anthrax infection

description: An infection caused by Bacillus anthracis bacteria. It may affect the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, or skin. Patients with lung infection present with fever, headaches, cough, chest pain and shortness of breath. Patients with gastrointestinal infection present with nausea, vomiting and bloody diarrhea. Patients with skin infection develop blisters and ulcers.


Drosophila C virus infection

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: A virus infection induced by Drosophila C virus (DCV) which is a positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Dicistroviridae family. This natural pathogen of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster is commonly used to investigate antiviral host-defense in flies, which involves both RNA interference and inducible responses.


Enterococcus faecalis infection

description: A bacterial infection induced by Enterococcus faecalis which is the most prevalent species (along with Enterococcus faecium) cultured from humans, accounting for more than 90% of clinical isolates. Enterococci are part of the normal intestinal flora of humans and animals. They have been long recognized as important human pathogens.


Pectobacterium carotovorum infection

description: A bacterial infection induced by Pectobacterium carotovorum which is is a bacterium of the family Enterobacteriaceae. This bacterius is a ubiquitous plant pathogen with a wide host range (carrot, potato, tomato, leafy greens, squash and other cucurbits, onion, green peppers, African violets etc.), able to cause disease in almost any plant tissue it invades. It is a very economically important pathogen in terms of postharvest losses, and a common cause of decay in stored fruits and vegetables. Decay caused by E. carotovora is often simply referred to as "bacterial soft rot" (BSR) though this may also be caused by other bacteria. Most plants or plant parts can resist invasion by the bacteria, unless some type of wound is present. High humidity and temperatures around 30°C favor development of decay. Mutants can be produced which are less virulent. Virulence factors include: pectinases, cellulases, (which degrade plant cell walls), and also proteases, lipases, xylanases and nucleases (along with the normal virulence factors for pathogens – Fe acquisition, LPS integrity, multiple global regulatory systems).


leprosy

description: Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease affecting primarily the skin and peripheral nervous system.


borderline leprosy

description: A form of leprosy in which there are clinical manifestations of both principal types (lepromatous and tuberculoid). The disease may shift toward one of these two polar or principal forms.


tuberculoid leprosy

description: A principal or polar form of leprosy in which the skin lesions are few and are sharply demarcated. Peripheral nerve involvement is pronounced and may be severe. Unlike lepromatous leprosy (leprosy, lepromatous), the lepromin test is positive. Tuberculoid leprosy is rarely a source of infection to others.


lepromatous leprosy

description: A chronic communicable infection which is a principal or polar form of leprosy. This disorder is caused by mycobacterium leprae and produces diffuse granulomatous skin lesions in the form of nodules, macules, or papules. The peripheral nerves are involved symmetrically and neural sequelae occur in the advanced stage.


cataract

description: Partial or complete opacity of the crystalline lens of one or both eyes that decreases visual acuity and eventually results in blindness. Some cataracts appear in infancy or in childhood, but most develop in older individuals. (Sternberg Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, 3rd ed.)


celiac disease

description: An autoimmune genetic disorder with an unknown pattern of inheritance that primarily affects the digestive tract. It is caused by intolerance to dietary gluten. Consumption of gluten protein triggers an immune response which damages small intestinal villi and prevents adequate absorption of nutrients. Clinical signs include abdominal cramping, diarrhea or constipation and weight loss. If untreated, the clinical course may progress to malnutrition, anemia, osteoporosis and an increased risk of intestinal malignancies. However, the prognosis is favorable with successful avoidance of gluten in the diet.


cervical carcinoma

description: A carcinoma arising from either the exocervical squamous epithelium or the endocervical glandular epithelium. The major histologic types of cervical carcinoma are: squamous carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma.


cytomegalovirus infection

description: A herpesvirus infection caused by Cytomegalovirus. Healthy individuals generally do not produce symptoms. However, the infection may be life-threatening in affected immunocompromised patients. The virus may cause retinitis, esophagitis, gastritis, and colitis. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies.


endometriosis

description: The growth of functional endometrial tissue in anatomic sites outside the uterine body. It most often occurs in the pelvic organs.


description: An autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is produced experimentally in animals by the injection of homogenized brain or spinal cord in Freund's adjuvant. Myelin basic protein appears to be the antigen that elicits the hypersensitivity immune response which is characterized by focal areas of lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration into the brain, associated with demyelination and destruction of the blood-brain barrier. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is used as an animal model for demyelinating diseases of the human central nervous system such as multiple sclerosis.


parasitic infectious disease

description: A successful invasion of a host by an organism that uses the host for food and shelter.


malaria

description: Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease caused by a parasite that commonly infects a certain type of mosquito which feeds on humans. Infection with malaria parasites may result in a wide variety of symptoms, ranging from absent or very mild symptoms to severe disease and even death. People who get malaria are typically very sick with high fevers, shaking chills, and flu-like illness. In general, malaria is a curable disease if diagnosed and treated promptly and correctly.Treatment depends on many factors including disease severity, the species of malaria parasite causing the infection and the part of the world in which the infection was acquired.


nutritional disorder

description: Any condition related to a disturbance between proper intake and utilization of nourishment.


lung carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the lung


morbid obesity

description: An excess of body weight, normally defined as an individual with a body mass index greater than 35 or a body weight greater than one hundred percent of ideal body weight.


ovarian carcinoma

description: A malignant neoplasm originating from the surface ovarian epithelium. It accounts for the greatest number of deaths from malignancies of the female genital tract and is the fifth leading cause of cancer fatalities in women. It is predominantly a disease of older white women of northern European extraction, but it is seen in all ages and ethnic groups. Adenocarcinomas constitute the vast majority of ovarian carcinomas. The pattern of metastatic spread in ovarian carcinoma is similar regardless of the microscopic type. The most common sites of involvement are the contralateral ovary, peritoneal cavity, para-aortic and pelvic lymph nodes, and liver. Lung and pleura are the most common sites of extra-abdominal spread. The primary form of therapy is surgical. The overall prognosis of ovarian carcinoma remains poor, a direct result of its rapid growth rate and the lack of early symptoms. --2002


Pseudomonas infection

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus pseudomonas.


Pseudomonas aeruginosa CF5 infection

description: A Pseudomonas aeruginosa CF5 infection is a Pseudomonas infection of strain CF5.


Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 infection

description: A Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 infection is a Pseudomonas infection of strain PA14.


familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

description: An instance of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that is caused by an inherited modification of the individual's genome.


sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

description: Sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in which there is no known cause, such as no family history.


post-traumatic stress disorder

description: An anxiety disorder precipitated by an experience of intense fear or horror while exposed to a traumatic (especially life-threatening) event. The disorder is characterized by intrusive recurring thoughts or images of the traumatic event; avoidance of anything associated with the event; a state of hyperarousal and diminished emotional responsiveness. These symptoms are present for at least one month and the disorder is usually long-term.


type 1 diabetes mellitus

description: A chronic condition characterized by minimal or absent production of insulin by the pancreas.


type 2 diabetes mellitus

description: A type of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by insulin resistance or desensitization and increased blood glucose levels. This is a chronic disease that can develop gradually over the life of a patient and can be linked to both environmental factors and heredity.


pulmonary hypertension

description: Increased pressure within the pulmonary circulation due to lung or heart disorder.


age-related macular degeneration

description: Age-related loss of vision in the central portion of the retina (macula), secondary to retinal degeneration.


endocrine system disorder

description: A disease involving the endocrine system.


hypopituitarism

description: A condition of diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory pituitary neoplasms, metastatic tumors, infarction, pituitary apoplexy, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.


cervical adenocarcinoma

description: An adenocarcinoma arising from the cervical epithelium. It accounts for approximately 15% of invasive cervical carcinomas. Increased numbers of sexual partners and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are risk factors. Grossly, advanced cervical adenocarcinoma may present as an exophytic mass, an ulcerated lesion, or diffuse cervical enlargement. Microscopically, the majority of cervical adenocarcinomas are of the endocervical (mucinous) type.


liver disorder

description: A disease involving the liver.


cirrhosis of liver

description: A disorder characterized by replacement of the liver parenchyma with fibrous tissue and regenerative nodules. It is usually caused by alcoholism, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. Complications include the development of ascites, esophageal varices, bleeding, and hepatic encephalopathy.


encephalomyelitis

description: Inflammation of the brain and the spinal cord.


lymphoid neoplasm

description: A neoplasm composed of a lymphocytic cell population which is usually malignant (clonal) by molecular genetic and/or immunophenotypic analysis. Lymphocytic neoplasms include Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemias, and plasma cell neoplasms.


prostate carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the prostate gland.


aortic aneurysm

description: A ruptured aneurysm located in the wall of the proximal portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta.


human papilloma virus infection

description: An infectious process caused by a human papillomavirus. This infection can cause abnormal tissue growth.


simian immunodeficiency virus infection

description: An infection affecting monkeys, chimpanzees, and other non human primates caused by a HIV-like virus.


fibrosarcoma

description: A malignant mesenchymal fibroblastic neoplasm affecting the soft tissue and bone.


benign neoplasm

description: A neoplasm which is characterized by the absence of morphologic features associated with malignancy (severe cytologic atypia, tumor cell necrosis, and high mitotic rate). Benign neoplasms remain confined to the original site of growth and do not metastasize to other anatomic sites.


