interstitial cystitis

description: A rare chronic debilitating urogenital disease characterized by urinary frequency, urgency, and pelvic pain.


acquired kinky hair syndrome

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: Acquired progressive kinking of the hair (APKH) is a rare hair disorder characterized by the appearance of lustreless, curly, frizzy, and coarse hair generally during adolescence predominantly in the frontal, temporal, and vertex regions of the scalp. Eyelashes, as well as growth and pigmentation of the hair, may also be affected.


Schnitzler syndrome

description: A rare, underdiagnosed disorder in adults characterized by recurrent febrile rash, bone and/or joint pain, enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, a monoclonal IgM component, leukocytosis and systemic inflammatory response.


chronic granulomatous disease

description: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare primary immunodeficiency, mainly affecting phagocytes, which is characterized by an increased susceptibility to severe and recurrent bacterial and fungal infections, along with the development of granulomas.


Griscelli syndrome

description: Griscelli syndrome (GS) is characterized by silvery gray sheen of the hair and hypopigmentation of the skin which can be associated to neurological impairment (type 1), immunodeficiency (type 2) or be isolated (type 3).


name: neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation

description: Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA, formerly Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome) encompasses a group of rare neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive extrapyramidal dysfunction (dystonia, rigidity, choreoathetosis), iron accumulation in the brain and the presence of axonal spheroids, usually limited to the central nervous system.


liver mesenchymal hamartoma

description: A multicystic, tumor-like hamartomatous lesion that arises from the liver during fetal development. Clinically, it usually presents as an abdominal mass associated with abdominal distention. Following resection, the prognosis is usually good.


Hirschsprung disease

description: Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital intestinal motility disorder that is characterized by signs of intestinal obstruction due to the presence of an aganglionic segment of variable extent in the terminal part of the colon.


Langerhans cell histiocytosis

description: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a systemic disease associated with the proliferation and accumulation (usually in granulomas) of Langerhans cells in various tissues.


acromelanosis

description: Acromelanosis is a congenital hyperpigmentation of the skin usually located on the acral areas of the fingers and toes. It is mostly observed in newborns or during the first years of life.


histoplasmosis

description: A disease caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. It primarily affects the lungs but can also occur as a disseminated disease that affects additional organs. The acute respiratory disease has symptoms similar to those of a cold or flu and it usually resolves without treatment in healthy individuals. The disseminated form is generally fatal if untreated.


name: infantile-onset mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with severe cognitive regression

description: A rare monogenic disease with infantile-onset pharmacoresistant focal seizures of mesial temporal lobe onset manifesting with unresponsiveness, hypertonia and automatisms and cognitive regression soon after seizure onset leading to severe intellectual disability with behavioral abnormalities.


name: fatal post-viral neurodegenerative disorder


name: growth retardation-mild developmental delay-chronic hepatitis syndrome


name: primary microcephaly-mild intellectual disability-young-onset diabetes syndrome


atypical juvenile parkinsonism

description: Atypical juvenile parkinsonism (AJP) is a complex form of young-onset Parkinson disease (YOPD) that manifests with pyramidal signs, eye movement abnormalities, psychiatric manifestations (depression, anxiety, drug-induced psychosis, and impulse control disorders), intellectual disability, and other neurological symptoms (such as ataxia and epilepsy) along with classical parkinsonian symptoms.


HSD10 disease, infantile type

description: HSD10 disease, infantile type is a clinical subtype of HSD10 disease, a rare neurometabolic disorder. It is characterized by normal early development until 6-18 months of life, followed by progressive neurodegeneration manifesting with developmental regression, progressive visual and hearing troubles, seizures, epilepsy, severe cardiomyopathy, lethargy, hypotonia, poor feeding, choreoathetosis, and movement disorders. Elevated blood levels of isoleucine metabolites and their excretion in urine are reported. The disease is usually fatal around 2-4 years of age.


HSD10 disease, neonatal type

description: HSD10 disease, neonatal type is the most severe form of HSD10 disease, a rare neurometabolic disorder. It is characterized by onset of severe metabolic/lactic acidosis, neurological and psychomotor delay, seizures and severe progressive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the neonatal period. Hepatic involvement and coagulopathy are rare. The disease is fatal within the first months of life.


adult-onset myasthenia gravis

description: Acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction characterized by fatigable muscle weakness with frequent ocular signs and/or generalized muscle weakness, and occasionally associated with thymoma.


juvenile myasthenia gravis

description: Juvenile myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare form of MG, an autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction resulting in ocular manifestations or generalized weakness, with onset before 18 years of age.


transient neonatal myasthenia gravis

description: Transient neonatal myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare form of MG occurring in neonates born to mothers who have the disorder or specific circulating autoantibodies.


glomus tumor

description: A rare benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm arising from cells that resemble the modified smooth muscle cells of the glomus body. The majority of glomus tumors occur in the distal extremities.


mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix

description: Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix is a very rare, slow growing, well-differentiated epithelial neoplasm of the appendix characterized by abundant mucin production. Clinically, it presents as acute appendicitis (with abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis) or as pseudomyxoma peritonei (wide-spread presence of mucin within the peritoneal cavity), however some patients may be completely asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. In many cases, a second gastrointestinal malignancy is present.


name: multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, severe neonatal type


name: multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, mild type


chronic hiccup

description: Chronic hiccup is a rare movement disorder characterized by involuntary spasmodic contractions of the inspiratory muscles synchronized with larynx closure lasting for more than 48 hours.


PrP systemic amyloidosis

description: Prion protein (PrP) systemic amyloidosis, previously known as chronic diarrhea with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy is an extremely rare autosomal dominant disorder reported in three British families, a Japanese and an Italian family (about 16 cases in total). Onset is usually in the fourth decade of life and the course lasts about 20 years. Reported clinical manifestations include diarrhea, nausea, autonomic failure (areflexia, weakness), neurogenic bladder and urinary infections. The disorder is caused by truncation mutations of the prion protein gene PRNP (20p13) leading to deposition of prion protein amyloid.


3q27.3 microdeletion syndrome

description: A rare chromosomal anomaly syndrome, resulting from the partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 3, characterized by mild to severe intellectual disability, neuropsychiatric disorders of the psychotic and dysthymic spectrum, mild distinctive facial dysmorphism (incl. slender face, deep-set eyes, high nasal bridge with a hooked nose, small, low- set ears, short philtrum, small mouth with thin upper lip, prognathism) and a marfanoid habitus.


description: Joubert syndrome with Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (JATD) is an extremely rare genetic bone disorder characterized by the classic features of Joubert syndrome (i.e. malformation of the brainstem causing ataxia, hypotonia,cognitive impairment, and abnormal eyemovements), associated with the skeletal anomalies found in JATD including short-rib dysplasia and narrow thorax causing respiratory failure, short limbs, and metaphyseal changes.


name: periodic paralysis with later-onset distal motor neuropathy


ferro-cerebro-cutaneous syndrome

description: Ferro-cerebro-cutaneous syndrome is a rare, genetic, metabolic liver disease characterized by progressive neurodegeneration, cutaneous abnormalities, including varying degrees of ichthyosis or seborrheic dermatitis, and systemic iron overload. Patients manifest with infantile-onset seizures, encephalopathy, abnormal eye movements, axial hypotonia with peripheral hypertonia, brisk reflexes, cortical blindness and deafness, myoclonus and hepato/splenomegaly, as well as oral manifestations, including microdontia, widely spaced and pointed teeth with delayed eruption, and gingival overgrowth.


name: MAN1B1-congenital disorder of glycosylation

description: MAN1B1-CDG is a form of congenital disorders of N-linked glycosylation characterized by intellectual disability, delayed motor development, hypotonia and truncal obesity. Additional features include slight facial dysmorphism (hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, large, low-set ears, hypoplastic nasolabial fold, thin upper lip), hypermobility of the joints and skin laxity. The disease is caused by mutations in the gene MAN1B1 (9q34.3).


squamous cell carcinoma of penis

description: A squamous cell carcinoma arising from the penis. It occurs chiefly in the squamous epithelium of the glans, coronal sulcus, and foreskin. Etiologic factors include phimosis, lichen sclerosus, smoking, ultraviolet irradiation, history of warts or condylomas, and lack of circumcision. Human papilloma virus is present in a subset of penile squamous cell carcinomas. Patients may present with an exophytic or flat ulcerative mass in the glans or a large primary tumor with inguinal nodal and skin metastases. Morphologic variants include the basaloid carcinoma, warty (condylomatous) carcinoma, verrucous carcinoma, and sarcomatoid (spindle cell) carcinoma. (WHO, 2004)


refractory celiac disease

description: Refractory celiac disease (RCD) is a complex autoimmune disorder much like the more common celiac disease but, unlike celiac disease, it is resistant or unresponsive to at least 12 months of treatment with a strict gluten-free diet. Gliadin, a component of the wheat storage protein gluten, together with similar proteins in barley and rye, are the villains that trigger the immune reaction in celiac disease. The diagnosis of RCD is made by exclusion, especially of any other disorder that can affect the huge number of thread-like projections that line the interior of the intestine (intestinal villi), such as intestinal lymphoma, Crohn's disease, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth or hypogammaglobulinemia.


