purine nucleoside catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


adenosine catabolic process

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes.


deoxyadenosine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyadenosine, 2-deoxyribosyladenine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.


deoxyguanosine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyguanosine, a nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose.


purine nucleotide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


purine nucleotide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


purine ribonucleoside salvage

description: Any process which produces a purine nucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


AMP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of AMP, adenosine monophosphate.


adenine salvage

description: Any process that generates adenine, 6-aminopurine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


adenosine salvage

description: Any process that generates adenosine, adenine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


dAMP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate).


cAMP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).


ADP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate.


dADP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate).


dATP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate).


dATP biosynthetic process from ADP

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate) from other compounds, including ADP, adenosine diphosphate.


GMP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate.


guanine salvage

description: Any process that generates guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


guanosine salvage

description: Any process that generates guanosine, guanine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


deoxyguanosine salvage

description: Any process that generates deoxyguanosine from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


dGMP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGMP, deoxyguanosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate).


cGMP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.


GTP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate.


dGDP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphate).


dGTP biosynthetic process from dGDP

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGTP, deoxyguanosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate) from other compounds, including gGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate.


IMP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate.


'de novo' IMP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate, by the stepwise assembly of a purine ring on ribose 5-phosphate.


inosine salvage

description: Any process that generates inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


deoxyinosine salvage

description: Any process that generates deoxyinosine from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


ITP catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ITP, inosine (5'-)triphosphate.


purine nucleotide catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


AMP catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of AMP, adenosine monophosphate.


cAMP catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).


GMP catabolic process to IMP

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanosine monophosphate into other compounds, including inosine monophosphate.


GMP catabolic process to guanine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanosine monophosphate into other compounds, including guanine.


dGTP catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dGTP, guanosine triphosphate.


IMP catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of IMP, inosine monophosphate.


pyrimidine nucleobase metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases.


name: 'de novo' pyrimidine nucleobase biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors.


pyrimidine nucleobase catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases.


cytosine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cytosine, 4-amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine, a pyrimidine derivative that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids; it occurs widely in cytidine derivatives.


thymine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base.


5-methylcytosine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 5-methylcytosine, a methylated base of DNA.


uracil catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, one of the pyrimidine bases occurring in RNA, but not in DNA.


pyrimidine nucleoside metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any pyrimidine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


thymidine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymidine, deoxyribosylthymine thymine 2-deoxyriboside, a deoxynucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in deoxynucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA.


cytidine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cytidine, cytosine riboside, a widely distributed nucleoside.


deoxycytidine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxycytidine, 2-deoxyribosylcytosine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.


uridine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of uridine, uracil riboside, a ribonucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids.


deoxyuridine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyuridine, 2-deoxyribosyluracil, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.


pyrimidine nucleotide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


name: pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


UMP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UMP, uridine monophosphate.


uracil salvage

description: Any process that generates uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


UDP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP, uridine (5'-)diphosphate.


dUMP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dUMP, deoxyuridine monophosphate (2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate).


dUDP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dUDP, deoxyuridine diphosphate (2'-deoxy-5'-uridylyl phosphate).


UTP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate.


dUTP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dUTP, deoxyuridine (5'-)triphosphate.


TMP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TMP, ribosylthymine monophosphate.


dTMP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTMP, deoxyribosylthymine monophosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine 5'-phosphate).


TDP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TDP, ribosylthymine diphosphate.


dTDP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTDP, deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine5'-diphosphate).


TTP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TTP, ribosylthymine triphosphate.


dTTP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTTP, deoxyribosylthymine triphosphate.


cytidine salvage

description: Any process that generates cytidine, cytosine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


deoxycytidine salvage

description: Any process that generates deoxycytidine, 2-deoxyribosylcytosine, from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


CMP salvage

description: Any process that generates CMP, cytidine monophosphate, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


dCMP salvage

description: Any process that generates dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


dCDP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dCDP, deoxycytidine 5'-diphosphate.


CTP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate.


dCTP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dCTP, deoxycytidine triphosphate.


pyrimidine nucleotide catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


TDP catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of TDP, ribosylthymine diphosphate.


dTDP catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dTDP, deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate.


CMP catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of CMP, cytidine monophosphate.


dCMP catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate.


dCDP catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dCDP, deoxycytidine 5'-diphosphate.


dCTP catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dCTP, deoxycytidine triphosphate.


CTP catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of CTP, cytidine 5'-triphosphate.


UDP catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP, uridine (5'-)diphosphate.


dUDP catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dUDP, deoxyuridine (5'-)diphosphate.


