inherited isolated nail anomaly

description: A nail anomaly that is not part of a larger syndrome.


ectodermal dysplasia syndrome

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: The term ''ectodermal dysplasia'' defines a heterogeneous group of heritable disorders of the skin and its appendages characterized by the defective development of two or more ectodermal derivatives, including hair, teeth, nails, sweat glands and their modified structures (i.e. ceruminous, mammary and ciliary glands). The spectrum of clinical manifestations is wide and may include additional manifestations from other ectodermal, mesodermal and endodermal structures.


skin pigmentation disorder

description: A pigmentation disease that involves the zone of skin.


hyperpigmentation of the skin

description: Darkening of the skin due to excessive melanin deposition. Causes include skin injuries, pregnancy, eczema, and Addison disease.


hypopigmentation of the skin

description: A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.


skin vascular disease

description: A disease that involves the superficial vasculature.


subcutaneous tissue disorder

description: A disease involving the superficial fascia.


lymphedema

description: Excess fluid collection in tissues, causing swelling. It is the result of obstruction of lymphatic vessels or lymph nodes.


premature aging syndrome

description: Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.


name: congenital non-bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma

description: A variant of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI), a rare epidermal disease, characterized by fine, whitish scales on a background of erythematous skin over the whole body.


name: generalized junctional epidermolysis bullosa non-Herlitz type

description: Generalized non-Herlitz-type junctional epidermolysis bullosa is a form of non-Herlitz-type junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB-nH) characterized by generalized skin blistering, atrophic scarring, nail dystrophy or nail absence, and enamel hypoplasia, with extracutaneous involvement.


name: junctional epidermolysis bullosa inversa

description: Junctional epidermolysis bullosa inversa is a rare severe subtype of junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) characterized by blistering and erosions confined to intertriginous skin sites, the esophagus, and vagina.


name: late-onset junctional epidermolysis bullosa

description: Late-onset junctional epidermolysis bullosa is a subtype of junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) occurring in childhood or young adulthood.


name: recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa inversa

description: Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa inversa (RDEB-I) is rare subtype of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) characterized by blisters and erosions which are primarily confined to intertriginous skin sites, the base of the neck, the uppermost back, and the lumbosacral area.


wooly hair nevus

description: Woolly hair nevus (WHN) is a rare non-familial hair anomaly characterized by kinky, tightly coiled, and hypopigmented fine hair with an average diameter of 0.5 cm, noted, since birth or during the first two years of life, in a localized circumscribed distribution on the scalp. Occasionally, WHN grows in areas observed to be alopecic in the neonatal period. WHN can be associated with features like ocular defects (persistent pupillary membrane, retinal defects), precocious puberty, and epidermal nevi.


Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome

description: Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HSP) is a multi-system disorder characterized by oculocutaneous albinism, bleeding diathesis and, in some cases, neutropenia, pulmonary fibrosis, or granulomatous colitis. HPS comprises eight known disorders (HPS-1 to HPS-8), the majority of which present with the same clinical phenotype to varying degrees of severity.


lymphatic malformation

description: Primary lymphedema is caused by anatomic or functional defects in the lymphatic system, resulting in chronic swelling of body parts and lymphatic-system malformation.


cutaneous mastocytoma

description: Cutaneous mastocytoma is a form of cutaneous mastocytosis (CM) generally characterized by the presence of a solitary or multiple hyperpigmented macules, plaques or nodules associated with abnormal accumulation of mast cells in the skin.


diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis

description: Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis (DCM) is a rare form of cutaneous mastocytosis (CM) characterized by generalized erythroderma, various degrees of blistering, skin with a ''peau d'orange'' appearance and the accumulation of mast cells in the skin. At least two DCM variants are recognized, one with extreme blistering (Bullous DCM) and one with infiltrations (Pseudoxanthomatous DCM).


maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis

description: Maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis (MCM) is a form of cutaneous mastocytosis (CM) characterized by the presence of multiple hyperpigmented macules, papules or nodules associated with abnormal accumulation of mast cells in the skin.


name: follicular atrophoderma-basal cell carcinoma


name: inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus


verrucous nevus

description: A benign wart-like, pigmented skin lesion appearing on various parts of the body at birth or early in childhood, usually in linear groupings.


atypical Werner syndrome

description: A heterogeneous group of cases that are clinically diagnosed as Werner syndrome (WS) but do not carry WRN gene mutations. Similar to classical WS caused by WRN mutations, patients generally exhibit an aged appearance and common age-related disorders at earlier ages compared to the general population.


pemphigus erythematosus

description: Pemphigus erythematosus is a rare superficial pemphigus disease characterized clinically by well-demarcated, localized, erythematous, scaly, hyperkeratotic, crusted plaques, with frequent butterfly distribution over the malar area of the face (but also commonly involving trunk and scalp, and less frequently the extremities, with a photoexposed distribution). Histologically, granular deposits along the dermal-epidermal junction, in addition to intercellular deposition in the upper epidermis, are observed.


pemphigus foliaceus

description: Pemphigus foliaceous is a rare superficial pemphigus disease characterized by multiple, pruritic, scaly, crusted cutaneous erosions, with flaky circumscribed patches, localized mostly on the face, scalp, trunk and extremities, often presenting an erythematous base. Mucosal involvement is rarely observed.


macrocystic lymphatic malformation

description: A lymphangioma characterized by the presence of thin-walled cavernous lymphatic spaces.


pili gemini

description: Pili gemini defines a situation where the papilla's tip of a hair follicle splits during the anagen phase and consequently grows two hair shafts emerging through a single pilary canal. A papilla tip that divides in several tips will produce several hair shafts, a situation named pili multigemini. Pili gemini or multigemini can occur in each type of hair.


name: punctate palmoplantar keratoderma type 1

description: Punctate palmoplantar keratoderma type I (PPKP1), also known as Buschke-Fischer-Brauer syndrome, is a very rare hereditary skin disease characterized by irregularly distributed epidermal hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles with wide variation among patients..


name: autosomal recessive hyperinsulinism due to SUR1 deficiency


name: autosomal recessive hyperinsulinism due to Kir6.2 deficiency


mild hyperphenylalaninemia

description: Mild hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) is a rare form of phenylketonuria, an inborn error of amino acid metabolism, characterized by mild symptoms of HPA.


Gardner syndrome

description: Gardner syndrome is a severe form of familial adenomatous polyposis characterized by multiple adenomas in the colon and rectum associated with prominent extracolonic features including osteomas and multiple skin and soft tissue tumors.


autoimmune bullous skin disease

description: An autoimmune disease characterized by blisters on the skin.


sarcoidosis

description: Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic disorder of unknown cause characterized by the formation of immune granulomas in involved organs.


47,XYY syndrome

description: 47, XYY syndrome is a sex chromosome aneuploidy where males receive an additional Y chromosome, and is characterized clinically by tall stature evident from childhood, macrocephaly, facial features (mild hypertelorism, low set ears, a mildly flat malar region), speech delay and an increased risk for social and emotional difficulties, attention deficit hyperactive disorder and autistic spectrum disorder.


scleroderma

description: Scleroderma is a rare autoimmune connective tissue disorder characterized by abnormal hardening of the skin and, sometimes, other organs. It is classified into two main forms: localized scleroderma and systemic sclerosis (SSc), the latter comprising three subsets; diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc), limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) and limited SSc (lSSc).


Seckel syndrome

description: A rare autosomal recessive inherited syndrome caused by mutations in the ATR gene, RBBP8 gene, CENPJ gene, CEP152 gene, CEP63 gene, NIN gene, DNA2 gene, or TRAIP gene. It is characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, dwarfism, microcephaly, mental retardation, and a "bird-headed" facial appearance.


antisynthetase syndrome

description: Antisynthetase (AS) syndrome is a clinically heterogeneous form of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy characterized by myositis, arthralgia, Raynaud phenomenon, mechanic hands, interstitial lung disease (ILD), and serum autoantibodies to aminoacyl transfer RNA synthetases (anti-ARS).


shigellosis

description: Shigellosis is a bacterial infection leading to dysentery and is caused by Shigella, which are small, ubiquitous Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the enterobacteria family. There are four species: S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii and S. sonnei, all of which cause bacillary dysentery and are strictly limited to human hosts.


sialidosis type 1

description: Sialidosis type 1 (ST-1) is a very rare lysosomal storage disease, and is the normosomatic form of sialidosis, characterized by gait abnormalities, progressive visual loss, bilateral macular cherry red spots and myoclonic epilepsy and ataxia, that usually presents in the second to third decade of life.


peeling skin syndrome

description: Peeling skin syndrome (PSS) refers to a group of rare autosomal recessive forms of ichthyosis that is characterized clinically by superficial, asymptomatic, spontaneous peeling of the skin and histologically by a shedding of the outer layers of the epidermis. PSS presents with either an acral (acral PSS) or a generalized distribution (generalized PSS type A (non inflammatory) or B (inflammatory)). Some cases remain difficult to classify, suggesting that there could be additional subtypes of PSS.


Sotos syndrome

description: Sotos syndrome is a rare multisystemic genetic disorder characterized by a typical facial appearance, overgrowth of the body in early life with macrocephaly, and mild to severe intellectual disability.


hereditary spherocytosis

description: Hereditary spherocytosis is a congenital hemolytic anemia with a wide clinical spectrum (from symptom-free carriers to severe hemolysis) characterized by anemia, variable jaundice, splenomegaly and cholelithiasis.


isolated spina bifida

description: A spina bifida (disease) that is not part of a larger syndrome.


Stargardt disease

description: Stargardt disease, also known as Stargardt 1 (STGD1), is an autosomal recessive form of retinal dystrophy that is usually characterized by a progressive loss of central vision associated with irregular macular and perimacular yellow-white fundus flecks, and a so-called ''beaten bronze'' atrophic central macular lesion.


