pentetrazol

An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.


permethrin

A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester in which the esterifying alcohol is 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol and the cyclopropane ring is substituted with a 2,2-dichlorovinyl group and with gem-dimethyl groups.


PHENTHOATE

An organic thiophosphate that is  ethyl mandelate in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.


phenyl salicylate

A benzoate ester that is the phenyl ester of salicylic acid. Also known as salol, it can be formed by heating salicylic acid with phenol and is used in the manufacture of some polymers, lacquers, adhesives, waxes and polishes.


CIAFTALAN

A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.


PICLORAM

A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a chloro group at positions 3,5 and 6, and by an amino group at position 4. It is a systemic herbicide used to control deeply rooted herbaceous weeds and woody plants in rights-of-way, forestry, range lands, pastures, and small grain crops.


cefoperazone

A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.


PROMETON

A  methoxy-1,3,5-triazine that is 6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine in which the one of the hydrogens of each amino group is substituted by an isopropyl group.


PRONAMIDE

A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methylbut-3-yn-2-amine. It is used as a systemic post-emergent herbicide for the control grass and broadleaf weeds in a wide range of in a wide variety of fruit and root crops.


PROPANIL

An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of propanoic acid with the amino group of 3,4-dichloroaniline. It is a herbicide used for the treatment of numerous grasses and broad-leaved weeds in rice, potatoes, and wheat.


PROPOXUR

A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.


prostaglandin D3

A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13,17-trien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,13E,15S,17Z-stereoisomer).


An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.


ceforanide

A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with {[1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and 2-(aminomethyl)phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is effective against many coliforms, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus, and most strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Hemophilus, Citrobacter and Arizona species.


cefoselis

A cephalosporin compound having [2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-imino-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively. A 4th generation broad-spectrum cephalosporin.


rimonabant

A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. It is a potent and selective cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) antagonist. Besides its antagonistic properties, numerous studies have shown that, at micromolar concentrations rimonabant behaves as an inverse agonist at CB1 receptors. The drug was the first selective CB1 antagonist/inverse agonist introduced into clinical practice to treat obesity and metabolic-related disorders. It was later withdrawn from market due to CNS-related adverse effects including depression and suicidal ideation.


saxitoxin

An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.


sennoside

A diastereoisomeric mixture containing sennoside A and sennoside B that is used as a laxative and cathartic. Its components are found in senna (Senna alexandrina, also known as Cassia angustifolia), where sennoside A and sennoside B are present in equal amounts, and in rhubarbs (Rheum rhabarbarum), where sennoside A predominates.


SENNOSIDE B

A member of the class of sennosides that is (9R,9'S)-9,9',10,10'-tetrahydro-9,9'-bianthracene-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4', by beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy groups at positions 5 and 5', and by oxo groups at positions 10 and 10'.


SIMETRYN

A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a methylthio group at position 6.


sulmazole

An imidazopyridine that is 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-methoxy-4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl group. An A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, it was formerly used as a cardiotonic agent.


teicoplanin A2-1

A teicoplanin A2 that has (4Z)-dec-4-enoyl as the variable N-acyl group.


teicoplanin A2-3

A teicoplanin A2 that has decanoyl as the variable N-acyl group.


TEICOPLANIN A2-4

A teicoplanin A2 that has 8-methyldecanoyl as the variable N-acyl group.


TEICOPLANIN A2-5

A teicoplanin A2 that has 9-methyldecanoyl as the variable N-acyl group.


TEICOPLANIN A3-1

A glycopeptide consisting of a macropolycyclic heptapeptide in which a phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its alpha-D-mannoside while a secondary alcohol group has been converted to the corresponding 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside.


tetralin

An ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro derivative of naphthalene.


THIOPHANATE METHYL

A member of the class of thioureas that is the dimethyl ester of (1,2-phenylenedicarbamothioyl)biscarbamic acid. A fungicide effective against a broad spectrum of diseases in fruit, vegetables, turf and other crops including eyespot, scab, powdery mildew and grey mould.


trenbolone

A 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid that is estra-4,9,11-triene carrying an oxo group at position 3 and a hydroxy group at position 17beta. It is a synthetic anabolic steroid used for muscle growth in livestock.


tributyl phosphate

A trialkyl phosphate that is the tributyl ester of phosphoric acid.


cefozopran

A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-1-ium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.


tributyrin

A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid.


triethylamine

A tertiary amine that is ammonia in which each hydrogen atom is substituted by an ethyl group.


TRIFLURALIN

A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.


cefpirome

A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.


trioxilin B3

A trioxilin having (all-cis 5,8,14) double bond configuration; and 10-, (11S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents.


TRIPHENYL PHOSPHATE

An  aryl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of phosphoric acid with 3 mol eq. of phenol.


triphenylsilanol

An organosilanol in which silicon is bonded to a single hydroxy function and to three phenyl groups.


fentin chloride

An organotin compound that is triphenylstannane in which the hydrogen attached to tin is replaced by a chloro group.  A fungicide used to control blights on potatoes, leaf spot diseases on sugar beet and anthracnose on beans.


tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate

A trialkyl phosphate that is the tris(2-chloroethyl) ester of phosphoric acid.


tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate

A trialkyl phosphate in which the alkyl group specified is 2-butoxyethyl.


cefpodoxime

A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with methoxymethyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamino substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Given by mouth as its proxetil ester prodrug, it is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.


UCL 1684

A quinolinium ion that is the dication which results from the joining of two molecules of 4-aminoquinolinium via a 1,3-dimethylbenzene linker at positions 1 and 4, thus forming a cyclic structure. It is a potent blocker of Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels in rats.


undecylenic acid

An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.


XANTHOMICROL

A trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 7 and 8 and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4'.


cefpodoxime proxetil

The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.


ZAPA

An imidothiocarbamic ester that is (2Z)-prop-2-enoic acid with a carbamimidoylsulfanyl group at position 3.


An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of serotonin; major species at pH 7.3.


name: DIPHOSPHOMETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID ADENOSYL ESTER


cefprozil

A semisynthetic, second-generation cephalosporin, with prop-1-enyl and (R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used to treat bronchitis as well as ear, skin and other bacterial infections.


cefsulodin

A pyridinium-substituted semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, cephalosporin antibiotic.


A 1,2-diphenylcyclobutane that has cis-configuration.


ceftazidime

A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and {[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.


sec-butylbenzene

An alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted by a butan-2-yl group.


ceftibuten

A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.


azane

Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.


hydrogen manganate

A manganese oxoanion that consists of manganic acid where one of the two OH groups has been deprotonated.


A manganese oxoanion that consists of hypomanganic acid where one of the three OH groups has been deprotonated.


A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of two protons from hypomanganic acid.


(2S)-2-isopropylmalic acid

An optically active form of 2-isopropylmalic acid having S-configuration.


PHENETHYLISOTHIOCYANATE

An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.


An aminopyrimidine, the structure of which is that of trimethoprim (pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge) carrying a 6-chloro substituent.


D-glucuronic acid 1-phosphate

A uronic acid phosphate consisting of D-glucuronic acid having a phosphate group attached at the 1-position.


The conjugate base of (S)-3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid.


cefuroxime

A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.


A dihydroxyacetophenone that is ethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at position 1.


hydrogenvanadate

A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of two protons from vanadic acid.


dihydrogenvanadate

A monovalent inorganic anion that consists of vanadic acid where one of the three OH groups has been deprotonated.


A medium-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of 2-oxohexanoic acid.


2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion

An oxo monocarboxylic acid anion in which the oxo group is located at the 2-position.


A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of 4-amino-4-deoxychorismic acid.


terpene

A hydrocarbon of biological origin having carbon skeleton formally derived from isoprene [CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2].


monoterpene

A C10 terpene.


hemiterpene

A C5 terpene.


sesquiterpene

A C15 terpene.


diterpene

A C20 terpene.


triterpene

A C30 terpene.


sesterterpene

A C25 terpene.


tetraterpene

A C40 terpene.


isoprene

A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.


surfactant

A substance which lowers the surface tension of the medium in which it is dissolved, and/or the interfacial tension with other phases, and, accordingly, is positively adsorbed at the liquid/vapour and/or at other interfaces.


APRATOXIN A

An aprotoxin having the common aprotoxin cyclodepsipeptide skeleton where the isoleucyl residue carries an N-methyl substituent and the side-chain adjacent to the lactone is tert-butyl.


anthocyanin cation

Any flavonoid that is a glycoside derivative of an anthocyanidin cation.


antimetabolite

A substance which is structurally similar to a metabolite but which competes with it or replaces it, and so prevents or reduces its normal utilization.


A mononitrotoluene that consists of toluene bearing a nitro substituent at the 4-position.


cellodextrin

A dextrin of varying length (two or more glucose monomers) resulting from cellulolysis, the breakdown of cellulose.


amino acid zwitterion

The zwitterionic form of an amino acid having a negatively charged carboxyl group and a positively charged amino group.


serine zwitterion

An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of serine.