Prader-Willi-like syndrome

description: Prader-Willi-like syndrome is a rare, genetic, endocrine disease characterized by manifestations of a Prader-Willi syndrome phenotype (including obesity, hyperphagia, hypotonia, psychomotor delay, intellectual disability, small hands/feet, hypogonadism, growth hormone deficiency and characteristic facial features) occurring in the absence of 15q11-q13 genomic abnormalities.


neonatal lupus erythematosus

description: A self-limited skin rash that appears in the neonatal period and usually resolves in four to six months after birth. It is caused by placental transfer of maternal autoantibodies, usually anti-Ro antibody. In a minority of cases, it is associated with congenital heart block, hepatitis, or thrombocytopenia. The mothers of the affected babies may be asymptomatic or suffer from systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, or rheumatoid arthritis.


focal facial dermal dysplasia

description: Focal facial dermal dysplasias (FFDD) are rare ectodermal dysplasias, characterized by congenital bitemporal (resembling forceps marks) or preauricular scar-like lesions associated with additional facial and or systematic manifestations. 4 types of FFDD are described (FFDD I to IV). FFDD types II and III present with a variable facial dysmorphism including distichiasis (upper lashes) or lacking eyelashes, and upward slanting and thinned lateral eyebrows with a flattened nasal bridge and full upper lip. FFDD types I and IV are infrequently associated with extra-cutaneous anomalies.


malignant epithelial tumor of ovary

description: An invasive malignant tumor that originates from the surface epithelium of the ovary. It is composed of malignant epithelial cells and stroma. Representative examples include serous adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, endometrioid adenocarcinoma, clear cell adenocarcinoma, and malignant Brenner tumor.


name: primary peritoneal serous/papillary carcinoma

description: A rare, serous papillary adenocarcinoma that arises from the lining of the peritoneum. It affects females. The clinical behavior and pathologic characteristics are similar to the serous papillary adenocarcinoma that arises from the ovary.


immature ovarian teratoma

description: A malignant germ cell tumor arising from the ovary. It usually affects females in their first two decades of life. It contains variable amounts of immature embryonal tissues. Based on the amount of immature neuroepithelial component, immature teratomas are graded from 1 to 3. The stage and grade of the tumor and the grade of the metastatic tumor are the important factors that predict prognosis. The use of cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy has significantly improved the survival rates of the patients.


description: KLHL9-related early-onset distal myopathy is a rare, genetic distal myopathy characterized by slowly progressive distal limb muscle weakness and atrophy (beginning with anterior tibial muscle involvement followed by the intrinsic hand muscles) in association with reduced sensation in a stocking-glove distribution. Patients present with high stepping gait, ankle areflexia and contractures in the first to second decade of life, associated with marked ankle extensor muscle atrophy; later proximal muscle involvement is moderate and ambulation is preserved throughout the life.


name: nebulin-related early-onset distal myopathy


avascular necrosis

description: Necrotic changes in the bone tissue due to interruption of blood supply. Most often affecting the epiphysis of the long bones, the necrotic changes result in the collapse and the destruction of the bone structure.


name: secondary non-traumatic avascular necrosis


osteonecrosis of the jaw

description: An area of necrotic bone in the mandible or maxilla.


osteochondrosis

description: A condition that is characterized by defective bone growth that affects the growth centers of bone.


epiphysiolysis of the hip

description: Epiphysiolysis of the hip is a rare osteonecrosis disorder characterized by unilateral or bilateral disruption of the capital femoral physis with varying degrees of posterior epiphysis translation and simultaneous anterior metaphysis displacement. Patients typically present in pre-adolescence/adolescence with pain of variable intensity in varying locations (hip, groin, thigh, knee).


osteonecrosis of genetic origin

description: An instance of osteonecrosis that is caused by a modification of the individual's genome.


name: male infertility with teratozoospermia due to single gene mutation

description: Male infertility with teratozoospermia due to single gene mutation is a rare, genetic male infertility due to sperm disorder characterized by the presence of spermatozoa with abnormal morphology, such as macrozoospermia or globozoospermia, in over 85% of sperm, resulting from mutation in a single gene known to cause teratozoospermia. It is a heterogeneous group that includes a wide range of abnormal sperm phenotypes affecting, solely or simultaneously, head, neck, midpiece, and/or tail.


name: autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 59


name: autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 60


name: autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 66


name: autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 67

description: Autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 67 is an extremely rare, complex hereditary spastic paraplegia characterized by an infancy or childhood onset of global developmental delay and progressive spasticity with tremor in the distal limbs, increased deep tendon reflexes and extensor plantar responses, which may be associated with mild intellectual disability. Additional features include muscle wasting and cerebellar abnormalities.


name: autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 68


name: autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 69


name: autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 70

description: Autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 70 is a very rare, complex subtype of hereditary spastic paraplegia that presents in infancy with delayed motor development (i.e. crawling, walking) and is characterized by lower limb spasticity, increased deep tendon reflexes, extensor plantar responses, impaired vibratory sensation at ankles, amyotrophy and borderline intellectual disability. Additional signs may include gait disturbances, Achilles tendon contractures, scoliosis and cerebellar abnormalities.


name: autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia type 71


name: inherited lipoic acid biosynthesis defect

description: An inherited metabolic disease that is has its basis in the disruption of lipoate biosynthetic process.


name: Huntington disease-like syndrome due to C9ORF72 expansions


name: AXIN2-related attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis


name: partial corpus callosum agenesis-cerebellar vermis hypoplasia with posterior fossa cysts syndrome

description: A rare, hereditary, cerebral malformation with epilepsy syndrome characterized by severe global developmental delay with no ability to walk and no verbal language, intractable epilepsy, partial agenesis of the corpus callosum and cerebellar vermis hypoplasia with posterior fossa cysts.


name: cold-induced sweating syndrome - hyperthermia spectrum


name: acute myeloid leukemia with t(6;9)(p23;q34)

description: Acute myeloid leukemia with t(6;9)(p23;q34) is a rare subtype of acute myeloid leukemia with recurrent genetic abnormalities characterized by clonal proliferation of poorly differentiated myeloid blasts in the bone marrow, blood, or other tissues in patients who present the t(6;9)(p23;q34) translocation. Frequently associated with multilineage bone marrow dysplasia, it usually presents with anemia, thrombocytopenia (often pancytopenia), and other nonspecific symptoms related to ineffective hematopoesis (fatigue, bleeding and bruising, recurrent infections, bone pain) and/or extramedullary site involvement (gingivitis, splenomegaly). Basophilia, as well as poor response to chemotherapy, has been reported.


name: acute myeloid leukemia with t(9;11)(p22;q23)


name: acute myeloid leukemia with inv3(p21;q26.2) or t(3;3)(p21;q26.2)

description: Acute myeloid leukemia with inv(3)(q21;q26.2) or t(3;3)(q21;q26.2) is a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia with recurrent genetic abnormalities characterized by clonal proliferation of myeloid blasts in the bone marrow, blood and, rarely, other tissues. Bone marrow typically shows small, hypolobated megakaryocytes and multilineage dyslplasia. Patients typically present with leukocytosis, anemia, variable platelet counts and a variety of nonspecific symptoms related to ineffective hematopoesis (fatigue, bleeding, bruising, recurrent infections, bone pain) and/or extramedullary site involvement (gingivitis, splenomegaly). High resistance to conventional chemotherapy is reported.


name: megakaryoblastic acute myeloid leukemia with t(1;22)(p13;q13)

description: Megakaryoblastic acute myeloid leukemia with t(1;22)(p13;q13) is a rare subtype of acute myeloid leukemia with recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities characterized by clonal proliferation of myeloid blasts with predominantly megakaryoblastic differentiation in the bone marrow and blood, often with extensive infiltration of the abdominal organs. It occurs typically in infants and usually presents with hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia and nonspecific symptoms related to ineffective hematopoesis (fatigue, bleeding and bruising, recurrent infections). Myelofibrosis and fibrosis of other infiltrated organs is also characteristic of this disease.


name: acute myeloid leukemia with NPM1 somatic mutations

description: Acute myeloid leukemia with NPM1 somatic mutations is a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia with recurrent genetic abnormalities characterized by clonal proliferation of myeloid blasts harboring mutations of the NPM1 gene in the bone marrow, blood and other tissues. It is associated with multilineage dysplasia, involving the myeloid, monocytic, erythroid, and megakaryocytic cell lineages. Patients usually present with leukocytosis, thrombocytosis and nonspecific symptoms related to ineffective hematopoesis (fatigue, bleeding and bruising, recurrent infections, bone pain), with frequent extramedullary involvement typically presenting as gingival hyperplasia and lymphadenopathy.


eosinophilic colitis

description: Inflammation of the colon that is characterized by eosinic infiltration.


name: autosomal recessive distal renal tubular acidosis

description: Autosomal recessive distal renal tubular acidosis (AR dRTA) is an inherited form of distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) characterized by hypokalemic hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Deafness often occurs either early or later on in life but may be absent or never be diagnosed.


acitretin/etretinate embryopathy

description: Acitretin/Etretinate embryopathy is a teratogenic disorder due to acitretin or etretinate exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy, carrying a risk of fetal malformations of approximately 20%, including central nervous system, craniofacial, ear, thymic, cardiac and limb anomalies.


name: FBLN1-related developmental delay-central nervous system anomaly-syndactyly syndrome


name: global developmental delay - lung cysts - overgrowth - Wilms tumor syndrome


name: autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia - epilepsy - intellectual disability syndrome


chondromyxoid fibroma

description: An uncommon benign cartilaginous neoplasm arising from the bone. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped or stellate chondrocytes, a lobulated growth pattern, myxoid stroma formation, and sometimes multinucleated giant cells. It has been associated with chromosomal rearrangement of 6q13 and 6q25 bands. The most common clinical symptom is mild, localized pain.


name: clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma

description: Clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma is a rare, indolent subtype of clear cell renal carcinoma, arising from epithelial cells in the renal cortex. It most frequently manifests with a well-circumscribed, well-encapsulated, unicentric, unilateral, small tumor that typically does not metastasize. Clinically it can present with flank or abdominal pain or hematuria, although most patients are usually asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. Bilateral and/or multifocal presentation should raise the suspicion of von Hippel-Lindau syndrome.


name: acquired cystic disease-associated renal cell carcinoma

description: Acquired cystic disease-associated renal cell carcinoma is a rare subtype of renal cell carcinoma, occurring in the context of end-stage kidney disease and acquired cystic kidney disease, characterized by a usually well circumscribed, solid, multifocal, bilateral tumor with inter- or intracellular microlumen formation (leading to cribiform architecture). Tumors are often diagnosed incidentally in early stages, although complications caused by renal cysts (dull flank or abdominal pain, fever) or renal parenchymal bleeding may mask the underlying neoplastic process. Most have an indolent behavior.


name: spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 2

description: Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 2 is a rare, genetic, motor neuron disease characterized by progressive early respiratory failure associated with diaphragm paralysis, distal muscular weakness, joint contractures, and axial hypotonia with preserved antigravity limb movements. Phenotype overlaps considerably with SMARD type 1 but is differentiated by a mutation in a different gene.


name: familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome


name: polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis


familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

description: Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is a generally asymptomatic genetic disorder of phosphocalcic metabolism characterized by lifelong moderate hypercalcemia along with normo- or hypocalciuria and elevated plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration.


isolated glycerol kinase deficiency

description: Isolated glycerol kinase deficiency (GKD) is a very rare X-linked disorder of glycerol metabolism characterized biochemically by elevated plasma and urine glycerol levels, and clinically by variable neurometabolic manifestations, depending on the age of onset, and varying from a life-threatening childhood metabolic crisis to an asymptomatic adult form (infantile GKD, juvenile GKD, and adult GKD ).