UDP-glucose catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


DNA metabolic process

description: Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides.


DNA replication

description: The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by the origin recognition complex, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA.


DNA-templated DNA replication

description: A DNA replication process that uses parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands.


mitochondrial DNA replication

description: The process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.


DNA topological change

description: The process in which a transformation is induced in the topological structure of a double-stranded DNA helix, resulting in a change in linking number.


DNA ligation

description: The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase.


name: pre-replicative complex assembly involved in nuclear cell cycle DNA replication

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the nuclear pre-replicative complex, a protein-DNA complex that forms at the eukaryotic DNA replication origin and is required for replication initiation.


name: DNA unwinding involved in DNA replication

description: The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating unpaired template strands for DNA replication.


DNA replication, synthesis of primer

description: The synthesis of a short nucleotide polymer using one strand of unwound DNA as a template. The product is usually a RNA molecule between 4-15 nucleotides long that provides a free 3'-OH that can be extended by DNA-directed DNA polymerases. In certain conditions, for example in response to DNA damage, some primases synthesize a DNA primer.


DNA replication initiation

description: The process in which DNA-dependent DNA replication is started; it begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by the origin recognition complex, followed by DNA unwinding.


name: DNA strand elongation involved in DNA replication

description: The process in which an existing DNA strand is extended by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand, complementary to an existing template, as part of DNA replication.


leading strand elongation

description: The process in which an existing DNA strand is extended continuously in a 5' to 3' direction by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand, complementary to an existing template, as part of DNA replication. Leading strand elongation proceeds in the same direction as the replication fork.


lagging strand elongation

description: The process in which an existing DNA strand is extended in a net 3' to 5' direction by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand, complementary to an existing template, as part of DNA replication. Lagging strand DNA elongation proceeds by discontinuous synthesis of short stretches of DNA, known as Okazaki fragments, from RNA primers; these fragments are then joined by DNA ligase. Although each segment of nascent DNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction, the overall direction of lagging strand synthesis is 3' to 5', mirroring the progress of the replication fork.


DNA replication termination

description: The process in which DNA replication at a replication fork ceases; occurs when the replication fork reaches a specific termination site or when two replication forks meet.


regulation of DNA replication

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.


plasmid maintenance

description: The maintenance of the integrity of extrachromosomal plasmid DNA; includes processes that ensure plasmids are retained in the daughter cells after cell division.


DNA amplification

description: The process in which the number of copies of a gene is increased in certain cells as extra copies of DNA are made in response to certain signals of cell development or of stress from the environment.


RNA-templated DNA biosynthetic process

description: A DNA biosynthetic process that uses RNA as a template for RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (e.g. reverse transcriptase) that synthesize the new strand.


premeiotic DNA replication

description: The replication of DNA that precedes meiotic cell division.


DNA repair

description: The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.


regulation of DNA repair

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair.


description: The nucleotide-excision repair process that carries out preferential repair of DNA lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex. In addition, the transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair pathway is required for the recognition and repair of a small subset of lesions that are not recognized by the global genome nucleotide excision repair pathway.


base-excision repair

description: In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase.


base-excision repair, AP site formation

description: The formation of an AP site, a deoxyribose sugar with a missing base, by DNA glycosylase which recognizes an altered base in DNA and catalyzes its hydrolytic removal. This sugar phosphate is the substrate recognized by the AP endonuclease, which cuts the DNA phosphodiester backbone at the 5' side of the altered site to leave a gap which is subsequently repaired.


base-excision repair, gap-filling

description: Repair of the damaged strand by the combined action of an apurinic endouclease that degrades a few bases on the damaged strand and a polymerase that synthesizes a 'patch' in the 5' to 3' direction, using the undamaged strand as a template.


base-excision repair, DNA ligation

description: The ligation by DNA ligase of DNA strands. Ligation occurs after polymerase action to fill the gap left by the action of endonucleases during base-excision repair.


nucleotide-excision repair

description: A DNA repair process in which a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts).


pyrimidine dimer repair

description: The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T and C-C dimers.


name: nucleotide-excision repair, preincision complex stabilization

description: The stabilization of the multiprotein complex involved in damage recognition, DNA helix unwinding, and endonucleolytic cleavage at the site of DNA damage as well as the unwound DNA. The stabilization of the protein-DNA complex ensures proper positioning of the preincision complex before the phosphodiester backbone of the damaged strand is cleaved 3' and 5' of the site of DNA damage.


name: nucleotide-excision repair, preincision complex assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on DNA to form the multiprotein complex involved in damage recognition, DNA helix unwinding, and endonucleolytic cleavage at the site of DNA damage. This assembly occurs before the phosphodiester backbone of the damaged strand is cleaved 3' and 5' of the site of DNA damage.


name: nucleotide-excision repair, DNA gap filling

description: Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes.


mismatch repair

description: A system for the correction of errors in which an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination.


postreplication repair

description: The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication. Includes pathways that remove replication-blocking lesions in conjunction with DNA replication.


double-strand break repair

description: The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix.


name: double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining

description: The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends. This term covers instances of separate pathways, called classical (or canonical) and alternative nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ and A-NHEJ). These in turn may further branch into sub-pathways, but evidence is still unclear.


