description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the horsetail-astral array, a structure of astral microtubules that emanates from the spindle pole body during meiosis.


sequestering of zinc ion

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The process of binding or confining zinc ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.


name: ascospore-type prospore membrane formation

description: The process in which the nascent membrane forms at the meiotic outer plaque and grows until closure occurs and forespores, or prospores, are formed.


name: meiotic attachment of telomeric heterochromatin to spindle pole body

description: The meiotic cell cycle process in which physical connections are formed between telomeric heterochromatin and the spindle pole body, facilitating bouquet formation.


oral apparatus organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the oral apparatus. The oral apparatus is a funnel-like structure used by the cell to collect food and channel it to the cytostome, characteristic of ciliate protozoans.


deep fiber

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Inward projections of the cytoskeletal structures of the oral apparatus, which form a fiber that extends past the cytostome into the cytoplasm.


macronucleus organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the macronucleus.


micronucleus organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the micronucleus.


eisosome

description: A cell part that is composed of the eisosome membrane or MCC domain, a furrow-like plasma membrane sub-domain and associated integral transmembrane proteins, and the proteins (eisosome filaments) that form a scaffolding lattice on the cytoplasmic face. Eisosomes broadly affect overall plasma membrane organization.


dense core granule membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a dense core granule.


histone H3K9 deacetylase activity

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Catalysis of the reaction: histone H3 N6-acetyl-L-lysine (position 9) + H2O = histone H3 L-lysine (position 9) + acetate. This reaction represents the removal of an acetyl group from lysine at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.


medial membrane band assembly

description: The assembly of a sterol-rich region of the plasma membrane at the cell surface overlying the contractile ring.


alkylated DNA binding

description: Binding to an alkylated residue in DNA.


O6-alkylguanine-DNA binding

description: Binding to an O6-alkylguanine adduct in DNA.


chromosome passenger complex

description: A eukaryotically conserved protein complex that localizes to kinetochores in early mitosis, the spindle mid-zone in anaphase B and to the telophase midbody. It has been proposed that the passenger complex coordinates various events based on its location to different structures during the course of mitosis. Complex members include the BIR-domain-containing protein Survivin, Aurora kinase, INCENP and Borealin.


DNA insertion or deletion binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing an insertion or a deletion.


adenine/cytosine mispair binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing an A/C mispair.


guanine/thymine mispair binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a G/T mispair.


name: single base insertion or deletion binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a single base insertion or deletion.


name: dinucleotide insertion or deletion binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a dinucleotide insertion or deletion.


single adenine insertion binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a single adenine insertion or a deletion that results in an unpaired adenine.


single cytosine insertion binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a single cytosine insertion or a deletion that results in an unpaired cytosine.


single guanine insertion binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a single guanine insertion or a deletion that results in an unpaired guanine.


single thymine insertion binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a single thymine insertion or a deletion that results in an unpaired thymine.


4-aminobutyrate transaminase complex

description: A homodimeric protein complex that possesses 4-aminobutyrate transaminase activity.


description: Binding to succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase.


activation of protein kinase activity

description: Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive protein kinase.


activation of protein kinase B activity

description: Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase B.


response to rhamnose

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a rhamnose stimulus.


name: ubiquinone biosynthetic process from chorismate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, beginning with the conversion of chorismate to 4-hydroxybenzoate.


mitotic septin complex

description: A heterooligomeric septin complex that acts during mitotic cell division.


meiotic septin complex

description: A heterooligomeric septin complex that acts during meiotic cell division.


cell division site

description: The eventual plane of cell division (also known as cell cleavage or cytokinesis) in a dividing cell. In Eukaryotes, the cleavage apparatus, composed of septin structures and the actomyosin contractile ring, forms along this plane, and the mitotic, or meiotic, spindle is aligned perpendicular to the division plane. In bacteria, the cell division site is generally located at mid-cell and is the site at which the cytoskeletal structure, the Z-ring, assembles.


cleavage furrow

description: The cleavage furrow is a plasma membrane invagination at the cell division site. The cleavage furrow begins as a shallow groove and eventually deepens to divide the cytoplasm.


septin cytoskeleton

description: The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of septins and associated proteins. Includes septin cytoskeleton-associated complexes.


prospore contractile ring

description: A contractile ring, i.e. a cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin, that forms beneath the plasma membrane of the prospore envelope in meiotic cells in preparation for completing cytokinesis.


septin band

description: A diffuse ring composed of a series of septin bars that run parallel to the long axis of the cell. This type of septin structure has been observed in a number of locations associated with polarized grown and/or deposition of new membrane, but not with cytokinesis, such as at the shmoo (mating projection) neck, at the junction between the mother cell and the germ tube (hypha) of a fungal cell growing filamentously.


septin cap

description: A faint structure formed of septins found at the leading edge of growth in germ tubes and hyphae in fungal cells growing filamentously. This cap of septins colocalizes with a region of the plasma membrane that is rich in ergosterol.


septin filament array

description: Arrays of septin filaments, or bars, found in a series of filamentous structures. Such structures have been observed in the prospore membrane during spore formation in S. cerevisiae and in the chlamydospore membrane during chlamydospore formation in C. albicans.


cleavage apparatus septin structure

description: Any of a series of structures composed of septins and septin-associated proteins localized to the cleavage plane which are involved in cytokinesis.


mating projection septin band

description: A septin band, i.e. a diffuse ring composed of a series of septin bars running parallel to the long axis of the cell, located at the neck of a shmoo (mating projection).