Eales disease

description: Eales disease (ED) is an idiopathic, inflammatory retinal venous occlusive disease characterized by 3 stages: vasculitis, occlusion and retinal neovascularization, leading to recurrent vitreous hemorrhages and vision loss.


name: Angelman syndrome due to a point mutation


name: Angelman syndrome due to imprinting defect in 15q11-q13


name: mild phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase superactivity

description: Mild phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase superactivity is the mild and late-onset form of PRPP synthetase superactivity, an X-linked disorder of purine metabolism associated with hyperuricemia and hyperuricosuria, leading to urolithiasis and gout. This form is not associated with any neuropathy or central nervous system (CNS) disorders.


name: severe phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase superactivity

description: Severe phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase superactivity is the severe and early-onset form of PRPP synthetase superactivity, an X-linked disorder of purine metabolism associated with hyperuricemia and hyperuricosuria, that is characterized by urolithiasis, gout and neurodevelopmental anomalies.


insulin autoimmune syndrome

description: Insulin autoimmune syndrome is a rare condition that causes low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). This occurs because the body begins to make a specific kind of protein called antibodies to attack insulin. Insulin is a naturally occurring hormone that is responsible for keeping blood sugar at a normal level. When blood sugar levels get too high, insulin helps to store the sugar for future use. People affected by insulin autoimmune syndrome have antibodies that attack insulin, causing it to work too hard and the level of blood sugar to become too low. Insulin autoimmune syndrome most often begins during adulthood.


nephropathic infantile cystinosis

description: Nephropathic infantile cystinosis is the most common and severe form of cystinosis, a metabolic disease characterized by an accumulation of cystine inside the lysosomes that causes damage in different organs and tissues, particularly in the kidneys and eyes.


name: proton-pump inhibitor-responsive esophageal eosinophilia

description: Proton-pump inhibitor-responsive esophageal eosinophilia (PPI-REE) is a rare, gastroenterologic disease characterized by typical clinical, endoscopic and histological features of eosinophilic oesophagitis (i.e. symptomatic oesophageal dysfunction associated with eosinophil-predominant mucose infiltrate) which completely remits upon proton pump inhibitor therapy.


name: pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection


renal agenesis

description: Renal agenesis (RA) is a form of renal tract malformation characterized by the complete absence of development of one or both kidneys (unilateral RA or bilateral RA respectively), accompanied by absent ureter(s).


generalized eruptive keratoacanthoma

description: Generalized eruptive keratoacanthoma (GEKA) is rare variant of keratoacanthoma (KA) that affects the skin and mucous membranes and which is characterized by a sudden generalized eruption of severely pruritic, hundreds to thousands of small follicular papules, often with a central keratotic plug.


familial isolated trichomegaly

description: Familial isolated trichomegaly is a rare genetic hair anomaly characterized by a prolonged anagen phase of the eyelash hairs, leading to extreme eyelash growth that may result in corneal irritation. Increased growth of hair on other parts of the face (eyebrows, cheeks, forehead) and/or the body (chest, arms, legs) may be associated.


hyperlipoproteinemia type 3

description: Hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) type 3 is a rare combined hyperlipidemia characterized by high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, transported by intermediate density lipoproteins (IDLs), and a high risk of premature atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.


13q12.3 microdeletion syndrome

description: 13q12.3 microdeletion syndrome is a rare chromosomal anomaly characterized by moderate intellectual disability, speech delay, postnatal microcephaly, eczema or atopic dermatitis, characteristic facial features (malar flattening, prominent nose, underdeveloped alae nasi, smooth philtrum, and thin vermillion of the upper lip), and reduced sensitivity to pain.


name: PRKAR1B-related neurodegenerative dementia with intermediate filaments


bilirubin encephalopathy

description: A rare neurologic disorder occurring in infants with jaundice. It results from brain damage by existing high levels of unconjugated-indirect bilirubin.


congenital adrenal hyperplasia

description: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an inherited endocrine disorder caused by a steroidogenic enzyme deficiency that is characterized by adrenal insufficiency and variable degrees of hyper or hypo androgyny manifestations, depending of the type and the severity of the disease.


name: carcinoma of esophagus, salivary gland type


undifferentiated carcinoma of esophagus

description: An esophageal carcinoma characterized by the absence of microscopic features of squamous differentiation. However, there is immunohistochemical evidence of squamous differentiation.


name: secondary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

description: A form of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis that arises in association with hematological disorders, medications, certain infections, acute silicosis, and immunodeficiency.


semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome

description: Semicircular canal dehiscence (SCD) syndrome is a rare otorhinolaryngologic disease characterized by the uni- or bilateral dehiscence of the bone(s) overlying the superior (most common), lateral or posterior semicircular canal(s). Patients present audiological (autophony, aural fullness, conductive hearing loss, pulsatile tinnitus) and/or vestibular symptoms (sound or pressure-evoked oscillopsia or vertigo, characteristic vertical-torsional eye movements), depending on which semicircular canal is affected. Posterior SCD syndrome is associated with high-riding jugular bulb and fibrous dysplasia, while lateral SCD syndrome is associated with chronic otitis media and cholesteatoma, with or without audiological and vestibular symptoms.


name: glycogen storage disease due to acid maltase deficiency, late-onset

description: Glycogen storage disease due to acid maltase deficiency, late onset (AMDL), a form of Glycogen storage disease due to acid maltase deficiency (AMD), a degenerative metabolic myopathy particularly affecting respiratory and skeletal muscles, is characterized by an accumulation of glycogen in lysosomes.


visual snow syndrome

description: Visual snow syndrome is described as a persistent visual problem characterized by seeing snow-like dots. Migraines are a common symptom. Many people also see drifting blobs of varying size and shape (floaters), visual effects (entopic phenomenon), glare, halos, starbursts, trails, odd colors and shapes, and may have persistent recurrence of a visual image (palinopsia) and double vision. Additional symptoms may include fatigue, tinnitus, or depersonalization and depression. Most people have normal vision tests and normal brain images. Standard migraine treatments are often not helpful. There is no cure or effective treatment to completely relieve the symptoms, but medication seems to help some people with visual snow.


name: autosomal recessive severe congenital neutropenia due to CXCR2 deficiency


name: autoimmune encephalopathy with parasomnia and obstructive sleep apnea

description: Autoimmune encephalopathy with parasomnia and obstructive sleep apnea is a rare neurologic disorder characterized by a unique non-REM and REM parasomnia with sleep breathing dysfunction, gait instability and repetitive episodes of respiratory insufficiency, as well as autoantibodies against IgLON5. Patients may present stridor, chorea, limb ataxia, abnormal ocular movements, and bulbar symptoms (i.e. dysphagia, dysarthria, episodic central hypoventilation) with normal brain MRI. Excessive day sleepiness and cognitive deterioration have also been reported.


cono-spondylar dysplasia

description: Cono-spondylar dysplasia is a rare genetic primary bone dysplasia disorder characterized by early-onset severe lumbar kyphosis, marked brachydactyly and irregular, pronounced cone epiphyses of the metacarpals and phalanges. Additional reported features include developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia, epileptic seizures and mild facial dysmorphism (incl. long and thin or square-shaped face, slight mid-face hypoplasia, hypertelorism, epicanthic folds, low-set ears, anteverted nostrils). Radiographic findings also reveal hypoplasia of iliac wings and anterior defect of vertebral bodies.


name: hereditary clear cell renal cell carcinoma

description: A manifestation of von Hippel-Lindau disease or other familial renal cell cancer syndromes that present as a malignant epithelial neoplasm of the kidney. It is characterized by the presence of lipid-containing clear cells within a vascular network. The tumor usually is bilateral and polycentric, and metastasizes to unusual sites. Late metastasis is common.


malignant hyperthermia of anesthesia

description: A pharmacogenetic disorder of skeletal muscle that presents as a hypermetabolic response to potent volatile anesthetic gasses such as halothane, sevoflurane, desflurane and the depolarizing muscle relaxant succinylcholine, and rarely, to stresses such as vigorous exercise and heat.


name: microcephaly-short stature-intellectual disability-facial dysmorphism syndrome

description: Microcephaly-short stature-intellectual disability-facial dysmorphism syndrome is a rare genetic malformation syndrome with short stature characterized by postnatal microcephaly, failure to thrive and short stature, global developmental delay and intellectual disability, hypotonia, dysmorphic features (short nose, depressed nasal bridge, low set ears, short neck, clinodactyly and cutaneous syndactyly of T2-3 at birth and broad forehead, midface retrusion, epicanthal folds, laterally sparse eyebrows, short nose, long philtrum, widely spaced teeth, micrognathia and coarsening of facial features later in life). Other associated features include postnatal transient generalized edema, myopia, strabismus, hypothyroidism.


description: X-linked intellectual disability-limb spasticity-retinal dystrophy-diabetes insipidus syndrome is a rare genetic neurometabolic disease characterized by severe intellectual disability, spastic quadraparesis, Leber´s congenital amaurosis and diabetes insipidus. Additional manifestations include facial dysmorphy (dolichocephalic skull, hypertelorism, deep-set eyes, hypoplastic nares, low-set ears), short stature, truncal hypotonia and axial hypertonia. Brain anomalies (e.g. thin corpus callosum with lack of isthmus and tapered splenium, hypoplasia or atrophy of the optic chiasm, prominent lateral ventricles, diminished white matter), described on magnetic resonance imaging, have been reported. High prenatal α-fetoprotein and intrauterine growth restriction is observed in routine pregnancy examination.