D-serine zwitterion

A serine zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of D-serine.


chloroform

A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.


BENZOFURAN

A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.


A tricarboxylic acid consisting of L-2-amino-6-oxoheptanedioic acid having a succinoyl group attached to the nitrogen.


quaternary ammonium ion

A derivative of ammonium, NH4(+), in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent (usually organyl) groups.


quaternary ammonium salt

Derivatives of ammonium compounds, (NH4(+))Y(-), in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent (usually organyl) groups.


ammonium ion derivative

A derivative of ammonium, NH4(+), in which one (or more) of the hydrogens bonded to the nitrogen have been replaced with univalent organyl groups. The substituting carbon of the organyl group must not itself be directly attached to a heteroatom (thereby excluding protonated amides, hemiaminals, etc).


S-glycosyl compound

A glycosyl compound arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and a S atom bound to a carbon atom, thus creating a C-S bond.


ammonium compound

Compounds (NH4(+))Y(-) and derivatives, in which one or more of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with univalent groups.


iminium salt

Salts in which the cation has the structure R2C=N(+)R2. Thus N-hydronated imines and their N-substituted derivatives.


cellotriose

A glucotriose consisting of three


L-proline betaine

An amino acid betaine that is L-proline zwitterion in which both of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups.


onium betaine

Neutral molecules having charge-separated forms with an onium atom which bears no hydrogen atoms and that is not adjacent to the anionic atom.


sulfonium betaine

Neutral molecules having charge-separated forms with an sulfonium atom which bears no hydrogen atoms and that is not adjacent to the anionic atom.


nitrilium betaine

Derivatives of nitriles having the general structure R-C#N(+)-Y(-). A subclass of 1,3-dipolar compounds including nitrile imides, nitrile oxides, nitrile sulfides and nitrile ylides.


ammonium betaine

Any neutral molecule having charge-separated forms with a quaternary ammonium atom which bears no hydrogen atoms and that is not adjacent to the anionic atom.


iminium ion

Cations of structure R2C=N(+)R2.


acylcholine

A choline ester formed from choline and a carboxylic acid.


all-trans-violaxanthin

The all-trans-stereoisomer of violaxanthin.


A  trichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1, 2 and 3.


A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 2.


all-trans-retinoate

A retinoate that is the conjugate base of all-trans-retinoic acid.


fused compound

A polycyclic compound that contains more than one ring with at least two common atoms (also known as bridgehead carbons) that are adjacent to each other.


carbopolycyclic compound

A polyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms.


acene

A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.


ANTHRACENE

An ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon comprising three fused benzene rings.


helicene

ortho-Fused polycyclic arenes in which all rings (minimum five) are angularly arranged so as to give helically shaped molecules.


The 9-cis-stereoisomer of violaxanthin.


glycosylgalactose

A disaccharide which has a galactose residue at the reducing end.


glycosylmannose

A disaccharide having mannose at the reducing end with a glycosyl residue attached at an unspecified position via a glycosidic bond.


The (S)-enantiomer of 1-phenylethanamine.


The (R)-enantiomer of 1-phenylethanamine.


tunaxanthin

A carotenol isolated from the white tuna, or albacore tuna (Thunnus albacares).


astacene

A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene bearing four oxo substituents at positions 2, 2', 4 and 4'.


spirilloxanthin

A carotenoid ether that is (3E,3'E)-1,1'-dihydroxy-3,3',4,4'-tetradehydro-1,1',2,2'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-carotene in which both hydroxyl hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.


CEPHAELINE

A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having a hydroxy group at the 6'-position and methoxy substituents at the 7'-, 10- and 11-positions.


spheroidene

The cartenoid ether that is the methyl ether of 3,4-didehydro-1,2,7',8'-tetrahydro-psi,psi-caroten-1-ol.


rhodopin

A carotenol having the structure of 1,2-dihydro-psi,psi-carotene with a hydroxy function at C-1.


rhodopinol

A carotenol that consists of 1,2-dihydro-psi,psi-carotene bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 20.


luteoxanthin

An epoxycarotenol that consists of 5,6,5',8'-tetrahydro-beta,beta-carotene-3,3'-diol having epoxy groups at the 5,6- and 5',8'-positions.


auroxanthin

An epoxycarotenol that consists of 5,6,5',8'-tetrahydro-beta,beta-carotene-3,3'-diol having epoxy groups at the 5,8- and 5',8'-positions.


amphetamines

Amines that constitute a class of central nervous system stimulants based on the structure of the parent amphetamine 1-phenylpropan-2-amine.


cephalexin

A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.


steroid

Any of naturally occurring compounds and synthetic analogues, based on the cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene carbon skeleton, partially or completely hydrogenated; there are usually methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, and often an alkyl group at C-17. By extension, one or more bond scissions, ring expansions and/or ring contractions of the skeleton may have occurred. Natural steroids are derived biogenetically from squalene which is a triterpene.


17alpha-hydroxy steroid

The alpha-stereoisomer of 17-hydroxy steroid.


17beta-hydroxy steroid

A 17-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 17 has a beta-configuration.


11beta-hydroxy steroid

Any 11-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has beta- configuration.


A sterol in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has beta- configuration.


7beta-hydroxy steroid

A 7-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 7 has beta-configuration.


organonitrogen compound

Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.


isocyanide

The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).


dicarboximide

An imide in which the two acyl substituents on nitrogen are carboacyl groups.


sulfonamide

An amide of a sulfonic acid RS(=O)2NR'2.


carboxamidine

Compounds having the structure RC(=NR)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic nomenclature to denote the -C(=NH)NH2 group including its carbon atom.


sulfinamidine

Amidines of sulfinic acids, RS(=O)OH; thus RS(=NR)NR2.


phosphinamidine

An amidine derived from phosphinic acids R2P(=O)OH where the hydroxy group is replaced by an amino group and the oxo group is replaced by =NR.


hydrazide

Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH  by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).


carbohydrazide

A hydrazide consisting of hydrazine carrying one or more carboacyl groups.


fatty acid

Any aliphatic monocarboxylic acid derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil or wax. Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of 4 to 28 carbons (usually unbranched and even-numbered), which may be saturated or unsaturated. By extension, the term is sometimes used to embrace all acyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids.


hexasaccharide

An oligosaccharide comprising six monomeric monosaccharide units.


pentasaccharide

An oligomer comprising five monomeric monosaccharide units.


cefaloridine

A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.


D-fuconate

The conjugate base of D-fuconic acid; major species at pH 7.3.


D-mannose 1-phosphate

A mannose phosphate that is D-mannose carrying a phosphate group at position 1.


glycosylxylose

Any xylose in which one of the hydroxy groups has undergone formal glycosylation.


monosaccharide

Parent monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H or polyhydroxy ketones H-[CHOH]n-C(=O)[CHOH]m-H with three or more carbon atoms. The generic term 'monosaccharide' (as opposed to oligosaccharide or polysaccharide) denotes a single unit, without glycosidic connection to other such units. It includes aldoses, dialdoses, aldoketoses, ketoses and diketoses, as well as deoxy sugars, provided that the parent compound has a (potential) carbonyl group.


A dicarboxylic acid monoanion that is the conjugate base of galactaric acid.


An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of aspartic acid.


A 3-carboxy-2,3-dihydroxypropanoate that is the conjugate base of tartaric acid.


CEPHALOTAXINE

A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from Cephalotaxus harringtonia.


A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.


oxoanion

An oxoanion is an anion derived from an oxoacid by loss of hydron(s) bound to oxygen.


organochromium compound

A compound containing at least one carbon-chromium bond.


primary diamine

A primary diamine is a compound derived from a hydrocarbon by replacing two hydrogen atoms by amino groups.


alkane-alpha,omega-diamine

A primary diamine that is ethane or a higher alkane in which a hydrogen of each of the terminal methyl groups has been replaced by an amino group. H2NCH2(CH2)nCH2NH2, where n = 0, 1, 2, etc.


aminal

Compounds having two amino groups bonded to the same carbon, R2C(NR2)2.


N-monoacetylalkane-alpha,omega-diamine

An acetamide obtained by acetylation of one of the amino groups of any alkane-alpha,omega-diamine. AcNHCH2(CH2)nCH2NH2, where n = 0, 1, 2, etc.


alpha-amino-acid residue cation

Any alpha-amino-acid residue that is positively charged.


N-acetylneuraminate

A ketoaldonate that is the conjugate base of N-acetylneuraminic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.


lithocholic acid sulfate

A steroid sulfate that is lithocholic acid in which the hydroxy hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a sulfo group.


4-nitrophenyl hydrogen sulfate

An aryl sulfate the mono 4-nitrophenyl ester of sulfuric acid.


D-ribose 1-phosphate

A ribose monophosphate that is D-ribose substituted at position 1 by a phosphate group.


cephamycin C

One of three naturally occurring cephamycin antibiotics, differing from the A and B forms in its carbamoyloxymethyl substituent at C-3.


A member of the class of  hydroxybiphenyls formed formally by chlorination of biphenyl-4,4'-diol at C-3, -3', -5 and -5'.