DNA modification

description: The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotide sites in DNA, resulting in a change in its properties.


DNA alkylation repair

description: The repair of alkylation damage in DNA, e.g. the removal of a non-physiological alkyl group from a nucleobase. This is usually mediated by DNA alkyltransferases.


DNA catabolic process

description: The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one.


apoptotic DNA fragmentation

description: The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments.


DNA recombination

description: Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Interchromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction.


meiotic gene conversion

description: The cell cycle process in which genetic information is transferred from one helix to another. It often occurs in association with general genetic recombination events, and is believed to be a straightforward consequence of the mechanisms of general recombination and DNA repair. For example, meiosis might yield three copies of the maternal version of an allele and only one copy of the paternal allele, indicating that one of the two copies of the paternal allele has been changed to a copy of the maternal allele.


mitotic recombination

description: The exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between one DNA molecule and a homologous DNA region that occurs during mitotic cell cycles.


DNA transposition

description: A type of transposition in which a transposable element (transposon) is moved to another part of a genome, either by a cut-and-paste mechanism or a replicative mechanism.


intron homing

description: Lateral transfer of an intron to a homologous allele that lacks the intron, mediated by a site-specific endonuclease encoded within the mobile intron.


homing of group II introns

description: Lateral transfer of a group II intron to a homologous allele that lacks the intron, mediated by a site-specific endonuclease encoded within the mobile intron; group II introns are self-splicing introns with a conserved secondary structure.


movement of group I intron

description: Lateral transfer of a group I intron to a homologous allele that lacks the intron, mediated by a site-specific endonuclease encoded within the mobile intron; group I introns are self-splicing introns that use guanosine as a cofactor in the splicing reaction.


chromatin organization

description: The assembly or remodeling of chromatin composed of DNA complexed with histones, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA.


nucleosome assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.


name: DNA replication-dependent chromatin assembly

description: The formation of nucleosomes on newly synthesized DNA, coupled to strand elongation.


nucleosome disassembly

description: The controlled breakdown of nucleosomes, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.


chromatin remodeling

description: A dynamic process of chromatin reorganization resulting in changes to chromatin structure. These changes allow DNA metabolic processes such as transcriptional regulation, DNA recombination, DNA repair, and DNA replication.


name: DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation

description: Repression of transcription by methylation of DNA, leading to the formation of heterochromatin.


DNA-templated transcription

description: The synthesis of an RNA transcript from a DNA template.


DNA-templated transcription initiation

description: The initial step of transcription, consisting of the assembly of the RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at a gene promoter, as well as the formation of the first few bonds of the RNA transcript. Transcription initiation includes abortive initiation events, which occur when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released, and ends when promoter clearance takes place.


DNA-templated transcription termination

description: The completion of transcription: the RNA polymerase pauses, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, followed by the release of the RNA polymerase from its DNA template.


DNA-templated transcription elongation

description: The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by an RNA polymerase.


name: regulation of DNA-templated transcription

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.


name: regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase I

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase I.


name: regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.


name: regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase III

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA ploymerase III.


transcription by RNA polymerase I

description: The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase I (RNAP I), originating at an RNAP I promoter.


name: transcription initiation at RNA polymerase I promoter

description: A transcription initiation process that takes place at a RNA polymerase I gene promoter. Ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase I.


name: transcription elongation by RNA polymerase I

description: The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase I specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase I.


name: termination of RNA polymerase I transcription

description: A transcription termination process that completes the production of a ribosomal RNA transcript. RNAP I termination requires binding of a terminator protein to specific sequences downstream of the transcription unit.


rRNA processing

description: Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules.


transcription by RNA polymerase II

description: The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).


name: transcription initiation at RNA polymerase II promoter

description: A transcription initiation process that takes place at a RNA polymerase II gene promoter. Messenger RNAs (mRNA) genes, as well as some non-coding RNAs, are transcribed by RNA polymerase II.


name: transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II

description: The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase II promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.


name: termination of RNA polymerase II transcription

description: A transcription termination process that completes the production of a primary RNA polymerase II transcript.


