alkane catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alkane, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2.


cellular alkene metabolic process

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alkene, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n, as carried out by individual cells.


alkene biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alkene, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n.


alkene catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alkene, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n.


cellular alkyne metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alkyne, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon (compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen) having a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula CnH2n-2, as carried out by individual cells.


alkyne biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alkyne, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon (compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen) having a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula CnH2n-2.


alkyne catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alkyne, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon (compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen) having a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula CnH2n-2.


name: regulation of secondary metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon.


regulation of pentose-phosphate shunt

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the pentose-phosphate shunt, the process in which glucose is oxidized, coupled to NADPH synthesis.


regulation of cellular respiration

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration, the enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds.


name: proton-transporting ATP synthase complex assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting ATP synthase (also known as F-type ATPase), a two-sector ATPase found in the inner membrane of mitochondria and chloroplasts, and in bacterial plasma membranes.


regulation of ATP-dependent activity

description: Any process that modulates the rate of an ATP-dependent activity.


name: regulation of rhamnose catabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of rhamnose, the hexose 6-deoxy-L-mannose.


malolactic fermentation

description: The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of L-malate to L-lactate and carbon dioxide, yielding energy in the form of ATP.


regulation of fermentation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fermentation, the anaerobic enzymatic conversion of organic compounds, especially carbohydrates, to other compounds, especially to ethyl alcohol, resulting in energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).


pyrimidine nucleobase fermentation

description: The anaerobic conversion of pyrimidine nucleobases, yielding energy in the form of ATP.


name: regulation of generation of precursor metabolites and energy

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and the processes involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.


regulation of fucose catabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fucose.


name: regulation of D-xylose catabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xylose.


name: regulation of carbohydrate catabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates.


IgD binding

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Binding to an immunoglobulin of a D isotype.


pigmentation

description: The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells.


name: pigment metabolic process involved in pigmentation

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, resulting in the deposition or aggregation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell.


name: pigment metabolic process involved in pigment accumulation

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, as part of the accumulation of pigment.


pigment accumulation

description: The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in an organism, tissue or cell, occurring in response to some external stimulus.


name: pigment biosynthetic process involved in pigment accumulation

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, resulting in pigment accumulation.


name: pigment accumulation in response to UV light

description: The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in an organism, tissue or cell, occurring in response to a UV light stimulus.


name: pigment accumulation in tissues in response to UV light

description: The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in a tissue, occurring in response to a UV light stimulus.


pigment accumulation in tissues

description: The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in a tissue, occurring in response to an external stimulus.


name: anthocyanin accumulation in tissues in response to UV light

description: The aggregation of the pigment anthocyanin in a particular location in a tissue, occurring in response to a UV light stimulus.


cellular pigment accumulation

description: The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in a cell, occurring in response to some external stimulus.


name: anthocyanin biosynthetic process involved in anthocyanin accumulation in response to UV light

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the pigment anthocyanin, contributing to anthocyanin accumulation in a tissue in response to a UV light stimulus.


regulation of RNA splicing

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing, the process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.


endosome to pigment granule transport

description: The directed movement of substances from endosomes to pigment granules.


regulation of RNA stability

description: Any process that modulates the propensity of RNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize RNAs.


regulation of mRNA stability

description: Any process that modulates the propensity of mRNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize mRNAs.


RNA stabilization

description: Prevention of degradation of RNA molecules.


malate-aspartate shuttle

description: The process of transferring reducing equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondria; NADH is used to synthesise malate in the cytosol; this compound is then transported into the mitochondria where it is converted to oxaloacetate using NADH, the oxaloacetate reacts with gluamate to form aspartate, and the aspartate then returns to the cytosol to complete the cycle.


name: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: An intracellular signaling cassette that starts with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activation, production of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), activation of PDK1, which recruits and ending with the activation of protein kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt). PI3K is activated by cell surface receptors. Note that PTEN is an inhibitor of the pathway.


viral terminase complex

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A complex of a large and small subunit which catalyze the packaging of DNA into viral heads. Note that not all viral terminases have this structure, some exist as single polypeptides.


CLRC complex

description: An cullin-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase/histone H3-K9 methyltransferase complex essential for heterochromatin assembly by RNAi.


protein-membrane adaptor activity

description: The binding activity of a molecule that brings together a protein or a protein complex with a membrane, or bringing together two membranes, either via membrane lipid binding or by interacting with a membrane protein, to establish or maintain the localization of the protein, protein complex or organelle.


name: regulation of protein homodimerization activity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein homodimerization, interacting selectively with an identical protein to form a homodimer.


name: regulation of protein heterodimerization activity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein heterodimerization, interacting selectively with a nonidentical protein to form a heterodimer.


muscle adaptation

description: A process in which muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.


skeletal muscle adaptation

description: Any process in which skeletal muscles change their phenotypic profiles in response to altered functional demands and a variety of signals.


regulation of muscle adaptation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation.


skeletal muscle fiber adaptation

description: Any process in which the skeletal muscle fibers change their phenotypic profiles in response to altered functional demands and a variety of signals. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.


mitochondrial DNA repair

description: The process of restoring mitochondrial DNA after damage.


CENP-A containing nucleosome

description: A form of nucleosome located only at the centromere, in which the histone H3 is replaced by the variant form CENP-A (sometimes known as CenH3).


regulation of JUN kinase activity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.


name: positive regulation of JUN kinase activity

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.


name: negative regulation of JUN kinase activity

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.


activin A complex

description: A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta-A subunits (sometimes known as activin beta-A or activin/inhibin beta-A).


activin B complex

description: A nonsteroidal regulator, composed of two covalently linked inhibin beta-B subunits (sometimes known as activin beta-B or activin/inhibin beta-B).


inhibin complex

description: Heterodimeric hormone composed of an inhibin alpha subunit complexed with either an inhibin beta-A subunit, to form inhibin A, or an inhibin beta-B subunit, to form inhibin B.


inhibin A complex

description: Heterodimeric hormone composed of an inhibin alpha subunit complexed with an inhibin beta-A subunit.


inhibin B complex

description: Heterodimeric hormone composed of an inhibin alpha subunit complexed with an inhibin beta-B subunit.


interleukin-12 complex

description: A protein complex that is composed of an interleukin-12 alpha (p35, product of the IL12A gene) and an interleukin-12 beta subunit (p40, product of the IL12B gene) and is secreted into the extracellular space.


kinetochore binding

description: Binding to a kinetochore, a proteinaceous structure on a condensed chromosome, beside the centromere, to which the spindle fibers are attached.


name: regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.


name: positive regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.


name: negative regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.


name: regulation of myosin II filament organization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a bipolar filament composed of myosin II molecules.


name: regulation of myosin II filament assembly

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a bipolar filament composed of myosin II molecules.


name: regulation of myosin II filament disassembly

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the disassembly of a bipolar filament composed of myosin II molecules.


leucine zipper domain binding

description: Binding to a leucine zipper domain, a protein secondary structure exhibiting a periodic repetition of leucine residues at every seventh position over a distance covering eight helical turns.


regulation of neuron apoptotic process

description: Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.


name: negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.


name: positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process.


tRNA methyltransferase complex

description: A multimeric protein complex involved in the methylation of specific nucleotides in tRNA.


tRNA (m2G10) methyltransferase complex

description: A protein complex required for the methylation of the guanosine nucleotide at position 10 (m2G10) in tRNA. In S. cerevisiae, this complex consists of at least two subunits, Trm11p and Trm112p.


