glycoside catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosides, compounds in which a glycosyl group is substituted into a hydroxyl, thiol or selenol group in another compound.


S-glycoside metabolic process

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving S-glycosides, any compound in which a glycosyl group has been substituted into a thiol group.


S-glycoside biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-glycosides, any compound in which a glycosyl group has been substituted into a thiol group.


S-glycoside catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of S-glycosides, any compound in which a glycosyl group has been substituted into a thiol group.


name: translation release factor activity, codon specific

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A translation release factor that is specific for one or more particular termination codons; acts at the ribosomal A-site and require polypeptidyl-tRNA at the P-site.


name: translation release factor activity, codon nonspecific

description: A translation release factor that is not specific to particular codons; binds to guanine nucleotides.


nickel cation binding

description: Binding to a nickel (Ni) cation.


mercury (II) reductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + Hg + NADP+ = Hg2+ + NADPH.


urocanate hydratase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 4-imidazolone-5-propanoate + H+ = trans-urocanate + H2O.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: pyrimidine nucleoside + phosphate = pyrimidine + alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 10-formyltetrahydrofolate + H2O + NADP+ = (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate + CO2 + H+ + NADPH.


fumarate reductase (NADH) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: NAD+ + succinate = fumarate + H+ + NADH.


sucrose synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + D-fructose = UDP + sucrose.


3-phytase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol hexakisphosphate + H2O = D-myo-inositol 1,2,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate + phosphate.


muconolactone delta-isomerase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-muconolactone = (4,5-dihydro-5-oxofuran-2-yl)-acetate.


amylase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of amylose or an amylose derivative.


beta-amylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)(n+1) + H2O = (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)(n-1) + alpha-maltose. This reaction is the hydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains.


description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of (1->4)-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose and cellotetraose, releasing cellobiose from the non-reducing ends of the chains.


nitrogenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 8 reduced ferredoxin + 8 H+ + N2 + 16 ATP + 16 H2O = 8 oxidized ferredoxin + 2 NH3 + 16 ADP + 16 phosphate.


linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: linoleate + O2 = (9Z,11E)-(13S)-13-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoate.


phytoene dehydrogenase activity

description: Catalysis of the dehydrogenation of phytoene to produce a carotenoid intermediate such as phytofluene.


name: glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor activity

description: Combining with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


chlorophyll binding

description: Binding to a chlorophyll; a compound of magnesium complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring and which functions as a photosynthetic pigment.


bacteriochlorophyll c binding

description: Binding to bacteriochlorophyll c, a chlorophyll of photosynthetic bacteria, for example green sulfur bacteria.


interleukin-15 receptor binding

description: Binding to an interleukin-15 receptor.


NAD(P)H oxidase H2O2-forming activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 = NAD(P)+ + hydrogen peroxide.


name: superoxide-generating NAD(P)H oxidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: NAD(P)H + O2 = NAD(P)H + O2-.


name: superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase activator activity

description: Binds to and increases the activity of the enzyme superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase.


snRNA processing

description: Any process involved in the conversion of a primary small nuclear RNA (snRNA) transcript into a mature snRNA molecule. The primary function of snRNAs is processing pre-messenger RNA in the nucleus. They have also been shown to aid in the regulation of transcription factors (7SK RNA) or RNA polymerase II (B2 RNA), and maintaining the telomeres.


synaptic vesicle budding from endosome

description: Budding of synaptic vesicles during the formation of constitutive recycling vesicles from early endosomes.


synaptic vesicle coating

description: The formation of clathrin coated pits in the presynaptic membrane endocytic zone, triggered by the presence of high concentrations of synaptic vesicle components. This process leads to, but does not include budding of the membrane to form new vesicles.


name: synaptic vesicle budding from presynaptic endocytic zone membrane

description: Evagination of the presynaptic membrane, resulting in the formation of a new synaptic vesicle.


synaptic vesicle maturation

description: Steps required to form an initiated synaptic vesicle into a fully formed and transmissible synaptic vesicle.


synaptic vesicle to endosome fusion

description: Fusion of a synaptic vesicle with an endosome.


synaptic vesicle uncoating

description: The removal of the protein coat on a synaptic vesicle following the pinching step at the end of budding from the presynaptic membrane.


vesicle-mediated transport

description: A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane.


endosomal transport

description: The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.


axon choice point recognition

description: The recognition of molecules at a choice point by an axon growth cone; at a choice point the growth cone determines the direction of its future growth.


axon midline choice point recognition

description: The recognition of molecules at the central nervous system midline choice point by an axon growth cone; this choice point determines whether the growth cone will cross the midline.


synaptic target attraction

description: The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism recognizes chemoattractant signals from, and grows towards, potential targets.


synaptic target inhibition

description: The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism recognizes chemorepellent signals that inhibit its growth toward the source.


name: regulation of striated muscle tissue development

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.


muscle attachment

description: The developmental process in which a skeletal muscle attaches to its target (such as bone or body wall).


determination of muscle attachment site

description: The process that mediates the transfer of information from the cells of a muscle to those of its intended target, thereby identifying the target site.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: selenocysteine + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = Se-methylselenocysteine + S-adenosyl-homocysteine.


catechol O-methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a catechol = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a guaiacol.


4-coumarate-CoA ligase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 4-coumarate + CoA = AMP + diphosphate + 4-coumaroyl-CoA.


AMP binding

description: Binding to AMP, adenosine monophosphate.


antioxidant activity

description: Inhibition of the reactions brought about by dioxygen (O2) or peroxides. Usually the antioxidant is effective because it can itself be more easily oxidized than the substance protected. The term is often applied to components that can trap free radicals, thereby breaking the chain reaction that normally leads to extensive biological damage.


naringenin-chalcone synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 3 malonyl-CoA + 4-coumaroyl-CoA = 4 CoA + naringenin chalcone + 3 CO2.


ammonia ligase activity

description: Catalysis of the ligation of ammonia (NH3) to another substance via a carbon-nitrogen bond with concomitant breakage of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: L-kynurenine + 2-oxoglutarate = 4-(2-aminophenyl)-2,4-dioxobutanoate + L-glutamate.


linoleoyl-CoA desaturase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H+ + O2 = (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoA + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O. Can also use a substrate with 3 double bonds (a (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoyl-CoA and add a fourth double bond (a (6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadecatetraenoyl-CoA).


acyl-CoA desaturase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: AH2 + O2 + octadecanoyl-CoA = (9Z)-octadecenoyl-CoA + A + 2 H2O.


isopenicillin-N synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: N-[(5S)-5-amino-5-carboxypentanoyl]-L-cysteinyl-D-valine + O2 = 2 H2O + isopenicillin N.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: deethylsimazine + H2O = N-ethylammeline + chloride + H+.