Stickler syndrome

description: Stickler syndrome is an inherited vitreoretinopathy characterized by the association of ocular signs with more or less complete forms of Pierre-Robin sequence, bone disorders, and sensorineural deafness (10% of cases).


adult-onset Still disease

description: A rare inflammatory multisystem disorder characterized clinically by fever of unknown origin, arthralgia or arthritis, hyperleucocytosis, and typical skin rash.


name: congenital narrowing of cervical spinal canal

description: Congenital cervical spinal stenosis is a rare neurological disease characterized by a congenital narrowing of the bony anatomy of the cervical spinal canal (sagittal diameter <14mm), predisposing the individual to symptomatic neural compression, such as cramps, paresthesias, pain, muscle hypertonia and weakness, myelopathy and sphincter disturbances.


name: encephalopathy due to sulfite oxidase deficiency

description: Encephalopathy due to sulfite oxidase deficiency is a rare neurometabolic disorder characterized by seizures, progressive encephalopathy and lens dislocation.


Rocky mountain spotted fever

description: Rocky Mountain spotted fever refers to an infection caused by the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsia. This particular bacterium is carried by certain species of ticks and spread to humans through the bites of infected ticks. Signs and symptoms of the condition generally develop approximately 2 to 14 days following the tick bite and may include fever, rash, headache, muscle pain, chills, and/or confusion. Some affected people may also experience diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, light sensitivity, hallucinations, and/or excessive thirst. Most cases occur in the spring and summer and are found in children. Risk factors for developing the conditioninclude recent hiking or exposure to ticks in an area where the disease is known to occur. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is typically treated with antibiotics (such as doxycycline or tetracycline).


epidemic louse-borne typhus

description: A gram-negative bacterial infection caused by Rickettsia prowazekii. It is spread by lice infected with the bacteria. Signs and symptoms include sudden headache, generalized muscle pain, malaise, and macular skin lesions. The infection may affect the central nervous system causing encephalitis.


pseudotyphus of California

description: Pseudotyphus of California is a rare, flea-borne Rickettsial disease caused by a Rickettsia felis infection. Patients can be asymptomatic or can present with unspecific symptoms (such as fever, headache, generalized maculopapular rash, myalgia, arthralgia and, occasionally, eschar. lymphadenopathy, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and abdominal pain. Rarely, serious manifestations may occur and include neurological dysfunction (photophobia, hearing loss, and signs of meningitis) and pulmonary compromise.


scrub typhus

description: Scrub typhus is a rare dust mite-borne infectious disease caused by the Orientia tsutsugamushi bacterium and characterized clinically by an eruptive fever which is potentially serious.


free sialic acid storage disease

description: Free sialic acid storage disease (free SASD), is a group of lysosomal storage diseases characterized by a spectrum of clinical manifestations including neurological and developmental disorders with severity ranging from the milder phenotype, Salla disease (SD), to the most severe phenotype, infantile free sialic acid storage disease (ISSD).


regional odontodysplasia

description: Regional odontodysplasia (ROD) is a localized developmental anomaly of the dental tissues.


florid cemento-osseous dysplasia

description: Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia (FCOD) is a rare fibro-osseous lesion in the jaw that predominantly affects middle-aged women of African descent. It is generally asymptomatic or may manifest with pain and gingival swelling. Radiologically, it is characterized by multiple dense lobulated bone lesions, often symmetrically located in various regions of the jaw.


complex regional pain syndrome

description: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a rare neurologic disease painful progressive condition that corresponds to a group of disorders characterized by a disproportionate spontaneous or stimulus-induced pain, accompanied by a variably mixed myriad of autonomic and motor disorders including symptoms such as swelling, allodynia, skin blood supply and trophic disturbances. CRPS most often affects one of the arms, legs, hands, or feet and usually occurs after an injury or trauma to that limb.


narcolepsy without cataplexy

description: A type of narcolepsy characterized by excessive day-time sleepiness associated with uncontrollable sleep urges and sometimes paralysis at sleep, hypnagogic hallucinations and automatic behavior.


solitary bone cyst

description: A solitary bone cyst is a benign non-epithelial bone cavity that is asymptomatic and that is found most commonly in the second decade of life by chance. The long bones are most often affected, but cases involving the jaw bone have been reported.


desmoplastic small round cell tumor

description: Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is an aggressive soft tissue cancer that typically arises in serous lined surfaces of the abdominal or pelvic peritoneum, and spreads to the omentum, lymph nodes and hematogenously disseminates especially to the liver. Extraserous primary location has been reported in exceptional cases.


CAMOS syndrome

description: CAMOS syndrome is characterized by the association of a non-progressive congenital ataxia, severe intellectual deficit, optic atrophy and structural anomalies of the skin vessels. It has been described in five children from a large consanguineous Lebanese family. Short stature and microcephaly were also reported. Transmission is autosomal recessive.


description: Megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-postaxial polydactyly-hydrocephalus syndrome is characterized by megalencephaly, polymicrogyria, and hydrocephalus with variable polydactyly. It has been described in six unrelated patients. Intellectual deficit or slow development is also present. The mode of inheritance of this syndrome is unknown since all cases were sporadic.


West-Nile encephalitis

description: An acute arboviral infection caused by a virus of the Flaviviridae family transmitted by an infected mosquito, that is asymptomatic in the majority of cases but that can present in rare occasions with mild flulike symptoms such as low-grade fever, arthralgia, myalgia, and/or rash, or with neurologic manifestations including meningitis, encephalitis with mental confusion or disorientation, tremors and acute flaccid paralysis/poliomyelitis.


Mycoplasma encephalitis

description: Mycoplasma encephalitis is a rare infectious encephalitis characterized by an acute onset of neurological signs and symptoms (e.g. altered consciousness, seizures, headaches, meningeal signs, behavioral changes) due to bacterial infection by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Patients typically present unspecific signs and symptoms, such as fever, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, prior to onset of neurological manifestations and frequently have a history of a respiratory tract infection (e.g. pneumonia, bronchiolitis, pharyngitis).


la Crosse encephalitis

description: La Crosse encephalitis (CE) is an acute arboviral infection caused by the La Crosse bunyavirus transmitted by an infected mosquito, usually observed in infants, children or adolescents (6 months to 16 years), and characterized by the onset of flulike symptoms such as fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, headache, and abdominal pain, followed by the onset of encephalitis characterized by somnolence, obtundation, and even seizures, focal neurologic signs (asymmetrical reflexes or Babinski signs), paralysis or even coma. CE can leave sequelae such as residual epilepsy and neurocognitive deficits.


western equine encephalitis

description: An acute arboviral infection caused by an alphavirus of the Togaviridae family transmitted by an infected mosquito, that more frequently affects children and that is characterized by the presence of mild flulike symptoms (fever, chills, headache, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia) but that can progress to weakness, altered mental status, photophobia, mental confusion, seizures, somnolence, coma and/or even death. The disease can leave neurological sequelae, mainly in infants and children, such as seizures, spasticity or behavioral disorders.


acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

description: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system.


encephalitis lethargica

description: A form of encephalitis, the etiology of which is uncertain, that is characterized by lethargy and headache.


name: steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis


progressive rubella panencephalitis

description: A neurological disorder arising from primary rubella infection of the brain, characterized by chronic encephalitis. It is believed to be due to a persistence or reactivation of rubella virus infection. It usually manifesting between 8–19 years of age.


name: macrostomia-preauricular tags-external ophthalmoplegia syndrome

description: Macrostomia-preauricular tags-external ophthalmoplegia syndrome combines macrostomia or abnormal mouth contour, preauricular tags, uni- or bilateral ptosis and external ophthalmoplegia. It was described in nine members of a Brazilian family. It is a new phenotype belonging to the so-called oculoauriculovertebral spectrum, resulting from a branchial arch anomaly. Transmission is autosomal dominant.


pelvis syndrome

description: PELVIS is an acronym defining the association of Perineal hemangioma, External genitalia malformations, Lipomyelomeningocele, Vesicorenal abnormalities, Imperforate anus, and Skin tag. Eleven cases have been reported.


Susac syndrome

description: Susac syndrome (SS) is a rare disorder characterized by the triad of central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, branch retinal artery occlusions (BRAOs) and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). It is presumably due to autoimmune-mediated occlusions of microvessels in the CNS, the retina, and the inner ear.


Fanconi anemia

description: Fanconi anemia (FA) is a hereditary DNA repair disorder characterized by progressive pancytopenia with bone marrow failure, variable congenital malformations and predisposition to develop hematological or solid tumors.


syringocystadenoma papilliferum

description: A benign adnexal neoplasm occurring during childhood or adolescence. It usually presents as a papular lesion or a plaque on the head and neck. It may arise in an organoid nevus such as sebaceous. It is characterized by an endophytic invagination of the epithelium into the dermis. There are dermal cystic spaces present, containing villous projections. Complete excision is curative.


name: idiopathic malabsorption due to bile acid synthesis defects

description: Idiopathic malabsorption due to increased acid bile synthesis is an intestinal disease of unknown etiology characterized by an overproduction of bile acids which leads to chronic watery diarrhea.


Senior-Boichis syndrome

description: Boichis syndrome consists of the association of congenital nephronophthisis leading to renal failure, and hepatic fibrosis. It has been described in five members of one family, two of whom died from renal failure. The association of Boichis syndrome with tapetoretinal degeneration and intellectual deficit has also been reported in one family: the so-called Senior-Boichis syndrome could be in fact the same entity, and was later reported in a 12 year-old child.