GET complex

description: An endoplasmic reticulum protein-containing complex that is conserved in eukaryotics and that mediates the insertion of tail-anchored proteins into the ER membrane. In yeast, includes Get1p, Get2p and Get3p proteins.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine 5'-monophosphoramidate + H2O = AMP + NH4+. Other substrates include AMP-morpholidate, AMP-N-alanine methyl ester and AMP-alpha-acetyl lysine methyl ester.


ADP binding

description: Binding to ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate.


angiostatin binding

description: Binding to angiostatin, a proteolytic product of plasminogen or plasmin containing at least one intact kringle domain, and which is an inhibitor of angiogenesis.


name: inositol 1,3,4,5 tetrakisphosphate binding

description: Binding to inositol 1,3,4,5 tetrakisphosphate.


blood vessel endothelial cell migration

description: The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels during angiogenesis.


name: regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.


name: positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.


name: negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.


regulation of actin phosphorylation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transfer of one or more phosphate groups to an actin molecule.


name: protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity

description: Binds to and increases the activity of a protein serine/threonine kinase.


description: A homodimeric, bifunctional enzyme complex which catalyzes the synthesis and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, and is required for both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.


description: A multienzyme, heterooligomeric complex involved in dolichyl-linked oligosaccharide synthesis. In yeast the complex is composed of Alg7p, which catalyzes the first step (GlcNAc1-PP-Dol from dolichol-phosphate and UDP-GlcNAc), and Alg13p plus Alg14p, the catalytic and anchoring subunits respectively, which together catalyze the second step (GlcNAc2-PP-dolichol from GlcNAc1-PP-Dol and UDP-GlcNAc) of dolichyl-linked oligosaccharide synthesis.


endothelial cell migration

description: The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.


protein acylation

description: The addition of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, to a protein amino acid.


lipoamide binding

description: Binding to lipoamide, the functional form of lipoic acid in which the carboxyl group is attached to protein by an amide linkage to a lysine amino group.


name: molybdopterin cofactor metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.


molybdopterin cofactor binding

description: Binding to a molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.


positive regulation of GTPase activity

description: Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase.


phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase binding

description: Binding to a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, any enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring.


regulation of kinase activity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.


regulation of lipid kinase activity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a simple or complex lipid.


name: aerobic respiration, using arsenite as electron donor

description: The oxidation of arsenite to arsenate, using oxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor. Arsenite oxidase provides electrons to an electron carrier which transfers them to oxygen utilizing respiratory systems.


name: regulation of translation in response to stress

description: Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).


name: regulation of translation in response to oxidative stress

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.


name: regulation of translation in response to osmotic stress

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.


name: regulation of translational initiation in response to stress

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.


insulin binding

description: Binding to insulin, a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.


insulin receptor substrate binding

description: Binding to an insulin receptor substrate (IRS) protein, an adaptor protein that bind to the transphosphorylated insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptors, are themselves phosphorylated and in turn recruit SH2 domain-containing signaling molecules to form a productive signaling complex.


name: regulation of translational initiation in response to osmotic stress

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.


cellular response to nitrogen levels

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of inorganic nitrogen.


Ku70:Ku80 complex

description: Heterodimeric protein complex composed of a 70 kDa and a 80 kDa subunit, binds DNA through a channel formed by the heterodimer. Functions in DNA double stranded break repair, chromosome maintenance, transcription regulation, V(D)J recombination, and activation of DNA-PK.


sequence-specific DNA binding

description: Binding to DNA of a specific nucleotide composition, e.g. GC-rich DNA binding, or with a specific sequence motif or type of DNA e.g. promotor binding or rDNA binding.


name: regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling.


name: positive regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway

description: Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling.


name: negative regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling.


maintenance of DNA repeat elements

description: Any process involved in sustaining the fidelity and copy number of DNA repeat elements.


maintenance of CRISPR repeat elements

description: Any process involved in sustaining CRISPR repeat clusters, including capture of new spacer elements, expansion or contraction of clusters, propagation of the leader sequence and repeat clusters within a genome, transfer of repeat clusters and CRISPR-associated (cas) genes to new genomes, transcription of the CRISPR repeat arrays into RNA and processing, and interaction of CRISPR/cas loci with the host genome. CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat) elements are a family of sequence elements containing multiple direct repeats of 24-48 bp with weak dyad symmetry which are separated by regularly sized nonrepetitive spacer sequences.


plastid fission

description: The creation of two or more plastids by division of one plastid. A plastid is any member of a family of organelles found in the cytoplasm of plants and some protists, which are membrane-bounded and contain DNA.


leucoplast fission

description: The creation of two or more leucoplasts by division of one leucoplast. A leucoplast is a colorless plastid involved in the synthesis of monoterpenes.


peroxisomal transport

description: Transport of substances into, out of or within a peroxisome, a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.


detection of osmotic stimulus

description: The series of events in which a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell is received and converted into a molecular signal.


name: regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment.


chemotropism

description: The movement of an organism, or part of an organism, in response to an external chemical gradient, usually toward or away from it.


nuclear matrix organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear matrix, the dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane.


elaioplast organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an elaioplast, a leucoplast in which oil is stored.


periplasmic space organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the periplasmic space, the region between the inner (cytoplasmic) and outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria, or the inner membrane and cell wall in fungi.


sporangium development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sporangium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A sporangium is a structure producing and containing spores.


ear development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.


nose development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nose over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity).


nose morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the nose are generated and organized. The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity).


tongue development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the tongue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in many other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech.


tongue morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the tongue are generated and organized. The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in man other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech.


skin development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.


skin morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the skin are generated and organized. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner, sensitive and vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.


bacterial nucleoid

description: The region of a bacterial cell to which the DNA is confined.


name: endospore external encapsulating structure

description: The structures that lie outside the inner membrane and surround the entire endospore; consists of a peptidoglycan-containing inner layer (the endospore cortex) surrounded by a multilayered proteinaceous coat. An exosporium may be present as an extreme outer layer.


exosporium

description: The outermost layer of a bacterial endospore, which is loosely attached and located outside of the endospore coat. It is generally composed of protein, carbohydrate, and perhaps lipid.


endospore coat

description: The layer in a bacterial endospore that lies under the exosporium, and is impermeable to many toxic molecules. The coat may also contain enzymes that are involved in endospore germination.


outer endospore membrane

description: The outer membrane around a bacterial endospore, located between the endospore cortex and endospore coat.


endospore cortex

description: A layer surrounding a bacterial endospore found inside the outer endospore membrane, but outside the membrane surrounding the endospore core. It consists of peptidoglycan of a different chemical nature than that found in vegetative cell walls which results in less cross-linking of peptidoglycan.


nuclear replication fork

description: The Y-shaped region of a nuclear replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes.


cytoplasmic replication fork

description: The Y-shaped region of a cytoplasmic replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes.


