name: lipoprotein biosynthetic process via signal peptide cleavage

description: The chemical reactions and pathways by which signal peptide cleavage leads to formation of a water-soluble protein-lipid complex.


response to alcohol

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus.


cellular response to alcohol

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus.


response to farnesol

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a farnesol stimulus.


cellular response to farnesol

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a farnesol stimulus.


bacterial biofilm matrix

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A structure lying external to bacterial cells. A biofilm is an aggregate of surface-associated bacteria, and the biofilm matrix is the envelope of polymeric substances that surrounds the bacteria.


bacterial biofilm matrix surface

description: The external part of the biofilm matrix, a structure lying external to bacterial cells. A biofilm is an aggregate of surface-associated bacteria, and the biofilm matrix is the envelope of polymeric substances that surrounds the bacteria.


apoptosome assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the apoptosome, a multisubunit protein complex involved in the signaling phase of the apoptotic process.


response to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an N-acetyl-D-glucosamine stimulus.


name: cellular response to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an N-acetyl-D-glucosamine stimulus.


name: invasive growth in response to biotic stimulus

description: The growth of colonies in filamentous chains of cells as a result of a biotic stimulus. An example of this is Candida albicans forming invasive filaments in agar medium in response to a serum stimulus.


name: invasive growth in response to abiotic stimulus

description: The growth of colonies in filamentous chains of cells as a result of a abiotic stimulus. An example of this process is found in Candida albicans.


plasma membrane tubulation

description: A membrane tubulation process occurring in a plasma membrane.


name: cell growth mode switching, filamentous to budding

description: The process in which a cell switches from growing as a filament (elongated cells attached end-to-end) to growing as a round budding cell. An example of this is observed in Candida albicans.


7SK snRNA binding

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Binding to a 7SK small nuclear RNA (7SK snRNA).


B cell adhesion

description: The attachment of a B cell to another cell via adhesion molecules.


melanocyte migration

description: The orderly movement of melanocytes from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. A melanocyte is a pigment cell derived from the neural crest. It contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which give a brown to black appearance.


melanocyte proliferation

description: The multiplication or reproduction of melanocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A melanocyte is a pigment cell derived from the neural crest. It contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which give a brown to black appearance.


melanocyte adhesion

description: The attachment of a melanocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules.


response to antineoplastic agent

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antineoplastic agent stimulus. An antineoplastic agent is a substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.


response to carboplatin

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carboplatin stimulus.


response to antimetabolite

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antimetabolite stimulus. An antimetabolite is a substance which is structurally similar to a metabolite but which competes with it or replaces it, and so prevents or reduces its normal utilization.


response to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine stimulus. 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine is a pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; it is used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.


response to cytarabine

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytarabine stimulus.


response to antipsychotic drug

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antipsychotic drug stimulus. Antipsychotic drugs are agents that control agitated psychotic behaviour, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect.


response to olanzapine

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an olanzapine stimulus.


response to perphenazine

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a perphenazine stimulus. Perphenazine is a phenothiazine derivative having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the N-10 position.


response to quetiapine

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a quetiapine stimulus.


response to risperidone

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a risperidone stimulus.


response to ziprasidone

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ziprasidone stimulus. Ziprasidone is a piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.


response to clozapine

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a clozapine stimulus.


glycolate transmembrane transport

description: The process in which glycolate is transported across a membrane. Glycolate is the anion of hydroxyethanoic acid (glycolic acid).


name: inhibition of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity

description: Any process that prevents the activation of an inactive cysteine-type endopeptidase.


zymogen inhibition

description: Any process that prevents the proteolytic processing of an inactive enzyme to an active form.


ripoptosome

description: A protein complex whose core components are the receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinases RIPK1 and RIPK3 (also called RIP1 and RIP3). Formation of the ripoptosome can induce an extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway or a necroptotic signaling pathway. The composition of this protein complex may depend on several factors including nature of the signal, cell type and more.


ripoptosome assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ripoptosome, a protein complex whose formation can induce an extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway or a necroptotic signaling pathway. The composition of this protein complex may depend on several factors including nature of the signal, cell type and more.


name: mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization

description: The process by which the mitochondrial outer membrane becomes permeable to the passing of proteins and other molecules from the intermembrane space to the cytosol as part of the apoptotic signaling pathway.


INO80-type complex

description: A chromatin remodeling protein complex initially purified from S. cerevisiae and containing more than 10 subunits, including the SWR1-related complexes. INO80 (inositol requiring 80)-type complexes have diverse functions, including promoting transcriptional activation and DNA repair.


TAM protein secretion complex

description: A heterooligomeric protein complex that spans the bacterial periplasm and enables the secretion of adhesin proteins in Gram-negative bacteria. In Citrobacter rodentium, Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli, the TAM complex consists of an Omp85-family protein, TamA, in the outer membrane and TamB in the inner membrane.


host cell endocytic vesicle membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a host cell endocytic vesicle.


neutrophil clearance

description: The selective elimination of senescent neutrophils from the body by autoregulatory mechanisms.


toxin sequestering activity

description: Binding to a toxin to prevent it from interacting with other partners or to inhibit its localization to the area of the cell or complex where it is active.


autophagosome maturation

description: Removal of PI3P and Atg8/LC3 after the closure of the phagophore and before the fusion with the endosome/lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects) or vacuole (yeast), and that very likely destabilizes other Atg proteins and thus enables their efficient dissociation and recycling.


centrolateral pattern formation

description: The regionalization process in which the areas along the centrolateral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation, or in which cells interpret a specific environment.


prenylation

description: The covalent attachment of a prenyl group to a molecule; geranyl, farnesyl, or geranylgeranyl groups may be added.


protein localization to heterochromatin

description: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into heterochromatin.


perinucleolar compartment

description: The perinucleolar compartment (PNC) is a subnuclear structure associated with, but structurally distinct from, the nucleolus. The PNC contains large amounts of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex (hnRNP) called hnRNP 1 (PTB). Many RNA binding proteins as well as RNA polymerase III transcripts are highly enriched in this compartment. PTB and pol III transcripts are required for the integrity of the PNC.


D-leucyl-tRNA(Leu) deacylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-leucyl-tRNA(Leu) = D-leucine + tRNA(Leu). Hydrolysis of the removal of D-leucine from residues in charged tRNA(Leu).


UDP-glucosylation

description: The covalent attachment of a UDP-glucose residue to a substrate molecule.


name: chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation

description: The multiplication or reproduction of chorionic trophoblast cells, resulting in the expansion of their population.


name: cytosolic [4Fe-4S] assembly targeting complex

description: A protein complex capable of condensing two 2Fe-2S clusters into one 4Fe-4S center in the cytoplasm and nucleus. In humans it consists of MMS19, CIAO1, CIAO2A/CIAO2B, CIAO3. MMS19, CIAO1 and CIAO2A/CIAO2B form a tight 'core' complex, whereas CIAO3 is an 'external' component of this complex.


MCM8-MCM9 complex

description: A hexameric protein complex composed of MCM8 and MCM9 and involved in homologous recombination repair following DNA interstrand cross-links.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + [protein]-L-serine = UDP + [protein]-3-O-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-serine, or UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + [protein]-L-threonine = UDP + [protein]-3-O-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-L-threonine.


name: stretch-activated, monoatomic cation-selective, calcium channel activity involved in regulation of action potential

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress in the form of stretching, and contributing to the regulation of action potential.


name: stretch-activated, monoatomic cation-selective, calcium channel activity involved in regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens in response to a mechanical stress in the form of stretching, and contributing to the regulation of action potential in a cardiac muscle cell.


response to bronchodilator

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bronchodilator stimulus. A bronchodilator is a chemical that causes an increase in the expansion of a bronchus or bronchial tubes.


carbohydrate derivative binding

description: Binding to a carbohydrate derivative.


establishment of Sertoli cell barrier

description: Establishment of a structure near the basement membrane in adjacent Sertoli cells of the seminiferous epithelium for maintaining spermatogenesis. The structure consists of tight junctions, basal ectoplasmic specializations, and desmosome-like junctions.


protein O-GlcNAcylation via threonine

description: The glycosylation of a protein by addition of N-acetylglucosamine via the O3 atom of peptidyl-threonine, forming O3-N-acetylglucosamine-L-threonine.