hyphal septin band

description: A septin band, i.e. a diffuse ring composed of a series of septin bars running parallel to the long axis of the cell, located at the junction between the mother cell and the germ tube (hypha) of a fungal cell growing filamentously.


hyphal septin cap

description: A faint structure formed of septins found at the leading edge of growth in hyphae of fungal cells growing filamentously. This cap of septins colocalizes with a region of the plasma membrane that is rich in ergosterol.


prospore septin filament array

description: Arrays of septin filaments, or bars, found in a series of filamentous structures; observed in the prospore membrane during spore formation.


chlamydospore septin filament array

description: Arrays of septin filaments, or bars, found in a series of filamentous structures. Observed in the chlamydospore membrane during chlamydospore formation.


hyphal septin ring

description: A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane within hyphae of filamentous fungi at sites where a septum will form; composed of septins as well as septin-associated proteins.


prospore septin ring

description: A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane at the site of cytokinesis in a prospore; composed of septins as well as septin-associated proteins.


pseudohyphal septin ring

description: A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane at the junction between the mother cell and a pseudohyphal projection; composed of septins as well as septin-associated proteins.


germ tube septin cap

description: A faint structure formed of septins found at the leading edge of growth in germ tubes of fungal cells growing filamentously. This cap of septins colocalizes with a region of the plasma membrane that is rich in ergosterol.


germ tube septin ring

description: A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane within the germ tube of filamentous fungi at sites where a septum will form; composed of septins as well as septin-associated proteins.


septin collar

description: A tubular, hourglass-shaped structure composed of highly ordered arrays of septin filaments; in budding yeast cells, the septin collar forms from the initial septin ring by expanding into the daughter cell.


cellular bud neck septin collar

description: A tubular structure with flared ends, shaped like an hourglass and composed of highly ordered arrays of septin filaments, that forms at the bud neck of a dividing cell. In S. cerevisiae, this structure is located at the bud neck throughout most of the cell cycle and the septins are fixed within the structure, not exchanging with soluble septins. This septin structure acts as a scaffold for other proteins that function at the bud neck.


mating projection septin ring

description: A septin ring, i.e. a ring-shaped structure composed of septins and septin-associated proteins, located at the neck of a shmoo (mating projection). The septin ring in the neck of a shmoo may act as a barrier to localize mating factors in the shmoo tip.


split septin rings

description: A pair of rings that flank the site of cell division, formed by splitting of the septin ring (or collar) prior to cytokinesis; this double ring structure is thought to trap proteins needed for cytokinesis or the formation of the new membrane or cell wall between the two septin rings. Split septin rings are known to occur in budding yeast cells and probably occur in other cell types as well.


cellular bud neck split septin rings

description: Two separate septin rings that are formed from the septin collar at the time of cytokinesis in cells that divide by budding. These two rings are thought to delineate a special compartment in which factors involved in cytokinesis are concentrated.


medial membrane band

description: A sterol-rich region of the plasma membrane which forms at the cell surface overlying the contractile ring and spreads into the invaginating plasma membrane surrounding the septum.


germ tube

description: The slender tubular outgrowth first produced by most spores in germination.


name: ubiquinone biosynthetic process from tyrosine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, beginning with the conversion of tyrosine to 4-hydroxybenzoate.


dinucleotide repeat insertion binding

description: Binding to a double-stranded DNA region containing a dinucleotide repeat insertion or a deletion resulting in unpaired dinucleotide repeats.


ubiquitin-like protein binding

description: Binding to a small conjugating protein such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein.


SUMO binding

description: Binding to the small ubiquitin-like protein SUMO.


SUMO polymer binding

description: Binding to a polymer of the small ubiquitin-like protein SUMO.


septin cytoskeleton organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising septin complexes and their associated proteins.


name: cellular bud neck septin ring organization

description: Control of the formation, spatial distribution, and breakdown of a septin ring located at the bud neck.


acrosin binding

description: Binding to acrosin, a protein that is found in the acrosomes of sperm and possesses protease and carbohydrate binding activities.


name: ubiquinone biosynthetic process via 2-polyprenylphenol

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, via the intermediates 2-polyprenylphenol and 2-polyprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol.


name: ubiquinone biosynthetic process via 3,4-dihydroxy-5-polyprenylbenzoate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, via the intermediates 3,4-dihydroxy-5-polyprenylbenzoate and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-polyprenylbenzoate.


post-lysosomal vacuole

description: A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed late in the endocytic pathway when the pH in the vacuole becomes neutral prior to exocytosis.


transposition

description: Any process involved in mediating the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites. For elements that are transcribed as the first step of transposition, the process starts with the transcription of the transposable element, its translation and maturation, and ending with integration into DNA. For elements that are cut out, the process starts with the excision of the donor DNA and integrated into another site.


retrotransposition

description: A type of transposition in which a transposable element (transposon) copies and pastes itself into a different genomic location by transcription and convertsion of the transcribed RNA back into DNA through reverse transcription.


telomere organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of telomeres, terminal regions of a linear chromosome that include the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.


name: telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication

description: The process in which telomeric DNA is synthesized semi-conservatively by the conventional replication machinery and telomeric accessory factors as part of cell cycle DNA replication.


telomere assembly

description: A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a telomere at a non-telomeric double-stranded DNA end. A telomere is a terminal region of a linear chromosome that includes telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.


telomere formation via telomerase

description: A cellular process that results in the formation of a telomere at a non-telomeric double-stranded DNA end that involves the activity of a telomerase enzyme.


regulation of telomere maintenance

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.


name: negative regulation of telomere maintenance

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.


name: positive regulation of telomere maintenance

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.


