D-ribulokinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-ribulose = ADP + D-ribulose 5-phosphate.


galactose 1-dehydrogenase activity

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Catalysis of the reaction: D-galactose + NAD+ = D-galactono-1,4-lactone + NADH + H+.


acetoin dehydrogenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acetoin + NAD+ = diacetyl + NADH + H+.


name: protein-disulfide reductase (glutathione) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2 glutathione + protein-disulfide = glutathione disulfide+ protein-dithiol.


glycolate dehydrogenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: A + glycolate = AH(2) + glyoxylate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-3-(imidazol-5-yl)lactate + NADP+ = 3-(imidazol-5-yl)pyruvate + NADPH + H+.


isoamylase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of alpha-(1,6)-D-glucosidic branch linkages in glycogen, amylopectin and their beta-limits dextrins.


mannokinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-mannose = ADP + D-mannose 6-phosphate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: beta-nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide + H2O = beta-nicotinate D-ribonucleotide + NH3.


NMN nucleosidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + nicotinamide mononucleotide = D-ribose 5-phosphate + H+ + nicotinamide.


diamine transaminase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: an alpha,omega-diamine + 2-oxoglutarate = an omega-aminoaldehyde + L-glutamate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: oxaloacetate + pyridoxamine = L-aspartate + pyridoxal.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate + 2-oxoglutarate = pyridoxal 5'-phosphate + D-glutamate.


pyruvate synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: pyruvate + CoA + 2 oxidized ferredoxin = acetyl-CoA + CO2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+.


thiamine kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + thiamine = ADP + 2 H+ + thiamine phosphate.


name: trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + NADP+ = trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.


2-octaprenylphenol hydroxylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-octaprenylphenol + NADPH + O2 + H+ = 2-octaprenyl-6-hydroxyphenol + NADP+ + H2O.


methylglyoxal reductase (NADH) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-lactaldehyde + NAD+ = methylglyoxal + NADH + H+.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: a (3R)-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] = a (2E)-enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] + H2O.


glyoxalase III activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: methylglyoxal + H2O = D-lactate.


name: tetrahydrothiophene 1-oxide reductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: tetrahydrothiophene 1-oxide + reduced acceptor = tetrahydrothiophene + acceptor.


name: dihydroneopterin monophosphate phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: dihydroneopterin monophosphate = dihydroneopterin + phosphate.


name: dihydroneopterin triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: dihydroneopterin triphosphate = dihydroneopterin phosphate + diphosphate.


NADP phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + NADP+ = NAD+ + phosphate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose + 2-oxoglutarate = dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-glucose + L-glutamate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + dTDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-galactose = L-glutamate + dTDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-galactose.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: a halohydrin = an epoxide + a hydrogen halide.


name: histamine-gated chloride channel activity

description: Enables the energy-independent facilitated diffusion of a chloride ion through a transmembrane channel that opens when bound to histamine.


name: histamine-gated chloride channel complex

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which chloride ions may pass in response to histamine binding to the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


name: nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic process

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The biosynthetic process in which peptide bond formation occurs in the absence of the translational machinery. Examples include the synthesis of antibiotic peptides, and glutathione.


snRNA-activating protein complex

description: A protein complex that recognizes the proximal sequence element of RNA polymerase II and III snRNA promoters.


acyl-CoA N-acyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from acyl-CoA to a nitrogen atom on an acceptor molecule.


beta-1,4-mannosyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a mannose residue to an oligosaccharide, forming a beta-(1->4) linkage.


name: cellobiose transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of cellobiose from one side of a membrane to the other. Cellobiose, or 4-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucose, is a disaccharide that represents the basic repeating unit of cellulose.


name: sorbose transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of sorbose from one side of a membrane to the other. Sorbose is the ketohexose xylo-2-hexulose; L-sorbose is formed by bacterial oxidation of sorbitol. Sorbose is produced commercially by fermentation and is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of ascorbic acid.


name: galactosamine transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of galactosamine from one side of a membrane to the other. Galactosamine is an aminodeoxysugar; D-galactosamine is a constituent of some glycolipids and glycosaminoglycans, commonly as its N-acetyl derivative.


name: phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase complex

description: Includes phosphoenolpyruvate-protein phosphatase (enzyme I of the phosphotransferase system) and protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-sugar phosphotransferase (enzyme II of the phosphotransferase system).


name: transmembrane receptor protein phosphatase activity

description: Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: a phosphoprotein + H2O = a protein + phosphate.


name: transmembrane receptor protein kinase activity

description: Combining with a signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: a protein + ATP = a phosphoprotein + ADP.


carbohydrate kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a carbohydrate substrate molecule.


amino acid kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to an amino acid substrate.


carbohydrate phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: carbohydrate phosphate + H2O = carbohydrate + phosphate.


name: nucleobase-containing compound kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP or GTP, to a nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or polynucleotide substrate.


nucleoside kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + nucleoside = ADP + nucleoside monophosphate.


kinase regulator activity

description: Modulates the activity of a kinase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.


phosphatase regulator activity

description: Binds to and modulates the activity of a phosphatase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the removal of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule.


kinase activator activity

description: Binds to and increases the activity of a kinase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.


kinase inhibitor activity

description: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a kinase.


phosphatase activator activity

description: Binds to and increases the activity of a phosphatase.


phosphatase inhibitor activity

description: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of a phosphatase.


deacetylase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an acetyl group or groups from a substrate molecule.


intermediate filament binding

description: Binding to an intermediate filament, a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of higher eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space.


regulation of lipid metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.


name: regulation of fatty acid metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.


regulation of steroid metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.


name: regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process

description: Any cellular process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids.


name: regulation of phosphate metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.


cytokine-mediated signaling pathway

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


regulation of metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.


transmission of nerve impulse

description: The neurological system process in which a signal is transmitted through the nervous system by a combination of action potential propagation and synaptic transmission.


neuronal action potential propagation

description: The propagation of an action potential along an axon, away from the soma.


neuronal action potential

description: An action potential that occurs in a neuron.


regulation of vasoconstriction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels.


proprioception

description: The series of events by which an organism senses the position, location, orientation, and movement of the body and its parts. Proprioception is mediated by proprioceptors, sensory nerve terminals found in muscles, tendons, and joint capsules, which give information concerning movements and position of the body. The receptors in the labyrinth are sometimes also considered proprioceptors.


perception of static position

description: The perception of the orientation of different parts of the body with respect to one another.


perception of rate of movement

description: The series of events by which an organism senses the speed and direction of movement of the body and its parts.


sensory perception of pain

description: The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances. This is a neurological process.


sensory perception of fast pain

description: The series of events required for an organism to receive a fast pain stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. Fast pain is often subjectively described as a sharp or stabbing pain; in humans, the signals from a fast pain stimulus are perceived and relayed along myelinated A-delta fibers to the central nervous system, reaching their target in about 0.1 seconds.