MDM2/MDM4 family protein binding

description: Binding to a member of the MDM2/MDM4 protein family, comprising negative regulators of p53.


name: NAD-dependent histone H3K18 deacetylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 18) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 18) + acetate. This reaction requires the presence of NAD, and represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 18 of the histone H3 protein.


MCM core complex

description: A protein complex that contains Mcm4, Mcm6, and Mcm7 proteins, and possesses DNA helicase activity. In the heterohexameric MCM complex, the Mcm4/6/7 proteins form a stable core, and Mcm2, Mcm3, and Mcm5 are more peripherally associated.


sensory neuron axon guidance

description: The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a sensory neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. A sensory neuron is an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses.


spinal sensory neuron axon guidance

description: The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a spinal sensory neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. A spinal sensory neuron is a sensory neuron that project to the spinal cord.


interneuron axon guidance

description: The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of an interneuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. An interneuron is any neuron which is not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region, as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions.


spinal cord interneuron axon guidance

description: The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a spinal cord interneuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. A spinal cord interneuron is a CNS interneuron located in the spinal cord.


name: dorsal spinal cord interneuron axon guidance

description: The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a dorsal spinal cord interneuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. A dorsal spinal cord interneuron is an interneuron located in the dorsal part of the spinal cord.


name: dorsal spinal cord interneuron posterior axon guidance

description: The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a dorsal spinal cord interneuron is directed to a specific target site in the posterior direction along the anterior-posterior body axis in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.


name: dorsal spinal cord interneuron anterior axon guidance

description: The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a dorsal spinal cord interneuron is directed to a specific target site in the anterior direction along the anterior-posterior body axis in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.


photoreceptor disc membrane

description: Stack of disc membranes located inside a photoreceptor outer segment, and containing densely packed molecules of photoreceptor proteins that traverse the lipid bilayer. Disc membranes arise as evaginations of the ciliary membrane during the development of the outer segment and may or may not remain contiguous with the ciliary membrane.


dIDP phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: dIDP + H2O = dIMP + H+ + phosphate.


cellular lipid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, as carried out by individual cells.


name: programmed necrotic cell death in response to starvation

description: A programmed necrotic cell death occurring as a result of a starvation stimulus (deprivation of nourishment).


glial cell projection

description: A prolongation or process extending from a glial cell.


capitate projection

description: Simple or compound process of epithelial glial cells with a spherical head that inserts into photoreceptor axons. Capitate projections have only been observed in Brachycera (flies).


name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 production

description: The appearance of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19) due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


name: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 production

description: The appearance of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 (CCL21) due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


name: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 production

description: The appearance of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


name: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 production

description: The appearance of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 (CXCL13) due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


name: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 production

description: The appearance of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 16 (CXCL16) due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


name: telomeric repeat-containing RNA transcription

description: The synthesis of telomeric repeat-containing RNA from a DNA template. A telomere is a complex of DNA and proteins that seals the end of a chromosome.


response to interleukin-32

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-32 stimulus.


response to interleukin-17

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-17 stimulus.


cellular response to interleukin-32

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-32 stimulus.


cellular response to interleukin-17

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-17 stimulus.


category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-32 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


description: The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-17 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


synaptic vesicle lumen acidification

description: The acidification of the synaptic vesicle lumen via transport of protons into the vesicle. The resulting electrochemical gradient powers neurotransmitter loading.


neuroblast migration

description: The orderly movement of a neuroblast from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism or multicellular structure. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.


cellular response to raffinose

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a raffinose stimulus.


Bunina body

description: Small granular inclusions (about 1-3 microns in diameter) found in the anterior horn cells, and appearing either singly or in a group. Sometimes they are arranged in small beaded chains. Bunina bodies express cystatin C and consist of electron-dense amorphous material that contains tubules or vesicular structures. The amorphous material frequently includes a cytoplasmic island containing neurofilaments and other micro-organelles.


fibrillary inclusion

description: Cellular inclusion consisting of circular areas filled with fine slender filaments about 10 nanometers in diameter, delimited by a wall of varying complexity (either a single continuous membrane or a tubular network consisting of a fine filamentous material giving the wall a honeycomb appearance). Fibrillary inclusions are found in the cytoplasm of giant cells of Dieters in the lateral vestibular nucleus of the rat; similar structures have been described in the ventral cochlear nucleus, spinal cord, and substantia nigra.


glial cytoplasmic inclusion

description: Non-membrane-bound cytoplasmic inclusions composed of 10-40 nm granule-coated fibrils. These inclusions have an abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein protein and are found in association with multiple system atrophy.


hippocampal interneuron differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hippocampal interneuron.


name: hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF1) in response to lowered oxygen levels (hypoxia). Under hypoxic conditions, the oxygen-sensitive alpha-subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 dimerizes with a HIF1-beta subunit (also called ARNT or aryl-hydrocarbon-receptor nuclear translocator), translocates to the nucleus and activates transcription of genes whose products participate in responding to hypoxia.


hyaline inclusion

description: A glass-like, pale intracellular inclusion.


Lewy body

description: Cytoplasmic, spherical inclusion commonly found in damaged neurons, and composed of abnormally phosphorylated, neurofilament proteins aggregated with ubiquitin and alpha-synuclein.


classical Lewy body

description: Cytoplasmic inclusion, 5 to 15 micrometers in diameter, with a dense core surrounded by a halo of 10 to 20 nm wide radially oriented alpha-synuclein fibrils.


cortical Lewy body

description: Cytoplasmic inclusion similar to a classical Lewy body but lacking a halo of protein fibrils.


Lewy body-like hyaline inclusion

description: Cytoplasmic inclusion found in neurons. It consists of filaments and granular materials, exhibits a dense core with a rough peripheral halo and lacks a limiting membrane. The filaments of these inclusions are composed of approximately 15-25 nm granule-coated fibrils in association with normal 10-nm neurofilaments.


nematosome

description: Cytoplasmic, ball-like inclusion resembling a nucleolus and consisting of a convoluted network of electron-opaque strands embedded in a less dense matrix. It measures approximately 0.9 microns and lacks a limiting membrane. Its strands (diameter = 400-600 A) appear to be made of an entanglement of tightly packed filaments and particles approximately 25-50 A thick. Cytochemical studies suggest the presence of nonhistone proteins and some RNA. Usually only one such structure is present in a cell, and it appears to occur in most ganglion cells. Although they can be seen anywhere in the cell body, nematosomes are typically located in the perinuclear cytoplasm, where they are often associated with smooth-surfaced and coated vesicles.


neurofibrillary tangle

description: Intracellular mass of paired, helically wound protein filaments (also called PHF) lying in the cytoplasm of neuronal cell bodies and neuritic cell processes. Neurofibrillary tangles contain an abnormally phosphorylated form of a microtubule-associated protein, tau. The shape of these inclusions may resemble a flame or a star.


Pick body

description: Cellular inclusion composed of numerous tau fibrils arranged in a disorderly array. Tau protein is a major component, though Pick bodies also contain ubiquitin, alpha-synuclein, and apolipoprotein E.


skein-like inclusion

description: Intracytoplasmic filamentous structure frequently encountered in preparations immunostained for ubiquitin.


liver regeneration

description: The regrowth of lost or destroyed liver.


tubular endosome

description: A network of fine tubules in the vicinity of the Golgi complex and around the centriole.


description: An organelle arrangement comprised of the following elements: a mitochondrion positioned near the presynaptic membrane; an electron-dense mitochondrial plaque adjacent to the outer mitochondrial membrane that faces the presynaptic membrane; filament-like elements appearing to link the mitochondrial plaque to a cell-cell junction region (sometimes termed punctum adherens); tubular or vesicular-appearing membrane (also called vesicular chain) interposed among the filaments. Mitochondrion-associated adherens complexes were initially described in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. They are found in calyces and other large terminals of the auditory brainstem, and in a variety of mammalian species including humans.


nucleolus-associated heterochromatin

description: Dense particles of heterochromatin, consisting of a loosely twisted strand about 600 Angstrom thick, found associated with the nucleolus.


glial filament

description: An intermediate filament composed of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and found in astrocytes.