name: double outlet right ventricle with subaortic or doubly committed ventricular septal defect


name: double outlet right ventricle with atrioventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, heterotaxy


cutaneous larva migrans

description: Cutaneous larva migrans is a rare parasitic disease characterized by single or multiple, linear or serpinginous, erythematous, slightly elevated cutaneous tracks caused by the larval migration of various nematode species. Tracks are variable in length, generally a few millimeters wide and are frequently located on the feet (although any area of the body is possible). Patients typically present with severe, intractable pruritus, which, in some cases, may cause impaired concentration, loss of sleep, and mood disturbances.


hereditary gastric cancer

description: Hereditary gastric cancer refers to the occurrence of gastric cancer in a familial context and is described as two or more cases of gastric cancer in first or second degree relatives with at least one case diagnosed before the age of 50. Familial clustering is observed in 10% of all cases of gastric cancer, and includes hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (early onset diffuse-type gastric cancer), gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach and familial intestinal gastric cancer (familial clustering of intestinal type gastric adenocarcinoma). Hereditary gastric cancer can also occur in other hereditary cancer syndromes such as Lynch syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis and juvenile polyposis syndrome.


name: carcinoma of stomach, salivary gland type


undifferentiated carcinoma of stomach

description: A carcinoma that arises from the stomach and is characterized by the absence of microscopic features of glandular or squamous differentiation.


name: microcephaly-complex motor and sensory axonal neuropathy syndrome

description: Microcephaly-complex motor and sensory axonal neuropathy syndrome is an extremely rare subtype of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy characterized by severe, rapidly-progressing, distal, symmetric polyneuropathy and microcephaly (which can be evident in utero) with intact cognition. Clinically it presents with delayed motor development, hypotonia, absent or reduced deep tendon reflexes, progressive muscle wasting and weakness and scoliosis.


name: squamous cell carcinoma of the small intestine

description: A carcinoma that arises from the small intestine. It is composed of malignant squamous cells.


small intestine neuroendocrine neoplasm

description: A neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the small intestine. It includes well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (low and intermediate grade) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (high grade).


epithelial tumor of the appendix

description: A epithelial neoplasm that involves the vermiform appendix.


squamous cell carcinoma of colon

description: A squamous cell carcinoma that involves the colon.


squamous cell carcinoma of rectum

description: A very rare rectal carcinoma characterized by the presence of a malignant squamous cell infiltrate.


epithelial tumor of anal canal

description: A epithelial neoplasm that involves the anal canal.


squamous cell carcinoma of pancreas

description: A squamous cell carcinoma that involves the pancreas.


pancreatic mucinous cystadenoma

description: A non-metastasizing cystic epithelial neoplasm arising from the exocrine pancreas. It is composed of columnar, mucin-producing epithelial cells. It occurs almost exclusively in women. Large tumors are often accompanied by a palpable abdominal mass.


name: solid pseudopapillary carcinoma of pancreas

description: A malignant neoplasm arising from the exocrine pancreas. It occurs predominantly in young women. It is characterized by the presence of extensive necrosis and hemorrhage and is composed of polyhedral cells forming solid and pseudopapillary patterns. There is morphologic evidence of perineural invasion, vascular invasion, or extensive invasion into the surrounding tissues.


name: congenital myopathy with myasthenic-like onset

description: Congenital myopathy with myasthenic-like onset is a rare, genetic, non-dystrophic myopathy characterized by fatigable muscle weakness associated with congenital myopathy. Patients present with axial hypotonia, myopathic facies with fatigable ptosis, feeding difficulties, delayed gross motor development and proximal limb weakness with a RYR1-related typical pattern of muscle involvement (i.e. severe involvement of the soleus muscle and sparring of the rectus femoris, sartorius, gracilis and semitendinous muscles). Scoliosis and frequent respiratory tract infections are additional observed features.


name: carcinoma of liver and intrahepatic biliary tract

description: A carcinoma that arises from the hepatocytes or intrahepatic bile ducts. The main subtypes are hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma) and cholangiocarcinoma.


name: undifferentiated carcinoma of liver and intrahepatic biliary tract

description: Undifferentiated carcinoma of liver and intrahepatic biliary tract is an extremely rare epithelial tumor of the liver and biliary tract which presents heterogenous histological findings and not yet fully defined clinicopathological characteristics. Patients usually present with nonspecific signs and symptoms, such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, weight loss and/or jaundice. Invasive growth, high metastatic potential and a rapid clinical course are typically associated.


name: squamous cell carcinoma of liver and intrahepatic biliary tract

description: Squamous cell carcinoma of liver and intrahepatic biliary tract is an extremely rare, primary, malignant liver and biliray tract epithelial tumor originating in the intrahepatic bile duct epithelium histologically characterized by the presence of keratinization and/or intracellular bridges. Patients typically present abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant, jaundice, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, weight loss, fever and/or dyspepsia.


biliary cystadenocarcinoma

description: A cystadenocarcinoma that involves the biliary tree.


name: adenocarcinoma of gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary tract

description: Adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary tract is a rare epithelial carcinoma, arising either in the gallbladder itself or from the epithelium lining the extrahepatic biliary tree, cystic duct and/or peribiliary gland, characterized by nonspecific symptoms, such as abdominal pain, jaundice and vomiting and sometimes mimicking benign biliary diseases. Chronic biliary epithelial inflammation (e.g. primary sclerosing cholangitis, cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis, liver fluke infestation) is a major risk factor.


name: squamous cell carcinoma of gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary tract

description: Squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary tract is a rare hepatic and biliary tract tumor, arising either in the gallbladder itself or in the epithelium lining the extrahepatic biliary tree, the cystic duct and peribiliary glands. It is characterized by a substantial keratinization with abundant keratohyalin pearls and central deposition of dense keratin material within infiltrative nests and locally aggressive nature. In the early stages of the disease symptoms are vague and nonspecific (abdominal pain, jaundice and vomiting). In the advanced stages it may present with a bulky tumor and symptoms of adjacent organ involvement.


PFAPA syndrome

description: An auto inflammatory syndrome characterized by recurrent febrile episodes associated with aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenitis.


familial hypoaldosteronism

description: Aldosterone synthase deficiency is a rare inherited defect of the final step of aldosterone biosynthesis (conversion of deoxycorticosterone to aldosterone).


severe congenital neutropenia

description: A congenital disorder characterized by chronic neutropenia with absolute neutrophil count less than 500/uL and arrest of neutrophil maturation at the promyelocyte/myelocyte level. It is inherited in autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant patterns. Sporadic cases have also been reported. It is usually diagnosed in the first year of life. Patients present with frequent and life-threatening infections.


autosomal dominant hypocalcemia

description: Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia (AD hypocalcemia) is a disorder of calcium homeostasis characterized by variable degrees of hypocalcemia with abnormally low levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and persistent normal or elevated calciuria.


adrenoleukodystrophy

description: A peroxisomal disorder resulting in cerebral demyelination, axonal dysfunction in the spinal cord leading to spastic paraplegia, adrenal insufficiency and in some cases testicular insufficiency.


serotonin syndrome

description: Serotoninergic syndrome is characterized by an excess of serotonin in the central nervous system, associated with the use of various agents, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).


name: acute tricyclic antidepressant poisoning

description: Acute tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) poisoning is a potentially lethal intoxication that is characterized by life-threatening arrhythmias (sinus tachycardias, premature ventricular contractions, ventricular arrhythmias), anticholinergic toxidrome (mydriasis, dry mucous membrane, tachycardia, hypertension), central nervous system toxicity (lethargy, coma, myoclonic jerks), refractory hypotension, and sudden death.


name: acute poisoning by drugs with membrane-stabilizing effect

description: Acute poisoning with a membrane-stabilizing effect is potentially life-threatening. The principle drugs involved are tricyclic antidepressants, chloroquine, some types of beta blockers, class IA antiarrhythmics, carbamazepin and cocaine.


patent urachus

description: Patent urachus is a type of congenital urachal anomaly characterized by a persistent communication between the bladder and the umbilicus, secondary to non occlusion of the urachal lumen, manifesting as clear drainage from the umbilicus.


urachal sinus

description: Urachal sinus is a type of congenital urachal anomaly resulting from the failure of the umbilical end of the urachus to close, without continuity to the bladder, and that is usually asymptomatic but can present with continuous cloudy umbilical discharge, tender midline infraumbilical mass and fever when infected.


urachal diverticulum

description: Urachal diverticulum is the rarest type of congenital urachal anomaly resulting from the failure of the distal urachus to close at its point of connectivity to the bladder that is usually asymptomatic but can be associated with recurrent urinary tract infections and other complications.


name: pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and/or pulmonary capillary haemangiomatosis

description: A rare subgroup of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) characterized by obliterative fibrosis of the small pulmonary veins and venules and/or capillary infiltration of the pulmonary interstitium leading to increased pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular dysfunction.


hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

description: Abnormal ovarian or testicular function due to insufficient hormonal stimulation from the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.


Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome

description: Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is an autoimmune, presynaptic disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fluctuating muscle weakness and autonomic dysfunction frequently associated with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC).


fetal lower urinary tract obstruction

description: An obstruction in the ureter leading to bladder outlet obstruction. Special criteria are used for lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) in the fetus. Prenatal LUTO has classically been suspected on the basis of three ultrasonographic findings: megacystis, dilated posterior urethra (known as the keyhole sign) and hydronephrosis.


precocious puberty in female

description: A precocious puberty that involves the female organism.