polyketide synthase activity

description: Catalysis of a multistep reaction that produce polyketides through decarboxylative condensation of carboxylic acids. The key chain-building reaction, a C-N bond-forming reaction, involves the generation of the characteristic peptide bond by nucleophilic attack of the amino group of an amino-acyl donor unit covalently bound to a downstream peptidyl carrier protein module (amino acyl-S-PCP) on the acyl group of an upstream electrophilic acyl- or peptidyl acyl-S-PCP chain, catalyzed by a condensation (C) domain. Supplementing these core chain-elongation domains are variable numbers of auxiliary domains that are responsible for modification of the growing polypeptide chain by a small set of iterated reactions including epimerization, N-methylation, and heterocyclization.


category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A protein complex that catalyzes the formation of procollagen trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline and succinate from procollagen L-proline and 2-oxoglutarate, requiring Fe2+ and ascorbate. Contains two alpha subunits that contribute to most parts of the catalytic sites, and two beta subunits that are identical to protein-disulfide isomerase.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: L-alanine + 2-oxopropanoate = pyruvate + beta-alanine.


iron-sulfur cluster assembly

description: The incorporation of iron and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster.


steroid dehydrogenase activity

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which one substrate is a sterol derivative.


name: sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase activator activity

description: Binds to and increases the activity of the enzyme sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase.


beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminides.


HNK-1 sulfotransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the synthesis of the HKK-1 carbohydrate epitope; adds a sulfate group to a precursor, GlcA-beta-(1->3)-Gal-beta-(1->4)-GlcNAc-beta-(1->R), forming sulfo-3GlcA-beta-(1->3)-Gal-beta-(1->4)-GlcNAc-beta-(1->R).


telomere capping

description: A process in which telomeres are protected from degradation and fusion, thereby ensuring chromosome stability by protecting the ends from both degradation and from being recognized as damaged DNA. May be mediated by specific single- or double-stranded telomeric DNA binding proteins.


inclusion body

description: A discrete intracellular part formed of aggregated molecules such as proteins or other biopolymers.


aggresome

description: An inclusion body formed by dynein-dependent retrograde transport of an aggregated protein on microtubules.


macroautophagy

description: The autophagic process that proceeds via the formation of an autophagosome.


microautophagy

description: A type of autophagy where cytosolic components are ingested by late endosomes, lysosomes or yeast-type lytic vacuoles by direct invagination of the compartment membrane without prior sequestration into an autophagosome. The engulfing membranes fuse, resulting in the lysosomal delivery of the cargo wrapped in a single membrane derived from the invaginated lysosomal membrane.


positive regulation of macroautophagy

description: Any process, such as recognition of nutrient depletion, that activates or increases the rate of macroautophagy to bring cytosolic macromolecules to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation.


autophagosome membrane docking

description: The initial attachment of an autophagosome membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane. Docking requires only that the two membranes come close enough for these proteins to interact and adhere.


regulation of macroautophagy

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.


negative regulation of macroautophagy

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.


regulation of autophagosome size

description: Any process that modulates the size of the autophagosome.


channel regulator activity

description: Binds to and modulates the activity of a channel. A channel catalyzes energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.


channel inhibitor activity

description: Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of a channel.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: N-sulfo-D-glucosamine + H2O = D-glucosamine + sulfate.


name: RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor activity

description: A general transcription initiation factor activity that contributes to transcription start site selection and transcription initiation of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II. The general transcription factors for RNA polymerase II include TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH and TATA-binding protein (TBP). In most species, RNA polymerase II transcribes all messenger RNAs (mRNAs), most untranslated regulatory RNAs, the majority of the snoRNAs, four of the five snRNAs (U1, U2, U4, and U5), and other small noncoding RNAs. For some small RNAs there is variability between species as to whether it is transcribed by RNA polymerase II or RNA polymerase III. However there are also rare exceptions, such as Trypanosoma brucei, where RNA polymerase I transcribes certain mRNAs in addition to its normal role in rRNA transcription.


name: preassembly of GPI anchor in ER membrane

description: The stepwise addition of the components of the GPI anchor on to phosphatidylinositol lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.


attachment of GPI anchor to protein

description: A transamidation reaction that results in the cleavage of the polypeptide chain and the concomitant transfer of the GPI anchor to the newly formed carboxy-terminal amino acid of the anchored protein. The cleaved C-terminal contains the C-terminal GPI signal sequence of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain.


N-glycan processing to lysosome

description: The modification of high-mannose N-glycans by UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-lysosomal-enzyme N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase and the subsequent removal of the N-acetylglucosamine residues yielding mannose-6-P that occurs in the ER-Golgi apparatus to N-glycans destined for the lysosome.


name: N-glycan processing to secreted and cell-surface N-glycans

description: The modification of high-mannose (Man9-Asn) N-glycans by mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase. This may result in Man8GlcNAc2-Asn N-glycans (which in yeast may be subsequently modified by the addition of further mannose residues) or Man5GlcNAc2-Asn N-glycans that are substrates for further diversification in the Golgi apparatus.


N-glycan diversification

description: The generation, in the Golgi apparatus, of side chain diversity from high mannose Man5GlcNAc2-Asn N-glycans by specific glycosyltransferases and glycosidases.


selenocysteine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving selenocysteine, an essential component of glutathione peroxidase and some other proteins.


selenocysteine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of selenocysteine, an essential component of glutathione peroxidase and some other proteins.


selenocysteine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of selenocysteine, an essential component of glutathione peroxidase and some other proteins.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + protein = UDP + 4-N-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-protein.


description: Catalysis of the addition of a galactosyl residue to a non-reducing O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine residue in an O-glycan.


gap junction assembly

description: Assembly of gap junctions, which are found in most animal tissues, and serve as direct connections between the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. They provide open channels through the plasma membrane, allowing ions and small molecules (less than approximately a thousand daltons) to diffuse freely between neighboring cells, but preventing the passage of proteins and nucleic acids.


O-glycan processing

description: The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form a core O-glycan structure.


O-glycan processing, core 1

description: The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 1 O-glycan structure, Gal-beta-(1->3)-GalNAc.


O-glycan processing, core 2

description: The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 2 O-glycan structure, GlcNAc-beta-(1->6)[Gal-beta-(1->3)]-GalNAc.


O-glycan processing, core 3

description: The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 3 O-glycan structure, GlcNAc-beta-(1->3)-GalNAc.