microtubule bundle

description: An arrangement of closely apposed microtubules running parallel to each other.


name: protein maturation by iron-sulfur cluster transfer

description: The transfer of an assembled iron-sulfur cluster from a scaffold protein to an acceptor protein that contributes to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.


name: amino acid ligation activity by nonribosomal peptide synthase

description: Catalysis of the ligation of an amino acid to another amino acid via a carbon-nitrogen bond, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate, carried out by a nonribosomal peptide synthase.


name: copper ion import across prospore membrane

description: The directed movement of copper ions from outside of a cell, across an ascospore-type prospore membrane and into the cytosol.


mitotic spindle pole

description: Either of the ends of a mitotic spindle, a spindle that forms as part of mitosis, where spindle microtubules are organized; usually contains a microtubule organizing center and accessory molecules, spindle microtubules and astral microtubules.


name: hippocampal pyramidal neuron differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hippocampal pyramidal neuron, a pyramidal cell of the hippocampus.


dense body

description: An electron dense body which may contain granules.


name: succinate:proton symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: succinate(out) + H+(out) = succinate(in) + H+(in).


supramolecular fiber organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a supramolecular fiber, a polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure.


entry into dormancy

description: The dormancy process that results in entry into dormancy. Dormancy (sometimes called a dormant state) is a suspension of most physiological activity and growth that can be reactivated.


maintenance of dormancy

description: The dormancy process that results in an organism remaining in dormancy. Dormancy (sometimes called a dormant state) is a suspension of most physiological activity and growth that can be reactivated.


exit from dormancy

description: The dormancy process that results in exit from dormancy. Dormancy (sometimes called a dormant state) is a suspension of most physiological activity and growth that can be reactivated.


acquisition of desiccation tolerance

description: The process in which tolerance to severe drying is acquired, before entering into a dry, either dormant or quiescent state.


apical dendrite

description: A dendrite that emerges near the apical pole of a neuron. In bipolar neurons, apical dendrites are located on the opposite side of the soma from the axon.


basal dendrite

description: A dendrite that emerges near the basal pole of a neuron. In bipolar neurons, basal dendrites are either on the same side of the soma as the axon, or project toward the axon.


CA3 pyramidal cell dendrite

description: A dendrite of a hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cell.


sorting endosome

description: A multivesicular body surrounded by and connected with multiple tubular compartments with associated vesicles.


spine apparatus

description: A specialization of the endomembrane system found in some classes of dendritic spines consisting of two or more closely apposed lamellae with interspersed electron dense material. The endomembrane component is continuous with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.


name: presynaptic active zone dense projection

description: Electron dense projection extending from the cytomatrix into the cytoplasm on which synaptic vesicles are tethered.


name: protein localization to eisosome filament

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location in a eisosome filament (also called linear eisosome), a filamentous cortical structure formed, in S. pombe, by the eisosome component Pil1.


dendritic tree

description: The entire complement of dendrites for a neuron, consisting of each primary dendrite and all its branches.


spine mat

description: A configuration of neuron spines found on ciliary ganglion neurons in the embryonic and adult brain consisting of patches of closely spaced spines lying flat against the soma.


astrocyte projection

description: A prolongation or process extending from the soma of an astrocyte and wrapping around neurons.


astrocyte end-foot

description: Terminal process of astrocyte abutting non-neuronal surfaces in the brain.


glial limiting end-foot

description: Terminal process of astrocyte that extends to the surface of the central nervous system. Together, glial limiting end-feet form the glial limiting membrane or glia limitans.


GAIT complex

description: A protein complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes. The complex binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements in the 3'-UTR of diverse inflammatory mRNAs and suppresses their translation by blocking the recruitment of the 43S ribosomal complex to m7G cap-bound eIF4G. In humans it includes RPL13A, EPRS, SYNCRIP and GAPDH; mouse complexes lack SYNCRIP.


mesaxon

description: Portion of the ensheathing process (either myelin or non-myelin) where the enveloping lips of the ensheathing cell come together so that their apposed plasma membranes run parallel to each other, separated by a cleft 12 nm wide.


Schwann cell microvillus

description: Small finger-like extension of a Schwann cell that contacts the nodal membrane.


spiny bracelet of Nageotte

description: Paranodal terminations of Schwann cells that do not directly contact the paranodal axon membrane. Usually found in thicker myelin.


terminal loop

description: Portion of myelin-forming Schwann cell consisting of terminal cytoplasmic extensions adhered to the axon at the beginning and end of the myelin sheath.


hippocampal mossy fiber

description: An axon of a hippocampal granule cell, including dentate gyrus granule cell and CA3 granule cell, characterized by expansions (mossy fiber expansions) giving the fibers a mossy appearance. These unmyelinated axons were first described by Ramon y Cajal.


Lewy neurite

description: Elongated neuronal process, often with side branches and more than one branching point, described in brains of patients with Parkinson's disease. Lewy neurites stain positively for ubiquitin in brainstem and forebrain regions affected in Parkinson's disease.


gemmule

description: Spine-like process found on some neurons, e.g., periglomerular cells of olfactory cortex.


thorny excrescence

description: Large complex spine protruding from a dendrite. Each excrescence is formed by a cluster of spine heads.


somatic spine

description: Spine emanating from the cell soma of a neuron.


name: ubiquitin-dependent glycoprotein ERAD pathway

description: An ERAD pathway whereby endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident glycoproteins are targeted for degradation. Includes differential processing of the glycoprotein sugar chains, retrotranslocation to the cytosol and degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. A glycoprotein is a compound in which a carbohydrate component is covalently bound to a protein component.


type III terminal bouton

description: Terminal inflated portion of the axon of a non-glutamatergic neuron, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters at a regulatory synapse. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal bouton is a specialized region of it. Type III terminal boutons are larger than type II ones.


name: programmed cell death in response to reactive oxygen species

description: Cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes and occurring as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.


ribbon synapse

description: Type of synapse characterized by an electron-dense ribbon, lamella (bar) or spherical body in the presynaptic process cytoplasm.


mossy fiber rosette

description: A synapse of a mossy fiber onto the dendrite of a granule cell; each mossy fiber can have up to 50 rosettes.


name: cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity

description: Cyclin-dependent catalysis of the phosphorylation of an amino acid residue in a protein, usually according to the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.


retinal rod cell apoptotic process

description: Any apoptotic process in a retinal rod cell, one of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina.


retinal cone cell apoptotic process

description: Any apoptotic process in a retinal cone cell, one of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina.


motor neuron migration

description: The orderly movement of a motor neuron from one site to another. A motor neuron is an efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.


spinal cord motor neuron migration

description: The orderly movement of a spinal cord motor neuron from one site to another. A spinal cord motor neuron is a motor neuron that passes from the spinal cord toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.


lateral motor column neuron migration

description: The orderly movement of a lateral motor column neuron from one site to another. A lateral motor column neuron is a motor neuron that is generated only on limb levels and send axons into the limb mesenchyme.


leaflet of membrane bilayer

description: Any of the two layers of lipid molecules that constitute a membrane.


synaptic vesicle localization

description: Any process in which a synaptic vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.


name: establishment of synaptic vesicle localization

description: The directed movement of a synaptic vesicle or vesicles to a specific location.


muscle cell postsynaptic specialization

description: A postsynaptic specialization that is part of a neuromuscular junction.


dendrite extension

description: Long distance growth of a single dendrite involved in cellular development.


neuron projection guidance

description: The process in which the migration of a neuron projection is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


multivesicular body lumen

description: The volume enclosed by the outermost membrane of a multivesicular body.


multivesicular body, internal vesicle

description: A membrane-bounded vesicle wholly contained within a multivesicular body.


name: multivesicular body, internal vesicle membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a multivesicular body internal vesicle.


name: multivesicular body, internal vesicle lumen

description: The volume enclosed by the membrane of the multivesicular body internal vesicle.


sympathetic neuron projection extension

description: Long distance growth of a single sympathetic neuron projection involved in cellular development. A neuron projection is a prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.


sympathetic neuron projection guidance

description: The process in which the migration of a sympathetic neuron projection is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


sympathetic neuron axon guidance

description: The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of a sympathetic neuron axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


name: structural molecule activity conferring elasticity

description: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a complex or assembly within or outside a cell, providing elasticity and recoiling.


regulation of vesicle size

description: Any process that modulates the size of a vesicle.


H-NS-Hha complex

description: A trimeric protein complex made up of an H-NS homodimer and an Hha monomer. In Enterobacteriaceae, this complex negatively regulates transcription of a range of genes.


blood vessel lumen ensheathment

description: A blood vessel lumenization process that occurs by blood vessel endothelial cells delaminating and aligning along the inner surface of an existing luminal space, extending the open ended lumen, and joining to other blood vessels to form a complete blood vessel.


name: blood vessel endothelial cell delamination

description: The process of negative regulation of cell adhesion that results in blood vessel endothelial cells splitting off from an existing endothelial sheet.


endothelial tube lumen extension

description: Any endothelial tube morphogenesis process by which the tube is increased in length.


name: protein localization to non-motile cilium

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a non-motile cilium.


name: receptor localization to non-motile cilium

description: A process in which a receptor is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a non-motile cilium.


stress response to metal ion

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis caused by a metal ion stimulus.


mannosylation

description: The covalent attachment of a mannose residue to a substrate molecule.


sialylation

description: The covalent attachment of sialic acid to a substrate molecule.


Gemini of coiled bodies

description: Nuclear bodies frequently found near or associated with Cajal bodies (also called coiled bodies or CBs). Gemini of coiled bodies, or 'gems', are similar in size and shape to CBs, and often indistinguishable under the microscope. Unlike CBs, gems do not contain small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs); they contain a protein called survivor of motor neurons (SMN) whose function relates to snRNP biogenesis. Gems are believed to assist CBs in snRNP biogenesis, and to play a role in the etiology of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).


Rad6-Rad18 complex

description: A ubiquitin ligase complex found to be involved in post-replicative bypass of UV-damaged DNA and UV mutagenesis. In S. cerevisiae, the complex contains the ubiquitin conjugating enzyme Rad6 and Rad18, a protein containing a RING finger motif and a nucleotide binding motif. The yeast Rad6-Rad18 heterodimer has ubiquitin conjugating activity, binds single-stranded DNA, and possesses single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activity.


name: deaminated base DNA N-glycosylase activity

description: DNA N-glycosylase activity acting on deaminated bases.


hypoxanthine DNA N-glycosylase activity

description: DNA N-glycosylase activity acting on deaminated adenine (hypoxanthine).


xanthine DNA N-glycosylase activity

description: DNA N-glycosylase activity acting on deaminated guanine (xanthine).


oxanine DNA N-glycosylase activity

description: DNA N-glycosylase activity acting on deaminated guanine where the resulting base (oxanine) is generated by NO- or HNO2-induced nitrosative deamination.


name: base-excision repair, AP site formation via deaminated base removal

description: A base-excision repair, AP site formation process occurring via excision of a deaminated base.


dendritic cell dendrite

description: A branched cellular projection (or cytoplasmic extension) that is extended from the surface of a dendritic immune cell, and which enables the cell to sample luminal pathogens and increase the surface area for antigen presentation to T cells.


cardiac myofibril

description: A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.


myosin II filament

description: A bipolar filament composed of myosin II molecules.


sexual spore wall

description: A specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore derived from a product of meiosis.


asexual spore wall

description: A specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a spore derived from an asexual process. Examples of this process are found in bacterial and fungal species.


microvillar actin bundle

description: A parallel bundle of actin filaments at the core of a microvillus.


contractile actin filament bundle

description: An actin filament bundle in which the filaments are loosely packed (approximately 30-60 nm apart) and arranged with opposing polarities; the loose packing allows myosin (usually myosin-II) to enter the bundle.


parallel actin filament bundle

description: An actin filament bundle in which the filaments are tightly packed (approximately 10-20 nm apart) and oriented with the same polarity.


DNA recombinase complex

description: A protein-DNA complex consisting of a higher-order oligomer of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) on single-stranded DNA.


name: nucleotide-excision repair, preincision complex

description: A multiprotein complex involved in damage recognition, DNA helix unwinding, and endonucleolytic cleavage at the site of DNA damage.


protein-DNA ISRE complex

description: A protein-DNA complex formed through interaction of the protein(s) with an interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) in the DNA.


transcription ternary complex

description: A protein-DNA-RNA complex composed of RNA polymerase, template DNA, and an RNA transcript.


sperm plasma membrane

description: A plasma membrane that is part of a sperm cell.


spliceosomal snRNP complex

description: A small ribonucleoprotein complex involved in formation of the spliceosome.


spliceosomal tri-snRNP complex

description: A spliceosomal snRNP complex that is formed by the association of the U4/U6 (or U4atac/U6atac) snRNP with the U5 snRNP.


necroptotic signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals which triggers the necroptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, is characterized by activation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 and/or 3 (RIPK1/3, also called RIP1/3), and ends when the execution phase of necroptosis is triggered.


execution phase of necroptosis

description: A stage of the necroptotic process that starts after a necroptotic signal has been relayed to the execution machinery. Key steps of the execution phase are swelling of organelles, minor ultrastructural modifications of the nucleus (specifically, dilatation of the nuclear membrane and condensation of chromatin into small, irregular, circumscribed patches) and increased cell volume (oncosis), culminating in the disruption of the plasma membrane and subsequent loss of intracellular contents. The execution phase ends when the cell has died.


myeloid leukocyte migration

description: The movement of a myeloid leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


granulocyte migration

description: The movement of a granulocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


mast cell migration

description: The movement of a mast cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


stress response to acid chemical

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis caused by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.


name: cellular stress response to acid chemical

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in cellular homeostasis caused by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.


lymphoid lineage cell migration

description: The orderly movement of a lymphoid lineage cell from one site to another. A lymphoid lineage cell, also called a lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell, is a progenitor cell restricted to the lymphoid lineage.


name: lymphoid lineage cell migration into thymus

description: The movement of a lymphoid lineage cell (also called a lymphoid lineage restricted progenitor cell) into the thymus. Lymphoid lineage cells enter and exit the thymus several times as part of this process.


thymus epithelium morphogenesis

description: The process in which the thymus epithelium is generated and organized.


Y-shaped link

description: A Y-shaped protein complex in the ciliary transition zone that connects the cilium axoneme to the ciliary necklace. Both protein sorting and protein gating occur at this point in the cilium allowing some, but not all proteins to enter the cilium.


ciliary necklace

description: A protein complex located on the cilium membrane in the ciliary transition zone; it is connected to the cilium axoneme via Y-shaped links.


ciliary transition fiber

description: A nine-bladed, propeller-like protein complex that links the distal end of the basal body and the cilium to the plasma membrane. Functions in protein sorting and gating (i.e. active and passive transport of proteins in and out of the cilium).


axonemal central pair

description: Part of the axoneme consisting of the inner two microtubule doublets of the 9+2 axoneme occurring in most motile cilia.


axonemal basal plate

description: Part of the axoneme consisting of a highly electron-dense region at the distal end of the ciliary transition zone within the axonemal lumen at which the axonemal central pair of microtubules is connected to the rest of the axonemal structure.


ciliary tip

description: Part of the cilium where the axoneme ends. The ciliary tip has been implicated in ciliary assembly and disassembly, as well as signal transduction.


ciliary inversin compartment

description: Proximal part of the ciliary shaft to which the inversin protein (also called Inv) specifically localizes. The inversin compartment appears to have a different protein composition than the rest of the cilium, although there is no structure that separates it form the distal part of the cilium.


ciliary shaft

description: The mid part of a cilium between the ciliary base and ciliary tip that extends into the extracellular space.


axonemal outer doublet

description: Part of an axoneme consisting in a doublet microtubule. Nine of these outer doublets form the 9+0 axoneme, while the 9+2 axoneme also contains a central pair. Dynein arms attached to the doublets provide the mechanism of movement of the cilium.


ciliary base

description: Area of the cilium (also called flagellum) where the basal body and the axoneme are anchored to the plasma membrane. The ciliary base encompasses the distal part of the basal body, transition fibers and transition zone and is structurally and functionally very distinct from the rest of the cilium. In this area proteins are sorted and filtered before entering the cilium, and many ciliary proteins localize specifically to this area.


description: A cytoplasmic vesicle composed of both tubulovesicular and clear core vesicles that transport synaptic vesicle-associated proteins. Proteins carried by synaptic vesicle protein transport vesicles (STVs) include synaptophysin, synapsin Ia, synaptotagmin and synaptobrevin/vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2). STVs are packaged via the trans-Golgi network before being transported through the axon.


seed abscission

description: The controlled shedding of a seed.


transcription preinitiation complex

description: A protein-DNA complex composed of proteins binding promoter DNA to form the transcriptional preinitiation complex (PIC), the formation of which is a prerequisite for transcription.


name: mitochondrial double-strand break repair

description: The repair of double-strand breaks in mitochondrial DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix.


name: mitochondrial double-strand break repair via homologous recombination

description: The repair of a double-strand break in mitochondrial DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences.


name: calcium ion transmembrane import into cytosol

description: A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other into the cytosol by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


left anterior flagellum

description: A cilium (also called flagellum) found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It originates at the left anterior basal body, extends laterally through the cytoplasm, crosses the right anterior axoneme, and exits as a membrane-bound flagellum on the anterior left side of the cell.


right anterior flagellum

description: A cilium (also called flagellum) found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It originates at the right anterior basal body, extends laterally through the cytoplasm, crosses the left anterior axoneme, and exits as a membrane-bound flagellum on the anterior right side of the cell.


left posteriolateral flagellum

description: A cilium (also called flagellum) found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is nucleated by the left posteriolateral basal body and extends cytoplasmically toward the cell posterior, marking the left anterior boundary of the lateral shield and the left lateral region of the funis before exiting at the left lateral region of the cell body.


right posteriolateral flagellum

description: A cilium (also called flagellum) found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is nucleated by the right posteriolateral basal body and extends cytoplasmically toward the cell posterior, marking the right anterior boundary of the lateral shield and the right lateral region of the funis before exiting at the right lateral region of the cell body.


left ventral flagellum

description: A cilium (also called flagellum) found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is nucleated by the left ventral basal body and exits the cell body proximally and dorsal to the ventral disc.


right ventral flagellum

description: A cilium (also called flagellum) found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is nucleated by the right ventral basal body and exits the cell body proximally and dorsal to the ventral disc.


left caudal flagellum

description: A cilium (also called flagellum) found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is nucleated by the left caudal basal body, extending cytoplasmically and exiting at the posterior end of the cell body.


right caudal flagellum

description: A cilium (also called flagellum) found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is nucleated by the right caudal basal body, extending cytoplasmically and exiting at the posterior end of the cell body.


left lateral basal body pair

description: Set of two basal bodies found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It comprises the anterior and ventral basal bodies located to the right of the left nucleus of the trophozoite when viewed dorsally.


left middle basal body pair

description: Set of two basal bodies found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It comprises the caudal and posteriolateral basal bodies located to the right of the left nucleus of the trophozoite when viewed dorsally.


right lateral basal body pair

description: Set of two basal bodies found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It comprises the anterior and ventral basal bodies located to the left of the right nucleus of the trophozoite when viewed dorsally.


right middle basal body pair

description: Set of two basal bodies found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It comprises the caudal and posteriolateral basal bodies located to the left of the right nucleus of the trophozoite when viewed dorsally.


left tetrad

description: Set of four basal bodies found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It comprises the left lateral basal body pair and the left middle basal body pair (i.e. the anterior, ventral, caudal and posteriolateral basal bodies located to the right of the left nucleus of the trophozoite when viewed dorsally).


right tetrad

description: Set of four basal bodies found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It comprises the right lateral basal body pair and the right middle basal body pair (i.e. the anterior, ventral, caudal and posteriolateral basal bodies located to the left of the right nucleus of the trophozoite when viewed dorsally).


median body

description: A non-membrane bound, semi-organized microtubule array of unknown function found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is located on the dorsal side of the trophozoite, slightly posterior to the ventral disc.


lateral shield

description: Region of the ventral side of the cell body found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is located posterior on either side of the ventral groove; the upper boundary is the ventral disc, and the lower boundary is marked by the posteriolateral flagella.


cyst wall

description: The specialized envelope lying outside the cell membrane of a cyst. A cyst is a resting or dormant stage of a microorganism, usually a bacterium or a protist or rarely an invertebrate animal, that helps the organism to survive in unfavorable environmental conditions. In protists such as protozoan parasites alternating cystic- and non-cystic stages, the cyst wall is usually composed of carbohydrates and proteins.


left nucleus

description: One of the two nuclei found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is located on the left side of the cell when viewed from the dorsal side.


right nucleus

description: One of the two nuclei found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). It is located on the right side of the cell when viewed from the dorsal side.


lateral part of cell

description: The region of a polarized cell other than its tips or ends (in some cell types, one end may be called the apex and the other the base). For example, in a polarized epithelial cell, the lateral part includes the cell sides which interface adjacent cells.


lateral cell cortex

description: The region directly beneath the plasma membrane of the lateral portion of the cell.


vacuole fusion

description: Merging of two or more vacuoles, or of vacuoles and vesicles within a cell to form a single larger vacuole.


sequestering of iron ion

description: The process of binding or confining iron ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.


sequestering of copper ion

description: The process of binding or confining copper ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.


name: extracellular sequestering of copper ion

description: The process of binding or confining copper ions in an extracellular area such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.


name: intracellular sequestering of copper ion

description: The process of binding or confining copper ions in an intracellular area such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.


lamellipodium organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lamellipodium. A lamellipodium is a thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a crawling fibroblast; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.


name: dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase Pmt1p-Pmt2p dimer complex

description: A protein dimer complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase activity and, in S. cerevisiae, is composed of Pmt1p-Pmt2p.


name: dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase Pmt1p-Pmt3p dimer complex

description: A protein dimer complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase activity and, in S. cerevisiae, is composed of Pmt1p-Pmt3p.


name: dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase Pmt5p-Pmt2p dimer complex

description: A protein dimer complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase activity and, in S. cerevisiae, is composed of Pmt5p-Pmt2p.


name: dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase Pmt5p-Pmt3p dimer complex

description: A protein dimer complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase activity and, in S. cerevisiae, is composed of Pmt5p-Pmt3p.


name: dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase Pmt4p homodimer complex

description: A protein dimer complex that possesses dolichyl-phosphate-mannose-protein mannosyltransferase activity and, in S. cerevisiae, is composed of Pmt4p.


MutLgamma complex

description: A heterodimer involved in the recognition of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In S. cerevisiae the complex consists of two subunits, Mlh1 and Mlh3.


name: archaeal or bacterial-type flagellum-dependent cell motility

description: Cell motility due to movement of bacterial- or archaeal-type flagella.


archaeal-type flagellum

description: A non-membrane-bounded organelle superficially similar to a bacterial-type flagellum; they both consist of filaments extending outside the cell, and rotate to propel the cell, but the archaeal flagella (also called archaella) have a unique structure which lacks a central channel. Similar to bacterial type IV pilins, the archaeal flagellins (archaellins) are made with class 3 signal peptides and they are processed by a type IV prepilin peptidase-like enzyme. The archaellins are typically modified by the addition of N-linked glycans which are necessary for proper assembly and/or function.


name: archaeal-type flagellum-dependent cell motility

description: Cell motility due to the motion of one or more archaeal-type flagella. An archaeal-type flagellum (also called archaellum) is a non-membrane-bounded organelle superficially similar to a bacterial-type flagellum, but having a different molecular structure and lacking a central channel.


ventral disc lateral crest

description: Fibrillar repetitive structure surrounding the ventral disc edge in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). The composition of the lateral crest is not fully known yet.


ventral disc overlap zone

description: A region of the ventral disc of Giardia species (trophozoite stage) where two portions of the same array of microtubules overlap (the microtubule array makes a complete circle and overlaps on itself).


ventral disc microtubule array

description: A part of the ventral disc of Giardia species (trophozoite stage) consisting of a spiral array of microtubules linked to the ventral membrane. These microtubules form the base of the ventral disc dorsal microribbons that extend nearly perpendicular from the membrane.