Hinman syndrome

description: Hinman syndrome (HS) or non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder is a voiding dysfunction of the bladder of neuropsychological origin that is characterized by functional bladder outlet obstruction in the absence of neurologic deficits.


collagen type III glomerulopathy

description: A rare glomerular disease characterized by abnormal accumulation of type III collagen within the mesangium and subendothelial space of the glomerulus. Clinically it usually manifests with proteinuria (often in the nephrotic range), microscopic hematuria, peripheral edema and/or hypertension. In some cases progression to end-stage renal failure is observed.


name: desmin-related myopathy with Mallory body-like inclusions


Isaac syndrome

description: Isaac's syndrome is an immune-mediated peripheral motor neuron disorder characterized by continuous muscle fiber activity at rest resulting in muscle stiffness, cramps, myokymia, and pseudomyotonia.


name: sporadic idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome

description: Steroid-resistant, sporadic idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, is a heterogeneous entity. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by marked proteinuria, with reduced plasmatic levels of albumin, and potentially with edema.


beta thalassemia

description: Beta-thalassemia (BT) is characterized by deficiency (Beta+) or absence (Beta0) of synthesis of the beta globin chains of hemoglobin (Hb).


congenital dyserythropoietic anemia

description: Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) is a heterogenous group of hematological disorders of late erythropoiesis and red cell abnormalities that lead to anemia. Five types of CDA are defined: CDA I, CDA II, CDA III, CDA IV and thrombocytopenia with CDA.


perineurioma

description: A usually benign perineurioma not associated with a nerve, arising from the soft tissues.


name: facial onset sensory and motor neuronopathy

description: Facial onset sensory and motor neuronopathy is characterized initially by paraesthesia and numbness in the region of the trigeminal nerve distribution, which later progresses to involve the scalp, neck, upper trunk and upper limbs. Onset of motor manifestations occurs later with cramps, fasciculations, dysphagia, dysarthria, muscle weakness and atrophy. This syndrome has been described in four males and appears to be a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease.


craniofacial conodysplasia

description: Craniofacial conodysplasia is characterized by craniofacial dysplasia, cone-shaped physes of the hands and feet, and neurological manifestations resembling cerebral palsy. It has been described in one family. The syndrome appeared to be transmitted as a dominant trait.


name: microcephalic osteodysplastic dysplasia, Saul-Wilson type

description: A bone development disease characterized by early developmental delay primarily involving speech, distinct facial features, short stature, brachydactyly, clubfoot deformities, cataracts, and microcephaly that has material basis in heterozygous mutation in COG4 on chromosome 16q22.1.


Astley-Kendall dysplasia

description: Astley-Kendall dysplasia is a lethal skeletal dysplasia characterized by short limbed dwarfism, osteogenesis imperfecta, and punctate calcification within cartilage. It has been described in less than ten cases.


idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis

description: Idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis (IJO) is a primary condition of bone demineralization childhood or adolescence that presents with pain in the back and extremities, walking difficulties, multiple fractures, and radiological evidence of osteoporosis. Onset usually occurs in the prepubertal period, between 8 and 12 years of age.


genochondromatosis type 1

description: Genochondromatosis is characterized by chondromatosis, typically involving the clavicles, upper end of the humerus, and lower end of the femur. Lesions are bilateral and symmetrical. It has been described four patients from the same family and is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Another disorder, genochondromatosis II, shows strong similarities to genochondromatosis but is characterized by the involvement of the short tubular bones and by normal clavicles. It has been described in one unrelated family. Genochondromatosis II may also be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Genochondromatosis has a benign clinical course.


dysspondyloenchondromatosis

description: Dysspondyloenchondromatosis is a rare skeletal dysplasia characterized by anisospondyly and multiple enchondromas in vertebrae and the metaphyseal and diaphyseal parts of long tubular bones, leading to kyphoscoliosis and lower limb asymmetry.


ischio-vertebral syndrome

description: Ischio-vertebral syndrome is a very rare, poorly-defined bone disease characterized by ischial aplasia or hypoplasia, vertebral anomalies (vertebral malsegmentation, kyphoscoliosis), and in some patients, non-distinctive facial dysmorphism.


BRESEK syndrome

description: A syndrome characterized by Brain anomalies, severe mental Retardation, Ectodermal dysplasia, Skeletal deformities (vertebral anomalies, scoliosis, polydactyly), Ear/eye anomalies (maldevelopment, small optic nerves, low set and large ears with hearing loss) and Kidney dysplasia/hypoplasia (giving the acronym BRESEK syndrome).


name: fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia

description: Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) is a blood disorder that affects pregnant women and their babies. NAIT was first reported in the literature in 1953 and is estimated to occur in as many as 1 in 1200 live births. NAIT results in the destruction of platelets in the fetus or infant due to a mismatch between the mother's platelets and those of the baby. Certain molecules (antigens) on the surface of the baby's platelets are recognized as foreign by the mother's immune system. The mother's immune system then creates antibodies that attack and destroy the baby's platelets. Though NAIT can occur whenever the mother's blood mixes with that of the baby, it is usually triggered when the mother is exposed to the baby's blood during delivery. Many cases of NAIT are mild. Signs and symptoms may include a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) and signs of bleeding into the skin such as petechiae and purpura. In the most severe cases, NAIT can cause bleeding episodes that may result in death or long-term disability. Bleeding episodes can occur either during pregnancy or after birth. Management of the infant with neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia may include platelet transfusions, ultrasounds, and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Treatment for pregnant mothers at risk for NAIT may include IVIG and steroids.


description: X-linked intellectual disability-hypogammaglobulinemia-progressive neurological deterioration syndrome is characterized by moderate intellectual deficit, bilateral single palmar creases, seizures, variable hypogammaglobulinemia and characteristic features (synophrys, prognathism, and hirsutism). It has been reported in three males from two generations of one family. All underwent progressive neurological deterioration. This syndrome is transmitted as an X-linked trait, and the causative gene is located between Xq21.33 and Xq23.


description: X-linked intellectual disability-precocious puberty-obesity syndrome is characterized by moderate intellectual deficit and precocious puberty. It has been described in three males from two generations of one Australian family. Morbid obesity was noted in the mothers of the patients. Transmission is X-linked.


description: X-linked intellectual disability-epilepsy-progressive joint contractures-dysmorphism syndrome is characterized by intellectual deficit, epilepsy, facial dysmorphism and progressive joint contractures. It has been described in two boys. Hypotonia and feeding problems at birth were also reported. The mode of transmission is X-linked.


description: X-linked intellectual disability-macrocephaly-macroorchidism syndrome is characterized by intellectual deficit affecting both sexes, macrocephaly, and macroorchidism in the majority of affected males. It has been described in 12 individuals from two generations of one family. Other males from this family did not display intellectual deficit but did present macroorchidism and macrocephaly. Transmission is X-linked and the causative gene has been localized to the q12-q21 region of the X chromosome.


description: X-linked intellectual disability, Pai type is characterized by the association of dysmorphism with intellectual deficit. It has been described in four generations of one family. Premature death was reported in the affected males. Transmission is X-linked recessive and the causative gene has been localized to the q28 region of the X chromosome.


description: X-linked intellectual disability, Seemanova type is characterized by microcephaly, intellectual deficit, growth retardation and hypogenitalism. It has been described in four boys from one family. A characteristic facies and ophthalmologic anomalies were also present and included microphthalmia, microcornea and cataract. Transmission is X-linked.


name: X-linked intellectual disability, Stevenson type

description: An X-linked syndromic intellectual disability characterized by intellectual deficit, hypotonia, absent deep tendon reflexes, tapered fingers and excessive fingerprint arches, genu valgum, a characteristic face and small teeth. It has been described in four males from two generations of one family. The causative gene appears to be located in the q13 region of the X chromosome.


description: X-linked intellectual disability, Stoll type is characterized by intellectual deficit, short stature and characteristic facies (hypertelorism, prominent forehead, frontal bossing, a broad nasal tip and anteverted nares). It has been described in four males from three generations of the same family. Two females from this family also displayed intellectual deficit and the characteristic facies. Transmission is X-linked.


description: X-linked intellectual disability-acromegaly-hyperactivity syndrome is characterized by severe intellectual deficit, acromegaly and hyperactivity. The syndrome has been described in two half-brothers. Dysarthria, aggressive behavior, a characteristic facies (an acromegalic and triangular face with a long nose) and macroorchidism were also present. The mother displayed moderate intellectual deficit and milder facial anomalies. Central nervous system anomalies were identified in the two boys: subarachnoid cysts and hyperdensity in the pontine region.


description: X-linked intellectual disability-corpus callosum agenesis-spastic quadriparesis syndrome is characterized by intellectual and motor deficit, spastic quadriparesis and agenesis of the corpus callosum, without craniofacial abnormalities or seizures. It has been described in four male members of a family. The mode of inheritance is most likely X-linked recessive.


description: X-linked neurodegenerative syndrome, Bertini type is characterized by generalized hypotonia, psychomotor deficit, congenital ataxia and recurrent bronchopulmonary infections. It has been described in seven males from three generations of a family. Five of them died during the first years of life and the remaining patients developed myoclonic encephalopathy and macular degeneration. The locus has been mapped to Xp22.33-pter.


fried syndrome

description: A rare X-linked syndrome characterized by psychomotor delay, intellectual deficit, hydrocephalus, and mild facial anomalies.


name: X-linked neurodegenerative syndrome, Hamel type

description: An X-linked neurodegenerative disorder characterized by intellectual deficit, blindness, convulsions, spasticity, mild hypomyelination and early death. It has been described in about ten male members from two generations of one family. The genetic defect responsible for the disorder is located in the pericentromeric region of the X chromosome, Xp11.3-q12.


description: X-linked intellectual disability-ataxia-apraxia syndrome is characterized by ataxia, apraxia, intellectual deficit and/or seizures. It has been described in nine males in two unrelated Danish families. It is transmitted as an X-linked recessive syndrome with partial clinical expression in obligate female carriers.


primitive portal vein thrombosis

description: Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is associated with acute (recent) or chronic (long-standing) thrombosis of the portal system.


name: rheumatoid factor-negative juvenile idiopathic arthritis

description: Rheumatoid factor-negative polyarthritis is a term used to describe a group of poorly defined heterogenous conditions that incorporates forms of rheumatoid factor-negative polyarthritis and forms of oligoarticular arthritis that become extensive in less than 6 months after onset.


name: oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis

description: Oligoarticular juvenile arthritis is the most common form of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), representing nearly 50% of cases.


name: systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis

description: Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis is marked by the severity of the extra-articular manifestations (fever, cutaneous eruptions) and by an equal sex ratio.


name: rheumatoid factor-positive polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis

description: A category of juvenile idiopathic arthritis defined by the presence of arthritis affecting five or more separate joints during the first six months of disease, with positive serologic testing for rheumatoid factor.


name: psoriasis-related juvenile idiopathic arthritis

description: Childhood arthritis typically associated with psoriasis.


description: Enthesitis-related juvenile idiopathic arthritis is a subtype of juvenile idiopathic arthritis that is characterized by both arthritis and inflammation of an enthesitis site (the point at which a ligament, tendon, or joint capsule attaches to the bone). Signs and symptoms generally develop in late childhood or early adolescence and include pain, tenderness, and swelling in joints and at the enthesis. The knee and the back of the ankle (at the Achilles tendon) are the most commonly affected parts of the body. The underlying cause of enthesitis-related juvenile idiopathic arthritis is currently unknown (idiopathic). It is very rare for more than one member of a family to have juvenile arthritis; however, research suggests that having a family member with juvenile arthritis or any autoimmune disease may increase the risk of having juvenile arthritis, in general. Treatment usually involves different types of medications to help manage symptoms and/or physical therapy.


