omipalisib

A member of the class of quinolines that is quinoline which is substituted by pyridazin-4-yl and 5-[(2,4-difluorobenzene-1-sulfonyl)amino]-6-methoxypyridin-3-yl groups at positions 4 and 6, respectively. It is a highly potent inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR developed by GlaxoSmithKline and was previously in human phase 1 clinical trials for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and solid tumors.


A member of the class of 2-pyranones that is tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one substituted by a methyl and hydroxy group at position 4.


name: 3-(methanesulfonamido)benzoic acid [1-[4-(4-morpholinyl)anilino]-1-oxopropan-2-yl] ester


thapsigargin

An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.


THEASINENSIN A

A biflavonoid that is obtained by coupling of two molecules of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate resulting in a bond between positions C-2 of the hydroxyphenyl ring. It is a natural product found in oolong tea.


name: (1S,15R,19S,20S)-18-hydroxy-1,3,11,12,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21-dodecahydroyohimban-19-carboxylic acid methyl ester


(2,6-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid

A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 2- and 6-positions.


theogallin

A gallate ester resulting from the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (5R)-hydroxy group of (-)-quinic acid (i.e. the hydroxy group on the same side of the cyclohexane ring as the carboxy group).


name: 5-nitro-2-furancarboxylic acid (5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methyl ester


COCARBOXYLASE

A thiamine phosphate that is thiamine(1+) in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a diphosphate group. It is the active form of vitamin B1 and an essential cofactor for enzymes in key metabolic pathways.


thiamine monophosphate

A thiamine phosphate that is thiamin(1+) in which the hydroxy group is replaced by a phosphate group.


thiamine(1+) triphosphate

A thiamine phosphate that is thiamine(1+) in which the hydroxy group is replaced by a triphosphate group. It is found in low amounts in most vertebrate tissues and can phosphorylate certain proteins.


baricitinib

A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted by a 1-[3-(cyanomethyl)-1-(ethanesulfonyl)azetidin-3-yl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl group at position 5. It is an FDA approved selective Janus Kinase 1 and 2 (JAK1 and JAK2) inhibitor used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.


name: phosphoric acid (1,1-dioxo-2,3-dihydrothiophen-3-yl) diphenyl ester


name: docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid ethyl ester


thiamylal

A member of the class of  barbiturates that is 2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by a pentan-2-yl and prop-2-en-1-yl group at position 5.


thienodolin

An indole alkaloid that is a thienoindole ring with carboxamide group and chlorine substituents at positions 2 and 6 respectively.


thiethylperazine

A member of the class of phenothiazines that is perazine substituted by a ethylsulfanyl group at position 2.


SYRINGOL

A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6.


thioguanine

A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.


thioridazine

A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.


A dinitrotoluene carrying nitro substituents at positions 2 and 6.


(-)-α-thujone

The (1S,4R,5R)-stereoisomer of alpha-thujone.


(-)-thujopsene

A thujopsene that has (S,S,S)-configuration.


thymonin

A  trimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 7, 8 and 3' and hydroxy groups at positions 5, 6 and 4'.


desiccated thyroid extract

It is a  thyroid hormone replacement medication which works by supplying the thyroid hormone normally produced by the body. It is used to treat the symptoms of hypothyroidism (a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone) and is also used to treat goiter (enlarged thyroid gland). Desiccated thyroid extract is made from dried thyroid glands of animals, specifically pigs.


tiagabine

A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.


ticarcillin

A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.


ticlopidine

A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.


tienilic acid

An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.


trans-2-methylcrotonic acid

A 2-methylbut-2-enoic acid having its double bond in trans-configuration.


TIGOGENIN

A widely used steroidal sapogenin isolated from several plant species and used for synthesizing steroid drugs.


timolol

The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.


tinyatoxin

A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C36H38O8. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).


tirofiban

A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.


A member of the class of  dibenzofurans that is  dibenzofuran substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 7 and hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 8.


tocainide

A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.


tolazamide

An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.


tolnaftate

A monothiocarbamic ester that is the methyl(3-tolyl)carbamothioate ester of 2-naphthol. A synthetic anti-fungal agent used to treat jock itch, athlete's foot and ringworm.


TOMATIDINE

A 3beta-hydroxy steroid resulting from the substitution of the 3beta-hydrogen of tomatidane by a hydroxy group.


A  1,3,4-oxadiazole substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group at position 2 and a 5-methyl-2-thienyl group at position 5.


TOMATINE

A steroid alkaloid that is tomatidine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is linked to lycotetraose, a tetrasaccharide composed of two units of D-glucose, one unit of D-xylose, and one unit of D-galactose.


torsemide

An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.


torulene

A carotene that is beta,psi-carotene which has been been dehydrogenated to introduce an (E)-double bond at the 3'-4' position.


TPCK

The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.


trandolapril

A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.


trazodone

An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.


triacetin

A triglyceride obtained by acetylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol. It has fungistatic properties (based on release of acetic acid) and has been used in the topical treatment of minor dermatophyte infections.


TRIADIMENOL

A member of the class of triazoles that is 3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butane-1,2-diol substituted at position O1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group. A fungicide for cereals, beet and brassicas used to control a range of diseases including powdery mildew, rusts, bunts and smuts.


triamcinolone

A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.


triamterene

Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.


LOGRAN

An N-sulfonylurea that is N-[o-(2-chloroethoxy)phenyl]sulfonylurea in which one of the hydrogens attached to the non-sulfonylated nitrogen has been replaced by a 4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group. A herbicide used to control broad-leaved weeds in cereals, its use within the EU has been banned after September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life.


triazolealanine

A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-3-yl group.


TRIBENURON METHYL

The methyl ester of tribenuron.


TRICLOPYR

A monocarboxylic acid that is (pyridin-2-yloxy)acetic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3, 5 and 6. It is an agrochemical used as a herbicide.


trichlormethiazide

A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.


trichodermin

A tetracyclic spiroepoxide which acts as an antifungal and protein synthesis inhibitor.


A member of the class of chromones that is chromone which is substituted by a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at position 2. It is found in agarwood, a fragrant resinous heartwood from trees of the genus Aquilaria.


TRICHOSTACHINE

A N-acylpyrrolidine that is pyrollidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.


A pentayne that is tridecane which carries a double bond at position 1 and triple bonds at positions 3,5,7,9 and 11. It is a natural product which exhibits ovicidal and nematicidal activities.


tridemorph

A mixture of 4-alkyl-2,6-dimethylmorpholines, where 'alkyl' is a mixture of C11 to C14 homologues of which 60-70% is tridecyl. A systemic fungicide, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.


triflupromazine

A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.


TRIFORINE

A member of the class of N-alkylpiperazines in which the two amino groups of piperazine are replaced by 1-formamido-2,2,2-trichloroethyl groups. A fungicide active against a range of diseases including powdery mildew, scab and rust.


trimethadione

An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.


trimetaphan

A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension.


trimipramine

A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.


tripteroside

A xanthone glycoside that is  norathyriol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 6 via a glycosidic linkage.


Triton X-100

A poly(ethylene glycol) derivative that is poly(ethylene glycol) in which one of the terminal hydroxy groups has been converted into the corresponding p-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-3-yl)phenyl ether.


tritriacontane

A long-chain alkane consisting of an unbranched chain of 33 carbon atoms.


A beta-diketone that is tritriacontane with oxo groups at positions 16 and 18.


tromethamine

A primary amino compound that is tert-butylamine in which one hydrogen attached to each methyl group is replaced by a hydroxy group. A compound widely used as a biological buffer substance in the pH range 7--9; pKa = 8.3 at 20 degreeC; pKa = 7.82 at 37 degreeC.


trovafloxacin

A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and  6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.


tubocurarine

A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.


TUBULOSINE

A member of the class of beta-carbolines that is tubulosan bearing methoxy groups at positions 10 and 11 and a hydroxy group at the 8' position.


tulipinolide

A germacranolide based on a 2,3,3a,4,5,8,9,11a-octahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-4-yl skeleton.


2-(1-hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphate

A thiamine phosphate having a 1-hydroxyethyl substituent at the 2-position on the thiazolium ring and an O-diphosphate moiety.


L-TYROSINE ETHYLESTER

An L-tyrosyl ester that is L-tyrosine in which the hydrogen of the carboxy group has been replaced by an ethyl group.


(S)-linalool

The (S)-enantiomer of linalool.


urea-1-carboxylic acid

A member of the class of ureas that is urea in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a carboxy group.


MAACKIAIN

The (-)-enantiomer of maackiain.


ursodeoxycholic acid

A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.


URSOLIC ACID

A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is urs-12-en-28-oic acid substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.


An aminodiol that is propane-1,3-diol substituted ny an amino and a methyl group at position 2.


UVARETIN

A member of the class of dihydrochalcones that is 1,3-diphenylpropan-1-one in which the phenyl group that is bonded to the carbonyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4, an o-hydroxybenzyl group at position 3, and a methoxy group at position 6. A cytotoxic natural product found  particularly in Uvaria acuminata and Uvaria chamae.


