methyl coenzyme M reductase complex

description: A hexameric complex consisting of three polypeptides in an alpha2beta2gamma2 arrangement. Involved in the reduction of the coenzyme M-bound methyl group to methane, which is the final step in methanogenesis.


name: formyl-methanofuran dehydrogenase (tungsten enzyme) complex

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A protein complex consisting of four polypeptides which also contains tungsten, a molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide, and iron-sulfur clusters. This protein complex catalyzes the reversible conversion of CO2 and methanofuran to formylmethanofuran during methanogenesis.


name: formyl-methanofuran dehydrogenase (molybdenum enzyme) complex

description: A protein complex consisting of three polypeptides which also contains molybdenum, a molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide and iron-sulfur clusters. This protein complex catalyzes the reversible conversion of CO2 and methanofuran to formylmethanofuran during methanogenesis.


name: methyl-tetrahydromethanopterin:coenzyme M methyltransferase complex

description: A protein complex consisted of eight polypeptides. This complex catalyzes the formation of methyl-coenzyme M and H4MPT from N5-methyl-H4MPT and CoM during methanogenesis.


name: CoB-CoM heterodisulfide reductase complex

description: A protein complex that in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum is composed of six subunits, and in Methanosarcina barkeri contains is composed of either two subunits or nine subunits. Catalyzes the conversion of coenzyme B, coenzyme M, and methanophenazine to form N-{7-[(2-sulfoethyl)dithio]heptanoyl}-3-O-phospho-L-threonine and dihydromethanophenazine.


name: methanophenazine reducing hydrogenase complex

description: A protein complex which catalyzes the conversion of methanophenazine and hydrogen to form dihydromethanophenazine. This typically consists of three polypeptides.


name: methylthiol:coenzyme M methyltransferase complex

description: A protein complex of two polypeptides which catalyzes the transfer of methyl group from methylthiol to coenzyme M during methanogenesis.


sulfopyruvate decarboxylase complex

description: A complex of two polypeptides which form a dodecamer (A6B6). Catalyzes the decarboxylation of sulfopyruvic acid to sulfoacetaldehyde. This reaction is involved in coenzyme M biosynthesis.


GTP cyclohydrolase IV activity

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Catalysis of the reaction: GTP + H2O = 7,8-dihydroneopterin 2',3'-cyclic phosphate + diphosphate + formate + H+. This activity is part of the biosynthesis of methanopterin in Archaea, and requires Fe2+.


name: methylthiol:coenzyme M methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the overall reaction: methyl-Co(III) methylated-thiol-specific corrinoid protein + coenzyme M = Co(I) methylated--thiol-specific corrinoid protein + methyl-CoM.


dihydromethanopterin reductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-dihydromethanopterin + NADPH = 5,6,7,8-tetrahydromethanopterin + NADP.


name: tetrahydromethanopterin-dependent serine hydroxymethyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: tetrahydromethanopterin + L-serine = 5,10-methylenetetrahydromethanopterin + glycine + H2O.


cysteate synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: O-phospho-L-serine + sulfite + H+ = L-cysteate + phosphate.


name: geranylfarnesyl diphosphate synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: geranylgeranyl diphosphate + isopentenyl diphosphate = (2E,6E,10E,14E)-geranylfarnesyl diphosphate + diphosphate.


name: 7,8-dihydro-D-neopterin 2',3'-cyclic phosphate phosphodiesterase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 7,8-dihydro-D-neopterin 2',3'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = 7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-phosphate + H+.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 5-amino-5-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-6-(D-ribitylimino)-5,6-dihydrouracil + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 5'-deoxyadenosine + 7,8-didemethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deazariboflavin + H+ + L-methionine + NH4+.


tooth eruption

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The tooth development process in which the teeth enter the mouth and become visible.


exoribonuclease activator activity

description: Binds to and increases the activity of an exoribonuclease.


name: trehalose:proton symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: trehalose(out) + H+(out) = trehalose(in) + H+(in).


name: symbiont genome entry into host cell via pore formation in plasma membrane

description: Entry of a symbiont's genome into a host cell by a pore formed by the symbiont in the host cell. Examples of this process include injection by a non-enveloped virus of the viral genome into the host cytoplasm, usually mediated by a viral pore-forming peptide associated with the viral capsid or bacteriophage tail.


Dsc E3 ubiquitin ligase complex

description: An E3 ubiquitin ligase complex localized to the ER and Golgi membrane. In fission yeast comprises Dsc1, 2, 3 and 4. Involved in the processes of fission yeast sre1 (human SREBP) transcriptional activator proteolytic cleavage, the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway, and a post-endoplasmic reticulum pathway for protein catabolism.


name: killing by virus of host cell by post-segregational killing

description: The process by which a virus causes the death of daughter cells which do not contain its genes after host cell division, by a mechanism of post-segregational killing (PSK). The extrachromosomal viral DNA consist of two genes; the product of the second is long lived and toxic, while the product of the first is short lived and antagonizes the lethal action of the toxin. Daughter cells that do not contain the viral extrachromosomal element are killed by the long lived toxin, while daughter cells that do contain the viral extrachromosomal element are protected by the action of the short lived antitoxin it encodes.


HICS complex

description: A multisubunit complex involved in cytokinesis. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae this complex consists of Sho1p, Hof1p, Inn1p and Cyk3p proteins.


multi-organism reproductive process

description: A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals, involving another organism.


multi-multicellular organism process

description: A multicellular organism process which involves another multicellular organism of the same or different species.


8-oxo-dGDP phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction 8-oxo-dGDP + H2O = 8-oxo-dGMP + phosphate.


8-oxo-GDP phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction 8-oxo-GDP + H2O = 8-oxo-GMP + phosphate.


8-hydroxy-dADP phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 8-hydroxy-dADP + H2O = 8-hydroxy-dAMP + phosphate.


siderophore transmembrane transport

description: The directed movement of siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances, from one side of a membrane to the other, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


name: regulation of imaginal disc-derived wing size

description: Any process that modulates the size of an imaginal disc-derived wing.


name: negative regulation of imaginal disc-derived wing size

description: Any process that reduces the size of an imaginal disc-derived wing.


name: protein import into peroxisome matrix, substrate release

description: The process by which the cargo protein is released into the peroxisomal matrix, following translocation across the membrane.


renal phosphate excretion

description: The elimination of phosphate ions from peritubular capillaries (or surrounding hemolymph in invertebrates) into the renal tubules to be incorporated subsequently into the urine.


name: epigenetic programming in the zygotic pronuclei

description: The global programming of epigenetic modifications in the zygote following fertilization. The paternal genome undergoes active DNA demethylation before the first cell division, while the adjacent maternal genome is protected from this process.


name: epigenetic programing of female pronucleus

description: The global programming of epigenetic modifications in the female pronucleus of the newly fertilized zygote. The maternal genome is protected from global DNA demethylation before the first division of the zygote, and instead undergoes passive, replication-dependent demethylation during early embryogenesis, arising from inhibition of the DNA maintenance methyltransferase Dnmt1.


name: epigenetic programing of male pronucleus

description: The global programming of epigenetic modifications in the male pronucleus of the newly fertilized zygote. The most major change in the paternal genome is DNA demethylation, which takes place before the first cell division.


hemi-methylated DNA-binding

description: Binding to double-stranded hemi-methylated DNA at replication foci (one strand methylated, while the other strand is unmethylated). Methylation of cytosine or adenine in DNA is an important mechanism for establishing stable heritable epigenetic marks.


bone sialoprotein binding

description: Binding to a bone sialoprotein, an extracellular matrix glycoprotein found on the surface of bones and dentin.