7-methylguanosine mRNA capping

description: The sequence of enzymatic reactions by which the mRNA 5' cap structure, an inverted 7-methylguanosine linked via a 5'-5' triphosphate bridge (m7G(5')ppp(5')X) to the first transcribed residue, is added to a nascent transcript. Additional methylation can occur on the ribose sugars of the first and second nucleotides adjacent to the m7G nRNA cap. These methylations are often referred to as N6,2'-O-dimethyladenosine (m6,2A) and N6,2'-O-dimethylguanosine (m6,2G), respectively.


mRNA splice site recognition

description: Selection of a splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.


adenosine to inosine editing

description: The conversion of an adenosine residue to inosine in an RNA molecule by deamination.


transcription by RNA polymerase III

description: The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.


name: transcription initiation at RNA polymerase III promoter

description: A transcription initiation process that takes place at a RNA polymerase III gene promoter. Transfer RNAs (tRNA) genes, as well as some other non-coding RNAs, are transcribed by RNA polymerase III.


name: transcription elongation by RNA polymerase III

description: The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase III promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase III.


name: termination of RNA polymerase III transcription

description: A transcription termination process that completes the production of a primary RNA polymerase II transcript. RNA polymerase III has an intrinsic ability to terminate transcription upon incorporation of at least 4 contiguous U residues.


name: tRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation

description: Splicing of tRNA substrates via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons.


mitochondrial transcription

description: The synthesis of RNA from a mitochondrial DNA template, usually by a specific mitochondrial RNA polymerase.


name: transcription initiation at mitochondrial promoter

description: A transcription initiation process that takes place at a promoter on the mitochondrial chromosome.


name: transcription elongation by mitochondrial RNA polymerase

description: The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at mitochondrial promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a mitchondrial RNA polymerase.


name: termination of mitochondrial transcription

description: A transcription termination process that completes the production of a primary mitochondrial transcript.


RNA processing

description: Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules.


mRNA processing

description: Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide.


name: mRNA 3'-end processing by stem-loop binding and cleavage

description: Any mRNA 3'-end processing that involves the binding to and cleavage of a stem-loop structure. For example, histone mRNAs contain a highly conserved stem-loop sequence at the 3' end of the mRNA with a 6 base pairs (bp) stem and a 4-nt loop. The mRNA is cleaved between these two elements, after the fourth or fifth nucleotide, which is typically an adenosine.


tRNA metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving tRNA, transfer RNA, a class of relatively small RNA molecules responsible for mediating the insertion of amino acids into the sequence of nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis. Transfer RNA is characterized by the presence of many unusual minor bases, the function of which has not been completely established.


tRNA modification

description: The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a tRNA molecule to produce a tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.


RNA catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.


mRNA catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.


RNA localization

description: A process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


RNA import into nucleus

description: The import of RNA from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.


RNA export from nucleus

description: The directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.


mRNA export from nucleus

description: The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.


snRNA export from nucleus

description: The directed movement of snRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.


tRNA export from nucleus

description: The directed movement of tRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.


translation

description: The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome.


translational initiation

description: The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.


translational elongation

description: The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis.


translational termination

description: The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code).


regulation of translation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.


name: tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation

description: The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA and the alpha carboxylic acid group of an amino acid, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis.


alanyl-tRNA aminoacylation

description: The process of coupling alanine to alanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by alanyl-tRNA synthetase. The alanyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetases. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of an alanine accetping tRNA.


arginyl-tRNA aminoacylation

description: The process of coupling arginine to arginyl-tRNA, catalyzed by arginyl-tRNA synthetase. The arginyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of an alanine accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


asparaginyl-tRNA aminoacylation

description: The process of coupling asparagine to asparaginyl-tRNA, catalyzed by asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase. The asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of an asparagine-accetping tRNA.


aspartyl-tRNA aminoacylation

description: The process of coupling aspartate to aspartyl-tRNA, catalyzed by aspartyl-tRNA synthetase. The aspartyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of an aspartic acid accetping tRNA.


cysteinyl-tRNA aminoacylation

description: The process of coupling cysteine to cysteinyl-tRNA, catalyzed by cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. A cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a cysteine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


glutamyl-tRNA aminoacylation

description: The process of coupling glutamate to glutamyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glutamyl-tRNA synthetase. The glutamyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a glutamic acid-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


glutaminyl-tRNA aminoacylation

description: The process of coupling glutamine to glutaminyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase. The glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a glutamine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


glycyl-tRNA aminoacylation

description: The process of coupling glycine to glycyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glycyl-tRNA synthetase. The glycyll-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of a glycine-accepting tRNA.