VALERENIC ACID

A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylprop-2-enoic acid which is substituted at position 3 by a 3,7-dimethyl-2,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-yl group. A bicyclic sesquiterpenoid constituent of the essential oil of the Valerian plant.


valsartan

A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a  [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits  antihypertensive activity.


vecuronium

A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.


The cis,cis-isomer of 2-amino-3-(3-oxoprop-1-enyl)but-2-enedioate.


velloquercetin

An extended flavonoid that consists of quercetin substituted by a 2-isopropenyldihydrofuran ring across positions 6 and 7.


venlafaxine

A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.


VERACEVINE

A cyclic hemiketal that is cevane that has an oxygen bridge from the 4alpha to the 9 position and is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 4beta, 12, 14, 16beta, 17, and 20 positions.


name: 2-[(2S,5R,6S)-5-[(2-fluorophenyl)sulfonylamino]-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxanyl]acetic acid methyl ester


The cis,cis-isomer of 2-amino-3-(3-oxoprop-1-enyl)but-2-enedioic acid.


VERATRAMINE

A piperidine alkaloid comprising the 14,15,16,17-tetradehydro derivative of veratraman having two hydroxy groups at the 3- and 23-positions.


name: 2-[(3S,6aR,8R,10aR)-3-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,6,6a,8,9,10,10a-decahydropyrano[2,3-c][1,5]oxazocin-8-yl]acetic acid methyl ester


VERBENONE

A 4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one in which both chiral centres have R configuration. It is a component of Spanish verbena oil, from Verbena triphylla.


(+)-vestitol

The S-enantiomer of vestitol.


vibriobactin

A catecholate siderophore produced exclusively by Vibrio cholerae. It contains three molecules of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate linked either directly or through L-threonine residues to the polyamine norspermidine.


name: 2-[(3R,6aR,8R,10aR)-3-hydroxy-1,2,3,4,6,6a,8,9,10,10a-decahydropyrano[2,3-c][1,5]oxazocin-8-yl]acetic acid methyl ester


violanthin

A flavone C-glycoside that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 4', a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 6 and a 6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl residue at position 8.


pristinamycin IIA

A macrolide that is (together with pristinamycin IA) a component of pristinamycin, an oral streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. Pristinamycin exhibits bactericidal activity against Gram positive organisms including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.


DOXYCYCLINE

The monohydrate form of doxycycline. A semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic, it is used to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and treat non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis, exacerbations of bronchitis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and adult periodontitis.


DILEVALOL HYDROCHLORIDE

The hydrochloride salt of dilevalol.


PITAVASTATIN CALCIUM

The calcium salt of pitavastatin. Used for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.


CARIPRAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE

A hydrochloride obtained by combining cariprazine with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.


DEPTROPINE CITRATE

A citrate salt that is the dihydrogen citrate salt of deptropamine.


tropisetron hydrochloride

A hydrochloride obtained by combining equimolar amounts of tropisetron and hydrogen chloride.


SCOPOLAMINE HYDROBROMIDE

A hydrate that is the trihydrate form of scopolamine hydrobromide.


NINTEDANIB ESYLATE

An organosulfonate salt obtained by combining nintedanib with one molar equivalent of ethanesulfonic acid. A kinase inhibitor used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer.


scopolamine hydrobromide (anhydrous)

A hydrobromide that is obtained by reaction of scopolamine with hydrogen bromide.


COPANLISIB HYDROCHLORIDE

The dihydrochloride salt of copanlisib.


TIOTROPIUM BROMIDE

A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of tiotropium bromide. Used for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.


cell

category: biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane.


primary cultured cell

description: A cultured cell that is freshly isolated from a organismal source, or derives in culture from such a cell prior to the culture being passaged.


obsolete native cell

description: OBSOLETE. A cell that is found in a natural setting, which includes multicellular organism cells 'in vivo' (i.e. part of an organism), and unicellular organisms 'in environment' (i.e. part of a natural environment).


neural crest derived fibroblast

description: Any fibroblast that is derived from the neural crest.


neuronal receptor cell

description: Any sensory receptor cell that is a(n) neuron and is capable of some detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception.


early embryonic cell (metazoa)

description: A cell found in the embryo before the formation of all the gem layers is complete.


migratory cranial neural crest cell

description: Cell that is part of the migratory cranial neural crest population. Migratory cranial neural crest cells develop from premigratory cranial neural crest cells and have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination.


cultured cell

description: A cell in vitro that is or has been maintained or propagated as part of a cell culture.


migratory trunk neural crest cell

description: Cell that is part of the migratory trunk neural crest population. Migratory trunk neural crest cells develop from premigratory trunk neural crest cells and have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination.


germ line stem cell

description: A stem cell that is the precursor of gametes.


male germ cell

description: A germ cell that supports male gamete production. In some species, non-germ cells known as Sertoli cells also play a role in spermatogenesis.


male germ line stem cell

description: A stem cell that is the precursor of male gametes.


spermatocyte

description: A male germ cell that develops from spermatogonia. The euploid primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis and give rise to the haploid secondary spermatocytes which in turn give rise to spermatids.


spermatid

description: A male germ cell that develops from the haploid secondary spermatocytes. Without further division, spermatids undergo structural changes and give rise to spermatozoa.


sperm

description: A mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid.


spermatogonium

description: An euploid male germ cell of an early stage of spermatogenesis.


female germ cell

description: Female germ cell is a germ cell that supports female gamete production.


female germ line stem cell

description: A stem cell that is the precursor of female gametes.


oocyte

description: A female germ cell that has entered meiosis.


oogonial cell

description: An undifferentiated germ cell that proliferates rapidly and gives rise to oocytes.


egg cell

description: A female gamete where meiosis has progressed to metaphase II and is able to participate in fertilization.


invertebrate nurse cell

description: A germline cell that contributes to the development of the oocyte by transferring cytoplasm directly to oocyte.


smooth muscle cell neural crest derived

description: A smooth muscle cell derived from the neural crest.


name: CNS neuron (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)


neural crest derived neuron

description: Any neuron that develops from some migratory neural crest cell.


neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata)

description: A cell that will develop into a neuron often after a migration phase.


neuroplacodal cell

description: A cell of a platelike structure, especially a thickened plate of ectoderm in the early embryo, from which a sense organ develops.


apocrine cell

description: An exocrine cell characterized by loss of part of the cytoplasm during the process of secretion. The secreted substance is accumulated at the apical end and is either budded off through the plasma membrane producing secreted vesicles or dissolved in the cytoplasm that is lost during secretion.


stem cell

description: A relatively undifferentiated cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.


single fate stem cell

description: A stem cell that self-renews as well as give rise to a single mature cell type.


hematopoietic stem cell

description: A stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system. Hematopoietic stem cells lack cell markers of effector cells (lin-negative). Lin-negative is defined by lacking one or more of the following cell surface markers: CD2, CD3 epsilon, CD4, CD5 ,CD8 alpha chain, CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD56, ly6G, ter119.


erythroid progenitor cell

description: A progenitor cell committed to the erythroid lineage.


germ line cell

description: A cell that is within the developmental lineage of gametes and is able to pass along its genetic material to offspring.


monoblast

description: A myeloid progenitor cell committed to the monocyte lineage. This cell is CD11b-positive, has basophilic cytoplasm, euchromatin, and the presence of a nucleolus.


mature eosinophil

description: A fully differentiated eosinophil, a granular leukocyte with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by one or more slender threads, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and which can be stained by the dye eosin. Cells are also differentiated from other granulocytes by a small nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio (1:3). This cell type is CD49d-positive.


neutrophilic myeloblast

description: A myeloblast committed to the neutrophil lineage. This cell type is GATA-1 positive, C/EBPa-positive, AML-1-positive, c-myb-positive and has low expression of PU.1 transcription factor.


mature basophil

description: A fully differentiated basophil, a granular leukocyte with an irregularly shaped, pale-staining nucleus that is partially constricted into two lobes, and with cytoplasm that contains coarse granules of variable size. Basophils contain vasoactive amines such as histamine and serotonin, which are released on appropriate stimulation.


neural stem cell

description: An undifferentiated neural cell that originates from the neuroectoderm and has the capacity both to perpetually self-renew without differentiating and to generate multiple central nervous system neuronal and glial cell types.


multi fate stem cell

description: A stem cell that can give rise to multiple lineages of cells.


common myeloid progenitor

description: A progenitor cell committed to myeloid lineage, including the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages.


megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell

description: A progenitor cell committed to the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages.


common lymphoid progenitor

description: A oligopotent progenitor cell committed to the lymphoid lineage.


totipotent stem cell

description: A stem cell from which all cells of the body can form.


non-terminally differentiated cell

description: A precursor cell with a limited number of potential fates.