Ost-alpha/Ost-beta complex

description: A heterodimeric protein complex composed of Ost-alpha/SLC51A and Ost-beta/SLC51B subunits and involved in bile acid transport activity.


mitotic spindle pole body

description: The microtubule organizing center that forms as part of the mitotic cell cycle; functionally homologous to the animal cell centrosome.


name: envenomation resulting in modulation of acid-sensing ion channel activity in another organism

description: A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant change in the activity of an acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) in the bitten organism.


name: envenomation resulting in positive regulation of acid-sensing ion channel activity in another organism

description: A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant positive regulation in the activity of an acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) in the bitten organism.


name: envenomation resulting in negative regulation of acid-sensing ion channel activity in another organism

description: A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with a resultant negative regulation in the activity of an acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) in the bitten organism.


name: modulation of acid-sensing ion channel in another organism

description: Any process in which an organism effects a change in the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) in another organism.


name: negative regulation of acid-sensing ion channel in another organism

description: Any process in which an organism negatively regulates the activity of a voltage-gated sodium channel in another organism.


name: positive regulation of acid-sensing ion channel in another organism

description: Any process in which an organism positively regulates the activity of a voltage-gated sodium channel in another organism.


name: negative regulation of sensory perception of pain in another organism

description: A process that negatively regulates the sensory perception of pain in a different organism.


name: envenomation resulting in negative regulation of sensory perception of pain in another organism

description: A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the inhibition of the sensory perception of pain in the bitten organism.


name: envenomation resulting in modulation of sensory perception of pain in another organism

description: A process that begins with venom being forced into an organism by the bite or sting of another organism, and ends with the modulation of the sensory perception of pain in the bitten organism.


name: protein transmembrane import into intracellular organelle

description: The directed movement of proteins into an intracellular organelle, across a membrane.


pre-miRNA 3'-end processing

description: Any process involved in forming distinct miRNA isoforms from a mature miRNA that differ at their 3'-ends.


name: 3'-5'-exoribonuclease activity involved in mature miRNA 3'-end processing

description: Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of an RNA molecule that contributes to forming distinct miRNA isoforms from a mature miRNA.


name: high-affinity nickel cation transmembrane transporter activity

description: Catalysis of the high-affinity transfer of nickel (Ni) cations from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


name: cellular response to human chorionic gonadotropin stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a human chorionic gonadotropin stimulus.


name: response to human chorionic gonadotropin

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a human chorionic gonadotropin stimulus.


amphisome

description: Intermediate organelles formed during macroautophagy through the fusion between autophagosomes and endosomes.


autolysosome

description: A type of secondary lysosome in which a primary lysosome has fused with the outer membrane of an autophagosome or amphisome. It is involved in the second step of autophagy in which it degrades contents with acidic lysosomal hydrolases.


name: modulation by symbiont of host synaptic transmission

description: Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse, in its host organism.


name: negative regulation by symbiont of host synaptic transmission

description: Any process in which a symbiont organism decreases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse, in its host organism.


name: modulation by symbiont of host cholinergic synaptic transmission

description: Any process in which a symbiont organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse via the neurotransmitter choline, in its host organism.


name: negative regulation by symbiont of host cholinergic synaptic transmission

description: Any process in which a symbiont organism negatively regulates cholinergic synaptic transmission, communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse via the neurotransmitter choline, in its host organism.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host neurotransmitter secretion

description: A process in which a symbiont inhibits or disrupts the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell in its host organism.


name: ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of ions, rotational mechanism

description: Enables the transfer of ions from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + ion(in) = ADP + phosphate + ion(out), by a rotational mechanism.


cell cycle phase transition

description: The cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering the next cell cycle phase.


meiotic cell cycle phase transition

description: The cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering the next meiotic cell cycle phase.


mitotic cell cycle phase transition

description: The cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering the next mitotic cell cycle phase.


mitotic DNA damage checkpoint signaling

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A signal transduction process involved in mitotic DNA damage checkpoint.


name: mitotic DNA integrity checkpoint signaling

description: A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression in response to changes in DNA structure by monitoring the integrity of the DNA during mitosis. The DNA integrity checkpoint begins with detection of DNA damage, defects in DNA structure or DNA replication, and ends with signal transduction.


name: DNA polymerase III, beta sliding clamp processivity factor complex

description: A subcomplex of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme which is responsible for tethering the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase to DNA during high-speed replication. The complex is homodimeric in prokaryotes, and homotrimeric in other species.


DNA polymerase III, core complex

description: The DNA polymerase III core complex consists of the alpha,epsilon and theta subunits and is carries out the polymerase and the 3'-5' exonuclease proofreading activities.


name: single-stranded DNA-binding protein complex

description: A homotetrameric protein complex that is essential for DNA replication. It supercoils the single-stranded DNA preventing DNA duplexing before the polymerase holoenzyme passes and synthesizes the complementary strand. It is also involved in DNA recombination and repair.


name: meiotic DNA integrity checkpoint signaling

description: A signal transduction process that controls cell cycle progression in response to changes in DNA structure by monitoring the integrity of the DNA during meiosis. The DNA integrity checkpoint begins with detection of DNA damage, defects in DNA structure or DNA replication, and ends with signal transduction.


meiotic spindle checkpoint signaling

description: A signal transduction process that contributes to a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a meiotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and that the chromosomes are attached to the spindle.


bacterial-type flagellum assembly

description: The assembly of a bacterial-type flagellum, a motor complex composed of an extracellular helical protein filament coupled to a rotary motor embedded in the cell envelope which functions in cell motility.


bacterial-type flagellum organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a bacterial-type flagellum, a motor complex composed of an extracellular helical protein filament coupled to a rotary motor embedded in the cell envelope which functions in cell motility.


cilium organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole.


name: metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle

description: The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase as part of the cell cycle.


name: metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle

description: The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase as part of meiosis.


cell cycle DNA replication

description: The DNA-dependent DNA replication that takes place as part of the cell cycle.


bacterial-type DNA replication

description: The DNA-dependent DNA replication, exemplified by prokaryotes, that occurs as part of the cell cycle. Prokaryotic DNA replication is bi-directional and originates at a single origin of replication on the circular genome.


modulation by host of viral process

description: A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.


suppression of viral release by host

description: A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the release of a virus with which it is infected, from its cells.


name: negative regulation by host of viral process

description: A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.


name: positive regulation by host of viral process

description: A process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.


name: trans-Golgi network to recycling endosome transport

description: The directed movement of substances, in membrane-bounded vesicles, from the trans-Golgi network to the recycling endosomes.


name: DNA polymerase processivity factor complex

description: A protein complex which is capable of increasing the processivity of nucleotide polymerization by DNA polymerase as a part of DNA replication.


NarGHI complex

description: A heterotrimeric protein complex with iron-sulfur and molybdenum cofactors that functions as a terminal reductase in electron transport pathways that operate during anaerobic nitrate respiration. In E. coli electrons are passed from the FdnGHI complex to the NarGHI complex via menoquinone and menaquinol. Within NarGHI, electrons are passed from the two heme molecules in the NarI subunit down a Fe-S cluster chain in the NarH and NarG subunits to the Molybdenum cofactor, Mo-bisMGD, in the NarG subunit.


nucleophagy

description: A form of autophagy, by which damaged or non-essential parts of the nucleus, or even an entire nucleus is degraded.