3p25.3 microdeletion syndrome

description: A rare chromosomal anomaly characterized by intellectual disability, epilepsy or EEG abnormalities, poor speech, ataxia, and stereotypic hand movements.


congenital urachal anomaly

description: Congenital urachal anomaly (CUA) describes a group of urachal remnants, found more frequently in males than females, that result from incomplete closure of the urachus (an embryological remnant of the allantois) during prenatal development, and that are usually asymptomatic (and found as an incidental finding on a radiological study) but can also present with umbilical discharge (in patent urachus or urachal sinus), infraumblical mass and pain, or with complications such as obstruction and infection. CUAs include patent urachus, urachal sinus, urachal cyst and urachal diverticulum.


name: short stature-advanced bone age-early-onset osteoarthritis syndrome


name: autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2 due to TFG mutation


description: X-linked microcephaly-growth retardation-prognathism-cryptorchidism syndrome is a rare syndromic intellectual disability characterized by hypotonia, microcephaly, severe developmental delay, seizures, intellectual disability, growth retardation, cardiovascular septal defects, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and dysmorphic features - prominent ears, prognathism, thin upper lip, dental crowding.


hypophosphatasia

description: Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare heritable metabolic disorder characterized by defective mineralization of bone and/or teeth in the presence of reduced activity of unfractionated serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The clinical spectrum is extremely wide, from stillbirth at one end to fractures of the lower extremities in adulthood, at the other, or even no bone manifestations (odontohypophosphatasia).


name: contractures-developmental delay-Pierre Robin syndrome


name: severe intellectual disability-hypotonia-strabismus-coarse face-planovalgus syndrome


name: intrauterine growth restriction-short stature-early adult-onset diabetes syndrome


name: non-progressive predominantly posterior cavitating leukoencephalopathy with peripheral neuropathy


name: pseudoxanthoma elasticum-like skin manifestations with retinitis pigmentosa


name: progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus


GCGR-related hyperglucagonemia

description: A rare tumor of pancreas caused by mutations in the GCGR gene characterized by pancreatic alpha cell hyperplasia, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and markedly increased serum glucagon levels in the absence of a glucagonoma syndrome. Clinical manifestations may include abdominal pain, pancreatitis, fatigue, diarrhea, and diabetes mellitus.


name: zinc-responsive necrolytic acral erythema


name: non-recovering obstetric brachial plexus lesion


ALECT2 amyloidosis

description: A rare, systemic amyloidosis characterized by slowly progressive renal disease presenting with proteinuria, hypertension and decreased glomerular filtration rate leading to progressive renal failure. Histology reveals amyloid deposits of leukocyte chemotactic factor-2 protein in the renal cortical interstitium, tubular basement membranes, glomeruli and the vessel walls. Extra-renal deposits can be seen in the liver, lungs, spleen and adrenal glands.


cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa

description: Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa (CPAN) is a rare limited form of polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), characterized by cutaneous vasculitis and mild and transient extracutaneous manifestations such as mild arthralgia, arthritis,myalgia, and rarely peripheral neuropathy.


secondary polyarteritis nodosa

description: Secondary polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a rare serious form of PAN characterized by vasculitis in a background of viral infection, primarily with hepatitis B virus (HBV).


single-organ polyarteritis nodosa

description: Single-organ polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a rare, often mild form of PAN characterized by limited disease without generalized manifestations, most often affecting the skin (cutaneous PAN), the brain, eyes, pancreas, testicles, ureter, breasts, or ovaries. Affected patients are often younger than those with systemic PAN and relapses appear to be more common.


systemic polyarteritis nodosa

description: Systemic polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a chronic systemic necrotizingvasculitis of adults and childrenaffecting small- and medium-sized vessels and characterized by formation of microaneurysms leading to serious generalized disease and multi-organ involvement.


plastic bronchitis

description: A lymphatic flow disorder that causes severe respiratory issues. In children with plastic bronchitis, lymph fluid builds in the airways and forms rubbery or caulk-like plugs (known as casts). These casts block the airways, making it difficult to breathe.


name: autosomal dominant myopia-midfacial retrusion-sensorineural hearing loss-rhizomelic dysplasia syndrome


name: interstitial lung disease due to SP-C deficiency


familial colorectal cancer type X

description: Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer characterized by the absence of germline mutations in DNA mismatch-repair genes.


name: extensive peripapillary myelinated nerve fibers


name: combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium

description: A retinal hamartoma that involves cellular elements of both the retina and the retinal pigment epithelium. (WHO 2018)


pure autonomic failure

description: Pure autonomic failure (PAF) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the sympathetic branch of the autonomous nervous system and that manifests with orthostatic hypotension.


name: early-onset posterior subcapsular cataract


congenital hypothyroidism

description: A thyroid hormone deficiency present from birth.


AH amyloidosis

description: A rare type of amyloidosis characterized by the monoclonal deposition of immunoglobulin heavy chain fragments in organs and tissues. It is associated with plasma cell or B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders.


name: undetermined early-onset epileptic encephalopathy

description: A rare infantile epilepsy syndrome characterized by early onset of seizures of variable type and severity, potentially associated with a spectrum of clinical signs and symptoms including delay or lack of psychomotor development, intellectual disability, poor or absent speech development, behavioral abnormalities, hypotonia, movement disorders, spasticity, microcephaly, and dysmorphic facial features, among others. Brain imaging findings are also variable and may include cerebral atrophy or white matter abnormalities.


hemicrania continua

description: Hemicrania continua (HC) is a type of primary headache disorder, which means the headache is not caused by another medical condition. Symptoms of HC include constant mild to moderate pain on one side of the head (unilateral) with periods of more intense, severe, migraine -like pain (exacerbations). These severe pain periods can last from 20 minutes to days. The frequency of exacerbations also varies greatly. The headache stays on the same side of the head and usually without pain free periods. HC is more common in women and most often starts in adulthood, but may begin anywhere from 5 to 67 years of age. Diagnosis of hemicrania continua (HC) is made by ruling out other possible causes of the pain and by clinical symptoms. During the periods of severe pain, at least one of the following symptoms must be present on same side of the body as the headache: watering or red eyes (conjunctival injection), congested or runny nose, or drooping eyelid. In addition, the headache pain must respond to treatment with indomethacin. The cause of HC is unknown. Other treatments for those who cannot tolerate long term indomethacin therapy are being studied.


central serous chorioretinopathy

description: Central serous chorioretinopathy is a disease that causes fluid to build up under the retina, the back part of the inner eye that sends sight information to the brain. The fluid leaks from thechoroid (theblood vessel layer under the retina). The cause of this condition is unknown but stress can be a risk factor. Signs and symptoms include dim and blurred blind spot in the center of vision, distortion of straight linesand seeingobjectsas smaller or farther away. Many cases of central serous chorioretinopathy improve without treatment after 1-2 months. Laser treatment may be an option for other individuals.


baroreflex failure

description: Baroreflex failure is a rare disorder that causes fluctuations in blood pressure with episodes of severe hypertension (high blood pressure) and elevated heart rate in response to stress, exercise, and pain. Individuals may also have hypotension (low blood pressure) with normal or reduced heart rate during periods of rest. Symptoms of baroreflex failure may include headache, sweating, and a heart rate that does not respond to medications. The onset of baroreflex failure may be very abrupt or more gradual. In many cases, the cause of baroreflex failure is not known. However, baroreflex failure can result from surgery or radiation treatment for cancers of the neck, injury to the nerves involved in sensing blood pressure, or a degenerative neurologic disease. Treatment usually involves medications to control blood pressure and heart rate along with stress reduction techniques.


name: hypothalamic adipsic hypernatraemia syndrome


name: lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma without IgM production


postpartum psychosis

description: Postpartum psychosis is a rare psychiatric emergency in which symptoms of high mood and racing thoughts (mania), depression, severe confusion, loss of inhibition, paranoia, hallucinations and delusions set in, beginning suddenly in the first two weeks after childbirth. The symptoms vary and can change quickly.


paratyphoid fever

description: A condition resembling typhoid fever that is caused by infection by Salmonella enterica serovar Parathyphi.


hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer

description: Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) is a cancer-predisposing condition characterized by the development of colorectal cancer not associated with colorectal polyposis, endometrial cancer, and various other cancers (such as malignant epithelial tumor of ovary, gastric, biliary tract, small bowel, and urinary tract cancer) that are frequently diagnosed at an early age.


Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis

description: A rare autosomal dominant hair loss disorder characterized by the absence or scarcity of scalp hair, eyebrows, and eyelashes at birth; coarse and wiry hair during childhood; and progressive hair loss beginning around puberty.


20q11.2 microdeletion syndrome

description: 20q11.2 microdeletion syndrome is a rare, genetic, syndromic intellectual disability characterized by psychomotor delay, hypotonia, feeding difficulties, failure to thrive, anomalies of the hands and feet (clinodactyly, camptodactyly, brachydactyly, feet malposition), and craniofacial dysmorphism. Associated prenatal growth retardation, and gastrointestinal, heart and eye anomalies have been reported.


hereditary amyloidosis

description: Hereditary amyloidosis refers to a group of inherited conditions that make up one of the subtypes of amyloidosis. Hereditary amyloidosisis characterized by the deposit of an abnormal protein called amyloid in multiple organs of the body where it should not be, which causes disruption of organ tissue structure and function. In hereditary amyloidosis, amyloid deposits most often occur in tissues of the heart, kidneys, and nervous system. While symptoms of hereditary amyloidosis may appear in childhood, most individuals do not experience symptoms until adulthood. There are many types of hereditary amyloidosis associated with different gene mutations and abnormal proteins. The most common type of hereditary amyloidosis is transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR),a condition in which the amyloid deposits are most often made up of the transthyretin protein which is made in the liver. Other examplesof hereditary amyloidosis include, but are not limited to, apolipoprotein AI amyloidosis (A ApoAI), gelsolin amyloidosis (A Gel), lysozyme amyloidosis (A Lys), cystatin C amyloidosis (A Cys), fibrinogen Aα-chain amyloidosis (A Fib), and apolipoprotein AII amyloidosis (A ApoAII). Most types of hereditary amyloidosis are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Treatment is focused on addressing symptoms of organ damage and slowing down the production of amyloid when possible through methods such as liver transplants.


name: autoimmune hemolytic anemia-autoimmune thrombocytopenia-primary immunodeficiency syndrome


pseudohypoaldosteronism

description: An inherited or acquired disorder of electrolyte metabolism, characterized by the inability of the renal tubules to respond to aldosterone. It is manifested by hyperkalemic metabolic acidosis, urinary salt wasting, normal or increased aldosterone secretion and normal glomerular filtration rate.


caudal regression-sirenomelia spectrum

description: Caudal regression-sirenomelia spectrum is a group of rare genetic developmental defect during embryogenesis disorders characterized by varying degrees of caudal abdomen, pelvic, renal, anorectal, urogenital and/or lumbosacral spine malformations, with or without lower limb fusion. Phenotype is highly variable ranging from minor forms with isolated coccygeal agenesis to severe forms presenting with a single rudimentary limb. Central nervous system anomalies have also been reported.