histidyl-tRNA aminoacylation

description: The process of coupling histidine to histidyl-tRNA, catalyzed by histidyl-tRNA synthetase. The histidyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3''-OH group of a histidine-accetping tRNA.


isoleucyl-tRNA aminoacylation

description: The process of coupling isoleucine to isoleucyl-tRNA, catalyzed by isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. The isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a isoleucine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


leucyl-tRNA aminoacylation

description: The process of coupling leucine to leucyl-tRNA, catalyzed by leucyl-tRNA synthetase. The leucyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a leucine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


lysyl-tRNA aminoacylation

description: The process of coupling lysine to lysyl-tRNA, catalyzed by lysyl-tRNA synthetase. The lysyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of a lysine-accetping tRNA.


methionyl-tRNA aminoacylation

description: The process of coupling methionine to methionyl-tRNA, catalyzed by methionyl-tRNA synthetase. The methionyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a methionine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


phenylalanyl-tRNA aminoacylation

description: The process of coupling phenylalanine to phenylalanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. The phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. However, unlike other class II enzymes, The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a phenylalanine-accepting tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


prolyl-tRNA aminoacylation

description: The process of coupling proline to prolyl-tRNA, catalyzed by prolyl-tRNA synthetase. The prolyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of a methionine-accetping tRNA.


seryl-tRNA aminoacylation

description: The process of coupling serine to seryl-tRNA, catalyzed by seryl-tRNA synthetase. The seryl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of a serine-accetping tRNA.


threonyl-tRNA aminoacylation

description: The process of coupling threonine to threonyl-tRNA, catalyzed by threonyl-tRNA synthetase. The threonyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of a threonine-accetping tRNA.


tryptophanyl-tRNA aminoacylation

description: The process of coupling tryptophan to tryptophanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. The tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a tryptophan-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


tyrosyl-tRNA aminoacylation

description: The process of coupling tyrosine to tyrosyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. The tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a tyrosine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


valyl-tRNA aminoacylation

description: The process of coupling valine to valyl-tRNA, catalyzed by valyl-tRNA synthetase. The valyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a valine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


regulation of translational initiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.


name: regulation of translational initiation by iron

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the translation of certain mRNAs involved in iron metabolism; regulated by the concentration of iron.


regulation of translational elongation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or accuracy of translational elongation.


regulation of translational termination

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.


regulation of translational fidelity

description: Any process that modulates the ability of the translational apparatus to interpret the genetic code.


translational readthrough

description: The continuation of translation beyond a stop codon by the use of a special tRNA that recognizes the UAG and UGA codons as modified amino acids, rather than as termination codons.


translational frameshifting

description: A mechanism whereby different proteins may result from a single mRNA molecule, due to a change in the parsing of three nucleotides per codon relative to an initiating AUG codon.


protein folding

description: The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure.


'de novo' protein folding

description: The process of assisting in the folding of a nascent peptide chain into its correct tertiary structure.


name: steroid hormone receptor complex assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a steroid hormone receptor complex, an intracellular receptor that binds steroid hormones. The complex is often a dimer, and forms after the steroid has bound the receptor.


signal peptide processing

description: The proteolytic removal of a signal peptide from a protein during or after transport to a specific location in the cell.


protein phosphorylation

description: The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein.


name: negative regulation of protein kinase activity

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.


protein dephosphorylation

description: The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein.


protein acetylation

description: The addition of an acetyl group to a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.


name: N-terminal protein amino acid acetylation

description: The acetylation of the N-terminal amino acid of proteins.


internal protein amino acid acetylation

description: The addition of an acetyl group to a non-terminal amino acid in a protein.


protein deacetylation

description: The removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.


protein sulfation

description: The addition of a sulfate group as an ester to a protein amino acid.


peptidyl-tyrosine sulfation

description: The sulfation of peptidyl-tyrosine residues to form peptidyl-O4'-sulfo-L-tyrosine.


protein methylation

description: The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.


name: N-terminal protein amino acid methylation

description: The methylation of the N-terminal amino acid of a protein.


C-terminal protein methylation

description: The methylation of the C-terminal amino acid of a protein.


protein demethylation

description: The removal of a methyl group, from a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.


protein glycosylation

description: A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.


protein N-linked glycosylation

description: A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine, the omega-N of arginine, or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan.


name: dolichol-linked oligosaccharide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichol-linked oligosaccharide, usually by a stepwise addition of glycosyl chains to endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound dolichol-P.


name: dolichyl diphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichyl diphosphate, a diphosphorylated dolichol derivative.


name: oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate, such as a molecule of dolichol-P-man or dolicol-P-Glc used in N-linked glycosylation.