AL amyloidosis

description: AL Amyloidosis is a plasma cell disorder characterized by the aggregation and deposition of insoluble amyloid fibrils derived from misfolding of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains usually produced by a plasma cell tumor. It usually presents as primary systemic amyloidosis (PSA) with multiple organ involvement and less frequently as primary localized amyloidosis (PLA) restricted to a single organ.


AA amyloidosis

description: Secondary amyloidosis is a form of amyloidosis, that complicates chronic inflammatory disorders (mainly rheumatoid arthritis) and is characterized by the aggregation and deposition of amyloid fibrils composed of serum amyloid A protein, an acute phase reactant. Although spleen, suprarenal gland, liver and gut are frequent sites of amyloid deposition, the clinical picture is dominated by renal involvement.


ATTRV122I amyloidosis

description: A rare hereditary Transthyretin (TTR)-related systemic amyloidosis (ATTR) with predominant cardiac involvement resulting from myocardial infiltration of abnormal amyloid protein.


name: dextro-looped transposition of the great arteries

description: Congenitally uncorrected transposition of the great arteries (congenitally uncorrected TGA), also referred to as complete transposition, is a congenital cardiac malformation characterized by atrioventricular concordance and ventriculoarterial (VA) discordance.


trichinellosis

description: A zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked meat (pork and wild game) infected by nematodes of the genus Trichinella and that is characterized by an enteral (intestinal) phase, that can be asymptomatic or that can manifests with diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, and a parenteral (muscular) phase, manifesting with fever, periorbital edema, muscle swelling and pain, weakness, and in some cases, skin rash and peripheral edema. Rarely, potentially fatal cardiac (i.e. myocarditis), pulmonary (i.e. pneumonitis, respiratory failure), and nervous system (i.e. meningoencephalitis) complications may occur.


trichofolliculoma

description: Trichofolliculoma is a rare benign follicular hamartoma that develops primarily on the face of adults, with a particular predilection for the back of the nose, but also on the neck or scalp. It presents as a solitary hemispheric flesh-colored nodule with a central pore or black dot that may contain a tuft of hair.


localized lichen myxedematosus

description: Localized lichen myxedematosus is a group of skin diseases characterized by the development of papules, nodules and/or plaques with mucin deposits and a variable degree of fibrosis in the absence of thyroid disease. The group comprises five sub-forms: nodular lichen myxedematosus, discrete papular lichen myxedematosus, papular mucinosis of infancy, acral persistent papular mucinosis and self-healing papular mucinosis.


atypical lichen myxedematosus

description: Atypical lichen myxedematosus is an intermediate form of lichen myxedematosus (LM) (a form of mucin dermal deposit) which does not meet the criteria for either scleromyxedema or the localized form. Three clinical subtypes have been described and include scleromyxedema without monoclonal gammopathy; localized forms with monoclonal gammopathy and/or systemic symptoms; localized forms with mixed features of the 5 subtypes of localized LM (discrete form, acral persistent papular mucinosis, self-healing papular mucinosis, papular mucinosis of infancy, and a pure nodular form). The course of atypical LM is unpredictable because only a few cases have been reported.


name: benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy

description: Benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy (BAFME) is an inherited epileptic syndrome characterized by cortical hand tremors, myoclonic jerks and occasional generalized or focal seizures with a non-progressive or very slowly progressive disease course, and no signs of early dementia or cerebellar ataxia.


name: lissencephaly type 3-familial fetal akinesia sequence syndrome

description: Lissencephaly type 3-familial fetal akinesia sequence syndrome is characterized by the association of microencephaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum, brainstem hypoplasia, cystic cerebellum and fetal akinesia sequence. Less than 10 cases have been described so far. The syndrome is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait and may be an allelic variant of Neu-Laxova syndrome and lissencephaly type III with metacarpal bone dysplasia.


name: lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia

description: Lissencephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia (LCH) is a variant form of lissencephaly and involves a heterogeneous group of cortical malformations without severe congenital microcephaly (>-3 SD). LCH is characterized by cerebellar underdevelopment ranging from vermian hypoplasia to total aplasia with classical or cobblestone lissencephaly. The phenotypic features of LCH include small head circumference (between -2 and -3 standard deviations (SD) forage) at birth and postnatally, moderate to severe intellectual disability, hypotonia and spasticity. Seizures are often observed and infantile spasms have been reported in some rare cases. LCH has been classified into six subgroups according to neuroradiographic properties and are classified LCH type A to F.


chronic neutrophilic leukemia

description: A rare chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by neutrophilic leukocytosis. There is no detectable Philadelphia chromosome or BCR/ABL fusion gene.


description: This subgroup of myeloproliferative neoplasms includes cases which do not meet the morphologic criteria of any of the defined myeloproliferative neoplasms, or which have characteristics that overlap at least two of the myeloproliferative neoplasms.


name: myelodysplastic syndrome with multilineage dysplasia

description: Refractory cytopenias with multilineage dysplasia (RCMD) is a frequent subtype of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) characterized by 1 or more cytopenias in the peripheral blood and dysplasia in 2 or more myeloid lineages.


description: A myelodysplastic syndrome characterized by the presence of 5-19% myeloblasts in the bone marrow or 2-19% blasts in the peripheral blood. It includes two categories: myelodysplastic syndrome with excess blasts-1 and myelodysplastic syndrome with excess blasts-2.


acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis

description: An acute myeloid leukemia characterized by bone marrow fibrosis without preexisting primary myelofibrosis.


name: acute myeloid leukemia with multilineage dysplasia

description: An acute myeloid leukemia arising de novo and not as a result of treatment. It is characterized by the presence of myelodysplastic features in at least 50% of the cells of at least two hematopoietic cell lines. Patients often present with severe cytopenia.


name: therapy related acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome

description: An acute myeloid leukemia secondary to a myelodysplastic syndrome or therapy-related. (WHO, 2001)


acute basophilic leukemia

description: A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the immature cells differentiate towards basophils.


acute leukemia of ambiguous lineage

description: An acute leukemia in which the blasts lack sufficient evidence to classify as myeloid or lymphoid or they have morphologic and/or immunophenotypic characteristics of both myeloid and lymphoid cells. (WHO, 2001)


B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia

description: A neoplasm of prolymphocytes affecting the blood, bone marrow, and spleen. It is characterized by prolymphocytes exceeding 55% of the lymphoid cells in the blood and profound splenomegaly.


splenic marginal zone lymphoma

description: Splenic marginal zone lymphoma is a rare, indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by abnormal clonal proliferation of mature B-lymphocytes with involvement in the spleen, bone marrow and, frequently, the blood. It usually presents with splenomegaly, lymphocytosis, anemia and/or thrombocytopenia. Hepatitis C virus and autoimmune manifestations, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia and autoimmune thrombocytopenia, could be associated.


name: non-amyloid monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease


heavy chain disease

description: Heavy-chain diseases (HCDs) are rare monoclonal lymphoplasma-cell proliferative disorders involving B cells and are characterized by the synthesis of truncated heavy chains without associated light chains.


nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma

description: Nodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma is a rare, indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, characterized by abnormal clonal proliferation of mature B-lymphocytes with involvement of the lymph nodes, sometimes the bone marrow, and rarely the blood. Clinically it presents with disseminated peripheral, abdominal and/or thoracic lymphadenopathy. Cytopenia and bulky tumors (greater than 5 cm) are rare. Association with Hepatitis C virus and chronic inflammation has been reported.


lymphomatoid granulomatosis

description: Lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG) is a very rare Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-driven lymphoproliferative disease most commonly occurring in adults (in the fourth to sixth decade of life) and commonly affecting the lungs (with presentations varying from small bilateral pulmonary nodules to large necrotic and sometimes cavitating lesions), skin, central nervous system, and kidneys, but only very rarely affecting the lymph nodes and spleen. The symptoms associated with LYG depend on the site of disease involvement but mainly include cough, dyspnea or chest pain (in those with pulmonary involvement) and constitutional symptoms such as weight loss and fever.


CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm

description: An aggressive immature hematologic neoplasm formerly known as blastic NK cell lymphoma, composed of cells with a lymphoblast-like morphology. Recent evidence suggests derivation from a plasmacytoid monocyte. Patients present with cutaneous tumors and bone marrow involvement.