O-glycan processing, core 4

description: The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form the core 4 O-glycan structure, GlcNAc-beta-(1->6)[GalNAc-beta-(1->3)]-GalNAc.


prefoldin complex

description: A multisubunit chaperone that is capable of delivering unfolded proteins to cytosolic chaperonin, which it acts as a cofactor for. In humans, the complex is a heterohexamer of two PFD-alpha and four PFD-beta type subunits. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it also acts in the nucleus to regulate the rate of elongation by RNA polymerase II via a direct effect on histone dynamics.


arginine N-methyltransferase activity

description: Enables the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to an amino group of an arginine residue.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + (protein)-arginine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + (protein)-N-methyl-arginine.


lysine N-methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue.


description: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue in a protein substrate.


description: The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex is composed of eIF4E, eIF4A and eIF4G; it is involved in the recognition of the mRNA cap, ATP-dependent unwinding of the 5'-terminal secondary structure and recruitment of the mRNA to the ribosome.


eukaryotic 43S preinitiation complex

description: A protein complex composed of the 40S ribosomal subunit plus eIF1, eIF1A, eIF3, eIF5, and eIF2-GTP-bound methionyl-initiator methionine tRNA.


name: small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of potassium by a channel with a unit conductance of 2 to 20 picoSiemens that opens in response to stimulus by internal calcium ions. Small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels are more sensitive to calcium than are large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-CoA + glycerone phosphate = 1-acylglycerone 3-phosphate + CoA.


acyl-CoA hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: an acyl-CoA + H2O = a carboxylate + CoA + H+.


fatty acyl-[ACP] hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a fatty acyl-[ACP] + H2O = a fatty acid + H+ + holo-[acyl-carrier protein].


lipase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.


name: tRNA (uridine) methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to a uracil residue in a tRNA molecule.


kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol + ATP = a 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + ADP + 2 H+.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate + ATP = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + ADP + 2 H+.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate = ADP + 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.


phosphorylation

description: The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide.


dephosphorylation

description: The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule.


name: inositol bisphosphate phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: myo-inositol bisphosphate + H2O = myo-inositol phosphate + phosphate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate + H2O = phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate + phosphate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,4-bisphosphate + H2O = 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate + phosphate.


ommatidial rotation

description: The process in which photoreceptors are arranged in ommatidia in the dorsal and ventral fields to be mirror images. The polarity is established in the imaginal discs concurrently with cell fate specification.


mushroom body development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mushroom body over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mushroom body is composed of the prominent neuropil structures of the insect central brain, thought to be crucial for olfactory associated learning. These consist mainly of a bulbous calyx and tightly packaged arrays of thin parallel fibers of the Kenyon cells.


endoplasmic reticulum membrane fusion

description: The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the endoplasmic reticulum.


female meiosis chromosome segregation

description: The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a female.


neuron remodeling

description: The developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate the extra dendrites and axons projections set up in early stages of nervous system development.


basolateral plasma membrane

description: The region of the plasma membrane that includes the basal end and sides of the cell. Often used in reference to animal polarized epithelial membranes, where the basal membrane is the part attached to the extracellular matrix, or in plant cells, where the basal membrane is defined with respect to the zygotic axis.


apical plasma membrane

description: The region of the plasma membrane located at the apical end of the cell.


name: oocyte microtubule cytoskeleton organization

description: Formation and maintenance of a polarized microtubule array originating from a microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


apicolateral plasma membrane

description: The apical end of the lateral plasma membrane of epithelial cells.


lateral plasma membrane

description: The portion of the plasma membrane at the lateral side of the cell. In epithelial cells, lateral plasma membranes are on the sides of cells which lie at the interface of adjacent cells.


name: second mitotic wave involved in compound eye morphogenesis

description: A discrete cell cycle in the third instar eye imaginal disc after progression of the morphogenetic furrow that contributes to compound eye morphogenesis. It is essential for generation of a sufficient pool of uncommitted cells to develop complete ommatidia.


morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized.


name: establishment or maintenance of polarity of embryonic epithelium

description: Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization of epithelial cells in an embryo.


morphogenesis of follicular epithelium

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of a follicular epithelium are generated and organized.


name: establishment or maintenance of polarity of follicular epithelium

description: Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a polarized follicular epithelial sheet.


name: morphogenesis of larval imaginal disc epithelium

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of a larval imaginal disc epithelium are generated and organized.


name: establishment or maintenance of polarity of larval imaginal disc epithelium

description: Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a polarized larval imaginal disc epithelium.


name: calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell-adhesion molecules

description: The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction.


name: calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules

description: The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction.


calcium-dependent cell-matrix adhesion

description: The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction.


catenin complex

description: Complex of peripheral cytoplasmic proteins (alpha-, beta- and gamma-catenin) that interact with the cytoplasmic region of uvomorulin/E-cadherin to connect it to the actin cytoskeleton.


name: meiotic chromosome movement towards spindle pole

description: The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of chromosomes from the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles takes place, mediated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes. This occurs during meiosis.


name: female meiotic chromosome movement towards spindle pole

description: The directed movement of chromosomes in the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles, mediated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, during female meiosis.


name: male meiotic chromosome movement towards spindle pole

description: The directed movement of chromosomes in the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles, mediated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, during male meiosis.


name: imaginal disc-derived leg joint morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of an imaginal disc-derived leg joint are generated and organized. The leg joint is a flexible region that separates the rigid sections of a leg to allow movement in a controlled manner. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


dendrite development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


name: sensory organ precursor cell fate determination

description: The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a sensory organ precursor cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


activin receptor activity, type I

description: Combining with activin-bound type II activin receptor to initiate a change in cell activity; upon binding, acts as a downstream transducer of activin signals.


activin receptor activity, type II

description: Combining with activin to initiate a change in cell activity; upon ligand binding, binds to and catalyses the phosphorylation of a type I activin receptor.


nuclear matrix

description: The dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane.


palmitoyl-CoA oxidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: palmitoyl-CoA + O2 = trans-2,3-dehydropalmitoyl-CoA + hydrogen peroxide.


pristanoyl-CoA oxidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: pristanoyl-CoA + O2 = trans-2,3-dehydropristanoyl-CoA + hydrogen peroxide.


dimethylargininase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: N(G),N(G)-dimethyl-L-arginine + H2O = dimethylamine + L-citrulline.


name: 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (5Z,13E)-(15S)-11-alpha,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate + NAD+ = (5Z,13E)-11-alpha-hydroxy-9,15-dioxoprost-13-enoate + NADH + H+.


CoA-ligase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: substrate + ATP + CoASH = AMP + diphosphate + substrate-CoA.


carnitine O-acyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the carnitine molecule.


acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to an acceptor molecule.


C-acyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a carbon atom on the acceptor molecule.


palmitoyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl (CH3-[CH2]14-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.


N-acyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a nitrogen atom on the acceptor molecule.


acylglycerol O-acyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the acylglycerol molecule.


serine O-acyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to an oxygen atom on the serine molecule.


O-acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.


O-octanoyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an octanoyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.


octanoyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an octanoyl (CH3-[CH2]6-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.


O-palmitoyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.