An aminobiphenyl whose amino group is at C-4 and is hydroxylated at C-4'.


D-glucoside

Any glucoside in which the glycoside group is derived from D-glucose.


antiinfective agent

A substance used in the prophylaxis or therapy of infectious diseases.


antiparasitic agent

A substance used to treat or prevent parasitic infections.


anthelminthic drug

Substance intended to kill parasitic worms (helminths).


A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which both phenyl groups are substituted by chlorines at positions 3 and 5.


chlorobiphenyl

A chloroarene that consists of a biphenyl skeleton substituted by one or more chloro groups.


cadmium dichloride

A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.


name: EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor

description: An EC 3.4.15.* (peptidyl-dipeptidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of peptidyl-dipeptidase A (EC 3.4.15.1).


diisononyl phthalate

The diisononyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.


cepharanthine

A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from tubers of Stephania; stimulates recovery of immunologic function in lymphatic system after administration of antineoplastic agents or x-irradiation.


DIMETHYL MALEATE

A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with methanol. It is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.


(Z)-hexadec-11-enoic acid

A C16, monounsaturated fatty acid with a double bond at position 11; a key intermediate in silkworm pheromone biosynthesis.


(Z)-hexadec-7-enoic acid

A C16 fatty acid having a (Z)-double bond at the 7-position; marker of early life stage mortality in trout and of physiologically active autotrophic bacteria in complex microbial communities.


antidepressant

Antidepressants are mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions.


cephradine

A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.


psychotropic drug

A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function.


tranquilizing drug

A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought or behaviour.


anxiolytic drug

Anxiolytic drugs are agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and anxiety disorders, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions.


non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

An anti-inflammatory drug that is not a steroid. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions. They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins.


antipsychotic agent

Antipsychotic drugs are agents that control agitated psychotic behaviour, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect.


antimanic drug

Antimanic drugs are agents used to treat bipolar disorders or mania associated with other affective disorders.


analgesic

An agent capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anaesthesia. In addition, analgesic is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to cause a reduction of pain symptoms.


opioid analgesic

A narcotic or opioid substance, synthetic or semisynthetic agent producing profound analgesia, drowsiness, and changes in mood.


maleate ester

Compounds of the general formula ROOC-CH=CH-COOR' where R and R' are organyl groups


central nervous system depressant

A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system.


organic disulfide

Compounds of structure RSSR in which R and R' are organic groups.


trypanothione disulfide

An organic disulfide resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the thiol groups of N(1),N(8)-bis(glutathionyl)-spermidine from the insect-parasitic trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata.


antipyretic

A drug that prevents or reduces fever by lowering the body temperature from a raised state. An antipyretic will not affect the normal body temperature if one does not have fever. Antipyretics cause the hypothalamus to override an interleukin-induced increase in temperature. The body will then work to lower the temperature and the result is a reduction in fever.


D-cystine

The D-enantiomer of cystine.


FLUOROBENZENE

Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.


androgen antagonist

A compound which inhibits or antagonises the biosynthesis or actions of androgens.


diuretic

An agent that promotes the excretion of urine through its effects on kidney function.


triazolobenzodiazepine

Any organic heterotricyclic compound that is any benzodiazepine which is ortho-fused with a triazole.


addition compound

An addition compound contains two or more simpler compounds that can be packed in a definite ratio into a crystal. The term covers donor-acceptor complexes (adducts) and a variety of lattice compounds.


hydrate

An addition compound that contains water in weak chemical combination with another compound.


The 5alpha-stereoisomer of cholestane.


bronchodilator agent

An agent that causes an increase in the expansion of a bronchus or bronchial tubes.


sympathomimetic agent

A drug that mimics the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. Included in this class are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters.


hypoglycemic agent

A drug which lowers the blood glucose level.


beta-adrenergic antagonist

An agent that binds to but does not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous beta-adrenergic agonists. beta-Adrenergic antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches and anxiety.


name: EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor

description: A compound or agent that combines with cyclooxygenases (EC 1.14.99.1) and thereby prevents its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of icosanoids, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes.


perfluorodecanoic acid

A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated decanoic acid.


perfluoroheptanoic acid

A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated heptanoic acid.


perfluorooctanoic acid

A fluoroalkanoic acid that is perfluorinated octanoic acid.


fluoroalkanoic acid

Any organofluorine compound that is the perfluorinated derivative of any alkanoic acid.


cefotiam

A cephalosporin with ({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)methyl and (2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. A third generation beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic, it is active against a broad spectrum of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.


pyrrole

A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.


That one of the three tautomers of pyrrole which has the double bonds at positions 1 and 4.


That one of the three tautomers of pyrrole which has the double bonds at positions 1 and 3.


FURAN

A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.


cercosporin

An organic heterohexacyclic compound that is perylo[1,12-def][1,3]dioxepine-6,11-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 12, by methoxy groups at positions 7 and 10, and by 2-hydroxypropyl groups at positions 8 and 9 (the R,R-stereoisomer). It is a phytotoxin which was first isolated from the pathogenic soybean fungus, Cercospora kikuchii and later found in multiple members of the genus Cercospora.


mancude ring

Any molecular entity that consists of a ring having (formally) the maximum number of noncumulative double bonds.


alpha-adrenergic agonist

An agent that selectively binds to and activates alpha-adrenergic receptors.


A beta-D-galactopyranoside having a 4-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.


dialkenyl ketone

Any ketone in which the carbonyl group is bonded to two alkenyl groups.


cerivastatin

(3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.


indole

Either of two isomeric forms comprising a benzene ring fused to a pyrrole ring.


purine

A heterobicyclic aromatic organic compound comprising a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring; the parent compound of the purines.


The 1H-tautomer of purine.


The 3H-tautomer of purine.


The 9H-tautomer of purine.


ISOXAZOLE

A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of  isoxazoles.


PULEGONE

The (5R)-enantiomer of p-menth-4(8)-en-3-one.


OXAZOLE

A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.


tetrazole

An  azaarene that is a five-membered ring composed of 4 nitrogen and 1 carbon atom.


A simplest member of the class of chromene in which the heterocyclic pyran ring has a double bond between positions 3 and 4.


5-aminopentanoic acid zwitterion

Zwitterionic form of 5-aminopentanoic acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group.


A simplest member of the class of chromene in which the heterocyclic pyran ring has a double bond between positions 2 and 3.


carbon oxoanion

A negative ion consisting solely of carbon and oxygen  atoms, and therefore having the general formula CxOy(n-) for some integers x, y and n.


cetirizine

A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.


antineoplastic agent

A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.


ANETHOLE

The trans-stereoisomer of anethole.


flavouring agent

A food additive that is used to added improve the taste or odour of a food.


aromatic ether

Any ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent.


L-alpha-aminobutyric acid

An optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having L-configuration.


vasodilator agent

A drug used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.


alpha-aminobutyric acid

An alpha-amino acid that is butyric acid bearing a single amino substituent located at position 2.


anticonvulsant

A drug used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity.


azaspiro compound

An azaspiro compound is a spiro compound in which at least one of the cyclic components is a nitrogen heterocyle.


EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor

An EC 3.5.2.* (non-peptide cyclic amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of beta-lactamase (EC 3.5.2.6).


A 1,3-thiazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.


beta-lactam

A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.


6-METHOXY-2-NAPHTHYLACETIC ACID

A monocarboxylic acid consisting of 2-naphthylacetic acid having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position. The active metabolite of the prodrug nabumetone.


naphthylacetic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is naphthalene substituted by a carboxymethyl group at any position.


aporphine

An isoquinoline alkaloid that is the N-methyl derivative of  5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline.


cevine

A steroid consisting of cevane having an oxygen bridge between positions 4 and 9 and carrying seven additional hydroxy substituents.


HIV protease inhibitor

An inhibitor of HIV protease, an enzyme required for production of proteins needed for viral assembly.


carane

A carbobicyclic compound that is bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 7.


(4R)-limonene 1,2-epoxide

The (R)-enantiomer of limonene 1,2-epoxide.


antihypertensive agent

Any drug used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism.


benzazepine

A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to an azepine ring.


betahistine

An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.


histamine agonist

A drug that binds to and activates histamine receptors. Although they have been suggested for a variety of clinical applications, histamine agonists have so far been more widely used in research than therapeutically.


antilipemic drug

A substance used to treat hyperlipidemia (an excess of lipids in the blood).


secondary alcohol

A secondary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has two other carbon atoms attached to it.


naphthol

A member of the class of naphthols carrying a single hydroxy substituent at C-1 or C-2. A closed class.


aryl sulfide

Any organic sulfide in which the sulfur is attached to at least one aromatic group.


antiplatyhelmintic drug

An agent used to treat cestode, trematode, or other flatworm infestations in man or animals.