name: cytoplasmic DNA replication factor C complex

description: A cytoplasmic complex of two polypeptides that loads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA, thereby permitting processive DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase. Examples of this component are found in prokaryotic species.


name: nuclear DNA replication factor C complex

description: A nuclear complex of five polypeptides that loads the DNA polymerase processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) onto DNA, thereby permitting processive DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerase delta or epsilon. In Saccharomyces and several other species, the subunits are known as Rfc1p-Rfc5p, although subunit names do not necessarily correspond between different species.


cytoplasmic replisome

description: A multi-component enzymatic machine at the cytoplasmic replication fork, which mediates DNA replication. Includes DNA primase, DNA polymerase, DNA helicase, and other proteins.


nuclear replisome

description: A multi-component enzymatic machine at the nuclear replication fork, which mediates DNA replication. Includes DNA primase, one or more DNA polymerases, DNA helicases, and other proteins.


nitrate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nitrates, inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid.


amide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells.


amide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.


amide catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.


formamide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving formamide, the simplest amide, HCONH2, derived from formic acid.


formamide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of formamide, the simplest amide, HCONH2, derived from formic acid.


formamide catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of formamide, the simplest amide, HCONH2, derived from formic acid.


regulation of carbon utilization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of carbon utilization.


regulation of carbohydrate utilization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of carbohydrate utilization.


isoprene metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprene, C5H8.


isoprene biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoprene, C5H8.


isoprene catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of isoprene, C5H8.


multi-eIF complex

description: A multifactor complex composed of multiple translation initiation factors and the initiatior tRNAiMet, which is ready to bind to the small (40S) ribosome to form the 43S preinitiation complex. In S. cerevisiae, this complex is composed of eIF1, eIF2, eIF3, and eIF5.


astrocyte cell migration

description: The orderly movement of an astrocyte, a class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system, the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord.


keratinocyte proliferation

description: The multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Keratinocytes are epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo a characteristic change as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin.


cellular response to sucrose starvation

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of sucrose.


cortical microtubule organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane of a cell.


delta DNA polymerase complex

description: A multimeric DNA polymerase enzyme complex which differs in composition amongst species; in humans it is a heterotetramer of four subunits of approximately 125, 50, 68 and 12kDa, while in S. cerevisiae, it has three different subunits which form a heterotrimer, and the active enzyme is a dimer of this heterotrimer. Functions in DNA replication, mismatch repair and excision repair.


PCNA complex

description: A protein complex composed of three identical PCNA monomers, each comprising two similar domains, which are joined in a head-to-tail arrangement to form a homotrimer. Forms a ring-like structure in solution, with a central hole sufficiently large to accommodate the double helix of DNA. Originally characterized as a DNA sliding clamp for replicative DNA polymerases and as an essential component of the replisome, and has also been shown to be involved in other processes including Okazaki fragment processing, DNA repair, translesion DNA synthesis, DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling and cell cycle regulation.


response to estrogen

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics.


regulatory ncRNA 3'-end processing

description: Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a regulatory non-coding RNA molecule.


name: modification-dependent macromolecule catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a macromolecule, initiated by covalent modification of the target molecule.


name: polyadenylation-dependent RNA catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an RNA molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3'-end of the target RNA.


name: polyadenylation-dependent ncRNA catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a noncoding RNA (ncRNA) molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3' end the target ncRNA.


methylnaphthalene catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methylnaphthalene, an organic compound, C10H7CH3, obtained from coal tar.


bisphenol A catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of bisphenol A, 4,4'-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol, a synthetic, aromatic organic compound used as a monomer in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastic and in the manufacture of epoxy resins.


puromycin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving puromycin, 3'-deoxy-N,N-dimethyl-3'-(O-methyl-L-tyrosinamido)adenosine, an aminonucleoside antibiotic that is a potent inhibitor of translation; produced by the bacterium Streptomyces alboniger.


puromycin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of puromycin, an aminonucleoside antibiotic that is a potent inhibitor of translation; produced by the bacterium Streptomyces alboniger.


benzoate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of benzoate, the anion of benzoic acid (benzenecarboxylic acid), a fungistatic compound widely used as a food preservative; it is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.


name: benzoate catabolic process via hydroxylation

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of benzoate, by its hydroxylation to cis-1,2-dihydroxybenzoate followed by dehydrogenation to catechol.


novobiocin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving novobiocin, a coumarin antibiotic produced by the bacterium Gyrasestreptomyces spheroides, that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase.


novobiocin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of novobiocin, a coumarin antibiotic produced by the bacterium Gyrasestreptomyces spheroides, that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase.


tetracycline metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetracycline, (4S,4aS,5aS,6S,12aS)-4-(dimethylamino)-3,6,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide, a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by streptomyces bacteria that blocks binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosomes of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (and those of organelles).


tetracycline biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetracycline, (4S,4aS,5aS,6S,12aS)-4-(dimethylamino)-3,6,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide, a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by streptomyces bacteria that blocks binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosomes of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms (and those of organelles).


cephalosporin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cephalosporin, any of large class of tetracyclic triterpene broad-spectrum antibiotics similar both chemically and in their mode of action to penicillin, first isolated from the culture filtrates of mediterranean fungus acremonium (cephalosporium acremonium), and effective against gram-positive bacteria.


cephalosporin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cephalosporin, any of large class of tetracyclic triterpene broad-spectrum antibiotics similar both chemically and in their mode of action to penicillin, first isolated from the culture filtrates of mediterranean fungus acremonium (cephalosporium acremonium), and effective against gram-positive bacteria.


inositol phosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.


dicarboxylic acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).


dicarboxylic acid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups.


dicarboxylic acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups.


linoleic acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving linoleic acid, an unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid that has the molecular formula C18H32O2.


engulfment of apoptotic cell

description: The removal of the apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.


name: mitochondrial fragmentation involved in apoptotic process

description: The change in the morphology of the mitochondria in an apoptotic cell from a highly branched network to a fragmented vesicular form.


recognition of apoptotic cell

description: The process in which a cell interprets signals (in the form of specific proteins and lipids) on the surface of a dying cell which it will engulf and remove by phagocytosis.


host extracellular space

description: The space within a host but external to the plasma membrane of host cells, e.g. within host bloodstream.


host intracellular region

description: That space within the plasma membrane of a host cell.


host cell

description: A cell within a host organism. Includes the host plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the host cell wall and cell envelope.


host symbiosome

description: A double-enveloped cell compartment, composed of the endosymbiont with its plasmalemma (as inner envelope) and an outer envelope (the perisymbiontic membrane) derived from the host cell.


symbiosome

description: A double-enveloped cell compartment, composed of an endosymbiont with its plasmalemma (as inner envelope) and a non-endosymbiotic outer envelope (the perisymbiontic membrane).


bacteroid-containing symbiosome

description: A symbiosome containing any of various structurally modified bacteria, such as those occurring on the root nodules of leguminous plants.


peribacteroid membrane

description: A membrane that surrounds one or more bacteroids (such as nitrogen-fixing bacteroids within legume root nodule cells).


peribacteroid fluid

description: The soluble material inside the peribacteroid membrane, but outside of the bacteroid, within a bacteroid-containing symbiosome.