name: regulation of telomere maintenance via recombination

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a recombinational process involved in the maintenance of proper telomeric length.


name: negative regulation of telomere maintenance via recombination

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a recombinational process involved in the maintenance of proper telomeric length.


name: positive regulation of telomere maintenance via recombination

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a recombinational process involved in the maintenance of proper telomeric length.


name: regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.


name: negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.


name: positive regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.


name: regulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the semi-conservative replication of telomeric DNA.


name: negative regulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the semi-conservative replication of telomeric DNA.


name: positive regulation of telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the semi-conservative replication of telomeric DNA.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: glucosaminyl-phosphatidylinositol + fatty acyl-CoA = glucosaminyl-acyl-phasphotidylinositol + CoA.


name: riboflavin transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of riboflavin from one side of a membrane to the other. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin, converted in the cell to FMN and FAD, cofactors required for the function of flavoproteins.


riboflavin transport

description: The directed movement of riboflavin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin, converted in the cell to FMN and FAD, cofactors required for the function of flavoproteins.


name: cell wall macromolecule catabolic process involved in cytogamy

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of macromolecules forming part of a cell wall that contribute to cytogamy.


name: plasma membrane fusion involved in cytogamy

description: The joining of two or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround cells, that contributes to cytogamy.


Rpd3S complex

description: A eukaryotically conserved histone deacetylase complex which deacetylates histones across gene coding regions. Composed of a catalytic histone deacetylase subunit, a chromodomain protein, a SIN3 family co-repressor, and a WD repeat protein (Clr6p, Alp13p, Pst2p, and Prw1p respectively in Schizosaccharomyces; Rpd3p, Sin3p, Ume1p, Rco1p and Eaf3 in Saccharomyces; homologs thereof in other species).


name: regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.


name: negative regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.


name: positive regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.


name: regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.


name: positive regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.


name: negative regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.


name: regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).


name: negative regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).


name: positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).


name: regulation of actin filament bundle assembly

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.


name: negative regulation of actin filament bundle assembly

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.


name: positive regulation of actin filament bundle assembly

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.


name: activation of store-operated calcium channel activity

description: A process that initiates the activity of an inactive store-operated calcium channel.


adenosine transport

description: The directed movement of adenosine, adenine riboside, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


name: regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


name: negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


name: positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of nucleoside transport

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


name: negative regulation of nucleoside transport

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


name: positive regulation of nucleoside transport

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


name: regulation of purine nucleoside transport

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a purine nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


name: regulation of pyrimidine nucleoside transport

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a pyrimidine nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


name: negative regulation of purine nucleoside transport

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a purine nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


name: positive regulation of purine nucleoside transport

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a purine nucleoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of adenosine transport

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of adenosine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


name: negative regulation of adenosine transport

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of adenosine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


name: positive regulation of adenosine transport

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of adenosine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


secretory granule localization

description: Any process in which a secretory granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


dense core granule localization

description: Any process in which a dense core granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


name: establishment of secretory granule localization

description: The directed movement of a secretory granule to a specific location.


name: maintenance of secretory granule location

description: Any process in which a secretory granule is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.


name: establishment of dense core granule localization

description: The directed movement of a dense core granule to a specific location.


name: maintenance of dense core granule location

description: Any process in which a dense core granule is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.


name: cytoplasm to vacuole targeting by the Cvt pathway

description: A cytoplasm to vacuole targeting pathway that uses machinery common with autophagy. The Cvt vesicle is formed when the receptor protein, Atg19, binds to the complexes of the target protein (aminopeptidase or alpha-mannosidase homododecamers), forming the Cvt complex. Atg11 binds to Atg9 and transports the Cvt complex to the pre-autophagosome (PAS). The phagophore membrane expands around the Cvt complex (excluding bulk cytoplasm) forming the Cvt vesicle. This pathway is mostly observed in yeast.


methylation

description: The process in which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule.


name: response to jasmonic acid stimulus involved in jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a jasmonic acid stimulus received in the context of the jasmonic acid- and ethylene (ethene)-dependent process that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease in response to wounding or a pathogen.


purine nucleotide salvage

description: Any process which produces a purine nucleotide from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


pyrimidine nucleotide salvage

description: Any process which produces a pyrimidine nucleotide from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


GMP salvage

description: Any process which produces guanosine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


IMP salvage

description: Any process which produces inosine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


XMP salvage

description: Any process which produces xanthosine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


description: Binding to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, a derivative of phosphatidylinositol in which the inositol ring is phosphorylated at the 3' position.


tRNA(Ile)-lysidine synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the ligation of lysine onto the cytidine residue present at the wobble position (usually position 34) of an AUA-specific isoleucine tRNA, to form the derivative lysidine. This modification converts both the codon specificity of tRNA(Ile) from AUG to AUA and its amino acid specificity from methionine to isoleucine.


regulation of protein polymerization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.


name: negative regulation of protein polymerization

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.


name: positive regulation of protein polymerization

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.


gonadotropin secretion

description: The regulated release of a gonadotropin, any hormone that stimulates the gonads, especially follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.


luteinizing hormone secretion

description: The regulated release of luteinizing hormone, a gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary.


regulation of gonadotropin secretion

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a gonadotropin.


name: negative regulation of gonadotropin secretion

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a gonadotropin.


name: positive regulation of gonadotropin secretion

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a gonadotropin.


asymmetric synapse

description: A type of synapse occurring between an axon and a dendritic spine or dendritic shaft. Asymmetric synapses, the most abundant synapse type in the central nervous system, involve axons that contain predominantly spherical vesicles and contain a thickened postsynaptic density. Most or all synapses of this type are excitatory.


symmetric synapse

description: A synapse that lacks an electron dense postsynaptic specialization. In vertebtrates, these occur primarily on dendrite shafts and neuronal cell bodies and involve persynapses containing clusters of predominantly flattened or elongated vesicles and are typically inhibitory.