BUTANOL

A secondary alcohol that is butane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.


benzimidazolecarboxylic acid

A member of the class of  benzimidazoles carrying a carboxy group at unspecified position.


tetrazoles

An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains four N atoms and one C atom.


dicarboxylic acid

Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.


dicarboxylic acid monoanion

Any dicarboxylic acid anion that is a monoanion obtained by the deprotonation of only one of the carboxy groups of the dicarboxylic acid.


cinnamic acid

The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid


cis-cinnamic acid

The Z (cis) isomer of cinnamic acid


ester

A compound formally derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l > 0) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter.


diethyl ether

An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.


xenobiotic

A xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means.


An acetyl-L-lysine where the acetyl group is located at the N(2)-posiiton.


pinane

A monoterpene that is bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 6 and 6.


polycyclic alkane

A polycyclic saturated hydrocarbon.


polycyclic olefin

A polycyclic hydrocarbon having any number of double bonds.


nitro compound

A compound having a nitro group, -NO2 (free valence on nitrogen), which may be attached to carbon, nitrogen (as in nitramines), or oxygen (as in nitrates), among other elements (in the absence of specification, C-nitro compounds are usually implied).


C-nitro compound

A nitro compound having the nitro group (-NO2) attached to a carbon atom.


sulfamic acids

H2NS(=O)2OH (sulfamic acid) and its N-hydrocarbyl derivatives.


enrofloxacin

A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.


GLYCINEXYLIDIDE

A amino acid amide with 2,6-dimethylaniline and glycine components; an active metabolite of lidocaine, formed by oxidative deethylation. Used as an indicator of hepatic function.


isopropyl ester

Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of propan-2-ol.


aza-steroid

An aza-steroid is a steroid where in the carbon skeleton a carbon atom is replaced by nitrogen.


triazoles

An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.


dithiocarboxylic acid

Compounds in which both oxygens of a carboxy group have been replaced by divalent sulfur; RC(=S)SH.


monothiocarboxylic acid

Compounds in which one oxygen of a carboxy group has been replaced by divalent sulfur; RC(=O)SH or RC(=S)OH.


mycosporine-like amino acid

Water-soluble UV-absorbing secondary metabolites characterized by a cyclohexenone or cycloheximine chromophore conjugated with the nitrogen substituents of amino acids or their imino alcohols. They typically have absorption maxima ranging from 309 to 360 nm and an average molecular weight of around 300. They occur in taxonomically diverse organisms.


glycerolipid

Any member of the group of lipids containing a common glycerol backbone to which at least one fatty acid-derived group is attached.


tetracarboxylic acid

An oxoacid containing four carboxy groups.


pentacarboxylic acid

An oxoacid containing five carboxy groups.


carbocyclic fatty acid

Any fatty acid containing a ring composed of carbon atoms.


fatty aldehyde

An aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxylic acid group of its corresponding fatty acid, having a carbonyl group at one end of the carbon chain.


fatty acid ester

A carboxylic ester in which the carboxylic acid component can be any fatty acid.


tricarboxylic acid anion

Any anion of a tricarboxylic acid  formed by deprotonation of at least one carboxy group.


tetracarboxylic acid anion

Any anion of a tetracarboxylic acid formed by deprotonation of one or more carboxy groups.


pentacarboxylic acid anion

A carboxylic acid anion formed by deprotonation of at least one of the five carboxy groups of any pentacarboxylic acid.


monocarboxylic acid anion

A carboxylic acid anion formed when the carboxy group of a monocarboxylic acid is deprotonated.


A monoglyceride in which the acyl substituent is located at position 1.


chanoclavine-I

An organic tricyclic compound that is 1,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzo[cd]indole which is substituted at position 4 by a methylamino group and at position 5 by a 3-hydroxy-2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl group (the 4R,5R,E diastereoisomer). It is a precursor of the tetracyclic ergolines agroclavine, elymoclavine and lysergic acid amide.


glycerophosphoinositol phosphate

Any glycerophosphoinositol bearing one or more additional phospho substituents on the inositol ring.


phosphate ion

A phosphorus oxoanion that is the conjugate base of phosphoric acid.


sphingoid

Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.


oxazole

An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.


polyprenylbenzoquinone

Any member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones substituted by a polyprenyl-derived side-chain.


A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a prenyl group.


nitroso compound

Compounds having the nitroso group, -NO, attached to carbon, or to another element, most commonly nitrogen or oxygen.


A citrate(1-) that is the conjugate acid of 2-(carboxymethyl)-2-hydroxysuccinate.


nitrosamine

N-Nitroso amines, compounds of the structure R2NNO. Compounds RNHNO are not ordinarily isolable, but they, too, are nitrosamines. The name is a contraction of N-nitrosoamine and, as such, does not require the N locant.


A tricarboxylic acid monoanion that is the conjugate base of citric acid, obtained by deprotonation of one of the three carboxy groups.


A tricarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of two of the three carboxy groups of citric acid.


A citrate(2-) that is the conjugate base of 3,4-dicarboxy-3-hydroxybutanoate.


A citrate(2-) that is the dianion obtained by the deprotonation of the terminal carboxy groups of citric acid.


A cineole in which the 1,8-cineole skeleton is substituted at C-2 with a hydroxy group oriented endo (R configuration).


oxfendazole

A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is fenbendazole in which the sulfur has been oxidised to the corresponding sulfoxide.


leprostatic drug

A substance that suppresses Mycobacterium leprae, ameliorates the clinical manifestations of leprosy, and/or reduces the incidence and severity of leprous reactions.


ROXARSONE

An organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl.


coccidiostat

An agent useful in the treatment or prevention of coccidiosis in man or animals.


branched-chain fatty acid

Any fatty acid in which the parent hydrocarbon chain has one or more alkyl substituents; a common component in animal and bacterial lipids. The fatty acyl chain is usually saturated and the substituent a methyl group; however, unsaturated BCFAs are found in marine animals, and branches other than methyl are found in microbial lipids.


antiprotozoal drug

Any antimicrobial drug which is used to treat or prevent protozoal infections.


anticholesteremic drug

A substance used to lower plasma cholesterol levels.


arsanes

The saturated hydrides of tervalent arsenic, having the general formula AsnHn+2.


mandelic acid

A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which two of the methyl hydrogens are substituted by phenyl and hydroxyl groups.


arsoranes

lambda(5)-arsane and its hydrocarbyl derivatives. By extension the term also applies to arsonium ylides.


antirheumatic drug

A drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.


arsine oxides

H3As=O and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.


gout suppressant

A drug that increases uric acid excretion by the kidney (uricosuric drug), decreases uric acid production (antihyperuricemic), or alleviates the pain and inflammation of acute attacks of gout.


renal agent

A drug used for its effect on the kidneys' regulation of body fluid composition and volume.


sulfone

An organosulfur compound having the structure RS(=O)2R (R =/= H).


L-valyl ester

Any alpha-amino acid ester that has L-valine as the amino acid component.


A member of the class of phenanthrenes that is phenanthrene substituted by a methyl group at position 1.


hydroxy monocarboxylic acid

Any monocarboxylic acid which also contains a separate (alcoholic or phenolic) hydroxy substituent.


oxo monocarboxylic acid

Any monocarboxylic acid having at least one additional oxo functional group.


carboxylic anhydride

Anhydrides derived from carboxylic acids.


A crown ether that is 18-crown-6 ortho-fused to two benzene rings at positions 8-9 and 17-18.


phosphanes

The saturated hydrides of tervalent phosphorus having the general formula PnHn+2.


diphosphane

The simplest of the diphosphanes, consisting of two covelently linked phosphorus atoms each carrying two hydrogens.


phosphine

Phosphane (PH3) and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups: RPH2, R2PH, R3P (R =/= H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary phosphines, respectively. A specific phosphine is preferably named as a substituted phosphane.


primary phosphine

A compound derived from phosphane by substituting one hydrogen atom by a hydrocarbyl group.


secondary phosphine

A compound derived from phosphane by substituting two hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.


tertiary phosphine

A compound derived from phosphane by substituting three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.


phosphoranes

lambda(5)-phosphane and its hydrocarbyl derivatives. By extension the term also applies to phosphonium ylides.


A Glu-Cys-Gly tripeptide derivative of glutathione containing a 2-hydroxyethyl substituent on the S of the Cys residue.


but-3-enoic acid

That isomer of butenoic acid having the double bond at position C-3.


crotonate

The conjugate base of crotonic acid; used by some bacterial species as a carbon and energy source.


A butenoate having the double bond at the 3-position.


oxo carboxylic acid anion

Any carboxylic acid anion containing at least one oxo group.


A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of a 4-(3-hydroxy-1-benzothiophen-2-yl)-2-oxobut-3-enoic acid.


A dicarboxylic acid monoanion that is the conjugate base of glutaric acid.


glutaramate

A monocarboxylic acid anion that is obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of glutaramic acid.


2-oxo monocarboxylic acid

Any monocarboxylic acid having a 2-oxo substituent.


sterol ester

A steroid ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of a sterol.


hydroperoxide

A monosubstitution product of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH.


peroxol

Monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide HOOH, having the skeleton ROOH, in which R is any organyl group.