host bacteroid-containing symbiosome

description: A symbiosome containing any of various structurally modified bacteria, such as those occurring on the root nodules of leguminous plants, of a host cell.


host peribacteroid membrane

description: A host-derived membrane that surrounds one or more bacteroids (such as nitrogen-fixing bacteroids within legume root nodule cells).


host peribacteroid fluid

description: The soluble material inside the peribacteroid membrane, but outside of the bacteroid, within a bacteroid-containing symbiosome of a host cell.


name: regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphate from a phosphoprotein.


pollen wall

description: The wall surrounding a mature pollen grain; a multilayered structure consisting of a pectocellulosic intine surrounded by a sporopollenin-based exine, which itself contains two layers, the inner nexine and the outer sexine.


exine

description: The outer layer of the pollen grain wall which is composed primarily of sporopollenin.


ectexine

description: The outer part of the exine, which stains positively with basic fuchsin in optical microscopy and has higher electron density in conventionally prepared TEM sections.


foot layer

description: The inner layer of the ectexine.


endexine

description: The inner part of the exine, which stains.


nexine

description: The inner, non-sculptured part of the exine which lies below the sexine.


sexine

description: The outer, sculptured layer of the exine, which lies above the nexine.


columella

description: A rod-like element of the sexine and ectexine, supporting either the tectum (the layer of sexine which forms a roof over the columella), or supporting a caput (an architectural element on top of a columella).


sculpture element

description: The third layer of the sexine.


tectum

description: The layer of sexine which forms a roof over the columella, granules or other infratectal elements.


intine

description: The innermost of the major layers of the pollen grain wall which underlies the exine and borders the cytoplasm.


axon terminus

description: Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal button is a specialized region of it.


filiform apparatus

description: A complex of cell wall invaginations in a synergid cell, similar to those in transfer cells.


name: P-type divalent copper transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Cu2+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Cu2+(out).


type IV pilus assembly

description: The assembly from its constituent parts of a type IV pilus.


type IV secretion system complex

description: A complex of proteins related to those involved in bacterial DNA conjugative transfer, that permits the transfer of DNA or proteins into the extracellular milieu or directly into host cells. In general the type IV complex forms a multisubunit cell-envelope-spanning structure composed of a secretion channel and often a pilus or other surface filament or protein(s).


name: conversion of glutamyl-tRNA to glutaminyl-tRNA

description: The modification process that results in the conversion of glutamate charged on a tRNA(Gln) to glutaminyl-tRNA.


co-translational protein modification

description: The process of covalently altering one or more amino acids in a protein after translation has begun but before the protein has been released from the ribosome.


post-translational protein modification

description: The process of covalently altering one or more amino acids in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome.


name: conversion of aspartyl-tRNA to asparaginyl-tRNA

description: The modification process that results in the conversion of aspartate charged on a tRNA(Asn) to asparaginyl-tRNA.


reverse cholesterol transport

description: The directed movement of peripheral cell cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, towards the liver for catabolism.


monoterpene metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving monoterpenes, terpenes with a C10 structure.


monoterpene biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monoterpenes, terpenes with a C10 structure.


monoterpene catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monoterpenes, terpenes with a C10 structure.


detection of pheromone

description: The series of events in which a pheromone stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


dedifferentiation

description: The process in which a specialized structure (cell, tissue or organ) loses structural or functional features that characterize it in the mature organism, or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Under certain conditions, these structures can revert back to the features of their ancestors.


cell dedifferentiation

description: The process in which a specialized cell loses the structural or functional features that characterize it in the mature organism, or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Under certain conditions, these cells can revert back to the features of the stem cells that were their ancestors.


iridosome

description: A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which purines crystalize in reflective stacks. Iridosomes are synthesized in iridophore cells and are silver, gold or iridescent in appearance.


leucosome

description: A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which uric acid and/or purines crystalize in reflective stacks. Leucosomes are synthesized in leucophore cells and have a whitish cast.


pterinosome

description: A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which pteridine pigments are synthesized and stored. Pterinosomes are synthesized in xanthophores and erythrophore cells and are yellow, orange or red in appearance.


cyanosome

description: A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which an unknown blue pigment is localized. Cyanosomes are synthesized in cyanophores and are blue in appearance.


carotenoid vesicle

description: A tissue-specific cytoplasmic vesicle surrounded by a membrane half-leaflet within which carotenoid pigments are stored. Carotenoid vesicles are synthesized in xanthophores and erythrophore cells and are yellow, orange or red in appearance.


photoreceptor cell fate determination

description: The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a photoreceptor cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


photoreceptor cell fate specification

description: The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a photoreceptor cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


cyanophycin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyanophycin, a non-protein, non-ribosomally produced amino acid polymer composed of an aspartic acid backbone and arginine side groups.


name: cell adhesion involved in single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism

description: The attachment of a cell to either a host cell or a microbial cell of the same species, or to an underlying host substrate, such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules, occurring during the formation of a biofilm in or on a host species.


name: cell adhesion involved in biofilm formation

description: The attachment of a cell to a solid substrate, via cell adhesion molecules, contributing to the formation of a biofilm.


name: cell adhesion involved in single-species biofilm formation

description: The attachment of a cell to a solid substrate, via cell adhesion molecules, during the formation of a biofilm composed of microorganisms of the same species.


name: cell adhesion involved in multi-species biofilm formation

description: The attachment of a cell to a solid substrate, via cell adhesion molecules, contributing to the formation of a biofilm composed of microorganisms of different species.


pilus organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pilus, a short filamentous structure on a bacterial cell, flagella-like in structure and generally present in many copies.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-2-hydroxyisocaproate + isocaproyl-CoA = (R)-2-hydroxyisocaproyl-CoA + isocaproate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoisocaproate + NADH + H+ = (R)-2-hydroxyisocaproate + NAD+.


(R)-citramalate synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + acetyl-CoA + H2O = (R)-citramalate + CoA.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate = H+ + 2-hydroxy 3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate. 2,3-diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate is also known as DK-MTP-1-P, and 2-hydroxy 3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate as HK-MTPenyl-1-P.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate + H2O = 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one + phosphate. 2-hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate is also known as HK-MTPenyl-P, and 1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene as DHK-MTPene.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA = H2O + glutaconyl-CoA.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-(hydroxymethyl)glutarate + NAD+ = 2-formylglutarate + H+ + NADH.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-keto-5-aminohexanoate + acetyl-CoA = L-3-aminobutyryl-CoA + acetoacetate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA = vinylacetyl-CoA + H2O.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate + H+ = 4-cresol + CO2.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-keto-3-deoxygalactonate = D-glyceraldehyde + pyruvate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 5-amino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribitylamino)uracil + H2O = 5-amino-6-(D-ribitylamino)uracil + phosphate.


name: 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxylate lyase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 5-aminoimidazole + CO2 = 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxylate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate + L-glutamine = 2-oxoglutaramate + L-methionine.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-amino-5-formylamino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribosylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one + H2O = 2,5-diamino-6-(1-D-ribosylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one 5'-phosphate + formate + H+.


name: 5-ureido-4-imidazole carboxylate hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 5-ureido-4-imidazole carboxylate + H2O = 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxylate + NH3 + CO2.


description: Catalysis of the oxidative decarboxylation of 6-hydroxynicotinate to 2,5-dihydroxypyridine, dependent on O2, NADH +H+ and FAD.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 6-hydroxynicotinate + H2O + O2 = 2,6-dihydroxynicotinate + H2O2.