myoblast

description: A cell that is commited to differentiating into a muscle cell.  Embryonic myoblasts develop from the mesoderm. They undergo proliferation, migrate to their various sites, and then differentiate into the appropriate form of myocytes.  Myoblasts also occur as transient populations of cells in muscles undergoing repair.


fibroblast

description: A connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. Flattened and irregular in outline with branching processes; appear fusiform or spindle-shaped.


chondroblast

description: Skeletogenic cell that is typically non-terminally differentiated, secretes an avascular, GAG rich matrix; is not buried in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, located adjacent to cartilage tissue (including within the perichondrium), and develops from prechondroblast (and thus prechondrogenic) cell.


ameloblast

description: Skeletogenic cell that produces enamel, overlies the odontogenic papilla, and arises from the differentiation of a preameloblast cell.


odontoblast

description: Skeletogenic cell that secretes dentine matrix, is derived from the odontogenic papilla, and develops from a preodontoblast cell.


cementoblast

description: Skeletogenic cell that produces cementum (a bony substance that covers the root of a tooth), is part of the odontogenic papilla, and develops from a precementoblast cell.


osteoblast

description: Skeletogenic cell that secretes osteoid, is capable of producing mineralized (hydroxyapatite) matrix, is located adjacent to or within osteoid tissue, and arises from the transformation of a preosteoblast cell.


ciliated cell

description: A cell that has a filiform extrusion of the cell surface.


ependymal cell

description: A neurectoderm derived cell that lines the neural lumen.


epithelial cell

description: A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. The cell has a cytoskeleton that allows for tight cell to cell contact and for cell polarity where apical part is directed towards the lumen and the basal part to the basal lamina.


ciliated epithelial cell

description: An epithelial cell that has a cilia.


duct epithelial cell

description: An epithelial cell that is part of a duct.


blood vessel endothelial cell

description: An endothelial cell that lines the vasculature.


columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell

description: A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.


mesothelial cell

description: A flattened epithelial cell of mesenchymal origin that lines the serous cavity.


circulating cell

description: A cell which moves among different tissues of the body, via blood, lymph, or other medium.


blood cell

description: A cell found predominately in the blood.


epithelial cell of lung

description: An epithelial cell of the lung.


epithelial cell of pancreas

description: An epithelial cell of the pancreas.


T cell

description: A type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.


Kupffer cell

description: A tissue-resident macrophage of the reticuloendothelial system found on the luminal surface of the hepatic sinusoids involved in erythrocyte clearance. Markers include F4/80+, CD11b-low, CD68-positive, sialoadhesin-positive, CD163/SRCR-positive. Irregular, with long processes including lamellipodia extending into the sinusoid lumen, have flattened nucleus with cytoplasm containing characteristic invaginations of the plasma membrane (vermiform bodies); lie within the sinusoid lumen attached to the endothelial surface; derived from the bone marrow, form a major part of the body's mononuclear phagocyte system.


osteoclast

description: A specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue, which typically differentiates from monocytes. This cell has the following markers: tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5-positive, PU.1-positive, c-fos-positive, nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit-positive, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11A-positive and macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor-positive.


granulocyte

description: A leukocyte with abundant granules in the cytoplasm.


mature neutrophil

description: A fully differentiated neutrophil, a granular leukocyte having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes. They are produced in bone marrow at a rate of 5e10-10e10/day and have a half-life of 6-8 hours. Neutrophils are CD15-positive, CD16-positive, CD32-positive, CD43-positive, CD181-positive, and CD182-positive.


mast cell

description: A cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation. Progenitors leave bone marrow and mature in connective and mucosal tissue. Mature mast cells are found in all tissues, except the bloodstream. Their phenotype is CD117-high, CD123-negative, CD193-positive, CD200R3-positive, and FceRI-high. Stem-cell factor (KIT-ligand; SCF) is the main controlling signal of their survival and development.


sensory epithelial cell

description: A specialized epithelial cell involved in sensory perception. Restricted to special sense organs of the olfactory, gustatory, and vestibulocochlear receptor systems; contain sensory cells surrounded by supportive, non-receptive cells.


interneuron

description: Most generally any neuron which is not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions.


motor neuron

description: An efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes or inhibits movement.


sensory neuron

description: Any neuron having a sensory function; an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses.


bipolar neuron

description: A type of interneuron that has two neurites, usually an axon and a dendrite, extending from opposite poles of an ovoid cell body.


multipolar neuron

description: A neuron with three or more neurites, usually an axon and multiple dendrites.


pseudounipolar neuron

description: Neuron with two neurites that are fused grossly when they protrude from the soma and bifurcate a short distance from the soma.


unipolar neuron

description: Neuron with one neurite that extends from the cell body.


autonomic neuron

description: A neuron whose cell body is within an autonomic ganglion.


cholinergic neuron

description: A neuron that uses acetylcholine as a vesicular neurotransmitter.


peptidergic neuron

description: A neuron that uses neuropeptides as transmitters.


mononuclear phagocyte

description: A vertebrate phagocyte with a single nucleus.


endothelial cell

description: An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal. In mammals, endothelial cell has vimentin filaments and is derived from the mesoderm.


pioneer neuron

description: Pioneer neurons establish a pathway in the developing central nervous system and then undergo programmed cell death once the adult axons, which follow them, have made connections with the target site. Thus, they are a transient cell type involved in axon guidance.


basket cell

description: Basket cells are inhibitory GABAergic interneurons of the brain. In general, dendrites of basket cells are free branching and contain smooth spines. Axons are highly branched. The branched axonal arborizations give rise to basket-like structures that surround the soma of the target cell. Basket cells form axo-somatic synapses, meaning their synapses target somas of other cells.


cerebellar Golgi cell

description: Large intrinsic neuron located in the granule layer of the cerebellar cortex that extends its dendrites into the molecular layer where they receive contact from parallel fibers. The axon of the Golgi cell ramifies densely in the granule layer and enters into a complex arrangement with mossy fiber terminals and granule cell dendrites to form the cerebellar glomerulus. Llinas, Walton and Lang. In The Synaptic Organization of the Brain. 5th ed. 2004.


granule cell

description: A neuron of the vertebrate central nervous system that is small in size. This general class includes small neurons in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex, cerebral cortex neurons that are not pyramidal cells and small neurons without axons found in the olfactory bulb.


Purkinje cell

description: The output neuron of the cerebellar cortex.


stellate neuron

description: A neuron that has dendritic processes radiating from the cell body forming a star-like shape.


name: neuron associated cell (sensu Vertebrata)


glial cell

description: A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu. Guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons.


macroglial cell

description: A neuroglial cell of ectodermal origin, i.e., the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes considered together.


astrocyte

description: A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from 'star' cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with 'end feet' which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood-brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and 'reactive astrocytes' (along with microglia) respond to injury.


oligodendrocyte

description: A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Form the insulating myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system.


microglial cell

description: A central nervous system macrophage found in the parenchyma of the central nervous system. Marker include CD11b-positive, F4/80-positive, and CD68-positive.


name: neuron associated cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)


corneal endothelial cell

description: An hexagonal, flattened, mitochondria-rich endothelial cell that forms a monolayer on the posterior surface of the cornea (the corneal endothelium). Corneal endothelial cells are derived from the neural crest and are responsible for keeping the cornea transparent by maintaining the tissue in a semi-dry state through the action of their ionic pumps and tight junction barrier.


neurectodermal cell

description: Ectoderm destined to be nervous tissue.


mesenchymal stem cell

description: A connective tissue cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses. In humans, this cell type is CD73-positive, CD90-positive, CD105-positive, CD45-negative, CD34-negative, and MHCII-negative. They may further differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, myocytes, neurons, or chondroblasts in vitro. Originally described as residing in the bone marrow, this cell type is now known to reside in many, if not all, adult organs.


fibrocyte

description: An inactive fibroblast; cytoplasm is sparse, endoplasmic reticulum is scanty with flattened nucleus. Term used by some histologists; when fibroblasts become relatively inactive in fiber formation. However, this cell has the potential for fibrogenesis in quiescent connective tissue of the adult, as well as during development, other histologists prefer to use the term fibroblast in all circumstances. These cells represent ~0.5% of peripheral blood leukocytes.


adipocyte

description: A fat-storing cell found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue of mammals. Fat is usually stored in the form of triglycerides.


osteocyte

description: A mature osteoblast that has become embedded in the bone matrix. They occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi.


chondrocyte

description: Skeletogenic cell that is terminally differentiated, secretes an avascular, GAG-rich matrix, is embedded in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, and develops from a chondroblast cell.


odontocyte

description: Skeletogenic cell that secretes dentine matrix, is derived from odontogenic papilla. Embedded in dentine tissue, and is the transformation of a non-terminally differentiated odontoblast cell.


cementocyte

description: An osteocytelike cell with numerous processes, trapped in a lacuna in the cement of the tooth.


hyalocyte

description: A cell occurring in the peripheral part of the vitreous body of the eye that may be responsible for production of hyaluronic acid and collagen.


