T-helper 17 type immune response

description: An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria with a key role in inflammation and tissue injury. This immune response is associated with pathological autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis, arthritis and psoriasis which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 17 cells, most notably interleukin-17, IL-21 and IL-22.


T-helper 17 cell differentiation

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires the specialized features of a T-helper 17 (Th17) cell. A Th17 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype RORgamma-t-positive that produces IL-17.


T-helper 17 cell lineage commitment

description: The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 17 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype RORgamma-t-positive that produces IL-17.


peroxynitrite reductase activity

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Catalysis of the reaction: [protein]-dithiol + ONOO- = [protein]-disulfide + NO2- + H2O.


protein phosphatase activator activity

description: Binds to and increases the activity of a protein phosphatase.


L-DOPA binding

description: Binding to L-DOPA, the modified amino acid (2S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.


L-tyrosine binding

description: Binding to L-tyrosine, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.


EMC complex

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A transmembrane protein complex located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) involved in the insertion of newly synthesized proteins in the membrane of the ER. In S. cerevisiae, it has six members: EMC1, EMC2, AIM27, EMC4, KRE27, and EMC6.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: tricoumaroyl spermidine + NADPH + O2 = dicoumaroyl monocaffeoyl spermidine + NADP+ + H2O.


name: dicoumaroyl monocaffeoyl spermidine meta-hydroxylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: dicoumaroyl monocaffeoyl spermidine + NADPH + O2 = monocoumaroyl dicaffeoyl spermidine + NADP+ + H2O.


name: monocoumaroyl dicaffeoyl spermidine meta-hydroxylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: monocoumaroyl dicaffeoyl spermidine + NADPH + O2 = tricaffeoyl spermidine + NADP+ + H2O.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: triferuloyl spermidine + NADPH + O2 = diferuloyl mono-(hydroxyferuloyl) spermidine + NADP+ + H2O.


name: diferuloyl mono-(hydroxyferuloyl) spermidine meta-hydroxylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: diferuloyl mono-(hydroxyferuloyl) spermidine + NADPH + O2 = monoferuloyl di-(hydroxyferuloyl) spermidine + NADP+ + H2O.


name: monoferuloyl di-(hydroxyferuloyl) spermidine meta-hydroxylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: monoferuloyl di-(hydroxyferuloyl) spermidine + NADPH + O2 = tri-(hydroxyferuloyl) spermidine + NADP+ + H2O.


terminal button organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a terminal button. A terminal button is the terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters.


blood vessel lumenization

description: The process in which a developing blood vessel forms an endothelial lumen through which blood will flow.


name: 17-beta-ketosteroid reductase (NADPH) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a 17-beta-ketosteroid + NADPH + H+ = a 17-beta-hydroxysteroid + NADP+.


IPAF inflammasome complex

description: An inflammasome complex that consists of three components, IPAF, NAIP and caspase-1, and includes among its functions the sensing of flagellin derived from Legionella pneumophila, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shigella flexneri.


NLRP1 inflammasome complex

description: An inflammasome complex that consists of two components, NLRP1 (NALP1) and caspase-1 or caspase-5. The exact mechanisms of NLRP1 activation remain obscure, but potassium ion efflux appears to be essential.


NLRP3 inflammasome complex

description: An inflammasome complex that consists of three components, NLRP3 (NALP3), PYCARD and caspase-1. It is activated upon exposure to whole pathogens, as well as a number of structurally diverse pathogen- and danger-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs) and environmental irritants. Whole pathogens demonstrated to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome complex include the fungi Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, bacteria that produce pore-forming toxins, including Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, and viruses such as Sendai virus, adenovirus, and influenza virus.


type B pancreatic cell maturation

description: A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a type B pancreatic cell to attain its fully functional state. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.


blood microparticle

description: A phospholipid microvesicle that is derived from any of several cell types, such as platelets, blood cells, endothelial cells, or others, and contains membrane receptors as well as other proteins characteristic of the parental cell. Microparticles are heterogeneous in size, and are characterized as microvesicles free of nucleic acids.


endothelial microparticle

description: A blood microparticle that is derived from, and contains membrane receptors as well as other proteins characteristic of, an endothelial cell.


blood microparticle formation

description: The cellular component organization process in which microparticles bud off from a parent cell. A microparticle is a phospholipid microvesicle that is derived from any of several cell types, such as platelets, blood cells, endothelial cells, or others, and contains membrane receptors as well as other proteins characteristic of the parental cell.


endothelial microparticle formation

description: The cellular component organization process in which microparticles bud off from an endothelial cell.


name: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 production

description: The appearance of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


name: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production

description: The appearance of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


ADP-D-ribose binding

description: Binding to ADP-D-ribose, an ADP-aldose having ribose as the aldose fragment.


mono-ADP-D-ribose binding

description: Binding to monomeric ADP-D-ribose, an ADP-aldose having ribose as the aldose fragment.


poly-ADP-D-ribose binding

description: Binding to polymeric ADP-D-ribose, a polymer that is composed of poly-ADP-D-ribose units linked through 1,2-glycosidic bonds at the ribose ring.


name: tolerance induction to lipopolysaccharide

description: Tolerance induction directed at lipopolysaccharide antigens.


hepatocyte proliferation

description: The multiplication or reproduction of hepatocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Hepatocytes form the main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules.


name: epithelial cell proliferation involved in liver morphogenesis

description: The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the liver.


liver morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the liver are generated and organized.


endothelial cell apoptotic process

description: Any apoptotic process in an endothelial cell. An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal.


name: neurotransmitter-gated ion channel clustering

description: The receptor clustering process in which neurotransmitter-gated ion channels are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


glycine receptor clustering

description: The receptor clustering process in which glycine receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.


bacterial-type EF-P lysine modification

description: The modification of a lysine residue in a protein to produce (2S)-2-amino-6-([(3S)-3,6-diaminohexanoyl]amino)hexanoic acid, and the subsequent hydroxylation of the modified lysine residue. This modification is observed in, and is probably unique to, the prokaryotic translation elongation factor P (EF-P).


name: protein-N6-(L-lysyl)-L-lysine modification to protein-N6-(beta-lysyl)-L-lysine

description: The modification of an N6-(lysyl)-L-lysine residue in a protein, producing protein-N6-(beta-lysyl)-L-lysine ((2S)-2-amino-6-([(2S)-2,6-diaminohexanoyl]amino)hexanoic acid). This modification is observed in, and is probably unique to, translation elongation factor P (EF-P).


name: 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a 17-beta-hydroxysteroid + NADP+ = a 17-oxosteroid + NADPH + H+.


clathrin-dependent endocytosis

description: An endocytosis process that begins when material is taken up into clathrin-coated pits, which then pinch off to form clathrin-coated endocytic vesicles.


caveolin-mediated endocytosis

description: An endocytosis process that begins when material is taken up into plasma membrane caveolae, which then pinch off to form endocytic caveolar carriers.


xanthosine nucleotidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: xanthosine + H2O = D-ribose + xanthine.


name: DNA topoisomerase type II (double strand cut, ATP-hydrolyzing) regulator activity

description: Binds to and modulates the activity of ATP-hydrolyzing DNA topoisomerase. DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) regulator activity catalyzes a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving a pair of complementary DNA strands to form a gate through which a second double-stranded DNA segment is passed, after which the severed strands in the first DNA segment are rejoined; product release is coupled to ATP binding and hydrolysis; changes the linking number in multiples of 2.


name: DNA topoisomerase type II (double strand cut, ATP-hydrolyzing) activator activity

description: Binds to and increases the activity of ATP-hydrolyzing DNA topoisomerase. DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) regulator activity catalyzes a DNA topological transformation by transiently cleaving a pair of complementary DNA strands to form a gate through which a second double-stranded DNA segment is passed, after which the severed strands in the first DNA segment are rejoined; product release is coupled to ATP binding and hydrolysis; changes the linking number in multiples of 2.


box H/ACA RNP complex

description: A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains an RNA of the box H/ACA type and the four core proteins dyskerin, NOP10, NHP2, and GAR1 (human protein nomenclature). RNA pseudouridylation (isomerization of uridine to pseudouridine) is the major, and most likely the ancestral, function of H/ACA RNPs. Pseudouridylation targets include both large and small ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), and small nuclear RNA (U2 snRNA). In addition to these catalytic H/ACA RNPs, a less abundant but more diverse class of structural H/ACA RNPs exists, which does not have pseudouridylation activity. These include the vertebrate telomerase RNP complex.


box H/ACA scaRNP complex

description: A box H/ACA RNP complex that is located in the Cajal body of the nucleoplasm. In higher eukaryotes, box H/ACA RNP located in Cajal bodies mediate pseudouridylation of spliceosomal snRNAs.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + N-acetyl-L-aspartate + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + N-acetylaspartyl-glutamate.


citrate-L-glutamate ligase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + citrate + L-glutamate = ADP + phosphate + beta-citryl-L-glutamate.


oxygen metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving diatomic oxygen (O2).


name: reactive oxygen species metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.


name: establishment of protein localization to organelle

description: The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on or in an organelle. Encompasses establishment of localization in the membrane or lumen of a membrane-bounded organelle.


name: maintenance of protein localization in organelle

description: Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location a specific location on or in an organelle, and is prevented from moving elsewhere. Encompasses establishment of localization in the membrane or lumen of a membrane-bounded organelle.


name: establishment of protein localization to chloroplast

description: The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a chloroplast.


name: maintenance of protein location in chloroplast

description: Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location in a chloroplast, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.


protein localization to chloroplast

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a chloroplast.


name: establishment of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum

description: The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the endoplasmic reticulum.


interleukin-28A production

description: The appearance of interleukin-28A due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-28B production

description: The appearance of interleukin-28B due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-29 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-29 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-30 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-30 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-31 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-31 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-32 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-32 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interleukin-33 production

description: The appearance of interleukin-33 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interferon-delta production

description: The appearance of interferon-delta due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interferon-epsilon production

description: The appearance of interferon-epsilon due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interferon-kappa production

description: The appearance of interferon-kappa due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interferon-tau production

description: The appearance of interferon-tau due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


interferon-omega production

description: The appearance of interferon-omega due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.


name: establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion

description: The directed movement of a protein to the mitochondrion or a part of the mitochondrion.


name: maintenance of protein location in mitochondrion

description: Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location in a mitochondrion, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.


protein localization to membrane

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in a membrane.


name: maintenance of protein location in membrane

description: Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location in a membrane, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.


protein localization to plasma membrane

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.


name: maintenance of protein location in plasma membrane

description: Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location in the plasma membrane, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.


protein localization to peroxisome

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a peroxisome.


name: establishment of protein localization to peroxisome

description: The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a peroxisome.


name: maintenance of protein location in peroxisome

description: Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location in a peroxisome, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.


protein localization to vacuole

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a vacuole.


name: establishment of protein localization to vacuole

description: The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a vacuole.


name: maintenance of protein location in vacuole

description: Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location in a vacuole, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.


tRNA-splicing ligase complex

description: A protein complex that catalyzes the ligation of cleaved pre-tRNAs by directly joining spliced tRNA halves to mature-sized tRNAs by incorporating the precursor-derived splice junction phosphate into the mature tRNA as a canonical 3',5'-phosphodiester.


name: mitochondrial tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine modification

description: The attachment of a carbonyl group and a threonine to the amino group of the adenine residue immediately 3' of the anticodon, in mitochondrial tRNAs that decode ANN codons (where N is any base).


name: mitochondria-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteins transported from mitochondria and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation as a response to oxidative stress conditions.


neutrophil extravasation

description: The migration of a neutrophil from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.


lamellipodium morphogenesis

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level and in which the structure of a lamellipodium is organized.


multinuclear osteoclast differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a multinuclear osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.


osteoclast fusion

description: The plasma membrane fusion process that results in fusion of mononuclear osteoclasts to form a multinuclear osteoclast.


lymphocyte migration

description: The movement of a lymphocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


eosinophil migration

description: The movement of an eosinophil within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


T cell migration

description: The movement of a T cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.


thymocyte migration

description: The movement of a thymocyte through distinct intrathymic niches (e.g. medulla, cortex), where it receives a unique set of developmental cues required for T-cell development.


name: extracellular matrix-dependent thymocyte migration

description: The movement of a thymocyte through distinct intrathymic niches (e.g. medulla, cortex), where it receives a unique set of developmental cues required for T-cell development, dependent on extracellular matrix components including fibronectin, collagen and laminin.


description: The movement of a thymocyte through distinct intrathymic niches (e.g. medulla, cortex), where it receives a unique set of developmental cues required for T-cell development, dependent on fibronectin in the extracellular matrix.


eosinophil extravasation

description: The migration of an eosinophil from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.


T cell extravasation

description: The migration of a T cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.


Mre11 complex assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an Mre11 complex, a trimeric protein complex that possesses endonuclease activity and is involved in meiotic recombination, DNA repair and checkpoint signaling.


mitotic spindle

description: A spindle that forms as part of mitosis. Mitotic and meiotic spindles contain distinctive complements of proteins associated with microtubules.


meiotic spindle

description: A spindle that forms as part of meiosis. Several proteins, such as budding yeast Spo21p, fission yeast Spo2 and Spo13, and C. elegans mei-1, localize specifically to the meiotic spindle and are absent from the mitotic spindle.


SHREC complex localization

description: Any process in which a SHREC complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


MCM complex assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an MCM complex, a hexameric protein complex required for the initiation and regulation of DNA replication.


name: single-celled organism vegetative growth phase

description: A phase of population growth during which single celled organisms reproduce by budding, fission, or other asexual methods.


name: regulation of DNA recombination at telomere

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination within the telomere.


name: positive regulation of DNA recombination at telomere

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination within the telomere.


protein localization to cell cortex

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell cortex.


name: protein localization to microtubule cytoskeleton

description: A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within the microtubule cytoskeleton.


name: protein localization to cortical microtubule cytoskeleton

description: A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within the cortical microtubule cytoskeleton.


response to bismuth

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bismuth (Bi) stimulus.


cellular response to bismuth

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bismuth (Bi) stimulus.


response to methyl methanesulfonate

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) stimulus.


name: cellular response to methyl methanesulfonate

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) stimulus.


response to mercaptoethanol

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mercaptoethanol stimulus.


cellular response to mercaptoethanol

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mercaptoethanol stimulus.


response to sodium dodecyl sulfate

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) stimulus.


name: cellular response to sodium dodecyl sulfate

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) stimulus.


response to sorbitol

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sorbitol stimulus.


cellular response to sorbitol

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sorbitol stimulus.


response to hydroxyurea

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyurea stimulus.


cellular response to hydroxyurea

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyurea stimulus.


response to thiabendazole

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thiabendazole stimulus.


cellular response to thiabendazole

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thiabendazole stimulus.


response to selenite ion

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a selenite ion stimulus.


cellular response to selenite ion

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a selenite ion stimulus.


response to actinomycin D

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an actinomycin D stimulus.


cellular response to actinomycin D

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an actinomycin D stimulus.


response to cisplatin

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cisplatin stimulus.


cellular response to cisplatin

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cisplatin stimulus.


response to dithiothreitol

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dithiothreitol stimulus.


cellular response to dithiothreitol

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dithiothreitol stimulus.


response to amitrole

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amitrole stimulus.


cellular response to amitrole

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amitrole stimulus.


response to 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide stimulus.


name: cellular response to 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide stimulus.


response to Gentian violet

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a Gentian violet stimulus.


cellular response to Gentian violet

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a Gentian violet stimulus.


response to papulacandin B

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a papulacandin B stimulus.


cellular response to papulacandin B

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a papulacandin B stimulus.


name: cellular response to calcium ion starvation

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of calcium ions.


response to staurosporine

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a staurosporine stimulus.


cellular response to staurosporine

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a staurosporine stimulus.


response to tert-butyl hydroperoxide

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH) stimulus.


name: cellular response to tert-butyl hydroperoxide

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH) stimulus.


response to diamide

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diamide (N,N,N',N'-tetramethyldiazene-1,2-dicarboxamide) stimulus.


cellular response to diamide

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diamide (N,N,N',N'-tetramethyldiazene-1,2-dicarboxamide) stimulus.


response to anisomycin

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an anisomycin stimulus.


cellular response to anisomycin

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an anisomycin stimulus.


name: protein localization to cell division site

description: A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the site of cell division.


name: SAGA complex localization to transcription regulatory region

description: Any process in which a SAGA complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the transcription regulatory region of a gene.


cellular response to erythromycin

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an erythromycin stimulus.


cellular response to trichodermin

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a trichodermin stimulus.


cellular response to antimycin A

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antimycin A stimulus.


cellular response to tetracycline

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tetracycline stimulus.


cellular response to chloramphenicol

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chloramphenicol stimulus.


cellular response to tacrolimus

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tacrolimus (FK506) stimulus.


cellular response to cytochalasin B

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytochalasin B stimulus.


cellular response to leptomycin B

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leptomycin B stimulus.


cellular response to L-thialysine

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a L-thialysine stimulus.


cellular response to rapamycin

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a rapamycin stimulus.


cellular response to glutathione

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glutathione stimulus.


cellular response to purvalanol A

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a purvalanol A stimulus.


cellular response to paraquat

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a paraquat stimulus.


cellular response to camptothecin

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a camptothecin stimulus.


response to topoisomerase inhibitor

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a topoisomerase inhibitor stimulus.


name: cellular response to topoisomerase inhibitor

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a topoisomerase inhibitor stimulus.


cellular response to GW 7647

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a GW 7647 stimulus.


cellular response to capsazepine

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a capsazepine stimulus.


cellular response to carbendazim

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbendazim stimulus.


cellular response to hesperadin

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hesperadin stimulus.


cellular response to reversine

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reversine stimulus.


centromere localization

description: A cellular localization process in which a centromere/kinetochore is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


name: centromere clustering at the mitotic interphase nuclear envelope

description: The process in which chromatin, or kinetochores are anchored to the nuclear envelope. This process involves the microtubule cytoskeleton, and nuclear tethering factors and is responsible for the Rabl-like configuration of chromosomes in the interphase nuclei.


response to host osmotic environment

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of the symbiont or its cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the osmotic conditions in or around its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: adhesion of symbiont infection structure to host

description: The attachment of an infection structure of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., either directly or indirectly. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: adhesion of symbiont germination tube to host

description: The attachment of a germination tube of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: adhesion of symbiont appressorium to host

description: The attachment of an appressorium of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


adhesion of symbiont spore to host

description: The attachment of a spore of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


germ tube formation

description: Development of slender tubular outgrowth first produced by most symbiont spores immediately following germination on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


regulation of germ tube formation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of germ tube formation on or near host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: positive regulation of germ tube formation

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of germ tube formation on or near host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: negative regulation of germ tube formation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of germ tube formation on or near host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


formation of infection structure

description: The formation of a symbiont structure that serves to infect its host organism. It includes physiological, developmental, and morphological changes of the symbiont. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


appressorium formation

description: The process in which a swollen, flattened portion of a symbiont filament is formed on or near its host organism, to adhere to and for the purpose of penetrating the host surface.


regulation of appressorium formation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont appressorium formation.


name: positive regulation of appressorium formation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont appressorium formation.


name: negative regulation of appressorium formation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont appressorium formation.


initiation of appressorium formation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell starts to acquire specialized features of the symbiont appressorium to aid in infection of the host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: formation of appressorium germ tube hook structure

description: The development of a swollen tip at the growing end of a symbiont spore which usually flattens against the host cell surface prior to appressorium formation.


name: modulation of formation of symbiont germ tube hook structure for appressorium development

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont germ tube hook structure formation.


name: positive regulation of formation of symbiont germ tube hook structure for appressorium development

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont germ tube hook structure formation.


name: negative regulation of formation of symbiont germ tube hook structure for appressorium development

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont germ tube hook structure formation.


appressorium maturation

description: The process in which specialized features of the symbiont appressorium are acquired post initiation, to aid in infection of the host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


establishment of turgor in appressorium

description: The process in which hydrostatic pressure is increased within the symbiont appressorium to breach the cuticle of the host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


melanization of appressorium wall

description: The process in which melanin is produced in the appressorium of the symbiont. Melanization of the appressorium increases turgor pressure in the appressorium.


name: regulation of formation by symbiont of haustorium for nutrient acquisition from host

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont haustorium formation for nutrient acquisition from host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: positive regulation of formation by symbiont of haustorium for nutrient acquisition from host

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont haustorium formation for nutrient acquisition from host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: negative regulation of formation by symbiont of haustorium for nutrient acquisition from host

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont haustorium formation for nutrient acquisition from host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


penetration peg formation

description: The assembly by the symbiont of a peg-like structure for the purpose of penetration into its host organism, which penetrates through the host cuticle and epidermal cell wall. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


modulation of penetration peg formation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont penetration peg formation for entry into host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: positive regulation of penetration peg formation

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont penetration peg formation for entry into host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: adhesion of symbiont infection cushion to host

description: The attachment of an infection cushion of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: adhesion of symbiont hyphopodium to host

description: The attachment of a hyphopodium of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: symbiont-mediated perturbation of host autophagy

description: A process in which a symbiont alters or subverts autophagy in the host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: symbiont-mediated perturbation of host receptor-mediated signal transduction

description: A process by which a symbiont alters or subverts a receptor-mediated signal transduction pathway in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host receptor-mediated signal transduction

description: A process in which a virus interferes with, inhibits or disrupts a receptor-mediated signal transduction pathway in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: symbiont-mediated perturbation of host G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction pathway

description: A process by which a symbiont alters or subverts the normal execution of a host G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction pathway. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction

description: A process in which a symbiont interferes with, inhibits or disrupts a G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: symbiont-mediated perturbation of host calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction

description: A process in which a symbiont alters or subverts a calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction

description: A process in which a virus interferes with, inhibits or disrupts a calcium or calmodulin-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


response to host

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of the symbiont or its cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting molecules of its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


response to host redox environment

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of the symbiont organism or its cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting the redox environment in host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: response to host oxygen tension environment

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of the symbiont or its cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting oxygen tension in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


response to host iron concentration

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of the symbiont or its cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detecting iron concentration in its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


infection cushion formation

description: The process in which an organized mass of hyphae is formed and numerous infective hyphae develop from the hyphae mass.


name: regulation of infection cushion formation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont infection cushion formation.


name: positive regulation of infection cushion formation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont infection cushion formation on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: negative regulation of infection cushion formation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont infection cushion formation on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


hyphopodium formation

description: The process in which a specialized structure, consisted of stalked, thick-walled, lobed cells of vegetative epiphytic hyphae, is formed, to attach and penetrate the host surface. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


regulation of hyphopodium formation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont hyphopodium formation on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: positive regulation of hyphopodium formation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont hyphopodium formation on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: negative regulation of hyphopodium formation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont hyphopodium formation on or near its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


haustorium mother cell formation

description: The process in which a symbiont cell is formed, separated from the tip of an infection hypha by a septum. The haustorium mother cell usually contains 2-4 fungal nuclei, and its function is to attach and penetrate the host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: regulation of haustorium mother cell formation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont haustorium mother cell formation. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: positive regulation of haustorium mother cell formation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont haustorium mother cell formation. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: negative regulation of haustorium mother cell formation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont haustorium mother cell formation. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: adhesion of symbiont haustorium mother cell to host

description: The attachment of a haustorium mother cell of the symbiont to its host via adhesion molecules. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


haustorium neck formation

description: The assembly by the symbiont of a neck-like structure for the purpose of penetration into its host organism. The neck-like structure connects haustorium mother cell and haustorium. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: modulation of symbiont haustorium neck formation for entry into host

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont haustorium neck formation for entry into host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: positive regulation of symbiont haustorium neck formation for entry into host

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont haustorium neck formation for entry into host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


penetration hypha formation

description: The assembly by the symbiont of a threadlike, tubular structure, which may contain multiple nuclei and may or may not be divided internally by septa or cross-walls, for the purpose of penetration into its host organism. In the case of an appressorium existing, this term is defined in further details as the process in which the symbiont penetration peg expands to form a hypha which traverses the epidermal cell and emerges into the intercellular space of the mesophyll tissue. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: regulation of penetration hypha formation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont penetration hypha formation for entry into host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: positive regulation of penetration hypha formation

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont penetration hypha formation for entry into host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host cAMP-mediated signal transduction

description: A process in which a virus interferes with, inhibits or disrupts a cAMP-mediated signal transduction in the host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


spore encystment

description: The physiological, developmental and morphological changes that occur in a symbiont spore during the process of its encystment. Encystment means to enter a state of essentially suspended animation in which the spore is protected by an outer coating and remains immobile and inactive until favorable conditions for growth occur again. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


modulation of spore encystment on host

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spore encystment on host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: positive regulation of spore encystment on host

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of spore encystment on host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: negative regulation of spore encystment on host

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of spore encystment on host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


zoospore encystment on host

description: The physiological, developmental and morphological changes that occur in a symbiont zoospore during the process of its encystment. Encystment means to enter a state of essentially suspended animation in which the spore is protected by an outer coating and remains immobile and inactive until favorable conditions for growth occur again. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: modulation of zoospore encystment on host

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of zoospore encystment on host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: positive regulation of zoospore encystment on host

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of zoospore encystment on host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: negative regulation of zoospore encystment on host

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of zoospore encystment on host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


sporangium germination

description: The physiological, developmental and morphological changes that occur in a symbiont sporangium following release from dormancy up to the earliest signs of growth. A sporangium is a structure producing and containing spores.


regulation of sporangium germination

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sporangium germination.


name: positive regulation of sporangium germination

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sporangium germination.


name: negative regulation of sporangium germination

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sporangium germination.


encysted zoospore germination

description: The physiological, developmental and morphological changes that occur in an encysted zoospore, that germinates by developing a germ tube that may penetrate the host directly or indirectly through an appressorium. An encysted zoospore is a zoospore which has shed its flagellum and whose membrane has fused to form a walled cyst. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: regulation of encysted zoospore germination

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an encysted zoospore germination.


name: positive regulation of encysted zoospore germination

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of encysted zoospore germination.


name: negative regulation of encysted zoospore germination

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of encysted zoospore germination.


zoospore formation

description: The process in which a diploid cell undergoes meiosis, and the meiotic products acquire specialized features of asexual motile mononucleate flagellated spores called zoospores.


regulation of zoospore formation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of zoospore formation, a process in which a diploid cell undergoes meiosis, and the meiotic products acquire specialized features of asexual motile mononucleate flagellated spores called zoospores.


name: positive regulation of zoospore formation

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of zoospore formation, a process in which a diploid cell undergoes meiosis, and the meiotic products acquire specialized features of asexual motile mononucleate flagellated spores called zoospores.


name: negative regulation of zoospore formation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of zoospore formation, a process in which a diploid cell undergoes meiosis, and the meiotic products acquire specialized features of asexual motile mononucleate flagellated spores called zoospores.


oospore formation

description: The process in which male and female gametangia develop and fuse to form an oospore, a thick-walled resting spore of Oomycetes and certain algae and fungi.


regulation of oospore formation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oospore formation, a process in which male and female gametangia develop and fuse to form a thick-walled resting spore of oomycetes.


name: positive regulation of oospore formation

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oospore formation, a process in which male and female gametangia develop and fuse to form a thick-walled resting spore of oomycetes.


name: negative regulation of oospore formation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oospore formation, a process in which male and female gametangia develop and fuse to form a thick-walled resting spore of oomycetes.


aeciospore formation

description: The process in which a dikaryotic spore of typically a rust fungus is produced in an aecium; in heteroecious rusts, the aeciospore is a spore stage that infects the alternate host.


regulation of aeciospore formation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aeciospore formation, a process in which a dikaryotic spore of typically a rust fungus is produced in an aecium.


name: positive regulation of aeciospore formation

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aeciospore formation, a process in which a dikaryotic spore of typically a rust fungus is produced in an aecium.


name: negative regulation of aeciospore formation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aeciospore formation, a process in which a dikaryotic spore of typically a rust fungus is produced in an aecium.


uredospore formation

description: The process which specific outcome is the formation of an asexual, dikaryotic, often rusty-colored spore, produced in a structure called a uredinium; mostly found in the rust fungus.


regulation of uredospore formation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of uredospore formation, a process in which an asexual, dikaryotic, often rusty-colored spore, is formed in a structure called a uredinium.


name: positive regulation of uredospore formation

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of uredospore formation, a process in which an asexual, dikaryotic, often rusty-colored spore, is formed in a structure called a uredinium.


name: negative regulation of uredospore formation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of uredospore formation, a process in which an asexual, dikaryotic, often rusty-colored spore, is formed in a structure called a uredinium.


teliospore formation

description: The set of processes leading to the formation of a thick-walled resting or over-wintering spore produced by the rust fungi (Uredinales) and smut fungi (Ustilaginales) in which karyogamy occurs.


regulation of teliospore formation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of teliospore formation, which is the formation of a thick-walled resting or over-wintering spore produced by the rust fungi (Uredinales) and smut fungi (Ustilaginales) in which karyogamy occurs.


name: positive regulation of teliospore formation

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of teliospore formation, which is the formation of a thick-walled resting or overwintering spore produced by the rust fungi (Uredinales) and smut fungi (Ustilaginales) in which karyogamy occurs.


name: negative regulation of teliospore formation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of teliospore formation, which is the formation of a thick-walled resting or overwintering spore produced by the rust fungi (Uredinales) and smut fungi (Ustilaginales) in which karyogamy occurs.


spore-bearing structure development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spore-bearing structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A spore-bearing structure is an anatomical structure that produces new spores.


name: regulation of spore-bearing organ development

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spore-bearing organ development, a process in which hyphae grow into special aggregates called fruiting bodies that produce new spores.


name: positive regulation of spore-bearing organ development

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of spore-bearing organ development, a process in which hyphae grow into special aggregates called fruiting bodies that produce new spores.


name: negative regulation of spore-bearing organ development

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of spore-bearing organ development, a process in which hyphae grow into special aggregates called fruiting bodies that produce new spores.


oogonium development

description: The process that leads to the development of an oogonium, a female gametangium of Oomycetes, containing one or more gametes.


regulation of oogonium development

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oogonium development, a process that leads to the formation of a female gametangium of oomycetes, containing one or more gametes.


name: positive regulation of oogonium development

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oogonium development, a process that leads to the formation of a female gametangium of oomycetes, containing one or more gametes.


name: negative regulation of oogonium development

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oogonium development, a process that leads to the formation of a female gametangium of oomycetes, containing one or more gametes.


aecium development

description: The process in which a cup-like structure containing chains of aeciospores is formed. This is characteristic of the rust fungus and typically, the first dikaryotic spores (aeciospores) are produced in the aecium.


regulation of aecium development

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aecium development, a process in which a cuplike structure containing chains of aeciospores is formed.


name: positive regulation of aecium development

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aecium development, a process in which a cuplike structure containing chains of aeciospores is formed.


name: negative regulation of aecium development

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aecium development, a process in which a cuplike structure containing chains of aeciospores is formed.


zygosporangium development

description: The process in which a fruiting body called zygosporangium is formed. A zygosporangium is a thick-walled structure in which spores are produced, and is characteristic of the Zygomycetes.


name: regulation of zygosporangium development

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of zygosporangium development, a process in which a fruiting body called zygosporangium is formed.


name: positive regulation of zygosporangium development

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of zygosporangium development, a process in which a fruiting body called zygosporangium is formed.


name: negative regulation of zygosporangium development

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of zygosporangium development, a process in which a fruiting body called zygosporangium is formed.


telium development

description: The process that leads to the development of a telium, which is a teliospore-bearing sorus of the rust fungi.


regulation of telium development

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telium development, a process that leads to the formation of a teliospore-bearing sorus of the rust fungi.


name: positive regulation of telium development

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telium development, a process that leads to the formation of a teliospore-bearing sorus of the rust fungi.


name: negative regulation of telium development

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telium development, a process that leads to the formation of a teliospore-bearing sorus of the rust fungi.


uredinium development

description: The process that leads to the formation of a uredinium, a reddish, pustule-like structure formed by a rust fungus and consisting of uredospores.


regulation of uredinium development

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of uredinium development, a process that leads to the formation of a reddish, pustule-like structure formed by a rust fungus and consisting of uredospores.


name: positive regulation of uredinium development

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of uredinium development, a process that leads to the formation of a reddish, pustule-like structure formed by a rust fungus and consisting of uredospores.


name: negative regulation of uredinium development

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of uredinium development, a process that leads to the formation of a reddish, pustule-like structure formed by a rust fungus and consisting of uredospores.


name: sporulation resulting in formation of a multicellular or syncytial spore

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular or syncytial spore via septations over time, from its initiation to the mature structure.


name: asexual sporulation resulting in formation of a multicellular or syncytial spore

description: The formation of a multicellular or syncytial spore via septations derived from mitosis.


name: sexual sporulation resulting in formation of a multicellular or syncytial spore

description: The formation of multicellular or syncytial spore via septations derived from meiosis. A multicellular or syncytial spore is a structure that can be used for dissemination, for survival of adverse conditions because of its heat and desiccation resistance, and/or for reproduction.


regulation of sporangiospore formation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sporangiospore formation, a process in which sporangiospores, a type of asexual spore found in fungi, are formed. Sporangiospores are formed within sac-like structure, the sporangium, following the division of the cytoplasm.


name: positive regulation of sporangiospore formation

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sporangiospore formation, a process in which sporangiospores, a type of asexual spore found in fungi, are formed. Sporangiospores are formed within sac-like structure, the sporangium, following the division of the cytoplasm.


name: negative regulation of sporangiospore formation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sporangiospore formation, a process in which sporangiospores, a type of asexual spore found in fungi, are formed. Sporangiospores are formed within sac-like structure, the sporangium, following the division of the cytoplasm.


aplanospore formation

description: The process in which a nonmotile, asexual spore is formed within a cell in certain algae and fungi (commonly in the Phycomycetes), the wall of aplanospore is distinct from that of the parent cell.


regulation of aplanospore formation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aplanospore formation, a process in which a nonmotile, asexual spore is formed within a cell in certain algae and fungi (commonly in the Phycomycetes), the wall of aplanospore is distinct from that of the parent cell.


name: positive regulation of aplanospore formation

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aplanospore formation, a process in which a nonmotile, asexual spore is formed within a cell in certain algae and fungi (commonly in the Phycomycetes), the wall of aplanospore is distinct from that of the parent cell.


name: negative regulation of aplanospore formation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aplanospore formation, a process in which a nonmotile, asexual spore is formed within a cell in certain algae and fungi (commonly in the Phycomycetes), the wall of aplanospore is distinct from that of the parent cell.


response to host pH environment

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of the symbiont or its cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the pH conditions in or around its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: positive regulation by symbiont of entry into host

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into the host organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.


name: positive regulation of ascospore formation

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ascospore formation, a process in which a sexual spore, named ascospore, from Ascomycete fungi was produced inside an ascus.


name: negative regulation of ascospore formation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ascospore formation, a process in which a sexual spore, named ascospore, from Ascomycete fungi was produced inside an ascus.


regulation of zygospore formation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of zygospore formation, a process in which a thick-walled spore of some algae and fungi is formed by union of two similar sexual cells, usually serves as a resting spore, and produces the sporophytic phase.


name: positive regulation of zygospore formation

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of frequency, rate or extent of zygospore formation, a process in which a thick-walled spore of some algae and fungi is formed by union of two similar sexual cells, usually serves as a resting spore, and produces the sporophytic phase.


name: negative regulation of zygospore formation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of zygospore formation, a process in which a thick-walled spore of some algae and fungi is formed by union of two similar sexual cells, usually serves as a resting spore, and produces the sporophytic phase.


regulation of basidiospore formation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of basidiospore formation, a process in which a sexually produced fungal spore is formed on a basidium in the fungi Basidiomycetes.


name: positive regulation of basidiospore formation

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of frequency, rate or extent of basidiospore formation, a process in which a sexually produced fungal spore is formed on a basidium in the fungi basidiomycetes.


name: negative regulation of basidiospore formation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of basidiospore formation, a process in which a sexually produced fungal spore is formed on a basidium in the fungi basidiomycetes.


regulation of conidium formation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of conidium formation, a process of producing non-motile spores, called conidia, via mitotic asexual reproduction in higher fungi. Conidia are haploid cells genetically identical to their haploid parent. They are produced by conversion of hyphal elements, or are borne on sporogenous cells on or within specialized structures termed conidiophores, and participate in dispersal of the fungus.


name: positive regulation of conidium formation

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of conidium formation, a process of producing non-motile spores, called conidia, via mitotic asexual reproduction in higher fungi. Conidia are haploid cells genetically identical to their haploid parent. They are produced by conversion of hyphal elements, or are borne on sporogenous cells on or within specialized structures termed conidiophores, and participate in dispersal of the fungus.


name: negative regulation of conidium formation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of conidium formation, a process of producing non-motile spores, called conidia, via mitotic asexual reproduction in higher fungi. Conidia are haploid cells genetically identical to their haploid parent. They are produced by conversion of hyphal elements, or are borne on sporogenous cells on or within specialized structures termed conidiophores, and participate in dispersal of the fungus.


regulation of sporangium development

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sporangium development, a process that leads to the formation of sporangium, a single-celled or many-celled structure in which spores are produced, as in fungi, algae, mosses, and ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms.


name: positive regulation of sporangium development

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sporangium development, a process that leads to the formation of sporangium, a single-celled or many-celled structure in which spores are produced, as in fungi, algae, mosses, and ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms.


name: negative regulation of sporangium development

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sporangium development, a process that leads to the formation of sporangium, a single-celled or many-celled structure in which spores are produced, as in fungi, algae, mosses, and ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms.


basidium development

description: The process that leads to the development of basidium, a small, specialized club-shaped structure typically bearing four basidiospores at the tips of minute projections. The basidium is unique to Basidiomycetes and distinguishes them from other kinds of fungi.


regulation of basidium development

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of basidium development, a process that leads to the formation of a basidium, a small, specialized club-shaped structure typically bearing four basidiospores at the tips of minute projections. The basidium is unique to Basidiomycetes and distinguishes them from other kinds of fungi.


name: positive regulation of basidium development

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of basidium development, a process that leads to the formation of basidium, a small, specialized club-shaped structure typically bearing four basidiospores at the tips of minute projections. The basidium is unique to basidiomycetes and distinguishes them from other kinds of fungi.


name: negative regulation of basidium development

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of basidium development, a process that leads to the formation of basidium, a small, specialized club-shaped structure typically bearing four basidiospores at the tips of minute projections. The basidium is unique to basidiomycetes and distinguishes them from other kinds of fungi.


ascus development

description: The process that leads to the development of ascus, a sac-like structure produced by fungi of the phylum Ascomycota (sac fungi) in which sexually produced spores (ascospores), usually four or eight in number, are formed.


regulation of ascus development

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ascus development, a process that leads to the formation of basidium, a sac-like structure produced by fungi of the phylum Ascomycota (sac fungi) in which sexually produced spores (ascospores), usually four or eight in number, are formed.


name: positive regulation of ascus development

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ascus development, a saclike structure produced by fungi of the phylum Ascomycota (sac fungi) in which sexually produced spores (ascospores), usually four or eight in number, are formed.


name: negative regulation of ascus development

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ascus development, a saclike structure produced by fungi of the phylum Ascomycota (sac fungi) in which sexually produced spores (ascospores), usually four or eight in number, are formed.


oomycete sporangium development

description: The process that leads to the development of an oomycete sporangium, a single-celled or many-celled structure that germinates directly to form an infection hypha or differentiates, through specialized cleavage vesicles, into between 10 and 30 zoospores, which are laterally flagellated.


name: regulation of oomycete sporangium development

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oomycete sporangium development, a process that leads to the formation of oomycete sporangium, a single-celled or many-celled structure that germinates directly to form an infection hypha or differentiate, through specialized cleavage vesicles, into between 10 and 30 zoospores, which is laterally flagellated.


name: positive regulation of oomycete sporangium development

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oomycete sporangium development, a process that leads to the formation of oomycete sporangium, a single-celled or many-celled structure that germinates directly to form an infection hypha or differentiate, through specialized cleavage vesicles, into between 10 and 30 zoospores, which is laterally flagellated.


name: negative regulation of oomycete sporangium development

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oomycete sporangium development, a process that leads to the formation of oomycete sporangium, a single-celled or many-celled structure that germinates directly to form an infection hypha or differentiate, through specialized cleavage vesicles, into between 10 and 30 zoospores, which is laterally flagellated.


spore dispersal

description: Any process in which an organism disseminates its spores.


name: formation of arbuscule for nutrient acquisition

description: The assembly of an arbuscule, a fine, tree-like hyphal symbiont structure projected into the host cell for the purpose of obtaining nutrients. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: regulation of arbuscule formation for nutrient acquisition from host

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont arbuscule formation for nutrient acquisition from host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: positive regulation of arbuscule formation for nutrient acquisition from host

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont arbuscule formation for nutrient acquisition from host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: negative regulation of arbuscule formation for nutrient acquisition from host

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of symbiont arbuscule formation for nutrient acquisition from host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


host cell PML body

description: A nuclear body that reacts against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML = promyelocytic leukemia) located within a cell of a host organism.


name: symbiont-mediated disruption of host cell PML body

description: The process in which an organism effects a change that impairs the structure or function of the host PML body. A PML body is a nuclear body that reacts against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML = promyelocytic leukemia). The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: endosome membrane permeabilization involved in viral entry into host cell

description: Induction of endosome membrane permeabilization triggered by an interaction between the host membrane and a membrane-penetration protein associated with the capsid. Occurs after internalization of the virus through the endosomal pathway, and results in delivery of the virus contents into the host cell cytoplasm.


name: fusion of virus membrane with host macropinosome membrane

description: Fusion of a viral membrane with a host macropinosome membrane, that occurs after internalization of the virus through the endosomal pathway, and results in release of the viral contents into the host cell cytoplasm.


name: macropinosomal membrane permeabilization involved in viral entry into host cell

description: Induction of macropinosome membrane permeabilization triggered by an interaction between the host membrane and a membrane-penetration protein associated with the capsid. Occurs after internalization of the virus in a macropinosome, and results in release of the viral contents from the macropinosome into the host cell cytoplasm.


name: entry of intact viral capsid into host nucleus through nuclear pore complex

description: Viral penetration into the host nucleus where a viral capsid passes intact through the host nuclear pore complex (NPC).


name: entry of viral genome into host nucleus through nuclear pore complex via importin

description: Viral penetration into the host nucleus where the viral genome passes through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) using the cellular importin transport machinery.


name: entry of viral genome into host nucleus via docking of viral capsid to the nuclear pore complex and injection of viral genome

description: Viral penetration into the host nucleus where the where a viral capsid docks on the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and ejects the viral genome through the pore into the nucleoplasm.


name: entry of viral genome into host nucleus via retainment of capsid in nuclear pore complex and release of genome into nucleoplasm

description: Viral penetration into the host nucleus where a viral capsid enters the host nuclear pore complex (NPC) but remains attached to the pore on the nuclear side. The capsid then disassembles, releasing the viral genome into the nucleoplasm.


name: endocytosis involved in viral entry into host cell

description: Any endocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell.


name: macropinocytosis involved in viral entry into host cell

description: Any macropinocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell.


name: macropinosome lysis involved in viral entry into host cell

description: Viral-induced lysis of the macropinosome involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell. Occurs after internalization of the virus in a macropinosome, and results in the release of viral contents from the macropinosome into the host cell cytoplasm.


name: clathrin-dependent endocytosis of virus by host cell

description: Any clathrin-mediated endocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell. Begins by invagination of a specific region of the host cell plasma membrane around the bound virus to form a clathrin-coated pit, which then pinches off to form a clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle containing the virus.


name: caveolin-mediated endocytosis of virus by host cell

description: Any caveolin-mediated endocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell. Begins when material is taken up into plasma membrane caveolae - specialized lipid rafts that form 50-70 nm flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane - which then pinch off to form endocytic caveolar carriers containing the virus.


name: endosome lysis involved in viral entry into host cell

description: Viral-induced lysis of the endosome involved in uptake of a virus into a host cell. Occurs after internalization of the virus through the endosomal pathway, and results in release of the viral contents from the endosome into the host cell cytoplasm.


name: microtubule-dependent intracellular transport of viral material

description: The directed movement of the viral genome or viral particle within the host cell cytoplasm along host microtubules. Microtubule-dependent transport involves motor proteins like dynein and kinesin and is mostly used by viruses that target their genomes to the nucleus.


name: actin-dependent intracellular transport of virus

description: The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, within the host cell cytoplasm via the host's actin filaments. Actin-dependent transport is induced by viral proteins that interact with actin and/or host cell motor proteins like myosins or that promotes actin polymerization/depolymerization reactions.


name: microtubule-dependent intracellular transport of viral material towards nucleus

description: The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, towards the host cell nucleus using host microtubules.


name: IRES-dependent viral translational initiation

description: Process by which viral mRNA translation is initiated, where a domain in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the viral mRNA called an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) binds the host 43S preinitiation complex, circumventing regular cap-dependent translation initiation.


viral translational frameshifting

description: A process which occurs during viral translation, which involves a translational recoding mechanism called programmed ribosomal frameshifting. This causes the ribosome to alter its reading of the mRNA to an a different open reading frame to produce alternate viral proteins.


ribosomal skipping

description: A translation process in which a specific viral peptide prevents the ribosome from covalently linking a new inserted amino acid, and lets it continue translation, thereby cleaving the nascent protein while allowing translation to continue.


description: A process which occurs as part of viral mRNA translation which allows expression of a downstream open reading frame (ORF) in a dicistronic mRNA. In this process, ribosomes translate the upstream ORF but following termination, a proportion of 40S subunits remain tethered to the mRNA and go on to re-initiate translation at the start codon of the downstream ORF.


cap snatching

description: A transcription initiation process during which a nucleotide sequence between 10 and 20 nucleotides in size is cleaved from the 5' end of host mRNAs by a viral RNA-dependent polymerase. The capped leader sequence obtained is subsequently used to prime transcription on the viral genome, which ultimately leads to the synthesis of capped, translatable viral mRNAs.


viral RNA editing

description: The process by which bases in viral mRNA are chemically altered during viral transcription. This is usually the incorporation of 1 - 6 additional nucleotides, which shifts the reading frame, allowing the generation of different protein products or through a specific nucleotide change that eliminates the termination codon.


name: perturbation by virus of host immune response

description: A process in which a virus effects a change in the host immune response.


name: establishment of latency as a circular episome

description: A process by which a virus establishes a latent state within its host as an episome, where the viral genome remains silent in the cytoplasm or nucleus as a circular structure.


name: establishment of latency as a linear episome

description: A process by which a virus establishes a latent state within its host as an episome, where the viral genome remains silent in the cytoplasm or nucleus as linear structure.


name: transport of viral material towards nucleus

description: The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, towards the host cell nucleus. The process begins after viral entry, and ends when the viral material is at the nuclear membrane.


name: establishment of integrated proviral latency

description: A process by which the virus integrates into the host genome and establishes as a stable provirus or prophage.


establishment of episomal latency

description: A process by which a virus establishes a latent state within its host as an episome, where the viral genome remains silent in the cytoplasm or nucleus as a distinct genetic entity.


viral penetration into host nucleus

description: The crossing by the virus of the host nuclear membrane, either as naked viral genome or for small viruses as an intact capsid.


intracellular transport of virus

description: The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, within the host cell.


mucilage extrusion from seed coat

description: The process in which seed mucilage expands through hydration and breaks the outer cell wall that encapsulates the whole seed upon imbibition. Mucilage, mainly composed of pectins, is formed during seed development and deposited into the apoplast underneath the outer wall of the seed coat.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 4-aminobenzoate + UDP-glucose = p-aminobenzoate-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester + UDP.


thalianol metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the triterpene thalianol.


thalian-diol desaturase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a thalian-diol = a desaturated thalian-diol. This reaction is the introduction of a double bond to a thalian-diol molecule at carbon 15.


photosystem stoichiometry adjustment

description: Adjustment of Photosystem I/Photosystem II ratio in response to light conditions. The function of photosystem stoichiometry adjustment is to compensate for any deficiency in energy conversion at either photosystem I or photosystem II by increasing the quantity the photosystem that will otherwise become the rate-limiting to overall photosynthesis.


internode patterning

description: Determines the spacing between two shoot nodes. A shoot node is the region of the shoot where the spikelet, flower, floret, branch, bud and/or leaves are attached.


name: S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (NADH) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-nitrosoglutathione + NADH + H+ = S-(hydroxysulfenamide)glutathione + NAD+.


Cul4-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex

description: A ubiquitin ligase complex in which a cullin from the Cul4 family and a RING domain protein form the catalytic core; substrate specificity is conferred by an adaptor protein.


baruol synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = baruol. Baruol is also known as D:B-Friedo-Baccharan-5,21-dien-3-ol.


name: trihydroxyferuloyl spermidine O-methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: trihydroxyferuloyl spermidine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = dihydroxyferuloyl-sinapoyl spermidine + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+.


(E,E)-geranyllinalool synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: all-trans-geranyl-geranyl diphosphate + H2O = (E,E)-geranyllinalool + diphosphate.


thalianol hydroxylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a thalianol = a thalian-diol. This reaction is the addition of a hydroxyl group to thalianol ((13R,14R,17E)-podioda-8,17,21-trien-3beta-ol) to create a thalian-diol ((13R,14R,17E)-podioda-8,17,21-trien-3beta,X-diol), where the hydroxyl group may be attached at one of several different available carbons in ring B or C of thalianol, indicated by the X.


sabinene synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: geranyl diphosphate = sabinene + diphosphate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = (-)-E-beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate.


alpha-humulene synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-trans,6-trans-farnesyl diphosphate = alpha-humulene + diphosphate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: an anthocyanin + UDP-D-glucose = an anthocyanin-5-O-glucoside + UDP.