G-quadruplex DNA unwinding

description: The process by which G-quadruplex (also known as G4) DNA, which is a four-stranded DNA structure held together by guanine base pairing, is unwound or 'melted'.


name: macrophage migration inhibitory factor production

description: The appearance of macrophage migration inhibitory factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


oncostatin M production

description: The appearance of oncostatin M due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 production

description: The appearance of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 (CCL17) due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


fermentative hydrogen production

description: The fermentation of organic substances with a net release of hydrogen.


name: glycolytic fermentation via PFOR pathway

description: The glycolytic fermentation beginning with the anaerobic conversion of glucose to pyruvate by the glycolytic pathway, continuing with pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) activity. This pathway is found in strict anaerobes such as Clostridia species.


glycolytic fermentation via PFL pathway

description: The glycolytic fermentation beginning with the anaerobic conversion of glucose to pyruvate by the glycolytic pathway, followed by pyruvate:formate lyase (PFL) activity. This pathway is found in facultative anaerobes such as E. coli.


Nsk1-Dlc1 complex

description: A dimer of Nsk1 (nucleolus spindle kinetochore 1) and the dynein light chain, Dlc1. The dimers form an oligomeric chain structure. Functions in the regulation of kinetochore-microtubule interactions and chromosome segregation.


hydrogen generation via biophotolysis

description: The production of hydrogen which results from the dissociation by light of water into molecular hydrogen and oxygen. This process is observed in cyanobacteria and microalgae.


mitotic G2/M transition checkpoint

description: A cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression from G2 to M phase as part of a mitotic cell cycle.


name: mitotic G1/S transition checkpoint signaling

description: A cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression from G1 to S phase as part of a mitotic cell cycle.


name: mitotic telomere tethering at nuclear periphery

description: The process in which a telomere is maintained in a specific location at the nuclear periphery, as part of a mitotic cell cycle.


name: meiotic telomere tethering at nuclear periphery

description: The process in which a telomere is maintained in a specific location at the nuclear periphery, as part of a meiotic cell cycle.


retroviral integrase activity

description: Catalysis of the covalent insertion of double-stranded retroviral DNA into host DNA. Proceeds by an endonucleolytic cleavage at each 3'-OH extremity of the viral genome, named 3'-processing, followed by a strand transfer reaction leading to the insertion of the processed viral DNA into the target DNA by a trans-esterification mechanism.


retroviral 3' processing activity

description: The catalysis of the removal of two di- or tri-nucleotides from each 3' end of double-stranded viral DNA, exposing recessed 3' hydroxyls.


viral genome integration into host DNA

description: The insertion into a host genome of viral DNA, usually by the action of an integrase enzyme. Once integrated, the provirus persists in the host cell and serves as a template for the transcription of viral genes and replication of the viral genome, leading to the production of new viruses.


name: modulation by host of viral genome replication

description: A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.


name: negative regulation by host of viral genome replication

description: A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.


name: positive regulation by host of viral genome replication

description: A process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.


name: modulation by host of viral RNA genome replication

description: A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral RNA genome replication.


name: modulation by virus of host cytokine production

description: Any process in which a virus modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production in its host organism.


name: modulation by virus of host protein transport

description: Any viral process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein transport in its host organism.


retroviral intasome

description: A tetramer of retroviral integrase subunits tightly associated with a pair of viral DNA ends. Functions to insert viral DNA into a host cell chromosome.


hydrogen generation via nitrogenase

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of H2 (dihydrogen) which involve a nitrogenase activity as one of the steps. This process is observed in cyanobacteria.


D-xylose fermentation

description: The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of D-xylose to ethanol, yielding energy in the form of ATP.


name: actomyosin contractile ring organization

description: A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an actomyosin contractile ring.


cell quiescence

description: A specialized resting state that cells enter in response to cues from the cell's environment. Quiescence is characterized by the absence of cell growth and division, by a reprogramming of global gene expression, and by changes characteristic of the organism and specific cell type. Depending on external conditions, quiescence may persist until cell death or cells may resume cell growth and division. In some cell types or under certain conditions, cellular metabolism may proceed.


cell cycle G2/M phase transition

description: The cell cycle process by which a cell in G2 phase commits to M phase.


gut granule

description: A lysosome-related organelle contained within the intestinal cells of the nematode C. elegans. Gut granules are acidified, birefringent, autofluorescent, and contain the vacuolar H+-ATPase. They also serve as sites of cellular zinc storage.


gut granule membrane

description: The membrane of a gut granule, a lysosome-related organelle contained within the intestinal cells of the nematode C. elegans.


gut granule lumen

description: The lumen of a gut granule, a lysosome-related organelle contained within the intestinal cells of the nematode C. elegans.


cell cycle G1/S phase transition

description: The cell cycle process by which a cell in G1 phase commits to S phase.


meiotic interphase II

description: The cell cycle phase which begins at the end of meiosis I cytokinesis and ends when meiosis II prophase begins. During meiotic interphase II no DNA replication takes place, but the centrioles duplicate and spindle fibres emerge.


name: chain elongation of O-linked mannose residue

description: Extension of the O-linked mannose residue of a mannoprotein by the stepwise addition of further mannose molecules.


iron acquisition from host

description: The process by which a symbiont acquires iron from its host, either from heme or other iron containing molecules such as transferrin and lactoferrin. Begins with either the secretion of symbiont gene products that bind iron- or heme-containing molecules (siderophores and hemophores) from the symbiont cell into the host, or by expression of receptors that bind iron- or heme-containing molecules on the symbiont cell surface. Ends when the iron-containing compound is transported into the symbiont cell.


biological phase

description: A distinct period or stage in a biological process or cycle.


estrous cycle

description: A type of ovulation cycle, which occurs in most mammalian therian females, where the endometrium is resorbed if pregnancy does not occur.


menstrual cycle

description: A type of ovulation cycle where the endometrium is shed if pregnancy does not occur.


hair cycle phase

description: The cyclical periods of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.


plasma membrane raft

description: A membrane raft that is part of the plasma membrane.


plasma membrane raft assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a plasma membrane raft.


plasma membrane raft distribution

description: The process that establishes the spatial arrangement of membrane rafts within a plasma membrane.


plasma membrane raft localization

description: Any process in which plasma membrane rafts are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


plasma membrane raft organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of plasma membrane rafts.


plasma membrane raft polarization

description: The clustering and aggregation of a plasma membrane into domains. This serves as a mechanism to compartmentalize cellular activities and to establish cell polarity.


name: protein insertion into plasma membrane raft

description: The process in which a protein is incorporated into a plasma membrane raft.


name: protein localization to plasma membrane raft

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a plasma membrane raft.


name: protein transport into plasma membrane raft

description: The directed movement of a protein into a plasma membrane raft.


name: protein transport out of plasma membrane raft

description: The directed movement of a protein out of a plasma membrane raft.


name: modulation by virus of host cell division

description: Any process where an infecting virus modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of its host's cell into daughter cells.


name: positive regulation by virus of host cell division

description: Any process where an infecting virus activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of its host's cell division.


name: negative regulation by virus of host cell division

description: Any process where an infecting virus stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of its host's cell division.


name: modulation by host of viral exo-alpha-sialidase activity

description: The process in which a host organism effects a change in viral exo-alpha-sialidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein.


name: modulation by host of viral catalytic activity

description: The process in which a host organism effects a change in the enzyme activity of a virus with which it is infected.


name: modulation by host of viral molecular function

description: A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any molecular function being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.


name: negative regulation by host of viral exo-alpha-sialidase activity

description: The process in which a host organism decreases viral exo-alpha-sialidase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a protein.


name: modulation by host of viral glycoprotein metabolic process

description: A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral glycoprotein metabolic process.


name: negative regulation by host of viral glycoprotein metabolic process

description: A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral glycoprotein metabolic process.