T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia

description: A slow-growing type of leukemia (blood cancer) in which too many lymphocytes are found in the bone marrow and/or blood. The T-cell is specified as the defective cell line.


description: T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia (T-cell LGL leukemia) is a lymphoproliferative malignancy that arises from the mature T-cell (CD3+) lineage.


aggressive NK-cell leukemia

description: A rare, highly aggressive, Epstein-Barr virus-associated leukemia, also known as aggressive NK-cell leukemia/lymphoma; it may represent the leukemic counterpart of nasal type extranodal NK/T-cell lymphomas. It affects primarily teenagers and young adults. It is characterized by the systemic proliferation of NK cells in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, liver, and spleen.


adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

description: A peripheral (mature) T-cell neoplasm linked to the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma is endemic in several regions of the world, in particular Japan, the Caribbean, and parts of Central Africa.


extranodal nasal NK/T cell lymphoma

description: Extranodal nasal NK/T cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is a rare, malignant neoplasm mainly affecting men in the fifth decade of life, that usually arises in the nose, paranasal sinuses, orbits or upper airway, and that can present with a nasal mass, nasal bleeding, nasal obstruction, palate perforation (i.e. midline perforation of the hard palate), and mid-facial and/or upper airway destructive lesions. In advanced disease stages, which are associated with a poor prognosis, NKTCL may disseminate to other organs. A few cases of NKTCL presenting primarily in the lymph nodes have also been described.


enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma

description: An uncommon mature T-cell lymphoma of intraepithelial lymphocytes. It usually arises from the small intestine, most commonly the jejunum or ileum. Other less frequent primary anatomic sites include the duodenum, stomach, colon, or outside the gastrointestinal tract. It is seen with increased frequency in regions with a high prevalence of celiac disease.


hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma

description: An extranodal, mature T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that originates from cytotoxic T-cells, usually of gamma/delta T-cell type. It is characterized by the presence of medium-size neoplastic lymphocytes infiltrating the hepatic sinusoids. A similar infiltrating pattern is also present in the spleen and bone marrow that are usually involved at the time of the diagnosis.


name: subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma

description: Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SPTCL) is a rare cytotoxic cutaneous lymphoma that has been recognized as a distinct subset of peripheral T-cell lymphomas originating and presenting primarily in the subcutaneous fat tissue.


name: primary cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified


name: adult nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma

description: A nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma occurring in adults.


histiocytic sarcoma

description: An aggressive malignant neoplasm with a poor response to therapy, usually presenting as stage III/IV disease. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic cells with morphologic and immunophenotypic characteristics similar to those seen in mature histiocytes.


Langerhans cell sarcoma

description: A neoplastic proliferation of Langerhans cells with overtly malignant cytologic features. It can be considered a higher grade variant of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and it can present de novo or progress from antecedent LCH. (WHO, 2001)


description: Methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorders are rare immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative diseases characterized by lymphoid proliferation or lymphomas (large B-cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, reactive lymphadenitis and a polymorphic post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder) that develop in patients with different autoimmune diseases treated with methotrexate. Swelling is the predominant manifestation of the disease and regression after methotrexate withdrawal is observed in a significant proportion of patients.


name: hypothalamic hamartomas with gelastic seizures

description: A rare cerebral malformation with epilepsy syndrome characterized by early-onset gelastic (i.e. ictal laughter) or dacrystic (i.e., ictal crying) seizures due to non-neoplastic developmental malformation - hypothalamic hamartomas. In many patients, seizures progress to other seizure types including focal and generalized seizures, with concomitant cognitive decline and behavioral disorders. Some patients also present a precocious puberty.


description: A rare acute encephalopathy with inflammation-mediated status epilepticus characterized by infancy-onset of refractory unilateral, mainly clonic status epilepticus during or shortly after a febrile episode without evidence of central nervous system infection, followed by permanent or transient hemiplegia with a minimum duration of one week. The majority of children develop pharmaco-resistant epilepsy a few months later. Brain imaging shows edematous swelling of the affected hemisphere at the time of the initial status, followed by hemiatrophy that does not correlate with any vascular territory.


name: myoclonic epilepsy in non-progressive encephalopathies

description: A rare epilepsy syndrome characterized by recurrent, long-lasting myoclonic status in infants and young children with a non-progressive encephalopathy, associated with transient and recurring motor, cognitive and/or behavioral disturbances.


name: diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma - acrocyanosis syndrome

description: Diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma-acrocyanosis syndrome is characterized by the association of diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma and acrocyanosis. It has been described in eight members of one family and in two sporadic cases. The mode of inheritance in the familial cases was autosomal dominant.


progressive familial heart block

description: A hereditary cardiac conduction disorder that may progress to complete atrioventricular (AV) block. The disease is either asymptomatic or manifests as dyspnea, dizziness, syncope, abdominal pain, heart failure or sudden death.


primary adult heart tumor

description: Adult heart tumor refers to neoplasms of the heart that manifest in adults and generally present with a variety of non-specific manifestations (depending on tumor site and infiltration) such as weight loss, exhaustion, hemorrhagic pericardial effusion, heart failure, arrhythmias, and embolisms, or that can also be asymptomatic. In adults 75% of heart tumors are benign, with myxoma being the most common benign tumor (accounting for 50-70% of all primary heart tumors) and rhabdomyosarcoma comprising 75% of malignant heart tumors. Other malignant tumors of the heart include fibrosarcoma and leiomyosarcoma (see these terms).


primary pediatric heart tumor

description: Cardiac tumors are benign or malignant neoplasms arising primarily in the inner lining, muscle layer, or the surrounding pericardium of the heart. They can be primary or metastatic.


neuroendocrine neoplasm

description: Endocrine tumors, also referred to as neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), are defined by a common phenotype which is characterized by the expression of general markers (neuron specific enolase, chromogranin, synaptophysin) and hormone secretion products. These tumors may be localized in any part of the body and are generally discovered in non-specific situations, i.e. not immediately suggestive of NETs (tests for inherited predisposition to tumors or for a clinical syndrome caused by abnormal hormone secretion).


nonsyndromic genetic hearing loss

description: A disease characterized by hearing loss that is not part of a larger syndrome.


tungiasis

description: An disease or disorder caused by infection with Tunga penetrans.


Turner syndrome

description: Turner syndrome is a chromosomal disorder associated with the complete or partial absence of an X chromosome.


extragonadal teratoma

description: Extragonadal teratoma is an extremely rare, benign or malignant germ cell tumor characterized, clinically, by a teratoma presenting in an extragonadal location (e.g. retroperitoneum, mediastinum, craniofacial or sacrococcygeal region, intraosseous, solid organs) and, histologically, by displaying well-differentiated structures, as well as immature elements. Presenting symptoms are variable depending on size and location of tumor.


Usher syndrome

description: A syndromic diseae characterized by the association of sensorineural deafness (usually congenital) with retinitis pigmentosa and progressive vision loss.


name: autosomal recessive non-syndromic intellectual disability

description: Autosomal recessive form of non-syndromic intellectual disability.


anterior segment dysgenesis

description: A spectrum of developmental anomalies that affect the development of the anterior segment of the eyeball resulting from abnormalities of neural crest migration and differentiation during embryologic development (Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, Peters anomaly, posterior keratoconus, and iridoschisis).


superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis

description: Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK) is a chronic and recurrent eye disease which affects thesuperior bulbar conjunctiva (the clear layer that covers the eyeball, over the sclera) and tarsal conjunctiva (the clear layer that lines the eyelids), as well as the superior limbic aspect of the cornea (the area above the cornea). It is commonly found in women 20-70 years of age. The signs and symptoms include burning, redness and irritation and tend to develop slowly over a period of 1 to 10 years.Vision usually remains intact. While the underlying cause ofSLK remains unknown, it is believed that the condition issecondary to superior bulbar conjunctiva laxity. Factors inducing conjunctiva laxity include thyroid eye disease (usually hyperthyroidism), tight upper eyelids, and prominent globes. A mimicking disorder has been encountered in soft contact lens (SCL) wearers, typically with exposure to thimerosal-preserved solutions. Treatment of SLK may involve the use of various medications, surgery, or a combination of both.


name: obesity-colitis-hypothyroidism-cardiac hypertrophy-developmental delay syndrome

description: Obesity-colitis-hypothyroidism-cardiac hypertrophy-developmental delay syndrome is characterized by precocious obesity, congenital hypothyroidism, neonatal colitis, cardiac hypertrophy, craniosynostosis and developmental delay. It has been described in two brothers, one of whom died within the first month of life. The parents of the two children were nonconsanguineous and in good health, however, the pregnancies were complicated by a maternal HELLP syndrome (Haemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes and Low Platelets). The mode of inheritance has not yet been clearly established.


amelogenesis imperfecta

description: Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) represents a group of developmental conditions affecting the structure and clinical appearance of the enamel of all or nearly all the teeth in a more or less equal manner, and which may be associated with morphologic or biochemical changes elsewhere in the body.


van der Woude syndrome

description: Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) is a rare congenital genetic dysmorphic syndrome characterized by paramedian lower-lip fistulae, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, or isolated cleft palate.


cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis

description: Cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis is a small-vessel vasculitis presenting with palpable purpura and urticarial lesions which predate the purpuric lesions most frequently observed on the legs. Systemic symptoms including fever, cough, hemoptysis, sinusitis, arthralgia, arthritis, myalgia, abdominal pain, diarrhea, hematochezia, paresthesia, weakness, and hematuria may be observed. Skin biopsy reveals exudates rich in neutrophils, endothelial damage, fibrin deposition, and leukocytoclasis in postcapillary venules of small vessels. Cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis can be idiopathic (in up to 50% of cases) or secondary to infections, medications (such as antituberculosis medication), collagen vascular diseases, or neoplasms.


congenital heart malformation

description: A disease that has its basis in the disruption of heart development.


hepatic veno-occlusive disease

description: Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (hepatic VOD) is a condition resulting from toxic injury to the hepatic sinusoidal capillaries that leads to obstruction of the small hepatic veins.


exudative vitreoretinopathy

description: Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a rare hereditary vitreoretinal disorder characterized by abnormal or incomplete vascularization of the peripheral retina leading to variable clinical manifestations ranging from no effects to minor anomalies, or even retinal detachment with blindness.


Waardenburg syndrome type 2

description: Waardenburg syndrome type 2 (WS2) is an autosomal dominant subtype of Waardenburg syndrome (WS), characterized by varying degrees of deafness and pigmentation anomalies of eyes, hair and skin, but without dystopia canthorum.


Waardenburg-Shah syndrome

description: Waardenburg-Shah syndrome (WSS) is a neurocristopathy characterized by the association of Waardenburg syndrome (sensorineural hearing loss and pigmentary abnormalities) and Hirschsprung disease.


name: centripetalis recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa

description: Centripetalis recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB-Ce) is an extremely rare subtype of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB), characterized by blistering which begins acrally and then progressively spreads toward the trunk.


name: recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa-generalized other

description: Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB)-generalized other, also known as RDEB non-Hallopeau-Siemens type, is a subtype of DEB characterized by generalized cutaneous and mucosal blistering that is not associated with severe deformities.