N-glycan processing

description: The conversion of N-linked glycan (N = nitrogen) structures from the initially transferred oligosaccharide to a mature form, by the actions of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. The early processing steps are conserved and play roles in glycoprotein folding and trafficking.


protein O-linked glycosylation

description: A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or via the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine, forming an O-glycan.


protein lipidation

description: The covalent attachment of lipid groups to an amino acid in a protein.


N-terminal protein lipidation

description: The covalent attachment of a lipid group to the amino terminus of a protein.


N-terminal protein myristoylation

description: The covalent attachment of a myristoyl group to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein.


N-terminal protein palmitoylation

description: The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to the N-terminal amino acid residue of a protein.


C-terminal protein lipidation

description: The covalent attachment of a lipid group to the carboxy-terminus of a protein.


GPI anchor metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, molecular mechanisms for attaching membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. Structurally they consist of a molecule of phosphatidylinositol to which is linked, via the C-6 hydroxyl of the inositol, a carbohydrate chain. This chain is in turn linked to the protein through an ethanolamine phosphate group, the amino group of which is in amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein chain, the phosphate group being esterified to the C-6 hydroxyl of the terminal mannose of the core carbohydrate chain.


GPI anchor biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that attaches some membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The phosphatidylinositol group is linked via the C-6 hydroxyl residue of inositol to a carbohydrate chain which is itself linked to the protein via an ethanolamine phosphate group, its amino group forming an amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein. Some GPI anchors have variants on this canonical linkage.


GPI anchor release

description: The GPI anchor metabolic process that results in enzymatic cleavage of the anchor, releasing an anchored protein from the membrane.


proteolysis

description: The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.


membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis

description: The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain).


name: ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein.


protein monoubiquitination

description: Addition of a single ubiquitin group to a protein.


name: protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded or attenuated proteins.


glycoprotein catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.


protein deglycosylation

description: The removal of sugar residues from a glycosylated protein.


peptide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.


amino acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.


name: regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids.


alanine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid.


alanine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid.


alanine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid.


arginine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.


arginine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.


arginine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.


asparagine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.


asparagine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.


asparagine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.


aspartate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.


aspartate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.


aspartate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.


cysteine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.


name: cysteine biosynthetic process from serine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine from other compounds, including serine.


glutamate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.


glutamate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.


glutamate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.


name: glutamate catabolic process via 2-oxoglutarate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, via the intermediate 2-oxoglutarate.


glutamate decarboxylation to succinate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of succinate from glutamate. Also known as GABA (gamma-aminobutyrate) shunt since it channels glutamate into the TCA cycle bypassing two steps of that cycle. There are three enzymes involved in the GABA shunt: glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), GABA aminotransferase (GABA-TA), and succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH). These three enzymes acting in concert to convert glutamate into succinate. The GABA shunt is predominantly associated with neurotransmission in the mammalian brain. It is also present in nonneuronal cells, in plants, in unicellular eukaryotes, and in prokaryotes.


glutamine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.


glutamine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.


glutamine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.


glycine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycine, aminoethanoic acid.


glycine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine, aminoethanoic acid.


glycine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine, aminoethanoic acid.


L-histidine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.


L-histidine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.


isoleucine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.


isoleucine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.


L-leucine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.


L-leucine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.


lysine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.


lysine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.


methionine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.


L-phenylalanine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.


L-phenylalanine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylalanine, 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.


proline metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


proline biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


proline catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


L-serine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.


L-serine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.


L-serine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.


threonine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


threonine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


tryptophan metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.


tryptophan catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.


tyrosine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.


tyrosine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.


tyrosine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.


valine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.


valine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.


name: cellular modified amino acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.


biogenic amine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.


amino-acid betaine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.


amino-acid betaine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.


amino-acid betaine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.


ethanolamine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol), an important water-soluble base of phospholipid (phosphatidylethanolamine).


acetylcholine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline.


melanin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.


name: melanin biosynthetic process from tyrosine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin from other compounds, including tyrosine.


catecholamine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.


name: dopamine biosynthetic process from tyrosine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine) from L-tyrosine, via the metabolic precursor 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-dopa). Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine.


indolalkylamine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group.


name: serotonin biosynthetic process from tryptophan

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation from tryptophan of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.


octopamine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of octopamine, 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol. The D enantiomer is about one-tenth as active as norepinephrine and is found in the salivary glands of Octopus and Eledone species.


thyroid hormone generation

description: The formation of either of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, mainly thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This is achieved by the iodination and joining of tyrosine molecules to form the precursor thyroglobin, proteolysis of this precursor gives rise to the thyroid hormones.


ornithine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.


ornithine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.