lipoprotein localization

description: Any process in which a lipoprotein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


lipoprotein localization to membrane

description: A process in which a lipoprotein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in a membrane.


name: lipoprotein localization to outer membrane

description: A process in which a lipoprotein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in an outer membrane.


name: gamma-glutamyl hercynylcysteine sulfoxide synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: gamma-glutamyl cysteine + hercynine + O2 = gamma-glutamyl-hercynyl cysteine sulfoxide + H2O.


protein-containing complex binding

description: Binding to a macromolecular complex.


name: mitotic cytokinesis checkpoint signaling

description: A signaling process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects a defect in cytokinesis and prevents further rounds of nuclear division until cytokinesis is completed.


name: mitotic morphogenesis checkpoint signaling

description: A signaling process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle checkpoint which delays mitotic onset in response to perturbations that affect cell shape via the actin cytoskeleton, septin organization, small cell size, and/or the extent of membrane growth.


name: double-strand break repair via single-strand annealing

description: Repair of a DSB made between two repeated sequences oriented in the same direction occurs primarily by the single strand annealing pathway. The ends of the break are processed by a 5' to 3' exonuclease, exposing complementary single-strand regions of the direct repeats that can anneal, resulting in a deletion of the unique DNA between the direct repeats.


name: double-strand break repair via synthesis-dependent strand annealing

description: SDSA is a major mechanism of double-strand break repair in mitosis which allows for the error-free repair of a double-strand break without the exchange of adjacent sequences. The broken DNA searches for and base pairs with a homologous region in an intact chromosome. DNA synthesis initiates from the 3' end of the invading DNA strand, using the intact chromosome as the template. Newly synthesized DNA is then displaced from the template and anneal with its complement on the other side of the double-strand break.


DNA replication proofreading

description: Correction of replication errors by DNA polymerase using a 3'-5' exonuclease activity.


name: DNA-templated DNA replication maintenance of fidelity

description: A DNA metabolic process that prevents or corrects errors to ensure that DNA is replicated accurately. Errors can be corrected either by intrinsic DNA polymerase proofreading activity or via mismatch repair.


DNA deamination

description: The removal of an amino group from a nucleotide base in DNA. An example is the deamination of cytosine to produce uracil.


depurination

description: The disruption of the bond between the sugar in the backbone and the A or G base, causing the base to be removed and leaving a depurinated sugar.


depyrimidination

description: The disruption of the bond between the sugar in the backbone and the C or T base, causing the base to be removed and leaving a depyrimidinated sugar.


chitosome

description: An intracellular membrane-bounded particle found in fungi and containing chitin synthase; it synthesizes chitin microfibrils. Chitin synthase activity exists in chitosomes and they are proposed to act as a reservoir for regulated transport of chitin synthase enzymes to the division septum.


actin nucleation

description: The initial step in the formation of an actin filament, in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament. Nucleation is slow relative to the subsequent addition of more monomers to extend the filament.


name: carbon catabolite repression of transcription

description: A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources. Carbon catabolite repression is a mechanism of genetic regulation which the accumulation of catabolites of one substance in the cell represses the formation of enzymes that contribute to the catabolism of other substances.


name: carbon catabolite repression of transcription by glucose

description: A transcription regulation process in which the presence of glucose leads to a decrease in the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources. Carbon catabolite repression is a mechanism of genetic regulation which the accumulation of catabolites of one substance in the cell represses the formation of enzymes that contribute to the catabolism of other substances.


HDEL sequence binding

description: Binding to a HDEL sequence, the C terminus tetrapeptide sequence His-Asp-Glu-Leu found in proteins that are to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum.


name: mitochondrial magnesium ion transmembrane transport

description: The process in which a magnesium ion (Mg2+) is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.


glycerolipid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone.


retrograde transport, vacuole to Golgi

description: The directed movement of substances from the vacuole to the trans-Golgi network; this occurs in yeast via the prevacuolar/endosomal compartment.


name: negative regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide.


name: early endosome to late endosome transport

description: The directed movement of substances, in membrane-bounded vesicles, from the early sorting endosomes to the late sorting endosomes; transport occurs along microtubules and can be experimentally blocked with microtubule-depolymerizing drugs.


G0 to G1 transition

description: The mitotic cell cycle phase transition whose occurrence commits the cell from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase. Under certain conditions, cells exit the cell cycle during G1 and remain in the G0 state as nongrowing, non-dividing (quiescent) cells. Appropriate stimulation of such cells induces them to return to G1 and resume growth and division. The G0 to G1 transition is accompanied by many changes in the program of gene expression.


mitochondrial degradosome

description: A mitochondrial protein complex with 3' to 5' exoribonuclease activity that participates in intron-independent turnover and processing of mitochondrial transcripts. In humans, the mitochondrial degradosome is a pentameric complex, and in yeast it exists as a heterodimer.


plasma membrane fusion

description: The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane that surround a cell with that of another cell, producing a single cell.


DNA end binding

description: Binding to DNA ends exposed by the creation of double-strand breaks (DSBs).


name: G protein-coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor activity

description: Combining with a purine nucleotide and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


G protein-coupled UDP receptor activity

description: Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity, activated by UDP.


G protein-coupled UTP receptor activity

description: Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex to initiate a change in cell activity, activated by UTP.


G protein-coupled ATP receptor activity

description: Combining with ATP and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


peroxisome inheritance

description: The acquisition of peroxisomes by daughter cells from the mother cell after replication. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the number of peroxisomes cells is fairly constant; a subset of the organelles are targeted and segregated to the bud in a highly ordered, vectorial process. Efficient segregation of peroxisomes from mother to bud is dependent on the actin cytoskeleton, and active movement of peroxisomes along actin filaments is driven by the class V myosin motor protein, Myo2p.


sensory organ precursor cell division

description: The series of four asymmetric divisions undergone by the sensory organ precursor cells to generate cells that have distinct cell fates. For example, in the external sensory organ, the precursor cells give rise to one multidendritic neuron and four additional cells (the socket, shaft, sheath cells and the external sense neuron).


protein targeting to chloroplast

description: The process of directing proteins towards the chloroplast, usually using signals contained within the protein. Imported proteins are synthesized as cytosolic precursors containing N-terminal uptake-targeting sequences that direct each protein to its correct subcompartment and are subsequently cleaved.


protein import into chloroplast stroma

description: The targeting and import of proteins into the chloroplast stroma. Import depends on ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by stromal chaperones. Chloroplast stromal proteins, such as the S subunit of rubisco, have a N-terminal stromal-import sequence of about 44 amino acids which is cleaved from the protein precursor after import.


name: protein import into chloroplast thylakoid membrane

description: The import of proteins into the chloroplast thylakoid membranes. Proteins that are destined for the thylakoid lumen require two uptake-targeting sequences: the first targets the protein to the stroma, and the second targets the protein from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen. Four separate thylakoid-import systems deal with the proteins once they are in the stroma.


name: protein insertion into mitochondrial inner membrane

description: The processes mediating the insertion of proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Mitochondrial inner membrane proteins can get inserted from the cytosol, by crossing the outer membrane and being guided by an inner membrane translocase complex into their final destination in the inner membrane. Some proteins present in the intermembrane space can get inserted into the inner mitochondrial membrane. Finally, some proteins are inserted into the inner membrane from the matrix side of the membrane.


name: protein insertion into mitochondrial outer membrane

description: The process comprising the insertion of proteins from outside the organelle into the mitochondrial outer membrane, mediated by large outer membrane translocase complexes.


name: protein import into mitochondrial intermembrane space

description: The import of proteins into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.