A branched amino trisaccharide consisting of D-galactose having an alpha-L-fucosyl residue at the 2-position and an N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl residue at the 3-position.


delta-amino acid

A non-proteinogenic amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position delta to the carboxy group.


3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is valeric acid carrying oxo- and methyl substituents at C-2 and C-3, respectively. An alpha-keto acid analogue and metabolite of isoleucine in man, animals and bacteria. Used as a clinical marker for maple syrup urine disease (MSUD).


A pentenoate having the double bond at the 4-position.


pent-4-enoic acid

A pentenoic acid having the double bond at position 4.


pent-2-enoic acid

A pentenoic acid having the double bond at position 2.


TRH

A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.


serotonergic agonist

An agent that has an affinity for serotonin receptors and is able to mimic the effects of serotonin by stimulating the physiologic activity at the cell receptors. Serotonin agonists are used as antidepressants, anxiolytics, and in the treatment of migraine disorders.


neurotransmitter agent

A substance used for its pharmacological action on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.


dioxo monocarboxylic acid

Any monocarboxylic acid containing two ketonic or aldehydic oxo groups.


L-lysyl ester

An alpha-amino acid ester of L-lysine.


epsilon-amino acid

An amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position epsilon to the carboxy group.


sorbic acid

A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.


penta-2,4-dienoic acid

A pentadienoic acid with the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.


The (2E,6Z)-stereoisomer of farnesol.


3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid

A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that has a hydroxy group beta to the carboxy group.


4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid

A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid which has a hydroxy group located gamma to the carboxy group.


dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid

Any  hydroxy monocarboxylic acid carrying at least two hydroxy groups.


3-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion

An oxo monocarboxylic acid anion having the oxo group located at the 3-position (R = H or organyl group).


dioxo monocarboxylic acid anion

An oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dioxo monocarboxylic acid.


A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at C-16 of an unbranched saturated chain of 31 carbon atoms.


NONANOL

A nonanol that is nonane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It has been isolated as a component of volatile oils from plants like Hordeum vulgare.


bridged compound

A polycyclic compound that contains more than one ring with at least two common atoms (also known as bridgehead carbons) that are not adjacent to each other.


penam

Compound comprising a beta-lactam ring fused to a saturated 5-membered ring containing one sulfur atom.


penams

Natural and synthetic antibiotics containing the 4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-7-one structure, generally assumed to have the 5R configuration unless otherwise specified.


cepham

An organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of (6R)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]octane bearing an 8-keto substituent. The parent of the class of cephams.


penem

An organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of (5R)-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene bearing a 7-keto substituent. The parent of the class of penems.


cephams

Natural and synthetic antibiotics containing the 5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]octan-8-one nucleus; generally assumed to have the 6R configuration, unless otherwise specified.


penems

An  organosulfur heterocyclic compound that contains a beta-lactam ring.


TRIDECANE

A straight chain alkane containing 13 carbon atoms. It forms a component of the essential oils isolated from plants such as Abelmoschus esculentus.


An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1S,2R-stereoisomer).


heptadecenoic acid

Any C17 straight-chain monounsaturated fatty acid having one C=C double bond.


CIS-RESVERATROL

The cis-stereoisomer of  resveratrol.


decenoic acid

Any C10 monounsaturated fatty acid having a double bond in the carbon backbone.


tetradecenoic acid

Any C14 straight-chain monounsaturated fatty acid having one C=C double bond.


docosahexaenoic acid

Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.


trans-stilbene

The trans-isomer of stilbene.


The cis-isomer of stilbene.


omega-6 fatty acid

A family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the n-6 position, i.e., the sixth bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid.


CHLOROMETHANE

A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group.


A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.


chloroethanes

A chloroalkane that is ethane in which one or more of the  hydrogens is replaced by chlorine.


TRICHLOROETHANE

A member of the class of chloroethanes that is ethane substituted by chloro groups at positions 1, 1 and 2.


octadec-9-enoic acid

An octadecenoic acid with a double bond at C-9.


octadec-6-enoic acid

An octadecenoic acid having a cis- or trans- double bond at position 6.


vaccenic acid

An octadecenoic acid having a double bond at position 11; and which can occur in cis- or trans- configurations.


A member of the class of  chloroethanes that is ethane substituted by chloro groups at positions 1, 1, 2 and 2.


stilbenol

Any  stilbenoid with at least one phenolic group.


pentenoate

A short-chain, saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of any pentenoic acid, formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.


docosenoic acid

A C22, monounsaturated fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position.


tetracosenoic acid

Any C24 monounsaturated fatty acid containing one double bond.


icosatetraenoic acid

A 20-carbon, polyunsaturated fatty acid having four double bonds at unspecified positions.


octadecynoic acid

Any C18, straight-chain, monounsaturated fatty acid having a C#C triple-bond at any position.


icosa-5,8,11,13-tetraenoic acid

Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 13.


fatty acid 20:3

Any trienoic fatty acid with twenty carbons.


(5Z,9E,14Z)-icosa-5,9,14-trienoic acid

An icosatrienoic acid having a (5Z,9E,14Z) double bond configuration.


icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid

Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 7, 9, 11 and 14.


icosa-5,8,10,14-tetraenoic acid

Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 10 and 14.


icosa-6,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid

Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 6, 8, 11 and 14.


icosa-5,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid

Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 9, 11 and 14.


icosa-6,8,10,14-tetraenoic acid

Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 6, 8, 10 and 14.


antibacterial drug

A drug used to treat or prevent bacterial infections.


The conjugate base of arsenilic acid.


antitreponemal drug

A drug used in the treatment of infections with bacteria of the genus Treponema.


benzoate ester

Esters of benzoic acid or substituted benzoic acids.


furoic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that consists of a furan ring having a single carboxylic acid group on any ring position and derivatives thereof.


daphnane

A tetracyclic terpene alkaloid and the parent compound of the daphnane subgroup of the squalene-derived Daphniphyllium alkaloids.


hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion

Any monocarboxylic acid anion carrying at least one hydroxy substituent.


PROTOCATECHUIC ACID

A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.


oxytocic

A drug that stimulates contraction of the myometrium. Oxytocics are used to induce labour, obstetric at term, to prevent or control postpartum or postabortion haemorrhage, and to assess foetal status in high risk pregnancies. They may also be used alone or with other drugs to induce abortions (abortifacients).


prostaglandin F3alpha

A prostaglandin Falpha that is prosta-5,13,17-trien-1-oic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 9alpha, 11alpha and 15.


L-topaquinone

A topaquinone that has S configuration.


topaquinone

A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinon-5-yl group.


dihydroxybenzoate

A hydroxybenzoate that is the  conjugate base of dihydroxybenzoic acid.


4-coumaric acid

A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.


clavulone

A class of esterified prostanoids obtained from marine corals.


cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that consists of cyclohexane substituted by a carboxy group.


neoflavan

The simplest member of the class of neoflavans, that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran substituted by a phenyl group at position 4.


(S)-isoflavan

The (S)-enantiomer of isoflavan.


(R)-isoflavan

The (R)-enantiomer of isoflavan.


The (R)-enantiomer of flavan.


The (S)-enantiomer of flavan.


The (R)-enantiomer of flavanone.


BETA-NAPHTOIC ACID

A naphthoic acid that is naphthalene carrying a carboxy group at position 2.


A naphthoate that is the conjugate base of 2-naphthoic acid.


CARBOXYNAPHTHOL

A naphthoic acid with the carboxy group at position 2 and carrying a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It is a  xenobiotic metabolite produced by the biodegradation of phenanthrene by microorganisms.


chlordiazepoxide

A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.


pipecolate

A piperidinecarboxylate that is the  conjugate base of pipecolic acid.


pyridinedicarboxylic acid

Any member of the class of  pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.


An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3.


chromenylium

A member of the class of chromenyliums that is chromene with a protonated oxygen.


isochromenylium

An organic cation that is isochromene with a protonated oxygen.


pyrylium

The simplest member of the class of pyryliums that is pyran with a protonated oxygen.


flavylium

A member of the class of chromenyliums that is chromenylium with a phenyl substituent at position 2.


(+)-quinic acid

The (+)-enantiomer of quinic acid.


chlorflavonin

A  dihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by a chloro group at position 3', hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 2' and methoxy groups at positions 3, 7 band 8 respectively.


cyclic terpene ketone

An alicyclic ketone in which the carbocyclic ring structure forms part of a terpene skeleton.


alicyclic ketone

A cyclic ketone in which the carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system.


A pentenedioate that is the dianion obtained by the deprotonation of both the carboxy groups of glutaconic acid.


chlorhexidine

A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.


cyclopentanones

Any alicyclic ketone that consists of a cyclopentane skeleton substituted by at least one oxo group.


quinone

Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).


levuglandin

Seco-prostaglandins related formally to the corresponding prostaglandins by aldol condensation.


oxo dicarboxylic acid

Any dicarboxylic acid carrying one or more oxo groups.


heptenoic acid

A C7, medium-chain fatty acid carrying a double bond at any position along the main chain.


2-heptenoic acid

A heptenoic acid with the double bond at position 2.


An alpha,beta-monocarboxylic acid consisting of 2-heptenoic acid having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions as well as a methylene group at position 5.


metalloprotoporphyrin

A metal--protoporphyrin coordination complex.


protoporphyrin monomethyl ester

A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is the monomethyl ester of protoporphyrin.


A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by the deprotonation of both the carboxy groups of pimelic acid.


A  pyridinedicarboxylate that is the conjugate base of dipicolinate(1-)


cytoporphyrin

A cyclic tetrapyrrole that consists of porphyrin bearing several substituents including methyl, vinyl, formyl, hydroxy and hydroxyalkatrienyl. The parent of the class of cytoporphyrins.


cytoporphyrinate

A doubly-charged cyclic tetrapyrrole anion obtained by deprotonation of the two pyrrole NH groups of cytoporphyrin.


succinate ester

A carboxylic ester resulting from the esterification of one or both of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. (Succinate ester in which only one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid has been esterified are known as hemisuccinates.)


ferriheme a

A ferriheme in which the 1-hydroxy group has S-configuration.


malate ester

A  carboxylic ester of malic acid.


chlormezanone

A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.


hepoxilin A3

A hepoxilin having (5Z,9E,14Z) double bond stereochemistry, an 8-hydroxy substituent and an 11S,12S-epoxy group.


2-hexenedioic acid

A hexenedioic acid where the C=C double bond is located at the 2-position.


hepoxilin

Mono-hydroxy epoxy icosatrienoic acids which are generated along the 12-lipoxygenase pathway.


trioxilin

Any icosatrienoic acid having three hydroxy substituents.


all-cis-icosa-5,8,14-trienoic acid

An icosatrienoic acid with three cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8 and 14.


trioxilin A3

A trioxilin having (5Z,9E,14Z) double bond configuration; and 8-, (11R)- and (12S)-hydroxy substituents.


The conjugate base of 12-hydroxylauric acid.


3-hydroxylauric acid

A medium-chain fatty acid that is the 3-hydroxylated derivative of lauric acid;  associated with fatty acid metabolic disorders.


shikimate

A cyclohexenecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of shikimic acid.


(S)-3-hydroxylauric acid

The (S)-enantiomer of 3-hydroxylauric acid.


2-hydroxylauric acid

A monohydroxy fatty acid with a lauric acid core substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group, which confers chirality; a component of cellular lipids in Pseudomonas strains.


(R)-2-hydroxylauric acid

The (R)-enantiomer of 2-hydroxylauric acid.


(S)-2-hydroxylauric acid

The (S)-enantiomer of 2-hydroxylauric acid.


4-hydroxylauric acid

A hydroxy fatty acid comprising lauric acid carrying a hydroxy group at C-4.


(S)-4-hydroxylauric acid

An optically active form of 4-hydroxylauric acid having (S)-configuration.


(R)-4-hydroxylauric acid

An optically active form of 4-hydroxylauric acid having (R)-configuration.


CELLOBIOSE

A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.


beta-lactose

The beta-anomer of lactose.


lactose

The alpha-anomer of lactose.


A glycosylgalactose comprising two galactose units joined via an beta-(1->4) linkage.


A beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-D-galactopyranose in which the carbon bearing the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha- configuration.


allolactose

A glycosylglucose consisting of galactose and glucose units linked through a 1-6 glycosidic linkage.


beta-allolactose

The beta-stereoisomer of allolactose.


alpha-allolactose

The alpha-stereoisomer of allolactose.


icosa-5,7,11,14-tetraenoic acid

Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 7, 11 and 14.


disaccharide

A compound in which two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond.


chenodeoxycholate

Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.


cholanic acid

A steroid acid that consists of cholane having a carboxy group in place of the methyl group at position 24.


5alpha-cholanic acid

A cholanic acid having 5alpha-configuration.


A trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions  3, 7 and 12 (the 3alpha,7alpha,12beta stereoisomer).


A dihydroxybenzoate having the two hydroxy groups located at the 3- and 4-positions.


A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvic acid.


propanoate ester

Any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is  propionic acid.


dicarboxylic acid monoester

A monoester of a dicarboxylic acid.


5beta-cholanic acids

Members of the class of cholanic acids based on a 5beta-cholane skeleton.


bile acid conjugate

Any bile acid conjugated to a functional group that gives additional hydrophilicity or charge to the molecule. Molecules used for conjugation are: glycine, taurine (and other amino acids); sulfuric acid (for which the term ''sulfate'' may be used); glucuronic acid (for which the term ''glucuronate'' may be used); glucose and other uncharged sugars; and coenzyme A.


glycochenodeoxycholate

A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycochenodeoxycholic acid.


isocrotonic acid

A but-2-enoic acid having a cis- double bond at C-2.


isocrotonate

A but-2-enoate having a cis- double bond at C-2.


bile acid glycine conjugate

Amide of a bile acid with glycine.


taurocholate

An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.


The conjugate base of but-2-enoic acid.


taurolithocholic acid-3-sulphate

The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.


taurodeoxycholate

An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.


hydrogenmolybdate

A monovalent inorganic anion that consists of molybdic acid where one of the two OH groups has been deprotonated.


molybdate

A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid


hydrogen dimolybdate

A monovalent inorganic anion that consists of dimolybdic acid where one of the two OH groups has been deprotonated.


A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from dimolybdic acid.


hydrogentungstate

A monovalent inorganic anion that consists of tungstic acid where one of the two OH groups has been deprotonated.


glycochenodeoxycholic acid

A bile acid glycine conjugate having 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl as the bile acid component.


HETE

Any monohydroxylated icosanoid having four double bonds.


bile acid salt

A salt of a bile acid.


CHLORONEB

A dimethoxybenzene that is p-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 5. A fungicide formerly used as a seed treatment, it is not approved for use in the European Union.


caffeic acid

A hydroxycinnamic acid that is cinnamic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. It exists in cis and trans forms; the latter is the more common.


hydrogentellurate

A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of a proton from telluric acid.


A monovalent inorganic anion that consists of orthotelluric acid where one of the six OH groups has been deprotonated.


A naphthoate that is the conjugate base of 1-naphthoic acid.


icosa-5,8,12,14-tetraenoic acid

Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 12 and 14.


chlorin

A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that is obtained by formal hydrogenation across the 2,3-double bond of porphyrin.


bacteriochlorin

A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of two pyrrole and two reduced pyrrole units connected by methine linkages, where the two reduced pyrroles are located diagonally opposite one another.


bilane

A linear tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four pyrrole units connected via methylene linkages between positions 2 and 5.


icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid

Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.


glycerophosphocholine

The glycerol phosphate ester of a phosphocholine. A nutrient with many different roles in human health.


glycerophosphoinositol

Any glycerophospholipid having the polar alcohol inositol esterified to the phosphate group at the sn-3 position of the glycerol backbone.


dipyrrin

A dipyrrin that consists of pyrrole bearing a pyrrol-2-ylidenemethyl substituent at the 2-position.


tripyrrin

A tripyrrole in which the three 1H-pyrrole rings are linked by eth-1-yl-2-ylidene groups


porphyrinogens

Hexahydroporphyrins in which the nitrogen atoms and four meso positions are saturated.


6alpha,20xi-murideoxycholic acid

The 6alpha,20xi-stereoisomer of murideoxycholic acid.


octadecanoid

Unsaturated C18 fatty acids and skeletally related compounds.


HODE

Hydroxy-octadecadienoic acids, formed in mammalian cells from the corresponding hydroperoxy compounds (HPODEs).


HPODE

Hydroperoxy-octadecadienoic acids, formed in mammalian cells by peroxidation of linoleic acid.


octadeca-10,12-dienoic acid

A conjugated linoleic acid having double bonds at positions 10 and 12.


HISPIDIN

Fungal metabolite first found in basidiomycete Inonotus hispidus (formerly Polyporus hispidus).


local anaesthetic

Any member of a group of drugs that reversibly inhibit the propagation of signals along nerves. Wide variations in potency, stability, toxicity, water-solubility and duration of action determine the route used for administration, e.g. topical, intravenous, epidural or spinal block.


trypanocidal drug

A drug used to treat or prevent infections caused by protozoal organisms belonging to the suborder Trypanosomatida.


polyatomic entity

Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom.


polyatomic ion

An ion consisting of more than one atom.


chloroprocaine

Procaine in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the carboxylic acid group is substituted by chlorine. It is used as its monohydrochloride salt as a local anaesthetic, particularly for oral surgery. It has the advantage over lidocaine of constricting blood vessels, so reducing bleeding.


cis-dipyrrin

The cis-isomer of dipyrrin.


trans-dipyrrin

The trans-isomer of dipyrrin.


chloroquine

An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.


dichloroacetic acid

An organochlorine compound comprising acetic acid carrying two chloro substituents at the 2-position. It occurs in nature in seaweed, Asparagopsis taxiformis.


chloroalkene

A compound derived from an alkene by replacing a hydrogen atom with a chlorine atom.


name: saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent


CHLOROTHALONIL

A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.