ventral disc dorsal microribbon

description: Trilaminar structure extending perpendicularly into the cytoplasm along the length of ventral disc microtubules in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). Constituents of dorsal microribbons (also called dorsal ribbons or microribbons) include alpha-coiled-helix proteins approximately 29 to 38 kDa in size. These proteins line the edges of the microribbons but are not found in microtubules. Tubulins are not found in microribbons.


ventral disc crossbridge

description: Structure horizontally linking adjacent microribbons of the ventral disc in Giardia species (trophozoite stage). The composition of crossbridges is not fully known yet.


name: ventral disc supernumerary microtubule array

description: A partial left-handed spiral array of microtubules that lies generally dorsal to the main ventral disc microtubule array in Giardia species (trophozoite stage).


ventral disc

description: Specialized organelle found in Giardia species (trophozoite stage) and characterized by a spiral array of microtubules and microtubule-associated structures including dorsal microribbons and crossbridges. The edge of the ventral disc narrows into a lateral crest. The ventral disk mediates mechanical attachment of the trophozoite to the host's intestinal wall, and contains the contractile proteins actinin, alpha-actinin, myosin, and tropomyosin working towards contraction of the disk involved in adherence.


sperm cytoplasmic droplet

description: A small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane that is generally retained in spermatozoa after spermiogenesis, when the majority of the cytoplasm is phagocytosed by Sertoli cells to produce what are called residual bodies. Initially, the droplet is located at the neck just behind the head of an elongated spermatid. During epididymal transit, the cytoplasmic droplet migrates caudally to the annulus at the end of the midpiece; the exact position and time varies by species. The cytoplasmic droplet consists of lipids, lipoproteins, RNAs, a variety of hydrolytic enzymes, receptors, ion channels, and Golgi-derived vesicles. The droplet may be involved in regulatory volume loss (RVD) at ejaculation, and in most species, though not in humans, the cytoplasmic droplet is lost at ejaculation. Note that the cytoplasmic droplet is distinct from 'excessive residual cytoplasm' that sometimes remains in epididymal spermatozoa, particularly when spermiogenesis has been disrupted.


xylanase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of xylans, homopolysaccharides composed of xylose residues.


exoxylanase activity

description: A xylanase activity that acts on one of the ends of a xylan polymer which does not contain side chains.


retina blood vessel maintenance

description: A retina homeostatic process preventing the degeneration of a retina blood vessel.


cullin family protein binding

description: Binding to a member of the cullin family, hydrophobic proteins that act as scaffolds for ubiquitin ligases (E3).


temperature-gated ion channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens in response to a temperature stimulus (e.g. exposure to a temperature range different than the optimal temperature for that organism).


name: temperature-gated cation channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens in response to a temperature stimulus (e.g. exposure to a temperature range different than the optimal temperature for that organism).


transverse flagellum

description: A motile cilium found in dinoflagellates. It coils around the cell and provides the forward thrust for motility. It is often contained in a furrow called the cingulum, and emerges from a flagellar pore located in the cingulum.


longitudinal flagellum

description: A motile cilium found in dinoflagellates. It trails the cell and acts as a steering rudder. It is often partially contained in a furrow called the sulcus, and emerges from a flagellar pore located in the sulcus.


cell surface furrow

description: A furrow that may be found on the cell surface. Examples include the cingulum and sulcus found in some dinoflagellates.


dinoflagellate cingulum

description: A cell surface furrow that wraps around a dinoflagellate cell; the transverse flagellum lies in it.


dinoflagellate sulcus

description: A cell surface furrow that occurs on the ventral side of a dinoflagellate cell. It partially houses the longitudinal flagellum. The sulcus intersects with the cingulum on the ventral side of a dinoflagellate cell.


dinoflagellate epicone

description: The part of a dinoflagellate cell above the cingulum; also referred to as the anterior portion of a dinoflagellate cell. It is separated from the hypocone by the cingulum.


dinoflagellate hypocone

description: The part of a dinoflagellate cell below the cingulum; also referred to as the posterior portion of a dinoflagellate cell. It is separated from the epicone by the cingulum.


name: modulation by host of symbiont type IV pilus-dependent motility

description: The process in which an organism effects a change in the type IV pilus-dependent motility of a symbiont organism (i.e. the controlled movement of a bacterial cell which is dependent on the presence of type IV pili, and which includes social gliding motility and twitching motility). The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: positive regulation by host of symbiont type IV pilus-dependent motility

description: Any process in which an organism activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the type IV pilus-dependent motility of a symbiont organism (i.e. the controlled movement of a bacterial cell which is dependent on the presence of type IV pili, and which includes social gliding motility and twitching motility). The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


dinoflagellate sulcal notch

description: A dinoflagellate sulcus that extends all the way to the posterior end of the cell (also known as antapex). The presence of a sulcal notch makes the dinoflagellate hypocone appear bilobed.


PTEX complex

description: A protein complex that acts as a protein trafficking machinery and is responsible for the export of proteins across the parasitophorous (symbiont-containing) vacuolar membrane and into the human host cell. The PTEX complex is located in the vacuole membrane. It is ATP-powered, and comprises heat shock protein 101 (HSP101; a ClpA/B-like ATPase from the AAA+ superfamily, of a type commonly associated with protein translocons), a parasite protein termed PTEX150, and exported protein 2 (EXP2). EXP2 is the potential channel, as it is the membrane-associated component of the core PTEX complex. Two other proteins, PTEX88 and thioredoxin 2 (TRX2), were also identified as PTEX components.


(R)-mandelate dehydrogenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate + acceptor = phenylglyoxylate + reduced acceptor.


monoamine oxidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: RCH2NHR' + H2O + O2 = RCHO + R'NH2 + H2O2.


name: cytoplasmic translational elongation through polyproline stretches

description: The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain, proceeding through regions of multiple repeated proline codons, during protein biosynthesis in the cytoplasm.


name: potassium ion export across plasma membrane

description: The directed movement of potassium ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.


name: UDP-galactose transmembrane import into Golgi lumen

description: The directed movement of UDP-galactose into the Golgi lumen across the Golgi membrane.


name: low-affinity basic amino acid transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of basic amino acids from one side of a membrane to the other. Basic amino acids have a pH above 7. In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.


name: low-affinity L-arginine transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of L-arginine from one side of a membrane to the other. In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.


name: high-affinity L-ornithine transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of L-ornithine from one side of a membrane to the other. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


distal tip cell migration

description: The orderly movement of a distal tip cell.


name: extrinsic component of omegasome membrane

description: The component of the omegasome membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


name: extrinsic component of phagophore assembly site membrane

description: The component of the phagophore assembly site membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


name: L-arginine import across plasma membrane

description: The directed movement of L-arginine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


L-lysine import across plasma membrane

description: The directed movement of L-lysine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


name: L-ornithine import across plasma membrane

description: The directed movement of L-ornithine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.


name: alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent xanthine dioxygenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate (alpha-ketoglutarate) + O2 + xanthine = CO2 + succinate + urate.


calcitonin family receptor activity

description: Combining with any member of the calcitonin family (e.g. adrenomedullin, adrenomedullin 2 (intermedin), amylin, calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRPs)) to initiate a change in cell activity.


amylin receptor activity

description: Combining with amylin to initiate a change in cell activity.


calcitonin family binding

description: Binding to a member of the calcitonin family (e.g. adrenomedullin, adrenomedullin 2 (intermedin), amylin, calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRPs)).


amylin binding

description: Binding to amylin.


name: calcitonin family receptor signaling pathway

description: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by an extracellular member of the calcitonin family (e.g. adrenomedullin, adrenomedullin 2 (intermedin), amylin, calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRPs)) binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


amylin receptor signaling pathway

description: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by amylin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


G protein-coupled receptor complex

description: A protein complex that contains G protein-coupled receptors.


A axonemal microtubule

description: A complete microtubule with 13 protofilaments that fuses with an incomplete microtubule called B tubule (containing 10 protofilaments only) to form an axonemal outer doublet. Inner and outer dynein arms, as well as the radial spoke, are attached to the A tubule.


B axonemal microtubule

description: An incomplete microtubule containing 10 protofilaments that fuses with a complete microtubule called A tubule (containing 13 protofilaments) to form an axonemal outer doublet.


name: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class I

description: A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex that contains a catalytic and a regulatory subunit of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) enzyme, plus one or more adaptor proteins. Class I PI3Ks phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol [PI], phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate [PI(4)P] and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], and are divided into subclasses A and B according to the type of adaptor subunit with which they associate. The class I PI3K subfamily of genes comprises members in vertebrates, worm and fly, but none in yeast.


name: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class II

description: A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex that contains a catalytic subunit of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) enzyme and one or more adaptor proteins. There is no known obligatory regulatory subunit. The class II PI3K (PI3KC2) subfamily of genes has members in vertebrates, worm and fly, but none in yeast.


unencapsulated part of cell

description: The part of a cell encompassing the intracellular environment and the plasma membrane; it excludes any external encapsulating structures.


platelet SNARE complex

description: A SNARE complex that is capable of fusing intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane of platelets for exocytosis of alpha-granules or dense granules. Contains isoforms of VAMP, SNAP and syntaxin proteins. Ternary SNARE complexes interact in a circular array to form ring complexes or channels around the membrane fusion. A common composition in human is VAMP-8, SNAP-23 and syntaxin-2 or -4.


serpin family protein binding

description: Binding to a member of the serpin protein family (serine protease inhibitors or classified inhibitor family I4). Serpins are a broadly distributed family of protease inhibitors that use a conformational change to inhibit target enzymes. They are central in controlling many important proteolytic cascades. The majority of serpins inhibit serine proteases, but serpins that inhibit caspases and papain-like cysteine proteases have also been identified. Rarely, serpins perform a non-inhibitory function; for example, several human serpins function as hormone transporters and certain serpins function as molecular chaperones or tumor suppressors.


cell-cell self recognition

description: A cell-cell recognition process by which a cell distinguishes between self and non self during cooperative behavior, such as early development.


name: 3',5'-nucleotide bisphosphate phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 3',5'-nucleoside bisphosphate + H20 = 5'-nucleoside monophosphate + phosphate.


Asi complex

description: A nuclear ubiquitin ligase multiprotein complex located in the inner nuclear membrane (INM) that recognizes and ubiquitinates misfolded INM proteins and also some proteins involved in sterol biosynthesis, during ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). In S. cerevisiae, this complex contains the ubiquitin ligases Asi1p and Asi3p.


SCF-Cdc4 ubiquitin ligase complex

description: An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Cdc4 in S. cerevisiae.


SCF-Ctf13 ubiquitin ligase complex

description: An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Ctf13 in S. cerevisiae.


SCF-Das1 ubiquitin ligase complex

description: An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Das1 in S. cerevisiae.


SCF-Dia2/Pof3 ubiquitin ligase complex

description: An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Dia2 in S. cerevisiae (Pof3 in S. pombe).


SCF-Grr1/Pof2 ubiquitin ligase complex

description: An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Grr1 in S. cerevisiae (Pof2 in S. pombe).


SCF-Mdm30 ubiquitin ligase complex

description: An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Mdm30 in S. cerevisiae.


SCF-Met30/Pof1 ubiquitin ligase complex

description: An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Met30 in S. cerevisiae (Pof1 in S pombe).


SCF-Rcy1/Pof6 ubiquitin ligase complex

description: An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Rcy1 in S. cerevisiae (Pof6 in S. pombe).


SCF-Saf1/Pof9 ubiquitin ligase complex

description: An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Saf1 in S. cerevisiae (Pof9 in S. pombe).


SCF-Skp2 ubiquitin ligase complex

description: An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Skp2 in S. cerevisiae.


SCF-Ufo1/Pof10 ubiquitin ligase complex

description: An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Ufo1 in S. cerevisiae (Pof10 in S. pombe).


SCF-YDR131C ubiquitin ligase complex

description: An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is YDR131C in S. cerevisiae.


SCF-Pof5 ubiquitin ligase complex

description: An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Pof5 in S. pombe (YDR306C in S. cerevisiae).


SCF-Ucc1 ubiquitin ligase complex

description: An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is YLR224W in S. cerevisiae.


SCF-YLR352W ubiquitin ligase complex

description: An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is YLR352W in S. cerevisiae.


SCF-Hrt3/Pof7 ubiquitin ligase complex

description: An SCF ubiquitin ligase complex in which the F-box protein is Hrt3 in S. cerevisiae (Pof7 in S. pombe).


STAT family protein binding

description: Binding to a member of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) protein family. STATs are, as the name indicates, both signal transducers and transcription factors. STATs are activated by cytokines and some growth factors and thus control important biological processes including cell growth, cell differentiation, apoptosis and immune responses.


SOCS family protein binding

description: Binding to a member of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of proteins. SOCS represent an important mechanism to extinguish cytokine and growth factor receptor signaling. Individual SOCS proteins are typically induced by specific cytokines and growth factors, thereby generating a negative feedback loop. SOCS proteins have important functions in development and homeostasis, and in disease, particularly tumor suppression and anti-inflammatory functions.


name: double-strand break repair via classical nonhomologous end joining

description: An instance of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining that requires a number of factors important for V(D)J recombination, including the KU70/80 heterodimer (KU), XRCC4, ligase IV, and DNA-PKcs in mammals. It does not produce translocations (as opposed to the alternative nonhomologous end joining).


name: double-strand break repair via alternative nonhomologous end joining

description: An instance of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining that is independent of factors important for V(D)J recombination (as opposed to classical nonhomologous end joining). It often results in a deletion with microhomology (i.e. 5-25bp homology) at the repair junction. Among different subclasses of nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), alternative NHEJ appears to play a significant role in the etiology of mutations that arise during cancer development and treatment.


name: intracellularly phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate-gated monatomic cation channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of cations by a channel that opens when phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


dinoflagellate apex

description: The anterior most point of a dinoflagellate epicone.


dinoflagellate antapex

description: The anterior most point of a dinoflagellate hypocone.


dinoflagellate apical groove

description: A cell surface furrow (or groove) found on a dinoflagellate apex. It typically loops around the apex.


dinoflagellate apical horn

description: A horn-shaped dinoflagellate apex found in thecate species.


dinoflagellate antapical horn

description: A horn-shaped dinoflagellate antapex found in thecate species.


glutamate receptor clustering

description: The neurotransmitter-gated ion channel clustering process in which glutamate receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


name: iron ion transmembrane transporter inhibitor activity

description: Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of an iron ion transmembrane transporter.


bacterial extracellular vesicle

description: Small membrane vesicle (< 1 um) that buds off a prokaryotic cell plasma membrane, able to carry proteins, phospholipids, lipopolysaccharides, nucleic acids, viruses, and more. Important in intercellular communication and pathogenesis; can exist within host cells.


ocelloid

description: Eye-like subcellular structure found in dinoflagellates (a large group of single-celled eukaryotes). Consists of subcellular analogues to a cornea, lens, iris, and retina. Ocelloids are built from pre-existing organelles, including a cornea-like layer made of mitochondria and a retinal body made of anastomosing plastids.


name: establishment of RNA localization to telomere

description: The directed movement of RNA to a specific location in the telomeric region of a chromosome.


name: establishment of protein-containing complex localization to telomere

description: The directed movement of a protein-containing macromolecular complex to a specific location in the telomeric region of a chromosome.


name: cell surface receptor signaling pathway via STAT

description: An intracellular signal transduction process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The STAT cascade begins with receptor activation followed by activation of STAT proteins by kinases. It proceeds through STA dimerization and subsequent nuclear translocation of STAT proteins, and ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 5-carboxymethoxyuridine34 in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = 5-methoxycarbonylmethoxyuridine34 in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


name: telomere maintenance via base-excision repair

description: A telomere maintenance process that occurs by base-excision repair of telomeric DNA in response to DNA damage. Telomeric sequences are particularly susceptible to oxidative DNA damage, due to their G-rich nature.


name: vascular endothelial cell response to fluid shear stress

description: Any response to fluid shear stress in a vascular endothelial cell.


name: vascular endothelial cell response to laminar fluid shear stress

description: Any response to laminar fluid shear stress in a vascular endothelial cell.


name: response to pulsatile fluid shear stress

description: Any response to fluid shear stress where the fluid is flowing across a solid surface with periodic variations. For example, the endothelium in straight parts of the artery tree is subjected to pulsatile shear stress with a significant forward direction, which is believed to be an important physiological stimulus enhancing vessel compliance and conferring anti-thrombotic, anti-adhesive, and anti-inflammatory effects.


name: response to oscillatory fluid shear stress

description: Any response to fluid shear stress where the fluid is moving across a solid surface with an oscillatory flow. Disturbed flow patterns at the arterial bifurcations and curvatures may cause endothelial dysfunction, which initiates atherosclerosis.


name: cellular response to pulsatile fluid shear stress

description: Any response to pulsatile fluid shear stress that occurs at the level of a cell.


name: cellular response to oscillatory fluid shear stress

description: Any response to oscillatory fluid shear stress that occurs at the level of a cell.


name: vascular endothelial cell response to pulsatile fluid shear stress

description: Any response to pulsatile fluid shear stress that occurs in a vascular endothelial cell.


name: vascular endothelial cell response to oscillatory fluid shear stress

description: Any response to oscillatory fluid shear stress that occurs in a vascular endothelial cell.


ferroptosis

description: A programmed cell death characterized morphologically by the presence of smaller than normal mitochondria with condensed mitochondrial membrane densities, reduction or vanishing of mitochondria crista, and outer mitochondrial membrane rupture. Activation of mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channels and mitogen-activated protein kinases, upregulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inhibition of cystine/glutamate antiporter are involved in the induction of ferroptosis. This process is characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products and lethal reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from iron metabolism. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), heat shock protein beta-1, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 function as negative regulators of ferroptosis by limiting ROS production and reducing cellular iron uptake, respectively. In contrast, NADPH oxidase and p53 act as positive regulators of ferroptosis by promotion of ROS production and inhibition of expression of SLC7A11 (a specific light-chain subunit of the cystine/glutamate antiporter), respectively. Misregulated ferroptosis has been implicated in multiple physiological and pathological processes.


intracellular vesicle

description: Any vesicle that is part of the intracellular region.


connective tissue replacement

description: The series of events leading to growth of connective tissue when loss of tissues that are incapable of regeneration occurs, or when fibrinous exudate cannot be adequately cleared.


viral terminase, small subunit

description: The part of the viral terminase complex that acts as a phage DNA-recognition component and regulates the activity of the large subunit. The small subunit usually assembles as a heterooligomer with the large subunit.


name: ciliary basal body-plasma membrane docking

description: The docking of a cytosolic centriole/basal body to the plasma membrane via the ciliary transition fibers. In some species this may happen via an intermediate step, by first docking to the ciliary vesicle via the ciliary transition fibers. The basal body-ciliary vesicle then relocates to the plasma membrane, followed by the ciliary vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane, effectively attaching the basal body to the plasma membrane.


name: vesicle targeting, trans-Golgi to periciliary membrane compartment

description: The process in which vesicles formed at the trans-Golgi network are directed to the plasma membrane surrounding the base of the cilium, including the ciliary pocket, mediated by molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces.


name: dolichol-phosphate-mannose synthase regulator activity

description: Binds to and modulates the activity of dolichol-phosphate-mannose synthase.


response to viscosity

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a viscosity stimulus.


cellular response to viscosity

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a viscosity stimulus.


name: copper ion transport across blood-brain barrier

description: The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions passing through the blood-brain barrier.


name: copper ion transport across blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier

description: The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions passing through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.


disordered domain specific binding

description: Binding to a disordered domain of a protein.


neural tissue regeneration

description: The regrowth of neural tissue following its loss or destruction.


calcineurin-mediated signaling

description: Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell by activation of a transcription factor as a consequence of dephosphorylation by Ca(2+)-activated calcineurin. The process begins with calcium-dependent activation of the phosphatase calcineurin. Calcineurin is a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase with a conserved function in eukaryotic species from yeast to humans. In yeast and fungi, calcineurin regulates stress signaling and cell cycle, and sporulation and virulence in pathogenic fungi. In metazoans, calcineurin is involved in cell commitment, organogenesis and organ development and immune function of T-lymphocytes. By a conserved mechanism, calcineurin phosphatase activates fungal Crz1 and mammalian NFATc by dephosphorylation and translocation of these transcription factors to the nucleus to regulate gene expression.


ciliary vesicle

description: A Golgi-derived vesicle to which the ciliary basal body docks via its transitional fibers. Its membrane is compositionally distinct from Golgi membranes, and will become the ciliary membrane once the ciliary vesicle is fused to the plasma membrane. The ciliary vesicle is thought to be formed by multiple smaller vesicles that attach to the transitional fibers and then fuse to form a larger vesicle.


sperm motility

description: Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell.


amoeboid sperm motility

description: Any process involved in the controlled movement of an amoeboid sperm cell.


LEM domain binding

description: Binding to a LEM domain. The LEM domain (for lamina-associated polypeptide, emerin, MAN1 domain) is present in a group of nuclear proteins that bind chromatin through interaction of the LEM motif with the conserved DNA crosslinking protein, barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF).


blepharoplast

description: An intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle found in multi-ciliated sperm cells of some primitive land plants, and consisting of many radially arranged ninefold symmetric cylinders. The blepharoplast is involved in de novo formation of multiple centrioles; it enlarges and then disintegrates into many procentrioles, which elongate and ultimately nucleate cilia on the surface of the sperm cell.


9+0 motile cilium

description: A motile cilium where the axoneme has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets but no central microtubules (and is therefore called a 9+0 axoneme).


9+2 motile cilium

description: A motile cilium where the axoneme has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets plus two central microtubules (and is therefore called a 9+2 axoneme).


non-motile cilium

description: A cilium which may have a variable array of axonemal microtubules but does not contain molecular motors.


9+0 non-motile cilium

description: A non-motile cilium where the axoneme has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets but no central microtubules (and is therefore called a 9+0 axoneme).


9+2 non-motile cilium

description: A non-motile cilium where the axoneme has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets plus two central microtubules (and is therefore called a 9+2 axoneme).


photoreceptor cell cilium

description: A specialised 9+0 non-motile cilium found in photoreceptor cells. A ciliary transition zone called 'photoreceptor connecting cilium' links the photoreceptor outer segment to the inner segment.


extracellular exosome biogenesis

description: The assembly and secretion of an extracellular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane.


DIM/DIP cell wall layer

description: A section of the Actinobacterium-type cell wall composed of (phenyl)phthiocerol, phthiodiolone, phthiotriol dimycocerosate, diphthioceranate and other compounds.


aerial mycelium formation

description: The process by which hyphae grow in an upward or outward direction from the surface of the substrate; from there, propagative spores develop in or on characteristic structures that are distinctive of some fungal and bacterial species. The species that form an aerial mycelium develop conidiophores at the ends of the aerial hyphae.


name: acquisition of mycelium reproductive competence

description: A maturation process by which an organism acquires the ability to reproduce. In fungi, reproductive competence only occurs in a population of filamentous cells that form a mycelium.


substrate mycelium formation

description: The process by which, in some fungal species, hyphae grow as a network of invasive thread-like filaments formed from chains of attached cells within a solid or semi-solid substrate.


name: negative regulation of ferrichrome biosynthetic process in response to iron

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of ferrichrome biosynthetic process in response to an iron stimulus.


paraflagellar rod

description: A large lattice-like axial structure found in some flagellated protists which extends alongside the axoneme. Protein components of the paraflagellar rod are likely implicated, among other, in adenine nucleotide signaling and metabolism, and in calcium signaling.


mastigoneme

description: A hair-like structure covering the flagella found in some algae (heterokonts and cryptophytes). It is approximately 15 nm in diameter, and usually consist of a tubular shaft that itself terminates in smaller hairs. It is composed of glycoproteins and, likely, carbohydrates. Mastigonemes may assist in locomotion by increasing the surface area of a flagellum.


de novo centriole assembly

description: Centriole assembly in which a centriole arises de novo, rather than by replication from an existing centriole. This process may occur via different mechanisms. Examples include the deuterosome pathway in multicilated epithelial animal cells and formation of centrioles during parthenogenesis in some insects.


name: de novo centriole assembly via blepharoplast

description: A de novo centriole assembly process observed in multi-ciliated sperm cells of some primitive land plants, and where centrioles are formed from a blepharoplast, ultimately giving rise to multiple cilia on the sperm surface.