protein import into peroxisome membrane

description: The targeting of proteins into the peroxisomal membrane. The process is not well understood, but both signals and mechanism differ from those involved in peroxisomal matrix protein import.


protein targeting to ER

description: The process of directing proteins towards the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) using signals contained within the protein. One common mechanism uses a 16- to 30-residue signal sequence, typically located at the N-terminus of the protein and containing positively charged amino acids followed by a continuous stretch of hydrophobic residues, which directs the ribosome to the ER membrane and initiates transport of the growing polypeptide across the ER membrane.


protein insertion into ER membrane

description: The process that results in incorporation of a protein into an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. It depends on specific topogenic sequences of amino acids that ensure that a protein acquires the proper orientation during its insertion into the ER membrane.


name: protein insertion into ER membrane by N-terminal cleaved signal sequence

description: A process of protein insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in which N-terminal cleaved signal sequences direct polypeptides to the ER.


name: protein insertion into ER membrane by stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence

description: A process of protein insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in which stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequences become an ER membrane spanning helix.


name: protein insertion into ER membrane by internal uncleaved signal-anchor sequence

description: A process of protein insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in which signal anchor sequences function as both ER signal sequences and membrane anchor sequences.


protein retention in Golgi apparatus

description: The retention of proteins within the Golgi apparatus. Golgi-localized carbohydrate-modifying enzymes have a short N-terminal domain that faces the cytosol, a single transmembrane alpha helix, and a large C-terminal domain that faces the Golgi lumen and that contains the catalytic site. How the membrane-spanning alpha helix in a Golgi enzyme causes its localization and prevents its movement to the plasma membrane is not known.


constitutive secretory pathway

description: A process of exocytosis found in all eukaryotic cells, in which transport vesicles destined for the plasma membrane leave the trans-Golgi network in a steady stream. Upon exocytosis, the membrane proteins and lipids in these vesicles provide new components for the plasma membrane, and the soluble proteins inside the vesicles are released into the extracellular space.


regulated exocytosis

description: A process of exocytosis in which soluble proteins and other substances are initially stored in secretory vesicles for later release. It is found mainly in cells that are specialized for secreting products such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or digestive enzymes rapidly on demand.


transcytosis

description: The directed movement of endocytosed material through the cell and its exocytosis from the plasma membrane at the opposite side.


cisternal progression

description: The process that results in the physical movement of a new cis-Golgi stack from the cis-position, nearest the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), to the trans position, farthest from the ER, successively becoming first a medial-Golgi cisterna and then a trans-Golgi cisterna.


T cell selection

description: The process in which T cells that express T cell receptors that are restricted by self MHC protein complexes and tolerant to self antigens are selected for further maturation.


positive thymic T cell selection

description: The process of sparing immature T cells in the thymus which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death.


negative thymic T cell selection

description: The process of elimination of immature T cells in the thymus which react strongly with self-antigens.


thymic T cell selection

description: The process of T cell selection that occurs in the thymus.


extrathymic T cell selection

description: The process of T cell selection that occurs in extrathymic locations, often resulting T cells of distinct specificities from those selected in the thymus.


T-helper 1 cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires the specialized features of a T-helper 1 (Th1) cell. A Th1 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive and produces interferon-gamma.


T-helper 2 cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a T-helper 2 (Th2) cell. A Th2 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype GATA-3-positive and produces interleukin-4.


cytotoxic T cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a cytotoxic T cell.


regulatory T cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a regulatory T cell. Regulatory T cells control or suppress immune responses through a variety of mechanisms and subsets include the CD4+CD25+ cell type as well as certain CD8+ cell types.


positive extrathymic T cell selection

description: The process of sparing extrathymically maturing T cells which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death.


negative extrathymic T cell selection

description: The process of elimination of extrathymically maturing T cells which react strongly with self-antigens.


regulation of viral genome replication

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.


name: positive regulation of viral genome replication

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.


name: negative regulation of viral genome replication

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.


innate immune response

description: Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.


regulation of innate immune response

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection.


name: positive regulation of innate immune response

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response, the organism's first line of defense against infection.


name: regulation of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate.


interleukin-18 receptor complex

description: A protein complex that binds interleukin-18; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit.


keratin filament

description: A filament composed of acidic and basic keratins (types I and II), typically expressed in epithelial cells. The keratins are the most diverse classes of IF proteins, with a large number of keratin isoforms being expressed. Each type of epithelium always expresses a characteristic combination of type I and type II keratins.


type III intermediate filament

description: A type of intermediate filament, typically made up of one or more of the proteins vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and peripherin. Unlike the keratins, the type III proteins can form both homo- and heteropolymeric IF filaments.


intermediate filament-based process

description: Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the intermediate filament cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins.


name: intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins.


name: intermediate filament polymerization or depolymerization

description: Assembly or disassembly of intermediate filaments by the addition or removal of component parts from a filament.


intermediate filament depolymerization

description: Disassembly of intermediate filaments by the removal of component monomers from a filament.


intermediate filament polymerization

description: Assembly of intermediate filaments by the addition of component monomers to a filament. Polymerization of intermediate filament proteins results from interactions among several distinct binding sites on the constituent proteins. Nuclear lamin head-to-tail polymers arise from one such interaction. Deletion analysis localized the binding sites to the ends of the rod domain that are highly conserved among all intermediate filament proteins. Data indicate that one type of interaction in intermediate filament protein polymerization is the longitudinal binding of dimers via the conserved end segments of the coiled-coil rod domain.


name: regulation of intermediate filament polymerization or depolymerization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly or disassembly of intermediate filaments by the addition or removal of monomers from a filament; this usually occurs through the opposing action of kinases and phosphatases.


intermediate filament organization

description: Control of the spatial distribution of intermediate filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.


intermediate filament bundle assembly

description: The formation of the bundles of intermediate filaments. Intermediate filament-associated proteins (IFAPs) cross-link intermediate filaments with one another, forming a bundle or a network, and with other cell structures, including the plasma membrane. The organization of intermediate filaments and their supportive function in various cells types depends in large part on their linkage to other cell structures via IFAPs.


intermediate filament cytoskeleton

description: Cytoskeletal structure made from intermediate filaments, typically organized in the cytosol as an extended system that stretches from the nuclear envelope to the plasma membrane. Some intermediate filaments run parallel to the cell surface, while others traverse the cytosol; together they form an internal framework that helps support the shape and resilience of the cell.


integrin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins, a large family of transmembrane proteins that act as receptors for cell-adhesion molecules.


name: regulation of integrin biosynthetic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins.


beta 2 integrin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta 2 integrins, a subfamily of integrins which contain the beta 2 subunit.


name: regulation of beta 2 integrin biosynthetic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta 2 integrins.


protein neddylation

description: Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 (RUB1) to another protein.


azole transmembrane transport

description: The directed movement of azoles, heterocyclic compounds found in many biologically important substances, across a lipid bilayer, across a membrane.


name: azole:proton antiporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: H+(out) + azole(in) = H+(in) + azole(out). Azoles are heterocyclic compounds found in many biologically important substances.


pronucleus

description: The nucleus of either the ovum or the spermatozoon following fertilization. Thus, in the fertilized ovum, there are two pronuclei, one originating from the ovum, the other from the spermatozoon that brought about fertilization; they approach each other, but do not fuse until just before the first cleavage, when each pronucleus loses its membrane to release its contents.


membrane raft

description: Any of the small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Small rafts can sometimes be stabilized to form larger platforms through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions.


aflatoxin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aflatoxin, a fungal metabolite found as a contaminant in moldy grains that induces liver cancer. Aflatoxin induces a G to T transversion at codon 249 of p53, leading to its inactivation. Aflatoxin is converted to a chemical carcinogen by P450.


cellular extravasation

description: The migration of a leukocyte from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.


regulation of bone resorption

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone tissue loss (resorption).


bioactive lipid receptor activity

description: Combining with a bioactive lipid and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex. A bioactive lipid is a lipid for which changes in lipid levels result in functional consequences in a variety of cellular processes.