S-acyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group to a sulfur atom on the acceptor molecule.


S-acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to a sulfur atom on the acceptor molecule.


S-malonyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a malonyl group to a sulfur atom on the acceptor molecule.


malonyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a malonyl (HOOC-CH2-CO-) group to an acceptor molecule.


CoA carboxylase activity

description: Catalysis of the joining of a carboxyl group to a molecule that is attached to CoA, with the concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + m(7)G(5')pppAm = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + m(7)G(5')pppm(6)Am.


name: tRNA (guanine) methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + guanosine in tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing methylguanine.


name: tRNA (adenine) methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing methyladenine.


name: tRNA (cytidine) methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing methylcytosine.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: a cytidine in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = a 5-methylcytidine in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + H+. This modification can occur on seversal residues, including cytidine(34), cytidine(40), cytidine(48), and cytidine(49).


description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N6-methyladenine.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA uridine = 5'-methylthioadenosine + tRNA 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-uridine.


name: rRNA (adenine) methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methyladenine.


name: rRNA (cytosine) methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methylcytosine.


name: rRNA (guanine) methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methylguanine.


name: rRNA (uridine) methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + rRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + rRNA containing methyluridine.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-alpha-D-mannose + queuosine34 in tRNA(Asp) = GDP + H+ + O-4''-alpha-D-mannosylqueuosine34 in tRNA(Asp).


post-transcriptional gene silencing

description: The inactivation of gene expression that occurs after transcription.


RISC complex

description: A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains members of the Argonaute family of proteins, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs), and miRNA or siRNA-complementary mRNAs, in addition to a number of accessory factors. The RISC complex is involved in posttranscriptional repression of gene expression through downregulation of translation or induction of mRNA degradation.


bidentate ribonuclease III activity

description: Catalysis of the digestion of double-stranded RNAs into 20 to 30-nucleotide products. These products typically associate to the RNA-induced silencing complex and serve as guide RNAs for posttranslational RNA interference.


somatic cell DNA recombination

description: Recombination occurring within or between DNA molecules in somatic cells.


name: somatic diversification of immunoglobulins

description: The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of immunoglobulins.


name: somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes

description: Mutations occurring somatically that result in amino acid changes in the rearranged V regions of immunoglobulins.


name: somatic recombination of immunoglobulin gene segments

description: The process in which immunoglobulin genes are formed through recombination of the germline genetic elements, as known as immunoglobulin gene segments, within a single locus.


C-acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to a carbon atom on the acceptor molecule.


C-palmitoyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a palmitoyl group to a carbon atom on the acceptor molecule.


name: X chromosome located dosage compensation complex, transcription activating

description: An RNA-protein complex localized to the X chromosome of males where it is required for the hyper-transcriptional activation of the X chromosome. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


myosin complex

description: A protein complex, formed of one or more myosin heavy chains plus associated light chains and other proteins, that functions as a molecular motor; uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move actin filaments or to move vesicles or other cargo on fixed actin filaments; has magnesium-ATPase activity and binds actin. Myosin classes are distinguished based on sequence features of the motor, or head, domain, but also have distinct tail regions that are believed to bind specific cargoes.


myosin II complex

description: A myosin complex containing two class II myosin heavy chains, two myosin essential light chains and two myosin regulatory light chains. Also known as classical myosin or conventional myosin, the myosin II class includes the major muscle myosin of vertebrate and invertebrate muscle, and is characterized by alpha-helical coiled coil tails that self assemble to form a variety of filament structures.


unconventional myosin complex

description: A portmanteau term for myosins other than myosin II.


pyrophosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate bond (diphosphate bond) between two phosphate groups.


P-type zinc transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O + Zn2+(in) = ADP + phosphate + Zn2+(out).


name: chloroplast protein-transporting ATPase activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; drives the transport of proteins into the chloroplast stroma.


chaperonin ATPase complex

description: Multisubunit protein complex with 2x7 (Type I, in most cells) or 2x8 (Type II, in Archaea) ATP-binding sites involved in maintaining an unfolded polypeptide structure before folding or to entry into mitochondria and chloroplasts.


name: proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex

description: A large protein complex that catalyzes the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP by a rotational mechanism, coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0, V0, or A0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1, V1, or A1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis or hydrolysis. Two major types have been characterized: V-type ATPases couple ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient, whereas F-type ATPases, also known as ATP synthases, normally run in the reverse direction to utilize energy from a proton concentration or electrochemical gradient to synthesize ATP. A third type, A-type ATPases have been found in archaea, and are closely related to eukaryotic V-type ATPases but are reversible.


name: vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex

description: A proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex found in the vacuolar membrane, where it acts as a proton pump to mediate acidification of the vacuolar lumen.


name: sodium ion-transporting two-sector ATPase complex

description: A large protein complex that catalyzes the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP by a rotational mechanism, coupled to the transport of sodium ions across a membrane. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0 or V0) that carries out ion transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1 or V1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis or hydrolysis.


name: sodium ion-transporting F-type ATPase complex

description: A sodium ion-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The complex comprises a membrane sector (F0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (F1) that catalyzes ATP synthesis by a rotational mechanism.


name: sodium ion-transporting V-type ATPase complex

description: A sodium ion-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that couples ATP hydrolysis to the transport of sodium ions across a concentration gradient. The complex comprises a membrane sector (V0) that carries out proton transport and a cytoplasmic compartment sector (V1) that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis.


detection of nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio

description: The process in which the size of the nucleus with respect to its cytoplasm is sensed by a cell.


regulation of embryonic cell shape

description: Any process that modulates the surface configuration of an embryonic cell.


cell migration

description: The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues.


name: negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase I

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase I.


name: negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase III

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase III.


cytosolic transport

description: The directed movement of substances or organelles within the cytosol.


name: tryptophan hydroxylase activator activity

description: Increases the activity of the enzyme tryptophase hydroxylase.


protein processing

description: Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. Protein maturation is the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.


peptide hormone processing

description: The generation of a mature peptide hormone by posttranslational processing of a prohormone.


farnesol metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the sesquiterpenoid alcohol farnesol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10,dodecatrien-1-ol.


farnesol catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the sesquiterpenoid alcohol farnesol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10,dodecatrien-1-ol.


name: structural constituent of peritrophic membrane

description: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the peritrophic membrane, a tubular sheath of cuticle that shields the epithelial cells of the midgut from the gut contents. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


oxidoreductase activity

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.


name: G protein-coupled neurotensin receptor activity

description: Combining with the tridecapeptide neurotensin to initiate a G-protein mediated change in cell activity. A G-protein is a signal transduction molecule that alternates between an inactive GDP-bound and an active GTP-bound state.


C-C chemokine receptor activity

description: Combining with a C-C chemokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. C-C chemokines do not have an amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four-cysteine motif.


