pyochelin

A member of the class of thiazolidines that is (4R)-3-methyl-1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a (4R)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-4-yl group. A siderophore that is produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (via condensation of salicylic acid and two molecules of cysteine) as a mixture of two easily interconvertible diastereoisomers, pyochelin I (major) and pyochelin II (minor). The enantiomeric compounds, enant-pyochelin, are produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens.


RESORCINOL MONOACETATE

A member of the class of phenols that is resorcinol in which one of the phenolic hydroxy groups has been converted into its acetate ester. It has keratolytic properties and has been used for the treatment of acne.


bacampicillin

A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.


surfactin

Any mixture comprising isoforms of a bacterial cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic produced by various strains of Bacillus subtilis. The isoforms are cyclodepsipeptides containing at least seven amino acid residues. Among the most effective biosurfactants, surfactin can reduce the surface tension of water from 72 to 27 mN/m at a concentration as low as 0.005%.


teicoplanin

A complex mixture of related natural products isolated from the fermentation broth of a strain of Actinoplanes teichomyceticus comprising five major components (teicoplanin A2-1 through A2-5), a hydrolysis component (teicoplanin A3-1), and four minor components (teicoplanin RS-1 through RS-4). An antibiotic with a similar spectrum of activity to vancomycin, it is used to treat serious Gram-positive bacterial infections, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis.


VERATRIC ACID

A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3.


thiostrepton

A heterodetic cyclic peptide, in which the cyclisation step involves a formal lactonisation between the carboxy group of a quinaldic acid-based residue and a secondary alcohol. An antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Also acts as an antitumor agent.


thiotropocin

A thiocarbonyl compound that is 3,8-dihydrocyclohepta[c][1,2]oxathiole substituted at positions 3, 4 and 8 by oxo, hydroxy, and thiocarbonyl groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic first isolated in 1984 from the fermentation broth of Pseudomonas sp. CB104.


tunicamycin

A mixture of antiviral nucleoside antibiotics produced by Streptomyces lysosuperificus. It contains at least 10 homologues comprising uracil, N-acetylglucosamine, an 11-carbon aminodialdose called tunicamine, and a fatty acid linked to the amino group of the tunicamine.  The homologues vary in the composition of the fatty acid moiety.


tylactone

A 16-membererd macrolide that is the aglycone of the antibiotic 5-O-beta-D-mycaminosyltylactone.


TYROCIDINE A

A homodetic cyclic decapeptide consisting of D-Phe, L-Pro, L-Phe, D-Phe, L-Asn, L-Gln, L-Tyr, L-Val, L-Orn, and L-Leu residues coupled in sequence and cyclised head-to-tail.


undecylprodigiosin

A member of the class of tripyrroles that is 1H-pyrrole substituted by (4'-methoxy-1H,5'H-[2,2'-bipyrrol]-5'-ylidene)methyl and undecyl groups at positions 2 and 5, respectively. It is a pigment produced by Stveptomyces coelicolor.


VALIDAMYCIN

A member of the class of validamycins that is (1R,2S,3S,4S,6R)-4-amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane-1,2,3-triol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 has been converted to its beta-D-glucoside and in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a (1R,4R,5R,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl group. It is the major validamycin produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.


valiolone

A cyclitol that is cyclohexanone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3, 4, and 5, and by a hydroxymethyl group at position 5 (the 2R,3S,4S,5S stereoisomer).


A macrolide antibiotic that is the 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexoside of 10-deoxymethynolide.


YERSINIABACTIN

A member of the class of thiazolidines that is (4S)-4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a (1S)-1-hydroxy-1-{(4R)-2-[(4R)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]-1,3-thiazolidin-4-yl}-2-methylpropan-2-yl group. A siderophore found in the gram-negative bacterium species, Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pestis.


backebergine

A member of the class of isoquinolines carrying two methoxy substituents at positions 6 and 7.


name: dTDP 1-ester with (6S)-5,6-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-5-oxo-2H-pyran


name: dTDP 1-ester with 2,6-dideoxy-L-erythro-hexopyranos-3-ulose


A dTDP-sugar having 6-deoxy-alpha-D-allose as the sugar portion.


dTDP-alpha-D-mycaminose

A dTDP-sugar having 3,6-dideoxy-3-dimethylamino-alpha-D-glucose (alpha-D-mycaminose) as the sugar component.


The L-enantiomer of 4-aminophenylalanine.


The 5alpha,9beta,10alpha-diastereomer of copalyl diphosphate.


lithocholate

A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.


barbiturate

Conjugate base of barbituric acid.


glycocholate

A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.


cholate

A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of cholic acid.


ferulate

A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.


3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvic acid

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3. It has been found in Lycopersicon esculentum


(-)-quinate

A quinate that is the conjugate base of (-)-quinic acid.


aminoxyl

The parent compound of the aminoxyl group of radicals.


hydroxyazanide

An inorganic anion that is the conjugate base of hydroxylamine, arising from deprotonation of the amino function.


baicalein

A trihydroxyflavone with the hydroxy groups at positions C-5, -6 and -7.


BAICALEIN TRIMETHYL ETHER

A trimethoxyflavone that is the 5,6,7-trimethyl ether derivative of baicalein. It has been isolated from the plant Callicarpa japonica and has been shown to exhibit antiviral activity.


glycolate

A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is acetate where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.


A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)


A tricarboxylic acid trianion that is the conjugate base of glycyrrhizinic acid.


baicalin

The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of baicalein. It is an active ingredient of Chinese herbal medicine Scutellaria baicalensis.


CYNOOXIDE ANION

A nitrile oxide resulting from the oxidation of hydrogen cyanide.


perylene

An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.


coronene

A ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene that consists of six peri-fused benzene rings.


BENZO[DEF]CHRYSENE

An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.


An arsenite ion resulting from the removal of all three protons from the hydroxy groups of arsenous acid.


diphosphoric acid

An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.


CITRONELLAL

The (3R)-stereoisomer of 3,7-dimethyloct-6-enal (citronellal).


aloin A

A C-glycosyl compound that is beta-D-glucopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group is replaced by a 4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-10-oxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-9-yl moiety (the 9S diastereoisomer).


barbinine

A diterpene alkaloid that is a phytotoxin produced by several Delphinium species.


A prephenate(2-) obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of (1s,4s)-prephenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.


BARRINGTOGENOL C

A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 16, 21, 22 and 28 (the 3beta,16alpha,21beta,22alpha stereoisomer).


An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of L-glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group


An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of D-glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group


A dicarboxylic acid dianion that is the conjugate base of glutamate(1-).


An L-alpha-amino acid anion that is the dianion obtained by the deprotonation of the both the carboxy groups of L-glutamic acid.


bayogenin 3-O-cellobioside

A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is bayogenin substituted at the O-3 position by a cellobiosyl residue.


An aspartate(1-) that is the conjugate base of D-aspartic acid.


An aspartate(1-) that is the  conjugate base of L-aspartic acid.


An aspartate(2-) that is the conjugate base of  L-aspartate(1-).


An aspartate(2-) that is the conjugate base of D-aspartate(1-).


A C4-dicarboxylate that is the dianion obtained by the deprotonation of both the carboxy groups of aspartic acid.


L-serine residue

A serine residue that has L configuration.


(R)-(+)-alpha-terpineol

The (4R)-stereoiosmer of alpha-terpineol.


beauvericin

A trimeric cyclodepsipeptide composed from alternating methylphenylalanyl and hydroxyvaleryl residues.


beclometasone

A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.


beclometasone dipropionate

A steroid ester comprising beclomethasone having propionyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.


selenomethionine

The L-enantiomer of selenomethionine.


D-selenomethionine

The D-enantiomer of selenomethionine.


trans-sinapate

A member of the class of cinnamates that is the conjugate base of trans-sinapic acid.


A dicarboxylic acid dianion resulting from the removal of a proton from both of the carboxy groups of succinic acid.


A diterpene consisting of taxane having two C=C double bonds at the 4(5)- and 11(12)-positions.


A taxane diterpenoid that is taxane which contains double bounds at the 4-20 and 11-12 positions and which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 5alpha and 13alpha positions.


taxa-4(20),11-dien-5alpha-yl acetate

A taxane diterpenoid that is taxane which contains double bounds at the 4-20 and 11-12 positions and which is substituted by an acetoxy group at the 5alpha position.


A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid.


teichoic acid

Bacterial polysaccharide derivatives of glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate linked via phosphodiester bonds, whose main function is to fortify the cell wall. In some parasites, they serve as a site of attachment to mucosal membranes.


belladine

A phenethylamine alkaloid that is N-methyl-4-methoxyphenylethylamine carrying an additional N-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl) substituent.


BELLIDIFOLIN

A member of the xanthone family that is bellidin substituted with a methyl group at O-3.  A natural product found  particularly in Swertia chirata and Gentianella campestris.


The dianion formed by loss of the two protons from acetylene (ethyne).


gibberellin A12

A C20-gibberellin, initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi, in which the gibbane skeleton carries 1beta- and 4aalpha-methyl groups, 1alpha- and 10beta-carboxy substituents, and a methylene group at C-8 (all gibbane numberings).


acetate

A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of acetic acid.


BENALAXYL

A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-benalaxyl.


ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE

The (R)-(-)-stereoisomer of alpha-phellandrene.


A 3beta-sterol that is methyl-5alpha-ergosta-8,14,24(28)-trien-3beta-ol carrying an additional 4alpha-methyl substituent.


benazepril

A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.


bendroflumethiazide

A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.


LITHIUM

An alkali metal hydride where the metal is specified as lithium.


borane

The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.


BENOMYL

A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is the methyl ester of  [1-(butylcarbamoyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]carbamic acid. A foliar fungicide used to control a wide range of Ascomycetes and Fungi Imperfecti in a wide range of crops.


A C21-steroid that is 5beta-pregnane with oxo groups at positions 3 and 20.


diboron trioxide

A boron oxide with formula B2O3.


A myo-inositol pentakisphosphate that consists of 1D-myo-inositol having the five phospho groups located at positions 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 as well as a diphospho group at position 5.


BENSULFURON METHYL

The methyl ester of bensulfuron. An acetolactate synthase inhibitor, it is used as a herbicide for the control of a variety of both annual and perennial weeds in crops, particularly wheat and rice. It is not licensed for use within the UK.


BENTAZON

A  benzothiadiazine that is 1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by an isopropyl group at position 3.


tetraethyllead

An organolead compound consisting of four ethyl groups joined to a central lead atom.


ASTRAGALIN

A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage.


photon

Particle of zero charge, zero rest mass, spin quantum number 1, energy hnu and momentum hnu/c (h is the Planck constant, nu the frequency of radiation and c the speed of light), carrier of electromagnetic force.


muonium

Atom-like particle consisting of a positive muon and an electron.


alpha-particle

Nucleus of the (4)He atom.


helium-3 atom

The stable isotope of helium with relative atomic mass 3.016029. The least abundant (0.000137 atom percent) isotope of naturally occurring helium.


helium-4 atom

The stable isotope of helium with relative atomic mass 4.002603. The most abundant (99.99 atom percent) isotope of naturally occurring helium.


helion

Nucleus of the (3)He atom.


positronium

Atom-like pair of particles consisting of an anti-electron (positron) and an electron.


azanylylidene group

A group used for compounds where a trivalent N atom replaces the group CH.


benzbromarone

1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.


benzenamine sulfate(1-)

An organic sulfamate oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of the sulfamate OH group of benzenamine sulfate.


hypofluorite

A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of hypofluorous acid.


linoleate

An octadecadienoate with cis- double bonds at the 9- and 12- positions; the conjugate base of linoleic acid.


A tetrasaccharide comprising residues of galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, galactose and glucose in a linear sequence, all joined by beta-linkages.


Terbuthylazine

A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N-tert-butyl-N'-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.


simeton

A methoxy-1,3,5-triazine that is  6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine in which one of the hydrogens of each amino group has been replaced by an ethyl group.


PHOSPHINE

The simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached.


phosphorane

A phosphorus hydride consisting of a single pentavalent phosphorus carrying five hydrogens. The parent hydride of the phosphorane class.


tetraphenylstibonium

A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to stibonium.


An arsonium ion consisting of tetraphenylarsonium having two hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 on one of the phenyl rings.


A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from antimonic acid.


N-methylanthraniloyl-CoA

An aroyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of N-methylanthranilic acid.


N(alpha)-gamma-L-glutamylhistamine

Histamine having a gamma-L-glutamyl group attached to the side-chain nitrogen.


The meso-isomer of 2,6-diaminopimelate.


lipoate

A thia fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of lipoic acid; major species at pH 7.3.


lipoic acid

The (R)-enantiomer of lipoic acid. A vitamin-like, C8 thia fatty acid with anti-oxidant properties.


dihydrolipoate

The conjugate base of dihydrolipoic acid.


(S)-dihydrolipoic acid

The (S)-enantiomer of dihydrolipoic acid.


benzonatate

The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.


phosphorus trichloride

A phosphorus halide with formula Cl3P.


ETHYLENEDIAMINE

An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.


DIPYRIDYL

A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.


isopentane

An alkane that is butane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.


ISOBUTANE

An alkane that is propane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.


CYCLOPROPANE

A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.


imidazolide

An organic nitrogen anion that is the conjugate base of 1H-imidazole.


An L-alpha-amino acid anion arsing from deprotonation of the carboxy and phosphate OH groups of 4-phospho-L-aspartic acid.


iron-sulfur cluster

An iron-sulfur cluster is a unit comprising two or more iron atoms and bridging sulfur ligands.


iron-sulfur-molybdenum cofactor

A  molybdenum coordination entity consisting of a {Mo:7Fe:9S:C]:homocitrate cluster, having carbide(4-) at its centre. Active site of the enzyme nitrogenase (EC 1.18.6.1).


tetramethyltin

An organotin compound carrying four methyl groups.


indium atom

A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.


benzphetamine

Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.


thallium

A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).


validamine

An amino cyclitol consisting of 1D-chiro-inositol lacking the 6-hydroxy group and having those at positions 1 and 5 replaced by amino and hydroxymethyl groups respectively.


benzthiazide

7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.


benzatropine

Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.


sulfur hexafluoride

A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).


beryllium atom

Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.


An alpha-amino-acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid.


flavin

A derivative of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton, with a substituent on the 10 position.


PIMELIC ACID

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is pentane with two carboxylic acid groups at positions C-1 and C-5.


silicon dioxide

A silicon oxide made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a silicon atom is covalently bonded to two oxygens.


gamma-aminobutyrate

An gamma-amino acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of gamma-aminobutyric acid.


bepridil

A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.


Dicarboxylate anion of D-glucaric acid; major species at pH 7.3.


A glucaric acid anion that is the dianion obtained by the deprotonation of both the carboxy groups of glucaric acid.


A nucleoside triphosphate(4-) obtained by global deprotonation of the triphosphate OH groups of ATP; major species present at pH 7.3.


2,4-divinyl protochlorophyllide a

A protochlorophyllide compound having vinyl substituents at the 2- and 4-positions.


ARSENIC TRIOXIDE

An arsenic oxide in which arsenic and oxygen atoms are present in the ratio 2:3.


oxalate

A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of oxalic acid.


propylenediamine

A diamine that is propane substituted by amino groups at positions 1 and 2. Propylenediamine is commonly used as a bidentate ligand in the formation of coordination complexes.


LOGANIC ACID

A cyclopentapyran that is 1,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid substituted at positions 1, 6 and 7 by beta-D-glucosyloxy, hydroxy and methyl groups respectively


L-pipecolate

A pipecolate that is the conjugate acid of L--pipecolic acid.


homoserine

An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.


D-homoserine

The D-enantiomer of homoserine.


HOMOSERINE LACTONE

The L-enantiomer of homoserine lactone.


D-homoserine lactone

The D-enantiomer of homoserine lactone.


dextrothyroxine

The D-enantiomer of thyroxine.


thyronine

A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.


alpha-D-glucosyl group

The glycosyl group formed from alpha-D-glucopyranose.


beta-D-glucosyl group

A D-glucosyl group obtained by removing the hydroxy group from the hemiacetal function of beta-D-glucose and, by extension, of a lower oligosaccharide having beta-D-glucose at the reducing end. The unsubstituted parent of the class of beta-D-glucosyl groups.


The dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of citraconic acid.


nicotine N(1')-oxide

A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the pyrrolidine nitrogen of nicotine.


EGTAZIC ACID

A  diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.


macrogol

A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.


oxalacetic acid

An oxodicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing a single oxo group.


phenylacetic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.


benzoic acid

A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.


4-CHLORO-BENZOIC ACID

A monochlorobenzoic acid carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.


2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid

A chlorobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid in which the ring hydrogens at positions 2 and 4 are substituted by chloro groups.


4-chlorophenylacetic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group.


ANTHRANILIC ACID

An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.


PARABEN

A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.


3-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID

A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from Taxus baccata. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of plasticisers, resins, pharmaceuticals, etc.


tropic acid

A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a phenyl group, and one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group.


propanoic acid

A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.


citric acid

A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.


butyric acid

A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.


FLUOROACETATE

A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by fluorine.


HEXANOATE

A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.


gallic acid

A trihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are at positions 3, 4, and 5.


A dicarboxylic acid monoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid.


A C4-dicarboxylate that is the Z-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)


butynedioic acid

An acetylenic compound that is acetylene in which the hydrogens are replaced by carboxy groups.


A dicarboxylic acid monoanion that is the conjugate base of butynedioic acid.


4-sulfobenzoic acid

A sulfobenzoic acid in which the sulfonic acid and carboxylic acid groups are in a para-relationship.


2-chlorobenzoic acid

A monochlorobenzoic acid having the chloro group at the 2-position.


MALONIC ACID

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.


(R)-malic acid

An optically active form of malic acid having (R)-configuration.


(S)-malic acid

An optically active form of malic acid having (S)-configuration.


A phthalate that is the conjugate base of phthalic acid.


ISOPHTHALIC ACID

A benzenedicarboxylic acid that is benzene substituted by carboxy groups at position 1 and 3. One of three possible isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid, the others being phthalic and terephthalic acids.


A dicarboxylic acid monoanion that is the conjugate base of isophthalic acid.


lauric acid

A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.


tetradecanoate

A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.


betavulgarin

A hydroxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2', a methoxy group at position 5 and a methylenedioxy group across positions 6 and 7 respectively.


decanoic acid

A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.


MORONIC ACID

A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-18-ene substituted at position 3 by an oxo group and position 28 by a carboxy group.


VANILLIC ACID

A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.


trans-urocanic acid

A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.


CIS-UROCANIC ACID

A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has Z configuration.


betaxolol

A  propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydoxy is substituted by a 4-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)ethyl]phenyl group and one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group is substituted by isopropyl. It is a selective  beta1-receptor blocker and is used in the treatment of glaucoma as well as hypertension, arrhythmias, and coronary heart disease. It is also used to reduce non-fatal cardiac events in patients with heart failure.


2-oxooctadecanoic acid

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is octadecanoic acid (stearic acid) in which the hydrogens at position 2 have been replaced by an oxo group.


oleate

A C18, long straight-chain monounsaturated fatty acid anion; and the conjugate base of oleic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.


An octadecene with unsaturation at C-1.


elaidate

A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of elaidic acid; shown to exert detrimental effects on mitochondrial lipid composition and function.


A vaccenate(1-) that is the conjugate base of cis-vaccenic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.


A vaccenate(1-) having a trans- double bond.


petroselaidic acid

The trans-isomer of octadec-6-enoic acid, a long-chain fatty acid.


γ-hydroxybutyrate

A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.


2-oxobutanoic acid

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-oxo derivative of butanoic acid.


adipic acid

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane.


A dicarboxylic acid monoanion that is the conjugate base of adipic acid.


allantoic acid

A member of the class of  ureas that consists of acetic acid in which the two methyl hydrogens are replaced by carbamoylamino groups respectively.


ITACONATE

A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.


bethanechol

The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.


3-hydroxypyruvic acid

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate involved in the glycine and serine metabolism.


2-furoic acid

A furoic acid having the carboxylic acid group located at position 2.


3-furoic acid

A furoic acid carrying the carboxy group at position 3.


L-arabinose

The L-enantiomer of arabinose.


3-propylmalic acid

A dicarboxylic acid that is malic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a propyl group.


PHENYLPYRUVATE

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropanoic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in the phenylalanine pathway.


MUCIC ACID

A hexaric acid resulting from formal oxidative ring cleavage of galactose.


enoxolone

A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3, an oxo group at position 11 and a carboxy group at position 30.


An indol-3-yl carboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of indole-3-acetic acid.


selenophene

A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene composed of four CH units and one selenium atom. The parent of the class of selenophenes.


tellurophene

A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene composed of four CH units and one tellurium atom. The parent of the class of tellurophenes.


BETULIN

A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.


methylmalonic acid

A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.


A dicarboxylic acid monoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from one of the carboxylic acid groups of methylmalonic acid.


(S)-dihydroorotate

A dihydroorotate that is the conjugate base of (S)-dihydroorotic acid.


DIHYDROOROTATE

A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that results from the base-catalysed cyclisation of N(alpha)-carbethoxyasparagine.


dihydroorotate

A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of dihydroorotic acid.


betulinic acid

A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-carboxy substituents. It is found in the bark and other plant parts of several species of plants including Syzygium claviflorum. It exhibits anti-HIV, antimalarial, antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory properties.


alcohol

A compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom.


bilanafos

A tripeptide comprising one L-phosphinothricyl and two L-alanyl units joined in sequence.


ISOCITRATE

A tricarboxylic acid that is propan-1-ol with a hydrogen at each of the 3 carbon positions replaced by a carboxy group.


L-threo-isocitric acid

The (1S,2R)-stereoisomer of isocitric acid.


biapenem

A carbapenem antibiotic in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-ylthio substituents respectively.


An isocitrate(3-) that is the conjugate base of L-threo-isocitric acid.


An isocitrate(3-) that is the  conjugate base of L-erythro-isocitric acid.


naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid

A naphthalenesulfonic acid in which the sulfo groups are attached to positions 2 and 7 of the naphthalene ring.


A dTDP-sugar having 3-dehydro-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose as the sugar component.


A glycerophosphocholine that consists of L-alpha-glycerophosphocholine carrying an unspecified alkyl substituent at position 1.


L-pipecolic acid

The L-enantiomer of pipecolic acid. It is a metabolite of lysine.


α-ketoglutaric acid

An oxo dicarboxylic acid that consists of glutaric acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in Krebs cycle.


A dicarboxylic acid monoanion resulting from selective deprotonation of the 1-carboxy group of 2-oxoglutaric acid.


3-dehydroshikimic acid

A 4-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is shikimic acid in which the allylic hydroxy group has been oxidised to the corresponding keto group.


bicuculline

A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.


A dicarboxylic acid monoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from one of the carboxylic acid groups of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid.


A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both the carboxy groups of glutaric acid.


4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutaric acid

An oxo dicarboxylic acid comprising glutaric acid having oxo- and hydroxy substituents at the 2- and 4-positions respectively.


A tartaric acid anion that is the conjugate base of 3-carboxy-2,3-dihydroxypropanoate.


bifenthrin

A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.


3-phosphonooxypyruvic acid

A carboxyalkyl phosphate that is pyruvic acid substituted at position 3 by a 3-phosphonooxy group.


A citramalate(2-) that is the conjugate base of D-citramalic acid.


3-phosphonopyruvic acid

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid substituted at position 3 by a phospho group.


A citramalate(2-) that is the conjugate acid of L-citramalic acid.


The 5alpha,9alpha,10beta-diastereomer of copalyl diphosphate.


A dTDP-sugar having 4-dehydro-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose as the sugar component.


ascarylose

A dideoxyhexose that is L-arabinohexose in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 6 are replaced by hydrogen.


PYRAZINE

A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.


trichloroacetic acid

A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.


A pyridoxate that is the conjugate base of 4-pyridoxic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.


oxybuprocaine

A benzoate ester in which 4-amino-3-butoxybenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; an ester-based local anaesthetic (ester "caine") used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology.


BIKAVERIN

A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 10H-benzo[b]xanthene-7,10,12-trione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 11, methoxy groups at positions 3 and 8 and a methyl group at position 1.


A pyridoxate that is the conjugate base of 5-pyridoxic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.


oxetane

A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a four-membered ring comprising of three carbon atoms and an oxygen atom.


bile acid

Any member of a group of hydroxy-5beta-cholanic acids occuring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine. In mammals bile acids almost invariably have 5beta-configuration.


A  bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.


frequentin

An antibiotic produced by Penicillium frequentans Westling.


1-aminocyclopropylphosphonic acid

A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus is substituted by a 1-aminocyclopropyl group.


An organophosphonate oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from the phosphonic acid group of 1-aminocyclopropylphosphonic acid.


levoglucosan

A anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose.


REL-MENTHONE

A menthone that is cyclohexanone substituted by a methyl and an isopropyl group at positions 5 and 2 respectively (the 2R,5S-stereoisomer).


docosanol

A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It is a non-prescription medicine approved by the FDA to shorten healing time of cold sores.


N-OCTACOSANOIC ACID

A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is octacosane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxy group.


octacosanoate

A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion and the conjugate base of octacosanoic acid (montanic acid), arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.


triacontanoic acid

A C30, very long straight-chain, saturated fatty acid.


triacontanoate

A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of melissic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group.


triacontane

A straight-chain alkane with 30 carbon atoms.


PERFLUOROCYCLOBUTANE

A fluorocarbon that is cyclobutane in which all eight hydrogens are replaced by fluorines.


HEXACOSANOIC ACID

A 26-carbon, straight-chain, saturated fatty acid.


valerate

A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valeric acid; present in ester form as component of many steroid-based pharmaceuticals.


noviose

A deoxyhexose derivative that is 5-methylhexanal which has been substituted at position 4 by a methoxy group and at positions 2, 3, and 5 by hydroxy groups (the 2R,3S,4R stereoisomer).


cerotate

The conjugate base of cerotic acid.


tetracosanoate

A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of tetracosanoic acid (lignoceric acid), formed by deprotonation of the carboxy group.


GALLOCATECHIN

A gallocatechin  that has (2R,3S)-configuration. It is found in green tea and bananas.


EPIAFZELECHIN (2R,3R)(-)

A catechin derivative having (2R,3R)-configuration.


bilobalide

A terpenoid trilactone found in extracts of Ginkgo biloba.


(-)-tortuosamine

5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoline in whith the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by a 3-azabutyl group and a 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl group. (S configuration). It is found in the herb kanna (Sceletium tortuosum).


daunorubicinol

The (13S)-diastereomer of 13-dihydrodaunorubicin.


ISOLIQUIRITIGENIN

A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone hydroxylated at C-2', -4 and -4'.


(S)-DNPA

A member of the class of naphthopyrans that is 4,10-dihydro-3H-naphtho[2,3-c]pyran-3-yl]acetic acid bearing additional methyl, hydroxy and oxo substituents at positions 1, 9 and 10 respectively.


A methoxybenzene carrying methoxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 5. It has been found to be a biomarker of flavonoid consumption in humans.


Isoquinoline in which the hydrogens at positions 6 and 8 are substituted by hydroxy groups, and those at positions 1 and 3 are substituted by methyl groups.


A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group at position 4.


An anthracycline antibiotic that is 13-deoxycarminomycin substituted at position 10 by a carboxy group.


A cytotoxic anthracycline antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces peucetius var. carminatus (a biochemical mutant of Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius), and is active against P-388 murine leukemia.


An aminoglycoside antibiotic that is (1S,3S)-3-ethyl-3,5,12-trihydroxy-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracene having a 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl residue attached at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage.


A anthracycline antibiotic that is a cardiotoxic metabolite of carminomycin obtained by formal reduction of the carbonyl group.


An aminoglycoside antibiotic that is (1S,3S)-3,5,12-trihydroxy-3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydrotetracene having a 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl residue attached at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage.


2'-hydroxybiochanin A

A methoxyisoflavone in which the methoxy group is located at position 4' together with three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 5 and 7.


A berberine alkaloid that is  berbine substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3, 9 and 10.


2,5-dichloro-4-oxohex-2-enedioic acid

An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is hexanedioic acid containing a double bond between positions 2 and 3, an oxo group at position 4, and two chlorine atoms (at positions 2 and 5).


A hydroxyisoflavanone that is 2,3-dihydrogenistein with a hydroxy substituent at position 2.


A phylloquinone that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing a phytyl group at position 2.


An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of 3,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid.


3,5-dihydroxyphenylglyoxylic acid

A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is glyoxylic acid in which the aldehyde hydrogen is substituted by a 3,5-dihydroxyphenyl group.


A hydroxycoumarin that is 4,7-dihydroxycoumarin bearing an additional amino substituent at positions 3.


3-dimethylallyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid

A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid bearing an additional dimethylallyl substituent at position 3.


3-dimethylallyl-4-hydroxymandelic acid

A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is mandelic acid carrying dimethylallyl and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively.


A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 3-dimethylallyl-4-hydroxyphenyl group.


biperiden

A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.


A member of the class of cyclohexenones that is cyclohex-2-en-1-one in which the hydrogens at position 4 have been replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl and a 2-[(methoxycarbonyl)(methyl)amino]ethyl group. The compound has been used in enantioselective syntheses of Scleretium alkaloids.


A phenyl acetate obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetic acid with one of the hydroxy groups of hydroquinone.


An omega-aminoaldehyde that is pentanal which is substituted at position 5 by an amino group. It is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of L-lysine derived alkaloids.


5-hydroxybisphenol A

A bisphenol (methylenediphenol) having hydroxy functions at C-3, C-4 and C-4', and gem-dimethyl groups on the methylene bridge.


(E)-5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol

A 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol in which the double bond has E geochemistry.


An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of 5-hydroxyferulic acid.


A derivative of vitexin having a alpha-L-rhamnosyl residue attached at the 2''-position of the glucitol moiety and a methyl group attached at the O-7 position of the chromene.


8-demethyltetracenomycin C

A member of the class of tetracenes that is tetracenomycin C in which the methoxy group at position 3 is replaced by a phenolic OH.


aceclofenac

A monocarboxylic acid that is the carboxymethyl ester of diclofenac. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug related to diclofenac, it is used in the management of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.


acemetacin

A carboxylic ester that is the carboxymethyl ester of indometacin. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and low back pain, as well as for postoperative pain and inflammation. Its activity is due to both acemetacin and its major metabolite, indometacin.


spiramycin II

A macrolide antibiotic produced by various Streptomyces species.


N-acetylsulfamethoxazole

A sulfonamide compound having a 4-acetamidophenyl group attached to the sulfur atom and a 1,2-oxazol-3-yl group attached to the nitrogen atom.


O-acetyltropine

An O-acyltropine in which the acyl group is acetyl.


adapalene

A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.


adefovir dipivoxil

An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.


iodipamide

An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.


aklanonic acid

An anthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 5, a carboxymethyl group at position 2 and a 3-oxopentanoyl group at position 3.


alclofenac

An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.


alclometasone dipropionate

A prednisolone compound having an alpha-chloro substituent at the 7-position, an alpha-methyl substituent at the 16-position and O-propanoyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.


alfacalcidol

A member of the class of D3 vitamins that is calciol in which the hydrogen at the 1alpha position is replaced by a hydroxy group. It is an active metabolite of cholecalciferol, which performs important functions in regulation of the calcium balance and the bone metabolism.


alminoprofen

A substituted aniline that is ibuprofen in which the isobutyl group is replaced by a (2-methylprop-2-en-1-yl)amino group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used for treatment of inflammatory and rheumatic disorders.


amlexanox

A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.


bis(glycerophospho)glycerol

A glycerol phosphate that consists of a linear array of three glycerol units connected by phosphodiester linkages.


ampiroxicam

A benzothiazine that is the 1-[(ethoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl ether of piroxicam. A prodrug for piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.


phenazone

A  pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.


RHOIFOLIN

An apigenin derivative having an alpha-(1->2)-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety attached to the 7-hydroxy group.


aripiprazole

An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.


azosemide

A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by chlorine, (2-thienylmethyl)amino and 1H-tetrazol-5-yl groups, respectively. It is a diuretic that has been used in the management of oedema and hypertension.


azulene

A mancude carbobicyclic parent consisting of a cycloheptatriene and cyclopentadiene rings.


barbital

A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).


bendazac

A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.


benproperine trihydrogen phosphate

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-benproperine trihydrogen phosphate. It is used as a cough suppressant in non-productive cough.


bentiromide

The dipeptide obtained by condensation of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine with 4-aminobenzoic acid. Used as a noninvasive screening test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and to monitor the adequacy of supplemental pancreatic therapy, it is given by mouth: the amount of 4-aminobenzoic acid and its metabolites excreted in the urine is taken as a measure of the chymotrypsin-secreting activity of the pancreas.


benzyl nicotinate

A benzyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of nicotinic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been used as a rubefacient.


betamethasone dipropionate

A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy hydrogens at positions 17 and 21 are replaced by propanoyl groups. It is used in combination with calcipotriene hydrate, a synthetic vitamin D analogue, for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adult patients.


betamethasone valerate

A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.


bifonazole

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.


BISPYRIBAC

A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by (4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)oxy groups at positions 2 and 6. Its sodium salt is used as a broad spectrum post emergent herbicide for the control of grasses, sedges and broadleaf weeds in rice crops.


bolandiol dipropionate

A steroid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of propanoic acid with the 3beta and 17beta hydroxy groups of bolandiol.


bitertanol

A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of the enantiomeric pair (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-bitertanol in a 4:1 ratio with the enantiomeric pair (1R,2R)- and (1S,2S)-bitertanol. A fungicide used to control a range of diseases including scab, powder mildew, rusts and blackspot. It is moderately toxic to most animal and insect species but is non-toxic to honeybees.


bromisoval

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.


bithionol

An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders.


bufexamac

A hydroxamic acid derived from phenylacetamide in which the benzene moiety is substituted at C-4 by a butoxy group. It has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties.


bufogenin

A steroid lactone of Chan su (toad venom), a Chinese medicine obtained from the skin venom gland of toads. A specific Na/K-ATPase protein inhibitor, it is used as a cardiotonic and central nervous system (CNS) respiratory agent, an analgesic and anesthetic, and as a remedy for ulcers.


bupivacaine hydrochloride (anhydrous)

A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine hydrochloride and levobupivacaine hydrochloride. The monohydrate form is commonly used as a local anaesthetic.


ACETIC ACID BUTYL ESTER

The acetate ester of butanol.


bitolterol

The di-4-toluate ester of (+-)-N-tert-butylnoradrenaline (colterol). A pro-drug for colterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, bitolterol is used as its methanesulfonate salt for relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.


(E)-caffeyl alcohol

A caffeyl alcohol in which the double bond has E geochemistry.


capecitabine

A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.


carubicin

A toxic anthracycline antibiotic that is produced by Actinomadura carminata and also has potent antineoplastic activity.


BIXIN

A carotenoic acid that is the 6'-monomethyl ester of 9'-cis-6,6'-diapocarotene-6,6'-dioic acid.


ethopropazine

A member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)propyl group. An antimuscarinic, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.


cefroxadine

A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methoxy and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-yl)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.


cilnidipine

A diesterified 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium channel blocker, it is used as an antihypertensive.


cilostazol

A lactam that is 3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 4-(1-cyclohexyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group.


cinnamyl acetate

An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of cinnamyl alcohol with acetic acid. Found in cinnamon leaf oil.


clobazam

7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.


clobetasol propionate

The 17-O-propionate ester of clobetasol. A potent corticosteroid, it is used to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.


corynebactin

A crown compound that is enterobactin in which the pro-R hydrogens at positions 2, 6 and 10 of the trilactone backbone are replaced by methyl groups, and in which a glycine spacer separates the trilactone backbone from each of the catecholamide arms. It is the endogenous siderophore of Bacillus subtilis, used for the acquisition of iron.


crotamiton

An enamide resulting from the formal condensation of crotonic acid with N-ethyl-2-methylaniline. A colourless or pale yellow oily liquid, it is used in the treatment of pruritus (itching) by producing a counter-irritation: as it evaporates from the skin, it produces a cooling effect that diverts attention away from the itching. It has also been used as an acaricide in the treatment of scabies, though more effective drugs are usually preferred.


fluticasone propionate

A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.


An anthocyanin cation consisting of cyanidin having a 6-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 3-hydroxy position.


cADPR

A cyclic purine nucleotide that is synthesised from NAD+ by ADP-ribosyl cyclase; acts as an agonist at ryanodine receptors.


cyclothiazide

3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.


DECANAL

A saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of capric acid (decanoic acid).


dehydrocholic acid

An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.


N(alpha)-t-butoxycarbonyl-L-asparagine

The N(alpha)-t-butoxycarbonyl derivative of L-asparagine


delphinidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside

An anthocyanin cation consisting of delphinidin having a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 3-hydroxy position.


2-deoxyribose 5-triphosphate

A 2-deoxyribose triphosphate in which the triphosphate group is located at position 5.


descarbamoylnovobiocin

A hydroxycoumarin that is novobiocin lacking the carbamoyl group from position 3 on the hexose ring.


deslanoside

A cardenolide glycoside that is lanatoside C with the acetoxy group replaced by a hydroxy group.


desmethyldescarbamoylnovobiocin

A hydroxycoumarin that is novobiocin lacking the 3-O-carbamoyl and 4-O-methyl groups from the hexose ring.


diflorasone diacetate

The 17,21-diacetate derivative of diflorasone. It is used topically for its anti-inflammatory and antipruritic properties in the treatment of various skin disorders.


dihydro-nogalonic acid methyl ester

A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin which is substituted by a 3-hydroxybutanoyl group at position 2 and by a 2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl at position 3.


N-acylsphinganine

A ceramide consisting of sphinganine in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a fatty acyl group.


dimethicone

A polydimethylsiloxane macromolecule, composed of dimethylsiloxane repeating units.


echinocandin B

A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic isolated from Aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus with specific anti-yeast activity.


CILOFUNGIN

A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic isolated from Aspergillus spp. By inhibiting the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol, it invades a fungus' ability to synthesize cell walls. A modified form of echinocandin B, it is an antimycotic agent against Candida albicans.


DIONCOPELTINE A

An isoquinoline alkaloid that is the biaryl resulting from substitution of the hydrogen at the 7-position of (1R,3R)-1,3-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-8-ol by a 1-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-8-methoxynaphthalen-5-yl group. It is a naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid found in Triphyophyllum peltatum.


DIONCOPHYLLINE A

An isoquinoline alkaloid that is the biaryl resulting from substitution of the hydrogen at the 7-position of (1R,3R)-1,3-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-8-ol by a 4,5-dimethoxy-2-methylnaphthalen-1-yl group. It is a naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the roots and stem barks of  Triphyophyllum peltatum and exhibits antifungal, antimalarial, antineoplastic and molluscicidal activites.


DIONCOPHYLLINE C

An isoquinoline alkaloid that is the biaryl resulting from substitution of the hydrogen at the 5-position of (1R,3R)-1,3-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-8-ol by a 5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-2-methylnaphthalen-1-yl group. It is a naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the roots and stem barks of Triphyophyllum peltatum and exhibits antimalarial activity.


domperidone

1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.


doxifluridine

A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an  oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.


droxidopa

A serine derivative that is L-serine substituted at the beta-position by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group. A prodrug for noradrenalone, it is used for treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension


ecgonine methyl ester

The O-debenzoyl analogue of cocaine.


edaravone

A pyrazolone that is 2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups, respectively.


emtricitabine

An organofluorine compound  that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.


epalrestat

A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.


EPIDIHYDROCHOLESTERIN

A 5alpha-chloestane compound having a 3alpha-hydroxy substituent.


EPOTHILONE A

An epithilone that is epothilone C in which the double bond in the macrocyclic lactone ring has been oxidised to the corresponding epoxide (the 13R,14S diastereoisomer).


PATUPILONE

An epithilone that is epithilone D in which the double bond in the macrocyclic ring has been oxidised to the corresponding epoxide (the S,S stereoisomer).


erythromycin ethyl succinate

A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.


esatenolol

The (S)-enantiomer of atenolol.


ethyl isovalerate

The fatty acid ethyl ester of isovaleric acid.


ETHYL LINOLEATE

A long-chain fatty acid ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of linoleic acid with the hydroxy group of ethanol.


ethyl hydroxybenzoate

An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with ethanol,


ethylenediamine derivative

Any organic amino compound that is a derivative of  ethylenediamine.


ethylestrenol

A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is estrane containing a double bond between positions 4 and 5 and substituted by an ethyl group and a hydroxy group at the 17alpha and 17beta positions, respectively. It is an anabolic steroid that has little androgenic effect and only slight progestational activity. It has been used to promote growth in boys with delayed bone growth.


exalamide

An benzamide that is salicylamide in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted into the corresponding hexyl ether. It has been used as a topical antifungal agent.


FABESETRON

An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 8,9-dihydropyrido[1,2-a]indol-6(7H)-one substituted by a (5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl group at position 7R and a methyl group at position 10. It is a dual 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors antagonist whose clinical development was terminated in phase II. It was being developed for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced emesis and irritable bowel syndrome.


BOTRYDIAL

A cytotoxic fungal metabolite isolated from plant tissues infected by phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea.


febuxostat

A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.


felbinac

A monocarboxylic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is substituted by a biphenyl-4-yl group. An active metabolite of fenbufen, it is used as a topical medicine to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis.


ferric ammonium citrate

A mixture of indefinite composition that contains ferric and ammonium cations and citrate(3-) anions, ferric ammonium citrate may be obtained as red crystals or a brownish yellow powder or as green crystals or powder. It is added to foods as an acidity regulator and anticaking agent. It is also used as a positive oral contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging, and was formerly administered orally as a source of iron for the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia.


BOWDICHIONE

A hydroxyisoflavone with a quinone structure in ring B. Isolated from Dalbergia parviflora, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.


flunitrazepam

A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.


fluocinolone acetonide

A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.


fluorescein

A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.


fluorometholone

A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.


bracteatin

The 3,4,5-trihydrobenzylidene derivative of 4,6-dihydroxy-1-benzofuran-3(2H)-one. Its glucoside is a significant contributor to the yellow colour of Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon) flowers.


flutropium bromide

The organic bromide salt of flutropium. It is used in Japan for the treatment asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.


formoterol fumarate

A racemate consisting of equal amounts of arformoterol fumarate (the active enantiomer) and (S,S)-formoterol fumarate (the inactive enantiomer). It is used (particularly in its dihydrate form) as a direct-acting sympathomimetic and bronchodilator for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (any progressive respiratory disease that makes it harder to breathe over time, such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema).


neomycin sulfate

A mixture of the sulfates of substances produced by the growth of certain selected strains of Streptomyces fradiae, the main component being the sulfate of neomycin B.


fulvestrant

A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.


(E)-geranyl formate

The formate ester of geraniol.


teprenone

A terpene ketone in which a (9E,13E)-geranylgernayl group is bonded to one of the alpha-methyls of acetone (it is a mixture of 5E- and 5Z-geoisomers in a 3:2 ratio).


BRADYKININ

A linear nonapeptide messenger belonging to the kinin group of proteins, with amino acid sequence RPPGFSPFR. Enzymatically produced from kallidin in the blood, it is a powerful vasodilator that causes smooth muscle contraction, and may mediate inflammation.


glafenine

A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.


hydrocortisone butyrate

Cortisol esterified with butyric acid at the 17-hydroxy group.


hydrocortisone caproate

The 21-O-hexanoyl derivative of hydrocortisone.


hydrocortisone succinate

A derivative of succinic acid in which one of the carboxy groups is esterified by the C-21 hydroxy group of cortisol (hydrocortisone).


brassicasterol

An 3beta-sterol that is (22E)-ergosta-5,22-diene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3beta. It is a phytosterol found in marine algae, fish, and rapeseed oil.


idebenone

A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3, by a methyl group at positions 5, and by a 10-hydroxydecyl group at positions 6. Initially developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, benefits were modest; it was subsequently found to be of benefit for the symptomatic treatment of Friedreich's ataxia.


OXINDOLE

An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.


BRAZILIN

A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is a red pigment obtained from the wood of Caesalpinia echinata (Brazil-wood) or Caesalpinia sappan (sappan-wood).


iobitridol

A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a 3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propanimido at position 5.


iodamide

A benzoic acid compound having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions, an acetamido substituent at the 3-position and an acetamidomethyl substituent at the 5-position.


iodixanol

A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.


iohexol

A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.


iomeprol

A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a glycoloyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.


iopamidol

A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.


ioxaglic acid

A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an acetyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.


ipriflavone

A member of the class of isoflavones that is isoflavone in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by an isopropoxy group. A synthetic isoflavone, it was formerly used for the treatment of osteoporosis, although a randomised controlled study failed to show any benefit. It is still used to prevent osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.


bretylium

A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.


isoamyl acetate

The acetate ester of isoamylol.


isoamyl formate

The formate ester of isoamylol.


isoconazole nitrate

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-isoconazole nitrate. A broad-spectrum antibacterial drug used for treatment of dermatomycoses.


unoprostone isopropyl

The isopropyl ester of unoprostone.


jadomycin B

A jadomycin that is jadomycin A in which the phenolic hydroxy group at position 12 has been converted to the corresponding 2,6-dideoxy-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranoside, isolated from Streptomyces venezuelae. It exists as a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of both 3aS and 3aR isomers.


josamycin

A macrolide antibiotic produced by certain strains of Streptomyces narbonensis var. josamyceticus.


A trihydroxyflavone that is kaempferol  substituted at position 3 by a 6-(4-coumaroyl)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucosyl moiety via a glycosidic linkage.


TRIFOLIN

A beta-D-galactoside compound with a 4',5,7-trihydroxychromen-3-yl group at the anomeric position.


A sophoroside that is kaempferol attached to a beta-D-sophorosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.


A kaempferol O-glucoside that is kaempferol attached to a beta-D-sophorotriosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.


aldehydo-D-kanosamine

The acyclic form of D-kanosamine.


An amino sugar phosphate that is the 6-O-phosphate of 3-amino-3-deoxy-D-glucopyranose.


kebuzone

A pyrazolidine that is phenylbutazone in which the two methylene hydrogens at postion 3 on the butyl chain are replaced by an oxo group.


kinobscurinone

An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[b]fluorene substituted by a methyl group at position 1, hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 9, and oxo groups at positions 5, 10 and 11.


leucomycin V

A macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces kitasatoensis, showing activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens.


OXFENICINE

The L-enantiomer of 4-hydroxyphenylglycine.


LARICYTRIN

A monomethoxyflavone that is the 3'-O-methyl derivative of myricetin.


lead diacetate

A lead coordination entity in which a central lead(2+) atom is coordinated to two acetate ions.


BROMACIL

A racemate consisting of equimolar concentrations of (R)- and (S)-bromacil.


lentinan

A 1,3 beta-glucan polysaccharide with beta-1,6 branching  isolated from the edible mushroom Lentinula edodes. It has a molecular weight of around 500,000 Da; the exact composition is unknown.


lopinavir

A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is amphetamine is substituted on nitrogen by a (2,6-dimethylphenoxy)acetyl group and on the carbon alpha- to nitrogen by a (1S,3S)-1-hydroxy-3-{[(2S)-3-methyl-2-(2-oxotetrahydropyrimidin-1-yl)butanoyl]amino}-4-phenylbutyl group. An antiretroviral of the protease inhibitor class, it is used against HIV infections as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, ritonavir.


lornoxicam

A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.


LONICERIN

A disaccharide derivative that is luteolin  substituted by a 2-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.


BROMOBENZENE

The simplest member of the class of bromobenzenes, that is benzene in which a single hydrogen has been substituted by a bromine. A liquid at room temperature (m.p. -30degreeC; b.p.760 156degreeC), it is used as a solvent, particularly for large-scale crystallisations, and for the introduction of phenyl groups in organic synthesis.


An anthocyanin cation consisting of malvidin having a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 3-hydroxy position.


fleroxacin

A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.


mercuric chloride

A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.


brompheniramine

Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.


methyl salicylate

A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.


methyl p-hydroxybenzoate

A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.


metiazinic acid

Phenothiazine substituted at nitrogen by a methyl group and at C-2 by a carboxymethyl group.


broussin

A hydroxyflavan that is (2S)-flavan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 7 and a methoxy group at position 4'.


MILITARINONE A

A pyridine alkaloid that is 1,4-dihydroxypyridin-2(1H)-one substituted by a cis-1,4-dihydroxycyclohexyl group at position 5 and a (2E,4E,6E,8R,10R)-6,8,10-trimethyldodeca-2,4,6-trienoyl moiety at position 3. It is isolated from the mycelium of the entomogenous fungus, Paecilomyces militaris and has been found to induce pronounced neurite sprouting.


modafinil

A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.


MOLSIDOMINE

A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.


browniine

A diterpenoid that is aconitane bearing an N-ethyl as well as several hydroxy and methoxy substituents.


NMDA

An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.


N-oleoyldopamine

A fatty amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of oleic acid with the amino group of dopamine. Synthesised in catecholaminergic neurons, it crosses the blood-brain barrier and might be considered as a carrier of dopamine into the brain. It is a  transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptor agonist.


N-acetyl-L-2-aminoadipic acid

An N-acetyl-L-amino acid consisting of L-2-aminoadipic acid carrying an N-acetyl substituent.


An aminoacyl phosphate consisting of N-acetyl-L-2-aminoadipic acid having the phosphate group located at the 6-position.


nateglinide

An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.


A racemate composed of (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-enantiomers of nemonapride. Highly potent dopamine D2-like receptor antagonist; selective over D1-like receptors (Ki values are 0.1 and 740 nM for D2-like and D1-like receptors respectively). Also potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist (IC50 = 34 nM) and has affinity for sigma receptors.


nicorandil

A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.


nimetazepam

A nitrazepam which is substituted at positions 1 by a methyl group. It is used as an anticonvulsant and as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia.


nogalonic acid

A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,8-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted a position 2 by a 3-oxobutanoyl group and at position 3 by a carboxymethyl group. An intermediate in the biosynthesis of nogalamycin.


NOVOBIOCIC ACID

A hydroxycoumarin that is the aglycone of novobiocin.


oxatomide

A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.


pantethine

An organic disulfide that consists of two molecules of pantothenic acid linked by amide bonds to a cysteamine disulfide bridging group.


An anthocyanin cation consisting of pelargonidin having a 6-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 3-hydroxy position.


pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside

An anthocyanin cation consisting of pelargonidin having a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 3-hydroxy position.


pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside

An anthocyanin cation consisting of pelargonidin having a rutinosyl [6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucosyl] residue attached at the 3-hydroxy position.


An anthocyanin cation consisting of pelargonidin having a rutinosyl [6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucosyl] residue attached at the 3-hydroxy position and a beta-D-glucosyl residue at the 5-hydroxy position.


perflutren

A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.


periciazine

A member of the class of  phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propyl group at the nitrogen atom and a carbonitrile group at position 2. Periciazine is a first generation antipsychotic.


petunidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside

An anthocyanin cation that is petunidin substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue


phenethyl acetate

The acetate ester of 2-phenylethanol.


phenolsulfonphthalein

3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.


N,N-dimethylethanolamine phosphate

The N,N-dimethyl derivative of ethanolamine phosphate.


N-acylphytosphingosine

A ceramide that is phytosphingosine having a fatty acyl group attached to the nitrogen.


(+)-N-methylconiine

A piperidine that is (+)-coniine bering an N-methyl substituent.


bryostatins

Any of the structurally related macrolide compounds originally found in the bryozoan Bugula neritina and related organisms.


methyl beta-D-glucopyranoside

A beta-D-glucopyranoside having a methyl substituent at the anomeric position.


α-MDG

An alpha-D-glucopyranoside having a methyl substituent at the anomeric position.


bryotoxin A

A bufadienolide glycoside that is 3,5,11,14-tetrahydroxy-12,19-dioxobufa-20,22-dienolide attached to a 3-O-acetyl-4,6-dideoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.


pirfenidone

A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.


piromidic acid

A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid, substituted at position 2 by a pyrrolidin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic antibacterial which is used for the treatment of urinary tract and intestinal infections.


pitavastatin

A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.


plaunotol

A diterpenoid that is geranylgeraniol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 18.


polyoxyl 40 stearate

An octadecanoate ester composed of repeating 8-40 ethyleneoxy units. It is an ingredient used in cosmetics and beauty products primarily as a surfactant and emulsifier.


poly(vinyl acetate)

A polymer composed of repeating acetoxyethylene units.


premithramycin A2'

A tetracenomycin that is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the antitumour drug mithramycin by Streptomyces argillaceus.


buclizine

An N-alkylpiperazine carrying (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and 4-tert-butylbenzyl groups.


proglumide

A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.


BUDDLEDIN A

A sesquiterpenoid based on a  humulane skeleton.


propylparaben

The benzoate ester that is the propyl ester of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.   Preservative typically found in many water-based cosmetics, such as creams, lotions, shampoos and bath products. Also used as a food additive.


budesonide

A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.


pyrrolnitrin

A member of the class of pyrroles carrying chloro and 3-chloro-2-nitrophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively.


A quercetin O-glucoside that is  quercetin attached to a 6-O-malonyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.


A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin attached to a beta-D-sambubiosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidc linkage.


A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin attached to a beta-D-sophorosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.


A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin attached to a beta-D-sophorotriosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.


buformin

A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide substituted by a butyl group at position 1. It is an antidiabetic drug with potential antitumor effect.


rhodomycin D

An anthracycline that is aklavinone having a 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl residue attached at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.


bufotenine

A tertiary amine that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at position 5.


(Z)-roxithromycin

A minor geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.


(S)-BULBOCAPNINE

An aporphine alkaloid that has been isolated from Corydalis and exhibits inhibitory activity against enzymes such as tyrosine 3-monooxygenase and diamine oxidase.


saccharin

A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.


salicylamide

The simplest member of the class of salicylamides derived from salicylic acid.


secobarbital sodium

The monosodium salt of secobarbital.


bumetanide

A member of the class of benzoic acids that is 4-phenoxybenzoic acid in which the hydrogens ortho to the phenoxy group are substituted by butylamino and sulfamoyl groups. Bumetanide is a diuretic, and is used for treatment of oedema associated with congestive heart failure, hepatic and renal disease.


SOBLIDOTIN

A tetrapeptide derivative of dolastatin 10. It is an inhibitor of tubulin polymerization which exhibits potent antitumor activity.


bupivacaine

A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.


stealthin C

An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 10H-benzo[b]fluorene substituted by a methyl group at position 1, hydroxy groups at positions 4, 5 and 9, oxo group at position 10, and an amino group at position 11.


CETOSTEARYL ALCOHOL

A long-chain primary fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at C-1 of an unbranched saturated chain of 18 carbon atoms.


STIGMATELLIN

A member of the class of chromones that is isolated from Stigmatella aurantiaca Sg a15.


sucralose

A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond.


buprenorphine

A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.


sulfadimethoxine

A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.


sulfisomidine

A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.


A glycosylglycerol derivative in which the glycosyl moiety is alpha-D-6-sulfoquinovosyl attached at O-3, with O-1 and O-2 both acylated.


sulpiride

A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.


suxibuzone

A pyrazolidine that is phenylbutazone which is substituted by a 3-carboxypropanoylmethyl group at the 4-position. Suxibuzone is a prodrug for phenylbutazone and is commonly used as an anti-inflammatory drug in horses.


tacalcitol

A hydroxy seco-steroid that is calciol which carries hydroxy groups at positions 1S and 24R. It is a vitamin D3 analog which is used for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris in adults, especially on the scalp.


tamibarotene

A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the condensation of one of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid with the amino group of 5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine.


tazarotene

The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of  psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.


bupropion

An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.


tenoxicam

A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine.  Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.


tetracenomycin D3

A tetracenomycin that is 1-methyl-6,11-dioxo-6,11-dihydrotetracene-2-carboxylic acid bearing four hydroxy substituents at positions 3, 8, 10 and 12.


tetracenomycin F1

A tetracenomycin that is 1-methyl-11-oxo-6,11-dihydrotetracene-2-carboxylic acid bearing four hydroxy substituents at positions 3, 8, 10 and 12.


TETRANGOMYCIN

An angucycline antibiotic that is 3,4-dihydrotetraphene-1,7,12(2H)-trione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 8 and a methyl group at position 3 (the 3R stereoisomer) ring system. It is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces sp.


TETRANGULOL

A member of the class of tetraphenes that is tetraphene-7,12-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8 and a methyl group at position 3.


burseran

A lignan that consists of tetrahydrofuran substituted by a 5-methyl-1,3-benzodioxole group at position 3 and a 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl group at position 4 (the 3S,4S stereoisomer).


tiaprofenic acid

An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.


tibolone

Estran-3-one with a double bond between positions 5 and 10, and bearing both an ethynyl group and a hydroxy group at position 17 (R-configuration). A synthetic steroid hormone drug which acts as an agonist at all five type I steroid hormone receptors, it is used in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for treatment of endometriosis.


buspirone

An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.


titanium dioxide

A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2.  A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.


tolfenamic acid

An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl group. Tolfenamic acid is used specifically for relieving the pain of migraine. It also shows anticancer activity.


tramadol hydrochloride

A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol hydrochloride. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.


transfluthrin

A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl alcohol.


trilostane

An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.


UDP-sugar having 3-keto-alpha-D-glucose as the sugar component.


UDP-alpha-D-kanosamine

A UDP-amino sugar having alpha-D-kanosamine as the amino sugar component.


UREA C-13

A (13)C-modified compound that is urea in which the carbon is present as its (13)C isotope.


vedaprofen

A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-vedaprofen. Used for control of pain and inflammation particularly associated with chronic musculoskeletal disorders and soft tissue trauma in dogs and horses and for treatment of pain due to horse colic.


vitexin 2''-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside

A derivative of vitexin having an alpha-L-rhamnosyl residue attached at the 2''-position of the glucitol moiety.


BUTACHLOR

An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.


warfarin potassium

A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin potassium. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.


butamben

An amino acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-aminobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol. Its local anaesthetic properties have been used for surface anaesthesia of the skin and mucous membranes, and for relief of pain and itching associated with some anorectal disorders.


zopiclone

A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.


glucuronamide

A monosaccharide derivative that is the carboxamide of beta-D-glucuronic acid


BETA-IONONE

An ionone that is but-3-en-2-one substituted by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group at position 4.


A cyclohexane-1,2-diol with cis-configuration.


(+)-EPITAXIFOLIN

A taxifolin that has (2S,3R)-configuration.


A dTDP-sugar having 5,5-di-C-methyl-beta-L-lyxose as the sugar component.


dTDP-beta-L-vancosamine

A dTDP-sugar having beta-L-vancosamine as the sugar component.


dTDP-beta-L-daunosamine

A dTDP-sugar having beta-L-daunosamine as the sugar component.


PHENOLSULFONIC ACID

An arenesulfonic acid that is phenol substituted by a sulfo group at C-4.


trans-3-coumaric acid

A 3-coumaric acid that is phenol substituted with trans-2-propenoic acid at position C-3.


dodecanoyl group

A fatty-acyl group derived from dodecanoic (lauric) acid.


icosanoate

A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of icosanoic acid (arachidic acid).


nonanoate

A medium-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of nonanoic acid that in methyl ester form has significant nematicidal activity.


heptanoate

A medium-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of heptanoic acid; shown in myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion studies to increase levels of C4 Kreb's cycle intermediates.


A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion that is obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxylic acid group of 3-dehydroquinic acid.


HEPTADECANOIC ACID

A C17 saturated fatty acid and trace component of fats in ruminants.


margarate

A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of margaric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.


undecanoic acid

A straight-chain, eleven-carbon saturated medium-chain fatty acid found in body fluids; the most fungitoxic of the C7:0 - C18:0 fatty acid series.


undecanoate

A medium-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of undecanoic acid; used in tandem with testosterone cation in the treatment of male hypogonadism. Major species at pH 7.3.


BUTEIN

A chalcone that is (E)-chalcone bearing four additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2', 3, 4 and 4'.


myristoleate

A tetradecenoate that is the conjugate base of myristoleic acid.


palmitoleate

A hexadec-9-enoate that is the conjugate base of palmitoleic acid; major species at pH 7.3.


A coumarate that is the conjugate base of 4-coumaric acid.


para-coumaric acid

The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.