DNA-3-methylbase glycosylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: DNA containing 3-methylbase + H2O = DNA with abasic site + 3-methylbase. This reaction is the hydrolysis of DNA by cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA 3-methylpurine or 3-methylpyrimidine base and the deoxyribose sugar to remove the methylated base, leaving an apurinic or apyrimidinic site.


deoxyribonuclease V activity

description: Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage at apurinic or apyrimidinic sites to products with a 5'-phosphate.


name: reduced coenzyme F420 dehydrogenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: methanophenazine + reduced coenzyme F420 = dihydromethanophenazine + coenzyme F420.


name: G/U mismatch-specific uracil-DNA glycosylase activity

description: Hydrolyzes mismatched double-stranded DNA and polynucleotides, releasing free uracil and leaving an apyrimidinic (AP) site.


GTP cyclohydrolase IIa activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + 3 H2O = 2-amino-5-formylamino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribosylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one + 2 H+ + 2 phosphate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-aminoadipate + acetyl-CoA = N2-acetyl-alpha-aminoadipate + coenzyme A.


name: LPPG:FO 2-phospho-L-lactate transferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin + lactyl-2-diphospho-5'-guanosine = coenzyme F420-0 + GMP.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + N-acetyl-L-2-aminoadipate = ADP + N-acetyl-L-2-aminoadipate 6-phosphate.


O-succinylbenzoate synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-succinylbenzoate + H2O = 2-succinyl-6-hydroxy-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate.


phenol, water dikinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: phenol + MgATP + H2O = phenylphosphate + MgAMP + orthophosphate.


description: Catalysis of the transfer of one or more alpha-D-mannose residues from GDP-mannose to positions 2,6 and others in 1-phosphatidyl-myo-inositol.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: (polyphosphate)n + AMP = (polyphosphate)n-1 + ADP.


adenosylcobinamide kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: RTP + adenosylcobinamide = adenosylcobinamide phosphate + RDP (where RTP is either ATP or GTP).


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-methylpropanoyl-CoA + enzyme N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine = CoA + enzyme N6-(S-[2-methylpropanoyl]dihydrolipoyl)lysine.


alpha-ribazole phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-ribazole 5'-phosphate + H2O = alpha-ribazole + phosphate.


adenosylcobinamide hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: adenosylcobinamide + H2O = (R)-1-aminopropan-2-ol + adenosylcobyrate.


description: Catalysis of the reactions: ATP + adenosylcobyric acid + (R)-1-aminopropan-2-yl phosphate = ADP + phosphate + adenosylcobinamide phosphate, and ATP + adenosylcobyric acid + (R)-1-aminopropan-2-ol = ADP + phosphate + adenosylcobinamide.


name: acetate-CoA ligase (ADP-forming) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + acetate + CoA = ADP + phosphate + acetyl-CoA.


2-methylbutanoate-CoA ligase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 2-methylbutanoate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + 2-methylbutanoyl-CoA.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-L-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate + 2-oxoglutarate = N-acetyl-2-L-amino-6-oxoheptanedioate + L-glutamate.


archaetidylserine synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: CDP-digeranylgeranylglycerol + L-serine = archaetidylserine + CMP.


name: UTP:glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase regulator activity

description: Binds to and modulates the activity of UTP:glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase.


name: T/G mismatch-specific endonuclease activity

description: Catalysis of the repair of T/G mismatches arising from deamination of 5-methylcytosine in DNA by nicking double-stranded DNA within the sequence CT(AT)GN or NT(AT)GG next to the mismatched thymidine residue. The incision is mismatch-dependent and strand-specific, in favor of the G-containing strand. The incision serves as a starting point for subsequent excision repair by DNA polymerase I, which excises thymidine and reinserts cytidine.


name: Sep-tRNA:Cys-tRNA synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + hydrogen sulfide + O-phospho-L-seryl-tRNA(Cys) = L-cysteinyl-tRNA(Cys) + phosphate.


pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-pyrrolysine + tRNA(Pyl) = AMP + diphosphate + L-pyrrolysyl-tRNA(Pyl).


S-ribosylhomocysteine lyase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-(5-deoxy-D-ribos-5-yl)-L-homocysteine = (S)-4,5-dihydroxypentane-2,3-dione + L-homocysteine.


Tpg-containing telomere binding complex

description: A complex composed of four polypeptides, a telomere-protecting terminal protein (Tpg), a telomere-associated protein (Tap), DNA polymerase (PolA) and topoisomerase I (TopA), that functions in the replication of the telomeric regions of linear chromosomes, plasmids and circular replicons of some bacterial species.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-demethylmenaquinone + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = menaquinone + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


cytidine kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + cytidine = ADP + CMP.


name: acyl-phosphate glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl phosphate + sn-glycerol 3-phosphate = 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate + orthophosphate.


name: coenzyme F420-0 gamma-glutamyl ligase activity

description: Catalysis of the reactions: (1) GTP + F420-0 + L-glutamate = GDP + phosphate + F420-1, and (2) GTP + F420-1 + L-glutamate = GDP + phosphate + gamma-F420-2. This is the GTP-dependent successive addition of two L-glutamates to the L-lactyl phosphodiester of 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin (F420-0) to form F420-0-glutamyl-glutamate (F420-2), with a gamma-linkage between the two glutamates.


name: coenzyme F420-2 alpha-glutamyl ligase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: coenzyme F420-2 + L-glutamate + GTP = coenzyme F420-3 + GDP + orthophosphate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosylmethionine + cobalt-precorrin 6B = S-adenosylhomocysteine + cobalt-precorrin 7.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: cobalt-precorrin 7 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = cobalt-precorrin 8 + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + CO2.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: cobalt-precorrin 8 = cobyrinate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: cobalt-precorrin 5A + H2O = cobalt-precorrin 5B + acetaldehyde + H+.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: cobalt-precorrin 5B + S-adenosylmethionine = S-adenosylhomocysteine + cobalt-precorrin 6A.


name: cobalt-factor II C20-methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + cobalt-factor II = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + cobalt-factor III.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: cobalt-precorrin 3 + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = cobalt-precorrin 4 + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on metal ions, flavin as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which the metal ion is reduced and flavin acts as an electron acceptor.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-3-phenyllactate + [(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-4-hydroxy-3-(phosphonatooxy)oxolan-2-yl]methyl {[(3R)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-3-({2-[(2-{[(2E)-3-phenylprop-2-enoyl]sulfanyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]ethyl}carbamoyl)propyl phosphonato]oxy}phosphonate = (R)-3-phenyllactoyl-CoA + trans-cinnamate.


cinnamate reductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-phenylpropanoate + NAD+ = (E)-cinnamate + NADH + H+.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: dimethylamine + a dimethylamine corrinoid protein = a methylated dimethylamine corrinoid protein + methylamine.


enamidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-6-oxonicotinate + 2 H2O = 2-formylglutarate + NH4.