N-acetylglucosamine kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + ATP = N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate + ADP + H+.


name: negative regulation of reciprocal meiotic recombination

description: Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of recombination during meiosis. Reciprocal meiotic recombination is the cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a double Holliday junction intermediate.


name: NAD-independent histone deacetylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: histone N6-acetyl-L-lysine + H2O = histone L-lysine + acetate. This reaction does not require the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from a histone.


keratan sulfotransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + keratan = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + keratan 6'-sulfate.


pre-mRNA branch point binding

description: Binding to a pre-mRNA branch point sequence, located upstream of the 3' splice site.


meiotic chromosome segregation

description: The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during M phase of the meiotic cell cycle.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate + O2 = 2-hydroxy-3-(3-oxoprop-1-enyl)but-2-enedioate + H+.


UDP phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP + H2O = UMP + phosphate.


poly(beta-D-mannuronate) lyase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: polysaccharides containing beta-D-mannuronate residues = oligosaccharides with 4-deoxy-alpha-L-erythro-hex-4-enopyranuronosyl end. This reaction is the eliminative cleavage of polysaccharides containing beta-D-mannuronate residues to give oligosaccharides with 4-deoxy-alpha-L-erythro-hex-4-enopyranuronosyl groups at their ends.


name: development of secondary sexual characteristics

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. In humans, these include growth of axillary, chest, and pubic hair, voice changes, testicular/penile enlargement, breast development and menstrual periods. Development occurs in response to sex hormone secretion.


name: development of primary sexual characteristics

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary sexual characteristics are the testes in males and the ovaries in females and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.


nematode male tail tip morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structure of the adult male tail tip is generated and organized. In some species of rhabitid nematodes, the male tail tip undergoes a morphological change such that the most posterior hypodermal cells in the tail (hyp8-11 in C. elegans) fuse and retract anteriorly, changing the shape of the tail from a pointed, tapered cone, or spike, to a rounded, blunt dome.


name: inositol phosphoceramide synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: phytoceramide + inositol phosphate = inositol phosphoceramide + diacylglycerol.


meiotic telomere clustering

description: The cell cycle process in which the dynamic reorganization of telomeres occurs in early meiotic prophase, during which meiotic chromosome ends are gathered in a bouquet arrangement at the inner surface of the nuclear envelope proximal to the spindle pole body. This plays an important role in progression through meiosis and precedes synapsis.


triplex DNA binding

description: Binding to a DNA triple helix. The formation of triple helical DNA has been evoked in several cellular processes including transcription, replication, and recombination.


homologous chromosome segregation

description: The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the first division of the meiotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner; this pairing off, referred to as synapsis, permits genetic recombination. One homolog (both sister chromatids) of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.


meiotic sister chromatid segregation

description: The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and randomly apportioned to two sets during the second division of the meiotic cell cycle.


name: single-stranded DNA 5'-3' DNA exonuclease activity

description: Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of nucleotides (such as mononucleotides or dinucleotides) from a free 5' terminus of a single-stranded DNA molecule.


name: initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate

description: The activation, by acetate, of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate.


name: regulation of initiation of acetate catabolic process by acetate

description: Any process that modulates the activation, by acetate, of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate.


tripeptide aminopeptidase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single N-terminal amino acid residue from a tripeptide.


acetoin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetoin, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, often as part of a fermentation pathway or for use as a carbon source.


acetoin catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetoin, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone.


acetoin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetoin, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone.


antisigma factor binding

description: Binding to an antisigma factor, a factor which inhibits the ability of the sigma factor to function as a transcriptional initiator.


name: electron transporter, transferring electrons within the cyclic electron transport pathway of photosynthesis activity

description: Enables the directed movement of electrons within the cyclic electron transport pathway of photosynthesis.


name: electron transporter, transferring electrons within the noncyclic electron transport pathway of photosynthesis activity

description: Enables the directed movement of electrons within the noncyclic electron transport pathway of photosynthesis.


name: electron transporter, transferring electrons within cytochrome b6/f complex of photosystem II activity

description: Enables the directed movement of electrons within the cytochrome b6/f complex of photosystem II.


myosin II binding

description: Binding to a class II myosin, any member of the class of 'conventional' double-headed myosins that includes muscle myosin.


myosin I complex

description: A myosin complex containing a class I myosin heavy chain and associated light chains; myosin I heavy chains are single-headed, possess tails of various lengths, and do not self-associate into bipolar filaments; myosin I complexes are involved in diverse processes related to membrane traffic and cell movement.


neuronal ion channel clustering

description: The process in which voltage-gated ion channels become localized to distinct subcellular domains in the neuron. Specific targeting, clustering, and maintenance of these channels in their respective domains are essential to achieve high conduction velocities of action potential propagation.


name: clustering of voltage-gated sodium channels

description: The process in which voltage-gated sodium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, nodes of Ranvier differ dramatically from internodal axonal regions in very high densities of voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) channels responsible for the rapid, inward ionic currents that produce membrane depolarization.


name: clustering of voltage-gated potassium channels

description: The process in which voltage-gated potassium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels are clustered beneath the myelin sheath in regions immediately adjacent to paranodes, called juxtaparanodes, and along the inner mesaxon within the internode.


cell fate commitment

description: The cellular developmental process by which a cell establishes the intrinsic character of a cell or tissue region irreversibly committing it to a particular fate.


name: asymmetric protein localization involved in cell fate determination

description: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific asymmetric distribution, resulting in the formation of daughter cells of different types.


name: cell-cell signaling involved in cell fate commitment

description: Signaling at long or short range between cells that results in the commitment of a cell to a certain fate.


fusome

description: A large intracellular spectrin-rich structure that has been found in insect germline cells and mammalian hematopoietic cells. The fusome is an elongated, branched structure, formed from the spherical spectrosome organelle.


spectrosome

description: A germline specific spherical organelle, rich in membrane skeletal proteins. Precursor to the fusome.


intercellular bridge

description: A direct connection between the cytoplasm of two cells that is formed following the completion of cleavage furrow ingression during cell division. They are usually present only briefly prior to completion of cytokinesis. However, in some cases, such as the bridges between germ cells during their development, they become stabilised.


germline ring canal

description: Germline specific intercellular bridge. During cyst formation in insects, ring canals interconnect the cells of the cyst, facilitating the passage of cytoplasmic components between cells.


