABC excinuclease system, which carries out nucleotide excision repair. Three different complexes are formed by the 3 proteins as they proceed through the excision repair process. First a complex consisting of two A subunits and two B subunits bind DNA and unwind it around the damaged site. Then, the A subunits disassociate leaving behind a stable complex between B subunits and DNA. Now, subunit C binds to this B+DNA complex and causes subunit B to nick the DNA on one side of the complex while subunit C nicks the DNA on the other side of the complex. DNA polymerase I and DNA ligase can then repair the resulting gap.


excinuclease ABC activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid at sites flanking regions of damaged DNA to which the Uvr ABC excinuclease complexes bind.


description: Complex that possesses imidazoleglycerol-phosphate synthase activity.


description: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to cytosine to form 5-methylcytosine in small subunit ribosomal RNA.


N-acylmannosamine kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + N-acyl-D-mannosamine = ADP + N-acyl-D-mannosamine 6-phosphate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-mannosamine-6-phosphate = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-phosphate.


translational attenuation

description: Translational attenuation is a regulatory mechanism analogous to ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation. The system requires the presence of a short ORF, called a leader peptide, encoded in the mRNA upstream of the ribosome-binding site and start codon of the gene whose translation is to be regulated. Certain conditions, such as presence of the antibiotic tetracycline in bacteria or amino acid starvation, may cause slowing or stalling of the ribosome translating the leader peptide. The stalled ribosome masks a region of the mRNA and affects which of two alternative mRNA folded structures will form, therefore controlling whether or not a ribosome will bind and initiate translation of the downstream gene. Translational attenuation is analogous to ribosome-mediated transcriptional attenuation, in which mRNA remodeling caused by ribosome stalling regulates transcriptional termination rather than translational initiation.


dimethyl sulfoxide reductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: dimethyl sulfoxide + H+ = dimethyl sulfide + H2O.


dimethyl sulfoxide reductase complex

description: An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of dimethyl sulfide from dimethyl sulfoxide.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: GlcNAc-1,6-anhMurNAc-L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-DAP-D-Ala + H2O glcNAc-1,6-anhMurNAc + L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-DAP-D-Ala.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a 2'-deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a 2'-deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


phospholipid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


name: folic acid-containing compound biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives.


name: folic acid-containing compound catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of folic acid and its derivatives.


FMN biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FMN, the oxidized form of flavin mononucleotide (riboflavin 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate)), which acts as a coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH dehydrogenase.


nitrogen fixation

description: The process in which nitrogen is taken from its relatively inert molecular form (N2) in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds useful for other chemical processes, such as ammonia, nitrate and nitrogen dioxide.


name: phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system

description: The uptake and phosphorylation of specific carbohydrates from the extracellular environment; uptake and phosphorylation are coupled, making the PTS a link between the uptake and metabolism of sugars; phosphoenolpyruvate is the original phosphate donor; phosphoenolpyruvate passes the phosphate via a signal transduction pathway, to enzyme 1 (E1), which in turn passes it on to the histidine protein, HPr; the next step in the system involves sugar-specific membrane-bound complex, enzyme 2 (EII), which transports the sugar into the cell; it includes the sugar permease, which catalyzes the transport reactions; EII is usually divided into three different domains, EIIA, EIIB, and EIIC.


toxin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.


toxin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.


toxin catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.


response to heat

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.


response to cold

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism.


response to xenobiotic stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


response to UV

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.


response to flooding

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating flooding, short-term immersion in water.


response to water deprivation

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a water deprivation stimulus, prolonged deprivation of water.


response to water

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of water.


response to light stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.


pilus shaft

description: The long, slender, mid section of a pilus.


pilus tip

description: The pointed extremity furthest from the cell of a pilus.


bacterial-type flagellum filament

description: The long (approximately 20 nm), thin external structure of the bacterial-type flagellum, which acts as a propeller.


bacterial-type flagellum filament cap

description: The proteinaceous structure at the distal tip of the bacterial-type flagellar filament.


name: bacterial-type flagellum hook-filament junction

description: The region of the bacterial-type flagellum where the hook and filament meet.


chorismate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the unsymmetrical ether derived from phosphoenolpyruvate and 5-phosphoshikimic acid formed as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and many other compounds.


bacterial-type flagellum hook

description: The portion of the bacterial-type flagellum that connects the filament to the basal body.


bacterial-type flagellum basal body

description: One of the three major substructures of the bacterial-type flagellum, the basal body is embedded in the cell envelope (the plasma membrane, peptidoglycan cell wall, and, if one is present, the outer membrane); it houses the secretion apparatus that exports the more distal components and the flagellar motor.


name: bacterial-type flagellum basal body, distal rod

description: The portion of the central rod of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body that is distal to the cell membrane; spans most of the distance between the inner and outer membranes.


name: bacterial-type flagellum basal body, distal rod, L ring

description: One of the rings of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body; anchors the basal body to the outer membrane.


name: bacterial-type flagellum basal body, distal rod, P ring

description: One of the rings of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body; anchors the basal body to the peptidoglycan layer.


name: bacterial-type flagellum basal body, proximal rod

description: The portion of the central rod of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body that is proximal to the cell membrane; the proximal rod connects the distal rod to the flagellar motor.


name: bacterial-type flagellum basal body, MS ring

description: One of the rings of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body; a double-flanged ring that anchors the basal body to the cytoplasmic membrane.


SOS response

description: An error-prone process for repairing damaged microbial DNA.


name: bacterial-type flagellum basal body, C ring

description: Cytoplasmic ring located at the base of the bacterial-type flagellar basal body; acts as a rotor; includes three switch proteins, which generate torque and can change their conformational state in a bimodal fashion, so that the motor direction can switch between clockwise and counterclockwise.


NAD biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.


glyoxylate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glyoxylate, the anion of glyoxylic acid, HOC-COOH.


carnitine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.


methylglyoxal metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, the aldehyde of pyruvic acid.


cyanate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyanate, NCO-, the anion of cyanic acid.


cyanate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyanate, NCO-, the anion of cyanic acid.


glycolate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolate, the anion of hydroxyethanoic acid (glycolic acid).


allantoin assimilation pathway

description: The pathways by which allantoin is processed and converted to ureidoglycolate, and then into metabolically useful substrates. E. coli are able to utilize allantoin as a sole nitrogen source under anaerobic conditions by converting it to ureidoglycolate; this may be further metabolized to produce glyoxylate and thence 3-phosphoglycerate, or alternatively oxidized to oxolureate, which can converted into oxamate and carbamoylphosphate. This may then be further metabolized to CO2, NH4+ and ATP.


pyridoxal 5'-phosphate salvage

description: Any process that generates pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, the active form of vitamin B6, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


putrescine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine can be formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.


putrescine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine can be synthesized from arginine or ornithine and is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.


putrescine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.


name: gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.


name: gamma-aminobutyric acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.


name: gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.