name: beta-ribofuranosylaminobenzene 5'-phosphate synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobenzoate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate = 4-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)aminobenzene 5'-phosphate + CO2 + diphosphate.


name: formate dehydrogenase (coenzyme F420) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: formate + coenzyme F420 = CO2 + reduced coenzyme F420.


glyceraldehyde oxidoreductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: A + D-glyceraldehyde + H2O = (R)-glycerate + AH2 + H+.


name: glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde + H2O + NADP+ = D-glycerate + NADPH + H+.


name: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + 2 H+ + 2 reduced ferredoxin.


glycerate 2-kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glycerate + ATP = 2-phospho-D-glycerate + ADP.


glycine oxidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reactions: (1) glycine + H2O + O2 = glyoxylate + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide; (2) D-alanine + H2O + O2 = pyruvate + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide; (3) sarcosine + H2O + O2 = glyoxylate + methylamine + hydrogen peroxide; (4) N-ethylglycine + H2O + O2 = glyoxylate + ethylamine + hydrogen peroxide.


hexulose-6-phosphate isomerase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabino-3-hexulose 6-phosphate = D-fructose 6-phosphate.


hexulose-6-phosphate synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribulose 5-phosphate + formaldehyde = D-arabino-3-hexulose 6-phosphate.


name: hydrogenobyrinic acid a,c-diamide synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2 L-glutamine + 2 ATP + 2 H2O + hydrogenobyrinate = 2 L-glutamate + 2 ADP + 4 H+ + hydrogenobyrinate a,c-diamide + 2 phosphate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: demethylspheroidene + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = H+ + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + spheroidene.


imidazolone hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: N-formimidoylglycine => H2O + imidazol-4-one.


name: indolepyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (indol-3-yl)pyruvate + CoA + oxidized ferredoxin = S-2-(indol-3-yl)acetyl-CoA + CO2 + reduced ferredoxin.


name: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (ferredoxin) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + CoA + oxidized ferredoxin = S-(2-methylpropanoyl)-CoA + CO2 + reduced ferredoxin.


name: lyso-ornithine lipid acyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: lyso-ornithine lipid + acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] = ornithine lipid + [acyl-carrier protein].


name: ornithine-acyl [acyl carrier protein] N-acyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + L-ornithine = lyso-ornithine lipid + [acyl-carrier protein]. The enzyme, found in bacteria, catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of ornithine lipids.


name: phosphate:acyl-[acyl carrier protein] acyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a fatty acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + orthophosphate = acyl phosphate + [acyl-carrier protein].


description: Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4-phosphate + H2O = phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + phosphate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate + orthophosphate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phospho-(S)-lactate + GTP = lactyl-2-diphospho-5'-guanosine + diphosphate.


name: phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase 2 activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: formate + ATP + 5'-phospho-ribosylglycinamide = 5'-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide + ADP + diphosphate.


phosphoserine-tRNA(Cys) ligase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA(Cys) + O-phospho-L-serine + ATP = AMP + diphosphate + phosphoseryl-tRNA(Cys).


phosphosulfolactate synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (2R)-O-phospho-3-sulfolactate = phosphoenolpyruvate + sulfite.


precorrin-3B synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + NADH + O2 + precorrin-3A = H2O + NAD+ + precorrin-3B.


name: precorrin-6A synthase (deacetylating) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + H2O + precorrin-5 = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + acetate + 2 H+ + precorrin-6X.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: succinate + propionyl-CoA = succinyl-CoA + propionate.


ribonuclease M5 activity

description: Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA, removing 21 and 42 nucleotides, respectively, from the 5'- and 3'-termini of a 5S-rRNA precursor.


spheroidene monooxygenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: spheroidene + O2 = spheroidenone + H2O.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: N-succinyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + H2O + NAD+ = N-succinyl-L-glutamate + 2 H+ + NADH.


succinylornithine transaminase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + N(2)-succinyl-L-ornithine = N-succinyl-L-glutamate 5-semialdehyde + L-glutamate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine57/adenosine58 in tRNA + 2 S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 2 H+ + N1-methyladenosine57/N1-methyladenosine58 in tRNA + 2 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


tRNA 2-selenouridine synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine + selenophosphate = 5-methylaminomethyl-2-selenouridine + phosphate (at the wobble position in tRNA).


name: tRNA-specific adenosine-37 deaminase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine-37 + H2O = inosine-37 + NH3, in a tRNA-Ala molecule.


name: thiol-driven fumarate reductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: fumarate + coenzyme M + coenzyme B = succinate + coenzyme M + coenzyme B + heterodisulfide.


name: thiosulfate dehydrogenase (quinone) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 6-decylubiquinone + 2 thiosulfate = 6-decylubiquinol + tetrathionate.


name: [methyl-Co(III) methylamine-specific corrinoid protein]:coenzyme M methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: [methyl-Co(III) methylamine-specific corrinoid protein] + coenzyme M = [Co(I) methylamine-specific corrinoid protein] + H+ + methyl-coenzyme M. This reaction is the transfer of the methyl group from the methylated corrinoid cofactor of a methylamine corrinoid protein to coenzyme M.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: trimethylamine + a trimethylamine corrinoid protein = a methylated trimethylamine corrinoid protein + dimethylamine.


xanthine hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: xanthine + H2O = 4-ureido-5-imidazole carboxylate.


valine dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: L-valine + H2O + NAD+ = 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate + NH3 + NADH.


name: phosphatidylethanolamine:Kdo2-lipid A phosphoethanolamine transferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: Kdo2-lipid A + phosphatidylethanolamine = phosphoethanolamine-Kdo2-lipid A + diacylglycerol.


name: lipid A phosphate methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the 1-phosphate group of lipid A.


name: branched-chain amino acid:2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate aminotransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-keto-4-methylthiobutyrate + L-phenylalanine = phenylpyruvate + L-methionine.


Kdo transferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reactions: (KDO)-lipid IVA + CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate = KDO2-lipid IVA + CMP, and lipid IVA + CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate = (KDO)-lipid IVA + CMP.


ADP-specific glucokinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ADP + D-glucose = AMP + D-glucose 6-phosphate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: ADP + D-fructose 6-phosphate = AMP + D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.


name: DNA polymerase III, proofreading complex

description: A subcomplex of DNA polymerase III composed of the epsilon subunit which has proofreading activity, and the theta subunit which enhances the epsilon subunit's proofreading activity.


name: DNA polymerase III, clamp loader complex

description: A heptamer that includes the tau and gamma products of the dnaX gene and the chi/psi subcomplex. Confers structural asymmetry that allows the polymerase to replicate both leading and lagging strands.


name: DNA polymerase III, clamp loader chi/psi subcomplex

description: A dimer composed of the chi and psi subunits which is a subassembly of the DNA polymerase III clamp loader complex and serves as a bridge between the DnaX complex and the single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB).


Ras palmitoyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + protein-cysteine = S-palmitoyl protein + CoA, specific for Ras proteins.