THIOMORPHOLINE

A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is an analogue of morpholine where the oxygen atom is replaced by sulfur.


chlorothiazide

4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.


cycloalkadiene

An unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbon having two endocyclic double bonds.


cycloalkatriene

An unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbon having three endocyclic double bonds.


monocyclic olefin

A monocyclic hydrocarbon having any number of double bonds.


CYCLOHEXENE

A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.


chlorphenesin

Glycerol in which the hydrogen of one of the primary hydroxy groups is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group. It has antifungal and antibacterial properties, and is used for treatment of cutaneous and vaginal infections. Its 1-carbamate is used as a skeletal muscle relaxant for the treatment of painful muscle spasm.


ACRIDINE

A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.


PHENANTHRIDINE

An azaarene that is the 9-aza derivative of phenanthrene. The parent of the class of phenanthridines.


chlorphenesin carbamate

The carbamate ester of the primary hydroxy group of chlorphenesin. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.


angelic acid

The (Z)-isomer of 2-methylbut-2-enoic acid. It is found in plant species of the family Apiaceae.


2-methylbut-2-enoic acid

A branched-chain fatty acid consisting of 2-butenoic acid having a methyl group at position 2.


octadecatrienoate

A C18, straight-chain, unsaturated long-chain fatty acid anion and the conjugate base of its corresponding octadecatrienoic acid, formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.


The conjugate base of (9Z,11E,13S,14Z)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11,14-trienic acid.


An unsaturated fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of (9Z,13S,15Z)-12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9,11,15-trienoic acid.


carprofen

Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.


propylglucosinolate

An alkylglucosinolate that is the conjugate base of propylglucosinolic acid.


isobutylglucosinolate

An alkylglucosinolate that is the conjugate base of isobutylglucosinolic acid.


butylglucosinolate

An alkylglucosinolate that is the conjugate base of butylglucosinolic acid.


An alkylglucosinolate that is the conjugate base of 2-methylbutylglucosinolic acid.


pentylglucosinolate

An alkylglucosinolate that is the conjugate base of pentylglucosinolic acid.


alkenylglucosinolate

A glucosinolate that is the conjugate base of alkenylglucosinolic acid.


aralkylglucosinolate

A glucosinolate having a aralkyl side chain.


Tricarboxylate anion of homocitric acid.


The (E)-isomer of glutaconate(2-).


(R)-mevalonate

The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonate.


The anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of cis-1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-dienecarboxylic acid.


NAPHTHOIC ACID

A naphthoic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 1.


ciguatoxin CTX1B

A ciguatoxin comprising a sequence of twelve trans-fused six-, seven-, eight- and nine-membered rings and a spiro-fused five-membered ring. A commonly encountered fish toxin.


chlorpromazine

A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.


quinazoline alkaloid

Any alkaloid based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.


1-oleoylglycerone 3-phosphate

A 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphate in which the acyl group is specified as oleoyl.


A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 8-position.


chlorpromazine N-oxide

An organochlorine compound that is chlorpromazine in which the acyclic tertiary amino group has been converted into the corresponding N-oxide.


bisabolane

A cycloalkane that is cyclohexane substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a 6-methylheptan-2-yl at position 4. Its skeleton structure is found in many sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids.


A hopanoid that is hopane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 22.


13-(beta-D-glucosyloxy)docosanoic acid

A beta-D-glucoside consisting of docosanoic (behenic) acid having a beta-D-glucosyloxy group at position 13.


A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 13-(beta-D-glucosyloxy)docosanoic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.


17beta-estradiol 3-glucosiduronic acid

A steroid glucosiduronic acid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having a beta-glucuronyl residue attached at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.


A steroid glucosiduronic acid that is 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol having a single beta-D-glucuronic acid residue attached at position 3.


galactosylceramide

Any of the cerebrosides in which the monosaccharide head group is galactose.


chlorpropamide

An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.


glucosylceramide

Any of the cerebrosides in which the monosaccharide head group is glucose.


A dicarboxylic acid monoanion that is the conjugate base of cis,cis-muconic acid.


A dicarboxylic acid monoanion that is the conjugate base of trans,trans-muconic acid.


menthone

The trans-stereoisomer of p-menthan-3-one.


cadinane

A sesquiterpene consisting of decalin having two methyl substituents at the 1- and 6-positions, an isopropyl substituent at the 4-position and (1S,4S,4aS,6S,8aS)-configuration.


germacrane

The fundamental parent of a class of sesquiterpenes with a structure based upon a cyclodecane ring substituted with an isopropyl and two methyl groups.


CHLORSULFURON

An N-sulfonylurea that is N-carbamoyl-2-chlorobenzenesulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the non-sulfonylated nitrogen has been replaced by a 4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group. A herbicide used for the control of broadleaf weeds in wheat, barley and oats.


A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a linear pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to the ceramide portion via a beta-linkage.


aristolochene

An octahydronaphthalene that is 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7-octahydronaphthalene which is substituted at positions 4 and 4a by methyl groups, and a position 6 by an isopropenyl group.


A 6-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of 6-(2-aminophenyl)-2-hydroxy-6-oxohexa-2,4-dienoic acid.


A 6-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of 2-hydroxy-6-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-6-oxo-cis,cis-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid.


sialotriaosylceramide

A ganglioside in which the oligosaccharide portion is composed of a trisaccharide, to which one or more sialic acid residues are attached.


sialopentaosylceramide

A ganglioside in which the oligosaccharide portion is composed of a pentasaccharide containing one or more sialic acid residues.


sialotetraosylceramide

A ganglioside in which the oligosaccharide portion is composed of an tetrasaccharide, to which one or more sialic acid residues are attached.


sialodiosylceramide

A ganglioside in which the number of residues in the oligosaccharide chain is two.


sialohexaosylceramide

A ganglioside in which the oligosaccharide portion is composed of a hexasaccharide, to which one or more sialic acid residues are attached.


sialomonoglycosylceramide

A ganglioside in which the oligosaccharide portion is composed of an monosaccharide, to which one or more sialic acid residues are attached.


chlorzoxazone

A member of the class of  1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.


tetra-tert-butyltetrahedrane

A polycyclic alkane that is tetrahedrane in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a tert-butyl group.


N-acetylanthranilic acid

An amidobenzoic acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-acetyl group.


N-methylanthranilate

An aromatic amino-acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of N-methylanthranilic acid.


The conjugate base of 3-hydroxy-4-methylanthranilic acid.


A hydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid.


CHLOZOLINATE

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-chlozolinate. An obsolete fungicide, formerly used as a foliar spray against Botrytis, Sclerotinia and Monilia spp.


main-group coordination entity

A coordination entity in which the central atom to which the ligands are attached comes from groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 of the periodic table.


A methoxybenzoate that it is obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of N-benzoyl-4-methoxyanthranilate.


N-formylanthranilic acid

An amidobenzoic acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-formyl group.


PYRITHIONE

A  pyridinethione that is pyridine-2(1H)-thione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is a Zn(2+) ionophore; the zinc salt is used as an antifungal and antibacterial agent.


thioketone

A thiocarbonyl compound in which the carbon of the thiocarbonyl group is bonded to two other carbon atoms, R2C=S (neither R may be H).


carbonyl compound

Any compound containing the carbonyl group, C=O. The term is commonly used in the restricted sense of aldehydes and ketones, although it actually includes carboxylic acids and derivatives.


organic oxo compound

Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element.


An N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an acetyl group.


The simplest member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones, consisting of pyrrolidine in which the hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. The lactam arising by the formal intramolecular condensation of the amino and carboxy groups of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).


dimethyl carbonate

A carbonate ester that is carbonic acid in which both hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups. A flammable, colourless liquid (m.p. 2-4degreeC, b.p. 90degreeC) with a characterstic ester-like odour, it is used as a 'green' methylating agent and as a solvent.


PHTHALAZINE

An azaarene that is the 2,3-diaza analogue of naphthalene. The parent of the class of phthalazines.


heterone

Organic compounds having an oxygen atom formally doubly bonded to a heteroatom.


TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE OXIDE

A phosphine oxide in which the substituents on phosphorus are three phenyl groups.


thiophene oxide

A cyclic heterone that is thiophene carrying an oxo group at position 1.


metal carbonyl

A coordination entity that is coordination complex of a metals with one or more carbon monoxide ligands.


PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE

The cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the anhydride of phthalic acid.


acid anhydride

Compounds consisting of two acyl groups bonded to the same oxygen atom acyl-O-acyl.


cyclic acid anhydride

Acid anhydrides derived by loss of water between two oxoacid functions RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) (carboxylic, sulfonic, etc.) in the same molecule so as to close a ring.


cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride

An acid anhydride derived by loss of water between two carboxylic groups in the same molecule so as to close a ring.


acetic anhydride

An acyclic carboxylic anhydride derived from acetic acid.


fenchane

A  monoterpene that is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by methy groups at positions 1, 3 and 3.


