RNA modification

description: The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule to produce an RNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.


7-methylguanosine RNA capping

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The sequence of enzymatic reactions by which the RNA 5' cap structure, an inverted 7-methylguanosine linked via a 5'-5' triphosphate bridge (m7G(5')ppp(5')X) to the first transcribed residue, is added to a nascent transcript. Additional methylation can occur on the ribose sugars of the first and second nucleotides adjacent to the m7G nRNA cap. These methylations are often referred to as N6,2'-O-dimethyladenosine (m6,2A) and N6,2'-O-dimethylguanosine (m6,2G), respectively.


energy taxis

description: The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to physical parameters involved in energy generation, such as light, oxygen, and oxidizable substrates.


aerotaxis

description: The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to environmental oxygen.


redox taxis

description: The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to redox potential.


name: cytochrome bo3 ubiquinol oxidase activity

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2 ubiquinol + O2 + 4 H+ = 2 ubiquinone + 2 H2O + 4 H+ [periplasmic space].


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2 H+[side 1] + 2 oxidized plastocyanin + plastoquinol-1 = 2 H+[side 2] + 2 reduced plastocyanin + plastoquinone. This reaction involves the concomitant transfer of 2 H+ ions across a membrane.


amyloplast

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A plastid whose main function is to synthesize and store starch.


thylakoid light-harvesting complex

description: A thylakoid membrane complex of chlorophylls a and b together with chlorophyll a-b binding proteins. In addition, LHCs contain a number of other proteins, the function of which is speculative, together with accessory pigments. The LHCs capture and transfer energy to photosystems I and II. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


cell plate

description: The nascent cell membrane and cell wall structure that forms between two daughter nuclei near the center of a dividing plant cell. It develops at the equatorial region of the phragmoplast. It grows outwards to join with the lateral walls and form two daughter cells.


plant-type cell wall

description: A more or less rigid structure lying outside the cell membrane of a cell and composed of cellulose and pectin and other organic and inorganic substances.


plasmodesma

description: A fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell.


chloroplast

description: A chlorophyll-containing plastid with thylakoids organized into grana and frets, or stroma thylakoids, and embedded in a stroma.


plastid chromosome

description: A circular DNA molecule containing plastid encoded genes.


chromoplast

description: A plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll, usually yellow and orange carotenoid pigments.


plasmodesmatal desmotubule

description: A tightly wound cylinder of membrane that is located within the plasmodesmal pore and runs the length of the plasmodesma. The desmotubule likely provides a rigid stability to plasmodesmata and confers a fixed diameter and pore size to the plasmodesmal canal, and is linked to the endoplasmic reticulum in each of the adjacent cell.


plasmodesmatal endoplasmic reticulum

description: Endoplasmic reticulum found in plasmodesmata, junctions connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells.


cytochrome b6f complex

description: Complex that transfers electrons from reduced plastoquinone to oxidized plastocyanin and translocates protons from the stroma to the lumen. The complex contains a core structure of three catalytic subunits: cytochrome b, the Rieske iron sulfur protein (ISP), and cytochrome f, which are arranged in an integral membrane-bound dimeric complex; additional subunits are present, and vary among different species.


etioplast

description: A plastid arrested in the development of chloroplasts from proplastids due to absence of light or low light conditions.


glyoxysome

description: A specialized form of peroxisome that contains the enzymes of the glyoxylate pathway. The glyoxysome is found in some plant cells, notably the cells of germinating seeds.


granal stacked thylakoid

description: Appressed thylakoid membranes that are part of a granum (stacked regions). A characteristic of these appressed regions is the preferential localization of photosystem II.


leucoplast

description: A colorless plastid involved in the synthesis of monoterpenes.


name: PSII associated light-harvesting complex II

description: Protein-pigment complex associated with photosystem II.


name: PSI associated light-harvesting complex I

description: Protein-pigment complex associated with photosystem I.


middle lamella

description: Layer of intercellular material, chiefly pectic substances, cementing together the primary walls of contiguous cells.


photosystem

description: A complex located in a photosynthetic membrane that consists of a photoreaction center associated with accessory pigments and electron carriers. Examples of this component are found in Arabidopsis thaliana and in photosynthetic bacterial and archaeal species.


photosystem I

description: A photosystem that contains an iron-sulfur reaction center associated with accessory pigments and electron carriers. In cyanobacteria and chloroplasts, photosystem I functions as a light-dependent plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, transferring electrons from plastocyanin to ferredoxin; in photosynthetic bacteria that have only a single type I photosystem, such as the green sulfur bacteria, electrons can go either to ferredoxin (Fd) -> NAD+ or to menaquinone (MK) -> Cytb/FeS -> Cytc555 -> photosystem I (cyclic photophosphorylation).


photosystem II

description: A photosystem that contains a pheophytin-quinone reaction center with associated accessory pigments and electron carriers. In cyanobacteria and chloroplasts, in the presence of light, PSII functions as a water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase, transferring electrons from water to plastoquinone, whereas other photosynthetic bacteria carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis and oxidize other compounds to re-reduce the photoreaction center.


phragmoplast

description: The phragmoplast is a plant cell specific cytoplasmic structure composed of cytoskeletal polymers, membranes, and associated cytosolic proteins that functions as the focused secretory module for assembling the cell plate.


phragmosome

description: A flattened membranous vesicle containing cell wall components.


plastid envelope

description: The double lipid bilayer enclosing a plastid and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.


plastid outer membrane

description: The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the plastid envelope.


plastid inner membrane

description: The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the plastid envelope; also faces the plastid stroma.


plastid intermembrane space

description: The region between the inner and outer lipid bilayers of the plastid envelope.


primary cell wall

description: A plant cell wall that is still able to expand, permitting cell growth. Primary cell walls contain more pectin than secondary walls and no lignin is present.


secondary cell wall

description: A plant cell wall that is no longer able to expand and so does not permit growth. Secondary cell walls contain less pectin that primary cell walls. The secondary cell is mostly composed of cellulose and is strengthened with lignin.


plastid stroma

description: The proteinaceous ground substance of plastids.


chloroplast stromal thylakoid

description: Unstacked thylakoids that connect the grana stacks through the stroma.


chloroplast thylakoid

description: Sac-like membranous structures (cisternae) in a chloroplast combined into stacks (grana) and present singly in the stroma (stroma thylakoids or frets) as interconnections between grana. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


chloroplast thylakoid membrane

description: The pigmented membrane of a chloroplast thylakoid. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


plastid

description: Any member of a family of organelles found in the cytoplasm of plants and some protists, which are membrane-bounded and contain DNA. Plant plastids develop from a common type, the proplastid.