Bartter syndrome type 4

description: A form of Bartter syndrome characterized by maternal polyhydramnios, premature delivery, salt loss, polyuria and sensorineural deafness, associated with hypokalemic and hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, increased levels of plasma renin and aldosterone, and low to normal blood pressure. Urinary calcium excretion rates are variable, and nephrocalcinosis is typically absent.


tetrasomy X

description: Tetrasomy X is a sex chromosome anomaly caused by the presence of two extra X chromosomes in females (48,XXXX instead of 46,XX).


erythema elevatum diutinum

description: Erythema elevatum diutinum (EED) is a distinctive form of chronic cutaneous vasculitis, belonging to the group of the neutrophilic dermatoses.


name: undifferentiated connective tissue syndrome

description: An autoimmune disorder which does not meet classification criteria used to establish the presence of other well-defined connective tissue diseases.


inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver

description: Inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) of the liver is a rare benign tumor-like lesion.


radiation myelitis

description: A disease characterized by white matter damage to the spinal cord developed after a certain period of application of ionizing radiation.


non-syndromic syndactyly

description: A congenital condition characterized by webbing between the fingers and/or toes, joining the digits together. In rare cases, the joining of the fingers or toes may involve bony fusion between the digits. Common causes include Down Syndrome and hereditary syndactyly.


name: hemolytic anemia due to glutathione reductase deficiency

description: Haemolytic anemia due to glutathione reductase (GSR) deficiency is characterized by nearly complete absence of GSR activity in erythrocytes.


autoimmune hemolytic anemia, warm type

description: Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia is the most common form of autoimmune hemolytic anemia defined by the presence of warm autoantibodies against red blood cells (autoantibodies that are active at temperatures between 37-40B0C).


paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria

description: Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) is a very rare subtype of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), caused by the presence of cold-reacting autoantibodies in the blood and characterized by the sudden presence of hemoglobinuria, typically after exposure to cold temperatures.


mixed-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia

description: Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) defined by the presence of both warm and cold autoantibodies, which have a deleterious effect on red blood cells at either body temperature or at lower temperatures.


name: drug-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia

description: Drug-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a type of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) that occurs as a reaction to therapeutic drugs, and can be due to various mechanisms.


name: Shiga toxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome

description: A rare thrombotic microangiopathy characterized by mechanical hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal dysfunction that is usually associated with prodromal enteritis caused by Shigella dysentriae type 1 or E. Coli.


hemoglobin D disease

description: Hemoglobin D disease(HbD) is a hemoglobinopathy characterized by production of abnormal variant hemoglobin known as hemoglobin D, with no or mild clinical manifestations (splenomegaly, very mild anemia).


Gaisbock syndrome

description: Polycythemia that is caused by stress.


diffuse alveolar hemorrhage

description: A type of of pulmonary hemorrhage that originates from the pulmonary microcirculation, including the alveolar capillaries, arterioles, and venules. It presents with hemoptysis, anemia, diffuse lung infiltration, and acute respiratory failure. The diagnosis is confirmed by the observation of the accumulation of red blood cells, fibrin, or hemosiderin-laden macrophage in the alveolar space on pathologic biopsy. Hemosiderin, a product of hemoglobin degradation, appears at least 48-72 hours after bleeding and is helpful in distinguishing diffuse alveolar hemorrhage from surgical trauma. Mild interstitial thickening, organizing pneumonia, or diffuse alveolar damage can also be seen.


acute liver failure

description: Rapid deterioration of liver function causing encephalopathy and coagulopathy. It results from damage to the liver parenchyma usually secondary to acetaminophen overdose or viral infections.


name: acquired aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

description: Acquired aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is a serious, life threatening rare neurologic disease characterized by a sudden rupture of an intracranial aneurysm into the subarachnoid space. It usually presents with a sudden, severe, excruciating headache accompanied by nausea, vomiting and syncope. Other features may include focal neurological signs, third and sixth nerve palsies, seizures and cardiac failure. Early complications include rebleeding, hydrocephalus, and seizures.


systemic monochloroacetate poisoning

description: Systemic monochloroacetate poisoning is a rare, life-threatening intoxication with monochloroacetic acid (mainly through the skin, but also by inhalation or ingestion). It is characterized by vomiting, diarrhea and central nervous system (CNS)-excitability (disorientation, delirium, convulsions) as early signs of systemic poisoning, followed by CNS-depression, coma and cerebral edema. Additional signs include heart involvement (severe myocardial depression, shock, arrhythmias, nonspecific myocardial damage), severe metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia and progressive renal failure leading to anuria. Myoglobinemia and leukocytosis may occur. Manifestations may be delayed for 1-4 hours.


Wells syndrome

description: Wells syndrome is characterized by the presence of recurrent cellulitis-like eruptions with eosinophilia.


name: autosomal dominant intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

description: Autosomal dominant form of intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.


name: severe early-onset axonal neuropathy due to MFN2 deficiency

description: A rare axonal hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy characterized by early onset (<10 years) progressive distal muscle weakness and wasting of the lower limbs and later, to a lesser extent the upper limbs resulting in foot and wrist drop, areflexia, skeletal deformities (kyphoscoliosis, pes cavus with flattening, joint contractures), mild sensory impairment with vibration sense reduced to a greater extent than pain, optic atrophy and hearing loss. Wheelchair dependence by adolescence is usual and respiratory impairment with diaphragmatic paralysis may develop.


name: hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with acrodystrophy

description: A rare axonal hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy characterized by progressive axonal neuropathy with limb weakness and severe distal sensory loss in all limbs and acrodystrophic changes leading to painless non-healing ulcers, osteomyelitis, contractures and mutilating lesions with loss of terminal phalanges. One family with three affected siblings is described and there have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1999.


name: hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 6


centrifugal lipodystrophy

description: Centrifugal lipodystrophy is a rare, acquired, localized lipodistrophy characterized by single or, occasionally, multiple, centrifugally progressive, asymptomatic to sometimes mildly tender, hypopigmented, lipoatrophic skin depressions with weakly erymatheous inflammatory borders, typically associated with regional ipsilateral lymph nodes swelling. Lesions typically occur on lower trunk (in particular groin and abdomen region), followed by upper trunk (axilla and neighboring regions) and, rarely, neck and head. It is usually not associated with systemic disease and is typically self-resolving.


drug-induced localized lipodystrophy

description: Drug-induced localized lipodystrophy is a rare, acquired, localized lipodystrophy characterized by the appearance of asymptomatic, well-demarcated, variably sized, depressed, lipoatrophic lesions secondary to subcutaneous, intradermic or intramuscular drug injection, including corticosteroids, insulin, human growth hormone and antibiotics. Skin coloration may vary from white or hypopigmented to reddish, pinkish or violaceous. Epidermal atrophy may be also present.


idiopathic localized lipodystrophy

description: Idiopathic localized lipodystrophy is a rare, acquired, localized lipodystrophy characterized by asymptomatic, well-demarcated, depressed, lipoatrophic lesions of variable size, with normal overlying skin without antecedent inflammation or a known identifiable cause (autoimmune disease, drug injection, injury, etc).


name: panniculitis and localized lipodystrophy


pressure-induced localized lipoatrophy

description: Pressure-induced localized lipoatrophy is a rare, acquired, localized lipodystrophy characterized by band-like, horizontal, asymptomatic, lipoatrophic depressions with clinically normal overlying skin usually involving the anterolateral aspect of the thighs. An identifiable history of the repeated mechanical microtrauma due to occupational or postural habits is present.


chilblain lupus

description: A rare, chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus disease characterized by red or violaceous, initially pruritic (evolving to painful) papules and plaques located on acral areas (especially dorsal aspects of fingers and toes, while the nose and ear involvement is uncommon), exacerbated by cold and damp conditions, with fissuring and ulceration occasionally observed. Coexistence of discoid lupus erythematosus lesions elsewhere on the body and occasional progression to systemic lupus erythematosus may be associated. Histological examination and direct immunofluorescence studies reveal nonspecific inflammatory lupus erythematosus changes while results of cryoglobulin and cold agglutinin studies are negative.


discoid lupus erythematosus

description: A chronic, autoimmune skin condition that manifests with a red, scaling rash, most often found on the face, ears, and scalp; these lesions often lead to permanent scarring and dyspigmentation. Patients may have lesions with or without other symptoms or antibodies suggestive of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).


name: hypertrophic or verrucous lupus erythematosus


lupus erythematosus tumidus

description: Tumid erythematosus lupus is considered a rare type of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) can be divided into acute cutaneous lupus, subacute cutaneous lupus, and chronic cutaneous lupus. Tumid erythematosus lupus is characterized by smooth, non-scarring, pink- to violet-colored pimples (papules)on the skin without any other apparent skin changes, such as scarring. Patients with tumid lupus erythematosus usually do not have other symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus or other types of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. The papules appear on sun-exposed areas of the face, upper back, V area of the neck, trunk, and arms, and more rarely on thighs and legs. They usually affect equally both sides of the body, but may affect only one side. Normally, the papules clear without leaving scars. The treatment is very effective in most cases, and may include sun protection, anti-malarials drugs, local corticosteroids, topical tacrolimus and light therapy.


lupus erythematosus panniculitis

description: A type of lupus erythematosus characterized by deep dermal or subcutaneous nodules, most often on the head, face, or upper arms. It is generally chronic and occurs most often in women between the ages of 20 and 45.


localized scleroderma

description: Localized scleroderma is the skin localized form of scleroderma characterized by fibrosis of the skin causing cutaneous plaques or strips.


CREST syndrome

description: CREST syndrome is a subtype of limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis (lcSSc) whose name is an acronym for the cardinal clinical features of the syndrome: calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia.


hereditary von Willebrand disease

description: Hereditary von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a hereditary bleeding disorder caused by a genetic anomaly leading to quantitative, structural or functional abnormalities of the Willebrand factor (von Willebrand factor; VWF). Two major groups of VWF deficiency have been defined: quantitative and partial (type 1) or total (type 3), and qualitative (type 2) with several subtypes (2A, 2B, 2M, 2N).


Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, classic type, 1

description: Any Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the COL5A1 gene.


Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, classic type, 2

description: Any Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the COL5A2 gene.


Cockayne syndrome type 1

description: Cockayne syndrome caused by mutation(s) in the ERCC8 gene, encoding DNA excision repair protein ERCC-8.


Cockayne syndrome type 2

description: Cockayne syndrome caused by mutation(s) in the ERCC6 gene, encoding DNA excision repair protein ERCC-6.


autosomal dominant cutis laxa

description: Autosomal dominant cutis laxa (ADCL) is a connective tissue disorder characterized by wrinkled, redundant and sagging inelastic skin associated in some cases with internal organ involvement.


autosomal recessive cutis laxa type 1

description: Autosomal recessive cutis laxa, type 1 (ARCL1) is a generalized connective tissue disorder characterized by the association of wrinkled, redundant and sagging inelastic skin with severe systemic manifestations (lung atelectesias and emphysema, vascular anomalies, and gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract diverticuli).


autosomal recessive cutis laxa type 2

description: A spectrum of connective tissue disorders characterized by the association of wrinkled, redundant and sagging inelastic skin with growth and developmental delay, and skeletal anomalies. The spectrum ranges from patients with classic ARCL2 (ARCL, Debre) type) to patients with a milder form of the disease, wrinkled skin syndrome (WSS).


secondary intestinal lymphangiectasia

description: Secondary intestinal lymphangiectasia is an acquired from of intestinal lymphangiectasia manifesting as a protein-losing enteropathy due to another disorder such as CrohnBs disease, congestive heart failure, sarcoidosis, Turner syndrome and often in patients who have undergone a Fontan operation. It is characterized by malabsorption, diarrhea, edema due hypoproteinemia, steatorrhea and serosal effusions.


hypotrichosis simplex of the scalp

description: Hypotrichosis simplex of the scalp (HSS) is characterized by diffuse progressive hair loss that is confined to the scalp.


name: telangiectasia macularis eruptiva perstans


nodular lichen myxedematosus

description: Nodular lichen myxedematosus is a rare form of localized lichen myxedematosus characterized by the development of skin-coloured mucinous nodules on the limbs and trunk, with mild or absent papular eruption.


discrete papular lichen myxedematosus

description: Discrete papular lichen myxedematosus is a rare chronic, slowly progressive form of localized lichen myxedematosus characterized by the development of a few to multiple small symmetrical skin-coloured mucinous papules on the limbs and trunk.


papular mucinosis of infancy

description: Papular mucinosis of infancy is a rare pediatric non progressive form of localized lichen myxedematosus characterized by the development of firm opalescent mucinous papules on the upper arms and the trunk.


acral persistent papular mucinosis

description: Acral persistent papular mucinosis is a rare chronic form of localized lichen myxedematosus characterized by the development of multiple symmetrical skin-colored mucinous papules exclusively on the extensor surface of the hands and distal forearms.


self-healing papular mucinosis

description: Self-healing papular mucinosis is a rare form of localized lichen myxedematosus occurring primarily in children and characterized by the development of mucinous papules on various parts of the body (face, neck, trunk, and limbs) that resolve spontaneously within some weeks to months. Systemic symptoms can be observed such as fever, arthralgias and weakness.


name: localized lichen myxedematosus with mixed features of different subtypes

description: Localized lichen myxedematosus (LM) with mixed features of different subtypes is a form of atypical lichen myxedematosus, characterized by mixed features of the 5 subtypes of localized LM which are: discrete papular LM, acral persistent papular mucinosis, self-healing papular mucinosis, papular mucinosis of infancy, and nodular LM.


name: localized lichen myxedematosus with monoclonal gammopathy or systemic symptoms

description: Localized lichen myxedematosus with monoclonal gammopathy or systemic symptoms is a form of atypical lichen myxedematosus, characterized by the appearance of several 2-4 mm erythematous waxy papules confined to a few sites that may be associated with either an immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy in patients with acral persistent papular mucinosis; discrete papular lichen myxedematosus; a scleromyxedema-like involvement, with dysphagia, hoarseness, pulmonary involvement, and carpal tunnel syndrome; myositis without skin sclerosis; or paraproteinemia.


name: scleromyxedema without monoclonal gammopathy

description: Scleromyxedema without monoclonal gammopathy is a form of atypical lichen myxedematosus, characterized by a generalized sclerodermoid infiltration of skin studded with multiple, firm papules of 1-3 mm in diameter involving face (leonine appearance), trunk, and limbs, without monoclonal gammopathy. The involvement of the face can be missing and pruritus may be prominent.


X-linked nonsyndromic hearing loss

description: X-linked form of nonsyndromic deafness.


name: autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss

description: Autosomal dominant form of nonsyndromic deafness.


hearing loss, autosomal recessive

description: Autosomal recessive form of nonsyndromic deafness.


panhypopituitarism

description: Insufficient production of all the anterior pituitary hormones.


xeroderma pigmentosum

description: Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare genodermatosis characterized by extreme sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV)-induced changes in the skin and eyes, and multiple skin cancers. It is subdivided into 8 complementation groups, according to the affected gene: classical XP (XPA to XPG) and XP variant (XPV).


name: osteopenia-myopia-hearing loss-intellectual disability-facial dysmorphism syndrome

description: Osteopenia-myopia-hearing loss-intellectual disability-facial dysmorphism syndrome is characterized by severe hypertelorism, brachycephaly, abnormal ears, sloping shoulders, enamel hypoplasia, osteopaenia with frequent fractures, severe myopia, mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss and mild intellectual deficit. It has been described in two brothers born to first-cousin parents. No chromosomal anomalies were detected. Transmission appears to be autosomal recessive or X-linked.


name: acquired monoclonal Ig light chain-associated Fanconi syndrome

description: A rare monoclonalgammopathy characterized by renal proximal tubule dysfunction secondary to monoclonal kappa light chain deposits in proximal tubular cells. Clinical presentation is with variable chronic kidney disease, low molecular weight proteinuria, aminoaciduria, hyperphosphaturia, uricosuria, bicarbonaturia, and non-diabetic glycosuria. Renal phosphate and urate wasting may cause hypophosphatemia and hypouricaemia.


name: immunotactoid or fibrillary glomerulopathy

description: A group of very rare glomerular diseases, composed of immunotactoid glomerulopathy (ITG) and non-amyloid fibrillary glomerulopathy (non-amyloid FGP), that are characterized by mesangial deposition of monoclonal microtubular or polyclonal fibrillar deposits. Both present clinically with nephrotic range proteinuria, hematuria and renal insufficiency leading to renal failure in many cases. ITG is more likely to manifest with underlying lymphoproliferative disease, hypocomplementemia, dysproteinemia, monoclonal gammopathy or occult cryoglobulinemia. Non-amyloid FGP is 10 times more frequent than ITG.


simple cryoglobulinemia

description: Simple (monoclonal) cryoglobulinemia or type I cryoglobulinemia refers to the presence in the serum of one isotype or subclass of immunoglobulin (Ig) that precipitates reversibly below 37°C.


name: unspecified juvenile idiopathic arthritis

description: Unspecified juvenile idiopathic arthritis is a rare, pediatric, rheumatologic disease, a subtype of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) characterized by arthritis of an unknown cause that persists for at least 6 weeks, and does not fulfill the criteria for any of the other JIA subtypes, or fulfills criteria for more than one of the other subtypes.


Zellweger spectrum disorders

description: The most severe variant seen in the peroxisome biogenesis disorders that is characterized by neuronal migration defects in the brain, dysmorphic craniofacial features, profound hypotonia, neonatal seizures, and liver dysfunction.


Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

description: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) is characterized by severe peptic disease (ulcers/esophageal disease) caused by hypergastrinemia secondary to a gastrinoma resulting in increased gastric acid secretion.


TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma

description: A rare adenoma of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that produces thyrotropin. It is usually associated with goiter and hyperthyroidism.


functioning gonadotropic adenoma

description: Functioning gonadotropic adenoma is a very rare pituitary tumor, macroscopically characterized by a soft, well vascularized, variable sized adenoma, with occasional areas of hemorrage or necrosis, that secretes biologically active gonadotropins. In addition to common neurological signs due to mass effect (headache and/or visual field deterioration), additional clinical manifestations include menstrual irregularities (secondary amenorrhea, oligomenorhea or severe menorrhagia), galactorrhea, infertility or ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (in premenopausal women), testicular enlargement and, occasionally, hypogonadism (in men) and isosexual precocious puberty (in children).


non-functioning pituitary adenoma

description: A hormone producing or non-producing pituitary gland adenoma not associated with a hormonal syndrome.


name: pituitary deficiency due to Rathke's pouch cysts


name: pituitary deficiency due to empty sella turcica syndrome


Sheehan syndrome

description: An uncommon cause of hypopituitarism seen after severe postpartum hemorrhaging. Prolonged hypovolemia leads to ischemic necrosis of the pituitary. Clinical signs typically present in the puerperium and include failure to begin lactation, fatigue, hypotension and eventual amenorrhea. Clinical course is usually mild, however extreme cases may progress to adrenal failure. Prognosis is most favorable when hormone replacement is initiated soon after symptom onset.


congenital esophageal diverticulum

description: Congenital esophageal diverticulum is a rare, non-syndromic malformation of the esophagus, present at birth, and characterized by a false diverticulum, most often located in the upper, posterior esophagus. Many patients are asymptomatic, but respiratory distress, food regurgitation, dysphagia, chest pain, aspiration pneumonia and discomfort are typical presenting manifestations.


chronic pneumonitis of infancy

description: Chronic pneumonitis of infancy is a rare pediatric form of interstitial lung disease (ILD).


non-specific interstitial pneumonia

description: Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis in the interstitial lung tissue. It includes cases that cannot be classified into one of the other types of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia.


hereditary angioedema

description: Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a genetic disease characterized by the occurrence of transitory and recurrent subcutaneous and/or submucosal edemas resulting in swelling and/or abdominal pain.


acquired angioedema

description: Acquired angioedema (AAE) is characterized by the occurrence of transitory and recurrent subcutaneous and/or submucosal edemas resulting in swelling and/or abdominal pain due to an acquired C1 inhibitor (C1-INH) deficiency.


name: familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection

description: A rare genetic vascular disease characterized by the familial occurrence of thoracic aortic aneurysm, dissection or dilatation affecting one or more aortic segments (aortic root, ascending aorta, arch or descending aorta) in the absence of any other associated disease. Depending on the size, location and progression rate of dilatation/dissection, patients may be asymptomatic or may present dyspnea, cough, jaw, neck, chest or back pain, head, neck or upper limb edema, difficulty swallowing, voice hoarseness, pale skin, faint pulse and/or numbness/tingling in limbs. Patients have increased risk of presenting life threatening aortic rupture.


name: isolated ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum

description: Isolated ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum (AFA) is characterized by the presence of single or multiple thin bands of connective tissue between the upper and lower eyelids, preventing full opening of the eye. Several cases have been reported. It can occur sporadically or following an autosomal dominant transmission pattern. In some cases, AFA can be associated with other disorders, such as trisomy 18. The bands should be removed to avoid amblyopia and this can easily be performed in the neonatal period by cutting with tissue scissors.


isolated congenital alacrima

description: Congenital alacrima is characterized by deficient lacrimation (ranging from a complete absence of tears to hyposecretion of tears) that is present from birth.


Rieger anomaly

description: Rieger's anomaly is a congenital ocular defect caused by anterior segment dysgenesis and is characterized by severe anterior chamber deformity with prominent strands and marked atrophy of the iris stroma, with hole or pseudo-hole formation and corectopia. The term covers the association of these iris and pupil anomalies with the features of AxenfeldBs anomaly.


sclerocornea

description: A corneal disease in which the cornea blends with sclera, resulting in clouding of the cornea.


congenital ectropion uveae

description: Congenital ectropion uveae is a rare, genetic, non-syndromic developmental defect of the eye characterized by the presence of iris pigment epithelium on the anterior surface of the iris, anterior insertion of the iris, angle dysgenesis and progressive open-angle glaucoma (the latter may present in infancy or may develop later in life). Patients may manifest with headaches, ocular pain, photophobia, and redness, watering and/or swelling of the eye. It can often be associated with neurofibromatosis and less commonly with other ocular abnormalities.


name: persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous

description: A developmental ocular anomaly in which the primary vitreous body and its surrounding hyaloid vasculature failed to regress. It is usually unilateral and characterized by cataract; microphthalmos (small eyeballs), and retrolenticular fibrovascular tissue. (from Yanoff: Ophthalmology, 2nd ed.)


Lyme disease

description: Lyme disease (named after the towns in the USA where the disease was first identified) is a bacterial infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi.


relapsing fever

description: Relapsing fever is an infection caused by bacteria of the genus Borrelia, excluding those responsible for Lyme disease belonging to the Borrelia burgdorferi complex.


familial nasal acilia

description: Familial nasal acilia is a rare genetic otorhinolaryngologic disease characterized by respiratory morbidity due to lack of cilia on the respiratory tract epithelial cells. The disease manifests from birth with respiratory distress, neonatal pneumonia, dyspnea, lobar atelectasis and bronchiectasis. Recurrent infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, chronic humid coughing, and chronic sinusitis, otitis and rhinitis are typical lifelong presenting conditions.


idiopathic achalasia

description: A primary esophageal motor disorder characterized by loss of esophageal peristalsis and insufficient lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation in response to deglutition.


renal agenesis, unilateral

description: Unilateral renal agenesis (URA) is a form of renal agenesis characterized by the complete absence of development of one kidney accompanied by an absent ureter.


renal hypoplasia

description: Renal hypoplasia is a developmental anomaly in which one or both kidneys (unilateral or bilateral renal hypoplasia, respectively) have a deficit in the number of nephrons and may be small. Oligomeganephronia represents a severe variant of hypoplasia in which nephron number is reduced by 80% and nephrons are markedly hypertrophied.


renal dysplasia

description: Renal dysplasia is a form of renal malformation in which the kidney(s) are present but their development is abnormal and incomplete. Renal dysplasia can be unilateral or bilateral, segmental, and of variable severity, with renal aplasia corresponding to extreme dysplasia.


congenital megacalycosis

description: Congenital megacalycosis is a rare renal malformation, characterized by non-obstructive dilation of the renal calyces as well as an increased calyceal number (12-20), with a normal renal pelvis, ureter, and bladder. It may be unilateral or bilateral and is usually asymptomatic unless complicated by nephrolithiasis and urinary tract infection.


posterior urethral valve

description: Posterior urethral valve (PUV) is the most common anomaly of fetal lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) and is characterized by an abnormal congenital obstructing membrane that is located within the posterior urethra associated with significant obstruction of the male bladder restricting normal bladder emptying.


Pauci-immune glomerulonephritis

description: Pauci-immune glomerulonephritis (GN) is one of the most frequent causes of rapidly progressive GN (RPGN). It is characterized clinically by renal manifestations of RPGN (hematuria, hypertension) leading to renal failure within days or weeks, and may be associated with manifestations of systemic vasculitis (arthralgia, fever, seizures, mono neuritis and lung involvement). Pauci-immune GN is histologically characterized by focal necrotizing and crescentic GN, with mild or absent glomerular staining for immunoglobulin and complement by fluorescence microscopy, which may manifest either as part of a systemic small vessel vasculitis (including microscopic polyangiitis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis), or rarely as part of renal-limited vasculitis (RLV, idiopathic crescentic GN). Immunologic classification is based on the presence or absence of circulating anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs), namely pauci-immune-GN with ANCA and pauci-immune GN without ANCA.


vitamin D-dependent rickets, type 2

description: Hypocalcemic vitamin D-resistant rickets (HVDRR) is a hereditary disorder of vitamin D action characterized by hypocalcemia, severe rickets and in many cases alopecia.


transient pseudohypoaldosteronism

description: Transient pseudohypoaldosteronism is a renal tubulopathy characterized by renal tubular resistance to aldosterone, characterized by hyponatremia, metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia and manifesting as dehydration, secondary to urinary tract malformation and infections in infants.


renal dysplasia, unilateral

description: Unilateral renal dysplasia is a form of renal dysplasia (RD), a renal tract malformation in which the development of one kidney is abnormal and incomplete. Unilateral RD can be segmental, and of variable severity, with renal aplasia corresponding to extreme RD.


renal dysplasia, bilateral

description: Bilateral renal dysplasia is a form of renal dysplasia (RD), a renal tract malformation in which the development of both kidneys is abnormal and incomplete. Bilateral RD can be segmental, and of variable severity, with renal aplasia corresponding to extreme RD.


achondrogenesis

description: Achondrogenesis describes a rare group of lethal skeletal dysplasias characterized by an endochondral ossification deficiency that leads to dwarfism with extreme micromelia, a small thorax, a prominent abdomen, anasarca and polyhydramnios. There are three types of achondrogenesis that exist and that differ clinically, radiologically, histologically and genetically: achondrogensis type 1a, type 1b and type 2.


name: idiopathic steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome with focal segmental hyalinosis


name: idiopathic steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome with minimal change


name: idiopathic steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome with diffuse mesangial proliferation


name: familial idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome with diffuse mesangial proliferation


name: familial idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome with minimal changes


name: familial idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome with diffuse mesangial sclerosis


name: sporadic idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome with focal segmental hyalinosis


name: sporadic idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome with diffuse mesangial sclerosis


Pfeiffer syndrome type 1

description: Pfeiffer syndrome type 1 (PS1) is a mild to moderately severe type of Pfeiffer syndrome (PS), characterized by bicoronal craniosynostosis, variable finger and toe malformations, and in most cases, normal intellectual development.


Pfeiffer syndrome type 2

description: Pfeiffer syndrome type 2 (PS2) is a frequent and severe type of Pfeiffer syndrome (PS), characterized by cloverleaf skull, severe associated functional disorders, and hand/foot and elbow/knee abnormalities.


Pfeiffer syndrome type 3

description: Pfeiffer syndrome type 3 (PS3) is a severe type of Pfeiffer syndrome (PS), characterized by bicoronal craniosynostosis, severe associated functional disorders, and hand, foot and elbow abnormalities.


name: short rib-polydactyly syndrome, Majewski type


monostotic fibrous dysplasia

description: Fibrous dysplasia of bone involving only one bone.


name: spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, PAPSS2 type

description: A spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia characterized by short stature, short and bowed lower limbs, mild brachydactyly, kyphoscoliosis, abnormal gait, enlarged knee joints, precocious osteoarthropathy, and normal intelligence.


spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda

description: Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda (SEDT) is characterized by disproportionate short stature in adolescence or adulthood, associated with a short trunk and arms and barrel-shaped chest.


ulnar hemimelia

description: Ulnar hemimelia is a congenital ulnar deficiency of the forearm characterized by complete or partial absence of the ulna bone.


radial hemimelia

description: Radial hemimelia is a congenital longitudinal deficiency of the radius bone of the forearm characterized by partial or total absence of the radius.


fibular hemimelia

description: Fibular hemimelia is a congenital longitudinal limb deficiency characterized by complete or partial absence of the fibula bone.


postaxial polydactyly type A

description: Supernumerary digits located at the ulnar side of the hand with a complete extra finger and extra metacarpal.


name: spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity

description: A form of skeletal dysplasia characterized by severe dwarfism, generalized articular hypermobility, and progressive spinal malalignment.


brachydactyly type B

description: A condition characterized by incomplete development (hypoplasia) or absence of the outermost bones of the fingers and toes (distal phalanges) and nails. Additional features may include hypoplasia of the middle phalanges, fusion of the joints (symphalangism), broad thumbs, and webbed fingers (syndactyly). The feet are often less severely affected than the hands. There are 2 types of this condition, designated as type 1 and 2. BDB type 1 is caused by mutations in the ROR2 gene. BDB type 2 is caused by mutations in the NOG gene. Inheritance of both types is autosomal dominant. Treatment may include surgery if the condition affects hand function, or for cosmetic reasons.