O-sialoglycoprotein catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of O-sialoglycoproteins, glycoproteins which contain sialic acid as one of their carbohydrates. They are often found on or in the cell or tissue membranes and participate in a variety of biological activities.


name: glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: dehydroascorbate + 2 glutathione = L-ascorbate + glutathione disulfide.


basal protein localization

description: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, basal regions of the cell.


apical protein localization

description: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, apical regions of the cell.


apical part of cell

description: The region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the apical region has an exposed surface and lies opposite to the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue.


basal part of cell

description: The region of a cell situated near the base. For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the basal surface rests on the basal lamina that separates the epithelium from other tissue.


apical cortex

description: The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the apical edge of a cell.


basal cortex

description: The region that lies just beneath the plasma membrane on the basal edge of a cell.


name: glutamate synthase activity, NAD(P)H as acceptor

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2 L-glutamate + NAD(P)+ = L-glutamine + 2-oxoglutarate + NAD(P)H + H+.


translation regulator activity

description: Any molecular function involved in the initiation, activation, perpetuation, repression or termination of polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.


name: translation factor activity, non-nucleic acid binding

description: A translation regulator activity that does not involve binding to nucleic acids.


establishment of protein localization

description: The directed movement of a protein to a specific location.


maintenance of protein location

description: Any process in which a protein is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration, stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that do move away.


zonula adherens assembly

description: Assembly of the zonula adherens, a cell-cell adherens junction which forms a continuous belt near the apex of epithelial cells.


name: regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sleep; a readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity that occurs periodically in many animals.


name: regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-rapid eye movement sleep.


isotype switching

description: The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of other isotypes of immunoglobulin, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion involving switch regions that reside 5' of each constant region gene segment in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.


regulation of isotype switching

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.


name: establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity

description: Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system.


name: establishment or maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity

description: Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.


name: establishment of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity

description: The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.


name: maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity

description: The maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.


establishment of neuroblast polarity

description: The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system.


maintenance of neuroblast polarity

description: The maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system.


synapse

description: The junction between an axon of one neuron and a dendrite of another neuron, a muscle fiber or a glial cell. As the axon approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic terminal bouton, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the terminal bouton is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic terminal bouton secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.


FasL biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fas ligand (FasL or CD95L), an antigen originally found to be expressed on the cell surface of activated human T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes and a variety of malignant human lymphoid cell lines.


postsynaptic membrane

description: A specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft). Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane.


sarcomere organization

description: The myofibril assembly process that results in the organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.


cell-cell junction organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-cell junction. A cell-cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells.


cell-cell junction maintenance

description: The maintenance of junctions between cells.


zonula adherens maintenance

description: Maintaining the zonula adherens junction, the cell-cell adherens junction formed near the apex of epithelial cells.


regulation of FasL production

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FasL.


positive regulation of FasL production

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FasL.


negative regulation of FasL production

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FasL.


CD4 biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4, a CD marker that occurs on T-helper cells and is involved in MHC class II restricted interactions.


regulation of CD4 production

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4.


positive regulation of CD4 production

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4.


negative regulation of CD4 production

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4.


name: extracellular polysaccharide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides used in extracellular structures.


name: capsule polysaccharide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides that make up the capsule, a protective structure surrounding some species of bacteria and fungi.


name: slime layer polysaccharide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides in the slime layer, a diffused layer of polysaccharide exterior to the bacterial cell wall.


name: external encapsulating structure organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of external structures that lie outside the plasma membrane and surround the entire cell.


capsule organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the capsule, a protective structure surrounding some species of bacteria and fungi.


slime layer organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a slime layer. A slime layer is an easily removed, diffuse, unorganized layer of extracellular material that surrounds a cell.


S-layer organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an S-layer enveloping the cell. The S-layer is a crystalline protein layer surrounding some bacteria.


protein palmitoleylation

description: The covalent attachment of a palmitoleyl group to a protein.


CXCR chemokine receptor binding

description: Binding to a chemokine receptor in the CXCR family.


CXCR1 chemokine receptor binding

description: Binding to a CXCR1 chemokine receptor.


CXCR2 chemokine receptor binding

description: Binding to a CXCR2 chemokine receptor.


name: tricarboxylic acid cycle heteromeric enzyme complex

description: Any of the heteromeric enzymes that act in the TCA cycle.


alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex

description: A multi-enzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of an alpha-ketoacid - pyruvate, a branched-chain alpha-ketoacid or alpha-ketoglutarate (also known as 2-oxoglutarate). The complex comprises multiple copies of three enzymes referred to as E1, E2 and E3: a dihydrolipoyl transacylase (E2) forms the core of the complex, with an alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase (E1) and a dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) attached through non-covalent bonds. The E1 and E2 components are specific to different alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes, whereas the E3 component is the same. Additional proteins may also be present.


isocitrate dehydrogenase complex (NAD+)

description: Complex that possesses isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity.


name: succinate-CoA ligase complex (GDP-forming)

description: A heterodimeric enzyme complex, usually composed of an alpha and beta chain. Functions in the TCA cycle, hydrolyzing succinyl-CoA into succinate and CoA, thereby forming GTP.


name: cytosolic electron transfer flavoprotein complex

description: A protein complex located in the cytosol containing flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) that, together with an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, forms a system that oxidizes an acyl-CoA molecule and reduces ubiquinone and other acceptors.


name: cytosol pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) phosphatase complex

description: A cytosolic complex of a regulatory and catalytic subunit that catalyzes the dephosphorylation and concomitant reactivation of the alpha subunit of the E1 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.


electron transfer flavoprotein complex

description: A protein complex facilitating the electron transfer from an acyl-CoA molecule to ubiquinone via its flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor. Usually contains an alpha and a beta subunit and the structural cofactor adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Part of a system that oxidizes an acyl-CoA molecule and reduces ubiquinone and other acceptors in the electron transport system.


oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

description: A multi-enzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate (also known as 2-oxoglutarate) to form succinyl-CoA. The complex comprises multiple copies of three enzymes referred to as E1, E2 and E3: oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase (E2) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). Additional proteins may also be present.


name: pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) phosphatase complex

description: A complex of a regulatory and catalytic subunit that catalyzes the dephosphorylation and concomitant reactivation of the alpha subunit of the E1 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.


pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

description: A multi-enzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA. The complex comprises multiple copies of three enzymes referred to as E1, E2 and E3: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1, which may be a homodimer or a heterotetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits, depending on species), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). Additional proteins may also be present.


name: proton-transporting ATP synthase complex

description: A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP during oxidative phosphorylation. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis by a rotational mechanism; the extramembrane sector (containing 3 a and 3 b subunits) is connected via the d-subunit to the membrane sector by several smaller subunits. Within this complex, the g and e subunits and the 9-12 c subunits rotate by consecutive 120 degree angles and perform parts of ATP synthesis. This movement is driven by the hydrogen ion electrochemical potential gradient.


name: plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase complex

description: A proton-transporting ATP synthase complex found in the plasma membrane. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.


name: proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, catalytic core F(1)

description: The sector of a hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase complex in which the catalytic activity resides; it comprises the catalytic core and central stalk, and is peripherally associated with a membrane, such as the plasma membrane or the mitochondrial inner membrane, when the entire ATP synthase is assembled.


name: plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, catalytic core F(1)

description: The catalytic sector of the plasma membrane hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase; it comprises the catalytic core and central stalk, and is peripherally associated with the plasma membrane when the entire ATP synthase is assembled. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.


name: proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor F(o)

description: All non-F1 subunits of a hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, including integral and peripheral membrane proteins.


name: plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase complex, coupling factor F(o)

description: All non-F1 subunits of the plasma membrane hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase, including integral and peripheral plasma membrane proteins.


name: proton-transporting ATP synthase, stator stalk

description: One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the membrane-associated Fo proteins; is thought to prevent futile rotation of the catalytic core.


name: plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase, stator stalk

description: One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the plasma membrane-associated F0 proteins; is thought to prevent futile rotation of the catalytic core. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.


name: proton-transporting ATP synthase, catalytic core

description: The hexamer that possesses the catalytic activity of the mitochondrial hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase.


name: plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase, catalytic core

description: The hexamer that possesses the catalytic activity of the plasma membrane hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.


name: proton-transporting ATP synthase, central stalk

description: One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the membrane-associated Fo proteins; rotates within the catalytic core during catalysis.