proplastid

description: The precursor of other plastids.


photosystem I reaction center

description: A photochemical system containing P700, the chlorophyll a dimer that functions as a primary electron donor. Functioning as a light-dependent plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, it transfers electrons from plastocyanin to ferredoxin.


photosystem II reaction center

description: An integral membrane complex containing P680, the chlorophyll a molecule that functions as a primary electron donor. In the light, functioning as a water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase, it transfers electrons from water to plastoquinone.


etioplast prolamellar body

description: A three dimensional regular lattice found in etioplasts. It is composed of a continuous system of tubules but when exposed to light the symmetrical arrangement is rapidly lost as tubules become pinched off into two dimensional sections of lattice. These for perforated sheets of membrane that move apart, extend and increase, finally establishing the typical granal and intergranal lamellae of the mature chloroplast.


granum

description: Distinct stack of lamellae seen within chloroplasts. Grana contain the pigments, electron transfer compounds, and enzymes essential to the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.


chloroplast thylakoid lumen

description: The cavity enclosed within the chloroplast thylakoid membrane. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


chloroplast ATP synthase complex

description: The protein complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP in chloroplasts.


elaioplast

description: A leucoplast in which oil is stored.


plasmodesmatal cytoplasmic sleeve

description: The space between the plasma membrane and the desmotubule of a plasmodesma.


plastid ribosome

description: A ribosome contained within a plastid.


plasmodesmatal plasma membrane

description: The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a plasmodesma.


cellulose microfibril

description: A microfibril composed of cellulose arranged in orthogonal layers. Cellulose is a straight chain polysaccharide composed of B(14) linked glucose subunits. It is a major component of plant cell walls. Higher plant microfibrils are about 10nm in diameter and extremely long in relation to their width. The cellulose molecules are oriented parallel to the long axis of the microfibril in a paracrystalline array, which provides great tensile strength. The microfibrils are held in place by the wall matrix and their orientation is closely controlled by the cell.


primary plasmodesma

description: A plasmodesma that consists of a simple, single channel; found predominantly in young tissue and formed as a function of cell plate formation during cytokinesis.


secondary plasmodesma

description: A plasmodesma with a branched structure, often with many channels leading into a larger central cavity; found in older tissues and usually derived from preexisting primary plasmodesmata.


embryo sac development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo sac over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The process begins with the meiosis of the megasporocyte to form four haploid megaspores. Three of the megaspores disintegrate, and the fourth undergoes mitosis giving rise to a binucleate syncytial embryo sac. The two haploid nuclei migrate to the opposite poles of the embryo sac and then undergo two rounds of mitosis generating four haploid nuclei at each pole. One nucleus from each set of four migrates to the center of the cell. Cellularization occurs, resulting in an eight-nucleate seven-celled structure. This structure contains two synergid cells and an egg cell at the micropylar end, and three antipodal cells at the other end. A binucleate endosperm mother cell is formed at the center. The two polar nuclei fuse resulting in a mononucleate diploid endosperm mother cell. The three antipodal cells degenerate.


megasporogenesis

description: The process in which the megasporocyte undergoes meiosis, giving rise to four haploid megaspores in the nucellus.


pollen development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pollen grain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The process begins with the meiosis of the microsporocyte to form four haploid microspores. The nucleus of each microspore then divides by mitosis to form a two-celled organism, the pollen grain, that contains a tube cell as well as a smaller generative cell. The pollen grain is surrounded by an elaborate cell wall. In some species, the generative cell immediately divides again to give a pair of sperm cells. In most flowering plants, however this division takes place later, in the tube that develops when a pollen grain germinates.


microsporogenesis

description: The process in which the microsporocyte undergoes meiosis, giving rise to four haploid microspores.


antipodal cell differentiation

description: The process in which an uncellularized nucleus cellularizes and acquires the specialized features of an antipodal cell.


embryo sac cellularization

description: The process in which the eight-nucleate single celled female gametophyte develops into the seven-celled female gametophyte. This mature structure contains two synergid cells and an egg cell at the micropylar end, and three antipodal cells at the other end. A binucleate endosperm mother cell is formed at the center. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


embryo sac central cell differentiation

description: The process in which the two uncellularized polar nuclei cellularize, fuse and acquire the specialized features of a mononucleate diploid central cell.


embryo sac egg cell differentiation

description: The process in which an uncellularized embryo sac nucleus cellularizes and acquires the specialized features of an egg cell. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


megagametogenesis

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo sac over time, from its formation as the megaspore to the mature structure. The process begins when three of the four haploid megaspores disintegrate, and the fourth undergoes mitosis giving rise to a binucleate syncytial embryo sac. The two haploid nuclei migrate to the opposite poles of the embryo sac and then undergo two rounds of mitosis generating four haploid nuclei at each pole. One nucleus from each set of four migrates to the center of the cell. Cellularization occurs, resulting in an eight-nucleate seven-celled structure. This structure contains two synergid cells and an egg cell at the micropylar end, and three antipodal cells at the other end. A binucleate endosperm mother cell is formed at the center.


embryo sac nuclear migration

description: The directed movement of an embryo sac nucleus to the pole or center of the cell.


synergid differentiation

description: The process in which an uncellularized nucleus cellularizes and acquires the specialized features of a synergid cell.


fertilization

description: The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).


name: double fertilization forming a zygote and endosperm

description: Fertilization where one of the two sperm nuclei from the pollen tube fuses with the egg nucleus to form a 2n zygote, and the other fuses with the two polar nuclei to form the 3n primary endosperm nucleus and then develops into the endosperm. The ploidy level of the 2n zygote and 3n primary endosperm nucleus is determined by the ploidy level of the parents involved. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


amyloplast starch grain

description: Plant storage body for amylose and amylopectin, 1-100um in diameter, and located in amyloplasts. Also contains small amounts of enzymes, amino acids, lipids and nucleic acids. The shape of the grain varies widely amongst species, but is often spherical or disk-shaped.


chloroplast starch grain

description: Plant storage body for amylose and amylopectin, 1-100um in diameter, and located in chloroplasts. Also contains small amounts of enzymes, amino acids, lipids and nucleic acids. The shape of the grain varies widely amongst species, but is often spherical or disk-shaped.


chloroplast stroma

description: The space enclosed by the double membrane of a chloroplast but excluding the thylakoid space. It contains DNA, ribosomes and some temporary products of photosynthesis.


proplastid stroma

description: The space enclosed by the double membrane of a proplastid.