C-X-C chemokine receptor activity

description: Combining with a C-X-C chemokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. A C-X-C chemokine has a single amino acid between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four cysteine motif.


C-X3-C chemokine receptor activity

description: Combining with a C-X3-C chemokine and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. A C-X3-C chemokine has three amino acids between the first two cysteines of the characteristic four-cysteine motif.


substance P receptor activity

description: Combining with substance P, the peptide Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met, to initiate a change in cell activity.


substance K receptor activity

description: Combining with substance K, the peptide His-Lys-Thr-Asp-Ser-Phe-Val-Gly-Leu-Met, to initiate a change in cell activity.


neuromedin K receptor activity

description: Combining with neuromedin K, the peptide Asp-Met-His-Asp-Phe-Phe-Val-Gly-Leu-Met to initiate a change in cell activity.


orexin receptor activity

description: Combining with orexin to initiate a change in cell activity.


protein-hormone receptor activity

description: Combining with a protein hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.


prostacyclin receptor activity

description: Combining with prostacyclin (PGI(2)) to initiate a change in cell activity.


nucleotide receptor activity

description: Combining with a nucleotide and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity. A nucleotide is a compound that consists of a nucleoside esterified with a phosphate molecule.


pheromone receptor activity

description: Combining with a pheromone to initiate a change in cell activity. A pheromone is a substance used in olfactory communication between organisms of the same species eliciting a change in sexual or social behavior.


peptidase activator activity

description: Binds to and increases the activity of a peptidase.


name: peptidase activator activity involved in apoptotic process

description: Binds to and increases the activity of a peptidase that is involved in the apoptotic process.


name: mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation multienzyme complex

description: A multienzyme complex possessing three activities in two subunits (alpha and beta) that catalyzes three steps of the fatty acid beta-oxidation cycle within the mitochondrial matrix. The alpha subunit comprises the enoyl-CoA hydratase (ECH) and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HACD) activities, and the beta subunit contains the acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (KACT)/thiolase activity.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: a long-chain (3S)-3-hydroxy fatty acyl-CoA + NAD+ = a long-chain 3-oxo-fatty acyl-CoA + H+ + NADH. A long-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing 13 to 22 carbons.


core-binding factor complex

description: A heterodimeric transcription factor complex that contains an alpha subunit (Runx1, Runx2 or Runx3 in human) that binds DNA and a non-DNA-binding beta subunit (CBFbeta), and binds to a consensus sequence 5'-YGYGGTY-3' found in several enhancers and promoters; the beta subunit enhances the DNA binding of the alpha subunit.


SWI/SNF complex

description: A SWI/SNF-type complex that contains 8 to 14 proteins, including both conserved (core) and nonconserved components; contains the ATPase product of the yeast SNF2 or mammalian SMARCA4/BAF190A/BRG1 gene, or an ortholog thereof.


interleukin-13 receptor activity

description: Combining with interleukin-13 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


interleukin-4 receptor complex

description: A protein complex that binds interleukin-4 (IL-4) and consists of an alpha chain that binds IL-4 with high affinity and a gamma common chain that also forms part of the interleukin-2 receptor.


interleukin-12 receptor activity

description: Combining with interleukin-12 and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


name: gastric inhibitory peptide receptor activity

description: Combining with gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and transmitting the signal across the membrane to activate an associated G-protein.


name: growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor activity

description: Combining with growth hormone-releasing hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.


name: pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide activity

description: The action characteristic of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide, a peptide produced in the hypothalamus that binds to receptors to exert pleiotropic effects including control of neurotransmitter release, vasodilation, bronchodilation, activation of intestinal motility, increase in insulin and histamine secretion, immune modulation, and stimulation of cell proliferation and differentiation.


latrotoxin receptor activity

description: Combining with alpha-latrotoxin, a potent presynaptic neurotoxin, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


negative regulation of angiogenesis

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis.


sarcoplasm

description: The cytoplasm of a muscle cell; includes the sarcoplasmic reticulum.


sarcoplasmic reticulum

description: A fine reticular network of membrane-limited elements that pervades the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell; continuous over large portions of the cell and with the nuclear envelope; that part of the endoplasmic reticulum specialized for calcium release, uptake and storage.


metallochaperone activity

description: Binding to and delivering metal ions to a target protein.


copper chaperone activity

description: Directly binding to and delivering copper ions to a target protein.


name: superoxide dismutase copper chaperone activity

description: A copper chaperone activity that specifically delivers copper to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase, to activate superoxide dismutase activity.


protein kinase 5 complex

description: A protein complex that has protein serine/threonine kinase activity; in mammals composed of catalytic subunit CDK5 and regulatory subunits CDK5R1 or CDK5R2. Contrary to its gene symbol, CDK5 is not cyclin-dependent.


name: cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase regulator activity

description: Modulates the activity of a cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase, enzymes of the protein kinase family that are regulated through association with cyclins and other proteins.


intein-mediated protein splicing

description: The removal of an internal amino acid sequence (an intein) from a protein during protein maturation; the excision of inteins is precise and the N- and C-terminal exteins are joined by a normal peptide bond. Protein splicing involves 4 nucleophilic displacements by the 3 conserved splice junction residues.


protein autoprocessing

description: Processing which a protein carries out itself. This involves actions such as the autolytic removal of residues to generate the mature form of the protein.


name: male courtship behavior, orientation prior to leg tapping and wing vibration

description: The process during courtship, where the male orients towards a potential partner. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: male courtship behavior, tapping to detect pheromone

description: The process during courtship where the male insect taps the female with his frontal leg. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: male courtship behavior, veined wing vibration

description: The process during courtship where the male insect vibrates his wings. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: male courtship behavior, proboscis-mediated licking

description: The process during courtship where the male fly licks the genitalia of a stationary female fly with his proboscis. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


base conversion or substitution editing

description: Any base modification or substitution events that result in alterations in the coding potential or structural properties of RNAs as a result of changes in the base-pairing properties of the modified ribonucleoside(s).


cytidine to uridine editing

description: The conversion of a cytosine residue to uridine in an RNA molecule by deamination.


uridine to cytidine editing

description: The conversion of a uridine residue to cytosine in an RNA molecule by amination.


mRNA modification

description: The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an mRNA molecule to produce an mRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.


peroxisome membrane biogenesis

description: The process in which a peroxisome membrane is synthesized, aggregates, and bonds together.


protein import into peroxisome matrix

description: The import of proteins into the peroxisomal matrix. A peroxisome targeting signal (PTS) binds to a soluble receptor protein in the cytosol, and the resulting complex then binds to a receptor protein in the peroxisome membrane and is imported. The cargo protein is then released into the peroxisome matrix.


peroxisome fission

description: The division of a mature peroxisome within a cell to form two or more separate peroxisome compartments.


name: protein import into peroxisome matrix, docking

description: The process in which a complex formed of a peroxisome targeting sequence (PTS) receptor bound to a PTS-bearing protein docks with translocation machinery in the peroxisomal membrane.


name: protein import into peroxisome matrix, translocation

description: The process in which proteins are moved across the peroxisomal membrane into the matrix. It is likely that the peroxisome targeting sequence receptor remains associated with cargo proteins during translocation.


name: protein import into peroxisome matrix, receptor recycling

description: The process in which peroxisome targeting sequence receptors dissociates from cargo proteins and are returned to the cytosol.


protein ubiquitination

description: The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein.


protein deubiquitination

description: The removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein.