professional antigen presenting cell

description: A cell capable of processing and presenting lipid and protein antigens to T cells in order to initiate an immune response.


pigment cell

description: A pigment cell is a cell that contains pigment granules.


melanocyte

description: A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which gives a brown to black appearance.


glandular epithelial cell

description: A specialized epithelial cell that is capable of synthesizing and secreting certain biomolecules.


secretory cell

description: A cell that specializes in controlled release of one or more substances.


exocrine cell

description: A cell of an exocrine gland; i.e. a gland that discharges its secretion via a duct.


glycosaminoglycan secreting cell

description: A cell that secretes glycosaminoglycans.


protein secreting cell

description: Any secretory cell that is capable of some protein secretion.


peptic cell

description: A cell that is usually basal in position, cuboidal with round nucleus, short microvilli, secretes pepsinogen.


surfactant secreting cell

description: A cell that specializes in secretion of surfactant in the alveoli of the lung.


club cell

description: A non-mucous, epithelial secretory cell that is part of the tracheobronchial tree. A club cell has short microvilli but no cilia. A club cell is able to multiply and differentiate into ciliated cells to regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium and it also protects the tracheobronchial epithelium.


goblet cell

description: A cell of the epithelial lining that produce and secrete mucins.


parietal cell

description: A large, oval stomach epithelial cell with a central nucleus; source of gastric acid. Secretes HCl.


endocrine cell

description: A cell of an endocrine gland, ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions.


enteroendocrine cell

description: An endocrine cell that is located in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract or in the pancreas.


neuroendocrine cell

description: A neuron that is capable of some hormone secretion in response to neuronal signals.


chromaffin cell

description: A cell that stores epinephrine secretory vesicles. During times of stress, the nervous system signals the vesicles to secrete their hormonal content. Their name derives from their ability to stain a brownish color with chromic salts. Characteristically, they are located in the adrenal medulla and paraganglia of the sympathetic nervous system.


peptide hormone secreting cell

description: Any secretory cell that is capable of some peptide hormone secretion.


insulin secreting cell

description: Any secretory cell that is capable of some insulin secretion.


type B pancreatic cell

description: A cell that secretes insulin and is located towards the center of the islets of Langerhans.


glucagon secreting cell

description: A cell that secretes glucagon.


pancreatic A cell

description: A type of enteocrine cell found in the periphery of the islets of Langerhans that secretes glucagon.


somatostatin secreting cell

description: Any secretory cell that is capable of some somatostatin secretion.


pancreatic D cell

description: A D cell located in the pancreas. Peripherally placed within the islets like type A cells; contains somatostatin.


steroid hormone secreting cell

description: Any secretory cell that is capable of some steroid hormone secretion.


luteal cell

description: A progesterone secreting cell in the corpus luteum. The large luteal cells develop from the granulosa cells. The small luteal cells develop from the theca cells.


ecdysteroid secreting cell

description: Any secretory cell that is capable of some ecdysteroid secretion.


testosterone secreting cell

description: Any secretory cell that is capable of some testosterone secretion.


Leydig cell

description: A Leydig cell is a testosterone-secreting cell in the interstitial area, between the seminiferous tubules, in the testis.


progesterone secreting cell

description: Any secretory cell that is capable of some progesterone secretion.


estradiol secreting cell

description: A steroid hormone secreting cell that secretes estradiol.


hepatocyte

description: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. Majority of cell population of liver, polygonal in shape, arranged in plates or trabeculae between sinusoids; may have single nucleus or binucleated.


contractile cell

description: A cell whose primary function is to shorten.


myoepithelial cell

description: Contractile cells resembling smooth muscle cells that are present in glands, notably the mammary gland, and aid in secretion. This cell has long weaving dendritic processes containing myofilament.


myofibroblast cell

description: An animal cell that has characteristics of both a fibroblast cell and a smooth muscle cell.


muscle cell

description: A mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns.


cell of skeletal muscle

description: A somatic cell located in skeletal muscle.


slow muscle cell

description: A muscle cell that develops tension more slowly than a fast-twitch fiber.


fast muscle cell

description: A muscle cell that can develop high tension rapidly. It is usually innervated by a single alpha neuron.


smooth muscle cell

description: A non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They develop from specialized myoblasts (smooth muscle myoblast).


cardiac muscle cell (sensu Arthopoda)

description: A striated muscle cell of an arthropod heart that participates in heart contraction.


insect flight muscle cell

description: A muscle cell that is involved in the mechanism of insect flight. This encompasses both, cells that power flight and cells that control flight.


sensory receptor cell

description: A cell that is capable of detection of a stimulus involved in sensory perception.


pain receptor cell

description: The peripheral receptor for pain. Includes receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli. All mammalian nociceptors are free nerve endings.


mechanoreceptor cell

description: A cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.


touch receptor cell

description: Any neuron that is capable of some detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of touch.


auditory hair cell

description: A mechanoreceptor cell of the auditory or vestibular system that is sensitive to auditory stimuli. The accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system.


gravity sensitive cell

description: Any neuronal receptor cell that is capable of some detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of gravity.


thermoreceptor cell

description: A cellular receptor which mediates the sense of temperature. Thermoreceptor cells in vertebrates are mostly located under the skin. In mammals there are separate types of thermoreceptors for cold and for warmth and pain receptor cells which detect cold or heat extreme enough to cause pain.


chemoreceptor cell

description: A cell specialized to detect chemical substances and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Chemoreceptors may monitor external stimuli, as in taste and olfaction, or internal stimuli, such as the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.


olfactory receptor cell

description: Any neuron that is capable of some detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell.


taste receptor cell

description: A specialized cell involved in gustatory sensory perception.


photoreceptor cell

description: A cell specialized to detect and transduce light.


electrically active cell

description: A cell whose function is determined by the generation or the reception of an electric signal.


absorptive cell

description: A cell that takes up and metabolizes substances.


lining cell

description: A cell within an epithelial cell sheet whose main function is to act as an internal or external covering for a tissue or an organism.


synovial cell

description: A cell located in the synovial joint.


barrier cell

description: A cell whose primary function is to prevent the transport of stuff across compartments.


Sertoli cell

description: A supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. They surround and nourish the developing male germ cells and secrete androgen binding protein. Their tight junctions with the spermatogonia and spermatocytes provide a blood-testis barrier.


myelinating Schwann cell

description: A neuroglial cell of the peripheral nervous system which forms the insulating myelin sheaths of peripheral axons.


motile cell

description: A cell that moves by its own activities.


ectodermal cell

description: A cell of the outer of the three germ layers of the embryo.


mesodermal cell

description: A cell of the middle germ layer of the embryo.


endodermal cell

description: A cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo.


anucleate cell

description: A cell that lacks a nucleus.


single nucleate cell

description: A cell with a single nucleus.


binucleate cell

description: Any cell that has characteristic some binucleate.


multinucleate cell

description: A cell with more than one nucleus.


erythrocyte

description: A red blood cell. In mammals, mature erythrocytes are biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen.


platelet

description: A non-nucleated disk-shaped cell formed by extrusion from megakaryocytes, found in the blood of all mammals, and mainly involved in blood coagulation.


phagocyte

description: Any cell capable of ingesting particulate matter via phagocytosis.


macrophage

description: A mononuclear phagocyte present in variety of tissues, typically differentiated from monocytes, capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells.


B cell

description: A lymphocyte of B lineage that is capable of B cell mediated immunity.


name: non keratinizing barrier epithelial cell


Merkel cell

description: A modified epidermal cell located in the stratum basale. They are found mostly in areas where sensory perception is acute. Merkel cells are closely associated with an expanded terminal bulb of an afferent myelinated nerve fiber.


transitional epithelial cell

description: A cell characteristically found lining hollow organs that are subject to great mechanical change due to contraction and distention; originally thought to represent a transition between stratified squamous and columnar epithelium.


Rohon-Beard neuron

description: Type of neuron that is a primary mechanosensory cell, with peripheral neurites innervating the skin with free nerve endings.


eukaryotic cell

description: Any cell that only exists in Eukaryota.