name: chloroplast ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase complex

description: A complex, located in the chloroplast, containing either both large and small subunits or just small subunits which carries out the activity of producing 3-phosphoglycerate from carbon dioxide and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


preprophase band

description: A dense band of microtubules, 1-3 pm wide, that appears just beneath the cell membrane before the start of cell division in the cells of higher plants. It precedes the onset of prophase and then disappears as mitosis begins, yet it somehow determines the plane of orientation of the new cell plate forming in late telophase and marks the zone of the parental cell wall where fusion with the growing cell plate ultimately occurs.


chromoplast stroma

description: The space enclosed by the double membrane of a chromoplast but excluding the photosynthetic material.


leucoplast stroma

description: The space enclosed by the double membrane of a leucoplast.


elaioplast stroma

description: The space enclosed by the double membrane of an elaioplast.


etioplast stroma

description: The space enclosed by the double membrane of an etioplast but excluding the prothylakoid space. It contains the etioplast DNA.


thylakoid

description: A membranous cellular structure that bears the photosynthetic pigments in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. In cyanobacteria thylakoids are of various shapes and are attached to, or continuous with, the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes they are flattened, membrane-bounded disk-like structures located in the chloroplasts; in the chloroplasts of higher plants the thylakoids form dense stacks called grana. Isolated thylakoid preparations can carry out photosynthetic electron transport and the associated phosphorylation.


detection of external stimulus

description: The series of events in which an external stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


detection of abiotic stimulus

description: The series of events in which an (non-living) abiotic stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


detection of light stimulus

description: The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal.


detection of visible light

description: The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.


red, far-red light phototransduction

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from red or far-red light into a molecular signal; the red, far-red light range is defined as having a wavelength within the range 660-730 nm.


UV-A, blue light phototransduction

description: The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from UV-A or blue light into a molecular signal; the UV-A, blue light range is defined as having a wavelength within the range of 315 to 400 nm.


detection of UV

description: The series of events in which an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.


detection of gravity

description: The series of events in which a gravitational stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


detection of chemical stimulus

description: The series of events in which a chemical stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


detection of nutrient

description: The series of events in which a nutrient stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


detection of biotic stimulus

description: The series of events in which a biotic stimulus, one caused or produced by a living organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal.


detection of virus

description: The series of events in which a stimulus from a virus is received and converted into a molecular signal.


detection of nematode

description: The series of events in which a stimulus from a nematode is received and converted into a molecular signal.


detection of insect

description: The series of events in which a stimulus from an insect is received and converted into a molecular signal.


detection of symbiont

description: The series of events in which a stimulus from a symbiont (an organism living in close physical association with an organism of a different species) is received and converted into a molecular signal. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


detection of symbiotic fungus

description: The series of events in which a stimulus from a symbiotic fungus, a fungus living in close physical association with another organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal.


detection of symbiotic bacterium

description: The series of events in which a stimulus from a symbiotic bacterium, a bacterium living in close physical association with another organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal.


response to external stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus.


tropism

description: The movement of an organism, or part of an organism, in response to an external source of stimulus, usually toward or away from it.


response to biotic stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism.


response to symbiont

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiont, an organism living with an organism of a different species in close physical association. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


response to symbiotic bacterium

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiotic bacterium, a bacterium living in close physical association with another organism.


response to symbiotic fungus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiotic fungus, a fungus living in close physical association with another organism.


response to wounding

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism.


response to mechanical stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus.


response to virus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus.


RNAi-mediated antiviral immune response

description: A post-transcriptional gene silencing pathway mediated by the action of regulatory RNAs that protects against foreign organism invasion by restricting viral replication and dissemination.


response to bacterium

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium.


response to fungus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a fungus.


response to nematode

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a nematode.


response to insect

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from an insect.


plant-type hypersensitive response

description: The rapid, localized death of plant cells in response to invasion by a pathogen.


systemic acquired resistance

description: The salicylic acid-mediated response to a pathogen which confers broad spectrum resistance.


response to abiotic stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (not derived from living organisms) stimulus.


response to gravity

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gravitational stimulus.


gravitropism

description: The orientation of plant parts under the stimulation of gravity.


cold acclimation

description: Any process that increases freezing tolerance of an organism in response to low, nonfreezing temperatures.


response to herbicide

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a herbicide stimulus. Herbicides are chemicals used to kill or control the growth of plants.


response to toxic substance

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.


response to blue light

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a blue light stimulus. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm.


phototropism

description: The movement of an organism, or part of an organism, in response to a light stimulus, usually toward or away from it.


response to red or far red light

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a red or far red light stimulus. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm. Far red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 700-800nm. An example of this response is seen at the beginning of many plant species developmental stages. These include germination, and the point when cotyledon expansion is triggered. In certain species these processes take place in response to absorption of red light by the pigment molecule phytochrome, but the signal can be reversed by exposure to far red light. During the initial phase the phytochrome molecule is only present in the red light absorbing form, but on absorption of red light it changes to a far red light absorbing form, triggering progress through development. An immediate short period of exposure to far red light entirely returns the pigment to its initial state and prevents triggering of the developmental process. A thirty minute break between red and subsequent far red light exposure renders the red light effect irreversible, and development then occurs regardless of whether far red light exposure subsequently occurs.


photomorphogenesis

description: The control of plant growth, development, and differentiation by the duration and nature of light, independent of photosynthesis.


shade avoidance

description: Shade avoidance is a set of responses that plants display when they are subjected to the shade of another plant. It often includes elongation, altered flowering time, increased apical dominance and altered partitioning of resources. Plants are able to distinguish between the shade of an inanimate object (e.g. a rock) and the shade of another plant due to the altered balance between red and far-red light in the shade of a plant; this balance between red and far-red light is perceived by phytochrome.


response to light intensity

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light intensity stimulus.


photosynthetic acclimation

description: A response to light intensity in which exposure to medium-intensity light results in increased tolerance to high-intensity light.


response to high light intensity

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a high light intensity stimulus.


name: response to low light intensity stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a low light intensity stimulus. Low light intensity is defined as a level of electromagnetic radiation at or below 0.1 micromols/m2.


response to absence of light

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an absence of light stimuli.


skotomorphogenesis

description: The control of plant growth, development, and differentiation in response to growth in darkness.


photoperiodism

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a period of light or dark of a given length, measured relative to a particular duration known as the 'critical day length'. The critical day length varies between species.


entrainment of circadian clock

description: The synchronization of a circadian rhythm to environmental time cues such as light.


UV protection

description: Any process in which an organism or cell protects itself from ultraviolet radiation (UV), which may also result in resistance to repeated exposure to UV.


response to salt stress

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.


thigmotropism

description: The movement of an organism, or part of an organism, such as leaves or tendrils, in response to a touch stimulus, usually toward or away from it.


anatomical structure morphogenesis

description: The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.


photosystem II oxygen evolving complex

description: A complex, composed of a cluster of manganese, calcium and chloride ions bound to extrinsic proteins, that catalyzes the splitting of water to O2 and 4 H+. In cyanobacteria there are five extrinsic proteins in OEC (PsbO, PsbP-like, PsbQ-like, PsbU and PsbV), while in plants there are only three (PsbO, PsbP and PsbQ).


name: PSII associated light-harvesting complex II, core complex

description: The pigment-protein complex primarily associated to PSII in higher plants, green algae and cyanobacteria that directly transfers electrons to the reaction center.


name: PSII associated light-harvesting complex II, peripheral complex

description: Pigment-protein complex primarily associated to PSII in plants, green algae and cyanobacteria. Involved in state transitions that cause migration to PSI under certain environmental conditions such as high light.


plastid organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plastid.


chloroplast organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the chloroplast.


leucoplast organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a leucoplast. A leucoplast is a colorless plastid involved in the synthesis of monoterpenes.


amyloplast organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an amyloplast. An amyloplast is a plastid whose main function is to synthesize and store starch.


chromoplast organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the chromoplast. A chromoplast is a plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll, usually yellow and orange carotenoid pigments.


etioplast organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an etioplast. An etioplast is a plastid arrested in the development of chloroplasts from proplastids due to absence of light or low light conditions.


plasmodesma organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plasmodesma, a fine cytoplasmic channel, found in all higher plants, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell.


plant-type cell wall organization

description: A process that results in the assembly and arrangement of constituent parts of the cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall, or in the disassembly of the cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall. This process is carried out at the cellular level. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


plastid inheritance

description: The partitioning of plastids between daughter cells at cell division.


plastid outer membrane organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the outer membrane of a plastid.


plastid inner membrane organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the inner membrane of a plastid.


plastid membrane organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of either of the lipid bilayers surrounding a plastid.


name: sucrose:monoatomic cation symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sucrose(out) + monovalent cation(out) = sucrose(in) + monovalent cation(in).


description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: triose-phosphate(out) + phosphate(in) = triose-phosphate(in) + phosphate(out).


name: nitrate:proton symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: nitrate(out) + H+(out) = nitrate(in) + H+(in).


name: auxin:proton symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: auxin(out) + H+(out) = auxin(in) + H+(in).


name: low-affinity phosphate transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of phosphate from one side of a membrane to the other. In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.


name: potassium:sodium symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: K+(out) + Na+(out) = K+(in) + Na+(in).


name: high-affinity sulfate:proton symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + H+(out) = sulfate(in) + H+(in). In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


name: low-affinity sulfate:proton symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: sulfate(out) + H+(out) = sulfate(in) + H+(in). In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.


name: double fertilization forming two zygotes

description: Rudimentary double fertilization where one of the two sperm nuclei from the pollen tube fuses with the egg nucleus to form a 2n zygote, and the other fuses with the ventral canal cell nucleus to form a second zygote, which soon degenerates. An example of this process is found in the Gnetophytes, such as Welwitschia mirabilis.


name: diphosphate hydrolysis-driven proton transmembrane transporter activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: diphosphate + H+(in) + H2O = 2 H+(out) + 2 phosphate.


name: hexose:proton symporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: hexose(out) + H+(out) = hexose(in) + H+(in).


induced systemic resistance

description: A response to non-pathogenic bacteria that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease that does not depend upon salicylic acid signaling.


indoleacetic acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.


indoleacetic acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.


gibberellin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving gibberellin. Gibberellins are a class of highly modified terpenes that function as plant growth regulators.


gibberellin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gibberellin. Gibberellins are a class of highly modified terpenes that function as plant growth regulators.


abscisic acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving abscisic acid, 5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6,trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-y1)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid.


abscisic acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of abscisic acid, 5-(1-hydroxy-2,6,6,trimethyl-4-oxocyclohex-2-en-1-y1)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid.


name: induction of phytoalexin biosynthetic process

description: The activation of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phytoalexins, low-molecular mass, lipophilic antimicrobial compounds that accumulate rapidly at sites of incompatible pathogen infection.


cytokinin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving cytokinins, a class of adenine-derived compounds that can function in plants as growth regulators.


cytokinin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cytokinins, a class of adenine-derived compounds that can function in plants as growth regulators.


ethylene metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.


ethylene biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.


jasmonic acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving jasmonic acid, a fatty acid derivative with the formula (1R-(1 alpha, 2 beta(Z)))-3-oxo-2-(2-pentenyl)cyclopentaneacetic acid.


jasmonic acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of jasmonic acid, a fatty acid derivative.


salicylic acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving of salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid), a derivative of benzoic acid.


salicylic acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of salicylic acid (2-hydroxybenzoic acid), a derivative of benzoic acid.


phenylpropanoid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid.


phenylpropanoid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid.


indole phytoalexin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole phytoalexins, any indole compound produced by plants as part of their defense response.


name: isoflavonoid phytoalexin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoflavonoid phytoalexins, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives isomeric with flavonoids that possess antibiotic activity and are produced by plant tissues in response to infection.


L-arabinokinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: L-arabinose + ATP = beta-L-arabinose 1-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.


nitrate reductase (NADH) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: nitrite + NAD+ + H2O = nitrate + NADH + H+.


de-etiolation

description: The greening response of plants grown in the dark (etiolated) as a result of chloroplast biogenesis and the accumulation of chlorophyll.


plant-type vacuole membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a vacuole that retains the same shape regardless of cell cycle phase. The membrane separates its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. An example of this component is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


chloroplast inner membrane

description: The inner, i.e. lumen-facing, lipid bilayer of the chloroplast envelope; also faces the chloroplast stroma.


chloroplast outer membrane

description: The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the chloroplast envelope.


name: benzyl isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of benzyl isoquinoline alkaloids, compounds with bicyclic N-containing aromatic rings.


name: terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenoid indole alkaloids, compounds formed from the condensation of tryptamine (derived from tryptophan) and secologanin (derived from geranyl pyrophosphate).


tropane alkaloid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tropane alkaloids, compounds containing the 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane ring system.


purine alkaloid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine alkaloids, compounds derived from purine and composed of an N-containing double ring structure.


name: catechol-containing compound metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a compound containing a pyrocatechol (1,2-benzenediol) nucleus or substituent.


name: catechol-containing compound biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.


chalcone metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving chalcones, phenyl steryl ketone or its hydroxylated derivatives.


chalcone biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chalcone, phenyl steryl ketone or its hydroxylated derivatives.


name: flavonoid phytoalexin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoid phytoalexins, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton, which possess antibiotic activity and are produced by plant tissues in response to infection.


isoflavonoid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isoflavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives, isomeric with flavonoids.


name: anthocyanin-containing compound biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of anthocyanins, any member of a group of intensely colored soluble glycosides of anthocyanidins.


response to endogenous stimulus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism.


detection of hormone stimulus

description: The series of events in which a hormone stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


detection of auxin stimulus

description: The series of events in which an auxin stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


detection of cytokinin stimulus

description: The series of events in which a cytokinin stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


response to ethylene

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethylene (ethene) stimulus.


detection of abscisic acid stimulus

description: The series of events in which an abscisic acid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


response to hormone

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus.


detection of endogenous stimulus

description: The series of events in which an endogenous stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


detection of ethylene stimulus

description: The series of events in which an ethylene (ethene) stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


detection of gibberellic acid stimulus

description: The series of events in which a gibberellic acid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


detection of brassinosteroid stimulus

description: The series of events in which a brassinosteroid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


detection of carbohydrate stimulus

description: The series of events in which a carbohydrate stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


detection of sucrose stimulus

description: The series of events in which a sucrose stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


detection of hexose stimulus

description: The series of events in which a stimulus from a hexose is received and converted into a molecular signal.


response to auxin

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an auxin stimulus.


auxin-activated signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of the plant hormone auxin to a receptor, and ending with modulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


response to cytokinin

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokinin stimulus.


cytokinin-activated signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of a cytokinin to a receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


response to abscisic acid

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abscisic acid stimulus.


name: abscisic acid-activated signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) to a receptor, and ending with modulation of a cellular process, e.g. transcription.


response to gibberellin

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gibberellin stimulus.


name: gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of gibberellic acid.


response to brassinosteroid

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a brassinosteroid stimulus.


name: brassinosteroid mediated signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of brassinosteroid.


response to carbohydrate

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus.


response to sucrose

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sucrose stimulus.


sucrose mediated signaling

description: The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of sucrose.


response to hexose

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hexose stimulus.


hexokinase-dependent signaling

description: The series of molecular signals mediated by hexose and dependent on the detection of hexokinase.


hexokinase-independent signaling

description: The series of molecular signals mediated by hexose and independent of hexokinase.


response to glucose

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus.


response to fructose

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fructose stimulus.


response to salicylic acid

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a salicylic acid stimulus.


detection of salicylic acid stimulus

description: The series of events in which a salicylic acid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.


response to jasmonic acid

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a jasmonic acid stimulus.


detection of jasmonic acid stimulus

description: The series of events in which a jasmonic acid stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Series of events required for a jasmonic acid stimulus to be detected and converted to a signal molecule.


hormone-mediated signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone.


carbohydrate mediated signaling

description: The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of carbohydrate.


hexose mediated signaling

description: The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of hexose.


carbohydrate utilization

description: A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary carbohydrate sources,usually glucose, and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary carbohydrate source and to transport and metabolize alternate carbohydrate sources. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects carbohydrate levels, includes the activation of genes whose products detect, transport or metabolize carbohydrates, and ends when the carbohydrate is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism.


name: indole glucosinolate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole glucosinolates, sulfur-containing compounds that have a common structure linked to an R group derived from tryptophan.


C4 photosynthesis

description: The combination of atmospheric CO2 with a 3-carbon molecule phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) in the mesophyll cells to make a 4-carbon acid which is immediately converted to malic acid. The malic acid is then passed across to the bundle sheath cells where it is broken down again to pyruvic acid and CO2. The acid is passed back to the mesophyll cells to be used again, while the CO2 is fed into the reductive pentose-phosphate cycle (Calvin cycle) and converted into sugar and starch.


CAM photosynthesis

description: The combination of atmospheric CO2 with a 3-carbon molecule phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) to make malic acid. The malic acid is then passed into the vacuole where it is stored until daylight, when it is shuttled back out to be used as a substrate in the light reaction of photosynthesis.


NADP-malic enzyme C4 photosynthesis

description: The process of C4 photosynthesis, as it occurs in plants in which the enzyme decarboxylating C4 acids in the bundle sheath is NADP-malic enzyme.


NAD-malic enzyme C4 photosynthesis

description: The process of C4 photosynthesis, as it occurs in plants in which the enzyme decarboxylating C4 acids in the bundle sheath is NAD-malic enzyme.


PEP carboxykinase C4 photosynthesis

description: The process of C4 photosynthesis, as it occurs in plants in which the enzyme decarboxylating C4 acids in the bundle sheath is phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK).


photosynthesis, light harvesting

description: Absorption and transfer of the energy absorbed from light photons between photosystem reaction centers.


photosynthetic electron transport chain

description: A process, occurring as part of photosynthesis, in which light provides the energy for a series of electron carriers to operate together to transfer electrons and generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.


name: photosynthesis, light harvesting in photosystem I

description: After a photon of light is absorbed by one of the many chlorophyll molecules, in one of the light-harvesting complexes of an antenna on photosystem I, some of the absorbed energy is transferred to the pair of chlorophyll molecules in the reaction center.


name: photosynthesis, light harvesting in photosystem II

description: After a photon of light is absorbed by one of the many chlorophyll molecules, in one of the light-harvesting complexes of an antenna on photosystem II, some of the absorbed energy is transferred to the pair of chlorophyll molecules in the reaction center.


name: photosynthetic electron transport in photosystem II

description: A photosynthetic electron transport chain in which electrons move from the primary electron acceptor (Quinone, Q) through a chain of electron transport molecules in the thylakoid membrane until they reach the ultimate electron acceptor of Photosystem II, which is plastocyanin (PC). The electron is then passed to the P700 chlorophyll a molecules of the reaction centre of photosystem I.


name: photosynthetic electron transport in photosystem I

description: A photosynthetic electron transport chain in which electrons move from the primary electron acceptor (Quinone, X) through a chain of electron transport molecules in the thylakoid membrane until they reach ferredoxin which passes the electron to the ultimate electron acceptor; NADP.


photosynthetic phosphorylation

description: Any metabolic process in which photosynthetic organisms use light energy to convert ADP to ATP without the concomitant reduction of dioxygen (O2) to water that occurs in phosphorylation.


cyclic photosynthetic phosphorylation

description: A photosynthetic phosphorylation process in which ATP synthesis is driven by a proton gradient generated across the thylakoid membrane. Involves only photosystem I.


description: A photosynthetic phosphorylation process in which ATP synthesis is linked to the transport of electrons from water to NADP+ with the production of NADPH and dioxygen (O2). Involves photosystem I and photosystem II.


photosynthetic NADP+ reduction

description: An NADPH regeneration process that contributes to the light reactions of photosynthesis. The light reactions of photosynthesis use energy from photons to generate high-energy electrons. These electrons are used directly to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. NADPH is a relatively stable molecule and can pass on its hydrogen atom to other molecules in chemical reactions.


photosystem I antenna complex

description: The antenna complex of photosystem I. A photosystem has two closely linked components, an antenna containing light-absorbing pigments and a reaction center. Each antenna contains one or more light-harvesting complexes (LHCs).


photosystem II antenna complex

description: The antenna complex of photosystem II. A photosystem has two closely linked components, an antenna containing light-absorbing pigments and a reaction center. Each antenna contains one or more light-harvesting complexes (LHCs).


name: transmembrane receptor histidine kinase activity

description: Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of a membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-histidine = ADP + a protein-L-histidine phosphate.


blue light signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated upon sensing of blue light by photoreceptor molecule, at a wavelength between 400nm and 470nm.


regulation of asymmetric cell division

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.


name: regulation of abscisic acid-activated signaling pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.


name: negative regulation of abscisic acid-activated signaling pathway

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.


name: positive regulation of abscisic acid-activated signaling pathway

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling.


embryo development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant.


post-embryonic development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development.


name: embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell.


name: embryo development ending in seed dormancy

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. An example of this process is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


name: regulation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of replication and segregation of genetic material in the embryo.


axis specification

description: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or around a point.


specification of symmetry

description: The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism such that a similar arrangement in form and relationship of parts around a common axis, or around each side of a plane is created.


cinnamic acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid.


cinnamic acid ester metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ester derivatives of cinnamic acid, phenylpropenoic acid.


name: cinnamic acid ester biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ester derivatives of cinnamic acid, phenylpropenoic acid.


cinnamic acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving cinnamic acid, 3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid.


coumarin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving coumarins, compounds derived from the phenylacrylic skeleton of cinnamic acids.


coumarin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coumarins, a class of compounds derived from the phenylacrylic skeleton of cinnamic acids.


lignan metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving lignans, any member of a class of plant metabolites related to lignins. Lignans are usually found as phenylpropanoid dimers in which the phenylpropanoid units are linked tail to tail and thus having a 2,3 dibenzylbutane skeleton, but higher oligomers can also exist.


lignan biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lignans, any member of a class of plant metabolites related to lignins. Lignans are usually found as phenylpropanoid dimers in which the phenylpropanoid units are linked tail to tail and thus having a 2,3 dibenzylbutane skeleton, but higher oligomers can also exist.


lignin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving lignins, a class of polymers of phenylpropanoid units.


lignin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lignins, a class of polymers formed by the dehydrogenetive radical polymerization of various phenylpropanoid monomers.


stilbene metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving stilbenes, a class of polyketides formed from a molecule of cinnamic acid and three molecules of malonyl-CoA.


stilbene biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of stilbenes, a class of polyketide compounds formed from cinnamic acid and three molecules of malonyl CoA.


flavonoid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton including flavones, flavonols and flavanoids, and anthocyanins.


flavonoid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids, a group of phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate + L-ascorbate + O2 = CO2 + dehydroascorbate + ethylene + 2 H2O + hydrogen cyanide. Ethene is also known as ethylene.


drought recovery

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of prolonged deprivation of water that restores that organism to a normal (non-stressed) condition.


alkaloid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).


alkaloid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alkaloids, nitrogen-containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as nonprotein amino acids, amines, peptides, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones, or primary metabolite (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).


alkaloid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).


cytokinin catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cytokinins, a class of adenine-derived compounds that can function in plants as plant growth regulators.


AMP dimethylallyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: AMP + dimethylallyl diphosphate = N(6)-(dimethylallyl)adenosine 5'-phosphate + diphosphate.


multidimensional cell growth

description: The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in two or three [spatial] dimensions or along two or three axes.


unidimensional cell growth

description: The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size in one [spatial] dimension or along one axis, resulting in the morphogenesis of the cell.


plant-type cell wall modification

description: The series of events leading to chemical and structural alterations of an existing cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall that can result in loosening, increased extensibility or disassembly. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


plant-type cell wall loosening

description: The series of events causing chemical and structural alterations of an existing cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall that results in greater extensibility of the wall. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


name: cell wall modification involved in fruit ripening

description: The series of events resulting in chemical or structural alterations of existing cell walls that contribute to fruit ripening.


name: cell wall modification involved in abscission

description: A cellular process that results in the breakdown of the cell wall that contributes to the process of abscission.


name: plant-type cell wall modification involved in multidimensional cell growth

description: The series of events that occur during cell growth that result in chemical or structural changes to existing cell walls of the type composed chiefly of cellulose and pectin. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


plant-type cell wall biogenesis

description: A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellulose and pectin-containing cell wall. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


plant-type primary cell wall biogenesis

description: A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of cellulose and pectin-containing cell walls that form adjacent to the middle lamella following cell division and during cell expansion. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


name: plant-type secondary cell wall biogenesis

description: A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of inextensible cellulose- and pectin-containing cell walls that are formed between the plasma membrane and primary cell wall after cell expansion is complete. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


fruit ripening

description: An developmental maturation process that has as participant a fruit. Ripening causes changes in one or more characteristics of a fruit (color, aroma, flavor, texture, hardness, cell wall structure) and may make it more attractive to animals and aid in seed dispersal.


fruit ripening, climacteric

description: A fruit ripening process that involves a burst of respiration and ethylene (ethene) evolution at the onset.


fruit ripening, non-climacteric

description: A fruit ripening process that does not involve a respiratory burst.


abscission

description: The controlled shedding of a body part.


chloroplastic endopeptidase Clp complex

description: A Clp endopeptidase complex located in the chloroplast.


mitochondrial endopeptidase Clp complex

description: A Clp endopeptidase complex located in the mitochondrion.


cyanelle

description: A plastid that contains unstacked, phycobilisome-bearing thylakoid membranes and is surrounded by a double membrane with a peptidoglycan layer in the intermembrane space between the two envelope membranes. Cyanelles are characteristic of algae in the class Glaucophyta, and may represent an ancestral form of plastid.


cyanelle thylakoid

description: A thylakoid found in a cyanelle, which is a type of plastid found in certain algae. The cyanelle contains a photosynthetic membrane resembling that of cyanobacteria.


seed germination

description: The physiological and developmental changes that occur in a seed commencing with water uptake (imbibition) and terminating with the elongation of the embryonic axis.


pollen germination

description: The physiological and developmental changes that occur in a heterosporous plant pollen grain, beginning with hydration and terminating with the emergence of the pollen tube through the aperture.


spore germination

description: The physiological and developmental changes that occur in a spore following release from dormancy up to the earliest signs of growth (e.g. emergence from a spore wall).


name: indoleacetic acid biosynthetic process via tryptophan

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole-3-acetic acid that occurs through metabolism of L-tryptophan.


name: tryptophan-independent indoleacetic acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indoleacetic acid, independent of tryptophan.


auxin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving auxins, a group of plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.


auxin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of auxins, plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.


auxin catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of auxins, a group of plant hormones that regulate aspects of plant growth.


photorespiration

description: A light-dependent catabolic process occurring concomitantly with photosynthesis in plants (especially C3 plants) whereby dioxygen (O2) is consumed and carbon dioxide (CO2) is evolved. The substrate is glycolate formed in large quantities in chloroplasts from 2-phosphoglycolate generated from ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate by the action of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase; the glycolate enters the peroxisomes where it is converted by glycolate oxidase to glyoxylate which undergoes transamination to glycine. This then passes into the mitochondria where it is decarboxylated forming one molecule of serine for every two molecules of glycine. This pathway also exists in photosynthetic bacteria.


oxidative photosynthetic carbon pathway

description: The reactions of the C2 pathway bring about the metabolic conversion of two molecules of 2-phosphoglycolate to one molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate, which can be used by the C3 cycle, and one molecule of carbon dioxide (CO2).


determination of bilateral symmetry

description: The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to a single longitudinal plane. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry.


pollination

description: The cascade of biological processes occurring in plants beginning when the pollen lands on the female reproductive organs of a plant and continuing up to, but not including, fertilization, as defined by sperm-egg cell fusion.


pollen hydration

description: The process in which water is taken up by pollen.


pollen tube growth

description: Growth of pollen via tip extension of the intine wall.


name: jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance

description: The jasmonic acid and ethylene (ethene) dependent process that confers broad spectrum systemic resistance to disease in response to wounding or a pathogen.


name: systemic acquired resistance, salicylic acid mediated signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals mediated by salicylic acid involved in systemic acquired resistance.


name: salicylic acid mediated signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals mediated by salicylic acid.


name: induced systemic resistance, jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid involved in induced systemic resistance.


pollen tube adhesion

description: The process in which the pollen tube adheres to cells of the stigma and style.


name: induced systemic resistance, ethylene mediated signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene) involved in induced systemic resistance.


name: jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid.


name: jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance, jasmonic acid mediated signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals mediated by jasmonic acid involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene (ethene) dependent systemic resistance.


name: jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance, ethylene mediated signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals mediated by ethylene (ethene) involved in jasmonic acid/ethylene dependent systemic resistance.


ethylene-activated signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals generated by the reception of ethylene (ethene, C2H4) by a receptor and ending with modulation of a cellular process, e.g. transcription.


pollen-pistil interaction

description: The interaction between a pollen grain and pistil.


pollen adhesion

description: The process in which pollen deposited on the stigma adheres to cells of the stigma.


nodulation

description: The formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules on plant roots.


determination of radial symmetry

description: The establishment of an organism's body plan or a part of an organism such that it is symmetric around a central axis.


embryonic pattern specification

description: The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo.


photoreceptor activity

description: The function of absorbing and responding to incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. The response may involve a change in conformation.


blue light photoreceptor activity

description: The function of absorbing and responding to electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of approximately 400-470nm. The response may involve a change in conformation.


name: red or far-red light photoreceptor activity

description: The function of absorbing and responding to electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of approximately 660-730nm. The response may involve a change in conformation.


cytokinin receptor activity

description: Combining with a cytokinin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


name: transmembrane histidine kinase cytokinin receptor activity

description: Combining with a cytokinin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-histidine = ADP + a protein-L-histidine phosphate.


post-embryonic animal morphogenesis

description: The process, occurring after animal embryonic development, by which anatomical structures are generated and organized.


animal organ morphogenesis

description: Morphogenesis of an animal organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.


tissue development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


regulation of biosynthetic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.


name: negative regulation of biosynthetic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.


name: positive regulation of biosynthetic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.


name: negative regulation of metabolic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.


name: positive regulation of metabolic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.


regulation of catabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.


name: negative regulation of catabolic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.


name: positive regulation of catabolic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances.


external side of plasma membrane

description: The leaflet of the plasma membrane that faces away from the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.


cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane

description: The leaflet the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm and any proteins embedded or anchored in it or attached to its surface.


ent-kaurene synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ent-copalyl diphosphate = ent-kaur-16-ene + diphosphate.


dehiscence

description: The opening of an anther, fruit or other structure, which permits the escape of reproductive bodies contained within it.


anther dehiscence

description: The dehiscence of an anther to release the pollen grains contained within it.


chloroplast relocation

description: The process in which chloroplasts in photosynthetic cells migrate toward illuminated sites to optimize photosynthesis and move away from excessively illuminated areas to protect the photosynthetic machinery.


chloroplast avoidance movement

description: The relocation process in which chloroplasts in photosynthetic cells avoid strong light and move away from it in order to preserve the photosynthetic machinery.


chloroplast accumulation movement

description: The relocation process in which chloroplasts in photosynthetic cells move toward a brighter area in a cell to optimize photosynthesis.


name: ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate = ent-copalyl diphosphate.


response to photoperiod, blue light

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the detection of a blue light photoperiod stimulus. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm.


response to photoperiod, red light

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a red light photoperiod stimulus. Red light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelength of 580-700nm.


flower development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the flower over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The flower is the reproductive structure in a plant, and its development begins with the transition of the vegetative or inflorescence meristem into a floral meristem.


regulation of flower development

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.


name: negative regulation of flower development

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.


name: positive regulation of flower development

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.


auditory receptor cell fate commitment

description: The process in which the cellular identity of auditory hair cells is acquired and determined.


epidermal cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis.


hormone transport

description: The directed movement of hormones into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


phloem sucrose loading

description: The process of loading sucrose into the sieve tube or companion cell of the phloem for long distance transport from source to sink.


alternative oxidase activity

description: Catalysis of the oxidation of ubiquinol by diverting electrons from the standard electron transfer chain, transferring them from ubiquinol to oxygen and generating water as the product.


name: cell plate formation involved in plant-type cell wall biogenesis

description: The cell cycle process in which the cell plate is formed at the equator of the spindle in the dividing cells during early telophase. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


auxin efflux carrier complex

description: The protein complex associated with the plasma membrane of certain plant cells (e.g. root cortex, epidermal cells) that functions to transport auxin out of the cell.


fatty acid elongase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a very-long-chain acyl-CoA + H+ + malonyl-CoA = a very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA + CO2 + CoA. This reaction is the first (condensation) step of the four-step fatty acid elongation cycle in the endoplasmic reticulum that extends fatty acids of C-16 or longer with an additional 2-C unit.


fatty acid elongase complex

description: A tetrameric complex of four different subunits which catalyzes the elongation of a fatty acid chain 2 carbon units at a time in the synthesis of very long chain fatty acids.


basal plasma membrane

description: The region of the plasma membrane located at the basal end of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.


auxin polar transport

description: The unidirectional movement of auxin in the stem from tip to base along the vector of gravity or basipetally.


name: histidine phosphotransfer kinase activity

description: Serves as a phospho-His intermediate enabling the transfer of phospho group between a hybrid kinase and a response regulator.


longitudinal side of cell surface

description: The side of the cell parallel to the zygotic axis.


name: calcium-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity

description: Calcium-dependent catalysis of the reactions: ATP + a protein serine = ADP + protein serine phosphate; and ATP + a protein threonine = ADP + protein threonine phosphate.


cell tip growth

description: Growth that occurs specifically at the tip of a cell.


meristem structural organization

description: Organization of a region of tissue in a plant that is composed of one or more undifferentiated cells capable of undergoing mitosis and differentiation, thereby effecting growth and development of a plant by giving rise to more meristem or specialized tissue.


name: regulation of meristem structural organization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meristem organization.


name: regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gibberellic acid mediated signaling.


name: negative regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gibberellic acid mediated signaling activity.


name: positive regulation of gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gibberellic acid mediated signaling activity.


name: amino-terminal vacuolar sorting propeptide binding

description: Binding to an amino terminal propeptide, which functions as a sorting signal to sort away the soluble vacuolar protein from Golgi to lytic vacuole via clathrin-coated vesicles.


chloroplast envelope

description: The double lipid bilayer enclosing the chloroplast and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.


longitudinal axis specification

description: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the longitudinal axis. In plants, this is the axis that runs from the shoot to the root.


adaxial/abaxial axis specification

description: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the adaxial / abaxial axis. Adaxial refers to being situated toward an axis of an anatomical structure. Abaxial refers to being situated away from an axis of an anatomical structure.


name: polarity specification of adaxial/abaxial axis

description: The process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the adaxial/abaxial axis. Adaxial refers to being situated toward an axis of an anatomical structure. Abaxial refers to being situated away from an axis of an anatomical structure.


radial axis specification

description: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of an axis that initiates at a point and radiates outward from the point.


proximal/distal axis specification

description: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end).


centrolateral axis specification

description: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the centrolateral axis. In plants, this axis is duplicated and runs from the midrib to the margin of the leaf.


anterior/posterior axis specification

description: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.


name: polarity specification of anterior/posterior axis

description: Any process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the anterior/posterior axis.


dorsal/ventral axis specification

description: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.


name: polarity specification of dorsal/ventral axis

description: Any process resulting in the establishment of polarity along the dorsal/ventral axis.


description: The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.


dorsal/ventral pattern formation

description: The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.


proximal/distal pattern formation

description: The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end).


adaxial/abaxial pattern specification

description: The regionalization process in which differences in cell differentiation along the adaxial/abaxial are generated. Adaxial refers to being situated toward an axis of an anatomical structure. Abaxial refers to being situated away from an axis of an anatomical structure.


radial pattern formation

description: The regionalization process that results in defined areas around a point in which specific types of cell differentiation will occur.


epidermal cell fate specification

description: The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an epidermal cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


positive gravitropism

description: The orientation of plant parts towards gravity.


negative gravitropism

description: The orientation of plant parts away from gravity.


endosperm development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endosperm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endosperm is formed during fertilization and provides nutrients to the developing embryo.


name: response to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid stimulus.


name: regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.


name: positive regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.


name: negative regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic process

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of flavonoids.


leaf morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the leaf are generated and organized.


regulation of signal transduction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.


name: positive regulation of signal transduction

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.


name: negative regulation of signal transduction

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.


xyloglucan biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xyloglucan, the cross-linking glycan composed of (1->4)-beta-D glucan backbone substituted at regular intervals with beta-D-xylosyl-(1->6) residues, which is present in the primary cell wall of most higher plants.


cellular response to sulfate starvation

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of sulfate.


name: anastral spindle assembly involved in male meiosis

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the anastral spindle in male meiotic cells.


cytidine deamination

description: The removal of amino group in the presence of water.


adenylyl-sulfate reductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: A + AMP + 2 H+ + sulfite = adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate + AH2.


name: zeinoxanthin epsilon hydroxylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: zeinoxanthin + NADPH + O2 + H+ = lutein + NADP+ + H2O. Adds a hydroxyl group to the epsilon ring of the alpha-carotene.


cyclase activity

description: Catalysis of a ring closure reaction.


tocopherol cyclase activity

description: Catalysis of the reactions: delta-tocopherol = 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzene-1,4-diol, gamma-tocopherol = 2,3-dimethyl-6-phytylbenzene-1,4-diol. delta-tocotrienol = 6-geranylgeranyl-2-methylbenzene-1,4-diol gamma-tocotrienol, and = 6-geranylgeranyl-2,3-dimethylbenzene-1,4-diol.


name: proton motive force dependent protein transmembrane transporter activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of proteins from one side of a membrane to the other. Transportation is dependent on pH gradient across the membrane.


allene oxide synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 13(S)-hydroperoxylinolenate = 12,13(S)-epoxylinolenate + H2O.


name: 16:0 monogalactosyldiacylglycerol desaturase activity

description: Catalysis of the introduction of an omega-3 double bond into an unsaturated 16-carbon fatty acid in a monogalactosyldiacylglycerol molecule.


pseudouridine synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a uridine in RNA = a pseudouridine in RNA. Conversion of uridine in an RNA molecule to pseudouridine by rotation of the C1'-N-1 glycosidic bond of uridine in RNA to a C1'-C5.


cell surface

description: The external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.