NuRD complex

description: An approximately 2 MDa multi-subunit complex that exhibits ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling activity in addition to histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, and has been shown to establish transcriptional repression of a number of target genes in vertebrates, invertebrates and fungi. Amongst its subunits, the NuRD complex contains histone deacetylases, histone binding proteins and Mi-2-like proteins.


RSC-type complex

description: A SWI/SNF-type complex that contains a bromodomain containing-protein, such as yeast Rsc1 or Rsc4 or mammalian PB1/BAF180. The RSC complex is generally recruited to RNA polymerase III promoters and is specifically recruited to RNA polymerase II promoters by transcriptional activators and repressors; it is also involved in non-homologous end joining.


Isw1 complex

description: A protein complex that contains an Isw1 subunit from the ISWI-family of ATPases and acts to modify chromatin structure.


NURF complex

description: An ISWI complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family (SNF2L in mammals), a NURF301 homolog (BPTF in humans), and additional subunits, though the composition of these additional subunits varies slightly with species. NURF is involved in regulation of transcription from TRNA polymerase II promoters.


ACF complex

description: An ISWI complex that contains an ATPase subunit of the ISWI family (SNF2H in mammals, Isw2 in S. cerevisiae), an ACF1 homolog, and generally no other subunits, though Xenopus is an exception with a third non-conserved subunit. ACF plays roles in regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription and in DNA replication and repair.


RNA polymerase II, holoenzyme

description: A nuclear DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex containing an RNA polymerase II core enzyme as well as additional proteins and transcription factor complexes, that are capable of promoter recognition and transcription initiation from an RNA polymerase II promoter in vivo. These additional components may include general transcription factor complexes TFIIA, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, or TFIIH, as well as Mediator, SWI/SNF, GCN5, or SRBs and confer the ability to recognize promoters.


mediator complex

description: A protein complex that interacts with the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and plays an active role in transducing the signal from a transcription factor to the transcriptional machinery. The mediator complex is required for activation of transcription of most protein-coding genes, but can also act as a transcriptional corepressor. The Saccharomyces complex contains several identifiable subcomplexes: a head domain comprising Srb2, -4, and -5, Med6, -8, and -11, and Rox3 proteins; a middle domain comprising Med1, -4, and -7, Nut1 and -2, Cse2, Rgr1, Soh1, and Srb7 proteins; a tail consisting of Gal11p, Med2p, Pgd1p, and Sin4p; and a regulatory subcomplex comprising Ssn2, -3, and -8, and Srb8 proteins. Metazoan mediator complexes have similar modular structures and include homologs of yeast Srb and Med proteins.


Cdc73/Paf1 complex

description: A multiprotein complex that associates with RNA polymerase II and general RNA polymerase II transcription factor complexes and may be involved in both transcriptional initiation and elongation. In Saccharomyces the complex contains Paf1p, Cdc73p, Ctr9p, Rtf1p, and Leo1p.


glycine binding

description: Binding to glycine, aminoethanoic acid.


glutamate binding

description: Binding to glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.


thienylcyclohexylpiperidine binding

description: Binding to thienylcyclohexylpiperidine.


amino acid binding

description: Binding to an amino acid, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.


protein arginylation

description: The conjugation of arginine to the N-terminal aspartate or glutamate of a protein; required for the degradation of the protein via the ubiquitin pathway.


flotillin complex

description: A protein complex that contains flotillin-1 and flotillin-2, and may contain associated proteins. Flotillins associate into membrane microdomains resembling caveolae.


Rac protein signal transduction

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: An intracellular signaling cassette in which a small monomeric GTPase of the Rac subfamily relays a signal.


CCAAT-binding factor complex

description: A heteromeric transcription factor complex that binds to the CCAAT-box upstream of promoters; functions as both an activator and a repressor, depending on its interacting cofactors. Typically trimeric consisting of NFYA, NFYB and NFYC subunits. In Saccharomyces, it activates the transcription of genes in response to growth in a nonfermentable carbon source and consists of four known subunits: HAP2, HAP3, HAP4 and HAP5.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: N-terminal L-glutaminyl-[peptide] = N-terminal 5-oxo-L-prolyl-[peptide] + NH4+.


nuclear body

description: Extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins.


PML body

description: A class of nuclear body; they react against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML, promyelocytic leukemia); cells typically contain 10-30 PML bodies per nucleus; alterations in the localization of PML bodies occurs after viral infection.


LYSP100-associated nuclear domain

description: A nuclear body that is enriched in the lymphoid cell-specific protein LYSp100B; LANDs are globular, electron-dense structures and are morphologically distinct from the annular structures characteristic of PML bodies.


nuclear speck

description: A discrete extra-nucleolar subnuclear domain, 20-50 in number, in which splicing factors are seen to be localized by immunofluorescence microscopy.


name: growth hormone-releasing hormone activity

description: The action characteristic of growth hormone-releasing hormone, any of a family of peptide hormones that act on the anterior pituitary to stimulate the secretion of growth hormone and exert a trophic effect on the gland.


nitrogenase complex

description: An enzyme complex composed of two proteins, dinitrogenase and nitrogenase reductase; dinitrogenase is tetrameric with an alpha2-beta2 structure and nitrogenase reductase is a homodimer, and both are associated with metal ions, which differ between species. Both proteins are required for the enzyme activity of the complex, the formation of oxidized ferredoxin and ammonia from reduced ferredoxin and nitrogen.


iron-iron nitrogenase complex

description: An enzyme complex containing an iron-iron cluster found in species such as the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. It is composed of two main subunits, dinitrogenase and nitrogenase reductase. Dinitrogenase, the iron-iron containing subunit, has an alpha1-beta2 or alpha2-beta2 structure, and the nitrogenase reductase subunit is a homodimer. Functions in the catalysis of the formation of oxidized ferredoxin and ammonia from reduced ferredoxin and nitrogen.


molybdenum-iron nitrogenase complex

description: An enzyme complex containing a molybdenum-iron cluster found in many species. It is composed of two proteins, dinitrogenase and nitrogenase reductase; dinitrogenase, the molybdenum-iron protein, is tetrameric with an alpha2-beta2 structure, and nitrogenase reductase is a homodimer.


vanadium-iron nitrogenase complex

description: An enzyme complex containing a vanadium-iron cluster found in some species, such as Azotobacter vinelandii. It is composed of two proteins, dinitrogenase and nitrogenase reductase; dinitrogenase, the vanadium-iron protein, is tetrameric with an alpha2-beta2 structure, and nitrogenase reductase is a homodimer.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH-OH group of donors

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group act as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


malate dehydrogenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reversible conversion of pyruvate or oxaloacetate to malate.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-OH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP.