NIK deficiency

description: A immunodeficiency disorder caused by loss of function mutation in NIK (MAP3K14).


name: susceptibility to localized juvenile periodontitis


name: autosomal dominant complex spastic paraplegia type 9B


sclerosing cholangitis

description: A chronic, autoimmune inflammatory liver disorder characterized by narrowing and scarring of the lumen of the bile ducts. It is often seen in patients with ulcerative colitis. Signs and symptoms include jaundice, fatigue, and malabsorption. It may lead to cirrhosis and liver failure.


Keratocystic odontogenic tumor

description: An intraosseous odontogenic neoplasm that usually arises from the mandible. It is characterized by the presence of a single or multiple cysts lined with parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The neoplastic lesions may be solitary or multiple. It has the potential for aggressive behavior, local destruction, and recurrence.


name: Polymerase proofreading-related adenomatous polyposis


name: hypomyelination-cerebellar atrophy-hypoplasia of the corpus callosum syndrome


name: pigmentation defects-palmoplantar keratoderma-skin carcinoma syndrome


19p13.3 microduplication syndrome

description: 19p13.3 microduplication syndrome is a rare, genetic, syndromic intellectual disability characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly, hypotonia, motor and neurodevelopmental delay, speech delay, intellectual disability, and mild dysmorphic features.


name: partial duplication of the short arm of chromosome 19


hemophilia

description: Hemophilia is a genetic disorder characterized by spontaneous hemorrhage or prolonged bleeding due to factor VIII or IX deficiency.


Zika virus infectious disease

description: Mosquito-born virus disease characterized by a clinical course that may be asymptomatic or mild with fever, conjunctivitis, muscle and joint pain, headache, exanthema, but may also be associated with severe neurological (meningitis, meningoencephalitis and myelitis) and auto-immune (Guillain-Barre syndrome) complications, as well as a potential increase of birth defects (microcephaly) if the infection occurs during pregnancy.


autosomal recessive brachyolmia

description: Brachyolmia, recessive type is a form of brachyolmia, a group of rare genetic skeletal disorders, characterized by short-trunked short stature with platyspondyly and scoliosis. Corneal opacities and precocious calcification of the costal cartilage are rare syndromic components. Premature pubarche may occur.


ectopia cordis

description: A rare congenital anomaly where the heart is formed outside of the thoracic cavity. It is associated with intracardiac lesions and other structural malformations.


hepatoblastoma

description: Hepatoblastoma (HB) is a malignant hepatic tumor and is the most common pediatric liver cancer. It is characterized by anorexia, weight loss and an enlarged abdomen. HB is more common in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), and can occur in patients with other pre-existing liver conditions. About 5% of HB cases are associated with genetic factors, especially overgrowth syndromes, such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) or hemihypertrophy.


pleural empyema

description: The presence of pus in the thoracic cavity, between the visceral and parietal pleura.


name: symptomatic form of fragile X syndrome in female carrier


IgG4-related pachymeningitis

description: Idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis (IHP) is a rare disorder causing inflammation and thickening of the outer layer (dura) of the brain and/or spinal cord. IHP can be widespread or cause tumor-like lesions. Before IHP can be diagnosed, other conditions including sarcoidosis, tumors, meningioma, infections (syphilis, tuberculosis, and Lyme disease), and autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogrenbs syndrome, Wegenerbs granulomatosis, and IgG4-related disease) must be ruled out. IHP often presents with headache and cranial nerve impairment. Treatment may involve prednisone and/or an immune suppressing drug. This treatment often improves symptoms, however complete recovery is rare. Surgery may be recommended for people with advanced or severe IHP. Some people with IHP have no symptoms and may not need treatment.


name: IgG4-related submandibular gland disease

description: A chronic fibrotic inflammatory process affecting the salivary gland. Signs and symptoms include firm and painful swelling of the salivary gland, often associated with the presence of salivary gland stones.


IgG4-related ophthalmic disorder

description: A IgG4-related disease that involves the eye.


visceral heterotaxy

description: A rare, genetic disorder in which symptoms are generally secondary to the abnormal location of the organs within the thoracic, abdominal, or peritoneal cavities. Anatomic and functional problems can include cardiac defects, intestinal malrotation leading to volvulus, biliary atresia, and various defects of the central nervous system, urinary tract, and skeleton.


cutaneous pseudolymphoma

description: A pseudolymphoma of the skin.


name: neurodevelopmental disorder-craniofacial dysmorphism-cardiac defect-hip dysplasia syndrome


name: congenital insensitivity to pain with severe intellectual disability


acquired ichthyosis

description: Noninherited ichthyosis associated with malignancy; autoimmune, inflammatory, nutritional, metabolic, infectious, and neurologic diseases; or medications.


idiopathic neonatal atrial flutter

description: Idiopathic neonatal atrial flutter (AFL) is a rare rhythm disorder, characterized by sustained tachycardia in newborns and infants with an atrial rate often at around 440 beats/minute (range 340-580). AFL may manifest as asymptomatic tachycardia, congestive heart failure or hydrops.


name: incessant infant ventricular tachycardia

description: Incessant infant ventricular tachycardia is a rare type of ventricular tachycardia (VT) characterized by the presence of tachycardia originating from the ventricles, observed for more than 10% of a 24 hour monitoring period. Patients are either asymptomatic or present congestive heart failure.


acquired Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

description: An instance of Creutzfeldt Jacob disease that is acquired during the lifetime of the individual.


progressive muscular atrophy

description: A rare, milder form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It is characterized by a slowly progressive clinical course. Signs and symptoms include muscle weakness, atrophy, and fasciculation.


plasma cell leukemia

description: An aggressive plasma cell neoplasm characterized by the presence of neoplastic plasma cells in the peripheral blood. It is characterized by the presence of a circulating clonal plasma cell count that exceeds 2x10^9/L or is 20% of the leukocyte differential count.


Holmes-Adie syndrome

description: A rare syndrome characterized by an abnormally dilated pupil, hypoflexia, and diaphoresis. The syndrome is usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection. The abnormally dilated pupil is caused by damage to postganglionic parasympathetic fibers innervating the eye.


isolated tracheo-esophageal fistula

description: A congenital or acquired abnormal communication between the trachea and the esophagus.


avian influenza

description: Infection of domestic and wild fowl and other birds with influenza A virus. Avian influenza usually does not sicken birds, but can be highly pathogenic and fatal in domestic poultry.


corticobasal syndrome

description: Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is a rare neurodegenerative disease characterized by multifaceted motor system dysfunctions and cognitive defects such as asymmetric rigidity, bradykinesia, limb apraxia, and visuospatial dysfunction.


name: hereditary neuroendocrine tumor of small intestine

description: An instance of neuroendocrine tumor of the small intestine that is caused by an inherited modification of the individual's genome.


Castleman-Kojima disease

description: A clinicopathologic variant of multicentric Castleman's disease characterized by thrombocytopenia, ascites (anasarca), microcytic anemia, myelofibrosis, renal dysfunction, and organomegaly


name: infantile-onset axonal motor and sensory neuropathy-optic atrophy-neurodegenerative syndrome


name: squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue


name: X-linked intellectual disability-hypotonia-movement disorder syndrome


name: intellectual disability-muscle weakness-short stature-facial dysmorphism syndrome


composite hemangioendothelioma

description: An intermediate, locally aggressive and rarely metastasizing blood vessel neoplasm. It is characterized by the presence of spindle, plump, and epithelioid endothelial cells and cellular atypia.


retiform hemangioendothelioma

description: An intermediate, locally aggressive and rarely metastasizing blood vessel neoplasm. It is characterized by the presence of hobnail endothelial cells and formation of arborizing vascular channels.


description: An intermediate, rarely metastasizing blood vessel neoplasm. It is characterized by the presence of lymphatic-like vascular channels and papillary endothelial proliferation.


congenital hemangioma

description: A hemangioma present and fully formed at birth. The different types are Rapidly involuting congenital hemangiomas (RICH), Partially involuting congenital hemangioma (PICH) and Non-involuting congenital hemangiomas (NICH).


name: partially involuting congenital hemangioma

description: A clinical subtype of congenital hemangioma that begins as a rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma (RICH) but fails to completely involute and persists as a non-involuting congenital hemangioma (NICH)-like lesion


name: X-linked intellectual disability-cerebellar hypoplasia-spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia syndrome


name: corpus callosum agenesis-macrocephaly-hypertelorism syndrome


name: intellectual disability syndrome due to a DYRK1A point mutation


verrucous hemangioma

description: A skin hemangioma characterized by the presence of epidermal hyperplasia.


description: Human MALT1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 18q21 and is approximately 79 kb in length. This allele, which encodes mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation gene 1 protein, plays a role in the modulation of the nuclear factor kappa B complex signaling cascade. The gene is involved in a chromosomal translocation t(11;18)(q21;q21) with the BIRC2 gene in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas.


kaposiform lymphangiomatosis

description: A generalized lymphatic anomaly characterized by kaposiform spindled lymphatic endothelial cells.


benign metanephric tumor

description: A benign neoplasm that involves the metanephros.


neonatal alloimmune neutropenia

description: A rare acquired neutropenia characterized by isolated neutropenia in a newborn due to maternal alloimmunization against human neutrophil antigens (HNA) inherited from the father and present on fetal neutrophils, and subsequent increased breakdown of the latter. The condition is self-limiting and resolves after several weeks. It usually presents with only mild bacterial infections or may even be asymptomatic, although severe forms with sepsis and fatal outcome have also been reported.


drug-induced methemoglobinemia

description: Methemoglobinemia that is caused by exposure to certain drugs (xylocaine and benzene).


name: familial gastric type 1 neuroendocrine tumor


oligodendroglial tumor

description: Oligodendrogliomas are cerebral tumors that are differentiated from other gliomas on the basis of their unique genetic characteristics and better response to chemotherapy. These tumors are classified according to their grade (low grade oligodendrogliomas: grade II of the WHO classification and anaplastic oligodendrogliomas: grade III of the WHO classification) and according to their pure or mixed histology (oligoastrocytomas).


mucous membrane pemphigoid

description: Mucous membrane pemphigoid is a bullous dermatosis characterized clinically by blistering of the mucous membranes followed by scarring, and immunologically by IgG, IgA and/or C3 deposits on the epidermal basement membrane.


acquired epidermolysis bullosa

description: Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is a subepidermal bullous dermatosis of autoimmune origin that was named as a result of its resemblance to hereditary forms of epidermolysis bullosa (HEB), most notably dystrophic HEB.


linear IgA Dermatosis

description: Autoimmune disease characterized by subepidermal blisters and linear deposition of autoantibodies at the dermoepidermal junction. The accumulated autoantibodies are of immunoglobulin A and occasionally immunoglobulin G classes against epidermal basement membrane proteins. The dermatosis is sometimes associated with malignancies and use of certain drugs (e.g., vancomycin).


name: hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin-beta-thalassemia syndrome

description: Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) associated with beta-thalassemia is characterized by high hemoglobin (Hb) F levels and an increased number of fetal-Hb-containing-cells.


hereditary otorhinolaryngologic disease

description: An instance of otorhinolaryngologic disease that is caused by a modification of the individual's genome.


exercise-induced malignant hyperthermia

description: Malignant hyperthermia that is characterized by exercise-induced life-threatening hyperthermia with a body temperature over 40 degrees C and signs of encephalopathy ranging from confusion to convulsions or coma. Incidence increases with rising ambient temperature and relative humidity. Manifestations may include rhabdomyolysis (presenting with myalgia, muscle weakness, and myoglobinuria), tachycardia, and in severe cases multiorgan failure.


scorpion envenomation

description: Scorpion envenomation is a rare intoxication caused by a scorpion sting which typically manifests with localized pain, edema, erythema, and paresthesias at the site of the sting and, when severe, progresses to produce systemic symptoms of variable severity that include respiratory difficulties, abnormal systemic blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmia, and a combination of parasympathetic (i.e. excessive salivation and lacrimation, diaphoresis, miosis, frequent urination, diarrhea, vomiting, priapism) and sympathetic (e.g. hyperthermia, hyperglycemia, mydriasis) manifestations. Neurological manifestations may also be associated, such as abnormal eye movements, blurred vision, agitation and restlessness, as well as muscle fasciculations and spasms. Signs and symptoms are highly variable and in most severe cases may lead to cardiogenic shock and pulmonary edema.


supratip dysplasia

description: Supratip dysplasia is a rare, congenital, non-syndromic, nose and cavum malformation characterized by the presence of a bulbous, soft tissue hypertrophy located in the middle-to-distal third of the nasal dorsum, in association with deformed, slightly laterally- and caudally-placed nasal alae and a scar-like atrophic skin lesion located at the nasal tip. Respiratory function is not affected.


name: childhood-onset progressive contractures-limb-girdle weakness-muscle dystrophy syndrome


name: non-acquired combined pituitary hormone deficiency

description: Congenital hypopituitarism is characterized by multiple pituitary hormone deficiency, including somatotroph, thyrotroph, lactotroph, corticotroph or gonadotroph deficiencies, due to mutations of pituitary transcription factors involved in pituitary ontogenesis.


name: microcephalic primordial dwarfism due to RTTN deficiency

description: Microcephalic primordial dwarfism due to RTTN deficiency is a rare, genetic, multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome characterized by primary microcephaly, profound short stature, moderate to severe intellectual disability, global developmental delay, craniofacial dysmorphism (e.g. sloping forehead, high and broad nasal bridge) and variable brain malformations, including simplified gyration, pachygyria, polymicrogyria, reduced sulcation, dysgenesis of corpus callosum and deformed ventricles. Renal anomalies, bilateral hearing loss, multiple joint contractures, severe failure to thrive and a sacral lesion cephalad to the gluteal crease have also been reported.


name: cryptogenic multifocal ulcerous stenosing enteritis


name: chronic enteropathy associated with SLCO2A1 gene


severe primary trimethylaminuria

description: Any trimethylaminuria in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the FMO3 gene.


familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome

description: Familial cold urticaria (FCAS) is the mildest form of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) and is characterized by recurrent episodes of urticaria-like skin rash triggered by exposure to cold associated with low-grade fever, general malaise, eye redness and arthralgia/myalgia.


isosporiasis

description: An intestinal infection with Isospora belli.


Jeune syndrome

description: Jeune syndrome, also called asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy, is a short-rib dysplasia characterized by a narrow thorax, short limbs and radiological skeletal abnormalities including "trident" aspect of the acetabula and metaphyseal changes.


Joubert syndrome

description: Joubert syndrome (JS) is characterized by congenital malformation of the brainstem and agenesis or hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis leading to an abnormal respiratory pattern, nystagmus, hypotonia, ataxia, and delay in achieving motor milestones.


name: autosomal dominant distal axonal motor neuropathy-myofibrillar myopathy syndrome


description: A rare, genetic erythrokeratoderma disorder characterized by generalized cutaneous erythema with fine white scales and pruritus refractory to treatment, progressive dilated cardiomyopathy, palmoplantar keratoderma, sparse or absent eyebrows and eyelashes, sparse scalp hair, nail dystrophy, and dental enamel anomalies. Variable features include failure to thrive, developmental delay, and development of corneal opacities. Histology shows psoriasiform acanthosis, hypogranulosis, and compact orthohyperkeratosis.


name: demyelinating hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy


name: autosomal dominant preaxial polydactyly-upperback hypertrichosis syndrome


name: congenital generalized hypercontractile muscle stiffness syndrome


KID syndrome

description: Keratitis (and hystrix-like) ichthyosis deafness (KID/HID) syndrome is a rare congenital ectodermal disorder characterized by vascularizing keratitis, hyperkeratotic skin lesions and hearing loss.


pediatric multiple sclerosis

description: Pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) is a rare multiple sclerosis variant characterized by the onset of multiple sclerosis (i.e. one or multiple episodes of clinical CNS symptoms consistent with acquired CNS demyelination, with radiologically proven dissemination of inflammatory lesions in space and time, following exclusion of other disorders) before the age of 18 years old. Pediatric MS patients present a predominantly relapsing-remitting course with first attack usually consisting of optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and monofocal or polyfocal neurological deficits. A high burden of T2-hyperintense lesions on initial MRI, primarily of the supratentorial region and/or of the cervical spinal cord, has been reported.


name: cytosolic phospholipase-A2 alpha deficiency associated bleeding disorder


Kallmann syndrome

description: Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a developmental genetic disorder characterized by the association of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) due to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency, and anosmia or hyposmia (with hypoplasia or aplasia of the olfactory bulbs).


name: congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens

description: Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD) is a condition leading to male infertility.


name: MYO5B-related progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis


bile duct cyst

description: Cystic dilatation of the hepatic duct or bile duct.


name: lethal hydranencephaly-diaphragmatic hernia syndrome

description: Lethal hydranencephaly-diaphragmatic hernia syndrome is a rare, genetic, lethal, multiple congenital anomalies syndrome characterized by hydranencephaly and diaphragmatic hernia, as well as macrocephaly, a widely open anterior fontanel, scaphoid abdomen and hypotonia. Additionally, congenital heart defects, polyhydramnios and pulmonary hypertension have also been associated.


congenital portosystemic shunt

description: Congenital portosystemic shunt is a rare, congenital anomaly of the great veins characterized by an abnormal communication between one or more veins of the portal and the caval systems, resulting in complete or partial diversion of the portal blood away from the liver to the systemic circulation. Clinical manifestations include liver atrophy, hypergalactosemia without uridine diphosphate enzyme deficiency, hyperammonemia, encephalopathy (resulting in learning disabilities, extreme fatigability and seizures), pulmonary hypertension, hypoxemia from hepatopulmonary syndrome and benign or malignant tumors.


name: high grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and/ or BCL2 and/or BCL6 rearrangement


aneurysmal bone cyst

description: A locally aggressive and destructive benign cystic lesion of the bone. It is characterized by the formation of multiloculated hemorrhagic cystic spaces which are separated by fibrous septa. It can arise from any bone, but usually affects the metaphysis of long bones. It manifests with pain and swelling and may recur following curettage.


name: isolated neonatal sclerosing cholangitis

description: Isolated neonatal sclerosing cholangitis is a rare, genetic, biliary tract disease characterized by severe neonatal-onset cholangiopathy with patent bile ducts and absence of ichthyosiform skin lesions. Patients present with jaundice, acholic stools, hepatosplenomegaly and high serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activity. Liver histology shows portal fibrosis, ductular proliferation, hepatocellular metallothionein deposits, and intralobular bile-pigment accumulations. Some patients may also have renal disease.


name: recurrent metabolic encephalomyopathic crises-rhabdomyolysis-cardiac arrhythmia-intellectual disability syndrome

description: Recurrent metabolic encephalomyopathic crises-rhabdomyolysis-cardiac arrhythmia-intellectual disability syndrome is a rare, genetic, neurodegenerative disease characterized by episodic metabolic encephalomyopathic crises (of variable frequency and severity which are frequently precipitated by an acute illness) which manifest with profound muscle weakness, ataxia, seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, rhabdomyolysis with myoglobinuria, elevated plasma creatine kinase, hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, increased acylcarnitines and a disorientated or comatose state. Global developmental delay, intellectual disability and cortical, pyramidal and cerebellar signs develop with subsequent progressive neurodegeneration causing loss of expressive language and varying degrees of cerebral atrophy.


name: X-linked female restricted facial dysmorphism-short stature-choanal atresia-intellectual disability


name: global developmental delay-visual anomalies-progressive cerebellar atrophy-truncal hypotonia syndrome

description: Global developmental delay-visual anomalies-progressive cerebellar atrophy-truncal hypotonia syndrome is a rare, genetic, neurological disorder characterized by mild to severe developmental delay and speech impairment, truncal hypotonia, abnormalities of vision (including cortical visual impairment and abnormal visual-evoked potentials), progressive brain atrophy mainly affecting the cerebellum, and shortened or atrophic corpus callosum. Other clinical findings may include increased muscle tone in the extremities, dystonic posturing, hyporeflexia, scoliosis, postnatal microcephaly and variable facial dysmorphism (e.g. deep-set eyes, gingival hyperplasia, short philtrum and retrognathia).


name: X-linked intellectual disability-global development delay-facial dysmorphism-sacral caudal remnant syndrome


pyoderma gangrenosum

description: Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a primarily sterile inflammatory neutrophilic dermatosis characterized by recurrent cutaneous ulcerations with a mucopurulent or hemorrhagic exudate.


description: PYCR2-related microcephaly-progressive leukoencephalopathy is a rare, genetic, syndromic intellectual disability disorder characterized by progressive postnatal microcephaly, cerebral hypomyelination and severe psychomotor developmental delayed with absent speech, as well as axial hypotonia, appendicular hypertonia with hyperextensibility of the wrists and ankles, hyperreflexia, severe muscle wasting and failure to thrive. Associated craniofacial dysmorphism includes triangular facies with bitemporal narrowing, down- or upslanting palpebral fissures, malar hypoplasia, large malformed ears with overfolded helices, upturned bulbous nose, long smooth philtrum and thin vermilion borders.


Lewis-Sumner syndrome

description: A rare acquired demyelinating polyneuropathy characterized by asymmetrical distal weakness of the upper or lower extremities and motor dysfunction with adult onset. It is considered to be a variant of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.


familial chilblain lupus

description: An instance of Chilblain lupus that is caused by an inherited modification of the individual's genome.


familial schizencephaly

description: An instance of schizencephaly that is caused by an inherited modification of the individual's genome.


Kimura disease

description: Kimura disease is a benign and chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology, occurring mainly in Asian countries (very rarely in Western countries) and predominantly affecting young men, that usually presents with a solitary or multiple non-tender subcutaneous masses in the head and neck region (in particular the preauricular and submandibular area) and/or generalized painless lymphadenopathy, often with salivary gland involvement. Characteristic laboratory findings include blood eosinophilia and markedly elevated serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. It is often associated with autoinflammatory disorders (i.e. ulcerative colitis, bronchial asthma) and a co-existing renal disease.


name: HTRA1-related autosomal dominant cerebral small vessel disease


name: nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver

description: Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver is a rare parenchymatous liver disease characterized by diffuse benign transformation of the hepatic parenchyma into multiple small nodules (composed of regenerating hepatocytes) and that is usually asymptomatic but can lead to the development of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension and its complications, including esophageal variceal bleeding, hypersplenism and ascites. It is often associated with rheumatologic, autoimmune, hematologic, and myeloproliferative disorders as well as various immune deficiency states and exposure certain drugs and toxins.


postinfectious vasculitis

description: Vasculitis, characterized by inflammatory lesions in the wall of vessels, may be due to different viruses.


lissencephaly spectrum disorders

description: The term lissencephaly covers a group of rare malformations sharing the common feature of anomalies in the appearance of brain convolutions (characterized by simplification or absence of folding) associated with abnormal organization of the cortical layers as a result of neuronal migration defects during embryogenesis.


acquired schizencephaly

description: An instance of schizencephaly that is acquired during the lifetime of the individual.


isolated congenital hepatic fibrosis

description: A congenital disorder usually inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. It affects the hepatobiliary system and the kidneys. It is characterized by liver fibrosis, portal hypertension, and renal cysts.


primary effusion lymphoma

description: Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a large B-cell lymphoma located in the body cavities, characterized by pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial fluid lymphomatous effusions and that is always associated with human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8).


name: embryonal carcinoma of the central nervous system

description: A embryonal carcinoma that involves the central nervous system.


urachal cyst

description: Urachal cyst is a congenital urachal anomaly characterized by a failure of complete closure of the urachus, in which both ends are closed but the central lumen remains patent. It is typically asymptomatic but may become clinically significant when infected, presenting as a mass in the umbilical region accompanied by abdominal pain and fever.


focal myositis

description: Focal myositis is a rare inflammatory myopathy characterized by a localized swelling of skeletal muscle that is usually located in the lower extremities.


penile agenesis

description: An extremely rare congenital abnormality characterized by the complete absence of the penis. It may be associated with other genitourinary abnormalities.


IgG4-related retroperitoneal fibrosis

description: Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is characterized by the development of a fibrotic mass surrounding retroperitoneal structures, such as aorta, vena cava, ureters and psoas muscle.


dentinogenesis imperfecta

description: Dentinogenesis imperfecta (DGI) is a hereditary dentin defect characterized by abnormal dentin structure resulting in abnormal tooth development.


proliferating trichilemmal cyst

description: Proliferating trichilemmal tumor is a rare large, multinodular, usually benign, tumor that is generally located in the posterior part of the scalp in aged women (over 50 years). It first appears as a painless nodule that later grows into a solid or partially cystic tumor that is mobile over the underlying subcutaneous tissues. It can present ulceration, inflammation or even bleeding and can cause necrosis of the adjacent tissues.


familial keratoacanthoma

description: Multiple familial keratoacanthoma (KA) of Witten and Zak is a rare a rare inherited skin cancer syndrome and is characterized by the coexistence of features characteristic of both multiple KA, Ferguson Smith type and generalized eruptive keratoacanthoma, such as multiple small miliary-type lesions, larger self-healing lesions, and nodulo-ulcerative lesions. Lesions do not have a predilection for the mucosal surfaces. Transmission is autosomal dominant.


achromatopsia

description: Achromatopsia (ACHM) is a rare autosomal recessive retinal disorder characterized by color blindness, nystagmus, photophobia, and severely reduced visual acuity due to the absence or impairment of cone function.


name: transgrediens et progrediens palmoplantar keratoderma


acquired purpura fulminans

description: A life-threatening, rapidly progressive thrombotic disorder affecting mainly neonates and children that is characterized by purpuric skin lesions and disseminated intravascular coagulation. PF may progress rapidly to multi-organ failure caused by thrombotic occlusion of small and medium-sized blood vessels. There are two forms of PF that are classified according to triggering mechanisms: acute infectious (the most common form), and idiopathic PF.


keratosis pilaris atrophicans

description: An uncommon form of keratosis pilaris in which there are scar-like follicular depressions and loss of hair.


lichen amyloidosis

description: Lichen amyloidosis is a rare chronic form of cutaneous amyloidosis, a skin disease characterized by the accumulation of amyloid deposits in the dermis, clinically characterized by the development of pruritic, often pigmented, hyperkeratotic papules on trunk and extremities, especially on the shins, and histologically by the deposition of amyloid or amyloid-like proteins in the papillary dermis.


description: Graham Little-Piccardi-Lassueur syndrome is a variant of lichen planopilaris characterized by the clinical triad of progressive cicatricial (scarring) alopecia of the scalp, follicular keratotic papules on glabrous skin, and variable alopecia of the axillae and groin.


microlissencephaly-micromelia syndrome

description: Microlissencephaly-micromelia syndrome is a syndrome of abnormal cortical development, characterized by severe prenatal polyhydramnios, postnatal microcephaly, lissencephaly, upper limb micromelia, dysmorphic facies (coarse face, hypertrichosis, and short nose with long philtrum), intractable seizures, and early death. Hypoparathyroidism was noted in one case.


name: Zellweger-like syndrome without peroxisomal anomalies

description: An extremely rare mitochondrial disorder characterized by facial dysmorphism similar to that seen in Zellweger syndrome, such as frontal bossing, high forehead, upslanting palpebral fissures, hypoplastic supraorbital ridges, and epicanthal folds, and in addition, pale skin, profound hypotonia, developmental delay, and minor metabolic anomalies. No peroxysomal defects, however, have been reported. Transmission is thought to be autosomal recessive.


Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease

description: Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD) is a benign and self-limited disorder, characterized by regional cervical lymphadenopathy with tenderness, usually accompanied with mild fever and night sweats. Less frequent symptoms include weight loss, nausea, vomiting, sore throat.


striate palmoplantar keratoderma

description: Striate palmoplantar keratoderma is an isolated, focal, hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma characterized by linear hyperkeratosis along the flexor aspect of the fingers and on palms, as well as focal hyperkeratosis of the plantar skin. Patients present with painful thickening of the skin on palms and soles, with occasional fissuring, blistering and hyperhidrosis. Rarely, hyperkeratosis on other areas may be seen (knees, dorsal aspects of the digits). Histopatologically, widened intercellular spaces between keratinocytes are observed.


Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome

description: Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS) is an inherited, subacute encephalopathy characterized by the association of basal ganglia calcification, leukodystrophy and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocytosis.


metachromatic leukodystrophy

description: A rare lysosomal storage disorder characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of sulfatides in various tissues, leading to progressive deterioration of motor and neurocognitive function.


cobblestone lissencephaly

description: Cobblestone lissencephaly is a rare central nervous system malformation which includes a group of diseases that are characterized by a bumpy (or pebbled) appearance of the cerebral cortex, associated with a thickened cortex, reduction in normal sulcation, ventriculomegaly and reduced, abnormal white matter, as well as brainstem and cerebellum hypoplasia and corpus callosum agenesis. Patients generally present variable degrees of developmental delay, hypotonia and ocular abnomalities, however muscular and ocular involvement may be absent.


arterial calcification of infancy

description: Idiopathic arterial calcification of infancy is a rare condition characterized by extensive calcification and stenosis of the large and medium sized arteries.


acute myelomonocytic leukemia M4

description: An acute leukemia characterized by the proliferation of both neutrophil and monocyte precursors. (WHO, 2001)


acute megakaryoblastic leukemia

description: Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) is a form of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that occurs predominantly in childhood and particularly in children with Down syndrome (DS-AMKL). Nonspecific symptoms may be irritability, weakness, and dizziness while specific symptoms include pallor, fever, mucocutaneous bleeding, hepatosplenomegaly, neurological manifestations and rarely lymphadenopathy. Acute panmyelosis with myelofibrosis may also be associated with AMKL. In contrast to DS-AMKL (around 80 % survival), non-DS-AMKL is an AML subgroup associated with poor prognosis.


name: anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome

description: Anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome (ACNES) is a chronic neuropathic pain syndrome of the abdominal wall caused by entrapment of anterior cutaneous branches of 7 to 12th intercostal nerves along the lateral border of the anterior rectus abdominis fascia causing severe pain and tenderness of the involved dermatome.