RecFOR complex

description: A heterotrimeric complex composed of the subunits RecF, RecO and RecR. Mediates the loading of RecA protein specifically onto SSB-coated gapped DNA during DNA repair.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: monomethylamine + a monomethylamine corrinoid protein = a methylated monomethylamine corrinoid protein + NH3.


methanol-CoM methyltransferase complex

description: A heterotrimeric protein complex composed of a methanol methyltransferase subunit, a corrinoid protein and a methanol-specific corrinoid:coenzyme M methyltransferase subunit. Catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from methanol to coenzyme M as part of the pathway of methanogenesis from methanol.


name: cyclic nucleotide-gated mechanosensitive monoatomic ion channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an monoatomic ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress and when a cyclic nucleotide has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


name: cyclic nucleotide-activated monoatomic ion channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a cyclic nucleotide has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


anti-sigma factor antagonist activity

description: The function of binding to an anti-sigma factor and stopping, preventing or reducing the rate of its activity.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-acetyl-L-ornithine + carbamoyl phosphate = N(2)-acetyl-L-citrulline + H+ + phosphate.


name: arginine:ornithine antiporter activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: arginine(out) + ornithine(in) = arginine(in) + ornithine(out).


cyanophycin synthetase activity

description: Catalysis of the ATP-dependent polymerization of arginine and aspartate to multi-L-arginyl-poly-L-aspartic acid (cyanophycin; a water-insoluble reserve polymer).


name: agmatine:putrescine antiporter activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: agmatine(out) + putrescine(in) = agmatine(in) + putrescine(out).


name: arginine:agmatine antiporter activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: arginine(out) + agmatine(in) = arginine(in) + agmatine(out).


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-2-ketopimelate = succinate semialdehyde + pyruvate.


indoleacetamide hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: indole-3-acetamide + H2O = indole-3-acetate + NH3. Indole-3-acetamide is known as IAM and indole-3-acetate as IAA.


name: methionine transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of methionine from one side of a membrane to the other.


name: adenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + sulfite + thioredoxin disulfide = 5'-adenylyl sulfate + thioredoxin.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA guanine + 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine = tRNA 7-cyano-7-deazaguanine + guanine.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: N(2)-acetyl-L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde + NADP+ + phosphate = N(2)-acetyl-L-gamma-aminoadipyl phosphate + NADPH.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: delta1-piperideine-6-carboxylate + NAD+ + 2 H2O = 2-aminoadipate + NADH + H+. Delta1-piperideine-6-carboxylate is also known as 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2-carboxylate.


name: lysine:cadaverine antiporter activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: lysine(out) + cadaverine(in) = lysine(in) + cadaverine(out).


description: Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + CoA + oxidized flavodoxin = acetyl-CoA + CO2 + reduced flavodoxin.


acireductone synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reactions:5-methylsulfanyl-2,3-dioxopentyl phosphate + H2O = 1,2-dihydroxy-5-(methylsulfanyl)pent-1-en-3-one + phosphate.


2-ketobutyrate formate-lyase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxobutanoate + coenzyme A = propionyl-CoA + formate.


D-threonine aldolase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-threonine (or D-allo-threonine) = glycine + acetaldehyde.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactosamine 6-phosphate + H2O = D-tagatose 6-phosphate + NH3.


name: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (non-phosphorylating) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + NAD+ + H2O = 3-phospho-D-glycerate + NADH + H+.


name: glycolate transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of glycolate from one side of a membrane to the other. Glycolate is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA).


crotonyl-CoA reductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reduction of crotonyl-CoA to butyryl-CoA.


mesaconyl-CoA hydratase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydration of mesaconyl-CoA to beta-methylmalyl-CoA.


name: malate:sodium symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: malate(out) + Na+(out) = malate(in) + Na+(in).


malolactic enzyme activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: malate + H+ = L-lactate + CO2.


name: CO-methylating acetyl-CoA synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + corrinoid protein = CO + methylcorrinoid protein + CoA.


name: carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (ferredoxin) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: CO + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin = CO2 + reduced ferredoxin.


name: structural constituent of carboxysome shell

description: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a carboxysome shell, an organelle found in all cyanobacteria and some chemoautotrophs, consisting of a proteinaceous coat and enzymes for the fixation of CO2.


name: melibiose:sodium symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: melibiose(out) + Na+(out) = melibiose(in) + Na+(in).


description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the 6-sulfate groups of the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 6-sulfate units of chondroitin sulfate and of the D-galactose 6-sulfate units of keratan sulfate.


name: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) (phosphorylating) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + phosphate + NAD(P)+ = 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + NAD(P)H + H+.


name: methylglyoxal reductase (NADPH) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: lactaldehyde + NADP+ = methylglyoxal + NADPH + H+.


name: acetate:monoatomic cation symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of acetate from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: acetate(out) + cation(out) = acetate(in) + cation(in).


name: acetyl-CoA synthetase acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the acetylation of residue Lys609 of the enzyme acetyl-CoA synthetase, using acetyl-CoA as substrate.


description: Catalysis of the cyclization of part of a 1,4-alpha-D-glucan chain by formation of a 1,4-alpha-D-glucosidic bond.


glucan 1,6-alpha-glucosidase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->6)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in (1->6)-alpha-D-glucans and derived oligosaccharides.


description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive alpha-maltose residues from the non-reducing ends of the chains.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl + O2 = 2-hydroxy-6-phenylhexa-2,4-dienoic acid.


description: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphoryl group from phosphoserine to homoserine to form phosphohomoserine.


name: regulation of biological process involved in symbiotic interaction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiosis, an interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association.


isochorismate pyruvate lyase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: isochorismate = salicylate + pyruvate.


L-seryl-tRNA(Thr) hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of misacylated Ser-tRNA(Thr).


Ala-tRNA(Pro) hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of misacylated Ala-tRNA(Pro).


Cys-tRNA(Pro) hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of misacylated Cys-tRNA(Pro).


Ser(Gly)-tRNA(Ala) hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of misacylated Ser-tRNA(Ala) and Gly-tRNA(Ala).


N-acetylcitrulline deacetylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-L-citrulline + H2O = citrulline + acetate.


name: ATP:coenzyme F420 adenylyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + factor gamma-F420-2 + H+ = coenzyme F390-A + diphosphate.


D-lysine transaminase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-lysine + 2-oxoglutarate = L-glutamate + 6-amino-2-oxohexanoate.


D-lysine oxidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-lysine + O2 + H2O = 6-amino-2-oxohexanoate + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.


name: NADPH:sulfur oxidoreductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: NADPH + H+ + sulfur = hydrogen sulfide + NADP+.