4-oxoproline reductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 4-hydroxy-L-proline + NAD+ = 4-oxoproline + NADH + H+.


name: hydroxypyruvate reductase [NAD(P)H] activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (R)-glycerate + NAD(P)+ = 3-hydroxypyruvate + NAD(P)H + H+.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.


cinnamoyl-CoA reductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: cinnamaldehyde + CoA + NADP+ = cinnamoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, cytochrome as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a cytochrome.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, oxygen as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, disulfide as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a disulfide.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, iron-sulfur protein as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an aldehyde or ketone (oxo) group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an iron-sulfur protein.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.


12-oxophytodienoate reductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 8-[(1R,2R)-3-oxo-2-{(Z)-pent-2-en-1-yl}cyclopentyl]octanoate + NADP+ = (15Z)-12-oxophyto-10,15-dienoate + H+ + NADPH.


protochlorophyllide reductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: chlorophyllide a + NADP+ = protochlorophyllide + NADPH + H+.


name: enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase activity (NAD(P)H)

description: Catalysis of the reaction: acyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NAD(P)+ = trans-2,3-dehydroacyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + NAD(P)H + H+.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors, cytochrome as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a cytochrome.


galactonolactone dehydrogenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: L-galactono-1,4-lactone + 2 ferricytochrome c = L-ascorbate + 2 ferrocytochrome c.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors, oxygen as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors, quinone or related compound as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or related compound.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors, iron-sulfur protein as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-CH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an iron-sulfur protein.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, cytochrome as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a cytochrome molecule.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, oxygen as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, disulfide as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a disulfide group.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors, iron-sulfur protein as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an iron-sulfur protein.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, oxygen as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, disulfide as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces disulfide.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-NH group of donors, quinone or similar compound as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH-NH group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces quinone or similar compound.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, NAD(P) as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, heme protein as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a heme protein.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on NAD(P)H, quinone or similar compound as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which NADH or NADPH acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a quinone or a similar acceptor molecule.


name: monodehydroascorbate reductase (NADH) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + H+ + 2 monodehydroascorbate = NAD+ + 2 ascorbate.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors, cytochrome as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a cytochrome.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors, oxygen as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors, iron-sulfur protein as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a nitrogenous group, excluding NH and NH2 groups, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an iron-sulfur protein.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, NAD(P) as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, cytochrome as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a cytochrome.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, oxygen as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, disulfide as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces disulfide.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, quinone or similar compound as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces quinone or a related compound.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, iron-sulfur protein as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a sulfur-containing group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an iron-sulfur protein.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on a heme group of donors

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a heme group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on a heme group of donors, nitrogenous group as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a heme group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a nitrogenous group.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on diphenols and related substances as donors

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a diphenol or related substance acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on diphenols and related substances as donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a diphenol, or related compound, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on diphenols and related substances as donors, oxygen as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a diphenol, or related compound, acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces oxygen.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on peroxide as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which the peroxide group acts as a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


L-ascorbate peroxidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: L-ascorbate + hydrogen peroxide = dehydroascorbate + 2 H2O.


manganese peroxidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2 Mn2+ + 2 H+ + hydrogen peroxide = 2 Mn3+ + 2 H2O.


diarylpropane peroxidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methanol + H2O2 = 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde + 2 H2O.


chloride peroxidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2 R-H + 2 chloride + H2O2 = 2 R-Cl + 2 H2O.


NADH peroxidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O2 + NADH + H+ = 2 H2O + NAD+.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on hydrogen as donor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen acts as an electron donor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on hydrogen as donor, NAD or NADP as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen acts as an electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on hydrogen as donor, cytochrome as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen acts as an electron donor and reduces a cytochrome.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on hydrogen as donor, iron-sulfur protein as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen acts as an electron donor and reduces an iron-sulfur protein.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from one donor, and molecular oxygen is incorporated into a donor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of two atoms of oxygen

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from one donor, and two oxygen atoms is incorporated into a donor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen, incorporation of one atom of oxygen (internal monooxygenases or internal mixed function oxidases)

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from one donor, and one oxygen atom is incorporated into a donor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced or incorporated into a donor.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: A + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = B + succinate + CO2. This is an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from 2-oxoglutarate and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into each donor.


gibberellin 3-beta-dioxygenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a gibberellin + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 = a 3-beta-hydroxy-gibberellin + succinate + CO2.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, NAD(P)H as one donor, and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into one donor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from NADH or NADPH and one other donor, and two atoms of oxygen are incorporated into one donor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, NAD(P)H as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from NADH or NADPH and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: trans-cinnamate + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 4-hydroxycinnamate + NADP+ + H2O.


flavonoid 3'-monooxygenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a flavonoid + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 3'-hydroxyflavonoid + NADP+ + H2O.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced flavin or flavoprotein and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced iron-sulfur protein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced iron-sulfur protein and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced pteridine as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced pteridine and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced ascorbate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced ascorbate and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, another compound as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with oxidation of a pair of donors resulting in the reduction of molecular oxygen to two molecules of water

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from each of two donors, and molecular oxygen is reduced to two molecules of water.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene + 2 a quinone = 7,7',9,9'-tetra-cis-lycopene + 2 a quinol.


acyl-lipid Delta(12)-acetylenase

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoyl-containing glycerolipid + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H+ + O2 = a (9Z)-octadec-9-en-12-ynoyl-containing glycerolipid + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on superoxide radicals as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a superoxide radical (O2- or O2.-) acts as a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on metal ions

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which the oxidation state of metal ion is altered.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on metal ions, NAD or NADP as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which the metal ion is reduced and NAD+ or NADP+ acts as an electron acceptor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on metal ions, oxygen as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction in which the oxidation state of metal ion is altered and oxygen acts as an electron acceptor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH or CH2 groups

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH or CH2 groups, NAD or NADP as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD+ or NADP.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH or CH2 groups, oxygen as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces an oxygen molecule.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH or CH2 groups, disulfide as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a CH2 group acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a disulfide group.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an iron-sulfur protein acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an iron-sulfur protein acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces NAD or NADP.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors, dinitrogen as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an iron-sulfur protein acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces dinitrogen.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on reduced flavodoxin as donor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which reduced flavodoxin acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces a hydrogen or electron acceptor.


name: oxidoreductase activity, acting on reduced flavodoxin as donor, dinitrogen as acceptor

description: Catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which reduced flavodoxin acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and reduces dinitrogen.


transferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.


name: transferase activity, transferring one-carbon groups

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a one-carbon group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


name: hydroxymethyl-, formyl- and related transferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a hydroxymethyl- or formyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


name: carboxyl- or carbamoyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a carboxyl- or carbamoyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


transketolase or transaldolase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an aldehyde or ketonic group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


acyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


name: acyltransferase activity, transferring groups other than amino-acyl groups

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an acyl group, other than amino-acyl, from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


succinyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a succinyl (3-carboxypropanoyl) group to an acceptor molecule.