Eumycetozoan cell

description: Any cell that only exists in Eumycetozoa.


hyphal cell

description: A cell of a filament of a fungal mycelium.


eye photoreceptor cell

description: Any photoreceptor cell that is part of some eye.


structural cell

description: A cell whose primary function is to provide structural support, to provide strength and physical integrity to the organism.


somatotropin secreting cell

description: A peptide hormone secreting cell that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.


gamete

description: A mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.


pole cell

description: A primordial germ cell of insects. Such cells form at the posterior pole of the early embryo.


tracheal epithelial cell

description: An epithelial cell found in the trachea.


keratinocyte

description: An epidermal cell which synthesizes keratin and undergoes a characteristic change as it moves upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell.


serous secreting cell

description: Columnar glandular cell with irregular nucleus, copious granular endoplasmic reticulum and supranuclear granules. Secretes a watery fluid containing proteins known as serous fluid.


tear secreting cell

description: A cell secreting tears, the fluid secreted by the lacrimal glands. This fluid moistens the conjunctiva and cornea.


sebum secreting cell

description: A cell secreting sebun, an oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands, composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris.


sweat secreting cell

description: A cell secreting sweat, the fluid excreted by the sweat glands of mammals. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products.


mucus secreting cell

description: Any secretory cell that is capable of some mucus secretion.


pneumocyte

description: An epithelial cell that lines the peripheral gas exchange region of the lungs of air-breathing vertebrates.


stuff accumulating cell

description: A cell that is specialised to accumulate a particular substance(s).


oxygen accumulating cell

description: Any cell that is capable of some oxygen transport.


migratory neural crest cell

description: A cell derived from the specialized ectoderm flanking each side of the embryonic neural plate, which after the closure of the neural tube, forms masses of cells that migrate out from the dorsal aspect of the neural tube to spread throughout the body.


mesenchyme condensation cell

description: A mesenchymal cell in embryonic development found in a contracting mass and that gives rise to osteoprogenitors.


adrenal medulla chromaffin cell

description: A cell found within the adrenal medulla that secrete biogenic amine hormones upon stimulation.


name: neuroblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)

description: A neural precursor of the central nervous system.


glioblast (sensu Vertebrata)

description: An early neural cell developing from the early ependymal cell of the neural tube.


name: glioblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)

description: A precursor of the central nervous system that gives rise to glial cells only.


name: pigment cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)


pigment cell (sensu Vertebrata)

description: Any animal cell containing pigment granules.


visual pigment cell (sensu Vertebrata)

description: A pigment cell that is capable of detecting light stimulus that is involved in visual perception.


dental papilla cell

description: A mesenchymal cell that is part of a small mass of condensed mesenchyme in the enamel organ; it differentiates into the dentin and dental pulp.


hair follicle dermal papilla cell

description: A specialized mesenchymal cell that resides in the dermal papilla located at the bottom of hair follicles. This cell plays a pivotal roles in hair formation, growth, and cycling.


scleral cell

description: A cell of the sclera of the eye.


choroidal cell of the eye

description: A structural cell that is part of optic choroid.


extraembryonic cell

description: Any cell that is part of some extraembryonic structure.


amnioserosal cell

description: Any extraembryonic cell that is part of some amnioserosa.


trophoblast cell

description: A cell lining the outside of the blastocyst. After binding to the endometrium, trophoblast cells develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblast cells and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblast cells, which form the early fetal-maternal interface.


epiblast cell

description: A cell of the outer layer of a blastula that gives rise to the ectoderm after gastrulation.


blastoderm cell

description: An undifferentiated cell produced by early cleavages of the fertilized egg (zygote).


multi-potent skeletal muscle stem cell

description: A multifate stem cell found in skeletal muscle than can differentiate into many different cell types, including muscle. Distinct cell type from satellite cell.


sphincter associated smooth muscle cell

description: A smooth muscle cell that is part of a sphincter. A sphincter is a typically circular muscle that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning.


vascular associated smooth muscle cell

description: A smooth muscle cell associated with the vasculature.


morula cell

description: A cell of the early embryo at the developmental stage in which the blastomeres, resulting from repeated mitotic divisions of the fertilized ovum (zygote), form a compact cell mass.


gastrula cell

description: A cell of the embryo in the early stage following the blastula, characterized by morphogenetic cell movements, cell differentiation, and the formation of the three germ layers.


epidermal cell

description: An epithelial cell of the integument (the outer layer of an organism).


animal zygote

description: Diploid cell produced by the fusion of sperm cell nucleus and egg cell.


protoplast

description: The cell protoplasm after removal of the cell wall.


tormogen cell

description: An epidermal cell that is part of a cell cluster organ of the insect integument (such as a sensillum) and that secretes a cuticular specialization that forms a socket around the base of a cuticular specialization produced by a trichogen cell.


histoblast

description: A progenitor cell found in the larval epidermis of insects and that gives rise to the adult abdominal epidermis.


trichogen cell

description: An epidermal cell that is part of a cell cluster organ of the insect integument (such as a sensillum) and that secretes a cuticular specialization, often in the form of a hair, bristle, peg or scale. The base of this specialization is often surrounded by a socket produced by a closely associated tormogen cell.


name: supporting cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)


thecogen cell

description: The support cell that makes the thecogen dendritic cap - a cuticle-like matrix around the tip of the eo-dendrite and which encloses the soma of the eo-neuron.


scolopale cell

description: A cell that is part of a scolopidium and surrounds the dendrite of a scolopidial neuron.


name: prohemocyte (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)

description: A precursor of mature hemocytes.


hemocyte (sensu Arthropoda)

description: A blood cell of the circulatory system of arthropods.


tendon cell

description: An elongated fibrocyte that is part of a tendon. The cytoplasm is stretched between the collagen fibres of the tendon. They have a central cell nucleus with a prominent nucleolus. Tendon cells have a well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and they are responsible for synthesis and turnover of tendon fibres and ground substance.


name: blood cell (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)


crystal cell

description: A hemocyte that synthesizes and secretes melanins as part of the antimicrobial immune response. It is characterized morphologically by crystal inclusions of phenoloxidases in its cytoplasm, hence its name.


electrically responsive cell

description: A cell whose function is determined by its response to an electric signal.


plasmatocyte

description: A phagocytic hemocyte, responsible for the engulfment of small particles, microbes, and apoptotic tissue debris. It may also secretes antimicrobial peptides and contribute to the production and secretion of proteins of the hemolymph.


procrystal cell

description: A precursor of mature crystal cells.


lamellocyte

description: A hemocyte found in immuno-stimulated larvae.


ganglion interneuron

description: Any interneuron that has its soma located in some ganglion.


CNS interneuron

description: An interneuron that has its cell body in a central nervous system.


electrically signaling cell

description: A cell that initiates an electrical signal and passes that signal to another cell.


scolopidial ligament cell

description: A cell that anchors the cell body of a scolopidial neuron to the integument.


male gamete

description: Any male germ cell that has characteristic some haploid and is capable of some fertilization.


Caenorhabditis hypodermal cell

description: An epithelial cell of the hypodermis of Caenorhabditis.


polyploid cell

description: A cell that contains more than two haploid sets of chromosomes.


haploid cell

description: A cell whose nucleus contains a single haploid genome.


diploid cell

description: A cell whose nucleus has two haploid genomes.


arcade cell

description: An epithelial cell found in C. elegans that firmly hold the outer body wall and the lips to the inner cylinder of the pharynx in a manner that keeps these organs from breaking apart, while still giving each organ freedom of movement during feeding.


seam cell

description: An epithelial fate stem cell found in flatworms.


coelomocyte

description: A free floating cell, including amebocytes and eleocytes, in the coelom of certain animals, especially annelids.


mitogenic signaling cell

description: A cell whose primary function is to cause growth by stimulating cell division in its immediate cellular environment.


excretory cell

description: A cell involved in the elimination of metabolic and foreign toxins, and in maintaining the ionic, acid-base and water balance of biological fluids.


pore cell

description: Forms the terminal part of the cuticle-lined excretory duct of C. elegans.


GLR cell

description: A scaffolding cell type found in C. elegans, this cell plays a supportive role to the muscle arms. May also have an endocrine role.


imaginal disc cell

description: A columnar epithelial cell that is part of an insect imaginal disc.


xanthophore cell

description: A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains cartenoid pigments in structures called pterinosomes or xanthosomes. This gives an appearance ranging from a golden yellow to orange and red.


iridophore

description: A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. The cell contains flat light-reflecting platelets, probably of guanine, in stacks called reflecting platelets or iridisomes. The color-generating components produce a silver, gold, or iridescent color.


reticular cell

description: A fibroblast that synthesizes collagen and uses it to produce reticular fibers, thus providing structural support. Reticular cells are found in many organs, including the spleen, lymph nodes and kidneys. Subtypes of reticular cells include epithelial, mesenchymal, and fibroblastic reticular cells. Fibroblastic reticular cells are involved in directing B cells and T cells to specific regions within a tissue, whereas epithelial and mesenchymal reticular cells are associated with certain areas of the brain.


eccrine cell

description: A secretory cell that discharges its product without loss of cytoplasm.


gonadtroph

description: A rounded cell that is usually situated next to sinusoids; secretes follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).


luteinizing hormone secreting cell

description: A peptide hormone secreting cell pituitary that produces luteinizing hormone.


prolactin secreting cell

description: A peptide hormone cell that secretes prolactin.


name: melanocyte stimulating hormone secreting cell

description: A cell of the intermediate pituitary that produces melanocyte stimulating hormone.


follicle stem cell (sensu Arthropoda)

description: A stem cell that gives rise to the follicle cells that surround the oocyte in female arthropods.


follicular dendritic cell

description: A cell with extensive dendritic processes found in the B cell areas (primary follicles and germinal centers) of lymphoid tissue. They are unrelated to the dendritic cell associated with T cells. Follicular dendritic cells have Fc receptors and C3b receptors, but unlike other dendritic cells, they do not process or present antigen in a way that allows recognition by T cells. Instead, they hold antigen in the form of immune complexes on their surfaces for long periods and can present antigen to B cells during an immune response.


calcitonin secreting cell

description: Any secretory cell that is capable of some calcitonin secretion.


obliquely striated muscle cell

description: A muscle cell in which the fibers are organised into sarcomeres but in which adjacent myofibrils are offset from each other, producing an oblique banding pattern.


chief cell of parathyroid gland

description: An epithelial cell of the parathyroid gland that is arranged in wide, irregular interconnecting columns; responsible for the synthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormone.


white adipocyte

description: An adipocyte with light coloration and few mitochondria. It contains a scant ring of cytoplasm surrounding a single large lipid droplet or vacuole.


brown adipocyte

description: A cell from the thermogenic form of adipose tissue found in many species,  particularly in newborns and hibernating mammals, but also in lesser amounts in adults of other mammals including humans. Brown fat is capable of rapid liberation of energy and seems to be important in the maintenance of body temperature immediately after birth and upon waking from hibernation.


dendritic cell

description: A cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation. These cells are lineage negative (CD3-negative, CD19-negative, CD34-negative, and CD56-negative).


Langerhans cell

description: Langerhans cell is a conventional dendritic cell that has plasma membrane part CD207. A Langerhans cell is a stellate dendritic cell of myeloid origin, that appears clear on light microscopy and has a dark-staining, indented nucleus and characteristic inclusions (Birbeck granules) in the cytoplasm; Langerhans cells are found principally in the stratum spinosum of the epidermis, but they also occur in other stratified epithelia and have been identified in the lung, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus.


epinephrine secreting cell

description: A cell capable of producing epinephrine. Epiniphrine is synthesized from norepiniphrine by the actions of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enzyme, which is expressed in the adrenal glands, androgenic neurons, and in other cell types.


mineralocorticoid secreting cell

description: Any secretory cell that is capable of some mineralocorticoid secretion.


serotonin secreting cell

description: A cell type that secretes 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin).


noradrenergic cell

description: A cell capable of producting norepiniphrine. Norepiniphrine is a catecholamine with multiple roles including as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. In addition, epiniphrine is synthesized from norepiniphrine by the actions of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enzyme.


glucocorticoid secreting cell

description: Any secretory cell that is capable of some glucocorticoid secretion.


adepithelial cell

description: A cell of mesodermal origin that is closely associated with the epithelium of an imaginal disc. It is a precursor of some of the insect's adult muscles.


epidermal cell (sensu Arthropoda)

description: An epidermal cell that secretes chitinous cuticle from its apical side.


epidermoblast

description: An epidermal progenitor cell that arises from neuroectoderm and in turn gives rise to the epidermal sheath of ventral and cephalic regions.


cardioblast (sensu Arthropoda)

description: A precursor of the cells that form the dorsal vessel of arthropods.


name: adrenocorticotropic hormone secreting cell

description: A peptide hormone secreting cell that produces adrenocorticotropin, or corticotropin.


name: neuroglioblast (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)

description: A precursor of the central nervous system that gives rise to both neurons and glial cells.


ganglion mother cell

description: A neural progenitor cell that is the daughter of a neuroblast (sensu arthopoda).  The progeny of ganglion mother cells develop into neurons, glia and (occasionally) epithelial cells.


defensive cell

description: A cell whose primary function is to protect the organism.


pericardial nephrocyte

description: An insect renal cell that filters hemolymph and is found with other pericardial nephrocytes in two rows flanking the dorsal vessel.


thyrotroph

description: A basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin. This cell type is elongated, polygonal and lie in clusters towards the adenohypophyseal center.


follicle cell of egg chamber

description: A somatic epithelial cell of the insect egg chamber.


name: oxytocin stimulating hormone secreting cell

description: A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes oxytocin stimulating hormone


name: vasopressin stimulating hormone secreting cell

description: A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes vasopressin stimulating hormone


name: secretin stimulating hormone secreting cell

description: A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes secretin stimulating hormone


name: cholecystokin stimulating hormone secreting cell

description: A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes cholecystokin stimulating hormone.


juvenile hormone secreting cell

description: An endocrine cell that secretes juvenile hormone.


name: bombesin stimulating hormone secreting cell

description: A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes bombesin stimulating hormone.


connective tissue type mast cell

description: Mast cell subtype whose granules contain both the serine proteases tryptase and chymase. These cells are primarily found in connective tissue, such as the peritoneal cavity, skin, and intestinal submucosa. Their development is T-cell independent.


mucosal type mast cell

description: Mast cell subtype that contains only the serine protease trypase in its granules. These cells are primarily found in mucosal tissue, such as intestinal mucosa and alveoli. They depend upon T-cells for development of phenotype.


garland cell

description: A large binucleate cell that forms a 'garland' around the anterior end of the proventriculus (cardia) at its junction with the esophagus in both adults and larvae flies. Each cell is surrounded by a basement membrane and there are numerous micro-invaginations (lacunae) extending from the surface into the cytoplasm. At the mouth of each lacuna is a doubled filament forming a specialised filtration system (diaphragm). The filtrate is endocytosed from the lacunae.


oenocyte

description: A secretory cell of ectodermal origin. This cell may have important functions in fatty acid and hydrocarbon metabolism and is metabolically linked to the fat body and tracheae. This cell is exclusive of arthropods.


visible light photoreceptor cell

description: A photoreceptor cell that detects visible light.


CD4-positive helper T cell

description: A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that cooperates with other lymphocytes via direct contact or cytokine release to initiate a variety of immune functions.


UV sensitive photoreceptor cell

description: A photoreceptor cell that detects ultraviolet light.


blue sensitive photoreceptor cell

description: A photoreceptor cell that is sensitive to blue light.


green sensitive photoreceptor cell

description: A photoreceptor cell that is sensitive to green light.


red sensitive photoreceptor cell

description: A photoreceptor cell that is sensitive to red light.


inhibitory interneuron

description: An interneuron (also called relay neuron, association neuron or local circuit neuron) is a multipolar neuron which connects afferent neurons and efferent neurons in neural pathways. Like motor neurons, interneuron cell bodies are always located in the central nervous system (CNS).


stromal cell

description: A connective tissue cell of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere.


follicular epithelial cell

description: An epithelial somatic cell associated with a maturing oocyte.


granulosa cell

description: A supporting cell for the developing female gamete in the ovary of mammals. They develop from the coelomic epithelial cells of the gonadal ridge. Granulosa cells form a single layer around the mammalian oocyte in the primordial ovarian follicle and advance to form a multilayered cumulus oophorus surrounding the ovum in the Graafian follicle. The major functions of granulosa cells include the production of steroids and LH receptors.


type D enteroendocrine cell

description: A cell found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the pancreas. They secrete somatostatin in both an endocrine and paracrine manner. Somatostatin inhibits gastrin, cholecystokinin, insulin, glucagon, pancreatic enzymes, and gastric hydrochloric acid. A variety of substances which inhibit gastric acid secretion (vasoactive intestinal peptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, beta-adrenergic agonists, and gastric inhibitory peptide) are thought to act by releasing somatostatin.


theca cell

description: A flattened stroma cell forming a sheath or theca outside the basal lamina lining the mature ovarian follicle. Thecal interstitial or stromal cells are steroidogenic, and produce primarily androgens which serve as precusors of estrogens in the granulosa cells.


enterochromaffin-like cell

description: A enteroendocrine cell part of the glands of the gastric mucosa. They produce histamine and peptides such as chromogranins. This cell type respond to gastrin by releasing histamine which acts as a paracrine stimulator of the release of hydrochloric acid from the gastric parietal cells.


substance P secreting cell

description: A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes substance P.


enkephalin secreting cell

description: An endorphine cell that secretes enkephalin.


endorphin secreting cell

description: A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes endorphin.


type G enteroendocrine cell

description: An endocrine cell found in the pyloric gland mucosa (antral mucosa) of the stomach of mammals and responsible for the secretion of gastrin and enkephalin. Most abundant in pyloric antrum, pyramidal in form with a narrow apex bearing long microvilli.


gastrin secreting cell

description: A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes gastrin.


paneth cell

description: An epithelial cell found in the basal part of the intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn) including the appendix. Paneth cells synthesize and secrete lysozyme and cryptdins. Numerous in the deeper parts of the intestinal crypts, particularly in the duodenum, rich in zinc, contain large acidophilic granules, with irregular apical microvilli and prominent membrane-bound vacuoles containing matrix.


androgen binding protein secreting cell

description: A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes androgen binding protein.


paracrine cell

description: A paracrine cell is a secretory cell that secretes an agonist into intercellular spaces in which it diffuses to a target cell other than that which produced it.


cardiac muscle myoblast

description: A precursor cell destined to differentiate into cardiac muscle cell.


smooth muscle myoblast

description: A precursor cell destined to differentiate into smooth muscle myocytes.


skeletal muscle myoblast

description: A myoblast that differentiates into skeletal muscle fibers.


perineuronal satellite cell

description: A non-neuronal cell that surrounds the neuronal cell bodies of the ganglia.


macrophage derived foam cell

description: A type of foam cell derived from a macrophage containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherolosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.


phagocyte (sensu Vertebrata)

description: A phagocyte in vertebrates that is able to phagocytosis.


name: phagocyte (sensu Nematoda and Protostomia)

description: A phagocyte from organisms in the Nematoda or Protostomia clades.


fungal cell

description: Any cell that only exists in Fungi.


mononuclear cytotrophoblast cell

description: A cell from the inner layer of the trophoblast of the early mammalian embryo that gives rise to the outer surface and villi of the chorion. Mononuclear crytoblasts fuse to give rise to a multinuclear cytotrophoblast.


spheroplast

description: A cell, usually of bacteria or yeast, which has partially lost its cell wall.


syncytiotrophoblast cell

description: A cell from the outer syncytial layer of the trophoblast of an early mammalian embryo, directly associated with the maternal blood supply. It secretes hCG in order to maintain progesterone secretion and sustain a pregnancy.


afferent neuron

description: A neuron which conveys sensory information centrally from the periphery.


efferent neuron

description: A neuron which sends impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells.


nitrergic neuron

description: A nerve cell where transmission is mediated by nitric oxide.


primary neuron (sensu Teleostei)

description: A neuron that develops during the early segmentation stages in teleosts, before the neural tube is formed.


name: primary sensory neuron (sensu Teleostei)

description: A primary neuron (sensu Teleostei) that has a sensory function.


primary motor neuron (sensu Teleostei)

description: A primary neuron (sensu Teleostei) that has a motor function.


primary interneuron (sensu Teleostei)

description: A primary neuron (sensu Teleostei) that is neither a sensory neuron or a motor neuron.


secondary neuron (sensu Teleostei)

description: A neuron of teleosts that develops later than a primary neuron, typically during the larval stages.


name: secondary motor neuron (sensu Teleostei)

description: A secondary neuron (sensu Teleostei) that has a motor function.


neuron

description: The basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.


melanoblast

description: A cell that originates from the neural crest and differentiates into a pigment cell.


lymphocyte

description: A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.


T-helper 1 cell

description: A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive, CXCR3-positive, CCR6-negative, and is capable of producing interferon-gamma.


T-helper 2 cell

description: A CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype GATA-3-positive, CXCR3-negative, CCR6-negative, and is capable of producing interleukin-4.


proerythroblast

description: An immature, nucleated erythrocyte occupying the stage of erythropoeisis that follows formation of erythroid progenitor cells. This cell is CD71-positive, has both a nucleus and a nucleolus, and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.


basophilic erythroblast

description: A nucleated immature erythrocyte, having cytoplasm generally similar to that of the earlier proerythroblast but sometimes even more basophilic, and usually regular in outline. The nucleus is still relatively large, but the chromatin strands are thicker and more deeply staining, giving a coarser appearance; the nucleoli have disappeared. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.


polychromatophilic erythroblast

description: A nucleated, immature erythrocyte in which the nucleus occupies a relatively smaller part of the cell than in its precursor, the basophilic erythroblast. The cytoplasm is beginning to acquire hemoglobin and thus is no longer a purely basophilic, but takes on acidophilic aspects, which becomes progressively more marked as the cell matures. The chromatin of the nucleus is arranged in coarse, deeply staining clumps. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers.


orthochromatic erythroblast

description: The final stage of the nucleated, immature erythrocyte, before nuclear loss. Typically the cytoplasm is described as acidophilic, but it still shows a faint polychromatic tint. The nucleus is small and initially may still have coarse, clumped chromatin, as in its precursor, the polychromatophilic erythroblast, but ultimately it becomes pyknotic, and appears as a deeply staining, blue-black, homogeneous structureless mass. The nucleus is often eccentric and sometimes lobulated.


megakaryocyte progenitor cell

description: The earliest cytologically identifiable precursor in the thrombocytic series. This cell is capable of endomitosis and lacks expression of hematopoieitic lineage markers (lin-negative).


name: gastrin stimulating hormone secreting cell

description: A peptide hormone secreting cell that secretes gastrin stimulating hormone.


megakaryocyte

description: A large hematopoietic cell (50 to 100 micron) with a lobated nucleus. Once mature, this cell undergoes multiple rounds of endomitosis and cytoplasmic restructuring to allow platelet formation and release.


granulocyte monocyte progenitor cell

description: A hematopoietic progenitor cell that is committed to the granulocyte and monocyte lineages. These cells are CD123-positive, and do not express Gata1 or Gata2 but do express C/EBPa, and Pu.1.


reticulocyte

description: An immature erythrocyte that changes the protein composition of its plasma membrane by exosome formation and extrusion. The types of protein removed differ between species though removal of the transferrin receptor is apparent in mammals and birds.


promonocyte

description: A precursor in the monocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between the monoblast and monocyte. This cell is CD11b-positive and has fine azurophil granules.


band form neutrophil

description: A late neutrophilic metamyelocyte in which the nucleus is indented to more than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin but in no area being condensed to a single filament. The nucleus is in the form of a curved or coiled band, not having acquired the typical multilobar shape of the mature neutrophil. These cells are fMLP receptor-positive, CD11b-positive, CD35-negative, and CD49d-negative.


amacrine cell

description: Interneuron of the vertebrate retina. They integrate, modulate, and interpose a temporal domain in the visual message presented to the retinal ganglion cells, with which they synapse in the inner plexiform layer. They lack large axons.


nucleate erythrocyte

description: An erythrocyte having a nucleus.


endospore

description: A rounded, inactive form that certain bacteria assume under conditions of extreme temperature, dryness, or lack of food. The bacterium develops a waterproof cell wall that protects it from being dried out or damaged.


neutrophilic promyelocyte

description: A promyelocyte committed to the neutrophil lineage. This cell type is GATA-1-positive, C/EBPa-positive, AML-1-positive, MPO-positive, has low expression of PU.1 transcription factor and lacks lactotransferrin expression.


fat body cell

description: A cell found in fat bodies whose primary function is intermediary metabolism.


angioblastic mesenchymal cell

description: A mesenchymal stem cell capable of developing into blood vessel endothelium.


description: A cell that originates in the neural crest, that has certain cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics and is found scattered throughout the body; types include melanocytes, the cells of the chromaffin system, and cells in the hypothalamus, hypophysis, thyroid, parathyroids, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas. This cell type concentrates the amino acid precursors of certain amines and decarboxylate them, forming amines that function as regulators and neurotransmitters. This cell type produces substances such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, enkephalin, somatostatin, neurotensin, and substance P, the actions of which may affect contiguous cells, nearby groups of cells, or distant cells, thus functioning as local or systemic hormones. The name is an acronym for amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cell.


cardiac mesenchymal cell

description: A mesenchymal cell found in the developing heart and that develops into some part of the heart.  These cells derive from intra- and extra-cardiac sources, including the endocardium, epicardium, neural crest, and second heart field.


parafollicular cell

description: A neuroepithelial cells that occurs singly or in small groups, close to the outer follicular borders but within the follicular basement membrane of the thyroid. Expresses a form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) on their surface. Secretes calcitonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine.


leucophore

description: A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains uric acid or other purine crystals deposited in stacks called leucosomes. The crystals reflect light and this gives a white appearance under white light.


retinal cone cell

description: One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the vertebrate retina. In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but they provide vision with higher spatial and temporal acuity, and the combination of signals from cones with different pigments allows color vision.


erythrophore

description: A pigment cell derived from the neural crest. Contains pteridine and/or carotenoid pigments in structures called pterinosomes or erythrosomes. This gives an orange to red appearance.


corneal epithelial cell

description: An epithelial cell of the cornea.


monocyte

description: Myeloid mononuclear recirculating leukocyte that can act as a precursor of tissue macrophages, osteoclasts and some populations of tissue dendritic cells.


type EC enteroendocrine cell

description: A subtype of enteroendocrine cells found in the gastrointestinal mucosa, particularly in the glands of pyloric antrum; duodenum; and ileum. These cell type secretes serotonin and some neurotransmitters including enkephalins and substance P. Their secretory granules stain readily with silver (argentaffin stain).


experimentally modified cell in vitro

description: A cell in vitro that has undergone physical changes as a consequence of a deliberate and specific experimental procedure.


border follicle cell

description: A follicle cell that migrates from the anterior pole of the insect egg chamber to the anterior of the oocyte where they participate in the formation of the micropyle.


neutrophilic myelocyte

description: A neutrophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a promyelocyte and a metamyelocyte; in this stage, production of primary granules is complete and neutrophil-specific granules has started. No nucleolus is present. This cell type is CD13-positive, CD16-negative, integrin alpha-M-positive, CD15-positive, CD33-positive, CD24-positive, C/EBP-a-positive, C/EBPe-positive, PU.1-positive, lactotransferrin-positive, myeloperoxidase-positive and NGAL-positive.


peritoneal macrophage

description: A macrophage resident in the peritoneum under non-inflammatory conditions. Markers include F4/80-high, CD11b-high, CD68-positive, SIGNR1-positive, CD115-high, MHC-II-negative, and Dectin-1-positive.


neutrophilic metamyelocyte

description: A neutrophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a myelocyte and the band form neutrophil. The protein synthesis seen in earlier stages decreases or stops; the nucleus becomes indented where the indentation is smaller than half the distance to the farthest nuclear margin; chromatin becomes coarse and clumped; specific granules predominate while primary granules are rare; and the cytoplasm becomes amphophilic like that of a mature granulocyte. This cell type is integrin alpha-M-positive, CD13-negative, CD15-positive, CD16-positive, CD33-positive, CD24-positive, fMLP receptor-negative and has expression of C/EBP-a, C/EBP-e, PU.1 transcription factor, lactotransferrin, myeloperoxidase and neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin.


alveolar macrophage

description: A tissue-resident macrophage found in the alveoli of the lungs. Ingests small inhaled particles resulting in degradation and presentation of the antigen to immunocompetent cells. Markers include F4/80-positive, CD11b-/low, CD11c-positive, CD68-positive, sialoadhesin-positive, dectin-1-positive, MR-positive, CX3CR1-negative.


enterocyte

description: An epithelial cell that has its apical plasma membrane folded into microvilli to provide ample surface for the absorption of nutrients from the intestinal lumen.


germ cell

description: The reproductive cell in multicellular organisms.


cold sensing thermoreceptor cell

description: A thermoreceptor cell that detects reduced temperatures.


odontoclast

description: A specialized osteoclast associated with the absorption and removal of cementum.


cochlear inner hair cell

description: A bulbous cell that is medially placed in one row in the organ of Corti. In contrast to the outer hair cells, the inner hair cells are fewer in number, have fewer sensory hairs, and are less differentiated.


small luteal cell

description: A progesterone secreting cell in the corpus luteum that develops from theca cells.


warmth sensing thermoreceptor cell

description: A thermoreceptor cell that detects increased temperatures.


large luteal cell

description: A large, progesterone secreting cell in the corpus luteum that develops from the granulosa cells.


androgen secreting cell

description: A steroid hormone secreting cell that secretes androgen.


skeletal muscle satellite cell

description: An elongated, spindle-shaped, cell that is located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of a muscle fiber. These cells are mostly quiescent, but upon activation they divide to produce cells that generate new muscle fibers.


enucleate erythrocyte

description: An erythrocyte lacking a nucleus.


sexual spore

description: A spore formed following meiosis. Sometimes following meiosis, prospores may undergo one or more rounds of mitosis before they are fully mature.


microconidium

description: The smaller of two types of asexual spores formed by some fungi. An ovoid to pear-shaped asexual spore that contains very little cytoplasm and organelles, is uninucleate, and forms in vegetative hypae within a mycelium. Micronidia are extruded from the hyphal cell wall.


pyramidal neuron

description: Pyramidal neurons have a pyramid-shaped soma with a single axon, a large apical dendrite and multiple basal dendrites. The apex and an apical dendrite typically point toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their region. Pyramidal neurons are found in the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala.


conidium

description: An asexual, nonmotile spore formed by higher fungi; conidia are usually made from the side or tip of specialized sporogenous cells and do not form by progressive cleavage of the cytoplasm.


heterokaryon

description: A fungal cell with two or more genetically distinct nuclei.


cochlear outer hair cell

description: A mechanoreceptor in the organ of Corti. In mammals the outer hair cells are arranged in three rows which are further from the modiolus than the single row of inner hair cells. The motile properties of the outer hair cells may contribute actively to tuning the sensitivity and frequency selectivity of the cochlea.


pressoreceptor cell

description: A receptor in the vascular system, particularly the aorta and carotid sinus, which is sensitive to stretch of the vessel walls.


dikaryon

description: A fungal cell with two genetically distinct haploid nuclei.


retinal rod cell

description: One of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. In rods the photopigment is in stacks of membranous disks separate from the outer cell membrane. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but rod mediated vision has less spatial and temporal resolution than cone vision.


fungal asexual spore

description: A spore formed following mitosis or mitoses.


macroconidium

description: The larger of two types of asexual spores formed by some fungi; usually round or oblong.


ascospore

description: A thick walled spore that stores and protects one or more nuclei following sexual reproduction in an Ascomycete.


zygospore

description: A thick walled, sexual, resting spore formed by Zygomycetes; sometimes refers to the spore and the multi-layered cell wall that encloses the spore, the zygosporangium.


vestibular hair cell

description: A mechanoreceptor located in the acoustic maculae and the semicircular canals that mediates the sense of balance, movement, and head position. The vestibular hair cells are connected to accessory structures in such a way that movements of the head displace their stereocilia. This influences the membrane potential of the cells which relay information about movements via the vestibular part of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain stem.


eosinophil progenitor cell

description: Any granulocytopoietic cell that has part some transcription factor PU.1 and has part some CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha and has part some erythroid transcription factor and lacks plasma membrane part some CD19 molecule and lacks plasma membrane part some CD4 molecule and lacks plasma membrane part some integrin alpha-M and lacks plasma membrane part some CD3 epsilon and lacks plasma membrane part some neural cell adhesion molecule 1 and lacks plasma membrane part some CD2 molecule and lacks plasma membrane part some T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain and lacks plasma membrane part some membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 and lacks plasma membrane part some T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 and lacks plasma membrane part some CD14 molecule and lacks plasma membrane part some lymphocyte antigen 6G and lacks plasma membrane part some lymphocyte antigen 76 (mouse) and has plasma membrane part some CD34 molecule and has plasma membrane part some ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1 and has plasma membrane part some interleukin-3 receptor class 2 alpha chain and has plasma membrane part some interleukin-5 receptor subunit alpha and has plasma membrane part some mast/stem cell growth factor receptor and is capable of some eosinophil differentiation.


eosinophilic myelocyte

description: A eosinophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a promyelocyte and a metamyelocyte;in this stage, production of primary granules is complete and eosinophil-specific granules has started. No nucleolus is present. These cells are integrin alpha-M-positive, CD13-positive, CD15-positive, CD16-negative, CD24-positive, and CD33-positive.


basophil progenitor cell

description: A progenitor cell committed to the basophil lineage. This cell lacks hematopoietic lineage markers (lin-negative) and is CD34-positive, T1/ST2-low, CD117-negative, and FceRIa-high. This cell also expresses Gata-1, Gata-2 and C/EBPa.


basophilic myelocyte

description: A basophil precursor in the granulocytic series, being a cell intermediate in development between a promyelocyte and a metamyelocyte; in this stage, production of primary granules is complete and basophil-specific granules has started. No nucleolus is present. Markers are being integrin alpha-M-positive, fucosyltransferase FUT4-positive, CD33-positive, CD24-positive, aminopeptidase N-positive.


basidiospore

description: A thick walled spore containing one or more haploid nuclei produced by sexual reproduction in an Basidiomycete; formed externally on extrusions of the basidium.


GABAergic neuron

description: A neuron that uses GABA as a vesicular neurotransmitter


fusion competent myoblast

description: A myoblast that is committed to a myotube-specific program of differentiation but not yet fused. It undergoes very limited additional proliferation. After fusion, it will take on a muscle identity specified by a `muscle founder cell` (CL:0008006).


acinar cell

description: A secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape shaped clusters known as acini (singular acinus).


natural killer cell

description: A lymphocyte that can spontaneously kill a variety of target cells without prior antigenic activation via germline encoded activation receptors and also regulate immune responses via cytokine release and direct contact with other cells.


CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell

description: A mature alpha-beta T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor and the CD4 coreceptor.


CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell

description: A T cell expressing an alpha-beta T cell receptor and the CD8 coreceptor.


olfactory granule cell

description: A granule cell that has a soma located in an olfactory bulb granule cell layer. An olfactory granule cell is an interneuron that lacks an axon, makes reciprocal dendro-dendritic synapses with mitral cells and tufted cells and is involved in the fine spatio-temporal tuning of the responses of these principal olfactory bulb neurons to odors.


transporting cell

description: A cell involved in transporting nutrients, minerals, water, gases and other chemicals between cells for a variety of purposes including conveying nutrition to other tissues, removing waste products from the tissues, conveying gases for respiration, distributing heat and repelling invasion of foreign substances.


photosynthetic cell

description: A cell that can perform photosynthesis, in which carbohydrates are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water, using light as the energy source.


storage cell

description: A cell that is specialized to store a particular substance(s), which is(are) later released from the store for a particular purpose.


supporting cell

description: A cell whose primary function is to support other cell types.


labyrinth supporting cell

description: Cells forming a framework supporting the organ of Corti. Specific cells are those of Claudius, Deiters and Hensen.