ornithine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.


polyamine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.


polyamine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.


spermine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses and involved in nucleic acid packaging.


polyamine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.


phosphagen metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphagen, any of a group of guanidine phosphates that occur in muscle and can be used to regenerate ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.


creatine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving creatine (N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine), a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle.


creatine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of creatine, N-[amino(imino)methyl]-N-methylglycine. Creatine is formed by a process beginning with amidino group transfer from L-arginine to glycine to form guanidinoacetate, followed by methyl group transfer from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to guanidinoacetate; it is then is phosphorylated to form a pool that stores high energy phosphate for the replenishment of ATP during periods of high, or fluctuating energy demand. In animals, most creatine is transported to and used in muscle.


creatinine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of creatinine, 2-amino-1,5-dihydro-1-methyl-4H-imidazol-4-one, an end product of creatine metabolism and a normal constituent of urine.


phosphocreatine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphocreatine, a phosphagen of creatine present in high concentration in striated muscle which is synthesized and broken down by creatine phosphokinase to buffer ATP concentration. It acts as an immediate energy reserve for muscle.


phosphoarginine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphoarginine, a phosphagen of L-arginine with phosphoric acid containing the phosphoamide bond. It is a source of energy in the contraction of muscle in invertebrates, corresponding to phosphocreatine in the muscles of vertebrates.


protein targeting

description: The process of targeting specific proteins to particular regions of the cell, typically membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif.


protein import into nucleus

description: The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.


NLS-bearing protein import into nucleus

description: The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear envelope.


ribosomal protein import into nucleus

description: The directed movement of a ribosomal protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane. At least some ribosomal proteins, including rpl12, uses the importin 11 pathway as a major route into the nucleus.


protein export from nucleus

description: The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.


protein targeting to membrane

description: The process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.


name: cotranslational protein targeting to membrane

description: The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation. The transport of most secretory proteins, particularly those with more than 100 amino acids, into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen occurs in this manner, as does the import of some proteins into mitochondria.


name: SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane

description: The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is dependent upon two key components, the signal-recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor. SRP is a cytosolic particle that transiently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in a nascent protein, to the large ribosomal unit, and to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane.


name: SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, docking

description: The process in which an SRP-bound ribosome forms a complex with the SRP receptor in the ER membrane, allowing the ribosome to bind to the membrane, during cotranslational membrane targeting.


name: SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, translocation

description: The process during cotranslational membrane targeting wherein proteins move across a membrane. SRP and its receptor initiate the transfer of the nascent chain across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane; they then dissociate from the chain, which is transferred to a set of transmembrane proteins, collectively called the translocon. Once the nascent chain translocon complex is assembled, the elongating chain passes directly from the large ribosomal subunit into the centers of the translocon, a protein-lined channel within the membrane. The growing chain is never exposed to the cytosol and does not fold until it reaches the ER lumen.


name: SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, signal sequence recognition

description: The process in which SRP binds to the signal peptide in a nascent protein, causing protein elongation to pause, during cotranslational membrane targeting.


name: SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, signal sequence processing

description: The removal of the signal peptide from a nascent protein during cotranslational membrane targeting.


name: post-translational protein targeting to endoplasmic reticulum membrane

description: The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs after their translation. Some secretory proteins exhibit posttranslational transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen: they are synthesized in their entirety on free cytosolic ribosomes and then released into the cytosol, where they are bound by chaperones which keep them in an unfolded state, and subsequently are translocated across the ER membrane.


protein retention in ER lumen

description: The retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen of soluble resident proteins. Sorting receptors retrieve proteins with ER localization signals, such as KDEL and HDEL sequences or some transmembrane domains, that have escaped to the cis-Golgi network and return them to the ER. Abnormally folded proteins and unassembled subunits are also selectively retained in the ER.


protein targeting to lysosome

description: The process of directing proteins towards the lysosome using signals contained within the protein.


protein targeting to vacuole

description: The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole, usually using signals contained within the protein.


vacuolar protein processing

description: Protein processing that takes place in the vacuole. Most protein processing in the vacuole represents proteolytic cleavage of precursors to form active enzymes.


protein targeting to peroxisome

description: The process of directing proteins towards the peroxisome, usually using signals contained within the protein.


protein targeting to mitochondrion

description: The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, usually mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein.


name: protein processing involved in protein targeting to mitochondrion

description: The cleavage of peptide bonds in proteins, usually near the N terminus, contributing to the process of import into the mitochondrion. Several different peptidases mediate cleavage of proteins destined for different mitochondrial compartments.


lipid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.


fatty acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.


fatty acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.


hexadecanal biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hexadecanal, the C16 straight chain aldehyde.