osteoma

description: A benign, well-circumscribed, bone-forming neoplasm predominantly composed of lamellar bone. It usually arises from the calvarial, facial, or jaw bones. It is usually asymptomatic but it may cause local swelling or obstruction of the paranasal sinuses. Asymptomatic cases have an indolent clinical course.


fibroma

description: A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the fibrous tissue. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts.


neoplasm of immature B and T cells

description: A neoplasm arising from immature B and T cells


neoplasm of mature T-cells or NK-cells

description: A group of neoplasms composed of T-lymphocytes with a mature (peripheral/post-thymic) immunophenotypic profile and/or NK-cells.


myeloid neoplasm

description: Proliferation of myeloid cells originating from a primitive stem cell.


skeletal system disorder

description: A disease involving the skeletal system.


actinic keratosis

description: A precancerous lesion of the skin composed of atypical keratinocytes. It is characterized by the presence of thick, scaly patches of skin. Several histologic variants have been described, including atrophic, acantholytic, and hyperkeratotic variants.


acute hypotension

description: Acute form of hypotension (disease).


aggressive insulitis

description: Insulitis is an inflammatory infiltration of the islets of Langerhans found especially in young patients with recent onset type 1 diabetes.


benign insulitis

description: A benign form of insulitis which is an inflammation of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. The pancreas and in some cases the Pancreatic β-cells become infiltrated by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and infiltrated by mononuclear cells, leading to inflammation.


serous cystadenoma

description: A serous neoplasm in which the cysts and papillae are lined by a single layer of cells without atypia, architectural complexity or invasion.


osteoarthritis

description: A noninflammatory degenerative joint disease occurring chiefly in older persons, characterized by degeneration of the articular cartilage, hypertrophy of bone at the margins and changes in the synovial membrane. It is accompanied by pain and stiffness, particularly after prolonged activity.


ovarian adenoma benign

description: A benign adenoma of ovary


Parkinson disease

description: A progressive degenerative disorder of the central nervous system characterized by loss of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus. Signs and symptoms include tremor which is most pronounced during rest, muscle rigidity, slowing of the voluntary movements, a tendency to fall back, and a mask-like facial expression.


progressive external ophthalmoplegia

description: A mitochondrial myopathy characterized by slowly progressive paralysis of the levator palpebrae, orbicularis oculi, and extraocular muscles. Ragged-red fibers and atrophy are found on muscle biopsy. Familial and sporadic forms may occur. Disease onset is usually in the first or second decade of life, and the illness slowly progresses until usually all ocular motility is lost. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1422)


serous cystadenofibroma

description: A benign neoplasm characterized by the presence of cystic structures lined by serous epithelial cells in a fibrotic stroma. Most commonly the primary site is the ovary, but serous cystadenofibromas can occur in the pancreas as well.


ovarian cystadenoma

description: A benign ovarian surface epithelial-stromal tumor characterized by the presence of cystic structures lined by serous epithelial cells, mucinous columnar epithelial cells, or endometrial-type well-differentiated cells.


pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

description: An infiltrating adenocarcinoma that arises from the epithelial cells of the pancreas. It affects males more often than females and the patients are usually over 50 years of age. Microscopically it is characterized by the presence of glandular (ductal) differentiation and desmoplastic stroma formation. Signs and symptoms include pain, loss of weight, and jaundice. It grows rapidly and is usually detected after it has metastasized to other anatomic sites. The prognosis is usually poor.


chronic childhood arthritis

description: An older, deprecated term that encompassed three major types of autoimmune or autoinflammatory arthritis in children: systemic-onset, pauciarticular, or polyarticular arthritis. The juvenile rheumatoid arthritis classification system has been replaced by the International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) juvenile idiopathic arthritis classification system.


cocaine dependence

description: A psychologically and socially impaired state, with or without physiological changes, that develops as a result of using cocaine and which leads to compulsive behaviors to acquire the substance.


human herpesvirus 8 infection

description: An infectious process caused by the human herpesvirus 8. This infection is associated with Kaposi sarcoma.


iatrogenic Kaposi's sarcoma

description: A Kaposi sarcoma that develops after organ transplantation or immunosuppressive treatment.


internal carotid artery stenosis

description: Carotid stenosis is a narrowing or constriction of the inner surface (lumen) of the carotid artery, usually caused by atherosclerosis. The internal carotid artery supplies the brain. Plaque often builds up at that division, and causes a narrowing (stenosis). Pieces of plaque can break off and block the small arteries above in the brain, which causes a stroke. Plaque can also build up at the origin of the carotid artery at the aorta.


metastatic melanoma

description: A melanoma that has spread from its primary site to another anatomic site. Melanomas frequently metastasize to lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain.


exocrine pancreatic carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the exocrine pancreas


prostate intraepithelial neoplasia

description: A neoplastic proliferation of the epithelial cells that line the acini and the ducts of the prostate gland. The neoplastic epithelial cells are confined within the acini and the ducts and they do not invade the surrounding prostatic stroma. Morphologically, it is classified as low or high grade.


Rotavirus infection

description: Infection with any of the rotaviruses. Specific infections include human infantile diarrhea, neonatal calf diarrhea, and epidemic diarrhea of infant mice.


septic peritonitis

description: Septic peritonitis is an inflammatory condition of the peritoneum that occurs secondary to microbial contamination. This clinically important condition has a wide variety of clinical courses as well as high morbidity and mortality due to secondary multiorgan dysfunction. This article reviews the etiology and pathophysiology of this condition and its diagnosis in small animals; a companion article addresses treatment and prognosis.


thymus neoplasm

description: A neoplasm that affects the thymus. Representative examples include thymoma and carcinoma.


vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia

description: Intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulvar squamous epithelium. There is no evidence of invasion. This category includes vulvar high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, differentiated type.


viral dilated cardiomyopathy

description: An dilated cardiomyopathy caused by infection with Viruses.


restrictive cardiomyopathy

description: A type of heart disorder referring to the inability of the ventricles to fill with blood because the myocardium (heart muscle) stiffens and looses its flexibility. Causes include replacement of the myocardium with scar tissue, abnormal cellular infiltration of the myocardium, or deposition of a substance (e.g., amyloid) in the myocardium.


atopic IgE-mediated allergic disorder

description: A genetic predisposition to form IgE antibodies in response to exposure to allergens and therefore, for the development of immediate (type I) hypersensitivity and atopic conditions, such as allergic rhinitis; bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy. Mutations of specific alleles on the long arm of chromosome 5 have been associated with higher levels of IL-4 and IgE and are known as IL-4 promoter polymorphisms.


primary antiphospholipid syndrome

description: An antiphospholipid syndrome that occurs as an isolated disorder.


renal carcinoma

description: A carcinoma arising from the epithelium of the renal parenchyma or the renal pelvis. The majority are renal cell carcinomas. Kidney carcinomas usually affect middle aged and elderly adults. Hematuria, abdominal pain, and a palpable mass are common symptoms.


choriocarcinoma

description: An aggressive malignant tumor arising from trophoblastic cells. The vast majority of cases arise in the uterus and represent gestational choriocarcinomas that derive from placental trophoblastic cells. Approximately half of the cases develop from a complete hydatidiform mole. A minority of cases arise in the testis or the ovaries. There is often marked elevation of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the blood. Choriocarcinomas disseminate rapidly through the hematogenous route; the lungs are most frequently affected.


amelanotic skin melanoma

description: A amelanotic melanoma that involves the zone of skin.


uterine corpus sarcoma

description: A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm arising from the wall of the uterine corpus (uterine body). The most representative examples are leiomyosarcoma and endometrial stromal sarcoma.


ovarian serous adenocarcinoma

description: An adenocarcinoma that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial cells that, in well differentiated tumors, resemble the epithelium of the fallopian tube or, in poorly differentiated tumors, show anaplastic features and marked nuclear atypia.


rhabdomyosarcoma

description: A rare aggressive malignant mesenchymal neoplasm arising from skeletal muscle. It usually occurs in children and young adults. Only a small percentage of tumors arise in the skeletal muscle of the extremities. The majority arise in other anatomical sites.


uterine carcinoma

description: A carcinoma involving a uterus.


vulva sarcoma

description: A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the vulva. Representative examples include childhood botryoid-type embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, alveolar soft part sarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma.


vulvar carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the mammalian vulva


hypopharyngeal carcinoma

description: Carcinoma, predominantly squamous cell, arising from the epithelial cells of the hypopharynx.


familial cardiomyopathy

description: An instance of cardiomyopathy that is caused by an inherited modification of the individual's genome.


breast fibrocystic disease

description: Fibrosis associated with cyst formation in the breast parenchyma.


collecting duct carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the collecting duct of renal tubule


renal pelvis urothelial carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from the transitional epithelium of the renal pelvis. It is associated with tobacco use and usually presents with gross or microscopic hematuria. Urothelial carcinomas of the renal pelvis are usually of higher grade and higher stage compared to bladder urothelial carcinomas.


name: acute myeloid leukemia with minimal differentiation

description: An acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in which the blasts do not show evidence of myeloid differentiation by morphology and conventional cytochemistry. (WHO, 2001)


name: acute myeloblastic leukemia without maturation

description: An acute myeloid leukemia (AML) characterized by blasts without evidence of maturation to more mature neutrophils. (WHO, 2001)


abscess

description: An inflammatory process characterized by the accumulation of pus within a newly formed tissue cavity which is the result of a bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infection or the presence of a foreign body.


name: bacterial infectious disease with sepsis

description: An infectious disease caused by bacteria causing sepsis.


cellulitis

description: Inflammation of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues caused by a bacterial infection. Symptoms include erythema, edema, and pain to the affected area.


hepatitis C virus infection

description: A viral infection caused by the hepatitis C virus.


large cell carcinoma

description: A malignant epithelial neoplasm composed of large, atypical cells.


non-small cell lung carcinoma

description: A group of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including non-small cell squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Non-small cell lung carcinomas have a poor response to conventional chemotherapy.


smoldering plasma cell myeloma

description: A plasma cell myeloma lacking clinical manifestations and organ impairment.


xanthoma

description: A non-neoplastic disorder characterized by a localized collection of histiocytes containing lipid. Xanthomas usually occur in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, but occasionally they may involve the deep soft tissues.


round cell liposarcoma

description: A poorly differentiated liposarcoma, characterized by the presence of solid sheets of primitive round mesenchymal cells and the absence of myxoid stroma.


kidney disorder

description: A disease involving the kidney.


empyema

description: An accumulation of pus in a body cavity, usually the pleural space.


peripheral neuropathy

description: A disorder affecting the peripheral nervous system. It manifests with pain, tingling, numbness, and muscle weakness. It may be the result of physical injury, toxic substances, viral diseases, diabetes, renal failure, cancer, and drugs.


osteomyelitis

description: An acute or chronic inflammation of the bone and its structures due to infection with pyogenic bacteria.


bacterial urinary tract infection

description: A bacterial infectious process affecting any part of the urinary tract, most commonly the bladder and the urethra. Symptoms include urinary urgency and frequency, burning sensation during urination, lower abdominal discomfort, and cloudy urine.


pneumonia

description: An acute, acute and chronic, or chronic inflammation focally or diffusely affecting the lung parenchyma, caused by an infection in one or both of the lungs (by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or mycoplasma.). Symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, fevers, chills, chest pain, headache, sweating, and weakness.


placental villitis

description: Inflammatory process that involves the chorionic villi (villitis) of the placenta.


heart failure

description: Inability of the heart to pump blood at an adequate rate to meet tissue metabolic requirements. Clinical symptoms of heart failure include: unusual dyspnea on light exertion, recurrent dyspnea occurring in the supine position, fluid retention or rales, jugular venous distension, pulmonary edema on physical exam, or pulmonary edema on chest x-ray presumed to be cardiac dysfunction.


high output heart failure

description: High-output heart failure is a heart condition that occurs when the cardiac output is higher than normal.


symptomatic heart failure

description: A heart failure which results in symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, inability to exerciseb& etc


mild heart failure

description: Heart failure characterized by mild symptoms (mild shortness of breath and/or angina) and slight limitation during ordinary activity.


moderate heart failure

description: Heart failure characterized by marked limitation in activity due to symptoms, even during less-than-ordinary activity, e.g. walking short distances (20b100 m). Patients with moderate heart failure are comfortable only at rest.


advanced heart failure

description: Patients with advanced heart failure have severe limitations, experiences symptoms even while at rest and are mostly bedbound patients.


autism spectrum disorder

description: A spectrum of developmental disorders that includes autism, and Asperger syndrome. Signs and symptoms include poor communication skills, defective social interactions, and repetitive behaviors.


Asperger syndrome

description: A disorder most often diagnosed in the pediatric years in which the individual displays marked impairment in social interaction and a repetitive, stereotyped pattern of behavior. The individual, however, displays no delay in language or cognitive development, which differentiates Asperger Syndrome from autism.


autism

description: Persistent deficits in social interaction and communication and interaction as well as a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest as well as repetitive patterns of behavior.


central nervous system cyst

description: A congenital or acquired cyst that is present in the central nervous system.


transient ischemic attack

description: A brief attack (from a few minutes to an hour) of cerebral dysfunction of vascular origin, with no persistent neurological deficit.


inflammatory bowel disease

description: A spectrum of small and large bowel inflammatory diseases of unknown etiology. It includes Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and colitis of indeterminate type.


diabetic retinopathy

description: A chronic, pathological complication associated with diabetes mellitus, where retinal damages are incurred due to microaneurysms in the vasculature of the retina, progressively leading to abnormal blood vessel growth, and swelling and leaking of fluid from blood vessels, resulting in vision loss or blindness.


heart disorder

description: A disease involving the heart and/or pericardium.


carotid artery disorder

description: A disease involving the carotid artery segment.


allergic disease

description: An immune response that occurs following re-exposure to an innocuous antigen, and that requires the presence of existing antibodies against that antigen. This response involves the binding of IgE to mast cells, and may worsen with repeated exposures.


name: myelodysplastic syndrome with single lineage dysplasia

description: A myelodysplastic syndrome characterized by dysplasia seen in at least 10% of the early cells of 1 cell type (either red blood cells, white blood cells, or megakaryocytes) in the bone marrow.


lung disorder

description: A disease involving the lung.


dental caries

description: The decay of a tooth, in which it becomes softened, discolored, and/or porous.


migraine disorder

description: A common, severe type of vascular headache often associated with increased sympathetic activity, resulting in nausea, vomiting, and light sensitivity.


serous adenocarcinoma

description: An adenocarcinoma that is characterized by the presence of papillary patterns and cellular budding. Psammoma bodies may be present. Representative examples include cervical serous adenocarcinoma, endometrial serous adenocarcinoma, ovarian serous adenocarcinoma, and primary peritoneal serous adenocarcinoma.


pulmonary embolism

description: The obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by an embolus, sometimes associated with infarction of the lung.


prostatitis

description: An infectious or non-infectious inflammatory process affecting the prostate gland.


gallbladder disorder

description: A disease involving the gall bladder.


cutaneous lupus erythematosus

description: An autoimmune disorder that manifests as different lupus-specific skin disorders; it can occur with systemic lupus erythematosus, or as a singular disease.


retinal disorder

description: Any disease or disorder of the retina.


chronic progressive multiple sclerosis

description: A form of multiple sclerosis characterized by a progressive deterioration in neurologic function which is in contrast to the more typical relapsing remitting form. If the clinical course is free of distinct remissions, it is referred to as primary progressive multiple sclerosis. When the progressive decline is punctuated by acute exacerbations, it is referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis. The term secondary progressive multiple sclerosis is used when relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis evolves into the chronic progressive form. (From Ann Neurol 1994;36 Suppl:S73-S79; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)


palatal neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the hard palate, soft palate, or uvula.


developmental disability

description: Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)


intestinal polyp

description: Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the intestine. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.


paranasal sinus neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the paranasal sinuses. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include Schneiderian papilloma and salivary gland-type adenoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma and lymphoma.


brain aneurysm

description: A congenital or acquired aneurysm within the cranium.


colitis

description: Inflammation of the colon.


flatfoot

description: An anatomic deformity in which the arch of the foot collapses, resulting in the entire sole of the foot coming into complete or near-complete contact with the ground.


peripheral vascular disease

description: Any disorder affecting blood flow through the veins or arteries outside of the heart.


intermittent vascular claudication

description: A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in skeletal muscle group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial stenosis; muscle ischemia; and accumulation of lactate.


sleep apnea syndrome

description: A disorder characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep.


urethritis

description: Inflammation of the urethra.


osteoporosis

description: A condition of reduced bone mass, with decreased cortical thickness and a decrease in the number and size of the trabeculae of cancellous bone (but normal chemical composition), resulting in increased fracture incidence. Osteoporosis is classified as primary (Type 1, postmenopausal osteoporosis; Type 2, age-associated osteoporosis; and idiopathic, which can affect juveniles, premenopausal women, and middle-aged men) and secondary osteoporosis (which results from an identifiable cause of bone mass loss).


brain ischemia

description: Diminished or absent blood supply to the brain caused by obstruction (thrombosis or embolism) of an artery resulting in neurologic damage.


chronic kidney disease

description: Impairment of the renal function secondary to chronic kidney damage persisting for three or more months.


multiple sclerosis

description: A progressive autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system resulting in demyelination. Patients develop physical and cognitive impairments that correspond with the affected nerve fibers.


name: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, inattentive type

description: A mental disorder characterized by inattention, easy distraction, careless mistakes and avoidance of tasks that require sustained mental focus. These behaviors can lead to maladaptive consequences in the affected individual's life.


drug dependence

description: Drug dependence - replaced the term "drug addiction" and is defined as a state, psychic and sometimes also physical, resulting from the interaction between a living organism and a drug, characterized by behavioral and other responses that always include a compulsion to take the drug on a continuous or periodic basis in order to experience its psychic effects, and sometimes to avoid the discomfort of its absence. Tolerance may or may not be present. A person may be dependent on more than one drug.


biliary tract neoplasm

description: A neoplasm that involves the biliary tract.


ankylosing spondylitis

description: An autoimmune chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by inflammation in the vertebral joints of the spine and sacroiliac joints. It predominantly affects young males. Patients present with stiffness and pain in the spine.


ciliopathy

description: A genetic disorder of the cellular cilia or the cilia anchoring structures, the basal bodies, or of ciliary function.


atrial flutter

description: A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of an organized, regular atrial rhythm with atrial rate of 240-340 beats per minute. Multiple P waves typically appear in the inferior leads in a saw tooth-like pattern between the QRS complexes. (CDISC)


atherosclerosis

description: Build-up of fatty material and calcium deposition in the arterial wall resulting in partial or complete occlusion of the arterial lumen.


pouchitis

description: Acute inflammation in the intestinal mucosa of the continent ileal reservoir (or pouch) in patients who have undergone ileostomy and restorative proctocolectomy (proctocolectomy, restorative).


necrotizing enterocolitis

description: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease that affects mostly the intestine of premature infants. The wall of the intestine is invaded by bacteria, which cause local infection and inflammation that can ultimately destroy the wall of the bowel (intestine). Such bowel wall destruction can lead to perforation of the intestine and spillage of stool into the infant's abdomen, which can result in an overwhelming infection and death.


relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

description: The most common clinical variant of multiple sclerosis, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see optic neuritis), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)


bacterial vaginosis

description: Infection caused by bacterial overgrowth in the vagina. Most affected women are asymptomatic. When symptoms occur, they include foul-smelling vaginal discharge, vaginal itching, and burning. Risk factors include sexual activity with multiple partners and the use of vaginal douches and intrauterine devices. Up to a third of cases resolve without treatment. Antibiotic treatment is recommended when symptoms are present and for women that are pregnant at the time of infection.


canker sore

description: A type of stomatitis that is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval, lasting for 7-14 days and healing without scarring. It is a recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology.


Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy

description: Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is the most frequent form of posterior corneal dystrophy and is characterized by excrescences on a thickened Descemet membrane (corneal guttae), generalized corneal edema, with gradually decreased visual acuity.


bacterial sexually transmitted disease

description: Bacterial diseases that are potentially transmitted or propagated by sexual conduct.


seasonal allergic rhinitis

description: Allergic rhinitis caused by outdoor allergens.


sunburn

description: An inflammatory reaction from ultraviolet radiation characterized by transient redness, tenderness and occasional blistering.


eye disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the eye. Representative examples include conjunctivitis, glaucoma, cataract, conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma, uveal melanoma, and retinoblastoma.


hyperthyroxinemia

description: Abnormally elevated thyroxine level in the blood.


hereditary nephritis

description: A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by hematuria and slowly progressing to renal insufficiency. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with hearing loss) which is caused by mutations in genes for type IV collagen and defective glomerular basement membrane.


colorectal neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the colon or rectum. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include lipoma and leiomyoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma. Colorectal adenomas always exhibit epithelial dysplasia and are considered premalignant neoplasms.


myopathy

description: A disease of the muscle in which the muscle fibers do not function properly. This results in muscular weakness.


open-angle glaucoma

description: Chronic outflow obstruction of the eye's drainage canals that can lead to increased internal eye pressure and optic nerve damage.


androgenetic alopecia

description: Absence of hair in the anterior midline and/or parietal areas.


alopecia areata

description: Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.


skin basal cell carcinoma

description: The most frequently seen skin cancer. It arises from basal cells of the epidermis and pilosebaceous units. Clinically it is divided into the following types: nodular, ulcerative, superficial, multicentric, erythematous, and sclerosing or morphea-like. More than 95% of these carcinomas occur in patients over 40. They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck and the remaining 15% on the trunk and extremities. Basal cell carcinoma usually grows in a slow and indolent fashion. However, if untreated, the tumor may invade the subcutaneous fat, skeletal muscle and bone. Distant metastases are rare. Excision, curettage and irradiation cure most basal cell carcinomas.


IgA glomerulonephritis

description: Inflammation of a specific segment of glomeruli within the kidney.


hepatitis B virus infection

description: A viral infection caused by the hepatitis B virus.


hypospadias

description: Hypospadias is the displacement of the urethral meatus on the ventrum of the penis. This abnormality is associated with a varyingly bent, twisted penis and opened dorsal prepuce.


gallstones

description: Solid crystalline precipitates in the biliary tract, usually formed in the gallbladder, resulting in the condition of cholelithiasis. Gallstones, derived from the bile, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.


hypertriglyceridemia

description: A laboratory test result indicating elevated triglyceride concentration in the blood.


keloid

description: An irregularly shaped, elevated mark on the skin caused by deposits of excessive amounts of collagen during wound healing. It extends beyond the original boundaries of the wound and may enlarge progressively.


otosclerosis

description: Formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule which can progress toward the stapes (stapedial fixation) or anteriorly toward the cochlea leading to conductive, sensorineural, or mixed hearing loss. Several genes are associated with familial otosclerosis with varied clinical signs.


abdominal aortic aneurysm

description: Enlargement and ballooning of the vessel that supplies arterial blood to the abdomen, pelvis and legs.


anorexia nervosa

description: A disorder most often seen in adolescent females characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, a disturbance in body image, and, in postmenarcheal females, the development of amenorrhea.


conduct disorder

description: A disorder diagnosed in childhood or adolescence age group characterized by aggressive behavior, deceitfulness, destruction of property or violation of rules that is persistent and repetitive, and within a one year period.


chronic hepatitis C virus infection

description: Chronic form of hepatitis C infection.


coronary restenosis

description: Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.


coronary vasospasm

description: Sudden coronary artery smooth muscle contraction leading to lumen constriction and decreased blood flow.


Creutzfeldt Jacob disease

description: A rare transmittable degenerative disorder of the brain caused by prions. Morphologically it is characterized by spongiform degeneration of the cerebral and cerebellar cortex. Signs and symptoms include sleep disturbances, personality changes, aphasia, ataxia, muscle atrophy and weakness, visual loss, and myoclonus. It usually leads to death within a year from the onset of the disease.


Dengue hemorrhagic fever

description: A serious condition caused by Dengue virus infection. Patients present with an acute febrile illness followed by restlessness, irritability, and bleeding. It may lead to hemorrhagic shock and death.


drug-induced liver injury

description: A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to acute liver failure, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, and chemicals from the environment.


eosinophilic esophagitis

description: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, allergic disease of the esophagus characterized clinically by symptoms of esophageal dysfunction (including vomiting, dysphagia, feeding disorders, food impaction and abdominal pain) which persist after treatment with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).


erectile dysfunction

description: Persistent or recurrent inability to achieve or to maintain an erection during sexual activity.


name: inherited focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

description: An instance of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis that is caused by an inherited genomic modification in an individual.


Graves disease

description: Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism).It is caused by an abnormal immune system response that causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormones. Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism andoccurs mostoften in women over age 20. However, the disorder may occur at any age and may affect males as well.Treatmentmayinclude radioiodine therapy, antithyroid drugs, and/or thyroid surgery.


hearing loss disorder

description: A partial or complete loss of hearing in one or both ears. It is classified as conductive, sensory, or central.


chronic hepatitis B virus infection

description: Chronic form of hepatitis B infection.


heroin dependence

description: Physical and psychological dependence on the drug heroin.


carcinoid tumor

description: A slow growing neuroendocrine tumor, composed of uniform, round, or polygonal cells having monotonous, centrally located nuclei and small nucleoli, infrequent mitoses, and no necrosis. The tumor may show a variety of patterns, such as solid, trabecular, and acinar. Electron microscopy shows small secretory granules. Immunohistochemical studies reveal NSE, as well as chromogranin immunoreactivity. Malignant histology (cellular pleomorphism, hyperchromatic nuclei, prominent nucleoli, necrosis, and mitoses) can occasionally be seen. Such cases may have an aggressive clinical course. Gastrointestinal tract and lung are common sites of involvement.


mood disorder

description: A cognitive disorder a disturbance in which the person's mood is hypothesized to be the main underlying feature.


male infertility

description: The inability of the male to effect fertilization of an ovum after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.


meningococcal infection

description: Infections with bacteria of the species neisseria meningitidis.


bone marrow neoplasm

description: Neoplasms that affect the bone marrow. Such neoplasms may arise in the bone marrow (e.g. myeloid leukemias) or may involve the bone marrow as secondary, metastatic tumors (e.g. metastatic carcinomas to the bone marrow).


nasopharyngeal neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the nasopharynx. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include angiofibroma and squamous papilloma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma and nonkeratinizing carcinoma.


membranous glomerulonephritis

description: A slowly progressive inflammation of the glomeruli characterized by immune complex deposits at the glomerular basement membrane, resulting in a thickened membrane, and nephrotic syndrome.


nephrotic syndrome

description: A collection of symptoms that include severe edema, proteinuria, and hypoalbuminemia; it is indicative of renal dysfunction.


neurotic disorder

description: A form of functional mental illness that manifests in distressed emotional reactions such as anxiety, obsessive thoughts, compulsive behaviors, or irrational fears.


osteonecrosis

description: A none disease characterized by death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply.


bone disorder

description: Diseases of bones.


bone Paget disease

description: A disease of bone that initially results in the excessive resorption of bone (by osteoclasts) followed by the replacement of normal bone marrow with vascular and fibrous tissue.


panic disorder

description: An anxiety disorder characterized by multiple unexpected panic attacks with persistent concern of recurring attacks. Panic disorder may or may not be accompanied by agoraphobia.


focal epilepsy

description: A seizure caused by a localized disorder.


vascular disorder

description: A general term used to describe any disease affecting blood vessels]. It includes vascular abnormalities caused by degenerative, metabolic and inflammatory conditions, embolic diseases, coagulative disorders, and functional disorders such as posteri or reversible encephalopathy syndrome.


peripheral arterial disease

description: A disorder of the arteries supplying the upper and lower extremity and the visceral organs. This includes the mesenteric arteries, the renal arteries and the aorta and excludes cerebrovascular arterial disease. Patients experience cramping and pain usually in the calves and thighs while walking. The symptoms subside with rest.


primary ovarian failure

description: Absent or premature cessation of ovarian function due to a pathologic process originating within the ovaries.


primary biliary cholangitis

description: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic and slowly progressive cholestatic liver disease of autoimmune etiology characterized by injury of the intrahepatic bile ducts that may eventually lead to liver failure.


restless legs syndrome

description: A condition that occurs while resting or lying in bed; it is characterized by an irresistible urgency to move the legs to obtain relief from a strange and uncomfortable sensation in the legs.


scoliosis

description: A congenital or acquired spinal deformity characterized by lateral curvature of the spine.


gout

description: A condition characterized by painful swelling of the joints, which is caused by deposition of urate crystals.


brain infarction

description: Tissue necrosis in any area of the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, the cerebellum, and the brain stem. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by hypoxia and hypoglycemia in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.


movement disorder

description: Neurological conditions resulting in abnormal voluntary or involuntary movement, which may impact the speed, fluency, quality and ease of movement.


thoracic aortic aneurysm

description: An aneurysm formed in the wall of the proximal portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta.


goiter

description: Enlargement of the thyroid gland usually caused by lack of iodine in the diet, hyperthyroidism, or thyroid nodules. Symptoms include difficulty in breathing and swallowing.


upper aerodigestive tract neoplasm

description: Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the lip; oral cavity; pharynx; larynx; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the nose and paranasal sinuses; salivary glands; thyroid gland and parathyroid glands; and melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)


venous thromboembolism

description: Occlusion of the lumen of a vein by a thrombus that has migrated from a distal site via the blood stream.


colonic neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the colon. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include lipoma and leiomyoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma. Colonic adenomas always exhibit epithelial dysplasia and are considered premalignant neoplasms.


lymphoid leukemia

description: A malignant lymphocytic neoplasm of B-cell or T-cell lineage involving primarily the bone marrow and the peripheral blood. This category includes precursor or acute lymphoblastic leukemias and chronic leukemias.


name: myalgic encephalomeyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome

description: A medical condition characterized by long-term fatigue and other symptoms that limit a person's ability to carry out ordinary daily activities.


childhood onset asthma

description: Asthma that starts in childhood.


gestational diabetes

description: Carbohydrate intolerance first diagnosed during pregnancy.


childhood eosinophilic esophagitis

description: An eosinophilic esophagitis that starts in childhood.


name: diabetes mellitus type 2 associated cataract

description: Diabetic cataracts are thought to be caused by hyperglycemia associated with disturbed glucose metabolism


gallbladder cancer

description: A malignant neoplasm involving the gall bladder


duodenal ulcer

description: An ulcer in the duodenal wall.


name: cystic fibrosis associated meconium ileus

description: Cystic fibrosis associated meconium ileum is a thickening and congestion of the meconium in the ileum in newborns, often the first sign of cystic fibrosis. In cystic fibrosis, the meconium can form a bituminous black-green mechanical obstruction in a segment of the ileum. Beyond this there may be a few separate grey-white globular pellets. Below this level, the bowel is a narrow and empty micro-colon. Above the level of the obstruction, there are several loops of hypertrophied bowel distended with fluid. No meconium is passed, and abdominal distension and vomiting appear soon after birth. About 20% of cases of cystic fibrosis present with meconium ileus, while approximately 20% of one series of cases of meconium ileus did not have cystic fibrosis. The presence of meconium ileus is not related to the severity of the cystic fibrosis.


treatment-refractory schizophrenia

description: Schizophrenia which does not respond to commonly used treatments.


osteoarthritis, knee

description: Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)


wet macular degeneration

description: A form of RETINAL degeneration in which abnormal CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION occurs under the RETINA and MACULA LUTEA, causing bleeding and leaking of fluid. This leads to bulging and or lifting of the macula and the distortion or destruction of central vision.


non-compaction cardiomyopathy

description: Left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) is characterized by prominent left ventricular trabeculae and deep inter-trabecular recesses. The myocardial wall is often thickened with a thin, compacted epicardial layer and a thickened endocardial layer. In some patients, LVNC is associated with left ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction, which can be transient in neonates.


methamphetamine dependence

description: A drug dependence that is a psychological dependency on the regular use of methamphetamine.


hypothyroidism

description: Abnormally low levels of thyroid hormone.


elephantiasis

description: Enlargement of an area of the body due to obstruction within the lymphatic system and the resulting accumulation of lymph.


podoconiosis

description: A disease of the lymphatic vessels of the lower extremities that is caused by chronic exposure to irritant soils.


MRI defined brain infarct

description: An infarct detected by MRI and not determined to be clinically significant


prion disease

description: A transmissible disease that is caused by a protein that is able to induce abnormal folding of normal cellular proteins, leading to characteristic spongiform brain changes, which are associated with neuronal loss without an inflammatory response. Such disorders have typically long incubation periods, but are then generally rapidly progressive and are uniformly fatal.


early onset hypertension

description: A form of hypertension with early onset relative to normal range for a given population.


alcohol and nicotine codependence

description: A drug dependence that is the physiological result of being addicted to alcohol and nicotine.


skin sensitivity to sun

description: The response of human skin to sun exposure.


name: anti-neutrophil antibody associated vasculitis

description: Group of systemic vasculitis with a strong association with ANCA. The disorders are characterized by necrotizing inflammation of small and medium size vessels, with little or no immune-complex deposits in vessel walls.


postoperative ventricular dysfunction

description: Postoperative ventricular dysfunction (VnD) occurs in 9-20% of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgical patients and is associated with increased postoperative morbidity and mortality.


testicular dysgenesis syndrome

description: A syndrome comprising testicular germ cell cancer, cryptorchidism and some cases of hypospadias and male infertility with impaired development of the testis.


name: metastatic malignant neoplasm in the lymph nodes

description: The spread of a malignant neoplasm to the lymph nodes.


familial hypercholesterolemia

description: An inheritable form of hyperlipidemia, in which there are excess lipids in the blood.


embryonal carcinoma

description: A non-seminomatous malignant germ cell tumor characterized by the presence of large germ cells with abundant cytoplasm resembling epithelial cells, geographic necrosis, high mitotic activity, and pseudoglandular and pseudopapillary structures formation. It can arise from the testis, ovary, and extragonadal sites (central nervous system and mediastinum).


otitis media

description: Inflammation of the anatomical structures of the middle ear, which is most often caused by an infectious process. Symptoms include erythema and edema of the tympanic membrane, pain, and possibly fever.


visceral leishmaniasis

description: A severe form of leishmaniasis characterized by irregular bouts of fever, substantial weight loss, swelling of the spleen and liver, and anemia (which may be serious). If left untreated it may lead to death. Two species of Leishmania are known to give rise to the visceral form of the disease. The species commonly found in East Africa and the Indian subcontinent is L. donovani and the species found in Europe, North Africa, and Latin America is L. infantum, also known as L. chagasi.


cutaneous leishmaniasis

description: Leishmaniasis affecting the skin. It is the most common form of leishmaniasis. It presents with erythematous macules and papules, and nodules which may eventually ulcerate. The lesions appear in the bite site in the exposed skin areas.


testicular cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the testis. Representative examples include seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, and lymphoma.


hepatitis C induced liver cirrhosis

description: Liver injury resulting from hepatitis C infection.


conduction system disorder

description: A disease involving the conducting system of heart.


eating disorder

description: A broad group of psychological disorders with abnormal eating behaviors leading to physiological effects from overeating or insufficient food intake.


bulimia nervosa

description: A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge-eating over which the individual feels a lack of control; these episodes of binge-eating are followed by recurrent compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain, usually self-induced vomiting. In addition, self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body image.


congenital heart disease

description: A heart disease that is present at birth. Representative examples include atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, and patent foramen ovale.


lung neuroendocrine neoplasm

description: A low, intermediate, or high grade malignant neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation that arises from the lung. This category includes typical carcinoid tumor, atypical carcinoid tumor, small cell carcinoma, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and combined carcinoma.


human African trypanosomiasis

description: A parasitic disorder caused by protozoa of the Trypanosoma brucei species. It is transmitted by flies and is endemic in various regions of Sub-Saharan Africa. Signs and symptoms include fever, joint pain, headache, and significant swelling of the lymph nodes. If left untreated, the parasitic infection causes anemia, heart, kidney, and endocrine failure, and neurologic damage. Subsequently patients develop confusion, disruption of the sleep cycle, and mental deterioration. The infection may lead to coma and death.


swine influenza

description: An acute viral respiratory infection caused by a strain of influenza virus which is endemic in swine (pigs). Rarely reported in humans prior to 2009, the disease is caused by a mutated strain of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus. It is highly contagious and spreads mainly through coughing and sneezing. Signs and symptoms include fever, chills, coughing, sore throat headache, muscle ache, and generalized weakness. Antiviral medications are most effective in the first two days of the illness.


endometrium adenocarcinoma

description: An adenocarcinoma arising from the uterine body cavity. This is the most frequent malignant tumor affecting the uterine body, and is linked to estrogen therapy. Most patients present with uterine bleeding and are over age 40 at the time of diagnosis. The prognosis depends on the stage of the tumor, the depth of the uterine wall invasion, and the histologic subtype. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma is the most frequently seen morphologic variant of endometrial adenocarcinoma.


primitive neuroectodermal tumor

description: A malignant neoplasm that originates in the neuroectoderm. The neuroectoderm constitutes the portion of the ectoderm of the early embryo that gives rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems and includes some glial cell precursors.


aortic valve calcification

description: Calcification of the aortic valve


rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

description: Retinal detachment secondary to retinal tear or break.


methamphetamine-induced psychosis

description: Abnormal mental state resulting from an abuse of methamphetamine


hypersomnia

description: A sleep disorder characterized by excessive sleepiness.


occupation-related stress disorder

description: The response people may have when presented with work demands and pressures that are not matched to their knowledge and abilities and which challenge their ability to cope.


hypotensive disorder

description: Blood pressure that is abnormally low.


orthostatic hypotension

description: Sudden fall of the blood pressure of at least 20/10 mm Hg when a person stands up.


postprandial hypotension

description: Drastic decline in blood pressure which happens after eating a meal and most likely due to insufficient compensation in cardiac output by the autonomic nervous system for the diversion of blood to the intestines.


neurally mediated hypotension

description: Neurally mediated hypotension is a sudden drop in blood pressure while an individual stands up. It occurs when there is an abnormal reflex interaction between the heart and the brain, both of which usually are structurally normal


temporomandibular joint disorder

description: Any condition affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint.


migraine with aura

description: A migraine disorder characterized by episodes that are preceded by focal neurological symptoms.


atrioventricular node disorder

description: A disease involving the atrioventricular node.


ventricular tachycardia

description: A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of three or more consecutive complexes of ventricular origin with a rate greater than a certain threshold (100 or 120 beats per minute are commonly used). The QRS complexes are wide and have an abnormal morphology. (CDISC)


torsades de pointes

description: A malignant form of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that is characterized by heart rate between 200 and 250 beats per minute, and qrs complexes with changing amplitude and twisting of the points. The term also describes the syndrome of tachycardia with prolonged ventricular repolarization, long qt intervals exceeding 500 milliseconds or bradycardia. Torsades de pointes may be self-limited or may progress to ventricular fibrillation.


atrial tachycardia

description: A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of an organized, regular atrial rhythm with atrial rate between 101 and 240 beats per minute. The P wave morphology must be distinct from the sinus P wave morphology. (CDISC)


contact dermatitis

description: An inflammatory skin condition caused by direct contact between the skin and either an irritating substance or an allergen.


contact dermatitis due to nickel

description: A form of allergic contact dermatitis that results from exposure to nickel


chemotherapy-induced alopecia

description: Hair loss as a result of chemotherapy treatment.


colorectal adenoma

description: An adenoma that arises from the colon or rectum. The group of colorectal adenomas includes tubular, villous, and tubulovillous adenomas, traditional serrated adenomas, sessile serrated adenomas/polyps, and familial adenomatous polyposis.


psychotic disorder

description: An abnormal condition of the mind that involves a loss of contact with reality. People experiencing psychosis may exhibit personality changes and thought disorder. Depending on its severity, this may be accompanied by unusual or bizarre behavior, as well as difficulty with social interaction and impairment in carrying out daily life activities.


tooth agenesis

description: A rare developmental dental anomaly in humans characterized by the absence of six or more teeth.


schizoaffective disorder

description: A disorder in which the individual suffers from both symptoms that qualify as schizophrenia and symptoms that qualify as a mood disorder (e.g., depression or bipolar disorder) for a substantial portion (but not all) of the active period of the illness; for the remainder of the active period of the illness, the individual suffers from delusions or hallucinations in the absence of prominent mood symptoms.


adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

description: A scoliosis with no known cause arising in adolescent.


dyslexia

description: A learning disorder characterized by an impairment in processing written words. Reading difficulties can include distortions, omissions or substitutions of characters. Oral and silent reading difficulties can include faulty and slow comprehension.


large artery stroke

description: Stroke caused by the blockage of blood flow in one of the large arteries feeding the brain.


Chagas cardiomyopathy

description: A disease of the cardiac muscle developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by trypanosoma cruzi. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as myocarditis (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced chagas disease include conduction defects (heart block) and cardiomegaly.


urticaria

description: A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.


name: carbon monoxide-induced delayed encephalopathy

description: Anoxic encephalopathy resulting from acute CO intoxication, developing within 2-6 weeks of the poisoning event


triple-negative breast carcinoma

description: An invasive breast carcinoma which is negative for expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2).


adrenal gland disorder

description: A disease involving the adrenal gland.


bile duct carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the bile duct


bone development disease

description: A disease involving the bone development.


botulism

description: A serious bacterial infection caused by botulinum toxin which is produced by Clostridium botulinum. Patients are infected usually by ingestion of contaminated food or wound contamination. It leads to muscle paralysis which may result in respiratory failure.


brain glioma

description: A malignant glioma that involves the brain.


name: congenital disorder of glycosylation type I

description: A congenital disorder of glycosylation involve disrupted synthesis of the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor.


name: congenital disorder of glycosylation type II

description: A congenital disorder of glycosylation that involves malfunctioning trimming/processing of the protein-bound oligosaccharide chain.


dengue disease

description: Dengue fever (DF), caused by dengue virus, is an arboviral disease characterized by an initial non-specific febrile illness that can sometimes progress to more severe forms manifesting capillary leakage and hemorrhage (dengue hemorrhagic fever, or DHF) and shock (dengue shock syndrome, or DSS).


developmental disorder of mental health

description: A disease of mental health that occur during a child's developmental period between birth and age 18 resulting in retarding of the child's psychological or physical development.


diphtheria

description: A Gram-positive bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It usually involves the oral cavity, pharynx, and nasal cavity. Patients develop pseudomembranes in the affected areas and manifest signs and symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. The diphtheria toxin may cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic effects.


dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor

description: A benign glial-neuronal neoplasm. It is usually supratentorial, located, generally, in the cortex and occurs in children and young adults with a long-standing history of partial seizures. A histologic hallmark of this tumor is the 'specific glioneuronal element', characterized by columns, made up of bundles of axons, oriented perpendicularly to the cortical surface.B


eccrine sweat gland cancer

description: An cancer with eccrine differentiation arising from the sweat glands.B


gingival cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the gums.


hereditary multiple osteochondromas

description: A bone neoplasm characterized by development of two or more cartilage capped bony outgrowths (osteochondromas) of the long bones.


histiocytoma

description: A mesenchymal tumor composed of fibroblastic and histiocytic cells.


hydronephrosis

description: Collection of urine in the renal pelvis that results in dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces. It is caused by obstruction of urine flow, nephrolithiasis, or vesicoureteral reflux. Signs and symptoms include flank pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dysuria.


janus kinase-3 deficiency

description: Deficiency of janus kinase-3 causing the near absence of T lymphocytes and Natural killer cells; and normal or elevated B lymphocytes due to an autosomal recessive variant of severe combined immunodeficiency.


malignant peritoneal mesothelioma

description: An aggressive malignant mesothelioma that arises from the peritoneum. Patients usually present with abdominal pain and ascites.


nanophthalmia

description: Nanophthalmia is a severe form of microphthalmia characterized by a small eye with a short axial length, severe hyperopia, an elevated lens/eye ratio, and a high incidence of angle-closure glaucoma.


oral cavity cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the oral cavity. The majority are squamous cell carcinomas.


osteochondrodysplasia

description: A term referring to disorders characterized by abnormalities in the development of bones and cartilage.


pharynx cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the pharynx.


pseudohermaphroditism

description: A condition consisting of possessing the internal reproductive organs of one sex while exhibiting some of the secondary sex characteristics of the opposite sex.


renal pelvis carcinoma

description: A carcinoma arising in the renal pelvis. The majority of renal pelvis carcinomas are transitional cell and less frequently squamous cell carcinomas.


rickets

description: Bone softening and weakening usually caused by deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D. Deficiency of calcium, magnesium, or phosphorus may also cause rickets. It predominantly affects children who suffer from severe malnutrition. It manifests with bone pain, fractures, muscle weakness, and skeletal deformities.


small intestine carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the small intestine


steroid inherited metabolic disorder

description: Errors in metabolic processing of steroids resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.


sweat gland carcinoma

description: A carcinoma arising from the sweat glands. Representative examples include tubular carcinoma, spiradenocarcinoma, eccrine carcinoma, hidradenocarcinoma, and apocrine carcinoma.


T-cell leukemia

description: A malignant disease of the T-lymphocytes in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.


tetanus

description: A serious infectious disorder that follows wound contamination by the Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium tetani. The bacteria produce a neurotoxin called tetanospasmin, which causes muscle spasm in the jaw and other anatomic sites.


toxic encephalopathy

description: A group of neurologic disorders caused by damage to the nervous system following exposure to pharmacologic, biologic, and chemical agents. Examples of neurotoxins include chemotherapy agents, radiation treatment, heavy metals, pesticides, and food additives.


inborn vitamin metabolic disorder

description: An inherited metabolic disease that is has its basis in the disruption of vitamin metabolic process.


opiate dependence

description: Disorders related or resulting from abuse or mis-use of opioids.


morphine dependence

description: Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.


Crohn's colitis

description: Crohn's disease affecting the colon.


distal colitis

description: Particular variety of ulcerative colitis where only the left half of the colon is inflamed.


ileocolitis

description: Ileocolitis or ileal Crohn's is the most common type of Crohn's disease. It affects both the ileum (small intestine) and the colon.


oral Crohn disease

description: Crohn's disease affecting the mouth.


pancolitis

description: Ulcerative colitis that involves the entire colon.


perianal Crohn disease

description: An Crohn disease involving a pathogenic inflammatory response in the anal canal.


proctitis

description: An inflammatory process affecting the anus. It is usually caused by sexually transmitted infectious agents and/or inflammatory bowel disease.


small bowel Crohn disease

description: An Crohn disease involving a pathogenic inflammatory response in the small intestine.


spondylolysis

description: A defect in the pars interarticularis of a vertebral bone.


acute coronary syndrome

description: Signs and symptoms related to acute ischemia of the myocardium secondary to coronary artery disease. The clinical presentation covers a spectrum of heart diseases from unstable angina to myocardial infarction.


autoimmune hepatitis type 1

description: Autoimmune hepatitis characterized by the presence of antinuclear antibody (ANA) and antismooth-muscle antibody (ASMA).


hippocampal sclerosis of aging

description: Age-related neuropathological condition with severe neuronal cell loss and gliosis in the hippocampus


staphylococcus aureus infection

description: An infectious process in which the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus is present.


fibromyalgia

description: A chronic disorder of unknown etiology characterized by pain, stiffness, and tenderness in the muscles of neck, shoulders, back, hips, arms, and legs. Other signs and symptoms include headaches, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and painful menstruation.


renal cell adenocarcinoma

description: A carcinoma arising from the renal parenchyma. There is a strong correlation between cigarette smoking and the development of renal cell carcinoma. The clinical presentation includes : hematuria, flank pain and a palpable lumbar mass. A high percentage of renal cell carcinomas are diagnosed when an ultrasound is performed for other purposes. Radical nephrectomy is the standard intervention procedure. Renal cell carcinoma is generally considered to be resistant to radiation treatment and chemotherapy.


infectious disease

description: A disorder directly resulting from the presence and activity of a microbial, viral, or parasitic agent in humans. It can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact.


eye allergy

description: An allergic disease involving a pathogenic inflammatory response in the camera-type eye.


ocular vascular disorder

description: A disorder that is caused by pathologic changes in the ocular vasculature.


rheumatic disorder

description: Inflammatory and degenerative diseases of connective tissue structures, such as arthritis.


cycloplegia

description: Cycloplegia is paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye, resulting in a loss of accommodation.


lupus nephritis

description: Glomerulonephritis in the context of systemic lupus erythematosus.


calcium metabolic disease

description: Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.


ovarian disorder

description: A disease involving the ovary.


neurodegenerative disease

description: A disorder of the central nervous system characterized by gradual and progressive loss of neural tissue and neurologic function.


brain disorder

description: A disease affecting the brain or part of the brain.


aortic disorder

description: Pathology involving the thoracic, thoracoabdominal, or abdominal aorta (including aneurysms). (ACC)


nut midline carcinoma

description: A rare, highly aggressive and lethal carcinoma that affects children and young adults. It arises from midline epithelial structures, most commonly the head, neck, and mediastinum. It is a poorly differentiated carcinoma and is characterized by mutations and rearrangement of the NUT gene. A balanced translocation t(15;19) is present that results in the creation of a fusion gene involving the NUT gene, most commonly BRD4-NUT fusion gene.


embryonal neoplasm

description: A usually malignant neoplasm composed of primitive (immature) tissues that resemble fetal tissues. Medulloblastoma, Ependymoblastoma, Pineoblastoma, and Wilms tumor are representative embryonal neoplasms. --2003


blastoma

description: A malignant neoplasm composed of undifferentiated cells.


neonatal abstinence syndrome

description: A constellation of neurobehavioral features observed in a neonate following antenatal exposure to drugs including opioids, benzodiazepines, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.


substance withdrawal syndrome

description: A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the discontinuation of administration or use, or reduction in intake of a substance (including alcohol, prescribed medications and recreational drugs). Syndrome manifests with diverse, often painful physical and psychological symptoms, which include but not limited to intense drug craving, anxiety, depression, insomnia, nausea, perspiration, body aches, tremors, hallucinations, and convulsions.


cholesterol embolism

description: Blocking of a blood vessel by cholesterol-rich atheromatous deposits, generally occurring in the flow from a large artery to small arterial branches. It is also called arterial-arterial embolization or atheroembolism which may be spontaneous or iatrogenic. Patients with spontaneous atheroembolism often have painful, cyanotic digits of acute onset.


hematologic disorder

description: A disease involving the hematopoietic system.


polycythemia

description: Abnormally high mass or concentration of red blood cells in the blood, either due to an increase in erythropoiesis or a decrease in plasma volume.


polycythemia due to hypoxia

description: Polycythemia resulting from hypoxia.


tauopathy

description: Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (tau proteins) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with alzheimer disease; dementia; parkinsonian disorders; progressive supranuclear palsy (supranuclear palsy, progressive); and corticobasal degeneration.


colorectal cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the colon or rectum. Representative examples include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.


cryoglobulinemia

description: Cryoglobulinemia is a type of vasculitis that is caused by abnormal proteins (antibodies) in the blood called 'cryoglobulins.' At cold temperatures, these proteins become solid or gel-like, which can block blood vessels and cause a variety of health problems. Many people affected by this condition will not experience any unusual signs or symptoms. When present, symptoms vary but may include breathing problems; fatigue; glomerulonephritis ; joint or muscle pain; purpura ; Raynaud's phenomenon ; skin death; and/or skin ulcers. In some cases, the exact underlying cause is unknown; however, cryoglobulinemia can be associated with a variety of conditions including certain types of infection; chronic inflammatory diseases (such as autoimmune disease); and/or cancers of the blood or immune system. Treatment varies based on the severity of the condition, the symptoms present in each person and the underlying cause.


arthritic joint disease

description: An inflammatory process affecting a joint. Causes include infection, autoimmune processes, degenerative processes, and trauma. Signs and symptoms may include swelling around the affected joint and pain.


epilepsy, idiopathic generalized

description: A chronic condition characterized by recurrent generalized seizures.


esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

description: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a type of esophageal carcinoma (EC) that can affect any part of the esophagus, but is usually located in the upper or middle third.


AVL induced bursal lymphoma

description: Malignant lymphoma of the bursa of Fabricius, induced by avian leukosis virus occurring in birds.


binge eating disorder

description: Recurrent episodes of over-eating.


non-human animal disease

description: A disease that occurs in animals.


congenital left-sided heart lesions

description: Serious heritable structural anomalies of the left side of the heart, including hypoplastic left heart syndrome, aortic valve stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, mitral valve anomalies and bicuspid aortic valve, that are present from birth.


chemotherapy-induced hypertension

description: A form of hypertension that occurs as a direct result of chemotherapy treatment


head and neck neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the anatomic structures of the head and neck region. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma and nasal cavity papilloma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and salivary gland carcinoma.


chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis

description: Inflammation and ulceration of the oral mucosa as a result of chemotherapy treatment.


description: Pancreatits that is the result of treatment with thiopurine immunosuppressants such as azathioprine or mercaptopurine.


breast ductal adenocarcinoma

description: A breast carcinoma arising from the ducts. While ductal carcinomas can arise at other sites, this term is universally used to refer to carcinomas of the breast. Ductal carcinomas account for about two thirds of all breast cancers. Two types of ductal carcinomas have been described: ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma. The latter often spreads to the axillary lymph nodes and other anatomic sites. The two forms of ductal carcinoma often coexist.


chronic periodontitis

description: A chronic inflammatory process that affects the tissues that surround and support the teeth.


severe cutaneous adverse reaction

description: A group of skin disorders including Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), and generalized bullous fixed drug eruptions (GBFDE).


laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

description: A squamous cell carcinoma that arises from the larynx. It is the most common histologic type of laryngeal carcinoma. It can arise from the glottis, supraglottic area, or it can be transglottic. Glottic squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequent laryngeal carcinoma in the United States. The symptoms, clinical behavior and the prognosis depend on the site of origin within the larynx.


cystadenocarcinoma

description: A malignant cystic epithelial neoplasm arising from the glandular epithelium. The malignant epithelial cells invade the stroma. The cystic spaces contain serous or mucinous fluid. Representative examples include ovarian and pancreatic cystadenocarcinomas.


cystic renal cell carcinoma

description: Cystic renal cell carcinoma includes any malignant neoplasm of renal tubular epithelium which presents as a fluid-filled mass. Approximately 15 per cent of cases of renal cell carcinoma will be cystic on radiologic and pathologic examination. The clinical features of cystic renal cell carcinoma are similar to those which are solid. The radiographic and pathologic findings of cystic renal cell carcinoma are often more confusing and less specific than the findings of renal cell carcinoma which are predominantly solid. There are four basic pathologic mechanisms resulting in cystic renal cell carcinoma: intrinsic multiloculated growth; intrinsic unilocular growth (cystadenocarcinoma); cystic necrosis; and origin from the epithelial lining of a preexisting simple cyst. There are three basic radiologic patterns of cystic renal cell carcinoma: unilocular cystic mass, multiloculated cystic mass, and discrete mural nodule in a cystic mass. Cystic renal cell carcinoma is often extremely difficult to differentiate from non-neoplastic, benign neoplastic, and other malignant neoplastic masses utilizing radiologic studies alone. This review presents the clinical, pathologic, and radiographic features of cystic renal cell carcinoma and discusses its radiologic differential diagnosis.


dopaminergic neuroblastoma

description: A neuroblastoma associated with increased dopamine excretion.


malignant epithelioid mesothelioma

description: A malignant neoplasm arising from mesothelial cells in the pleura. It is characterized by the presence of neoplastic cells with an epithelioid appearance. In the majority of cases, the neoplastic epithelioid cells lack significant cytologic atypia; mitotic figures are infrequently seen. In a minority of cases, the neoplastic cells are poorly differentiated and there is evidence of nuclear atypia and increased mitotic activity.


ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma

description: An invasive adenocarcinoma that arises from the ovary and is characterized by the presence of malignant epithelial cells that contain intracytoplasmic mucin. There is cellular atypia, increased layering of cells, complexity of glands, and papillary formations.


ovarian teratoma

description: A non-seminomatous germ cell tumor arising from the ovary. It is characterized by the presence of various tissues which correspond to the different germinal layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm). According to the level of differentiation of the tissues which comprise the tumor, ovarian teratomas are classified as mature or immature. Mature teratomas are composed of well differentiated, adult-type tissues. Immature teratomas are composed of immature, fetal type-tissues. Mature ovarian teratomas without a fetal-type component have an excellent outcome. The prognosis of immature ovarian teratomas is related to the grade and stage of the tumor.


transitional cell papilloma

description: A benign papillary neoplasm composed of transitional cells which show preservation of the nuclear polarity.


tubular adenocarcinoma

description: An infiltrating adenocarcinoma in which the malignant cells form tubular structures. Representative examples include the tubular breast carcinoma and the gastric tubular adenocarcinoma.


chronic bronchitis

description: A type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by chronic inflammation in the bronchial tree that results in edema, mucus production, obstruction, and reduced airflow to and from the lung alveoli. The most common cause is tobacco smoking. Signs and symptoms include coughing with excessive mucus production, and shortness of breath.


varicella zoster infection

description: A highly contagious viral infection caused by the varicella zoster virus. Clinically, it may be manifested as shingles or chicken pox.


herpes zoster

description: A common dermal and neurologic disorder caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus that has remained dormant within dorsal root ganglia, often for decades, after the patient's initial exposure to the virus in the form of varicella (chickenpox). It is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area.


Kashin-Beck disease

description: Disabling osteochondrodysplasia with osteosclerosis, cone-shaped metaphysis, and shortening of the diaphysis. It is endemic in parts of Siberia and northern China. Mineral deficiencies (e.g., selenium, iodine), fungal cereal contamination, and water contamination may be contributing factors in its etiology.


bladder transitional cell carcinoma

description: The most common morphologic subtype of urinary bladder carcinoma (over 90% of cases). It arises from the transitional epithelium. It most often affects males in their sixth and seventh decades of life. Hematuria is the most common symptom at presentation. Pathologic stage is the strongest predictor of survival.


mesonephric adenocarcinoma

description: An adenocarcinoma of the cervix or the vagina arising from mesonephric remnants.


pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from the pancreas showing both ductal and squamous differentiation. The squamous component should represent at least 30% of the malignant cellular infiltrate. The prognosis is usually worse than that of ductal adenocarcinoma.


plasmacytoma

description: Plasmacytoma is a localized mass of neoplastic monoclonal plasma cells that represents approximately 5% of all plasma cell neoplasms. There are two separate entities: primary plasmacytoma of the bone and extramedullary plasmacytoma of the soft tissues. Of the extramedullary plasmacytomas, 80% occur in the head and neck, usually in the upper respiratory tract. The median age at diagnosis is 50 years and the male to female ratio is 3:1. Long-term survival is possible following local radiotherapy, particularly for soft tissue presentations.


pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma

description: A lung carcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant non-keratinizing squamoid cells, mucin-producing cells and intermediate type cells.


undifferentiated carcinoma

description: A usually aggressive malignant epithelial neoplasm composed of atypical cells which do not display evidence of glandular, squamous, or transitional cell differentiation.


anxiety disorder

description: A category of psychiatric disorders which are characterized by anxious feelings or fear often accompanied by physical symptoms associated with anxiety.


typhoid fever

description: A bacterial infectious disorder contracted by consumption of food or drink contaminated with Salmonella typhi. This disorder is common in developing countries and can be treated with antibiotics.


cerebral amyloid angiopathy

description: Hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (HCHWA) describes a group of rare familial central nervous system disorders characterized by amyloid deposition in the cerebral blood vessels leading to hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic strokes, focal neurological deficits, and progressive cognitive decline eventually leading to dementia.


vascular brain injury

description: Damage to the blood vessels of the brain


autoimmune thyroid disease

description: Inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland due to autoimmune responses leading to lymphocytic infiltration of the gland. It is characterized by the presence of circulating thyroid antigen-specific T-cells and thyroid autoantibodies. The clinical signs can range from hypothyroidism to thyrotoxicosis depending on the type of autoimmune thyroiditis.


atrophic thyroiditis

description: Atrophic thyroiditis is an organ-specific autoimmune disease characterized by thyroid autoantibodies, functional hypothyroidism, and absence of goiter.


cerebral malaria

description: A sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum in the brain, which can cause coma and/or seizures.


epithelial neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from and is composed of epithelial cells. This category include adenomas, papillomas, and carcinomas.


head and neck cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm affecting the head and neck. Representative examples include oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and salivary gland carcinoma.


male breast carcinoma

description: A malignant neoplasm involving the male breast.


Acanthamoeba keratitis

description: Keratitis due to infection by acanthamoeba; it is usually associated with soft contact lens wear, particularly overnight wear.


actinobacillosis

description: A disease characterized by suppurative and granulomatous lesions in the respiratory tract, upper alimentary tract, skin, kidneys, joints, and other tissues. Actinobacillus lignieresii infects cattle and sheep while A. equuli infects horses and pigs.


actinomycosis

description: Actinomycosis is a chronic bacterial infection that commonly affects the face and neck. It is usually caused by an anaerobic bacteria called Actinomyces israelii. Actinomyces are normal inhabitants of the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract, and do not cause an infection unless there is a break in the skin or mucosa. The infection usually occurs in the face and neck, but can sometimes occur in the chest, abdomen, pelvis, or other areas of the body. The infection is not contagious.


acute chest syndrome

description: A vaso-occlusive crisis of the pulmonary vasculature occurring in patients with sickle cell disease. It is characterized by the presence of a new radiodensity on a chest radiograph accompanied by fever, cough, sputum production, dyspnea, or hypoxia.


acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis

description: Acute conjunctivitis that is characterized by bleeding into the conjunctiva.


adenomyoma

description: A benign neoplasm characterized by the presence of a glandular and a mesenchymal (fibromyomatous) component. It occurs in the uterine corpus and the cervix. A variant of adenomyoma associated with glandular architectural complexity is called atypical polypoid adenomyoma. Simple polypectomy is usually curative. Atypical polypoid adenomyoma may recur following polypectomy.


adenosarcoma

description: A low grade malignant neoplasm characterized by the presence of a benign epithelial component (tubular and cleft-like glands) and a low grade sarcomatous component that contains varying amounts of fibrous and smooth muscle tissues. In a minority of cases, the sarcomatous component contains heterologous elements including striated muscle, cartilage, and fat. It occurs in the uterine corpus, ovary, fallopian tube, cervix, and vagina. It may recur and in a minority of cases may metastasize to distant anatomic sites.


agnosia

description: A rare disorder characterized by the lack of ability to recognize individuals, objects, shapes, sounds, or smells. There is no loss of memory. It is caused by neurological damage in the brain, specifically in the occipital or parietal lobes.