A fenchone that has (1R,4S)-stereochemistry. It is a constituent of the essential oils obtained from fennel.


triterpenoid

Any terpenoid derived from a triterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C30 skeleton of the parent triterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).


QUINOXALINE

A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.


CINNOLINE

An azaarene that is the 1,2-diaza analogue of naphthalene. The parent of the class of cinnolines.


QUINAZOLINE

A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.


benzimidazole

A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is a heterocyclic organic compound comprising fused benzene and imidazole rings.


naphthyridine

Any one of eight organic heterobicyclic compounds that have a naphthalene skeleton in which two of the carbons are replaced by nitrogens. A 'closed' class.


A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are situated at positions 1 and 8.


cholesteryl palmitate

A cholesterol ester obtained by the formal condensation of cholesterol with palmitic acid.


TOLUIC ACID

A methylbenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.


4-METHYLBENZOIC ACID

A methylbenzoic acid in which the methyl substituent is located at position 4.


glycononaosylceramide

Any oligoglycosylceramide where the oligoglycoside component is a nonasaccharide.


glycooctaosylceramide

An oligoglycosylceramide consisting of a glycooctaosyl moiety attached to the ceramide oxygen with an unspecified N-acyl substituent attached to the ceramide nitrogen.


glyoxylate

The conjugate base of glyoxylic acid.


phenylglyoxylate

A member of the class of glyoxylates, that is obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of phenylglyoxylic acid.


A hydroxybenzoate that is obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of 6-methylsalicylic acid.


A 2-hydroxy carboxylate that is obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactic acid.


A phenol having the structure of stilbene with a hydroxy function at C-4 of one of the phenyl rings; the stereochemistry across the alkene bond is not specified.


3-(6-hydroxyindol-3-yl)lactic acid

2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of lactic acid having a 6-hydroxyindol-3-yl group at the 3-position.


PHENAZINE

An azaarene that is anthracene in which the carbon atoms at positions 9 and 10 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.


heteranthrene

Heterotricyclic compounds containing two benzene rings fused to a 1,4-diheterabenzene in which the heteroatoms are the same.


organochlorine compound

An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond.


chlorocarboxylic acid

A carboxylic acid containing at least one chloro group.


chloroarene

A compound derived from an arene by replacing a hydrogen atom with a chlorine atom.


acyl chloride

A compound consisting of an acyl group bonded to chlorine.


A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro substituents at positions 1 and 3.


A tetrachlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1, 2, 3 and 5.


A tetrachlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1, 2, 4 and 5.


corticosteroid hormone

Any of a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex.


(+)-alpha-phellandrene

The (5S)-stereoisomer of alpha-phellandrene (5-isopropyl-2-methylcyclohexa-1,3-diene).


phosphocholines

Any compound having phosphocholine as part of its structure.


An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which unspecified alkyl and acyl groups are located at positions 1 and 2 respectively.


CHLORANIL

A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.


imiquimod

An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.


A 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the 2-O-acyl group is specified as acetyl; a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.


aminoquinoline

Any member of the class of quinolines in which the quinoline skeleton is substituted by one or more amino or substituted-amino groups.


interferon inducer

An agent that promotes the production and release of interferons.


An alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine in which unspecified alkyl and acyl groups are located at positions 1 and 2 respectively.


ANDROSTANDIOL

The 5alpha-stereoisomer of androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol.


darunavir

An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease  enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.


monochlorobiphenyl

A  chlorobiphenyl carrying a single chloro substituent at unspecified position.


dichlorobiphenyl

Any polychlorobiphenyl with molecular formula C12H8Cl2.


trichlorobiphenyl

Any polychlorobiphenyl with molecular formula C12H7Cl3.


tetrachlorobiphenyl

Any polychlorobiphenyl with molecular formula C12H6Cl4.


pentachlorobiphenyl

Any polychlorobiphenyl with molecular formula C12H5Cl5.


hexachlorobiphenyl

Any polychlorobiphenyl with molecular formula C12H4Cl6.


A C21-steroid that is pregnane which contains a double bond between positions 4 and 5 and is substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and by hydroxy groups at the 17alpha and 20 positions.


Any alkyldiacylglyceride in which the alkyl group is located at position 1 and the acyl groups at positions 2 and 3.


A C21-steroid that is pregnane which contains a double bond between positions 4 and 5 and is substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and a hydroxy group at position 20.


hydroxypregnenolone

A C21-steroid that is pregnenolone in which a hydrogen attached to a carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.


biladienes

Compounds based on a biladiene skeleton.


ALPHA-PINENE

A pinene that is bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 6 and 6 respectively.


A p-menthane monoterpenoid that is p-menthane substituted by an oxo group at position 3.


mesobiliverdin

A bilin that consists of 3,18-diethyl-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-1,19,22,24-tetrahydro-21H-biline-8,12-dipropanoic acid bearing two oxo substituents at positions 1 and 19.


dipyrrins

Compounds containing two pyrrole rings linked through a methine group (-CH=).


(R)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid

A 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid in which the chiral centre has R configuration.


pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid

A pyrrolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-pyrrole carrying a carboxy substituent at position 2.


eremophilane sesquiterpenoid

Any sesquiterpenoid whose structure is related to eremophilane.


farnesane

A sesquiterpene that is dodecane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 6 and 10.


ent-kaurane diterpenoid

A diterpenoid compound having an ent-kaurane skeleton.


1-pyrroline-2-carboxylic acid

The product resulting from formal oxidation of DL-proline by loss of hydrogen from the nitrogen and from the carbon alpha to the carboxylic acid, with the formation of a C=N bond.


abietane diterpenoid

A diterpenoid based on an  abietane skeleton.


labdane diterpenoid

Any diterpenoid with a labdane skeleton.


cyclopentadienylium

An organic cation obtained by abstraction of a hydride (H(-)) from the methylene group of cyclopentadiene.


camphor

A cyclic monoterpene ketone that is bornane bearing an oxo substituent at position 2. A naturally occurring monoterpenoid.


gibberellin A2

A C19-gibberellin, initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi; it differs from gibberellin A1 in the absence of an OH group at C-7 and the substitution of the methylidene grouping at C-8 by alpha-OH and beta-Me groups (gibbane numberings).


sapphyrin

A cyclic pentapyrrole where the five pyrrole units are joined at their 2- and 5-positions via four methine linkages and one direct 2-5'-linkage.


apo carotenoid triterpenoid

A triterpenoid compound arising from loss of part of the carotene skeleton.


carbobicyclic compound

A bicyclic compound in which all the ring atoms are carbon.


tetralins

Compounds containing a tetralin skeleton.


escitalopram

A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.


(R)-CITALOPRAM

A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has R-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the inactive enantiomer of citalopram.


(-)-CITRONELLAL

The (3S)-stereoisomer of 3,7-dimethyloct-6-enal (citronellal).


CHRYSANTHEMIC ACID

A monocarboxylic acid that is cyclopropanecarboxylic acid substituted by two methyl groups at position 2 and a 2-methylprop-1-en-1-yl group at position 3.


hydrochloride

A salt formally resulting from the reaction of hydrochloric acid with an organic base.


TRIFLUOROMETHYLBENZENE

A fluorohydrocarbon that is fluoroform in which the hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.


VALEROPHENONE

An aromatic ketone that consists of benzene substituted by a pentanoyl group.


oxime O-ether

O-organyl oximes R2C=NOR' (R' =/= H).


An oxime O-ether that is the (E)-O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime derived from 4'-iodo-5-methoxyvalerophenone.


dantron

A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.


ring assembly

Two or more cyclic systems (single rings or fused systems) which are directly joined to each other by double or single bonds are named ring assemblies when the number of such direct ring junctions is one less than the number of cyclic systems involved.


A thiophene derivative that consists of two thiophene rings connected by a 2,2'-linkage.


A member of the class of cyclopentanes that is cyclopentane substituted by a cyclopentylidene group at position 1.


cyanate ester

Esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N.


3-hydroxy steroid

Any hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 3.


3alpha-hydroxy steroid

A 3-hydroxy steroid in which the 3-hydroxy substituent is in the alpha-position.


3beta-hydroxy steroid

A 3-hydroxy steroid in which the 3-hydroxy substituent is in the  beta-position.


17-hydroxy steroid

A hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 17.


CHRYSIN DIMETHYL ETHER

A dimethoxyflavone that is the  5,7-dimethyl ether derivative of chrysin.


16-hydroxy steroid

Any hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 16.


7alpha-hydroxy steroid

A 7-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 7 has an alpha-configuration.


7-hydroxy steroid

A hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 7.


6beta-hydroxy steroid

Any 6-hydroxy steroid in which the 6-hydroxy substituent has beta-configuration.


26-hydroxy steroid

Any hydroxy steroid in which a hydroxy group is located at position 26.


20-hydroxy steroid

Any hydroxy steroid that in which the steroid skeleton contains a hydroxy substituent at position 20.


2-hydroxy steroid

Any  hydroxy steroid carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.