fatty acid beta-oxidation

description: A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A; the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).


name: unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.


acyl-CoA metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group.


neutral lipid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.


acylglycerol metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.


monoacylglycerol biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monoacylglycerol, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid, the other being non-esterified.


triglyceride metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol. The three fatty acid residues may all be the same or differ in any permutation. Triglycerides are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins.


triglyceride mobilization

description: The release of triglycerides, any triester of glycerol, from storage within cells or tissues, making them available for metabolism.


membrane lipid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.


phospholipid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine (PMME), a derivative of phosphatidylethanolamine with a methylated amine group.


dihydrosphingosine-1-P pathway

description: A phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthetic process that proceeds via the enzymatic action of dihydrosphingosine phosphate lyase.


phospholipid transfer to membrane

description: The transfer of a phospholipid from its site of synthesis to the plasma membrane.


glycerophospholipid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.


diacylglycerol biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, the compounds most commonly designated lecithin.


phosphatidic acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.


CDP-choline pathway

description: The phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process that begins with the phosphorylation of choline and ends with the combination of CDP-choline with diacylglycerol to form phosphatidylcholine.


phosphatidylserine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine. They are important constituents of cell membranes.


phosphatidylserine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine.


phosphatidylserine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.


glycerol ether metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol.


name: platelet activating factor biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of platelet activating factor, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine, where alkyl = hexadecyl or octadecyl. Platelet activating factor is an inflammatory mediator released from a variety of cells in response to various stimuli.


glycolipid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolipids, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide). Some substances classified as bacterial glycolipids have the sugar group acylated by one or more fatty acids and the glycerol group may be absent.


sphingolipid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).


3-keto-sphinganine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-keto-sphinganine, a derivative of sphinganine with a ketone group at C3. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of sphingosine.


sphinganine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphinganine, D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.


sphingosine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingosine (sphing-4-enine), trans-D-erytho-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol, a long chain amino diol sphingoid base that occurs in most sphingolipids in animal tissues.


phytosphingosine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytosphingosine, (2S,3S,4R)-2-aminooctadecane-1,3,4-triol, a constituent of many plant sphingolipids.


ceramide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid.


name: inositol phosphoceramide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol phosphoceramides, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group.


name: mannosyl-inositol phosphorylceramide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannosyl-inositol phosphorylceramide, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group which contains a phosphoryl (-P(O)=) groups and a mannose derivative.


name: mannosyl diphosphorylinositol ceramide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannosyl diphosphorylinositol ceramide, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group which contains two phosphoryl (-P(O)=) groups and a mannose derivative.


glycosylceramide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.


glucosylceramide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group. They are neutral glycolipids containing equimolar amounts of fatty acid, glucose, and sphingosine or a sphingosine derivative.


glucosylceramide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group.


glucosylceramide catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group.


galactosylceramide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.


galactosylceramide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.


galactosylceramide catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.


sphingomyelin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine, any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of sphingosine is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphorylcholine.


sphingomyelin catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine.


sphingomyelin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine.


glycosphingolipid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosphingolipids, any compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.


glycosphingolipid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.


ganglioside catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ganglioside, a ceramide oligosaccharide carrying, in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic residues.


icosanoid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids.


leukotriene metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.


prostanoid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostanoids, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure.


prostaglandin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities.


steroid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification.


cholesterol biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.


ergosterol biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergosterol, (22E)-ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-beta-ol, a sterol found in ergot, yeast and moulds.


ecdysone biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecdysone, (22R)-2-beta,3-beta,14,22,25-pentahydroxycholest-7-en-6-one, an ecdysteroid found in insects.


bile acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.


name: C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.


progesterone biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.


androgen biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.


estrogen biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.


glucocorticoid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.


mineralocorticoid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.


steroid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.


cholesterol catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.


ecdysone catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ecdysone, (22R)-2-beta,3-beta,14,22,25-pentahydroxycholest-7-en-6-one, an ecdysteroid found in insects.


progesterone catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.


androgen catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.


estrogen catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.


mineralocorticoid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.


glucocorticoid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.


sesquiterpenoid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units.


farnesol biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the sesquiterpenoid alcohol farnesol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10,dodecatrien-1-ol.


juvenile hormone metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.


juvenile hormone biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.


juvenile hormone catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.


isoprenoid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid compounds, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.


terpenoid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure and including derivatives with various functional groups.


triterpenoid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units.


name: cuticle hydrocarbon biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrocarbons that make up the cuticle, the outer layer of some animals and plants, which acts to prevent water loss.