AMPA glutamate receptor complex

description: An assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex. The AMPA receptors mediate fast synaptic transmission in the CNS and are composed of subunits GluR1-4, products from separate genes. These subunits have an extracellular N-terminus and an intracellular C-terminus.


plastid acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex

description: An acetyl-CoA carboxylase complex located in the stroma of a plastid.


plastid acetate CoA-transferase complex

description: An acetate CoA-transferase complex located in the stroma of a plastid.


non-myelinated axon ensheathment

description: The process in which a non-myelinating glial cell membrane closes around an axon.


name: central nervous system myelin maintenance

description: The process in which the structure and material content of mature central nervous system myelin is kept in a functional state.


name: peripheral nervous system myelin maintenance

description: The process in which the structure and material content of mature peripheral nervous system myelin is kept in a functional state.


myelin assembly

description: The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon in the central or peripheral nervous system.


central nervous system myelin formation

description: The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon by an oligodendrocyte in the central nervous system.


name: peripheral nervous system myelin formation

description: The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system.


name: axon ensheathment in central nervous system

description: The process in which a glial cell membrane closes around an axon in the central nervous system. This can be a myelinating or a non-myelinating neuron-glial interaction.


name: peripheral nervous system axon ensheathment

description: The process in which a Schwann cell membrane closes around an axon in the peripheral nervous system. This can be a myelinating or a non-myelinating neuron-glial interaction.


name: non-myelinated axon ensheathment in central nervous system

description: The process in which a non-myelinating glial cell membrane encircles an axon in the central nervous system.


name: peripheral nervous system non-myelinated axon ensheathment

description: The process in which a non-myelinating Schwann cell membrane encircles an axon in the peripheral nervous system. A single non-myelinating Schwann cell will typically associate with multiple axons.


ensheathment of neuronal cell bodies

description: The process in which satellite glial cells isolate neuronal cell bodies.


name: double-stranded RNA-specific ribonuclease activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in double-stranded RNA molecules.


name: negative regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication initiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA-dependent DNA replication.


name: positive regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication initiation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA-dependent DNA replication.


ribonuclease H2 complex

description: A protein complex that possesses ribonuclease H activity, in which the catalytic subunit is a member of the RNase H2 (or HII) class. For example, in Saccharomyces the complex contains Rnh201p, Rnh202p and Rnh203p.


mismatch repair complex

description: Any complex formed of proteins that act in mismatch repair.


MutSalpha complex

description: A heterodimer involved in the recognition and repair of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MSH2 and MSH6.


MutSbeta complex

description: A heterodimer involved in binding to and correcting insertion/deletion mutations. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MSH2 and MSH3.


regulation of icosanoid secretion

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of an icosanoid from a cell.


name: negative regulation of icosanoid secretion

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of an icosanoid from a cell.


name: positive regulation of icosanoid secretion

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of an icosanoid from a cell.


regulation of prostaglandin secretion

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a prostaglandin from a cell.


name: negative regulation of prostaglandin secretion

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a prostaglandin from a cell.


name: positive regulation of prostaglandin secretion

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a prostaglandin from a cell.


icosanoid secretion

description: The controlled release of icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids from a cell or a tissue.


prostaglandin secretion

description: The regulated release of a prostaglandin, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring, from a cell or a tissue.


angiogenin-PRI complex

description: A stable heterodimer of angiogenin and placental ribonuclease inhibitor; interaction between angiogenin and PRI prevents angiogenin binding to its receptor to stimulate angiogenesis.


ubiquinone catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.


lipoate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipoate.


name: molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.


name: molybdopterin cofactor catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the molybdopterin cofactor (Moco), essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes, e.g. sulfite oxidase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and aldehyde oxidase. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo-molybdopterin) or tungsten ion (W-molybdopterin) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.


name: Mo-molybdopterin cofactor catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the Mo-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo) ion coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.


name: W-molybdopterin cofactor catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the W-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear tungsten ion (W) coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.


alanine transport

description: The directed movement of alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


serine transport

description: The directed movement of L-serine, 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


name: regulation of chondrocyte differentiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.


name: negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.


name: positive regulation of chondrocyte differentiation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.


activin secretion

description: The regulated release of activin, a nonsteroidal regulator composed of two covalently linked beta subunits, which is synthesized in the pituitary gland and gonads and stimulates the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone.


inhibin secretion

description: The regulated release of an inhibin, either of two glycoproteins (designated A and B), secreted by the gonads and present in seminal plasma and follicular fluid, that inhibit pituitary production of follicle-stimulating hormone.


regulation of activin secretion

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of activin from a cell.


name: negative regulation of activin secretion

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of activin from a cell.


name: positive regulation of activin secretion

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of activin from a cell.


regulation of inhibin secretion

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of inhibin from a cell.


name: negative regulation of inhibin secretion

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of inhibin from a cell.


name: positive regulation of inhibin secretion

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of inhibin from a cell.


aldosterone metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone, a corticosteroid hormone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance.


aldosterone biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone, a corticosteroid hormone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance.


aldosterone catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aldosterone, a corticosteroid hormone that is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance.


name: regulation of aldosterone metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone.


name: negative regulation of aldosterone metabolic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone.