sensory perception of slow pain

description: The series of events required for an organism to receive a slow pain stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. Slow pain is often subjectively described as an aching or throbbing pain; in humans, the signals from a slow pain stimulus are perceived and relayed along unmyelinated C fibers to the central nervous system, reaching their target in about 1 second. Slow pain is often associated with tissue destruction.


response to pheromone

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus.


centromeric DNA binding

description: Binding to a centromere, a region of chromosome where the spindle fibers attach during mitosis and meiosis.


cyclohydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amidine, a compound of the form R-C(=NH)-NH2, in a reaction that involves the opening of a ring.


deaminase activity

description: Catalysis of the removal of an amino group from a substrate, producing a substituted or nonsubstituted ammonia (NH3/NH2R).


citrulline biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of citrulline, N5-carbamoyl-L-ornithine, an alpha amino acid not found in proteins.


citrulline catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of citrulline, N5-carbamoyl-L-ornithine, an alpha amino acid not found in proteins.


methylglyoxal biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, the aldehyde of pyruvic acid.


name: methylglyoxal catabolic process to D-lactate via S-lactoyl-glutathione

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, into D-lactate via the intermediate S-lactoyl-glutathione. Glutathione is used in the first step of the pathway and then regenerated in the second step.


name: lactate biosynthetic process from pyruvate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactate from other compounds, including pyruvate.


name: D(-)-lactate biosynthetic process from pyruvate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D(-)-lactate from other compounds, including pyruvate.


name: L(+)-lactate biosynthetic process from pyruvate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L(+)-lactate from other compounds, including pyruvate.


lactate racemization

description: Partial conversion of one lactate enantiomer into another so that the specific optical rotation is decreased, or even reduced to zero, in the resulting mixture.


name: D-lactate biosynthetic process from methylglyoxal via (R)-lactaldehyde

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-lactate from methylglyoxal, via the intermediate (R)-lactaldehyde.


lactate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactate, the anion of lactic acid.


aerobic cobalamin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cobalamin (vitamin B12) in the presence of oxygen.


name: anaerobic cobalamin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cobalamin (vitamin B12) in the absence of oxygen.


starch biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants.


reductive pentose-phosphate cycle

description: The fixation of carbon dioxide (CO2) as glucose in the chloroplasts of C3 plants; uses ATP and NADPH formed in the light reactions of photosynthesis; carbon dioxide reacts with ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (catalyzed by the function of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase) to yield two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate; these are then phosphorylated by ATP to 1,3-bisphosphateglyceraldehyde which, in turn, is then reduced by NADPH to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted to fructose 5-phosphate and ribulose 5-phosphate by aldolase and other enzymes; the ribulose 5-phosphate is phosphorylated by ATP to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate.


carnitine metabolic process, CoA-linked

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving carnitine, where metabolism is linked to CoA.


glucose 1-phosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose 1-phosphate, a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-1.


acrylonitrile catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acrylonitrile, a colorless, volatile liquid with a pungent odor. Acrylonitrile is used in the production of acrylic fibers, plastics, and synthetic rubbers.


4-nitrotoluene metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving 4-nitrotoluene, 1-methyl-4-nitrobenzene. It is a light yellow liquid with a weak aromatic odor.


4-nitrotoluene catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 4-nitrotoluene, 1-methyl-4-nitrobenzene.


1,2-dichloroethane catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 1,2-dichloroethane, a major commodity chemical used, for example, in the manufacture of vinyl chloride.


1,4-dichlorobenzene catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (p-dichlorobenzene or paramoth), a derivative of benzene with two chlorine atoms attached at opposite positions on the ring.


N-acetylneuraminate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-acetylneuraminate, the anion of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid.


adamantanone catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of adamantanone, tricyclo(3.3.1.13,7)decanone, a white crystalline solid used as an intermediate for microelectronics in the production of photoresists.


name: glycine biosynthetic process from serine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine from other compounds, including serine.


name: glycine biosynthetic process, by transamination of glyoxylate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine by the transamination of glyoxylate.


name: asparagine biosynthetic process from oxaloacetate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of asparagine from other compounds, including oxaloacetate.


name: asparagine biosynthetic process from cysteine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of asparagine from other compounds, including cysteine.


aerobactin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aerobactin (C22H36N4O13), a hydroxamate iron transport compound. It is a conjugate of 6-(N-acetyl-N-hydroxylamine)-2-aminohexanoic acid and citric acid.


aerobactin transport

description: The directed movement of the hydroxamate iron transport compound aerobactin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Aerobactin (C22H36N4O13) is a conjugate of 6-(N-acetyl-N-hydroxylamine)-2-aminohexanoic acid and citric acid.


name: L-alanine biosynthetic process from pyruvate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alanine from other compounds, including pyruvate.


name: L-alanine biosynthetic process via ornithine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-alanine, via the intermediate ornithine.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylgalactosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


name: L-methionine biosynthetic process from L-homoserine via cystathionine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-methionine from other compounds, including L-homoserine, via the intermediate cystathionine.


name: L-methionine biosynthetic process from homoserine via O-acetyl-L-homoserine and cystathionine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine from other compounds, including homoserine, via the intermediates O-acetyl-L-homoserine and cystathionine.


name: L-methionine biosynthetic process from homoserine via O-succinyl-L-homoserine and cystathionine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-methionine from other compounds, including homoserine, via the intermediates O-succinyl-L-homoserine and cystathionine.


name: L-methionine biosynthetic process from O-phospho-L-homoserine and cystathionine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-methionine from other compounds, including O-phospho-L-homoserine and cystathionine.


name: L-methionine salvage from S-adenosylmethionine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-methionine from S-adenosylmethionine.


name: glycine betaine biosynthetic process from choline

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of betaine (N-trimethylglycine) from the oxidation of choline.


name: glycine betaine biosynthetic process from glycine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine betaine from other compounds, including glycine.


name: isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, mevalonate pathway

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate, via the intermediate mevalonate. This pathway converts acetate, in the form of acetyl-CoA, to isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), the fundamental unit in isoprenoid biosynthesis, through a series of mevalonate intermediates.


name: isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process, methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate by the mevalonate-independent pathway. Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) is the fundamental unit in isoprenoid biosynthesis and is biosynthesized from pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate via intermediates, including 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate.


rhizobactin 1021 biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of rhizobactin 1021, (E)-4-((3-(acetylhydroxyamino)propyl)-amino)-2-hydroxy-(2-(2-(3-(hydroxy(1-oxo-2-decenyl)amino)propyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid, a siderophore produced by Sinorhizobium meliloti.


siderophore biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of siderophores, low molecular weight Fe(III)-chelating substances made by aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria, especially when growing under iron deficient conditions. The complexes of Fe(3+)-siderophores have very high stability constants and are taken up by specific transport systems by microorganisms; the subsequent release of iron requires enzymatic action.


name: L-tyrosine biosynthetic process from chorismate via 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-tyrosine from other compounds, including chorismate, via the intermediate 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate.


name: tyrosine biosynthetic process, by oxidation of phenylalanine

description: The conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.


name: keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid, an acidic sugar present in lipopolysaccharides of the outer membranes of some Gram-negative bacteria.


coenzyme M biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzyme M (2-thioethansulfonate), a coenzyme involved in the utilization of methane by methanogenic prokaryotes.


coenzyme M metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme M (2-thioethansulfonate), a coenzyme involved in the utilization of methane by methanogenic prokaryotes.


coenzyme B metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme B (7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate), a coenzyme involved in the utilization of methane by methanogenic prokaryotes.


coenzyme B biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzyme B (7-mercaptoheptanoylthreonine phosphate), a coenzyme involved in the utilization of methane by methanogenic prokaryotes.


rhamnose metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving rhamnose, the hexose 6-deoxy-L-mannose. Rhamnose occurs commonly as a compound of plant glycosides, in polysaccharides of gums and mucilages, and in bacterial polysaccharides. It is also a component of some plant cell wall polysaccharides and frequently acts as the sugar components of flavonoids.


rhamnose biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of rhamnose, the hexose 6-deoxy-L-mannose.


rhamnose catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of rhamnose, the hexose 6-deoxy-L-mannose.


D-ribose biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-ribose, (ribo-pentose).


D-ribose catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-ribose (ribo-pentose).


anaerobic rhamnose catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of rhamnose, the hexose 6-deoxy-L-mannose, that occurs in the absence of oxygen.


dTDP-rhamnose biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTDP-rhamnose, a substance composed of rhamnose in glycosidic linkage with deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate.


GDP-D-rhamnose biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-D-rhamnose, a substance composed of rhamnose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.


mannose biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose.


dTDP-mannose biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate.


mannose catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose.


inositol catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.


sorbose metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving sorbose, the ketohexose xylo-2-hexulose. Sorbose is produced commercially by fermentation and is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of ascorbic acid.


L-sorbose metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving sorbose, the L-enantiomer of the ketohexose xylo-2-hexulose. L-sorbose is formed by bacterial oxidation of sorbitol.


D-allose metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-allose, the D-enantiomer of allo-hexose, an aldohexose similar to glucose.


D-allose biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-allose, the D-enantiomer of allo-hexose, an aldohexose similar to glucose.


D-allose catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-allose, the D-enantiomer of allo-hexose, an aldohexose similar to glucose.


fucose catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fucose (6-deoxygalactose).


hexose metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.


hexose biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.


hexose catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.


pentose metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.


pentose biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.


pentose catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.


L-lyxose metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-lyxose, the L-enantiomer of aldopentose lyxo-pentose, the C-2 epimer of xylose.


anaerobic fructose catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructose that occurs in the absence of oxygen.


nitrotoluene metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrotoluene, any methylbenzene molecule with NO2 group(s) attached.


lead sulfide oxidation

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the conversion of lead sulfide to lead sulfate.


anaerobic gallate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gallate, the anion of gallic acid, in the absence of oxygen.


ammonia oxidation

description: The chemical reactions and pathways by which ammonia or ammonium is converted to molecular nitrogen or another nitrogen compound, with accompanying loss of electrons.


aldoxime metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldoximes, compounds derived by the reaction of an aldose with hydroxylamine, thus containing the aldoxime group -HC=NOH.


name: anaerobic respiration, using ammonium as electron donor

description: The oxidation of ammonium (NH4) to nitrogen (N2) in the absence of oxygen, using nitrite (NO2) as the electron acceptor. It is suggested that hydroxylamine and ammonium are combined to yield hydrazine, which is subsequently oxidized to N2.


name: aerobic respiration, using nitrite as electron donor

description: The oxidation of nitrite (NO2) to nitrate (NO3), using oxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor. Nitrite oxidation is the final step in nitrification, the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate, and nitrite oxidoreductase (NOR) is the key enzyme complex that catalyzes the conversion of nitrite to nitrate in nitrite oxidizing species.


denitrification pathway

description: The reduction of nitrate to dinitrogen by four reactions; each intermediate is transformed to the next lower oxidation state; also part of cellular bioenergetics; the nitrogen compounds can serve as terminal acceptors for electron transport phosphorylation in place of oxygen.


p-cymene catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of p-cymene, 1-methyl-4-isopropylbenzene, one of the alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons found in volatile oils from over 100 plants.


3-methylquinoline catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 3-methylquinoline, C10H9N, an aromatic compound composed of a benzene ring and a heterocyclic N-containing ring.


name: phenol-containing compound catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.


tetrachloroethylene catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tetrachloroethylene, a derivative of ethene with the hydrogen atoms replaced by chlorines.


pentachlorophenol catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pentachlorophenol, a chlorinated insecticide and fungicide used primarily to protect timber from fungal rot and wood boring insects. Pentachlorophenol is significantly toxic to mammals, plants, and many microorganisms.


parathion catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of parathion, a highly toxic organophosphate compound. Degradation of parathion by sunlight or liver enzymes can result in the formation of the active compound paraoxon which interferes with the nervous system through cholinesterase inhibition.


dibenzofuran catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dibenzofuran, a substance composed of two benzene rings linked by one ether bond and one carbon-carbon bond.


dibenzo-p-dioxin catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dibenzo-p-dioxin, a substance composed of two benzene rings linked by two ether bonds.


trypanothione biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of trypanothione (N1,N6,-bis(glutathionyl)spermidine) in two steps from glutathione and spermidine via an N1- or N8-glutathionylspermidine intermediate. Trypanothione appears to be an essential redox intermediate in intracellular thiol redox regulation. It also plays a role in protecting against oxidative stress.


name: cysteine biosynthetic process via cystathionine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, via the intermediate cystathionine.


cysteine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.


name: cysteine biosynthetic process via S-sulfo-L-cysteine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine, via the intermediate S-sulfo-L-cysteine.


transsulfuration

description: The interconversion of homocysteine and cysteine via cystathionine. In contrast with enteric bacteria and mammals, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two transsulfuration pathways employing two separate sets of enzymes.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-alpha-D-mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol, a substance composed of mannosylchitobiosyldiphosphodolichol in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.


dolichol metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dolichols, any 2,3-dihydropolyprenol derived from four or more linked isoprene units.


ribitol metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ribitol, a pentitol derived formally by reduction of the -CHO group of either D- or L-ribose. It occurs free in some plants and is a component of riboflavin.


teichoic acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of teichoic acid, any polymer occurring in the cell wall, membrane or capsule of Gram-positive bacteria and containing chains of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate residues.


dethiobiotin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dethiobiotin, a derivative of biotin in which the sulfur atom has been replaced by two hydrogen atoms.


name: protoporphyrinogen IX biosynthetic process from glycine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of protoporphyrinogen IX from other compounds, including glycine.


name: protoporphyrinogen IX biosynthetic process from glutamate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of protoporphyrinogen IX from other compounds, including glutamate.


siroheme biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of siroheme, a tetrahydroporphyrin with adjacent, reduced pyrrole rings.


name: nicotinate nucleotide biosynthetic process from tryptophan

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinate nucleotide from other compounds, including tryptophan.


name: nicotinate nucleotide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide nucleotides, any nucleotide that contains combined nicotinate (pyridine 3-carboxylic acid).


nicotinate nucleotide salvage

description: The generation of nicotinate nucleotide without de novo synthesis.


name: nicotinamide nucleotide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide nucleotides, any nucleotide that contains combined nicotinamide.


name: nicotinamide nucleotide biosynthetic process from niacinamide

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide nucleotide from other compounds, including niacinamide.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 2'-(5''-triphosphoribosyl)-3'-dephospho-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A.


pyridine nucleotide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base.


name: pyridine nucleotide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base.


pyridine nucleotide catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base.


pyridine nucleotide salvage

description: Any process that generates a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.


name: fatty acid elongation, saturated fatty acid

description: Elongation of a saturated fatty acid chain.


name: fatty acid elongation, unsaturated fatty acid

description: Elongation of a fatty acid chain into which one or more C-C double bonds have been introduced.


arachidonic acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer.


leukotriene biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.


cyclooxygenase pathway

description: The chemical reactions and pathways by which prostaglandins are formed from arachidonic acid, and in which prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (cyclooxygenase) catalyzes the committed step in the conversion of arachidonic acid to the prostaglandin-endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2.


lipoxygenase pathway

description: The chemical reactions and pathways by which an unsaturated fatty acid (such as arachidonic acid or linolenic acid) is converted to other compounds, and in which the first step is hydroperoxide formation catalyzed by lipoxygenase.


epoxygenase P450 pathway

description: The chemical reactions and pathways by which arachidonic acid is converted to other compounds including epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids.


galactolipid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactolipids, any glycolipid containing one of more residues of galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine.


galactolipid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactolipids, any glycolipid containing one of more residues of galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine.


galactolipid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactolipids, any glycolipid containing one of more residues of galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine.


glycolipid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide).


name: sulfate assimilation, phosphoadenylyl sulfate reduction by phosphoadenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin)

description: The pathway by which inorganic sulfate is processed and incorporated into sulfated compounds, where the phosphoadenylyl sulfate reduction step is catalyzed by the enzyme phosphoadenylyl-sulfate reductase (thioredoxin) (EC:1.8.4.8).


3-phenylpropionate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 3-phenylpropionate, the anion of phenylpropanoic acid.


atrazine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of atrazine, a triazine ring-containing herbicide.


carbon tetrachloride catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbon tetrachloride, a toxic, carcinogenic compound which is used as a general solvent in industrial degreasing operations. It is also used as grain fumigant and a chemical intermediate in the production of refrigerants.


(+)-camphor catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of (+)-camphor, a bicyclic monoterpene ketone.


caprolactam catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of caprolactam, hexahydro-2h-azepin-2-one, a cyclic amide of caproic acid.


methanogenesis, from acetate

description: The formation of methane, a colorless, odorless, flammable gas with the formula CH4, from other components, including acetate.


methanogenesis, from carbon dioxide

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methane, a colorless, odorless, flammable gas with the formula CH4, from other compounds, including carbon dioxide (CO2).


methanogenesis, from methanol

description: The formation of methane, a colorless, odorless, flammable gas with the formula CH4, from other components, including methanol.


galactose catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose.


glucuronoside metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucuronosides, any compound formed by combination in glycosidic linkage of a hydroxy compound with the anomeric carbon atom of a glucuronate.


glucuronoside biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucuronosides, compound composed of a hydroxy compound linked to a glucuronate residue.


glucuronoside catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucuronosides, compound composed of a hydroxy compound linked to a glucuronate residue.


glucarate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucarate, the dianion of glucaric acid, an aldaric acid derived from either glucose or gulose. There are two enantiomers L- and D-glucarate.


glucarate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucarate, the anion of glucaric acid.


glucarate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucarate, the anion of glucaric acid.


fatty acid oxidation

description: The removal of one or more electrons from a fatty acid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen.


gallate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gallate, the anion of gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid).


name: gallate catabolic process via 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gallate, the anion of gallic acid, via the intermediate 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylate.


name: gallate catabolic process via gallate dioxygenase activity

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of gallate, the anion of gallic acid, where the first step is the conversion of gallate to (1E)-4-oxobut-1-ene-1,2,4-tricarboxylate catalyzed by gallate dioxygenase.


cyclohexanol oxidation

description: The cyclohexanol metabolic process in which cyclohexanol is converted to adipate.


alditol metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.


alditol biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.


galactitol metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactitol, the hexitol derived by the reduction of the aldehyde group of either D- or L-galactose.


galactitol biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactitol, the hexitol derived by the reduction of the aldehyde group of either D- or L-galactose.


galactitol catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactitol, the hexitol derived by the reduction of the aldehyde group of either D- or L-galactose.


alditol catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.


hexitol biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hexitols, any alditol with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.


hexitol catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hexitols, any alditol with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.


dolichol biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichols, any 2,3-dihydropolyprenol derived from four or more linked isoprene units.


name: aerobic respiration, using ammonia as electron donor

description: The metabolic process in which ammonia (NH3) is oxidized to nitrite (NO2) in the presence of oxygen; enzymatic reactions convert ammonia to hydrazine, and hydrazine to nitrite.


name: aerobic respiration, using carbon monoxide as electron donor

description: The metabolic process in which carbon monoxide (CO) is oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) to generate energy. Conservation of energy in this process likely uses sodium ion gradients for ATP synthesis and is coupled to quantitative sulfide methylation.


name: aerobic respiration, using ferrous ions as electron donor

description: The metabolic process in which ferrous ions (Fe2+) are oxidized to ferric ions (Fe3+) to generate energy, coupled to the reduction of carbon dioxide.


name: aerobic respiration, using hydrogen as electron donor

description: The oxidation of hydrogen (H2) to water (H2O), using oxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor. A hydrogenase enzyme binds H2 and the hydrogen atoms are passed through an electron transfer chain to O2 to form water.


acetate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetate, the anion of acetic acid.


name: aerobic respiration, using sulfur or sulfate as electron donor

description: An aerobic respiration process in which a sulfur-containing molecule (hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, sulfite, thiosulfate, and various polythionates) is oxidized.


name: acetate biosynthetic process from carbon monoxide

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetate from other compounds, including carbon monoxide.


polythionate oxidation

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the conversion of thiosulfate to tetrathionate, using cytochrome c as an electron acceptor.


sulfur oxidation

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting the addition of oxygen to elemental sulfur.


sulfide oxidation

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the conversion of sulfide to elemental sulfur in a higher oxidation state, or to sulfite or sulfate.


dissimilatory sulfate reduction

description: The reduction of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide, which acts as a terminal electron acceptor. Sulfate is activated to adenosine-phosphosulfate (APS) which is then reduced to sulfite, which is in turn reduced to hydrogen sulfide.


disproportionation of elemental sulfur

description: The process in which sulfur compounds with an intermediate oxidation state serve as both electron donors and electron acceptors in an energy-generating redox process. The reaction takes place anaerobically, in light and in the absence of CO2.


sulfur oxidation, ferric ion-dependent

description: A sulfur oxidation process that proceeds via the reaction catalyzed by sulfur:ferric ion oxidoreductase, and requires the presence of ferric ion (Fe3+).


name: acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from acetate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from acetate, either directly or via acetylphosphate.


allantoin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea.


fluorene catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fluorene, a tricyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon containing a five-membered ring. It is a major component of fossil fuels and their derivatives and is also a by-product of coal-conversion and energy-related industries. It is commonly found in vehicle exhaust emissions, crude oils, motor oils, coal and oil combustion products, waste incineration, and industrial effluents.


removal of superoxide radicals

description: Any process, acting at the cellular level, involved in removing superoxide radicals (O2-) from a cell or organism, e.g. by conversion to dioxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).


name: acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from ethanol

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from ethanol via acetaldehyde.


triglyceride biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.


triglyceride catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving sophorosyloxydocosanoate, 13-sophorosyloxydocosanoate 6',6''-diacetate, an aromatic hydrocarbon.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sophorosyloxydocosanoate, 13-sophorosyloxydocosanoate 6',6''-diacetate.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sophorosyloxydocosanoate, 13-sophorosyloxydocosanoate 6',6''-diacetate.


name: tryptophan catabolic process to indole-3-acetate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including indole-3-acetate.


name: tryptophan catabolic process to kynurenine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including kynurenine.


name: tryptophan catabolic process to acetyl-CoA

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including acetyl-CoA.


name: tryptophan catabolic process to catechol

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including catechol.


tyrosine catabolic process to fumarate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tyrosine into other compounds, including fumarate.


D-cysteine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-cysteine, (S)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, which occurs naturally in firefly luciferin.


L-cysteine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-cysteine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.


name: L-cysteine catabolic process to hypotaurine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-cysteine into other compounds, including hypotaurine.


name: L-cysteine catabolic process to pyruvate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-cysteine into other compounds, including pyruvate.


name: L-cysteine catabolic process to pyruvate, using cysteine dioxygenase

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown into pyruvate of L-cystine, catalyzed by the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase (EC:1.13.11.20).


L-cysteine catabolic process to taurine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-cysteine into other compounds, including taurine.


name: L-cysteine catabolic process via cystine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-cysteine, via the intermediate cystine.


name: L-cysteine catabolic process via cystine, using glutathione-cystine transhydrogenase

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown, via the compound cystine, of L-cysteine, catalyzed by the enzyme glutathione-cystine transhydrogenase.


name: L-cysteine catabolic process via cystine, using cystine reductase

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown, via the compound cystine, of L-cysteine, catalyzed by the enzyme cystine reductase.


name: L-cysteine catabolic process via cystine, using cysteine transaminase

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown, via the compound cystine, of L-cysteine, catalyzed by the enzyme cysteine transaminase.


name: methionine catabolic process to succinyl-CoA

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methionine into other compounds, including succinyl-CoA.


name: methionine catabolic process via 2-oxobutanoate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of methionine, via the intermediate 2-oxobutanoate.


glutamine catabolic process to fumarate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamine into other compounds, including fumarate.


name: glutamine catabolic process to fumarate, using glutamate synthase (NADPH)

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamine into fumarate, beginning with the conversion of glutamine to glutamate catalyzed by the enzyme glutamate synthase (NADPH) (EC:1.4.1.13).


name: glutamine catabolic process to fumarate, using glutaminase

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamine into fumarate, beginning with conversion of glutamine into glutamate catalyzed by the enzyme glutaminase (EC:3.5.1.2).


glycine catabolic process to creatine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine into other compounds, including creatine.


name: glycine decarboxylation via glycine cleavage system

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycine by oxidative cleavage to carbon dioxide, ammonia, and a methylene group, mediated by enzymes of the glycine cleavage complex.


aspartate transamidation

description: The exchange of the amino group of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, for another amino group.


ornithine catabolic process via proline

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ornithine, via the intermediate proline.


name: ornithine catabolic process, by decarboxylation

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ornithine by decarboxylation.


nopaline catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nopaline (N-(I-carboxy-4-guanidinobutyl)glutamic acid), a rare amino-acid derivative.


octopine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of octopine (N-(1-carboxy-4-guanidinobutyl)-L-alanine), an amino acid derived opine.


4-hydroxyproline catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 4-hydroxyproline, C5H9NO3, a derivative of the amino acid proline.


4-hydroxyproline metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving 4-hydroxyproline, C5H9NO3, a derivative of the amino acid proline. The presence of hydroxyproline is essential to produce stable triple helical tropocollagen, hence the problems caused by ascorbate deficiency in scurvy. This unusual amino acid is also present in considerable amounts in the major glycoprotein of primary plant cell walls.


4-hydroxyproline biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 4-hydroxyproline, C5H9NO3, a derivative of the amino acid proline.


name: L-lysine catabolic process to glutarate, by acetylation

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine into other compounds, including glutarate, by acetylation.


name: L-lysine catabolic process to acetyl-CoA

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine into other compounds, including acetyl-CoA.


L-lysine catabolic process to acetate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine into other compounds, including acetate.


D-lysine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-lysine, the D-enantiomer of lysine; i.e. (2R)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.


L-lysine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-lysine, the L-enantiomer of (S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.


D-amino acid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-amino acids, the D-enantiomers of amino acids.


name: L-alanine oxidation to D-lactate and ammonia

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine to D-lactate and ammonia.


name: L-alanine oxidation to pyruvate via D-alanine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine to pyruvate, with D-alanine as an intermediate.


name: L-alanine catabolic process, by transamination

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine by transamination.


beta-alanine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins.


beta-alanine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins.


beta-alanine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid), an achiral amino acid and an isomer of alanine. It occurs free (e.g. in brain) and in combination (e.g. in pantothenate) but it is not a constituent of proteins.


name: beta-alanine catabolic process to L-alanine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-alanine into other compounds, including L-alanine.


name: beta-alanine catabolic process to mevalonate semialdehyde, by transamination

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of beta-alanine into other compounds, including mevalonate semialdehyde, by transamination.


anaerobic acetylene catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylene, a colorless, volatile, explosive gas, that occur in the absence of oxygen.


name: ribitol catabolic process to xylulose 5-phosphate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ribitol to form xylulose 5-phosphate. Ribitol is initially converted to D-ribulose, which is phosphorylated to form ribulose 5-phosphate, which is then converted into xylulose 5-phosphate.


methylgallate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving methylgallate, trihydroxymethylbenzoate, the anion of methylgallic acid.


2-aminobenzenesulfonate desulfonation

description: The removal of the sulfonate group from 2-aminobenzenesulfonate, an aromatic sulfonate used in organic synthesis and in the manufacture of various dyes and medicines.


ectoine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid), a tetrahydropyrimidine commonly synthesized by halophilic bacteria.


proline salvage

description: Any process which produces the amino acid proline from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


arginine catabolic process to proline

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine into other compounds, including proline.


name: proline catabolic process to 2-oxoglutarate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline into other compounds, including 2-oxoglutarate.


serine-isocitrate lyase pathway

description: A one-carbon metabolic process in which acetyl-CoA is produced from formaldehyde and carbon dioxide.


hexachlorocyclohexane metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving hexachlorocyclohexane, a cyclohexane derivative with 6 chlorine atoms attached to the hexane ring. Hexachlorocyclohexane consists of a mixture of 8 different isomers and was used a commercial insecticide. It is persistent in the environment, causing serious soil pollution.


n-octane oxidation

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the conversion of n-octane to octanoyl-CoA.


cyanide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyanide, NC-, the anion of hydrocyanic acid. Cyanide is a potent inhibitor of respiration, reacting with the ferric form of cytochrome aa3 and thus blocking the electron transport chain.


cyanide catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyanide, NC-, the anion of hydrocyanic acid. Cyanide is a potent inhibitor of respiration.


arsonoacetate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arsonoacetate, a synthetic, organic compound containing a single arsenic atom.


L-proline betaine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving stachydrine, N-methylproline methylbetaine, the betaine derivative of L-proline found in alfalfa, chrysanthemum, and citrus plants.


L-proline betaine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of stachydrine, N-methylproline methylbetaine, the betaine derivative of L-proline.


L-proline betaine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of stachydrine, N-methylproline methylbetaine, the betaine derivative of L-proline.


resorcinol metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving resorcinol (C6H4(OH)2), a benzene derivative with many applications, including dyes, explosives, resins and as an antiseptic.


phenylmercury acetate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylmercury acetate, an organomercurial compound composed of a mercury atom attached to a benzene ring and an acetate group.


pyridine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyridine, a nitrogenous base (C5H5N) obtained from the distillation of bone oil or coal tar, and by the decomposition of certain alkaloids, as a colorless liquid with a peculiar pungent odor.


name: 2,5-dihydroxypyridine catabolic process to fumarate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2,5-dihydroxypyridine to form fumarate. 2,5-dihydroxypyridine is dioxygenated to give maleamate and formate; the maleamate from this reaction is then converted to maleate, which is then isomerized to fumurate.


name: L-methionine salvage from methylthioadenosine

description: The generation of L-methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid) from methylthioadenosine.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of S-adenosylhomocysteine, forming homocysteine and then methionine.


peptidyl-proline hydroxylation

description: The hydroxylation of peptidyl-proline to form peptidyl-hydroxyproline.


name: lactose catabolic process via tagatose-6-phosphate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactose, via the intermediate tagatose-6-phosphate.


name: lactose catabolic process, using glucoside 3-dehydrogenase

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactose, catalyzed by the enzyme glucoside 3-dehydrogenase.


name: lactose catabolic process via UDP-galactose

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactose, via the intermediate UDP-galactose.


lactate oxidation

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the conversion of lactate to other compounds, such as pyruvate, with concomitant loss of electrons.


name: L-threonine catabolic process to D-lactate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L- threonine (the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid) to form the compound methylglyoxal, which is subsequently converted to D-lactate.


name: L-threonine catabolic process to glycine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-threonine (the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid) to form to form 2-amino-3-oxobutanoate, which is subsequently converted to glycine.


pentitol metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pentitols, any alditol with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.


aldonic acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldonic acid, a monocarboxylic acid with a chain of three or more carbon atoms, derived from an aldose by oxidation of the aldehydic group.


D-gluconate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-gluconate, the anion of D-gluconic acid, the aldonic acid derived from glucose.


ketogluconate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ketogluconate, the anion of ketogluconic acid, an aldonic acid derived from glucose containing a ketonic carbonyl group.


L-idonate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-idonate, the anion of idonic acid, an aldonic acid derived from L-idose, an aldohexose which is epimeric with D-glucose.


keto-D-gluconate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of keto-D-gluconate, the anion of keto-D-gluconic acid, an aldonic acid derived from glucose.


keto-D-gluconate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving keto-D-gluconate, the anion of keto-D-gluconic acid, an aldonic acid derived from glucose.


pentitol biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pentitols, any alditol with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.


pentitol catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pentitols, any alditol with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.


name: D-arabitol catabolic process to xylulose 5-phosphate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-arabitol to form xylulose 5-phosphate. D-arabitol is converted into D-xylulose, which is then phosphorylated to form D-xylulose-5-phosphate.


taurine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative important in the metabolism of fats.


taurine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative important in the metabolism of fats.


name: oxalate transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of oxalate from one side of a membrane to the other. Oxalate, or ethanedioic acid, occurs in many plants and is highly toxic to animals.


oxalate transport

description: The directed movement of oxalate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oxalate, or ethanedioic acid, occurs in many plants and is highly toxic to animals.


cellobiose transport

description: The directed movement of cellobiose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Cellobiose, or 4-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucose, is a disaccharide that represents the basic repeating unit of cellulose.


name: toxin transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a toxin from one side of a membrane to the other. A toxin is a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.


name: ferric-vibriobactin transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of ferric-vibriobactin ions from one side of a membrane to the other.


vibriobactin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving vibriobactin, the major siderophore produced by Vibrio cholerae.


vibriobactin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vibriobactin, the major siderophore produced by Vibrio cholerae.


protein metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification.


name: hydroxymate-containing siderophore biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a siderophore from other compounds, including hydroxamic acid. Hydroxamate is one of the three major chemical groups incorporated into siderophore structures with catechol and a-hydroxycarboxylate, each having a high selectivity for iron(3+).


name: catechol-containing siderophore biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a siderophore from other compounds, including catechol. Catechol is one of the three major chemical groups incorporated into siderophore structures with hydroxamate and a-hydroxycarboxylate, each having a high selectivity for iron(3+).


propionate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving propionate, the anion derived from propionic (propanoic) acid, a carboxylic acid important in the energy metabolism of ruminants.


propionate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of propionate, the anion derived from propionic acid.


propionate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of propionate, the anion derived from propionic acid.


arginine catabolic process to glutamate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine into other compounds, including glutamate.


arginine catabolic process to succinate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine into other compounds, including succinate.


arginine deiminase pathway

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine into other compounds, including ornithine and CO2, using the enzyme arginine deiminase.


arginine catabolic process to ornithine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine into other compounds, including ornithine.


arginine catabolic process to spermine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine into other compounds, including spermine.


name: glutamate catabolic process to succinate via succinate semialdehyde

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into succinate, that includes the conversion of 4-aminobutyrate to succinate semialdehyde by the pyruvate-dependent gamma aminobutyrate (GABA) transaminase.


name: glutamate catabolic process to aspartate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into other compounds, including aspartate.


name: glutamate catabolic process to 2-oxoglutarate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into other compounds, including 2-oxoglutarate.


name: glutamate catabolic process via 2-hydroxyglutarate

description: The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, via the intermediate 2-hydroxyglutarate, yielding energy in the form of ATP.


name: glutamate catabolic process via L-citramalate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, via the intermediate L-citramalate.


name: glutamate catabolic process to oxaloacetate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into other compounds, including oxaloacetate.


name: glutamate catabolic process to ornithine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate into other compounds, including ornithine.


name: L-histidine catabolic process to glutamate and formamide

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-histidine into other compounds, including glutamate and formamide.


name: L-histidine catabolic process to glutamate and formate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-histidine into other compounds, including glutamate and formate.


name: L-histidine catabolic process to 2-oxoglutarate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-histidine into other compounds, including 2-oxoglutarate.


name: histidine catabolic process to imidazol-5-yl-lactate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine into other compounds, including imidazol-5-yl-lactate.


name: histidine catabolic process to hydantoin-5-propionate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine into other compounds, including hydantoin-5-propionate.


anaerobic phenylalanine oxidation

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylalanine under anaerobic conditions; occurs via the intermediates phenylpyruvate and phenylacetaldehyde.


glycerol catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.


aerobic glycerol catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, in the presence of oxygen.


arabinose metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving arabinose, arabino-pentose. L-Arabinose occurs both free, for example in the heartwood of many conifers, and in the combined state, as a constituent of plant hemicelluloses, bacterial polysaccharides etc. D-arabinose is a constituent of arabinonucleosides.


arabinose biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arabinose, arabino-pentose.


arabinose catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arabinose, arabino-pentose.


name: L-arabinose catabolic process to xylulose 5-phosphate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-arabinose into other compounds, including xylulose 5-phosphate.


name: L-arabinose catabolic process to 2-oxoglutarate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-arabinose into other compounds, including 2-oxoglutarate.


D-arabinose catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-arabinose, the D-enantiomer of arabino-pentose.


L-arabinose catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-arabinose, the L-enantiomer of arabino-pentose.


name: D-arabinose catabolic process to xylulose 5-phosphate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-arabinose to form xylulose 5-phosphate. D-arabinose is converted into D-ribulose, which is phosphorylated to ribulose-5-phosphate, which is isomerized to give D-xylulose-5-phosphate.


name: sucrose catabolic process via 3'-ketosucrose

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sucrose, which proceeds via the conversion of sucrose to 3'-ketosucrose. 3'-ketosucrose is hydrolyzed to 3-ketoglucose and fructose, and the 3-ketoglucose is then be converted to glucose.


aerobic fructose catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructose that occurs in the presence of oxygen.


aldaric acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldaric acid, any dicarboxylic acid formed by oxidation of by the terminal groups of an aldose to carboxyl group.


aldaric acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldaric acid, any dicarboxylic acid formed by oxidation of by the terminal groups of an aldose to carboxyl group.


aldaric acid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aldaric acid, any dicarboxylic acid formed by oxidation of by the terminal groups of an aldose to carboxyl group.


galactarate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactarate, an anion of galactaric acid, the meso-aldaric acid derived from both D- and L-galactose.


galactonate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactonate, the anion of galactonic acid, an organic acid derived from the sugar galactose.


galactonate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactonate, the anion of galactonic acid.


glucuronate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucuronate, any salt or ester of glucuronic acid, the uronic acid formally derived from glucose by oxidation of the hydroxymethylene group at C-6 to a carboxyl group.


galacturonate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving galacturonate, the anion of galacturonic acid, the uronic acid formally derived from galactose by oxidation of the hydroxymethylene group at C-6 to a carboxyl group.


anaerobic glycerol catabolic process

description: The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol, yielding energy in the form of ATP.


name: anaerobic glycerol catabolic process to propane-1,3-diol

description: The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerol into propane-1,3-diol and water.


name: L-arabitol catabolic process to xylulose 5-phosphate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-arabitol to form xylulose 5-phosphate. L-arabitol is converted into L-xylulose, which is then phosphorylated to L-xylulose-5-phosphate. This is converted to D-xylulose-5-phosphate via the intermediate L-ribulose-5-phosphate.


mannitol catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mannitol, the alditol derived from D-mannose by reduction of the aldehyde group.


mannitol biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mannitol, the alditol derived from D-mannose by reduction of the aldehyde group.


mannitol metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannitol, the alditol derived from D-mannose by reduction of the aldehyde group.


name: non-phosphorylated glucose catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of non-phosphorylated forms of glucose.


mandelate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mandelate, the anion of mandelic acid. Mandelic acid (alpha-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid) is an 8-carbon alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) that is used in organic chemistry and as a urinary antiseptic.


name: (R)-mandelate catabolic process to benzoate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of (R)-mandelate into other compounds, including benzoate.


name: (R)-mandelate catabolic process to catechol

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of (R)-mandelate into other compounds, including catechol.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of (R)-4-hydroxymandelate, the anion of (R)-4-hydroxymandelic acid.


toluene oxidation

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the loss of electrons from one or more atoms in toluene.


toluene oxidation via 2-hydroxytoluene

description: The degradation of toluene to form pyruvate and acetaldehyde; the first step in the pathway is the oxidation of toluene to form 2-hydroxytoluene (o-cresol).


toluene oxidation via 3-hydroxytoluene

description: The degradation of toluene to form pyruvate and acetaldehyde; the first step in the pathway is the oxidation of toluene to form 3-hydroxytoluene (m-cresol).


toluene oxidation via 4-hydroxytoluene

description: The degradation of toluene to form p-hydroxybenzoate; the first step in the pathway is the oxidation of toluene to form 4-hydroxytoluene (4-cresol).


toluene oxidation to catechol

description: The formation from toluene of catechol, dihydroxybenzene, by successive oxidations followed by loss of carbon dioxide (CO2).


butyrate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any butyrate, the anions of butyric acid (butanoic acid), a saturated, unbranched aliphatic acid.


2-oxobutyrate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2-oxobutyrate, the anion of the organic acid 2-oxobutyric acid, which contains a ketone group on carbon 2.


phenylethylamine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylethylamine, an amine with pharmacological properties similar to those of amphetamine, occurs naturally as a neurotransmitter in the brain, and is present in chocolate and oil of bitter almonds.


nicotine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotine, (S)(-)-3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-hydroxyphenylacetate, 1,3-benzenediol monoacetate, also known as resorcinol monoacetate.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 3-hydroxyphenylacetate, 1,3-benzenediol monoacetate, also known as resorcinol monoacetate.


4-toluenecarboxylate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving 4-toluenecarboxylate, 4-methylbenzenecarboxylate, the anion of carboxylic acid attached to a methylbenzene molecule.


4-toluenecarboxylate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 4-toluenecarboxylate, 4-methylbenzenecarboxylate, the anion of carboxylic acid attached to a methylbenzene molecule.


name: catechol-containing compound catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.


name: catechol catabolic process, ortho-cleavage

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of catechol via the ortho-cleavage pathway, in which the catechol aromatic ring is broken between the two carbon atoms bearing hydroxyl groups.


name: catechol catabolic process, meta-cleavage

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of catechol via the meta-cleavage pathway, in which the catechol aromatic ring is broken between a hydroxylated carbon atom and an adjacent unsubstituted carbon atom.


name: protocatechuate catabolic process, meta-cleavage

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of protocatechuate, the anion of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, to yield oxaloacetate and pyruvate.


name: protocatechuate catabolic process, ortho-cleavage

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of protocatechuate, the anion of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, to yield beta-ketoadipate.


3,4-dihydroxybenzoate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate.


aerobic benzoate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzoate, the anion of benzoic acid (benzenecarboxylic acid) that occur in the presence of oxygen.


creatinine catabolic process to formate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of creatinine into other compounds, including formate.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 3-(3-hydroxy)phenylpropionate, a hydroxylated derivative of phenylpropionate.


atrazine catabolic process to urea

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of atrazine, a triazine ring-containing herbicide, into urea.


name: atrazine catabolic process to isopropylamine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of atrazine, a triazine ring-containing herbicide, into isopropylamine.


name: atrazine catabolic process to cyanuric acid

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of atrazine, a triazine ring-containing herbicide, into cyanuric acid.


name: short-chain fatty acid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a short-chain fatty acid. A short-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing fewer than 6 carbons.


urea metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving urea, the water soluble compound O=C-(NH2)2.


urate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of urate, the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine.


name: propionate catabolic process, 2-methylcitrate cycle

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of propionate that occurs in the 2-methylcitrate cycle.


quinate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving quinate, the anion of quinic acid. The acid occurs commonly in plants, either free or as esters, and is used as a medicine.


quinate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of quinate, the anion of quinic acid.


shikimate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving shikimate, (3R,4S,5R)--3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate, the anion of shikimic acid. It is an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids.


shikimate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of shikimate, (3R,4S,5R)--3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate, the anion of shikimic acid.


organic phosphonate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphonates, any organic compounds containing one or more C-PO(OH)2 or C-PO(OR)2 (with R=alkyl, aryl) groups. Metabolism of phosphonic acid itself, an inorganic compound without the biochemically relevant C-P bond, is not included.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 2-aminoethylphosphonate, also known as ciliatine.


phosphonoacetate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphonoacetate, C2H4PO5, a substance composed of an acetate and a phosphonic acid residue.


organophosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving organophosphates, any phosphate-containing organic compound.


6-hydroxycineole metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving 6-hydroxycineole (6-hydroxy-1,8-epoxy-p-menthane), a hydrocarbon with the formula C10H18O2.


6-hydroxycineole catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 6-hydroxycineole (6-hydroxy-1,8-epoxy-p-menthane), a hydrocarbon with the formula C10H18O2.


name: glucuronate catabolic process to xylulose 5-phosphate

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucuronate into other compounds, including xylulose 5-phosphate.


reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle

description: A pathway leading to the fixation of two molecules of CO2 and the production of one molecule of acetyl-CoA; essentially the oxidative TCA cycle running in reverse. Acetyl-CoA is reductively carboxylated to pyruvate, from which all other central metabolites can be formed. Most of the enzymes of reductive and oxidative TCA cycle are shared, with the exception of three key enzymes that allow the cycle to run in reverse: ATP citrate lyase, 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and fumarate reductase. 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase catalyzes the carboxylation of succinyl-CoA to 2-oxoglutarate, ATP citrate lyase the ATP-dependent cleavage of citrate to acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate, and fumarate reductase the reduction of fumarate forming succinate.


anaerobic electron transport chain

description: A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors other than oxygen to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.


aerobic electron transport chain

description: A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to oxygen to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.


name: formaldehyde assimilation via ribulose monophosphate cycle

description: The pathway in which formaldehyde is used as a carbon source in the ribulose monophosphate cycle. Methanotrophic bacteria produce formaldehyde from the oxidation of methane and methanol, and then assimilate it via the ribulose monophosphate cycle to form intermediates of the central metabolic routes that are subsequently used for biosynthesis of cell material. Three molecules of formaldehyde are assimilated, forming a three-carbon intermediate of central metabolism; in this pathway, all cellular carbon is assimilated at the oxidation level of formaldehyde.


name: formaldehyde assimilation via xylulose monophosphate cycle

description: The pathway in which formaldehyde is used as a carbon source in the xylulose monophosphate cycle. Methylotrophic yeasts, but not bacteria, utilize the xylulose monophosphate cycle to fix formaldehyde and convert it into metabolically useful organic compounds.


formaldehyde assimilation

description: The pathways in which formaldehyde is processed and used as a carbon source for the cell.


glycolytic fermentation to butanediol

description: The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose into butanediol; effected by some members of the Enterobacteriaceae, e.g. Enterobacter, Erwinia, Klebsiella, and Serratia.


citrate catabolic process to diacetyl

description: The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of citrate to diacetyl, yielding energy in the form of ATP.


name: lactate fermentation to propionate and acetate

description: The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of lactate to propionate, concomitant with the oxidation of lactate to acetate and CO2 and yielding energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).


name: anaerobic purine nucleobase catabolic process

description: The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleobases, yielding energy in the form of ATP.


acetate fermentation

description: The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetate, yielding energy in the form of ATP.


glycolytic fermentation to ethanol

description: The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose; it is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO2), producing two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose.


name: glucose catabolic process to D-lactate and ethanol

description: The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the enzymatic breakdown of D-glucose to D-lactate and ethanol, yielding energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) at the rate of one ATP per glucose molecule.


glycolytic fermentation to propionate

description: Glycolytic fermentation resulting in the catabolism of glucose to propionate, yielding energy in the form of ATP; an alternative to the acrylate pathway to produce propionate.


name: glucose fermentation to lactate and acetate

description: The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose to lactate and acetate, yielding energy in the form of ATP.


glucose catabolic process to lactate

description: The anaerobic enzymatic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose to lactate, and possibly ethanol, yielding energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).


glycolytic fermentation

description: Fermentation that includes the anaerobic conversion of glucose to pyruvate via the glycolytic pathway.


name: glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate

description: The anaerobic enzymatic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose to lactate, via canonical glycolysis, yielding energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).


non-glycolytic fermentation

description: Fermentation that does not include the anaerobic conversion of glucose to pyruvate via the glycolytic pathway.


mixed acid fermentation

description: The anaerobic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose into ethanol, lactate, formate, succinate, and acetate, yielding energy in the form of ATP.