N-succinyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a succinyl group to a nitrogen atom on the acceptor molecule.


O-succinyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a succinyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.


S-succinyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a succinyl group to a sulfur atom on the acceptor molecule.


sinapoyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a sinapoyl group to an acceptor molecule.


O-sinapoyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a sinapoyl group to an oxygen atom on the acceptor molecule.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + 1-O-sinapoyl-beta-D-glucose = D-glucose + sinapoyl (S)-malate.


aminoacyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an amino-acyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


description: Catalysis of the reaction: glutathione + Glu(-Cys)(n)-Gly = Gly + Glu(-Cys)(n+1)-Gly.


glycosyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


hexosyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a hexosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


cellulose synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: nucleoside-disphosphate-glucose + ((1,4)-beta-D-glucosyl)(n) = nucleoside-disphosphate + ((1,4)-beta-D-glucosyl)(n+1).


name: cellulose synthase (UDP-forming) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + ((1,4)-beta-D-glucosyl)(n) = UDP + ((1,4)-beta-D-glucosyl)(n+1).


name: cellulose synthase (GDP-forming) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-glucose + ((1,4)-beta-D-glucosyl)(n) = GDP + ((1,4)-beta-D-glucosyl)(n+1).


description: Catalysis of the cleavage of a beta-(1->4) bond in the backbone of a xyloglucan and transfers the xyloglucanyl segment on to O-4 of the non-reducing terminal glucose residue of an acceptor, which can be a xyloglucan or an oligosaccharide of xyloglucan.


pentosyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a pentosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


name: transferase activity, transferring alkyl or aryl (other than methyl) groups

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an alkyl or aryl (but not methyl) group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2 geranylgeranyl diphosphate = diphosphate + prephytoene diphosphate.


spermine synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosylmethioninamine + spermidine = 5'-methylthioadenosine + spermine.


name: transferase activity, transferring nitrogenous groups

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a nitrogenous group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


name: transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


name: phosphotransferase activity, alcohol group as acceptor

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to an alcohol group (acceptor).


name: phosphotransferase activity, carboxyl group as acceptor

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to a carboxyl group (acceptor).


name: phosphotransferase activity, nitrogenous group as acceptor

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to a nitrogenous group (acceptor).


name: phosphotransferase activity, phosphate group as acceptor

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to a phosphate group (acceptor).


diphosphotransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a diphosphate group from one compound (donor) to a another (acceptor).


nucleotidyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a nucleotidyl group to a reactant.


name: phosphotransferase activity, for other substituted phosphate groups

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a substituted phosphate group, other than diphosphate or nucleotidyl residues, from one compound (donor) to a another (acceptor).


name: phosphotransferase activity, paired acceptors

description: Catalysis of the transfer of two phosphate groups from a donor, such as ATP, to two different acceptors.


name: transferase activity, transferring sulphur-containing groups

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a sulfur-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


sulfurtransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of sulfur atoms from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 3-mercaptopyruvate + cyanide = pyruvate + thiocyanate.


selenotransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a selenium-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).


hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc.


name: hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any ester bond.


thiolester hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: RCO-SR' + H2O = RCOOH + HSR'. This reaction is the hydrolysis of a thiolester bond, an ester formed from a carboxylic acid and a thiol (i.e., RCO-SR'), such as that found in acetyl-coenzyme A.


phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a phosphoric monoester, releasing a phosphate.


name: triphosphoric monoester hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a triphosphoester to give a triphosphate group and a free hydroxyl group.


name: diphosphoric monoester hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a diphosphoester, releasing a diphosphate and a free hydroxyl group.


phosphoric triester hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a phosphoric triester.


name: exonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 5'-phosphomonoesters

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 5' phosphomonoesters.


name: exonuclease activity, active with either ribo- or deoxyribonucleic acids and producing 3'-phosphomonoesters

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids by removing nucleotide residues from the 3' or 5' end to yield 3' phosphomonoesters.


name: hydrolase activity, acting on glycosyl bonds

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any glycosyl bond.


name: hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing N-glycosyl compounds

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any N-glycosyl bond.


name: hydrolase activity, acting on ether bonds

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any ether or thioether bond, -O- or -S- respectively.


trialkylsulfonium hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a thioether bond, -S-.


ether hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of an ether bond, -O-.


dipeptidase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a dipeptide.


cysteine-type carboxypeptidase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a single C-terminal amino acid residue from a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.


name: hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any carbon-nitrogen bond, C-N, with the exception of peptide bonds.


name: hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in linear amides

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a linear amide.


name: hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in cyclic amides

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amide.


name: hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in linear amidines

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a linear amidine, a compound of the form R-C(=NH)-NH2.


name: hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in cyclic amidines

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a cyclic amidine, a compound of the form R-C(=NH)-NH2.


name: hydrolase activity, acting on carbon-nitrogen (but not peptide) bonds, in nitriles

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any non-peptide carbon-nitrogen bond in a nitrile, a compound containing the cyano radical, -CN.


name: hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride.


name: hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride which contains phosphorus.


name: hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in sulfonyl-containing anhydrides

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid anhydride which contains a sulfonyl group, -SO2-.


name: hydrolase activity, acting on acid carbon-carbon bonds

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid carbon-carbon bond.


name: hydrolase activity, acting on acid carbon-carbon bonds, in ketonic substances

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid carbon-carbon bond in a ketonic substance, a substance containing a keto (C=O) group.


name: hydrolase activity, acting on acid halide bonds

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid halide bond.


name: hydrolase activity, acting on acid phosphorus-nitrogen bonds

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid phosphorus-nitrogen bond.


name: hydrolase activity, acting on acid sulfur-nitrogen bonds

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid sulfur-nitrogen bond.


name: hydrolase activity, acting on acid carbon-phosphorus bonds

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid carbon-phosphorus bond.


name: hydrolase activity, acting on acid sulfur-sulfur bonds

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any acid sulfur-sulfur bond.


lyase activity

description: Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring.


carbon-carbon lyase activity

description: Catalysis of the cleavage of C-C bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond.