nephrostome development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephrostome over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The nephrostome is the opening of the pronephros into the body cavity.


pronephric nephron development

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephric nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros.


pronephric nephron tubule development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pronephric nephron tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron and connects the filtration unit (glomerulus or glomus) of the pronephros to the pronephric duct.


pronephric glomerulus development

description: The progression of the glomerulus of the pronephric kidney over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pronephric glomerulus is part of the pronephric nephron and is restricted to one body segment.


pronephric duct development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephric duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pronephric duct collects the filtrate from the pronephric tubules and opens to the exterior of the pronephric kidney.


pronephric duct morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the pronephric duct are generated and organized. The pronephric duct collects the filtrate from the pronephric tubules and opens to the exterior of the kidney.


name: suppression by virus of host type I interferon production

description: Any viral process that results in the inhibition of host cell type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway

description: A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupts a type I interferon-mediated signaling in the host organism. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host adaptive immune response

description: A process by which a symbiont inhibits or disrupts the normal execution of the adaptive immune response of the host organism, an immune response based on directed amplification of specific receptors for antigen produced through a somatic diversification process, and allowing for enhanced response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen (immunological memory).


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class II

description: A process by which a symbiont inhibits or disrupts the normal processing and presentation of a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host JAK-STAT cascade

description: A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupt a JAK-STAT signal cascade in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


modulation by virus of host autophagy

description: Any process in which a virus effect a change in the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host.


induction by virus of host autophagy

description: Any process in which a virus activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host.


suppression by virus of host autophagy

description: Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy in the host.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host mRNA export from nucleus

description: A process in which a symbiont inhibits or disrupts the normal movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of the host cell, leading to shutoff of host protein expression. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host mRNA transcription via inhibition of RNA polymerase II activity

description: A process in which a symbiont inhibits or disrupts the transcription of genes into mRNA in its host by directly inhibiting host RNA polymerase II activity. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host mRNA processing

description: A process in which a symbiont inhibits or disrupts mRNA processing in its host. mRNA processing is the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: modulation by virus of host chromatin organization

description: Any process in which a virus effects a change in the organization of chromatin in the host.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host TRAF-mediated signal transduction

description: A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupts a TRAF-mediated signal transduction pathway in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


RIG-I signaling pathway

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding ssRNA or dsRNA from another organism to the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) RIG-1 (also known as DDX58). RIG-I detects RNA synthesized during viral replication or shed by non-viral pathogens, and triggers a signaling pathway to protect the host against infection, for example by inducing the expression of cytokines.


MDA-5 signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of dsRNA from another organism to the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1). MDA-5 detects RNA synthesized during viral replication or shed by non-viral pathogens, and triggers a signaling pathway to protect the host against infection, for example by inducing the expression of cytokines.


name: regulation of cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway.


name: negative regulation of cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway.


regulation of MDA-5 signaling pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1) binding to viral RNA.


name: negative regulation of MDA-5 signaling pathway

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of the MDA-5 signaling pathway.


regulation of RIG-I signaling pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the RIG-I signaling pathway.


name: negative regulation of RIG-I signaling pathway

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the RIG-I signaling pathway.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway

description: A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupts a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway. This is a mechanism by which the virus evades the host innate immune response.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of RIG-I activity

description: A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupts a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway by inhibiting the activity of RIG-1 (also known as DDX58). The cytoplasmic pattern recognition RIG-I recognizes viral RNA synthesized during active viral replication and signals to protect the host against viral infection, for example by inducing the expression of antiviral cytokines.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of MAVS activity

description: A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupts a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway in a host organism by reducing the activity of host MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein). MAVS is a signal transducer that lies downstream of the viral RNA receptors MDA-5 and RIG-I to coordinate host innate immune responses.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of IRF3 activity

description: A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupts a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway in a host organism by reducing the activity of host IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor-3). IRF3 is a transcription factor in the RIG-I/MDA-5 signaling pathway. Viral infection triggers phosphorylation of cytoplasmic IRF3, which allows IRF3 to form a homodimer, migrate to the nucleus, and activate transcription of IFN-alpha and IFN-beta genes.


RIG-I binding

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Binding to RIG-I, a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor that initiates an antiviral signaling pathway upon binding to viral RNA.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of MDA-5 activity

description: A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupts a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway by inhibiting the activity of MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1). The cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor MDA-5 detects dsRNA synthesized during active viral replication and triggers a signaling pathway to protect the host against viral infection, for example by inducing the expression of antiviral cytokines.


MDA-5 binding

description: Binding to MDA-5, a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor that initiates an antiviral signaling pathway upon binding to viral dsRNA.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of IRF7 activity

description: A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupts a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway by reducing the activity of IRF7 (interferon regulatory factor-7). IRF7 a transcription factor in the RIG-I/MDA-5 signaling pathway. Viral infection triggers phosphorylation of cytoplasmic IRF7, which allows IRF7 to form a homodimer, migrate to the nucleus, and activate transcription of IFN-alpha and IFN-beta genes.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host JAK-STAT cascade via inhibition of host IRF9 activity

description: A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupt a JAK-STAT signal cascade in the host organism by reducing the activity of host IRF9 (interferon regulatory factor-9), a transcription factor involved in the innate immune response. For example, viral infection triggers binding of IRF9 to phosphorylated STAT1 and STAT2, forming the ISGF3 complex. The ISGF3 complex migrates to the nucleus and activates transcription of IFN-responsive genes.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host JAK-STAT cascade via inhibition of STAT activity

description: A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupt a JAK-STAT signal cascade in the host organism by reducing the activity of host STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription). STATs are SH2 domain-containing proteins which lie downstream of many signaling receptors. Upon phosphorylation by JAKs, STAT proteins hetero- or homo-dimerize and translocate to the nucleus to activate transcription of target genes.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host JAK-STAT cascade via inhibition of STAT1 activity

description: A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupt a JAK-STAT signal cascade in the host organism by reducing the activity of host STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1).


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host JAK-STAT cascade via inhibition of STAT2 activity

description: A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupt a JAK-STAT signal cascade in the host organism by reducing the activity of host STAT2 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 2).


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host JAK-STAT cascade via inhibition of host TYK2 activity

description: A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupt a JAK-STAT signal cascade in the host organism by reducing the activity of host TYK2 (tyrosine kinase 2). TYK2 is an intracellular signal-transducing tyrosine kinase involved in numerous cytokines and interferons signaling pathways and transmits the cytokine signal by phosphorylating receptor subunits.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host JAK-STAT cascade via inhibition of JAK1 activity

description: A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupt a JAK-STAT signal cascade in the host organism by reducing the activity of host JAK1 (Janus Kinase 1).


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host ISG15-protein conjugation

description: Any process in which a symbiont inhibits or disrupts a host ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 conjugation to a substrate. ISG15 is a ubiquitin-like protein that is conjugated to lysine residues on various target proteins. For example, some viruses escape the antiviral activity of ISG15 by using different mechanisms; the influenza B virus NS1 protein blocks the covalent linkage of ISG15 to its target proteins by directly interacting with ISG15, while the papain-like protease from the coronavirus cleaves ISG15 derivatives.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host PKR/eIFalpha signaling

description: A process in which a symbiont inhibits or disrupts host PKR (Protein Kinase regulated by RNA) signaling. PKR phosphorylates host targets such as the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha that inhibits protein synthesis as an antimicrobial response. Inhibition of host PKR signaling maintains the host ability to translate mRNA. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


PKR/eIFalpha signaling

description: An intracellular signaling cassette that starts with activation and autophosphorylation of PKR (also known as EIF2AK2), which phosphorylates proteins including the translation initiation factor eIF2 to inhibit translation. PKR is activated by stress signals and during the antiviral response, activated by binding to viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) leading to inhibition of protein synthesis during viral infection.


name: suppression by virus of host tetherin activity

description: Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of host tetherin activity. Tetherin (also known as BST2) is an alpha interferon-inducible cellular factor that impairs the release of many enveloped viruses. By blocking tetherin activity, many viruses circumvent its antiviral effects.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host antigen processing and presentation

description: A process by which a symbiont inhibits or disrupts the normal processing and presentation of a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.


name: symbiont-mediated arrest of host cell cycle during G2/M transition

description: A process in which a symbiont interferes with the progression of the host mitotic cell cycle from G2 phase to M phase, leading to arrest in G2 phase. The arrest in G2/M allows some viruses to replicate their genome before cells enter mitosis. Alternatively, it can inhibit the antiviral immune response by preventing the clonal expansion of infected lymphocytes.


name: symbiont-mediated perturbation of host exit from mitosis

description: A process in which a virus interferes with the host cell completing the M phase of the cell cycle.


name: symbiont-mediated degradation of host mRNA

description: The process in which a virus increases the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of host messenger RNA (mRNA).


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter

description: Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) at an RNA polymerase II promoter region of a host DNA template. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host translation

description: A process in which a symbiont inhibits or disrupts the translation of host mRNA into protein, for example by cleavage of the host mRNAs. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host translation initiation

description: A process in which a symbiont inhibits or disrupts translation initiation in its host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


T=1 icosahedral viral capsid

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with T=1 symmetry. The T=1 capsid is composed of 12 pentameric capsomeres.


T=2 icosahedral viral capsid

description: The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with T=2 symmetry. The T=2 capsid is composed of 12 pentameric dimers.


T=3 icosahedral viral capsid

description: The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with T=3 symmetry. The T=3 capsid is composed of 12 pentameric and 20 hexameric capsomeres.


T=pseudo3 icosahedral viral capsid

description: The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with pseudo T=3 symmetry. The T=pseudo3 capsid is composed of 12 pentameric and 20 hexameric capsomeres.


T=4 icosahedral viral capsid

description: The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with T=4 symmetry. The T=4 capsid is composed of 12 pentameric and 30 hexameric capsomeres.


T=7 icosahedral viral capsid

description: The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with T=7 symmetry. The T=7 capsid is composed of 12 pentameric and 60 hexameric capsomeres.


T=13 icosahedral viral capsid

description: The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with T=13 symmetry. The T=13 capsid is composed of 12 pentameric and 120 hexameric capsomeres.


T=16 icosahedral viral capsid

description: The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with T=16 symmetry. The T=16 capsid is composed of 12 pentameric and 150 hexameric capsomeres.


T=25 icosahedral viral capsid

description: The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with T=25 symmetry. The T=25 capsid is composed of 12 pentameric and 240 hexameric capsomeres.


viral outer capsid

description: The outer layer of a double or triple concentric icosahedral capsid. Outer capsids are part of reoviridae and cystoviridae virions.


viral inner capsid

description: The inner layer of a double or triple concentric icosahedral capsid. Inner capsids are part of reoviridae and cystoviridae virions.


viral intermediate capsid

description: The intermediate layer of a triple concentric icosahedral capsid. Intermediate capsids are part of reoviridae virions.


T=147 icosahedral capsid

description: The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with T=147 symmetry. T=147 icosahedral capsid is composed of 12 pentameric and 1460 hexameric capsomeres for a total of 8820 capsid proteins.


T=169 icosahedral viral capsid

description: The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with T=169 symmetry. T=169 icosahedral capsid is composed of 12 pentameric and 1680 hexameric capsomeres for a total of 10140 capsid proteins.


T=219 icosahedral capsid

description: The protein coat that surrounds the infective nucleic acid in some virus particles where the subunits (capsomeres) are arranged to form an icosahedron with T=219 symmetry. T=219 icosahedral capsid is composed of 12 pentameric and 2180 hexameric capsomeres for a total of 13140 capsid proteins.


RNA translocase activity

description: Generating a movement along a single- or double-stranded RNA molecule, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


name: killing by virus of host cell during superinfection exclusion

description: The viral-killing of a host cell by a pre-existing virus in response to a subsequent infection of the host cell by second virus.


name: suppression by virus of host peptidoglycan biosynthetic process

description: Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peptidoglycan biosynthesis in the host organism. Peptidoglycans are any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.


name: suppression by virus of host cell wall biogenesis

description: Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell wall biogenesis in the host organism. Cell wall biogenesis includes the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and the assembly and arrangement of these constituent parts.


catabolism by virus of host DNA

description: The breakdown of host DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, by a virus.


name: lipopolysaccharide-mediated virion attachment to host cell

description: The process by which a virion attaches to a host cell by binding to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the host cell surface.


name: suppression by virus of host cell lysis in response to superinfection

description: The prevention or delay of host cell lysis by a pre-existing virus in response to a subsequent infection of the host cell by second virus.


name: viral release via suppression of host peptidoglycan biosynthetic process

description: The dissemination of mature viral particles from a host cell, caused by a virus stopping, preventing, or reducing peptidoglycan biosynthesis in the host organism. Peptidoglycans are any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.


viral inner membrane

description: The lipid bilayer of a virion contained inside the protein capsid.


virion nucleoid

description: The region of a virion in which the nucleic acid is confined.


host cell viral nucleoid

description: The region of a host cell that contains the viral genome.


name: symbiont-mediated perturbation of host cell cycle G1/S transition checkpoint

description: A process in which a symbiont interferes with the normal execution of the host cell G1/S transition checkpoint. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: symbiont-mediated perturbation of host cell cycle G0/G1 transition checkpoint

description: A process in which a symbiont interferes with the normal execution of the host cell G0/G1 transition checkpoint. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction. Some viruses benefit from keeping cells in resting state (G0), while others favor entry through G1 and subsequent cell division to replicate more efficiently.


name: symbiont-mediated perturbation of host ubiquitin-like protein modification

description: A process by which a symbiont alters ubiquitin-like protein modification of target proteins of either host or symbiont proteins. This includes ubiquitination, SUMOylation, NEDDylation, and ISG15ylation. The ubiquitination status of a protein  affects whether it is targeted to the proteasome for degradation. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host transcription

description: A process in which a symbiont inhibits or disrupts transcription of genes into mRNA in its host. For example, symbiont proteins can interfere with host RNA polymerase or with transcription factors. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: fusion of virus membrane with host endosome membrane

description: Fusion of a virus membrane with a host endosome membrane. Occurs after internalization of the virus through the endosomal pathway, and results in release of the virus contents into the cell.


name: symbiont-mediated perturbation of host gene expression

description: A process in which a symbiont alters or subverts the normal execution of host gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host gene expression

description: A process in which a symbiont inhibits or disrupts expression of genes in its host. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Some protein processing events may be included when they are required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


TBK1-IKKE-DDX3 complex

description: A protein complex containing TBK1 (TANK-binding kinase 1), IKBKE (I-Kappa-B kinase epsilon/IKKE/IKK-epsilon) and the DEAD box family RNA helicase DDX3.


structural constituent of virion

description: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a virion.


host organelle outer membrane

description: The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing in a cellular organelle, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope, occurring in a host cell.


host cell outer membrane

description: A lipid bilayer that forms the outermost layer of the cell envelope, occurring in a host cell.


name: membrane fusion involved in viral entry into host cell

description: Merging of the virion membrane and a host membrane (host plasma membrane or host organelle membrane) that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell.


name: lysis of host organelle involved in viral entry into host cell

description: The viral-induced lysis of an organelle (endosome, lysosome, or caveosome) that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell. Occurs once the virus is within the organelle, and results in transfer of the viral contents from the organelle compartment into the cytoplasm.


name: permeabilization of host organelle membrane involved in viral entry into host cell

description: Induction of organellar membrane permeabilization triggered by an interaction between the host membrane and a membrane-penetration protein associated with a viral capsid. Results in release of the virus contents from an organelle into the host cell cytoplasm.


virion attachment to host cell pilus

description: The process by which a virion attaches to a host cell by binding to a pilus on the host cell surface. Pili are retractile filaments that protrude from gram-negative bacteria. Filamentous viruses can attach to the pilus tip, whereas icosahedral viruses can attach to the pilus side.


viral capsid, turret

description: A turret-like appendage formed at the vertices of an icosahedral capsid.


name: evasion by virus of host natural killer cell activity

description: Any process by which a virus avoids the effects mediated by the host organism's natural killer (NK) cells.


name: suppression by virus of host natural killer cell activation

description: Any process in which a virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation in the host.


name: evasion by virus of host dendritic cell activity

description: Any process by which a virus avoids the effects mediated by the host organism's dendritic cells.


exit of virus from host cell nucleus

description: The directed movement of the viral genome or a viral particle out of the host cell nucleus.


name: exit of virus from host cell nucleus through nuclear pore

description: The directed movement of the viral genome or a viral particle out of the host cell nucleus through the nuclear pore.


name: exit of virus from host cell nucleus via nuclear envelope disassembly

description: The directed movement of the viral genome or a viral particle out of the host cell nucleus that involves disruption of the nuclear membrane envelope by the virus.


name: symbiont genome ejection through host cell envelope

description: Entry of a symbiont's genome into the host cell through the host cell envelope. Occurs in non-enveloped prokaryotic viruses. Caudovirales carry an ejection apparatus that can be long and contractile, long and noncontractile, or short, and is able to penetrate the host cell envelope to deliver the viral genome into the host cell cytoplasm.


viral occlusion body

description: A crystalline protein matrix surrounding the nucleocapsids of some insect viruses after their release in the environment. Produced in the host cell, the occlusion body protects the infectious virion after death of the host.


name: actin-dependent intracellular transport of virus towards nucleus

description: The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, towards the host cell nucleus using actin filaments.


rolling circle viral DNA replication

description: A process of unidirectional viral DNA replication that takes place on a circular DNA to rapidly produce numerous copies of the viral genome. Involves creating a nick in one strand of the circular DNA molecule at the origin of replication. DNA is then synthesized by DNA polymerase. Using the non-nicked strand as a template, replication proceeds around the circular DNA molecule, displacing the nicked strand as single-stranded DNA.


name: rolling circle double-stranded viral DNA replication

description: A rolling circle viral DNA replication that begins with a double-stranded viral DNA genome.


name: rolling circle single-stranded viral DNA replication

description: A rolling circle viral DNA replication that begins with a single-stranded viral DNA genome.


rolling hairpin viral DNA replication

description: A viral DNA replication process where a 3' hairpin structure in the viral single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) template serves as a primer for host enzymes to synthesize DNA.


name: bidirectional double-stranded viral DNA replication

description: A viral DNA replication process where replication occurs in both directions from the starting point. This creates two replication forks, moving in opposite directions.


name: viral DNA strand displacement replication

description: A viral DNA replication process where only one strand is replicated at once, and which releases a single stranded DNA (ssDNA).


name: viral double stranded DNA replication via reverse transcription

description: A DNA replication process that uses viral RNA as a template for RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (e.g. reverse transcriptase) that synthesize the new strands.


negative stranded viral RNA replication

description: A viral genome replication process where the template genome is negative stranded, single stranded RNA ((-)ssRNA).


positive stranded viral RNA replication

description: A viral genome replication process where the template genome is positive stranded, single stranded RNA ((+)ssRNA). Replication of the positive strand leads to dsRNA formation, which in turn is transcribed into positive single stranded RNA.


double stranded viral RNA replication

description: A viral genome replication process where the template genome is double stranded RNA (dsRNA). Genomic dsRNA is first transcribed into single-stranded (ss) mRNA, which is then replicated to ds-genomic RNA.


name: single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate

description: A viral genome replication where the template is single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), and which proceeds via a double stranded DNA (dsDNA) intermediate molecule. Viral genomic RNA is first reverse transcribed into dsDNA, which integrates into the host chromosomal DNA, where it is transcribed by host RNA polymerase II.


viral DNA genome replication

description: The replication of a viral DNA genome.


viral RNA genome replication

description: The replication of a viral RNA genome.


DNA-templated viral transcription

description: A transcription process that uses a viral DNA as a template.


RNA-templated viral transcription

description: A transcription process that uses viral RNA as a template.


name: negative stranded viral RNA transcription

description: A viral transcription process that uses negative stranded (-) single stranded (ss) RNA as a template.


name: polyadenylation of viral mRNA by polymerase stuttering

description: Polyadenylation of viral mRNA through a polymerase stuttering mechanism. The stop signal present at the end of each gene comprises a stretch of uridine on which the viral polymerase acquires a stuttering behavior: after each adenine inserted, the polymerase moves back one nucleotide along with the mRNA. It resumes transcription adding a new adenine, then again moves back, thereby producing a polyA tail.


name: symbiont-mediated evasion of mRNA degradation by host via mRNA cap methylation

description: An innate immune response evasion mechanism in which a symbiont methylates the 2'-O-ribose of the first or second transcribed nucleotide of its mRNAs. Methylation allows evasion of the host innate immune response, which degrades cap0 (non-methylated) mRNAs. This mechanism of immune evasion is used by viruses.


name: fusion of viral membrane with host outer nuclear membrane

description: Fusion of a viral primary envelope with the host outer nuclear membrane during nuclear egress. The transitory primary envelope is acquired by the virus as it buds at the inner nuclear membrane and gains access to the perinuclear space. This membrane is lost by fusing with the host outer nuclear membrane during nuclear exit.


name: microtubule-dependent intracellular transport of viral material towards cell periphery

description: The directed movement of the viral genome or a viral particle towards the cell periphery using host microtubules. Mostly used by viruses that replicate their genome near or in the nucleus to allows newly assembled viral progeny to reach the plasma membrane.


viral budding via host ESCRT complex

description: Viral budding which uses a host ESCRT protein complex, or complexes, to mediate the budding process.


RNA replication

description: The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of RNA.


viral translational shunt

description: A viral translation initiation mechanism where ribosomes are loaded onto viral mRNA at the 5'-cap structure and start scanning for a short distance before by-passing the large internal leader region and initiating at a downstream start site.


viral translational readthrough

description: The continuation of translation of a viral mRNA beyond a stop codon by the use of a special tRNA that recognizes the UAG and UGA codons as modified amino acids, rather than as termination codons.


co-receptor binding

description: Binding to a coreceptor. A coreceptor acts in cooperation with a primary receptor to transmit a signal within the cell.


nuclear capsid assembly

description: The assembly of a virus capsid that occurs in the nucleus. The assembly of large icosahedral shells for herpesviridae and adenoviridae requires structural proteins that act as chaperones for assembly.


cytoplasmic capsid assembly

description: The assembly of a virus capsid that occurs in the cytoplasm.


cytoplasmic icosahedral capsid assembly

description: The assembly of an icosahedral viral capsid in the cytoplasm. Often occurs by assembling around the viral genome.


cytoplasmic helical capsid assembly

description: The assembly of a helical viral capsid in the cytoplasm. Occurs by assembling around the viral genome.


viral factory

description: An intracellular compartment in a host cell which increases the efficiency of viral replication, and shields the virus from host defenses. Viral factories can be either cytoplasmic or nuclear and often arise from extensive rearrangement of host cell cytoskeletal and/or cell membrane compartments.


cytoplasmic viral factory

description: A viral factory located in the cytoplasm of a host cell.


nuclear viral factory

description: A viral factory located in the nucleus of a host cell.


viroplasm viral factory

description: A cytoplasmic viral factory that is electron dense due to high levels of viral RNA. Produced by nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV) like Poxviridae, Asfarviridae and Iridoviridae, and dsRNA viruses like Reoviridae.


spherule viral factory

description: A cytoplasmic viral factory which is a 50-400nm diameter membrane invagination. Spherules can appear on several enveloped cellular components depending on the virus.


double membrane vesicle viral factory

description: A cytoplasmic viral factory that consists of a double-membrane bound vesicle. Has a diameter of 200-300nm and is derived from the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus. Produced by Picornaviridae, Nidovirales, Arteriviridae and Coronaviridae.


tube viral factory

description: A cytoplasmic viral factory derived from the Golgi in which Bunyaviridae replication takes place. Tubes are membranous structures close to the assembly and budding sites, and their function may be to connect viral replication and morphogenesis inside viral factories.


virogenic stroma

description: A nuclear viral factory formed by Baculoviruses. A vesicular structure in which virions are assembled.


peristromal region viral factory

description: A nuclear viral factory formed at the periphery of the host cell nucleus by Baculoviruses.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host toll-like receptor signaling pathway

description: A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupts a toll-like receptor signaling pathway in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of TBK1 activity

description: Any process in which a symbiont stops, prevents, or reduces a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway in a host organism by reducing the activity of a host serine/threonine kinase TBK1.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway via inhibition of IKBKE activity

description: A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupts a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway by reducing the activity of host I-kappa-B kinase epsilon (IKBKE/IKK-epsilon/IKK-E).


name: establishment of mitotic spindle localization

description: The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of the mitotic spindle to a specific location in the cell occurs.


name: collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle development

description: Synthesis and deposition of a collagen and cuticulin-based noncellular, hardened, or membranous secretion from an epithelial sheet. An example of this process is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.


chitin-based cuticle development

description: Synthesis and deposition of a chitin-based noncellular, hardened, or membranous secretion from an epithelial sheet. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle attachment to epithelium

description: Attaching of a collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle to the epithelium underlying it. An example of this process is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.


name: chitin-based cuticle attachment to epithelium

description: Attaching of a chitin-containing cuticle to the epithelium underlying it. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


growth

description: The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell.


regulation of growth

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development.


regulation of growth rate

description: Any process that modulates the rate of growth of all or part of an organism.


positive regulation of growth rate

description: Any process that increases the rate of growth of all or part of an organism.


locomotion

description: Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another.


regulation of locomotion

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.


negative regulation of locomotion

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.


name: regulation of multicellular organism growth

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size.


name: negative regulation of multicellular organism growth

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.


embryonic cleavage

description: The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg.


positive regulation of locomotion

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism.


name: positive regulation of multicellular organism growth

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.


name: positive regulation of embryonic development

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.


regulation of meiotic nuclear division

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic nuclear division, the process in which the nucleus of a diploid cell divides twice forming four haploid cells, one or more of which usually function as gametes.


name: hermaphrodite germ-line sex determination

description: The determination of sex and sexual phenotype in the germ line of a hermaphrodite.


name: feminization of hermaphroditic germ-line

description: The determination of female sex and sexual phenotype in the germ-line of the hermaphrodite.


dauer larval development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dauer larva over time, through the facultative diapause of the dauer (enduring) larval stage, with specialized traits adapted for dispersal and long-term survival, with elevated stress resistance and without feeding.


vulval development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the egg-laying organ of female and hermaphrodite nematodes over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In nematodes, the vulva is formed from ventral epidermal cells during larval stages to give rise to a fully formed vulva in the adult.


name: positive regulation of vulval development

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of development of the vulva. Vulval development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the egg-laying organ of female and hermaphrodite nematodes over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In nematodes, the vulva is formed from ventral epidermal cells during larval stages to give rise to a fully formed vulva in the adult.


name: negative regulation of vulval development

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of development of the vulva. Vulval development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the egg-laying organ of female and hermaphrodite nematodes over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In nematodes, the vulva is formed from ventral epidermal cells during larval stages to give rise to a fully formed vulva in the adult.


regulation of vulval development

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development of the vulva. Vulval development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the egg-laying organ of female and hermaphrodite nematodes over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In nematodes, the vulva is formed from ventral epidermal cells during larval stages to give rise to a fully formed vulva in the adult.


name: epigenetic regulation of gene expression

description: A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression through chromatin remodeling either by modifying higher order chromatin fiber structure, nucleosomal histones, or cytosine methylation of DNA. Once established, this regulation may be maintained over many cell divisions. It can also be heritable in the absence of the instigating signal.


snRNA modification

description: The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within snRNA, resulting in a change in the properties of the snRNA.


post-embryonic body morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic soma are generated and organized.


name: sRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing

description: A post-transcriptional gene silencing pathway mediated by the action of small regulatory non-coding RNAs (sRNAs). sRNAs are 20-500 nucleotides in length and found in bacteria.


name: regulation of development, heterochronic

description: Any process that modulates the consistent predetermined time point at which an integrated living unit or organism progresses from an initial condition to a later condition and the rate at which this time point is reached.


name: regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.


name: negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.


name: polar body extrusion after meiotic divisions

description: The cell cycle process in which two small cells are generated, as byproducts destined to degenerate, as a result of the first and second meiotic divisions of a primary oocyte during its development to a mature ovum. One polar body is formed in the first division of meiosis and the other in the second division; at each division, the cytoplasm divides unequally, so that the polar body is of much smaller size than the developing oocyte. At the second division in which a polar body is formed, the polar body and the developing oocyte each contain a haploid set of chromosomes.


inductive cell migration

description: Migration of a cell in a multicellular organism that, having changed its location, is required to induce normal properties in one or more cells at its new location. An example of this would be the distal tip cells of Caenorhabditis elegans.


thermosensory behavior

description: Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of temperature.


name: translocation of peptides or proteins into host

description: The directed movement of peptides or proteins produced by an organism to a location inside its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


hermaphrodite somatic sex determination

description: The determination of sex and sexual phenotypes in a hermaphroditic organism's soma. An example of this is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.


masculinization of hermaphrodite soma

description: Promotion of male sex and sexual phenotypes in the hermaphroditic nematode soma. An example of this is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.


feminization of hermaphrodite soma

description: Promotion of female sex and sexual phenotypes in the hermaphroditic soma. An example of this is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.


name: masculinization of hermaphroditic germ-line

description: The determination of male sex and sexual phenotype in the germ-line of the hermaphrodite. An example of this is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.


interleukin-18 binding

description: Binding to interleukin-18.


interleukin-18 receptor activity

description: Combining with interleukin-18 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


interleukin-15 binding

description: Binding to interleukin-15.


interleukin-15 receptor activity

description: Combining with interleukin-15 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


interleukin-16 binding

description: Binding to interleukin-16.


interleukin-16 receptor activity

description: Combining with interleukin-16 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


interleukin-19 binding

description: Binding to interleukin-19.


interleukin-19 receptor activity

description: Combining with interleukin-19 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


interleukin-20 binding

description: Binding to interleukin-20.


interleukin-20 receptor activity

description: Combining with interleukin-20 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


interleukin-22 binding

description: Binding to interleukin-22.


interleukin-22 receptor activity

description: Combining with interleukin-22 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


interleukin-23 binding

description: Binding to interleukin-23.


interleukin-23 receptor activity

description: Combining with interleukin-23 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


name: granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor complex binding

description: Binding to a granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor complex.


interleukin-12 receptor complex

description: A protein complex that binds interleukin-12 and that consists of, at a minimum, a dimeric interleukin and its two receptor subunits as well as optional additional kinase subunits.


DNA endoreduplication

description: Regulated re-replication of DNA within a single cell cycle, resulting in an increased cell ploidy. An example of this process occurs in the synthesis of Drosophila salivary gland cell polytene chromosomes.


host cell nucleus

description: A membrane-bounded organelle as it is found in the host cell in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


protein refolding

description: The process carried out by a cell that restores the biological activity of an unfolded or misfolded protein, using helper proteins such as chaperones.


ATPase inhibitor activity

description: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces an ATP hydrolysis activity.


name: peptidyl-histidine methylation, to form pros-methylhistidine

description: The methylation of peptidyl-L-histidine to form peptidyl-L-3'-methyl-L-histidine (otherwise known as pi-methylhistidine, pros-methylhistidine).


name: peptidyl-histidine methylation, to form tele-methylhistidine

description: The methylation of peptidyl-L-histidine to form peptidyl-L-1'-methyl-L-histidine (otherwise known as tau-methylhistidine, tele-methylhistidine).


name: vanadium incorporation into metallo-sulfur cluster

description: The incorporation of vanadium a metallo-sulfur cluster such as VFe(7-8)S(n).


name: metal incorporation into metallo-molybdopterin complex

description: The incorporation of a metal into a metallo-molybdopterin complex.


name: tungsten incorporation into tungsten-molybdopterin complex

description: The incorporation of tungsten into a tungsten-molybdopterin complex.


neurexin family protein binding

description: Binding to a neurexin, a synaptic cell surface protein related to latrotoxin receptor, laminin and agrin. Neurexins act as cell recognition molecules at nerve terminals.


fluid transport

description: The directed movement of substances that are in liquid form in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


epithelial fluid transport

description: The directed movement of fluid across epithelia.


name: W-molybdopterin cofactor metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the W-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear tungsten ion (W) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.


name: W-molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the W-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear tungsten ion (W) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.


olfactory behavior

description: The behavior of an organism in response to an odor.


intracellular acyl-CoA homeostasis

description: A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of acyl-CoA within a cell.


compound eye photoreceptor development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a light-responsive receptor in the compound eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


rhabdomere development

description: The assembly and arrangement of a rhabdomere within a cell. The rhabdomere is the organelle on the apical surface of a photoreceptor cell that contains the visual pigments.


name: regulation of dopamine metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine.


histone methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + methyl-histone. Histone methylation generally occurs on either an arginine or a lysine residue.


chemoattractant activity

description: Providing the environmental signal that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of that signal.


name: regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.


name: negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.


wound healing

description: The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.


name: long-term strengthening of neuromuscular junction

description: Any process that results in an increase in the efficacy of transmission at a neuromuscular synapse.


gliogenesis

description: The process that results in the generation of glial cells. This includes the production of glial progenitors and their differentiation into mature glia.


glial cell growth

description: Growth of glial cells, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system.


perineurial glial growth

description: Glial cell growth that occurs in the perineurium, a cell layer that ensheaths projections of peripheral nerves, such as motor axons.


name: establishment of ommatidial planar polarity

description: The specification of polarized ommatidia. Ommatidia occur in two chiral forms. The trapezoidal arrangement of photoreceptors in the dorsal part of the eye is the mirror image of that in the ventral part.


name: regulation of pteridine metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving pteridine.


name: regulation of catecholamine metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamines.


name: maintenance of oocyte nucleus location involved in oocyte dorsal/ventral axis specification

description: Maintenance of the oocyte nucleus in a particular position within the cell during the establishment and maintenance of the axes of the oocyte. An example of this process is found In Drosophila melanogaster.


leucokinin receptor activity

description: Combining with a leucokinin, any of several octapeptide hormones found in insects, and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.


intraciliary transport

description: The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium, mediated by motor proteins.


cell migration involved in gastrulation

description: The migration of individual cells within the blastocyst to help establish the multi-layered body plan of the organism (gastrulation). For example, the migration of cells from the surface to the interior of the embryo (ingression).


name: nickel incorporation into nickel-iron-sulfur cluster via pentakis-L-cysteinyl L-histidino nickel tetrairon pentasulfide

description: The incorporation of nickel into a nickel-iron-sulfur cluster via pentakis-L-cysteinyl L-histidino nickel tetrairon pentasulfide, found in carbon monoxide dehydrogenase.


protein phosphate-linked glycosylation

description: The glycosylation of peptidyl-amino acids through a phosphoester bond forming, for example, GlcNAc-alpha-1-P-Ser residues.


name: protein phosphate-linked glycosylation via serine

description: The glycosylation of peptidyl-serine through a phosphoester bond forming, for example, GlcNAc-alpha-1-P-Ser residues.


germ-line stem cell division

description: The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the gametes.


GSI anchor metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylsphingolipidinositol (GSI) anchors, which attach membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane.


GSI anchor biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycosylsphingolipidinositol (GSI) anchor that attaches some membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The sphingolipid group is linked, via the C-6 hydroxyl residue of inositol to a carbohydrate chain which is itself linked to the protein via a ethanolamine phosphate group, its amino group forming an amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein. Some GSI anchors have variants on this canonical linkage.


description: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule; dependent on the presence of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate.


description: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule; dependent on the presence of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate.


description: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule; dependent on the presence of 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltri-L-glutamate.


description: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule, dependent on the presence of 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin.


T-helper 1 type immune response

description: An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis, and which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 1 cells, most notably interferon-gamma, IL-2, and lymphotoxin.


type 2 immune response

description: An immune response which is associated with resistance to extracellular organisms such as helminths and pathological conditions such as allergy, which is orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines, most notably IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, by any of a variety of cell types including T-helper 2 cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and nuocytes, resulting in enhanced production of certain antibody isotypes and other effects.


T-helper cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized thymocyte acquires specialized features of a T-helper cell.


T cell proliferation

description: The expansion of a T cell population by cell division. Follows T cell activation.


B cell proliferation

description: The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation.


T cell receptor complex

description: A protein complex that contains a disulfide-linked heterodimer of T cell receptor (TCR) chains, which are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and mediates antigen recognition, ultimately resulting in T cell activation. The TCR heterodimer is associated with the CD3 complex, which consists of the nonpolymorphic polypeptides gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and, in some cases, eta (an RNA splice variant of zeta) or Fc epsilon chains.


name: positive regulation of T cell proliferation

description: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.


name: positive regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation

description: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of resting T cell proliferation.


name: positive regulation of activated T cell proliferation

description: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.


alpha-beta T cell receptor complex

description: A T cell receptor complex in which the TCR heterodimer comprises alpha and beta chains, associated with the CD3 complex; recognizes a complex consisting of an antigen-derived peptide bound to a class I or class II MHC protein.


gamma-delta T cell receptor complex

description: A T cell receptor complex in which the TCR heterodimer comprises gamma and delta chains, associated with the CD3 complex; recognizes antigen directly, without a requirement for processing and presentation by an MHC protein.


T cell activation

description: The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.


B cell activation

description: The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.


macrophage activation

description: A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


monocyte activation

description: The change in morphology and behavior of a monocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


endothelial cell activation

description: The change in morphology and behavior of an endothelial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


neutrophil activation

description: The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


alginic acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving alginic acid, a hydrophilic polysaccharide occurring in, for example, the cell walls of brown algae (brown seaweeds).


alginic acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alginic acid, a hydrophilic polysaccharide occurring in, for example, the cell walls of brown algae (brown seaweeds).


alginic acid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alginic acid, a hydrophilic polysaccharide occurring in, for example, the cell walls of brown algae (brown seaweeds).


glucanosyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the splitting and linkage of glucan molecules, resulting in glucan chain elongation.


1,3-beta-glucanosyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the splitting and linkage of (1->3)-beta-D-glucan molecules, resulting in (1->3)-beta-D-glucan chain elongation.


protein galactosylation

description: The addition of a galactose molecule to a protein amino acid.


nitrate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrates, inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid.


name: regulation of cell population proliferation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation.


nitrate assimilation

description: The nitrogen metabolic process that encompasses the uptake of nitrate from the environment and reduction to ammonia, and results in the incorporation of nitrogen derived from nitrate into cellular substances.


regulation of T cell proliferation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell proliferation.


name: negative regulation of T cell proliferation

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.


thiamine phosphate phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: thiamine phosphate + H2O = thiamine + phosphate.


name: fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O = D-fructose 6-phosphate + phosphate.


rRNA primary transcript binding

description: Binding to an unprocessed ribosomal RNA transcript.


sequestering of neurotransmitter

description: The process of binding or confining a neurotransmitter such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.


name: meiotic DNA double-strand break formation

description: The cell cycle process in which double-strand breaks are generated at defined hotspots throughout the genome during meiosis I. This results in the initiation of meiotic recombination.


name: early meiotic recombination nodule assembly

description: During meiosis, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form small, electron dense structures in association with meiotic chromosomes during leptotene and zygotene.


name: late meiotic recombination nodule assembly

description: During meiosis, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form small, electron dense structures in association with meiotic chromosomes during pachytene. Involved in the catalysis crossing over.


vacuole fusion, non-autophagic

description: The fusion of two vacuole membranes to form a single vacuole.


retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi

description: The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.


DNA strand invasion

description: The process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules.


cellular response to glucose starvation

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of glucose.


plasmid recombination

description: A process of DNA recombination occurring within a plasmid or between plasmids and other plasmids or DNA molecules.


nematocyst

description: An organelle found in cnidoblast (nematoblast) cells. When matured, these stinging organelles store toxins and can deliver them when the cnidocil (a short extension of the cnidocyst) is stimulated by a prey or another stimulus.


RNA-mediated DNA recombination

description: The reverse transcription of an RNA molecule followed by recombination between the resultant cDNA and its homologous chromosomal allele.


lipoprotein metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.


lipoprotein biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.


lipoprotein catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.


lipoprotein modification

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the covalent alteration of one or more amino acid or lipid residues occurring in a lipoprotein, any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.


lipoprotein oxidation

description: The modification of a lipoprotein by oxidation of one or more amino acids or the lipid group.


telomeric DNA binding

description: Binding to a telomere, a specific structure at the end of a linear chromosome required for the integrity and maintenance of the end.


interleukin-12 beta subunit binding

description: Binding to the beta subunit of interleukin-12.


interleukin-12 alpha subunit binding

description: Binding to the alpha subunit of interleukin-12.


acetylcholine binding

description: Binding to acetylcholine, an acetic acid ester of the organic base choline that functions as a neurotransmitter, released at the synapses of parasympathetic nerves and at neuromuscular junctions.


heme catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.


heme metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring.


SH2 domain binding

description: Binding to a SH2 domain (Src homology 2) of a protein, a protein domain of about 100 amino-acid residues and belonging to the alpha + beta domain class.


plastid membrane

description: Either of the lipid bilayers that surround a plastid and form the plastid envelope.


name: lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of acyl groups from an acyl-CoA to lysophosphatidic acid to form phosphatidic acid.


name: regulation of sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spore formation.


name: negative regulation of sporulation resulting in formation of a cellular spore

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sporulation.


name: nuclear outer membrane-endoplasmic reticulum membrane network

description: The continuous network of membranes encompassing the nuclear outer membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.


regulation of protein catabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.


name: negative regulation of protein catabolic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process.


xenobiotic catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


nicotine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotine, (S)(-)-3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine.


cellular ketone metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.


ketone biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.


ketone catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.


formate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of formate, also known as methanoate, the anion HCOO- derived from methanoic (formic) acid.


xylene catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xylene, a mixture of three colorless, aromatic hydrocarbon liquids, ortho-, meta- and para-xylene.


m-xylene catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of m-xylene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene, a colorless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon.


o-xylene catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of o-xylene, (1,2-dimethylbenzene) a colorless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon.


p-xylene catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of p-xylene (1,4-dimethylbenzene), a colorless, liquid aromatic hydrocarbon.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), a chlorinated broad spectrum contact insecticide.


vanillin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vanillin, an aromatic hydrocarbon which occurs naturally in black vanilla bean pods.


vanillin catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of vanillin, an aromatic hydrocarbon which occurs naturally in black vanilla bean pods.


methylmercury metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving methylmercury (MeHg+), a highly toxic organometal which can accumulate in tissues, particularly in fish species.


methylmercury biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methylmercury (MeHg+), a highly toxic organometal.


methylmercury catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methylmercury (MeHg+), a highly toxic organometal.


quinate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of quinate, the anion of quinic acid.


aerobic gallate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gallate, the anion of gallic acid, in the presence of oxygen.


name: chlorinated hydrocarbon metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving chlorinated hydrocarbons, compounds derived from hydrocarbons by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with chlorine atoms.


name: halogenated hydrocarbon metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving halogenated hydrocarbons, compounds derived from hydrocarbons by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with halogen atoms. Halogens include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.


nylon metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving nylon, a polymer where the main polymer chain comprises recurring amide groups; these compounds are generally formed from combinations of diamines, diacids and amino acids.


cyanuric acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyanuric acid, a suspected gastrointestinal or liver toxicant, and a potential degradation product of triazine herbicides, such as atrazine and simazine. It is widely used for the stabilization of available chlorine in swimming pool water and is also the starting compound for the synthesis of many organic derivatives.


cyanuric acid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyanuric acid, a potential degradation product of triazine herbicides.


N-cyclopropylmelamine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-cyclopropylmelamine, a triazine compound commonly used as an insect growth regulator insecticide.


N-cyclopropylmelamine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-cyclopropylmelamine, a triazine compound commonly used as an insecticide.


toluene catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of toluene, a volatile monoaromatic hydrocarbon found in crude petroleum and petroleum products.


s-triazine compound catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any s-triazine compound. These compounds include many pesticides of widespread use in agriculture, and are characterized by a symmetrical hexameric ring consisting of alternating carbon and nitrogen atoms.


name: chlorinated hydrocarbon catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chlorinated hydrocarbons, compounds derived from hydrocarbons by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with chlorine atoms.


name: halogenated hydrocarbon catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of halogenated hydrocarbons, compounds derived from hydrocarbons by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with halogen atoms.


styrene catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of styrene, an aromatic hydrocarbon liquid used in the manufacture of polystyrene.


propylene catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of propylene, an alkene produced by catalytic or thermal cracking of hydrocarbons or as a by-product of petroleum refining.


orcinol catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of orcinol (5-methyl-1,3-benzenediol), an aromatic compound derived from the fermentation of lichen and synthesized by some higher plants.


name: octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane catabolic process to dimethylsilanediol

description: The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane into dimethylsilanediol. The former is a tetramer of the latter.


dimethylsilanediol catabolic process

description: The aerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dimethylsilanediol, the smallest member of the dialkylsilanediols. Dimethylsilanediol is the monomer of polydimethylsiloxane, a compound which can be found in a wide range of industrial and consumer products.


cresol metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving cresol, a mixture of the aromatic alcohol isoforms o-, p-, and m-cresol, which is obtained from coal tar or petroleum. The isomers are used as disinfectants, textile scouring agents, surfactants and as intermediates in the manufacture of salicylaldehyde, coumarin, and herbicides as well as being a major component of creosote.


m-cresol catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of m-cresol (3-hydroxytoluene), the meta-isoform of cresol.


terpene metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenes, any of a large group of hydrocarbons that are made up of isoprene (C5H8) units which may be cyclic, acyclic or multicyclic, saturated or unsaturated, and may contain various functional groups.


name: anaerobic phenol-containing compound metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring, in the absence of oxygen.


phenanthrene catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenanthrene, a tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, a natural product found in plant tissues. It is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of ethylene (ethene), a fruit-ripening hormone in plants.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, a natural product found in plant tissues. It is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of ethylene (ethene), a fruit-ripening hormone in plants.


name: cellular modified amino acid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.


response to cocaine

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cocaine stimulus. Cocaine is a crystalline alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the coca plant.


response to chemical

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus.


name: cobyrinic acid a,c-diamide synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the conversion of cobyrinic acid to cobyrinic acid a,c-diamide via the intermediate formation of cobyrinic acid c-monoamide.


asexual spore wall assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an asexual spore wall, the specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore derived from an asexual process. Examples of this process are found in Bacterial and Fungal species.


spore wall assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a spore wall; a spore wall is the specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore.


RNA repair

description: Any process that results in the repair of damaged RNA.


tissue regeneration

description: The regrowth of lost or destroyed tissues.


name: establishment of planar polarity of follicular epithelium

description: Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of a follicular epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.


name: maintenance of polarity of follicular epithelium

description: The maintenance of an established polarized follicular epithelial sheet.


name: establishment of planar polarity of embryonic epithelium

description: Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an embryonic epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.


name: maintenance of polarity of embryonic epithelium

description: The maintenance of an established polarized embryonic epithelial sheet.


name: maintenance of polarity of larval imaginal disc epithelium

description: The maintenance of an established polarized larval imaginal disc epithelium.


name: establishment of planar polarity of larval imaginal disc epithelium

description: Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of a larval imaginal disc epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.


ribosome biogenesis

description: A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.


ribosome assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mature ribosome and of its subunits.


cytosolic ribosome assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the large and small ribosomal subunits into a functional cytosolic ribosome. Distinct stages of this process take place first in the nucleolus, then in the nucleus and finally in the cytosol.


name: molybdenum incorporation via L-serinyl molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide

description: The incorporation of molybdenum into a protein via L-serinyl molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide.


DNA protection

description: Any process in which DNA is protected from damage by, for example, oxidative stress.


neuropeptide F receptor activity

description: Combining with neuropeptide F and transmitting the signal within the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. Neuropeptide F is an arthropod peptide of more than 28 residues (typically 28-45) with a consensus C-terminal RxRFamide (commonly RPRFa, but also RVRFa.


peptidyl-aspartic acid hydroxylation

description: The hydroxylation of peptidyl-aspartic acid to form peptidyl-hydroxyaspartic acid.


name: natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity

description: The directed killing of a target cell by a natural killer cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.


regulation of cytolysis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm.


name: regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.


name: protection from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity

description: The process of protecting a cell from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.


name: susceptibility to natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity

description: The process of causing a cell to become susceptible to natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.


nuclear RNA export factor complex

description: A protein complex that contains two proteins (know in several organisms, including Drosophila, as NXF1 and NXF2) and is required for the export of the majority of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; localized in the nucleoplasm and at both the nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic faces of the nuclear pore complex; shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.


ribosomal large subunit biogenesis

description: A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a large ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.


ribosomal small subunit biogenesis

description: A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a small ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.


error-free postreplication DNA repair

description: The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA via processes such as template switching, which does not remove the replication-blocking lesions but does not increase the endogenous mutation rate.


error-prone translesion synthesis

description: The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication by using a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex to insert a defined nucleotide across the lesion. This process does not remove the replication-blocking lesions and causes an increase in the endogenous mutation level. For example, in E. coli, a low fidelity DNA polymerase, pol V, copies lesions that block replication fork progress. This produces mutations specifically targeted to DNA template damage sites, but it can also produce mutations at undamaged sites.


peptide binding

description: Binding to a peptide, an organic compound comprising two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds.


purine nucleoside metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


name: nitrite reductase (cytochrome, ammonia-forming) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: NH3 + 2 H2O + 6 ferricytochrome c = nitrite + 6 ferrocytochrome c + 7 H+.


name: dolichyl pyrophosphate Man9GlcNAc2 alpha-1,3-glucosyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the addition of the first glucose residue to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor for N-linked glycosylation; the transfer of glucose from dolichyl phosphate glucose (Dol-P-Glc) on to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol.


name: dolichyl pyrophosphate Glc1Man9GlcNAc2 alpha-1,3-glucosyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the addition of the second glucose residue to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor for N-linked glycosylation; the transfer of glucose from dolichyl phosphate glucose (Dol-P-Glc) on to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide Glc(1)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol.


name: sphingolipid delta-4 desaturase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a dihydroceramide + 2 ferrocytochrome b5 + O2 + 2 H+ -> a sphingosine ceramide (aka (4E)-sphing-4-enine ceramide) + 2 ferricytochrome b5 + 2 H2O.


xylosyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a xylosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-4-amino-5-oxopentanoate = 5-aminolevulinate.


MHC protein binding

description: Binding to a major histocompatibility complex molecule; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation.


MHC class I protein binding

description: Binding to a major histocompatibility complex class I molecule; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation.


MHC class II protein binding

description: Binding to a major histocompatibility complex class II molecule; a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation.


URM1 activating enzyme activity

description: Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier URM1, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.


Hub1 activating enzyme activity

description: Catalysis of the activation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier Hub1, through the formation of an ATP-dependent high-energy thiolester bond.


URM1 transferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of URM1 from one protein to another via the reaction X-URM1 + Y = Y-URM1 + X, where both X-URM1 and Y-URM1 are covalent linkages.


ISG15 transferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of ISG15 from one protein to another via the reaction X-ISG15 + Y = Y-ISG15 + X, where both X-ISG15 and Y-ISG15 are covalent linkages.


vocal learning

description: A behavioral process whose outcome is a relatively long-lasting behavioral change whereby an organism modifies innate vocalizations to imitate sounds produced by others.


lupeol synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = lupeol. This reaction is the cyclization of (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene (2,3-oxidosqualene) to lupeol.


beta-amyrin synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = beta-amyrin. This reaction is the cyclization and rearrangement of (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene (2,3-oxidosqualene) into beta-amyrin.


phosphate ion binding

description: Binding to a phosphate ion.


structural constituent of cuticle

description: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a cuticle.


molting cycle

description: The periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin, etc.


name: regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils.


name: specification of segmental identity, mandibular segment

description: The specification of the characteristic structures of the mandibular segment following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


name: regulation of protein import into nucleus

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.


name: positive regulation of protein import into nucleus

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.


name: negative regulation of protein import into nucleus

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.


homoiothermy

description: Any homoeostatic process in which an organism maintains its internal body temperature at a relatively constant value. This is achieved by using metabolic processes to counteract fluctuations in the temperature of the environment.


vasoconstriction

description: A decrease in the diameter of blood vessels, especially arteries, due to constriction of smooth muscle cells that line the vessels, and usually causing an increase in blood pressure.


vasodilation

description: An increase in the internal diameter of blood vessels, especially arterioles or capillaries, due to relaxation of smooth muscle cells that line the vessels, and usually resulting in a decrease in blood pressure.


protein kinase C deactivation

description: Any process resulting in the inhibition or termination of the activity of protein kinase C.


bacteriochlorophyll binding

description: Binding to bacteriochlorophyll, a form of chlorophyll found in photosynthetic bacteria, such as the purple and green bacteria. There are several types, designated a to g. Bacteriochlorophyll a and bacteriochlorophyll b are structurally similar to the chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b found in plants.


penicillin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any antibiotic that contains the condensed beta-lactamthiazolidine ring system. Penicillins are produced naturally during the growth of various microfungi of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus.


penicillin catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any antibiotic that contains the condensed beta-lactamthiazolidine ring system.


penicillin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any antibiotic that contains the condensed beta-lactamthiazolidine ring system.


name: regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.


name: negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of sleep, a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.


name: negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.