name: plasma membrane proton-transporting ATP synthase, central stalk

description: One of two stalks that connect the catalytic core of the hydrogen-transporting ATP synthase to the plasma membrane-associated Fo proteins; rotates within the catalytic core during catalysis. Examples of this component are found in Bacterial species.


respiratory chain complex I

description: Respiratory chain complex I is an enzyme of the respiratory chain. It consists of several polypeptide chains and is L-shaped, with a horizontal arm lying in the membrane and a vertical arm that projects into the matrix. The electrons of NADH enter the chain at this complex.


respiratory chain complex II

description: A part of the respiratory chain, containing the four polypeptide subunits of succinate dehydrogenase, flavin-adenine dinucleotide and iron-sulfur. Catalyzes the oxidation of succinate by ubiquinone. Connects the TCA cycle with the respiratory chain.


respiratory chain complex III

description: A protein complex that transfers electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c and translocates two protons across a membrane. The complex contains a core structure of three catalytic subunits: cytochrome b, the Rieske iron sulfur protein (ISP), and cytochrome c1, which are arranged in an integral membrane-bound dimeric complex; additional subunits are present, and vary among different species.


name: plasma membrane respiratory chain complex III

description: A part of the respiratory chain located in the plasma membrane, containing about 10 polypeptide subunits including four redox centers: cytochrome b/b6, cytochrome c1 and an 2Fe-2S cluster. Catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol by oxidized cytochrome c1. Examples of this component are found in bacterial species.


respiratory chain complex IV

description: A part of the respiratory chain, containing the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2).


name: plasma membrane respiratory chain complex IV

description: A part of the respiratory chain located in the plasma membrane, containing the 13 polypeptide subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, including cytochrome a and cytochrome a3. Catalyzes the oxidation of reduced cytochrome c by dioxygen (O2). Examples of this component are found in bacterial species.


fumarate reductase complex

description: A membrane-bound flavoenzyme complex consisting of four subunits, A, B, C, and D. A and B comprise the membrane-extrinsic catalytic domain and C (InterPro:IPR003510; InterPro:IPR004224) and D (InterPro:IPR003418) link the catalytic centers to the electron-transport chain. This family consists of the 13 kDa hydrophobic subunit D. This component may be required to anchor the catalytic components of the fumarate reductase complex to the cytoplasmic membrane. Fumarate reductase couples the reduction of fumarate to succinate to the oxidation of quinol to quinone, in a reaction opposite to that catalyzed by the related complex II of the respiratory chain (succinate dehydrogenase-(ubiquinone)).


luciferin monooxygenase activity

description: Catalysis of the generalized reaction: luciferin + O2 = oxidized luciferin + CO2 + light. There may be additional substrates and reactants involved in the reaction. The reaction results in light emission as luciferin returns to the ground state after enzymatic oxidation.


name: D-arabinose 1-dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-arabinose + NAD(P)+ = D-arabinono-1,4-lactone + NAD(P)H + H+.


mRNA trans splicing, SL addition

description: The joining together of two independently transcribed RNAs, where the one that provides the 5' portion of the final mRNA is from a splice leader RNA (SL-RNA). The SL-RNA, or mini-exon donor sequence, is added to the 5'-end of the acceptor RNA molecule which provides the mRNA body.


mRNA cis splicing, via spliceosome

description: The joining together, after removal of an intervening sequence composed of one or more introns, of two segments of the same RNA molecule via spliceosomal catalysis to produce an mRNA composed only of exon sequences that all came from the same primary transcript.


mRNA editing complex

description: A protein complex that posttranscriptionally catalyzes insertion, deletion or substitution of nucleotides at multiple sites within nascent mRNA transcripts to produce mature mRNAs in eukaryotes.


alpha-catenin binding

description: Binding to catenin complex alpha subunit.


gamma-catenin binding

description: Binding to catenin complex gamma subunit.


cadherin binding

description: Binding to cadherin, a type I membrane protein involved in cell adhesion.


tubulin complex

description: A heterodimer of tubulins alpha and beta that constitutes the protomer for microtubule assembly.


otolith mineralization

description: The precipitation of specific crystal forms of calcium carbonate with extracellular matrix proteins in the otolith organs of the vertebrate inner ear.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: stearoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + reduced acceptor + O2 = oleoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + acceptor + H2O. The enzyme requires ferredoxin.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: tRNA-(2-methylthio-N-6-isopentenyl adenosine) = tRNA-(2-methylthio-N-6-(cis-hydroxy)isopentenyl adenosine) + O2. 2-methylthio-N-6-isopentenyl adenosine is also known as ms2i6A; 2-methylthio-N-6-(cis-hydroxy)isopentenyl adenosine is also known as ms2io6A and 2-methylthio-cis-ribozeatin.


choloylglycine hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholan-24-oylglycine + H2O = 3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholanate + glycine.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-2,4-diaminobutyrate = L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + L-glutamate.


name: regulation of establishment of competence for transformation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which a cell becomes able to take up and incorporate extracellular DNA into its genome.


name: protein phosphorylated amino acid binding

description: Binding to a phosphorylated amino acid residue within a protein.


name: invasive growth in response to pheromone

description: The growth of colonies in filamentous chains of cells as a result of a pheromone stimulus.


nor-spermidine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nor-spermidine, a compound related to spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.


rhabdomere membrane biogenesis

description: A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a rhabdomere membrane.


name: regulation of compound eye photoreceptor development

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor development.


name: positive regulation of compound eye photoreceptor development

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor development.


name: negative regulation of compound eye photoreceptor development

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor development.


equator specification

description: The formation and development of the equator that forms the boundary between the photoreceptors in the dorsal sector of the eye and those in the ventral sector, dividing the eye into dorsal and ventral halves.


name: chloroplast proton-transporting ATP synthase complex

description: A proton-transporting ATP synthase complex found in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane; it catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP during photo-phosphorylation.


leukocyte activation

description: A change in morphology and behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


unmethylated CpG binding

description: Binding to uan nmethylated CpG motif. Unmethylated CpG dinucleotides are often associated with gene promoters.


interleukin-1 receptor complex

description: A protein complex that binds interleukin-1; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit.


late endosome to vacuole transport

description: The directed movement of substances from late endosomes to the vacuole. In yeast, after transport to the prevacuolar compartment, endocytic content is delivered to the late endosome and on to the vacuole. This pathway is analogous to endosome to lysosome transport.


peptidyl-tryptophan hydroxylation

description: The hydroxylation of peptidyl-tryptophan, to form peptidyl-L-3-hydroxytryptophan.


cytochrome P450 4A1-heme linkage

description: The covalent linkage of heme to cytochrome P450 4A1 via hydroxyheme-L-glutamyl ester.


carnitine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.


phospholipid translocation

description: The movement of a phospholipid molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet.


cellular respiration

description: The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration).


clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle

description: A clathrin-coated, membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance.


phagocytic vesicle

description: A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.


clathrin-coated phagocytic vesicle

description: A clathrin-coated, membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle that arises from the ingestion of particulate material by phagocytosis.


name: farnesyl diphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of farnesyl diphosphate.


farnesyl diphosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving farnesyl diphosphate, an intermediate in carotenoid, sesquiterpene, squalene and sterol biosynthesis, as well as a substrate in protein farnesylation.


farnesyl diphosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of farnesyl diphosphate.


mercury ion binding

description: Binding to a mercury ion (Hg2+).


MHC class I biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of major histocompatibility protein class I.


MHC class II biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of major histocompatibility protein class II.


name: regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class I.


name: negative regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class I.


name: positive regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class I.


name: regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II.


name: negative regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II.