name: positive regulation of aldosterone metabolic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone.


name: regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone.


name: negative regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone.


name: positive regulation of aldosterone biosynthetic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldosterone.


regulation of hormone metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.


name: negative regulation of hormone metabolic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.


name: positive regulation of hormone metabolic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.


name: negative regulation of hormone biosynthetic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones.


name: response to follicle-stimulating hormone

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus.


response to estradiol

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.


oxidized DNA binding

description: Binding to a DNA region containing an oxidized residue.


oxidized purine DNA binding

description: Binding to a DNA region containing an oxidized purine residue.


oxidized pyrimidine DNA binding

description: Binding to a DNA region containing an oxidized pyrimidine residue.


provirus excision

description: The molecular events that lead to the excision of a viral genome from the host genome.


pyridoxal phosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal phosphorylated at the hydroxymethyl group of C-5, the active form of vitamin B6.


FMN catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of FMN, riboflavin 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate), a coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH dehydrogenase.


intracellular oxygen homeostasis

description: A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of oxygen within a cell.


intracellular lipid transport

description: The directed movement of lipids within cells.


intracellular sterol transport

description: The directed movement of sterols within cells.


intracellular cholesterol transport

description: The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, within cells.


regulation of lipid transport

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


negative regulation of lipid transport

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


positive regulation of lipid transport

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of sterol transport

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


negative regulation of sterol transport

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


positive regulation of sterol transport

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


regulation of cholesterol transport

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


name: negative regulation of cholesterol transport

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


name: positive regulation of cholesterol transport

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


name: regulation of intracellular lipid transport

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.


name: negative regulation of intracellular lipid transport

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.


name: positive regulation of intracellular lipid transport

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.


name: regulation of intracellular sterol transport

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols within cells.


name: negative regulation of intracellular sterol transport

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols within cells.


name: positive regulation of intracellular sterol transport

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols within cells.


name: regulation of intracellular cholesterol transport

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol within cells.


name: negative regulation of intracellular cholesterol transport

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol within cells.


name: positive regulation of intracellular cholesterol transport

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of cholesterol within cells.


regulation of intracellular transport

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.


name: negative regulation of intracellular transport

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.


name: positive regulation of intracellular transport

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.


MutLalpha complex

description: A heterodimer involved in the recognition of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MLH1 and PMS2.


MutLbeta complex

description: A heterodimer involved in the recognition of base-base and small insertion/deletion mismatches. In human the complex consists of two subunits, MLH1 and PMS1.


photoreceptor connecting cilium

description: The portion of the photoreceptor cell cilium linking the photoreceptor inner and outer segments. It's considered to be equivalent to the ciliary transition zone.


DNA geometric change

description: The process in which a transformation is induced in the geometry of a DNA double helix, resulting in a change in twist, writhe, or both, but with no change in linking number. Includes the unwinding of double-stranded DNA by helicases.


MHC class I receptor activity

description: Combining with an MHC class I protein complex to initiate a change in cellular activity. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.


MHC class Ib receptor activity

description: Combining with an MHC class Ib protein complex and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families.


MHC class II receptor activity

description: Combining with an MHC class II protein complex and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


name: inhibitory MHC class I receptor activity

description: Combining with a MHC class I protein complex to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte.


name: activating MHC class I receptor activity

description: Combining with a MHC class I protein complex to mediate signaling that activates a lymphocyte.


MHC class Ib protein complex

description: A transmembrane protein complex composed of a MHC class Ib alpha chain and, in most cases, an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide or lipid antigen. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families.


HECT domain binding

description: Binding to a HECT, 'Homologous to the E6-AP Carboxy-Terminus', domain of a protein.


melanosome localization

description: Any process in which a melanosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.


name: establishment of melanosome localization

description: The directed movement of a melanosome to a specific location.


melanosome transport

description: The directed movement of melanosomes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


mismatch repair complex binding

description: Binding to a mismatch repair complex.


MutLalpha complex binding

description: Binding to a MutLalpha mismatch repair complex.


MutLbeta complex binding

description: Binding to a MutLbeta mismatch repair complex.


MutSalpha complex binding

description: Binding to a MutSalpha mismatch repair complex.


MutSbeta complex binding

description: Binding to a MutSbeta mismatch repair complex.


regulation of transporter activity

description: Any process that modulates the activity of a transporter.


name: negative regulation of transporter activity

description: Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a transporter.


name: positive regulation of transporter activity

description: Any process that activates or increases the activity of a transporter.


name: regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity

description: Any process that modulates the activity of an ion transporter.


name: negative regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity

description: Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an ion transporter.


name: positive regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity

description: Any process that activates or increases the activity of an ion transporter.


name: regulation of sodium:proton antiporter activity

description: Any process that modulates the activity of a sodium:hydrogen antiporter, which catalyzes the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).


name: negative regulation of sodium:proton antiporter activity

description: Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a sodium:hydrogen antiporter, which catalyzes the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).


name: positive regulation of sodium:proton antiporter activity

description: Any process that activates or increases the activity of a sodium:hydrogen antiporter, which catalyzes the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).


lysosome localization

description: Any process in which a lysosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.


stereocilium

description: An actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of auditory and vestibular hair cells and of neuromast cells. These protrusions are supported by a bundle of cross-linked actin filaments (an actin cable), oriented such that the plus (barbed) ends are at the tip of the protrusion, capped by a tip complex which bridges to the plasma. Bundles of stereocilia act as mechanosensory organelles.


stereocilium bundle

description: A bundle of cross-linked stereocilia, arranged around a kinocilium on the apical surface of a sensory hair cell (e.g. a neuromast, auditory or vestibular hair cell). Stereocilium bundles act as mechanosensory organelles by responding to fluid motion or fluid pressure changes.


name: purine-rich negative regulatory element binding

description: Binding to a 30-bp purine-rich negative regulatory element; the best characterized such element is found in the first intronic region of the rat cardiac alpha-myosin heavy chain gene, and contains two palindromic high-affinity Ets-binding sites (CTTCCCTGGAAG). The presence of this element restricts expression of the gene containing it to cardiac myocytes.


regulation of mismatch repair

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mismatch repair.


negative regulation of mismatch repair

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mismatch repair.


positive regulation of mismatch repair

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mismatch repair.


stereocilium tip

description: A distinct compartment at the tip of a stereocilium, distal to the site of attachment to the apical cell surface. It consists of a dense matrix bridging the barbed ends of the stereocilium actin filaments with the overlying plasma membrane, is dynamic compared to the shaft, and is required for stereocilium elongation.


GBD domain binding

description: Binding to a GTPase protein binding domain (GDB) domain. The GBD is a short motif, including a minimum region of 16 amino acids, identified in proteins that bind to small GTPases such as Cdc42 and Rac.


beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminides.


regulation of phospholipase A2 activity

description: Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2.


name: positive regulation of phospholipase A2 activity

description: Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2.


activation of phospholipase A2 activity

description: Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme phospholipase A2.


actin filament bundle

description: An assembly of actin filaments that are on the same axis but may be oriented with the same or opposite polarities and may be packed with different levels of tightness.


filopodium tip

description: The end of a filopodium distal to the body of the cell.


name: regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.


name: negative regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.


name: positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.


cuticular plate

description: A dense network of actin filaments found beneath the apical cell surface of hair cells, and into which stereocilia are inserted.


melanosome organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a melanosome. A melanosome is a tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored.


2-alkenal reductase [NAD(P)+] activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: n-alkanal + NAD(P)+ = alk-2-enal + NAD(P)H + H+.


pheophorbide a oxygenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: pheophorbide a + reduced ferredoxin + 2 O2 = red chlorophyll catabolite + oxidized ferredoxin + H2O.


name: phenylcoumaran benzylic ether reductase activity

description: Catalysis of the NADPH-dependent 7-O-4' reduction of phenylcoumaran lignans to the corresponding diphenols; for example, catalysis of the reaction: dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol + NADPH + H+ = isodihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol + NADP+.


name: regulation of ergosterol biosynthetic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergosterol.


activin responsive factor complex

description: A transcriptionally active complex that binds to an activin response element (ARE) in the promoter of target genes, and is composed of two SMAD2 proteins, one SMAD4 protein and a Forkhead activin signal transducer (FAST) transcription factor.


name: protein modification by small protein conjugation

description: A protein modification process in which one or more groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are covalently attached to a target protein.


protein urmylation

description: Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein URM1 to another protein.


DNA hairpin binding

description: Binding to a DNA region containing a hairpin. A hairpin structure forms when a DNA strand folds back on itself and intrachain base pairing occurs between inverted repeat sequences.


CBM complex

description: A protein complex comprising Bcl10, MALT1 and a CARD domain-containing protein (CARD9, CARD10 or CARD11); plays a role in signal transduction during NF-kappaB activation.


maltose alpha-glucosidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-maltose + H2O = 2 alpha-D-glucose.


demethylase activity

description: Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a substrate.


histone demethylase activity

description: Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a histone.


histone H3K4 demethylase activity

description: Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 4 of the histone H3 protein.


histone H3K9 demethylase activity

description: Catalysis of the removal of a methyl group from a modified lysine residue at position 9 of the histone H3 protein.


nerve growth factor processing

description: The generation of a mature nerve growth factor (NGF) by proteolysis of a precursor.


endocytic recycling

description: The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the plasma membrane, a trafficking pathway that promotes the recycling of internalized transmembrane proteins.


fast endocytic recycling

description: The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from peripheral endocytic compartments back to the plasma membrane where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.


slow endocytic recycling

description: The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from deep (non-peripheral) compartments endocytic compartments back to the plasma membrane where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.


regulation of protein oligomerization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization.


name: negative regulation of protein oligomerization

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization.


name: positive regulation of protein oligomerization

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization.


name: regulation of protein homooligomerization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein homooligomerization.


name: negative regulation of protein homooligomerization

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein homooligomerization.


name: positive regulation of protein homooligomerization

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein homooligomerization.


regulation of cytokinesis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells.


negative regulation of cytokinesis

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.


positive regulation of cytokinesis

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.


Golgi calcium ion homeostasis

description: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the Golgi apparatus of a cell or between the Golgi and its surroundings.


name: endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis

description: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell or between the endoplasmic reticulum and its surroundings.


name: positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration

description: Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the endoplasmic reticulum.


name: negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration

description: Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in the endoplasmic reticulum.


Golgi calcium ion transport

description: The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus.


name: cytoplasmic side of mitochondrial outer membrane

description: The external (cytoplasmic) face of the mitochondrial outer membrane.


otolith morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of an otolith are generated and organized.


otolith formation

description: The process that gives rise to an otolith. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts.


polyprenyl diphosphate synthase complex

description: A complex that possesses polyprenyl diphosphate synthase activity involved in the synthesis of the isoprenoid chain of ubiquinone whose length varies between organisms.


name: homodimeric polyprenyl diphosphate synthase complex

description: A homodimeric complex that possesses polyprenyl diphosphate synthase activity involved in the synthesis of the isoprenoid chain of ubiquinone whose length varies between organisms.


name: heterotetrameric polyprenyl diphosphate synthase complex

description: A heterotetrameric complex located in the mitochondrial inner membrane that possesses polyprenyl diphosphate synthase activity involved in the synthesis of the isoprenoid chain of ubiquinone whose length varies between organisms. In S. pombe it is a heterotetramer of Dlp1 and Dps1.


name: regulation of type I interferon production

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon type I production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


name: negative regulation of type I interferon production

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


name: positive regulation of type I interferon production

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


Rab protein signal transduction

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: An intracellular signaling cassette in which a small monomeric GTPase of the Rab subfamily relays a signal.


name: regulation of Rab protein signal transduction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rab protein signal transduction.


Ral protein signal transduction

description: An intracellular signaling cassette in which a small monomeric GTPase of the RaI subfamily relays a signal.


name: regulation of Ral protein signal transduction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Ral protein signal transduction.


Rap protein signal transduction

description: An intracellular signaling cassette in which a small monomeric GTPase of the Rap subfamily relays a signal.


name: regulation of Rap protein signal transduction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rap protein signal transduction.


Cdc42 protein signal transduction

description: An intracellular signaling cassette in which a small monomeric GTPase of the Cdc42 subfamily relays a signal.


name: regulation of Cdc42 protein signal transduction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Cdc42 protein signal transduction.


name: detection of molecule of bacterial origin

description: The series of events in which a stimulus from a molecule of bacterial origin is received and converted into a molecular signal.


detection of molecule of fungal origin

description: The series of events in which a stimulus from a molecule of fungal origin is received and converted into a molecular signal.


name: detection of molecule of oomycetes origin

description: The series of events in which a stimulus from a molecule of oomycetes origin is received and converted into a molecular signal.


response to bacterial lipoprotein

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipoprotein stimulus.


response to peptidoglycan

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptidoglycan stimulus. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule.


response to muramyl dipeptide

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muramyl dipeptide stimulus. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.


response to lipopolysaccharide

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.


detection of lipopolysaccharide

description: The series of events in which a lipopolysaccharide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.


detection of muramyl dipeptide

description: The series of events in which a muramyl dipeptide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.


detection of peptidoglycan

description: The series of events in which a peptidoglycan stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule.


muramyl dipeptide binding

description: Interacting selectively and non-covalently, in a non-covalent manner, with muramyl dipeptide; muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.


multicellular organismal process

description: Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function.


developmental process

description: A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition.


cytokinetic process

description: A cellular process that is involved in cytokinesis (the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells).


maintenance of protein location in cell

description: Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.


DNA duplex unwinding

description: The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating a region of unpaired single strands.


name: endosome transport via multivesicular body sorting pathway

description: The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes or vacuoles by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the target compartment.


name: endosome to lysosome transport via multivesicular body sorting pathway

description: The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the lysosome.


name: late endosome to vacuole transport via multivesicular body sorting pathway

description: The directed movement of substances from endosomes to vacuoles by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the vacuole.


name: negative regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity

description: Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase.


name: positive regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity

description: Any process that activates or increases the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase.


SOD1-calcineurin complex

description: A protein complex formed by the association of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) with calcineurin; complex formation is implicated in activation of calcineurin by SOD1.


name: silicon efflux transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of silicon from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.


name: somite rostral/caudal axis specification

description: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the rostro-caudal axis of a somite, prior to the morphological formation of a somite boundary.


response to retinoic acid

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus.


protein exit from endoplasmic reticulum

description: The directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.


microvillus organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell.


follicle cell microvillus organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus on a follicle cell. A microvillus is a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments.


regulation of microvillus organization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus.


name: regulation of follicle cell microvillus organization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus on a follicle cell.


regulation of microvillus length

description: A process that modulates the length of a microvillus.


name: regulation of follicle cell microvillus length

description: A process that modulates the length of a microvillus on a follicle cell.


regulation of microvillus assembly

description: A process that modulates the formation of a microvillus.


regulation of cellular component size

description: A process that modulates the size of a cellular component.


regulation of cell projection size

description: A process that modulates the size of a cell projection.


host-seeking behavior

description: The specific behavior of an organism that are associated with finding a host organism; may include behavioral responses to light, temperature, or chemical emanations from the prospective host.


regulation of host-seeking behavior

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any behavior associated with finding a host organism.


name: negative regulation of host-seeking behavior

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of any behavior associated with finding a host organism.


name: positive regulation of host-seeking behavior

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of any behavior associated with finding a host organism.


cortical endoplasmic reticulum

description: A cortical network of highly dynamic tubules that are juxtaposed to the plasma membrane and undergo ring closure and tubule-branching movements.


sulfiredoxin activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: peroxiredoxin-(S-hydroxy-S-oxocysteine) + ATP + 2 R-SH = peroxiredoxin-(S-hydroxycysteine) + ADP + phosphate + R-S-S-R.


mitochondrial translation

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in a mitochondrion. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein; the mitochondrion has its own ribosomes and transfer RNAs, and uses a genetic code that differs from the nuclear code.


plastid translation

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in a plastid. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein; the plastid has its own ribosomes and transfer RNAs, and uses a genetic code that differs from the nuclear code.