L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) = ADP + O-phospho-L-seryl-tRNA(Sec).


description: Catalysis of the reaction: DNA containing 7-methylguanine + H2O = DNA with abasic site + 7-methylguanine. This reaction is the hydrolysis of DNA by cleavage of the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the damaged DNA 7-methylguanine and the deoxyribose sugar to remove the 7-methylguanine, leaving an abasic site.


name: ribose 1,5-bisphosphate isomerase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-ribose 1,5-bisphosphate = D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosylmethioninamine + cadaverine = 5'-methylthioadenosine + N-(3-aminopropyl)cadaverine.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: agmatine + S-adenosylmethioninamine = N1-aminopropylagmatine + 5'-methylthioadenosine.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: N1-aminopropylagmatine + H2O = spermidine + urea.


name: modulation by host of viral transcription

description: Any process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription.


name: negative regulation by host of viral transcription

description: Any process in which a host organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription.


name: positive regulation by host of viral transcription

description: Any process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription, the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA.


suramin binding

description: Binding to suramin, a naphthalenesulfonic acid compound which is used in the treatment of diseases caused by trypanosomes and worms.


name: primary ovarian follicle growth involved in double layer follicle stage

description: Increase in size of primary follicles including oocyte growth and granulosa and/or theca cell proliferation until more than one layer of granulosa cells is present (preantral follicle), as part of the double layer follicle stage of oogenesis.


name: primary ovarian follicle growth involved in primary follicle stage

description: Increase in size of primary follicles including oocyte growth and granulosa and/or theca cell proliferation until more than one layer of granulosa cells is present (preantral follicle) as part of the primary follicle stage of oogenesis.


name: ossification involved in bone maturation

description: The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state.


name: ossification involved in bone remodeling

description: The formation or growth of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in response to injury or other physical, physiological or environmental stress stimuli.


protein-containing complex organization

description: Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein complex.


sporulation

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore over time, from its initiation to the mature structure. A spore is a structure that can be used for dissemination, for survival of adverse conditions because of its heat and desiccation resistance, and/or for reproduction.


name: sexual sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore

description: The formation of spores derived from the products of meiosis. A cellular spore is a cell form that can be used for dissemination, for survival of adverse conditions because of its heat and desiccation resistance, and/or for reproduction.


name: asexual sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore

description: The formation of a cellular spore derived from the products of mitosis. A cellular spore is a cell form that can be used for dissemination, for survival of adverse conditions because of its heat and desiccation resistance, and/or for reproduction.


regulation of sporulation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sporulation, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore over time, from its initiation to the mature structure.


positive regulation of sporulation

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sporulation, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore over time, from its initiation to the mature structure.


negative regulation of sporulation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sporulation, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore over time, from its initiation to the mature structure.


name: regulation of sexual sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of cellular spores derived from the products of meiosis.


name: positive regulation of sexual sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of cellular spores derived from the products of meiosis.


name: negative regulation of sexual sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of cellular spores derived from the products of meiosis.


name: regulation of asexual sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a cellular spore derived from the products of mitosis.


name: negative regulation of asexual sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a cellular spore derived from the products of mitosis.


name: positive regulation of asexual sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a cellular spore derived from the products of mitosis.


regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling

description: Any process which modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signaling.


name: positive regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling

description: Any process which activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signaling.


name: negative regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling

description: Any process which stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signaling.


protein transport by the Sec complex

description: The process in which unfolded proteins are transported across the cytoplasmic membrane in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by the Sec complex, in a process involving proteolytic cleavage of an N-terminal signal peptide.


protein transport by the Tat complex

description: The process in which folded proteins are transported across cytoplasmic membranes of bacteria and membranes of organelles derived from bacteria (chloroplasts and mitochondria) by the TAT complex.


cellular component maintenance

description: The organization process that preserves a cellular component in a stable functional or structural state.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxypropionate + ATP + CoA = 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-hydroxypropionyl-CoA = acryloyl-CoA + H2O.


acryloyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acryloyl-CoA + NADPH + H+ = propionyl-CoA + NADP+.


acryloyl-CoA reductase (NADH) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: propanoyl-CoA + NAD+ = acryloyl-CoA + H+ + NADH.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: propionyl-CoA + glyoxylate = L-erythro-3-methylmalyl-CoA.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: L-erythro-3-methylmalyl-CoA = mesaconyl-CoA + H2O.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + (R)-citramalate = succinate + (R)-citramalyl-CoA.


histone H3K9 acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 9).


name: histone H3K18 acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 18) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 18).


name: histone H3K23 acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 23) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 23).


histone H4K5 acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 5) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 5).


histone H4K8 acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 8) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 8).


name: histone H4K12 acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H4 L-lysine (position 12) = CoA + histone H4 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 12).


histone H2A acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H2A L-lysine = CoA + histone H2A N6-acetyl-L-lysine.


name: histone H2AK5 acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H2A L-lysine (position 5) = CoA + histone H2A N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 5).


migration in host

description: The directional movement of an organism from one place to another within its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


acquisition of nutrients from host

description: The process that begins with the production and formation of structures and molecules in an organism that are required for the acquisition and utilization of nutrients from its host organism, and the ends with the acquirement of the nutrients. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


modulation by symbiont of host process

description: The process in which a symbiont organism effects a change in the structure or processes of its host organism.


single-species biofilm formation

description: A process in which planktonically growing microorganisms of the same species grow at a liquid-air interface or on a solid substrate under the flow of a liquid and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate matrix formation, resulting in a change in the organisms' growth rate and gene transcription.


name: single-species biofilm formation on inanimate substrate

description: A process in which microorganisms of the same species attach to and grow on an inanimate surface such as a rock or pipe, and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate attachment and matrix formation, resulting in an alteration in the phenotype of the organisms with respect to growth rate and gene transcription.


name: histone H2AK9 acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H2A L-lysine (position 9) = CoA + histone H2A N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 9).


histone H2B acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H2B L-lysine = CoA + histone H2B N6-acetyl-L-lysine.


name: histone H2BK5 acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H2B L-lysine (position 5) = CoA + histone H2B N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 5).


name: histone H2BK12 acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H2B L-lysine (position 12) = CoA + histone H2B N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 12).


histone H3K4 acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 4) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 4).


name: histone H3K27 acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 27) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 27).


name: histone H3K36 acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 36) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 36).


name: histone H3K72 acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acetyl-CoA + histone H3 L-lysine (position 72) = CoA + histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 72).


histone H4R3 methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (histone H4)-arginine (position 3) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (histone H4)-N-methyl-arginine (position 3). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the arginine residue at position 3 of histone H4, producing histone H4R3me.


histone H3S28 kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3-serine (position 28) + ATP = histone H3-phosphoserine (position 28) + ADP. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to the serine residue at position 28 of histone H3.


histone H4S1 kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: histone H4-serine (position 1) + ATP = histone H4-phosphoserine (position 1) + ADP. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to the serine residue at position 1 of histone H4.


histone H2AS1 kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: histone H2A-serine (position 1) + ATP = histone H2A-phosphoserine (position 1) + ADP. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to the serine residue at position 1 of histone H2A.


histone H2BS14 kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: histone H2B-serine (position 14) + ATP = histone H2B-phosphoserine (position 14) + ADP. This reaction is the addition of a phosphate group to the serine residue at position 14 of histone H2B.


name: negative regulation of gene expression via chromosomal CpG island methylation

description: An epigenetic gene regulation mechanism that negatively regulates gene expression by methylation of cytosine residues in chromosomal CpG islands. CpG islands are genomic regions that contain a high frequency of the CG dinucleotide associated with the transcription start site of genes.


name: positive regulation of gene expression via chromosomal CpG island demethylation

description: An epigenetic gene regulation mechanism that positively regulates gene expression by demethylation of cytosine residues in chromosomal CpG islands. CpG islands are genomic regions that contain a high frequency of the CG dinucleotide and are often associated with the transcription start site of genes.