CURI complex

description: A protein complex that is involved in the transcription of ribosomal genes. In Saccharomyces this complex consists of Ckb2p, Utp22p, Rrp7p and Ifh1p.


deoxyribonucleoside binding

description: Binding to a deoxyribonucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine nitrogenous base linked to deoxyribose.


purine deoxyribonucleoside binding

description: Binding to a purine deoxyribonucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to deoxyribose.


pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside binding

description: Binding to a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to deoxyribose.


ribonucleoside binding

description: Binding to a ribonucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine or pyrimidine nitrogenous base linked to ribose.


purine ribonucleoside binding

description: Binding to a purine ribonucleoside, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to ribose.


pyrimidine ribonucleoside binding

description: Binding to a pyrimidine ribonucleoside, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to ribose.


deoxyribonucleotide binding

description: Binding to a deoxyribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a deoxyribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety.


ribonucleotide binding

description: Binding to a ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a ribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.


purine deoxyribonucleotide binding

description: Binding to a purine deoxyribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine deoxyribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety.


purine ribonucleotide binding

description: Binding to a purine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine ribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.


pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide binding

description: Binding to a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety.


pyrimidine ribonucleotide binding

description: Binding to a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of a pyrimidine ribonucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.


adenyl deoxyribonucleotide binding

description: Binding to an adenyl deoxyribonucleotide, any compound consisting of adenosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety.


adenyl ribonucleotide binding

description: Binding to an adenyl ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of adenosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.


guanyl deoxyribonucleotide binding

description: Binding to a guanyl deoxyribonucleotide, any compound consisting of guanosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose moiety.


guanyl ribonucleotide binding

description: Binding to a guanyl ribonucleotide, any compound consisting of guanosine esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the ribose moiety.


dAMP binding

description: Binding to dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate.


dADP binding

description: Binding to dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate.


dATP binding

description: Binding to dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate.


dGMP binding

description: Binding to dGMP, deoxyguanosine monophosphate.


dGDP binding

description: Binding to dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate.


dGTP binding

description: Binding to dGTP, deoxyguanosine triphosphate.


response to progesterone

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a progesterone stimulus.


response to vitamin K

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin K stimulus.


response to menaquinone

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a menaquinone (vitamin K2) stimulus.


response to phylloquinone

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a phylloquinone (vitamin K1) stimulus.


5'-3' RNA helicase activity

description: Unwinding of an RNA helix in the 5' to 3' direction, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


O-linoleoyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a linoleoyl ((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl) group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.


description: Catalysis of the transfer of a linoleoyl ((9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl) group from phosphatidylcholine to an oxygen atom on a cardiolipin molecule.


aleurone grain membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding an aleurone grain.


apical lamina of hyaline layer

description: A fibrous network that is part of the hyalin layer extracellular matrix. The apical lamina is thought to be principally composed of the glycoproteins fibropellins. This matrix has been found in echinoderms.


Golgi cisterna membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the thin, flattened compartments that form the central portion of the Golgi complex.


ER-dependent peroxisome organization

description: A process of peroxisome organization in which assembly or arrangement of constituent parts takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum.


growth cone membrane

description: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a growth cone.


multivesicular body membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a multivesicular body.


protein storage vacuole membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a protein storage vacuole.


ruffle membrane

description: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a ruffle.


trans-Golgi network membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments that make up the trans-Golgi network.


neuron projection membrane

description: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a neuron projection.


dendrite membrane

description: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a dendrite.


dendritic spine membrane

description: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a dendritic spine.


insulin-responsive compartment

description: A small membrane-bounded vesicle that releases its contents by exocytosis in response to insulin stimulation; the contents are enriched in GLUT4, IRAP and VAMP2.


protein transport within lipid bilayer

description: The directed movement of a protein from one location to another within a lipid bilayer.


name: B cell receptor transport within lipid bilayer

description: The directed movement of a B cell receptor within a lipid bilayer.


protein transport into membrane raft

description: The directed movement of a protein into a membrane raft. Membrane rafts are small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes.


name: B cell receptor transport into membrane raft

description: The directed movement of a B cell receptor into a membrane raft.


name: B cell receptor transport into immunological synapse

description: The directed movement of a B cell receptor into an immunological synapse.


protein transport out of membrane raft

description: The directed movement of a protein out of a membrane raft. Membrane rafts are small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes.


name: chemokine receptor transport out of membrane raft

description: The directed movement of a chemokine receptor out of a membrane raft.


name: connective tissue growth factor production

description: The appearance of connective tissue growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


chemokine production

description: The appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.


fractalkine production

description: The appearance of fractalkine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


name: granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production

description: The appearance of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


hepatocyte growth factor production

description: The appearance of hepatocyte growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


type I interferon production

description: The appearance of type I interferon due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.


interferon-alpha production

description: The appearance of interferon-alpha due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interferon-beta production

description: The appearance of interferon-beta due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


type II interferon production

description: The appearance of interferon-gamma due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.


interleukin-1 alpha production

description: The appearance of interleukin-1 alpha due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-1 beta production

description: The appearance of interleukin-1 beta due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-1 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-10 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-10 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-11 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-11 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-12 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-12 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-13 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-13 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-15 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-15 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-16 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-16 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-17 production

description: The appearance of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-18 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-18 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-19 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-19 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-2 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-2 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-20 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-20 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-21 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-21 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-22 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-22 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-23 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-23 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-24 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-24 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-25 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-25 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-26 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-26 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-27 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-27 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-3 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-3 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-4 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-4 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-5 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-5 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-6 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-6 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-7 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-7 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-8 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-8 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-9 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-9 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


TRAIL production

description: The appearance of TRAIL due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


tumor necrosis factor production

description: The appearance of tumor necrosis factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Tumor necrosis factor is an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and which is responsible for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis.