retinoschisis

description: An inherited or acquired disorder characterized by splitting of the retina into two layers. It results in loss of vision.


retinal degeneration

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: Degeneration of the retina.


rheumatic myocarditis

description: Inflammation of the myocardium in acute rheumatic heart disease.


transient retinal arterial occlusion

description: A partial, temporary occlusion of the retinal artery.


maple bark strippers' lung

description: A hypersensitivity pneumonitis associated with the inhalation of fungal spores of Cryptostroma corticale in workers stripping the bark from maple and sycamore logs affected by sooty bark disease.


polyhydramnios

description: An excess quantity of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac as compared to normal values. Typically associated with an amniotic fluid index (AFI) of greater than or equal to 25 cm or a single maximum vertical pocket (MVP) of greater than 8 cm.


rheumatoid lung disease

description: Rheumatoid lung disease is a group of lung problems related to rheumatoid arthritis.


hereditary night blindness

description: An instance of night blindness that is caused by an inherited modification of the individual's genome.


night blindness

description: Inability to see clearly in dim light.


impetigo herpetiformis

description: An impetigo that is characterized as a form of severe pustular psoriasis occurring in pregnancy.


impetigo

description: A contagious bacterial cutaneous infection that affects children and is usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus. It usually presents in the face with honey colored scabs.


Bartholin duct cyst

description: Distension of the Bartholin gland duct caused by an accumulation of mucus in the duct, usually as a result of obstruction of the gland duct orifice.


cor pulmonale

description: Hypertrophy and dilation of the right ventricle of the heart that is caused by pulmonary hypertension. This condition is often associated with pulmonary parenchymal or vascular diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary embolism.


pulmonary embolism and infarction

description: Localized necrosis of lung tissue caused by obstruction of the arterial blood supply, most often due to pulmonary embolism.


acute cor pulmonale

description: A form of acute right heart failure produced by a sudden increase in resistance to blood flow in the pulmonary circulation.


barbiturate abuse

description: A substance abuse that involves the recurring use of barbiturate drugs despite negative consequences.


ulcer of lower limbs

description: Ulcer of lower limbs is a chronic ulcer of skin where the ulcer is not a decubitus ulcer.


name: Hodgkin's lymphoma, lymphocytic-histiocytic predominance

description: A subtype of classical Hodgkin lymphoma with scattered Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells and a nodular or less often diffuse cellular background consisting of small lymphocytes and with an absence of neutrophils and eosinophils. (WHO, 2008)


vallecula cancer

description: A cancer involving a epiglottic vallecula.


oropharynx cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the oropharynx.


herpes simplex infectious disease

description: A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)


soft palate cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the soft palate.


malignant histiocytosis

description: Distinctive neoplastic disorders of histiocytes. Included are malignant neoplasms of macrophages and dendritic cells.


acute intestinal ischemia

description: Ischemia of the intestine that is rapid in onset.


chronic monocytic leukemia

description: Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (myeloid progenitor cells) in the bone marrow and other sites.


upper gum cancer

description: A cancer involving a gingiva of upper jaw.


herpetic whitlow

description: A painful blister of the periungual skin that is caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2.


recurrent hypersomnia

description: Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., idiopathic hypersomnolence; narcolepsy; and kleine-levin syndrome) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, mental disorders, and sleep apnea syndrome). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)


diplegia of upper limb

description: Evidence of diplegia of the upper limbs.


measles

description: A highly contagious viral infection caused by the measles virus. Symptoms appear 8-12 days after exposure and include a rash, cough, fever and muscle pains that can last 4-7 days. Measles vaccines are available to provide prophylaxis, usually combined with mumps and rubella vaccines (MMR).


name: Hodgkin's lymphoma, lymphocytic depletion

description: A diffuse subtype of classical Hodgkin lymphoma which is rich in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells and/or depleted in non-neoplastic lymphocytes. (WHO, 2008)


upper lip cancer

description: A malignant neoplasm involving the upper lip.


name: chronic intestinal vascular insufficiency


uvula cancer

description: A malignant neoplasm involving the palatine uvula.


phlebitis

description: Inflammation of a vein.


duodenitis

description: Acute or chronic inflammation of the duodenum. Causes include bacterial and viral infections and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Symptoms include vomiting and abdominal pain.


tongue cancer

description: A malignant neoplasm affecting the tongue. The vast majority of cases are carcinomas.


Hodgkin's lymphoma, mixed cellularity

description: A subtype of classical Hodgkin lymphoma with scattered Reed-Sternberg and Hodgkin cells in a diffuse or vaguely nodular mixed inflammatory background without nodular sclerosing fibrosis. (WHO, 2008)


vein disorder

description: A disease involving the vein.


postcricoid region cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the postcricoid region.


lip carcinoma in situ

description: A in situ carcinoma that involves the lip.


aryepiglottic fold cancer

description: A malignant neoplasm involving the aryepiglottic fold.


lymphosarcoma

description: An antiquated term that refers to a non-Hodgkin lymphoma composed of small and medium sized lymphocytes.


perinatal necrotizing enterocolitis

description: A fulminating disease of neonates in which there is extensive mucosal ulceration, pseudomembrane formation, submucosal hemorrhage, and necrosis usually of the right colon, cecum, terminal ileum, and appendix, possibly due to perinatal intestinal ischemia and bacterial invasion. Progression can lead to necrosis, perforation and/or scarring of the intestinal tract.


alcoholic gastritis

description: Inflammation of the stomach resulting from alcohol ingestion.


skin carcinoma in situ

description: A in situ carcinoma that involves the zone of skin.


tonsillar pillar cancer

description: A cancer that involves the tonsillar pillar.


myeloid leukemia

description: A clonal proliferation of myeloid cells and their precursors in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and spleen. When the proliferating cells are immature myeloid cells and myeloblasts, it is called acute myeloid leukemia. When the proliferating myeloid cells are neutrophils, it is called chronic myelogenous leukemia.


cheek mucosa cancer

description: A malignant neoplasm involving the buccal mucosa.


decubitus ulcer

description: Death of tissue due to external pressure.


in situ carcinoma

description: A malignant epithelial neoplasm which is confined to the epithelial layer without evidence of further tissue invasion.


vascular dementia

description: A degenerative vascular disorder affecting the brain. It is caused by the blockage of the blood supply to the brain. It is manifested with decline of memory and cognitive functions.


anaerobic pneumonia

description: A pneumonia caused by anaerobic bacteria.


malignant carotid body paraganglioma

description: A carotid body paraganglioma that metastasizes to other anatomic sites.


smallpox

description: A condition that is caused by infection with Variola, and that is characterized by small, raised bumps.


bacterial pneumonia

description: Acute infection of the lung parenchyma caused by bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila). Signs and symptoms include productive cough, fever, chills, shortness of breath, and chest pain.


name: atypical chronic myeloid leukemia, BCR-ABL1 negative

description: A myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the principal involvement of the neutrophil series with leukocytosis and multilineage dysplasia. The neoplastic cells do not have a Philadelphia chromosome or the BCR/ABL fusion gene. (WHO, 2001)


rubella

description: A viral infection caused by the rubella virus. It is initially manifested with flu-like symptoms that last one or two days, followed by the development of a characteristic red rash which lasts from one to five days. The rash first appears in the neck and face. It subsequently spreads to the rest of the body.


breast carcinoma in situ

description: A in situ carcinoma that involves the breast.


eye carcinoma in situ

description: A carcinoma in situ involving a eye.


lung carcinoma in situ

description: A carcinoma in situ involving a lung.


trachea carcinoma in situ

description: A carcinoma that arises from the tracheal mucosa and is confined to the epithelial layer without evidence of further tissue invasion.


heterophyiasis

description: An infection that is caused by the intestinal fluke Heterophyes heterophyes, which is most commonly found in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, and which is transmitted via consumption of contaminated raw or undercooked fish. Symptoms typically range from asymptomatic to intermittent abdominal pain and diarrhea, with occasional ectopic infection.


colon carcinoma in situ

description: A in situ carcinoma that involves the colon.


helminthiasis

description: A parasitic infection characterized by the infestation with worms, mainly in the intestine.


name: nodular sclerosis classical Hodgkin lymphoma

description: A subtype of classical Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by collagen bands that surround at least one nodule, and Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells with lacunar type morphology. (WHO, 2008)


metagonimiasis

description: An infection that is most commonly caused by the intestinal fluke Metagonimus yokogawai, which is most commonly found in the Far East, and which is transmitted via consumption of contaminated raw or undercooked fish. Symptoms typically range from asymptomatic to intermittent abdominal pain and diarrhea, with occasional ectopic infection.


sublingual gland cancer

description: A rare malignant neoplasm that arises from the sublingual gland. The majority are carcinomas.


fascioliasis

description: A parasitic infection that is caused by liver flukes, usually Fasciola hepatica, of sheep, goats, and cattle. Humans become infected by eating uncooked, infested aquatic vegetation (classically watercress). adult flukes inhabit the bile ducts, gallbladder, and occasionally ectopic sites. Symptoms arise secondary to inflammatory response or obstruction.


salivary gland cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the major or minor salivary glands. Representative examples include carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma.


lupus erythematosus

description: An autoimmune, connective tissue chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the skin, joints, kidneys, lungs, heart, and the peripheral blood cells. It is more commonly seen in women than men. Variants include discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus.


penis carcinoma in situ

description: A in situ carcinoma that involves the penis.


fasciolopsiasis

description: A small bowel infection that is caused by Fasciolopsis buski, which is endemic in the Far East and Southeast Asia, and which is transmitted via the consumption of raw or undercooked aquatic plants. The spectrum of manifestations range from asymptomatic to intestinal symptoms from local invasion or allergic response.


lower lip cancer

description: A malignant neoplasm involving the lower lip.


chorioretinitis

description: Inflammation of the distal posterior uveal tract (choroid) and its structural and vascular attachments to the retina. It is usually caused by infection and though rare, it is clinically significant due to its most serious sequela: loss of vision.


mitochondrial encephalomyopathy

description: A heterogenous group of disorders characterized by alterations of mitochondrial metabolism that result in muscle and nervous system dysfunction. These are often multisystemic and vary considerably in age at onset (usually in the first or second decade of life), distribution of affected muscles, severity, and course. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp984-5)


tinea nigra

description: A superficial mycosis that is a superficial fungal infection of the skin characterized by brown to black macules which usually occur on the palmar aspects of hands and occasionally the plantar and other surfaces of the skin, caused by Hortaea werneckii, which is a common saprophytic fungus believed to occur in soil, compost, humus and on wood in humid tropical and sub-tropical regions.


dermatophytosis

description: A common fungal infection of the stratum corneum of the skin, hair, or nails by a dermatophyte. It is characterized by itching, inflammation, redness of the skin, small papular vesicles, central clearing, fissures, scaling, and/or hair loss in the affected area.


leukoplakia of vagina

description: Leukoplakia of the vagina.


primary thrombocytopenia

description: Evidence of other primary thrombocytopenia not specified elsewhere.


learning disability

description: A group of disorders that affect a person's ability to learn or process specific types of information which is in contrast to his/her apparent level of intellect.


retromolar area cancer

description: A malignant form of neoplasm of retromolar area.


plantar fibromatosis

description: A superficial fibromatosis arising from soft tissue of the plantar regions. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts, hypercellularity, and an infiltrative growth pattern.


Waldeyer's ring cancer

description: A malignant neoplasm involving the tonsillar ring.


lattice corneal dystrophy

description: The presence of fine, branching linear opacities in Bowman's layer in the central area that may spread to the periphery in the clinical course. The deep corneal stroma may be involved but the process does not reach Descemet's membrane. Recurrent corneal erosion may occur. Histologic examination reveals amyloid deposits in the collagen fibers of the cornea.


name: severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy


inborn metal metabolism disorder

description: An inherited metabolic disorder that involves metabolic disturbances in the processing or distribution of dietary minerals.


tonsillar fossa cancer

description: A cancer involving a tonsillar fossa.


name: autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

description: Autosomal dominant form of polycystic kidney disease.


squamous carcinoma in situ

description: A malignant epithelial neoplasm confined to the squamous epithelium, without invasion of the underlying tissues.


hepatopulmonary syndrome

description: Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a lung disease characterized by widening of arteries and veins (dilatation) in the lungs in people who have chronic liver disease. Because of the dilated vases, the workload of the heart increases and the blood pumped to the body does not have enough oxygen, leading to a decreased level of oxygen in the blood (hypoxemia). The normal diameter of the lung vessels ranges between 8 and 15 μm whereas when in HPS rises to between 15 and 500 μm. While many people with HPS don't have any obvious problems, the main reported symptom is shortness of breath (dyspnea) that is worse when standing or sitting up, and is relieved when lying down (platypnea). Symptoms related to chronic liver disease (generally cirrhosis) include small red spots on the skin (spider angiomas) and abnormal vascular dilatations. Some other symptoms that have been described are infections in the brain (brain abscesses), brain bleeding and an increased number of red blood cells in the blood (polycythemia). There is currently no effective medication for HPS. Oxygen therapy may improve the breathing in some cases. Liver transplant is an efficient treatment which improves the symptoms, even in severe cases.


liver lymphoma

description: A rare lymphoma that arises from the liver and the bulk of the tumor is located in the liver. The most frequent types of lymphoma that arise from the liver are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma.


larynx carcinoma in situ

description: A in situ carcinoma that involves the larynx.


esophageal leukoplakia

description: A rare condition that usually affects the middle-to-distal esophagus in middle-aged and elderly people. There is usually a history of tobacco smoking or alcohol intake. Dysphagia is the presenting symptom. Morphologically, the lesions are well-demarcated and are characterized by epithelial hyperplasia, thickened basal layer, prominent granular cell layer, and hyperorthokeratosis. In a minority of patients this condition is associated with adjacent high-grade squamous dysplasia and/or squamous cell carcinoma.


intestine carcinoma in situ

description: A carcinoma in situ involving a intestine.


gastrointestinal lymphoma

description: A non-Hodgkin or Hodgkin lymphoma that arises from any part of the digestive system, with the bulk of the disease localized to that site.


parotid gland cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the parotid gland. Representative examples include carcinoma, malignant mixed tumor, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.


uterine polyp

description: A benign protruding lesion arising either from the endometrial cavity (endometrial polyp) or the endocervix (endocervical polyp). It may occasionally recur following complete resection.


uterine cervix leukoplakia

description: The presence of whitish patches on the mucosal surface of the cervix. Histologic examination reveals hyperkeratosis. In a minority of cases, underlying dysplasia or carcinoma in situ is present.


bladder carcinoma in situ

description: Also known as carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder or high grade intraurothelial neoplasia, this is a flat lesion of the transitional cell epithelium characterized by severe cytologic atypia. This lesion is confined to the urothelium, and is a precursor of invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Stage 0is includes: Tis, N0, M0. Tis: Carcinoma in situ: "flat tumor". N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. (AJCC 6th and 7th eds.)


liver solitary fibrous tumor

description: A solitary fibrous tumor that arises from the liver. It affects females more frequently than males. Signs and symptoms include the presence of an abdominal mass and abdominal discomfort.


anal canal carcinoma in situ

description: A carcinoma in situ involving a anal canal.


esophagus carcinoma in situ

description: Stage 0 includes: For squamous cell carcinoma: Tis (HGD), N0, M0, G1, GX, Tumor location: Any. For adenocarcinoma: Tis (HGD), N0, M0, G1, GX. Tis: High-grade dysplasia. N0: No regional lymph node metastasis. M0: No distant metastasis. G1: Well differentiated. GX: Grade cannot be assessed-stage grouping as G1. Tumor location: Location of the primary cancer site is defined by the position of the upper (proximal) edge of the tumor in the esophagus. (AJCC 7th ed.)


occipital lobe neoplasm

description: A neoplasm involving a occipital lobe.


uterus carcinoma in situ

description: A carcinoma in situ involving a uterus.


herpes simplex dermatitis

description: Localized rash characterized by grouped vesicles or pustules on an erythematous base that is caused by herpes simplex virus infection.


lower gum cancer

description: A cancer involving a gingiva of lower jaw.


atrophic muscular disease

description: A group of primary or secondary disorders affecting the muscles. It is characterized by an abnormal reduction in the muscle volume and atrophy. The atrophy may be caused by diseases of the muscle tissues or diseases of the peripheral nerves.


liver carcinoma in situ

description: A carcinoma in situ involving a liver.


stomach carcinoma in situ

description: A in situ carcinoma that involves the stomach.


peliosis hepatis

description: A vascular disease of the liver characterized by the occurrence of multiple blood-filled cysts or cavities. The cysts are lined with endothelial cells; the cavities lined with hepatic parenchymal cells (hepatocytes). Peliosis hepatis has been associated with use of anabolic steroids (anabolic agents) and certain drugs.


hard palate cancer

description: A malignant neoplasm involving the hard palate.


variola minor infection

description: A orthopoxvirus that causes a milder clinical syndrome than smallpox.


liver leiomyoma

description: A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the liver. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern.


submandibular gland cancer

description: A malignant neoplasm involving the submandibular gland.


rectum carcinoma in situ

description: A in situ carcinoma that involves the rectum.


name: liver inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor

description: A multinodular intermediate fibroblastic neoplasm arising from the liver. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate composed of eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells.


vestibule of mouth cancer

description: A cancer that involves the oral opening.


dyskinesia of esophagus

description: Disorders affecting the motor function of the upper esophageal sphincter; lower esophageal sphincter; the esophagus body, or a combination of these parts. The failure of the sphincters to maintain a tonic pressure may result in gastric reflux of food and acid into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux). Other disorders include hypermotility (spastic disorders) and markedly increased amplitude in contraction (nutcracker esophagus).


speech disorder

description: A term referring to disorders characterized by the disruption of normal speech. It includes stuttering, lisps, dysarthria and voice disorders.


central sleep apnea syndrome

description: A broad classification of disorders which includes 6 subtypes (primary central sleep apnea, central sleep apnea due to Cheyne-Stokes breathing pattern, central sleep apnea due to medical condition not Cheyne-Stokes, central sleep apnea due to high-altitude periodic breathing, central sleep apnea due to drug or substance and primary sleep apnea of infancy) that are each characterized by interruptions in breathing while asleep. It is caused by improper signaling from the brainstem to respiratory muscles and is triggered by either hypoventilation or hyperventilation. In adults, this disorder may arise following a stroke, congestive heart failure, trauma, infection or the use of narcotic medications. It is more common in older males and may present as a co-morbid condition to obesity. Clinical signs include snoring, insomnia or hypersomnia, difficulty concentrating and fatigue. Recurrent episodes of hypoxia/hypoxemia have long-term detrimental effects on cardiovascular health.


kidney carcinoma in situ

description: A carcinoma in situ involving a kidney.


pyriform sinus cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the pyriform sinus.


name: inborn disorder of amino acid metabolism

description: An inherited disorder that affects the metabolism of the amino acids. Representative examples include alkaptonuria, homocystinuria, tyrosinemia, and phenylketonuria.


homocystinuria

description: An autosomal recessive inherited metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the CBS, MTHFR, MTR, and MTRR genes. It is characterized by abnormalities in the methionine metabolism and is associated with deficiency of cystathionine synthase. It results in the accumulation of homocysteine in the serum. It may affect the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and the central nervous systems.


urea cycle disorder

description: A genetic inborn error of metabolism characterized by the deficiency of one of the enzymes necessary for the urea cycle. It results in accumulation of ammonia in the body.


tyrosinemia

description: An autosomal recessive inherited metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the FAH, HPD, and TAT genes. It is characterized by deficiency of one of the enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of tyrosine. It results in elevated blood tyrosine levels and accumulation of tyrosine and its byproducts in the liver, kidney, nervous system and other organs.


primary cerebellar degeneration

description: A heterogenous group of degenerative syndromes marked by progressive cerebellar dysfunction either in isolation or combined with other neurologic manifestations. Sporadic and inherited subtypes occur. Inheritance patterns include autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked.


hyperhomocysteinemia

description: A serious metabolic condition caused by mutations in the MTHFR gene, medications, or nutritional deficiency. It results in increased levels of homocysteine in the blood. Patients with this condition are at an increased risk for recurrent blood clots formation and cardiovascular accidents.


priapism

description: Persistent and usually painful erection that lasts for at least four hours in the absence of physical or psychological stimulation, which can be caused by hematologic disorders, including sickle cell disease and leukemia, spinal cord injuries, and medications.


myopathy of extraocular muscle

description: A myopathy that involves the extra-ocular muscle.


cleft lip

description: A congenital abnormality consisting of one or more clefts (splits) in the upper lip, which may be accompanied by a cleft palate; it is the result of the failure of the embryonic parts of the lip to fuse.


lip disorder

description: A disease involving the lip.


myocardium cancer

description: A malignant neoplasm involving the myocardium.


language disorder

description: A category of disorders characterized by an impairment in the development of an individual's language capabilities, which is in contrast to his/her non-verbal intellect.


disease of orbital part of eye adnexa

description: Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.


neurofibroma of the heart

description: A rare neurofibroma that affects the heart.


rectal prolapse

description: Protrusion of the rectum through the anus.


monieziasis

description: Infection of ruminants with tapeworms of the genus Moniezia.


nasal cavity neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the nasal cavity. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include Schneiderian papilloma and salivary gland-type adenoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma and lymphoma.


chronic ethmoidal sinusitis

description: Inflammation of the ethmoid sinus that typically lasts beyond eight weeks. It is caused by infections, allergies, and the presence of sinus polyps or a deviated septum. Signs and symptoms include headache, nasal discharge, swelling in the face, dizziness, and breathing difficulties.


scotoma

description: A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of eye diseases (e.g., retinal diseases and glaucoma); optic nerve diseases, and other conditions.


carotid artery dissection

description: Spontaneous or traumatic separation of the layers of the carotid artery wall. It manifests with headache, neck pain, temporary vision loss, and/or ischemic stroke.


intrinsic asthma

description: An asthma that is triggered by factors not related to allergies such as anxiety, stress, exercise, cold air, dry air, hyperventilation, smoke, viruses, chemical irritants, autonomic imbalance, hormonal deficiencies and psychogenic influences. It is characterized by airway obstruction and inflammation that is at least partially reversible with medication. The symptoms include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath or rapid breathing, and chest tightness.


status asthmaticus

description: An acute exacerbation of asthma, characterized by inadequate response to initial bronchodilators.


vesiculitis

description: An inflammatory disease involving a pathogenic inflammatory response in the seminal vesicle.


keratoconjunctivitis

description: Inflammation of both the cornea and the conjunctiva.


orbital pseudotumor

description: A nonspecific tumor-like inflammatory lesion in the orbit of the eye. It is usually composed of mature lymphocytes; plasma cells; macrophages; leukocytes with varying degrees of fibrosis. Orbital pseudotumors are often associated with inflammation of the extraocular muscles (orbital myositis) or inflammation of the lacrimal glands (dacryoadenitis).


exophthalmos

description: The anterior displacement of the eye within the orbit, giving a bulging appearance.


iridocyclitis

description: An inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body


gonococcal iridocyclitis

description: An iridocyclitis (disease) caused by infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae.


acute laryngitis

description: An acute inflammatory process affecting the larynx. It is caused by bacteria, viruses, or vocal strain. Signs and symptoms include sore throat, cough, swallowing difficulties, and hoarseness.


epididymo-orchitis

description: A disorder involving inflammation of the epididymis and testes.


epididymitis

description: Inflammation of the epididymis. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen scrotum; pain; pyuria; and fever. It is usually related to infections in the urinary tract, which likely spread to the epididymis through either the vas deferens or the lymphatics of the spermatic cord.


name: strictly posterior acute myocardial infarction


acute myocardial infarction

description: Necrosis of the myocardium, as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area. It is characterized by a severe and rapid onset of symptoms that may include chest pain, often radiating to the left arm and left side of the neck, dyspnea, sweating, and palpitations.


diabetes insipidus

description: A disorder characterized by excretion of large amounts of urine, accompanied by excessive thirst. Causes include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone or failure of the kidneys to respond to antidiuretic hormone. It may also be drug-related.


allergic asthma

description: A asthma with a basis in a pathological type I hypersensitivity reaction.


blepharitis

description: Inflammation of the eyelids near the eyelashes.


chronic cholangitis

description: Cholangitis that is persistent and long-standing.


cervical mullerian papilloma

description: A rare, benign, papillary neoplasm that arises from the cervix. It is characterized by the presence of a fibrovascular core covered by mucinous epithelial cells.


cervix squamous papilloma

description: A papilloma that arises from the squamous epithelium of the cervix.


cholangitis

description: An acute or chronic inflammatory process affecting the biliary tract.


fatty liver disease

description: A reversible condition wherein large vacuoles of triglyceride fat accumulate in liver cells via the process of steatosis.


cancer of isthmus of fallopian tube

description: A cancer that involves the UBERON:0016632.


otitis externa

description: Inflammation of the anatomical structures of the outer ear and ear canal secondary to an infectious process. Bacterial etiology is most common, but fungal infection is also possible. Symptoms include erythema, edema, and pain.


infectious meningitis

description: Inflammation of the meninges of the brain and/or spinal cord caused by an infectious agent (viral, bacterial, or fungal). Symptoms include headache, fever, vomiting, neck stiffness, photophobia, confusion, and seizures.


mononeuritis of lower limb

description: A mononeuritis simplex that involves the hindlimb.


chronic dacryoadenitis

description: Chronic form of dacryoadenitis.


pulmonary eosinophilia

description: A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with eosinophils due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.


name: disseminated eosinophilic collagen disease


dacryoadenitis

description: Inflammation and enlargement of the lacrimal gland.


leukocyte disorder

description: A disease involving leukocytes.


chronic eosinophilic pneumonia

description: Chronic inflammatory disorder of the lungs characterized by the presence of eosinophils in the interalveolar septa and alveolar spaces and peripheral blood eosinophilia. Chest x-rays reveal peripheral infiltrates. Approximately half of the patients have history of asthma or atopic disease. Signs and symptoms include fever, dyspnea, cough, and weight loss. Following treatment with corticosteroids, the eosinophilic infiltrates in the lungs disappear, resulting in dramatic clinical improvement.


acute ethmoiditis

description: Acute form of ethmoid sinusitis.


acute dacryoadenitis

description: Acute form of dacryoadenitis.


tuberculous pneumothorax

description: A pneumothorax in which air enters into the pleural cavity.


osteosclerotic plasma cell myeloma

description: A plasma cell neoplasm associated with osteosclerotic and fibrotic changes in the bone trabeculae. Often, the lymph nodes show changes resembling the plasma cell variant of Castleman disease. It is often part of POEMS syndrome which is characterized by polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes.


refractory plasma cell neoplasm

description: A plasma cell neoplasm that is resistant to treatment.


non-secretory plasma cell myeloma

description: A rare type of multiple myeloma in which the plasma cells synthesize but do not secrete immunoglobulins. As a result, none of the immunoglobulins appear out of the normal range. The symptoms are generally the same with those of immunoglobulin-secreting myeloma; however, the incidence of renal insufficiency is lower in non-secretory myeloma. The diagnosis can be missed because of the absence of monoclonal immunoglobulin in the serum or urine.


peripheral nerve schwannoma

description: A benign, usually encapsulated slow growing tumor of the peripheral nervous system composed of Schwann cells. It recurs infrequently and only rare cases associated with malignant transformation have been reported.


nasopharyngeal disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the nasopharynx. Representative examples include nasopharyngitis, angiofibroma, and carcinoma.


bronchiectasis

description: Segmental, irreversible dilation of the bronchial tree resulting in the accumulation of secretions which leads to obstruction. The most common cause is bacterial infection.


neonatal candidiasis

description: A fungal infection by any of the Candida species in a newborn infant up to 28 days old.


urethral calculus

description: A concretion in the urethra.


esophagus squamous cell papilloma

description: A rare neoplasm arising from the distal third of the esophagus. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of fibrovascular cores covered by mature stratified squamous epithelium. Progression to squamous cell carcinoma is extremely rare.


lower urinary tract calculus

description: A urolithiasis that involves the lower urinary tract.


Krukenberg carcinoma

description: Metastatic signet-ring cell carcinoma to the ovary. The primary site is the gastrointestinal tract or breast.


fasciitis

description: Inflammation process in fascia.


proliferative fasciitis

description: A rapidly growing, poorly circumscribed, mass-forming proliferation that arises from the subcutaneous tissues. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts, round ganglion-like cells, myxoid to collagenous stroma formation, and high mitotic activity. It recurs only rarely following local excision and does not metastasize.


esophagus leiomyoma

description: A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the lower part of the esophagus. It is the most common mesenchymal neoplasm of the esophagus. Dysphagia is a frequent clinical symptom.


plantar fasciitis

description: Inflammation of the thick tissue on the bottom of the foot (plantar fascia) causing heel pain. The plantar fascia (also called plantar aponeurosis) are bands of fibrous tissue extending from the calcaneal tuberosity to the toes. The etiology of plantar fasciitis remains controversial but is likely to involve a biomechanical imbalance. Though often presenting along with heel spur, they do not appear to be causally related.


ischemic fasciitis

description: A reactive, painless lesion which is characterized by a pseudosarcomatous proliferation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts usually in the deep subcutaneous tissue. It occurs mainly around the limb girdles, sacral region, and greater trochanter. It affects mainly elderly patients and sometimes is associated with physical immobility. Local excision is usually curative.


necrotizing fasciitis

description: Necrotizing fasciitis is a serious infection of the skin, the tissue just beneath the skin (subcutaneous tissue), and the tissue that covers internal organs (fascia). Necrotizing fasciitis can be caused by several different types of bacteria, and the infection can arise suddenly and spread quickly. Early signs include flu-like symptoms and redness and pain around the infection site. A prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential.If the infection is not treated promptly, it can lead to multiple organ failure and death. Treatment typically includes intravenous (IV) antibiotics and surgery to remove infected and dead tissue.


intravascular fasciitis

description: A rare self-limiting, rapidly growing, non-encapsulated benign neoplasm that arises from the vessels. It is characterized by the presence of plump spindle-shaped fibroblasts, multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells, chronic inflammatory infiltrate, red blood cell extravasation, and high mitotic activity.


neurofibroma of the esophagus

description: A non-metastasizing encapsulated neoplasm arising from nerves in the esophagus. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of fibroblasts and Schwann cells.


kidney hypertrophy

description: Global enlargement of the renal parenchyma in one or both kidneys.


stomatitis

description: Inflammation of the oral mucosa due to local or systemic factors.


pathologic nystagmus

description: Involuntary movements of the eyeballs. The presence or absence of nystagmus is often used in the diagnosis of a variety of neurological and visual disorders.


oral mucosa leukoplakia

description: A white patch or plaque on the oral mucosa that cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease. The diagnosis of leukoplakia is one of exclusion; other conditions such as candidiasis, lichen planus, leukoedema, etc., must be ruled out before a diagnosis of leukoplakia can be made. Leukoplakia may be a premalignant condition.


aphthous stomatitis

description: A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval, lasting for 7-14 days and healing without scarring.


placental abruption

description: Vaginal bleeding preceding the 20th week of gestation.


senile cataract

description: A cataract with no obvious cause occurring in persons over 50 years old.


ulcerative stomatitis

description: Inflammation of the mouth mucosa associated with the presence of ulcers.


pulmonary emphysema

description: A subcategory of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It occurs in people who smoke and suffer from chronic bronchitis. It is characterized by inflation of the alveoli, alveolar wall damage, and reduction in the number of alveoli, resulting in difficulty breathing.


ophthalmia neonatorum

description: Inflammation of the conjunctiva in a newborn due to chemical or infectious causes. Aseptic conjunctivitis is often related to the use of prophylactic medications for infectious conjunctivitis. Septic conjunctivitis is related to perinatal exposure to microorganisms.


tenosynovitis

description: Inflammation of the synovial lining of a tendon sheath. Causes include trauma, tendon stress, bacterial disease (gonorrhea, tuberculosis), rheumatic disease, and gout. Common sites are the hand, wrist, shoulder capsule, hip capsule, hamstring muscles, and Achilles tendon. The tendon sheaths become inflamed and painful, and accumulate fluid. Joint mobility is usually reduced.


tendinitis

description: Inflammation of a tendon, usually resulting from an overuse injury. It is characterized by swelling of the tendon, tenderness around the inflamed tendon, and pain while moving the affected area of the body.


occlusion of gallbladder

description: Blockage of the normal flow of the contents of the gallbladder.


vitreous disorder

description: A disease involving the vitreous humor.


acute allergic mucoid otitis media

description: A blue drum syndrome caused by an allergen.


blue drum syndrome

description: A acute transudative otitis media involving thick, viscid and mucuslike fluid effusion due to which the drum appears blue in color.


eustachian tube disorder

description: A disease involving the pharyngotympanic tube.


upper respiratory tract disorder

description: A disease involving the upper respiratory tract.


biliary tract disorder

description: A disease involving the biliary tree.


pelvic varices

description: A varicose disease that involves the pelvic region of trunk.


hemorrhoid

description: Dilated veins in the anal canal.


internal hemorrhoid

description: A hemorrhoid which originates above the dentate line.


name: ganglion or cyst of synovium/tendon/bursa


xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis

description: Cholecystitis that is characterized by nodules containing lipid.


myocardial stunning

description: Prolonged dysfunction of the myocardium after a brief episode of severe ischemia, with gradual return of contractile activity.


name: female breast upper-outer quadrant cancer


bowel dysfunction

description: Any disease in which the causes of the disease is a perturbation of the lower digestive tract leading to its dysfunction.


myositis fibrosa

description: A form of myositis that is characterized by the formation of connective tissue within the muscle.


angioid streaks of choroid

description: A angioid streaks that involves the optic choroid.


eye degenerative disorder

description: A neurodegenerative disease that involves the eye.


choroidal sclerosis

description: A neurodegenerative disease that involves the optic choroid.


name: partial circumpapillary choroid dystrophy


hyperopia

description: A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)


refractive error

description: A defect in the focusing of light on the retina as in astigmatism, myopia, or hyperopia.


hypertropia

description: Vertical strabismus in which there is permanent upward deviation of the visual axis of one eye.


cyclotropia

description: A form of manifest strabismus (heterotropia) in which the one eye is wheel rotated so that the upper end of its vertical axis is nasal (incyclotropia) or temporal (excyclotropia).


accommodative esotropia

description: A form of esotropia (convergent deviation of the eyes) associated with activation of the accommodative reflex.


esotropia

description: A form of strabismus in which one or both eyes are deviated medially.


hypotropia

description: Vertical strabismus in which there is permanent downward deviation of the visual axis of one eye.


name: total circumpapillary dystrophy of choroid


lingual-facial-buccal dyskinesia

description: Syndromes which feature dyskinesias as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.


intestinal disaccharidase deficiency

description: Inherited or acquired disorders of sugar metabolism. Deficiencies of lactase, maltase or sucrase-isomaltase usually occur irreversibly and independent of one another. Congenital deficiencies are rare whereas acquired deficiencies are more common and may be seen following intestinal mucosal brush-border injury. Clinical signs include abdominal cramping, bloating, flatulence and diarrhea following dietary intake of lactose, maltose or sucrose. The clinical course leads to malabsorption of disaccharides which has implications for normal growth and development if manifested at an early age.


alopecia

description: Hair loss usually from the scalp. It may result in bald spots or spread to the entire scalp or the entire epidermis. It may be androgenetic or caused by chemotherapeutic agents, compulsive hair pulling, autoimmune disorders or congenital conditions.


mitral valve prolapse

description: A fairly common and often benign valvular heart disorder characterized by redundancy or hooding of mitral valve leaflets so that they prolapse into the left atrium, often causing mitral regurgitation. It is often a symptomless condition but may be marked by varied symptoms (e.g. chest pain, fatigue, dizziness, dyspnea, or palpitations) leading in some cases to endocarditis or ventricular tachycardia.


cardiovascular syphilis

description: A tertiary syphilis that is manifested as aneurysm formation in the ascending aorta, caused by chronic inflammatory destruction of the vasa vasorum, insufficiency of the aortic valve, or narrowing of the coronary arteries.


alternating esotropia

description: Esotropia in which either eye may be used for fixation.


name: celiac artery stenosis from compression by median arcuate ligament of diaphragm

description: A vascular compression syndrome attributed to celiac trunk compression by the median arcuate ligament of the diaphragm, with presentations ranging from completely asymptomatic to myriad gastrointestinal symptoms, including chronic abdominal pain (CAP), post-prandial pain, nausea and vomiting, anorexia, early satiety, and subsequently weight loss.


internal hordeolum

description: A hordeolum that results from infection of a meibomian gland.


developmental coordination disorder

description: A disorder characterized by an impairment in the development of an individual's motor coordination skills; this impairment in motor development is not due to a medical condition.


name: chronic inflammation of lacrimal passage


chronic canaliculitis

description: Chronic form of actinomycosis.


chronic dacryocystitis

description: Chronic form of dacryocystitis.


dacryocystitis

description: Inflammation of the lacrimal sac.


dacryocystocele

description: A congenital or acquired mucocele that develops in the lacrimal sac. It is usually the result of nasolacrimal duct abnormalities or obstruction.


lymph node disorder

description: Any disorder of the lymph nodes.


name: residual stage corticosteroid-induced glaucoma


hypoplastic left heart syndrome

description: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) refers to the abnormal development of the left-sided cardiac structures, resulting in obstruction to blood flow from the left ventricular outflow tract. In addition, the syndrome includes underdevelopment of the left ventricle, aorta, and aortic arch, as well as mitral atresia or stenosis.


periostitis

description: Inflammation of the periosteum. The condition is generally chronic, and is marked by tenderness and swelling of the bone and an aching pain. Acute periostitis is due to infection, is characterized by diffuse suppuration, severe pain, and constitutional symptoms, and usually results in necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)


uterine inversion

description: A complication of obstetric labor in which the corpus of the uterus is forced completely or partially through the uterine cervix. This can occur during the late stages of labor and is associated with immediate postpartum hemorrhage.


substance dependence

description: The psychological or physiological need to take a substance in order to experience its effects or to avoid the effects of its absence.


hallucinogen dependence

description: A drug dependence for a hallucinogenic substance.


eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome

description: A complex systemic syndrome with inflammatory and autoimmune components that affect the skin, fascia, muscle, nerve, blood vessels, lung, and heart. Diagnostic features generally include eosinophilia, myalgia severe enough to limit usual activities of daily living, and the absence of coexisting infectious, autoimmune or other conditions that may induce eosinophilia. Biopsy of affected tissue reveals a microangiopathy associated with diffuse inflammation involving connective tissue. (From Spitzer et al., J Rheumatol Suppl 1996 Oct;46:73-9; Blackburn wd, Semin Arthritis Rheum 1997 Jun;26(6):788-93)


orbit lymphoma

description: A lymphoma that arises from the structures of the orbit. Representative examples include mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.


orbit sarcoma

description: A malignant soft tissue neoplasm that arises from the structures of the orbit. The majority of the cases are rhabdomyosarcomas.


neurosyphilis

description: Infection of the brain or spinal cord by Treponema pallidum. It occurs many years following the original infection which remained untreated. Signs and symptoms include abnormal gait, blindness, depression, paralysis, seizures and dementia.


hypoglycemia

description: Abnormally low level of glucose in the blood.


B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

description: A neoplasm of lymphoblasts committed to the B-cell lineage, typically composed of small to medium-sized blast cells. When the neoplasm involves predominantly the bone marrow and the peripheral blood, it is called B acute lymphoblastic leukemia. When it involves nodal or extranodal sites, it is called B lymphoblastic lymphoma. (WHO, 2001)


B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia

description: B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is a type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and the most common form of leukemia in Western countries, affecting elderly adults (mean age of 67 and 72 years) with a slight male predominance (1.7:1), and characterized by a highly variable clinical presentation that can include asymptomatic disease or non-specific B-symptoms such as unintentional weight loss, severe fatigue, fever (without evidence of infection), and night sweats as well as cervical lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and frequent infections. Some patients can also develop autoimmune complications such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia or immune thrombocytopenia. The clinical course is extremely heterogeneous with survival ranging from a few months to several decades.


neoplasm of mature B-cells

description: A neoplasm of follicle center B cells which has at least a partial follicular pattern. Follicular lymphomas comprise about 35% of adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the U.S. and 22% worldwide. Most patients have widespread disease at diagnosis. Morphologically, follicular lymphomas are classified as Grade 1, Grade 2, and Grade 3, depending on the percentage of the large lymphocytes present. The vast majority of cases (70-95%) express the BCL-2 rearrangement [t(14;18)]. Histological grade correlates with prognosis. Grades 1 and 2 follicular lymphomas are indolent and grade 3 is more aggressive (adapted from WHO, 2001).


gastric carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the stomach.


susceptibility to HIV infection

description: The type species of lentivirus and the etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.


Hodgkins lymphoma

description: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a heterogeneous group of malignant lymphoid neoplasms of B-cell origin characterized histologically by the presence of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells in the vast majority of cases. There are two distinct subtypes: nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma involves primarily lymph nodes.


invasive ductal breast carcinoma

description: The most common type of invasive breast carcinoma, accounting for approximately 70% of breast carcinomas. The gross appearance is usually typical with an irregular stellate outline. Microscopically, randomly arranged epithelial elements are seen. When large sheets of malignant cells are present, necrosis may be seen. With adequate tissue sampling, in situ carcinoma can be demonstrated in association with the infiltrating carcinoma. The in situ component is nearly always ductal but occasionally may be lobular or both.


metastatic prostate carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from the prostate gland and has spread to other anatomic sites.


mucinous adenocarcinoma

description: An invasive adenocarcinoma composed of malignant glandular cells which contain intracytoplasmic mucin. Often, the infiltrating glandular structures are associated with mucoid stromal formation. It may arise from the large and small intestine, appendix, stomach, lung, ovary, breast, corpus uteri, cervix, vagina, and salivary gland.


oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma

description: A squamous cell carcinoma arising from the oral cavity. It affects predominantly adults in their fifth and sixth decades of life and is associated with alcohol and tobacco use. Human papillomavirus is present in approximately half of the cases. It is characterized by a tendency to metastasize early to the lymph nodes. When the tumor is small, patients are often asymptomatic. Physical examination may reveal erythematous or white lesions or plaques. The majority of patients present with signs and symptoms of locally advanced disease including mucosal ulceration, pain, difficulty with speaking, chewing, and swallowing, bleeding, weight loss, and neck swelling. Patients may also present with swollen neck lymph nodes without any symptoms from the oropharyngeal tumor. The most significant prognostic factors are the size of the tumor and the lymph nodes status.


plasma cell neoplasm

description: A clonal proliferation of immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells. This category includes plasma cell myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, plasmacytoma, monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease, and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.


monoclonal gammopathy

description: A condition characterized by the abnormal presence of monoclonal immunoglobulins in the blood or urine.


stage I endometrioid carcinoma

description: Endometrial cancer is a cancer that arises from the endometrium (the lining of the uterus or womb).It is the result of the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. The first sign is most often vaginal bleeding not associated with a menstrual period. Other symptoms include pain with urination or sexual intercourse, or pelvic pain. Endometrial cancer occurs most commonly after menopause. In stage I, the cancer is only growing in the body of the uterus. It may also be growing into the glands of the cervix, but is not growing into the supporting connective tissue of the cervix.


stage II endometrioid carcinoma

description: Endometrial carcinoma is a carcinoma that arises from the endometrium (the lining of the uterus or womb). It is the result of the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. The first sign is most often vaginal bleeding not associated with a menstrual period. Other symptoms include pain with urination or sexual intercourse, or pelvic pain. Endometrial cancer occurs most commonly after menopause. In stage II the cancer has spread from the body of the uterus and is growing into the supporting connective tissue of the cervix (called the cervical stroma). The cancer has spread into connective tissue of the cervix, but has not spread outside the uterus.


T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

description: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia of T-cell origin. It comprises about 15% of childhood cases and 25% of adult cases. It is more common in males than females. (WHO, 2001)


name: peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified

description: Aggressive nodal or extranodal mature (peripheral) T-cell lymphomas that do not belong to the better defined entities of the remainder of mature T-cell lymphomas. This category includes the following variants: lymphoepithelioid cell variant (Lennert's lymphoma), follicular variant, and T-zone variant.


acinar cell carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the acinar cell


gastritis

description: Inflammation of the stomach.


acute lymphoblastic leukemia

description: Leukemia with an acute onset, characterized by the presence of lymphoblasts in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood. It includes the acute B lymphoblastic leukemia and acute T lymphoblastic leukemia.


acute quadriplegic myopathy

description: Acute quadriplegic myopathy (AQM) is a specific acquired myopathy in ICU patients. Patients with AQM are characterized by severe muscle weakness and atrophy of spinal nerve innervated limb and trunk muscles, while cranial nerve innervated craniofacial muscles, sensory and cognitive functions are spared or less affected. The muscle weakness is associated with altered muscle membrane properties and a preferential loss of the motor protein myosin and myosin-associated thick filament proteins. Prolonged mechanical ventilation, muscle unloading, postsynaptic block of neuromuscular transmission, sepsis and systemic corticosteroid hormone treatment have been suggested as important triggering factors in AQM.


adenocarcinoma

description: A common cancer characterized by the presence of malignant glandular cells. Morphologically, adenocarcinomas are classified according to the growth pattern (e.g., papillary, alveolar) or according to the secreting product (e.g., mucinous, serous). Representative examples of adenocarcinoma are ductal and lobular breast carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma), colon adenocarcinoma, and prostate adenocarcinoma.


adenoid cystic carcinoma

description: A malignant tumor arising from the epithelial cells. Microscopically, the neoplastic epithelial cells form cylindrical spatial configurations (cribriform or classic type of adenoid cystic carcinoma), cordlike structures (tubular type of adenoid cystic carcinoma), or solid structures (basaloid variant of adenoid cystic carcinoma). Adenoid cystic carcinomas mostly occur in the salivary glands. Other primary sites of involvement include the lacrimal gland, the larynx, and the lungs. Adenoid cystic carcinomas spread along nerve sheaths, resulting in severe pain, and they tend to recur. Lymph node metastases are unusual; hematogenous tumor spread is characteristic.


adenoma

description: A neoplasm arising from the epithelium. It may be encapsulated or non-encapsulated but non-invasive. The neoplastic epithelial cells may or may not display cellular atypia or dysplasia. In the gastrointestinal tract, when dysplasia becomes severe it is sometimes called carcinoma in situ. Representative examples are pituitary gland adenoma, follicular adenoma of the thyroid gland, and adenomas (or adenomatous polyps) of the gastrointestinal tract.


adenosquamous lung carcinoma

description: An aggressive carcinoma with a poor prognosis characterized by a presence of both malignant squamous cells and glandular cells.


adrenal gland pheochromocytoma

description: A benign or malignant neuroendocrine neoplasm of the sympathetic nervous system that secretes catecholamines. It arises from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Clinical presentation includes headaches, palpitations, chest and abdominal pain, hypertension, fever, and tremor. Microscopically, a characteristic nesting (zellballen) growth pattern is usually seen. Other growth patterns including trabecular pattern may also be present.


Alzheimer disease

description: A progressive, neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of function and death of nerve cells in several areas of the brain leading to loss of cognitive function such as memory and language.


amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

description: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive muscular paralysis reflecting degeneration of motor neurons in the primary motor cortex, corticospinal tracts, brainstem and spinal cord.


angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma

description: A mature T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, characterized by systemic disease and a polymorphous infiltrate involving lymph nodes and extranodal sites. The clinical course is typically aggressive.


asthma

description: A bronchial disease that is characterized by chronic inflammation and narrowing of the airways, which is caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors resulting in recurring periods of wheezing (a whistling sound while breathing), chest tightness, shortness of breath, mucus production and coughing. The symptoms appear due to a variety of triggers such as allergens, irritants, respiratory infections, weather changes, exercise, stress, reflux disease, medications, foods and emotional anxiety.


atopic eczema

description: A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.


atrial fibrillation

description: A disorder characterized by an electrocardiographic finding of a supraventricular arrhythmia characterized by the replacement of consistent P waves by rapid oscillations or fibrillatory waves that vary in size, shape and timing and are accompanied by an irregular ventricular response. (CDISC)


pancreatitis

description: Inflammation of the pancreas.


spermatogenic failure

description: A male infertility characterized by dirsuption of the process of sperm development from diploid cells into mature haploid spermatozoa.


basal-like breast carcinoma

description: A biologic subset of breast carcinoma defined by high expression of genes characteristic of basal epithelial cells, including KRT5 and KRT17, annexin 8, CX3CL1, and TRIM29, and usually by lack of expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). It is the most common subtype of breast cancer associated with BRCA1 mutations, and is associated with a poor prognosis.


bipolar disorder

description: A disorder of the brain that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. Often these moods range and shift from periods of elation and energized behavior to those of hopelessness and depression.


urinary bladder carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the urinary bladder


urinary bladder neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant, primary or metastatic neoplasm of the bladder. - 2003


breast adenocarcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from glandular epithelial cells of the breast


breast carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from epithelial cells of the breast


breast tumor luminal A or B

description: Subsets of breast carcinoma defined by expression of genes characteristic of luminal epithelial cells.


minimally invasive lung adenocarcinoma

description: A solitary adenocarcinoma arising from the lung measuring 3 cm or less. It is characterized by a predominantly lepidic pattern and 5 mm or less invasion in greatest dimension. It is usually a non-mucinous adenocarcinoma, but rarely may be mucinous.


cancer

description: A tumor composed of atypical neoplastic, often pleomorphic cells that invade other tissues. Malignant neoplasms often metastasize to distant anatomic sites and may recur after excision. The most common malignant neoplasms are carcinomas (adenocarcinomas or squamous cell carcinomas), Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, leukemias, melanomas, and sarcomas.


carcinoma

description: A malignant tumor arising from epithelial cells. Carcinomas that arise from glandular epithelium are called adenocarcinomas, those that arise from squamous epithelium are called squamous cell carcinomas, and those that arise from transitional epithelium are called transitional cell carcinomas. Morphologically, the malignant epithelial cells may display abnormal mitotic figures, anaplasia, and necrosis. Carcinomas are graded by the degree of cellular differentiation as well, moderately, or poorly differentiated. Carcinomas invade the surrounding tissues and tend to metastasize to other anatomic sites. Lung carcinoma, skin carcinoma, breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma, and prostate carcinoma are the most frequently seen carcinomas.


cardiomyopathy

description: A disease of the heart muscle or myocardium proper. Cardiomyopathies may be classified as either primary or secondary, on the basis of etiology, or on the pathophysiology of the lesion: hypertrophic, dilated, or restrictive.


cardiovascular disorder

description: A disease involving the cardiovascular system.


childhood acute myeloid leukemia

description: Acute myeloid leukemia occurring in childhood.


chondroblastoma

description: A benign, chondroid-producing, well-circumscribed, lytic neoplasm usually arising from the epiphysis of long bones. It is characterized by the presence of chondroblasts, osteoclast-like giant cells, chondroid formation, calcification, and mitotic activity. In aggressive cases, there is rearrangement of the 8q21 chromosome band. It occurs most frequently in children and young adults and rarely metastasizes.


chronic gastritis

description: Inflammation of the stomach that is chronic in nature.


chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

description: A chronic and progressive lung disorder characterized by the loss of elasticity of the bronchial tree and the air sacs, destruction of the air sacs wall, thickening of the bronchial wall, and mucous accumulation in the bronchial tree. The pathologic changes result in the disruption of the air flow in the bronchial airways. Signs and symptoms include shortness of breath, wheezing, productive cough, and chest tightness. The two main types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are chronic obstructive bronchitis and emphysema.


chronic pancreatitis

description: A chronic inflammatory process causing damage and fibrosis of the pancreatic parenchyma. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, malabsorption and diabetes mellitus.


clear cell adenocarcinoma

description: A malignant neoplasm composed of glandular epithelial clear cells. Various architectural patterns may be seen, including papillary, tubulocystic, and solid.


clear cell renal carcinoma

description: A malignant epithelial neoplasm of the kidney characterized by the presence of lipid-containing clear cells within a vascular network. The tumor may metastasize to unusual sites and late metastasis is common.


clear cell sarcoma of kidney

description: A rare pediatric sarcoma affecting the kidney. It is characterized by the presence of epithelioid or spindle cells forming cords or nests, separated by fibrovascular septa. It is associated with internal tandem duplications in the BCOR gene. It metastasizes to lung, bone, brain and soft tissue.


colon mucinous adenocarcinoma

description: An invasive adenocarcinoma of the colon characterized by the presence of pools of extracellular mucin. Malignant glandular epithelial cells are present in the mucin collections. Mucin constitutes more than 50% of the lesion.


colorectal adenocarcinoma

description: The most common type of colorectal carcinoma. It is characterized by the presence of malignant glandular epithelial cells invading through the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa. Histologic variants include mucinous adenocarcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, serrated adenocarcinoma, cribriform comedo-type adenocarcinoma, and micropapillary adenocarcinoma.


congestive heart failure

description: Failure of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to meet the needs of the body tissues, resulting in tissue congestion and edema. Signs and symptoms include shortness of breath, pitting edema, enlarged tender liver, engorged neck veins, and pulmonary rales.


coronary artery disorder

description: Narrowing of the coronary arteries due to fatty deposits inside the arterial walls. The diagnostic criteria may include documented history of any of the following: documented coronary artery stenosis greater than or equal to 50% (by cardiac catheterization or other modality of direct imaging of the coronary arteries); previous coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG); previous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); previous myocardial infarction. (ACC)


Crohn disease

description: A gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic inflammation involving all layers of the intestinal wall, noncaseating granulomas affecting the intestinal wall and regional lymph nodes, and transmural fibrosis. Crohn disease most commonly involves the terminal ileum; the colon is the second most common site of involvement.


cutaneous melanoma

description: A primary melanoma arising from atypical melanocytes in the skin. Precursor lesions include acquired and congenital melanocytic nevi, and dysplastic nevi. Several histologic variants have been recognized, including superficial spreading melanoma, acral lentiginous melanoma, nodular melanoma, and lentigo maligna melanoma.


dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma

description: An aggressive morphologic variant of chondrosarcoma. It is composed of a low grade chondrosarcoma and a high grade non-cartilagenous sarcomatous component. Due to the aggressive nature of the disease, its prognosis is poor.


diabetes mellitus

description: A metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood sugar levels due to diminished production of insulin or insulin resistance/desensitization.


diabetic kidney disease

description: Progressive kidney disorder caused by vascular damage to the glomerular capillaries, in patients with diabetes mellitus. It is usually manifested with nephritic syndrome and glomerulosclerosis.


diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma

description: An adenocarcinoma arising from the stomach. Microscopically, it is characterized by the presence of a diffuse infiltrate, composed of individual adenocarcinoma cells or groups of adenocarcinoma cells in a fibrous or mucoid stroma. Many cells contain mucin droplets, producing a signet-ring configuration.


diffuse scleroderma

description: A variant of systemic scleroderma characterized by sclerosis of the skin, Raynaud phenomenon, and organ involvement, including pulmonary fibrosis, renal disease, and gastrointestinal tract involvement.


intestinal disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the small or large intestine.


dilated cardiomyopathy

description: Cardiomyopathy which is characterized by dilation and contractile dysfunction of the left and right ventricles. It may be idiopathic, or it may result from a myocardial infarction, myocardial infection, or alcohol abuse. It is a cause of congestive heart failure.


ductal breast carcinoma in situ

description: A carcinoma entirely confined to the mammary ducts. It is also known as DCIS. There is no evidence of invasion of the basement membrane. Currently, it is classified into three categories: High-grade DCIS, intermediate-grade DCIS and low-grade DCIS. In this classification the DCIS grade is defined by a combination of nuclear grade, architectural growth pattern and presence of necrosis. The size of the lesion as well as the grade and the clearance margins play a major role in dictating the most appropriate therapy for DCIS.


endocarditis

description: Inflammation of the endocardium.


endometrioid adenocarcinoma

description: An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant glandular epithelial cells resembling endometrial cells. It can arise from the uterine body, ovary, fallopian tube, cervix, vagina, and uterine ligament.


epilepsy

description: A brain disorder characterized by episodes of abnormally increased neuronal discharge resulting in transient episodes of sensory or motor neurological dysfunction, or psychic dysfunction. These episodes may or may not be associated with loss of consciousness or convulsions.


esophageal adenocarcinoma

description: A malignant tumor with glandular differentiation arising predominantly from Barrett mucosa in the lower third of the esophagus. Rare examples of esophageal adenocarcinoma deriving from ectopic gastric mucosa in the upper esophagus have also been reported. Grossly, esophageal adenocarcinomas are similar to esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Microscopically, adenocarcinomas arising in the setting of Barrett esophagus are typically papillary and/or tubular. The prognosis is poor.


essential thrombocythemia

description: A chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm that involves primarily the megakaryocytic lineage. It is characterized by sustained thrombocytosis in the blood, increased numbers of large, mature megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, and episodes of thrombosis and/or hemorrhage. (WHO, 2008)


fetal growth restriction

description: A fetus that does not grow beyond the 10th percentile of conventionally accepted weight for gestational age.


fibromatosis

description: A poorly circumscribed neoplasm arising from the soft tissues. It is characterized by the presence of spindle-shaped fibroblasts and an infiltrative growth pattern.


follicular thyroid adenoma

description: A benign, encapsulated tumor, arising from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. It may be associated with thyroid hormone secretion but it does not have malignant characteristics.


ganglioneuroma

description: A benign neuroblastic tumor of the sympathetic nervous system that occurs in childhood. Ganglioneuroma typically arises from the sympathetic trunk in the mediastinum. Histologic features include spindle cell proliferation (resembling a neurofibroma) and the presence of large ganglion cells. Common presenting features include a palpable abdominal mass, hepatomegaly, and a thoracic mass detected on routine chest X-ray.


thyroid gland follicular carcinoma

description: A differentiated adenocarcinoma arising from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. The nuclear features which characterize the thyroid gland papillary carcinoma are absent. Radiation exposure is a risk factor and it comprises approximately 10% to 15% of thyroid cancers. Clinically, it usually presents as a solitary mass in the thyroid gland. It is generally unifocal and thickly encapsulated and shows invasion of the capsule or the vessels. Diagnostic procedures include thyroid ultrasound and fine needle biopsy.


ganglioneuroblastoma

description: A neuroblastic tumor characterized by the presence of neuroblastic cells, ganglion cells, and a stroma with Schwannian differentiation constituting more than fifty-percent of the tumor volume. There are two histologic subtypes identified: ganglioneuroblastoma, intermixed and ganglioneuroblastoma, nodular.


gastric adenocarcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from glandular epithelial cells of the stomach


gastric intestinal type adenocarcinoma

description: An adenocarcinoma of the stomach arising on a background of intestinal metaplasia. Microscopically, it is characterized by a glandular pattern and it closely resembles a colonic adenocarcinoma. Grossly, it tends to be nodular, polypoid or ulcerated.


reproductive system disorder

description: A disease involving the reproductive system.


germ cell tumor

description: A benign or malignant, gonadal or extragonadal neoplasm that originates from germ cells. Representative examples include teratoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, and yolk sac tumor.


glaucoma

description: Increased pressure in the eyeball due to obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor.


hyperplasia

description: An abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or a tissue with consequent enlargement.


hypertensive disorder

description: Persistently high systemic arterial blood pressure. Based on multiple readings (blood pressure determination), hypertension is currently defined as when systolic pressure is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when diastolic pressure is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.


hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

description: A condition in which the myocardium is hypertrophied without an obvious cause. The hypertrophy is generally asymmetric and may be associated with obstruction of the ventricular outflow tract.


immune system disorder

description: A disorder resulting from an abnormality in the immune system.


infertility disorder

description: Inability to conceive for at least one year after trying and having unprotected sex. Causes of female infertility include endometriosis, fallopian tubes obstruction, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Causes of male infertility include abnormal sperm production or function, blockage of the epididymis, blockage of the ejaculatory ducts, hypospadias, exposure to pesticides, and health related issues.


name: pancreatic insulin-producing neuroendocrine tumor

description: An insulin-producing neuroendocrine tumor arising from the beta cells of the pancreas. It may or may not be associated with inappropriate secretion of insulin and an associated clinical syndrome.


invasive ductal and lobular carcinoma

description: An invasive ductal breast carcinoma associated with a lobular carcinomatous component. The lobular carcinomatous component may be in situ or invasive.


invasive lobular breast carcinoma

description: An infiltrating lobular adenocarcinoma of the breast. The malignant cells lack cohesion and are arranged individually or in a linear manner (Indian files), or as narrow trabeculae within the stroma. The malignant cells are usually smaller than those of ductal carcinoma, are less pleomorphic, and have fewer mitotic figures.


irritable bowel syndrome

description: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional condition of the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort and disordered bowel habit (diarrhea, constipation, or fluctuation between the two).


ischemic disease

description: Lack of blood supply to an area of the body, resulting in impairment of tissue oxygenation.


Kaposi's sarcoma

description: A malignant neoplasm characterized by a vascular proliferation which usually contains blunt endothelial cells. Erythrocyte extravasation and hemosiderin deposition are frequently present. The most frequent site of involvement is the skin; however it may also occur internally. It generally develops in people with compromised immune systems including those with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).


keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma

description: Squamous cell carcinomas with morphologically prominent production of keratin.


large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma

description: A usually aggressive carcinoma composed of large malignant cells which display neuroendocrine characteristics. It is characterized by the presence of high mitotic activity and necrotic changes. The vast majority of cases are positive for neuron-specific enolase. Representative examples include lung, breast, cervical, and thymic neuroendocrine carcinomas.


leiomyosarcoma

description: An uncommon, aggressive malignant smooth muscle neoplasm, usually occurring in post-menopausal women. It is characterized by a proliferation of neoplastic spindle cells. Morphologic variants include epithelioid, granular cell, inflammatory and myxoid leimyosarcomas.


leukemia

description: A malignant (clonal) hematologic disorder, involving hematopoietic stem cells and characterized by the presence of primitive or atypical myeloid or lymphoid cells in the bone marrow and the blood. Leukemias are classified as acute or chronic based on the degree of cellular differentiation and the predominant cell type present. Leukemia is usually associated with anemia, fever, hemorrhagic episodes, and splenomegaly. Common leukemias include acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphoblastic or precursor lymphoblastic leukemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Treatment is vital to patient survival; untreated, the natural course of acute leukemias is normally measured in weeks or months, while that of chronic leukemias is more often measured in months or years.


liposarcoma

description: A usually painless malignant tumor that arises from adipose tissue. Microscopically, it may contain a spectrum of neoplastic adipocytes ranging from lipoblasts to pleomorphic malignant adipocytes. Morphologic variants include: well differentiated, dedifferentiated, pleomorphic, and myxoid liposarcoma. The metastatic potential is higher in less differentiated tumors.


lung adenocarcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from the lung and is characterized by the presence of malignant glandular epithelial cells. There is a male predilection with a male to female ratio of 2:1. Usually lung adenocarcinoma is asymptomatic and is identified through screening studies or as an incidental radiologic finding. If clinical symptoms are present they include shortness of breath, cough, hemoptysis, chest pain, and fever. Tobacco smoke is a known risk factor.


lymphoma

description: A malignant (clonal) proliferation of B- lymphocytes or T- lymphocytes which involves the lymph nodes, bone marrow and/or extranodal sites. This category includes Non-Hodgkin lymphomas and Hodgkin lymphomas.


medullary breast carcinoma

description: An infiltrating breast carcinoma with a relatively favorable prognosis. It is an uncommon carcinoma, accounting for less than 1% of all infiltrating breast carcinomas. It is well circumscribed, with soft cut surface and often of considerable size. Microscopically, the predominant growth pattern is syncytial with broad anastomosing bands or sheets of malignant cells. The malignant cells are round with abundant cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei. The sheets of malignant cells are associated with a marked lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. Glandular or tubular structures are absent.


mesothelioma

description: A usually malignant and aggressive neoplasm of the mesothelium which is often associated with exposure to asbestos.


metabolic disease

description: A congenital disorder (due to inherited enzyme abnormality) or acquired (due to failure of a metabolically important organ) disorder resulting from an abnormal metabolic process.


monophasic synovial sarcoma

description: A synovial sarcoma characterized by the presence of an epithelial or a spindle cell component only.


myocardial infarction

description: Gross necrosis of the myocardium, as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area, as in coronary thrombosis.


neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant tissue growth resulting from uncontrolled cell proliferation. Benign neoplastic cells resemble normal cells without exhibiting significant cytologic atypia, while malignant cells exhibit overt signs such as dysplastic features, atypical mitotic figures, necrosis, nuclear pleomorphism, and anaplasia. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include papillomas, cystadenomas, and lipomas; malignant neoplasms include carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, and leukemias.


nervous system disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves.


neuroblastoma

description: Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common solid, extracranial childhood tumor. It is an aggressive pediatric cancer that originates from neural crest tissues of the sympathetic nervous system.


melanocytic nevus

description: A neoplasm composed of melanocytes that usually appears as a dark spot on the skin.


papillary cystadenocarcinoma

description: A malignant cystic serous or mucinous epithelial neoplasm characterized by the presence of malignant glandular epithelial cells forming papillary structures. Stromal invasion is present.


thyroid gland papillary carcinoma

description: A differentiated adenocarcinoma arising from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. Radiation exposure is a risk factor and it is the most common malignant thyroid lesion, comprising 75% to 80% of all thyroid cancers in iodine sufficient countries. Diagnostic procedures include thyroid ultrasound and fine needle biopsy. Microscopically, the diagnosis is based on the distinct characteristics of the malignant cells, which include enlargement, oval shape, elongation, and overlapping of the nuclei. The nuclei also display clearing or have a ground glass appearance.


periodontitis

description: An acute or chronic inflammatory process that affects the tissues that surround and support the teeth.


pertussis

description: A contagious bacterial respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis. It is characterized by severe and uncontrollable cough, resulting in a whooping sound during breathing following the cough.


phyllodes tumor

description: A benign, borderline, or malignant fibroepithelial neoplasm arising from the breast and rarely the prostate gland. It may recur following resection. The recurrence rates are higher for borderline and malignant phyllodes tumors. In borderline and malignant phyllodes tumors metastases to distant anatomic sites can occur. The incidence of metastases is higher in malignant phyllodes tumors.


polyp

description: A usually exophytic mass attached to the underlying tissue by a broad base or a thin stalk. Polyps can be neoplastic or non-neoplastic. Neoplastic polyps usually represent proliferations of the epithelium, and are commonly seen in the gastrointestinal tract. Polyps of the gastrointestinal tract are often called adenomas, are associated with dysplasia, and may eventually transform into carcinomas. Non-neoplastic polyps may be inflammatory, degenerative, or the result of malformations.


portal hypertension

description: Increased blood pressure in the portal venous system. It is most commonly caused by cirrhosis. Other causes include portal vein thrombosis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, and right heart failure. Complications include ascites, esophageal varices, encephalopathy, and splenomegaly.


preeclampsia

description: Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that is characterized by new-onset hypertension with proteinuria presenting after 20 weeks of gestation, and depending on mild or severe forms may initially present with severe headache, visual disturbances, and hyperreflexia.


prostate adenocarcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from glandular epithelial cells of the prostate gland


psoriasis

description: An autoimmune condition characterized by red, well-delineated plaques with silvery scales that are usually on the extensor surfaces and scalp. They can occasionally present with these manifestations: pustules; erythema and scaling in intertriginous areas, and erythroderma, that are often distributed on extensor surfaces and scalp.


mental disorder

description: A disease that has its basis in the disruption of mental process.


pterygium

description: A wedge-shaped fibrovascular lesion arising from the bulbar conjunctiva and extending to the cornea. It is caused by chronic exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation, heat, and dust. It may cause severe vision loss. Studies have linked pterygium to neoplastic proliferation and suggest that it may be a stem cell disorder.


renal cell carcinoma

description: A carcinoma that arises from glandular epithelial cells of the kidney


respiratory system disorder

description: A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder that affects the respiratory system. Representative examples include pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary failure, lung adenoma, lung carcinoma, and tracheal carcinoma.


sarcoma

description: A usually aggressive malignant neoplasm of the soft tissue or bone. It arises from muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, bone, cartilage, and blood vessels. Sarcomas occur in both children and adults. The prognosis depends largely on the degree of differentiation (grade) of the neoplasm. Representative subtypes are liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma.


schizophrenia

description: A major psychotic disorder characterized by abnormalities in the perception or expression of reality. It affects the cognitive and psychomotor functions. Common clinical signs and symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and retreat from reality.


severe acute respiratory syndrome

description: A viral respiratory infection caused by the SARS coronavirus. It is transmitted through close person-to-person contact. It is manifested with high fever, headache, dry cough and myalgias. It may progress to pneumonia and cause death.


signet ring cell carcinoma

description: A usually aggressive, poorly differentiated invasive adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of malignant glandular cells in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by the presence of intracytoplasmic mucus. It may arise from the stomach, small and large intestine, ampulla of Vater, appendix, gallbladder, pancreas, lung, bladder, breast, and prostate gland.


skin disorder

description: Any deviation from the normal structure or function of the skin or subcutaneous tissue that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs.


hemangiopericytoma

description: An antiquated term that refers to benign or malignant mesenchymal neoplasms characterized by the presence of neoplastic spindle-shaped to round cells arranged around thin-walled branching vascular spaces.


spondyloarthropathy

description: A group of inflammatory rheumatic diseases associated with arthritis and enthesitis, and often involving the axial skeleton. The most common form of spondyloarthritis is ankylosing spondylitis. Other forms include axial spondyloarthritis, peripheral spondyloarthritis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis/spondylitis and enteropathic arthritis/spondylitis.


squamous cell carcinoma

description: A carcinoma arising from squamous epithelial cells. Morphologically, it is characterized by the proliferation of atypical, often pleomorphic squamous cells. Squamous cell carcinomas are graded by the degree of cellular differentiation as well, moderately, or poorly differentiated. Well differentiated carcinomas are usually associated with keratin production and the presence of intercellular bridges between adjacent cells. Representative examples are lung squamous cell carcinoma, skin squamous cell carcinoma, and cervical squamous cell carcinoma.


squamous cell lung carcinoma

description: A carcinoma arising from squamous bronchial epithelial cells. It may be keratinizing or non-keratinizing. Keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma is characterized by the presence of keratinization, pearl formation, and/or intercellular bridges. Non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma is characterized by the absence of keratinization, pearl formation, and intercellular bridges. Cigarette smoking and arsenic exposure are strongly associated with squamous cell lung carcinoma.


stroke disorder

description: A sudden loss of neurological function secondary to hemorrhage or ischemia in the brain parenchyma due to a vascular event.


subarachnoid hemorrhage

description: Intracranial hemorrhage into the subarachnoid space.


systemic sclerosis

description: A chronic disorder, possibly autoimmune, marked by excessive production of collagen which results in hardening and thickening of body tissues. The two types of systemic scleroderma, limited cutaneous and diffuse cutaneous are classified with focus on the extent of affected skin. A relationship exists between the extent of skin area affected and degree of internal organ/system involvement. Systemic scleroderma can manifest itself in pulmonary fibrosis, Raynaud's syndrome, digestive system telangiectasias, renal hypertension and/or pulmonary hypertension.


ulcerative colitis

description: An inflammatory bowel disease involving the mucosal surface of the large intestine and rectum. It may present with an acute or slow onset and follows an intermittent or continuous course. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, weight loss, and intestinal hemorrhage.


undifferentiated (embryonal) sarcoma

description: An aggressive malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that arises from the liver and usually occurs in older children. It is composed of immature spindle, stellate, polymorphous, and giant cells.


well-differentiated liposarcoma

description: A locally aggressive malignant neoplasm composed of mature adipocytes showing cell size variation and nuclear atypia. It is often associated with the presence of hyperchromatic multinucleated stromal cells, and varying numbers of lipoblasts. There are three histologic subtypes, sclerosing, inflammatory, and spindle cell liposarcoma. These tumors do not usually metastasize unless they undergo dedifferentiation.


aJCC grade 1 sarcoma

description: Cancer cells are given a score of 1 to 3, with 1 being assigned when they look similar to normal cells and 3 being used when the cancer cells look very abnormal. Certain types of sarcoma are given a higher score automatically. See also NCIt:C9419 (Synonym of AJCC G1 Sarcoma)


melanoma

description: A malignant, usually aggressive tumor composed of atypical, neoplastic melanocytes. Most often, melanomas arise in the skin (cutaneous melanomas) and include the following histologic subtypes: superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, acral lentiginous melanoma, and lentigo maligna melanoma. Cutaneous melanomas may arise from acquired or congenital melanocytic or dysplastic nevi. Melanomas may also arise in other anatomic sites including the gastrointestinal system, eye, urinary tract, and reproductive system. Melanomas frequently metastasize to lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain.


lipoma

description: A benign, usually painless, well-circumscribed lipomatous tumor composed of adipose tissue.


viral infectious disease

description: Any disease caused by a virus.


HIV infectious disease

description: An infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus.


idiopathic cardiomyopathy

description: A disease of the heart muscle or myocardium proper whose cause is unknown.


Epstein-Barr virus infection

description: An infection that is caused by Epstein-Barr virus.


malignant pleural mesothelioma

description: A malignant neoplasm that arises from mesothelial cells in the pleura and shows a diffuse growth pattern. It arises on the parietal and sometimes visceral pleura as multiple small nodules that later become confluent and invade the chest wall adipose tissue and muscle. Asbestos exposure is the main cause for the development of pleural malignant mesothelioma. It usually affects patients over sixty years of age. The latency period is long. Patients usually present with pleural effusion, dyspnea and chest wall pain. Additional signs and symptoms include chills, sweating, weight loss, and weakness. Morphologic variants include epithelioid, desmoplastic, sarcomatoid, and biphasic mesothelioma. The clinical course is usually aggressive.


bacterial infectious disease

description: An acute infectious disorder that is caused by gram positive or gram negative bacteria; representative examples include pneumococcal, streptococcal, salmonella, and meningeal infections.


pneumococcal infection

description: Infections with bacteria of the species streptococcus pneumoniae.


temporal lobe epilepsy

description: A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the temporal lobe, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see epilepsy, complex partial) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (i.e., related to an identified disease process or lesion). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321)


Whipple disease

description: A systemic infection caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. It affects the small intestine resulting in malabsorption. Other sites or systems affected by the infection are the joints, central nervous system, and the cardiovascular system.


Aeromonas hydrophila infectious disease

description: Aeromonas hydrophila infection is a bacterial disease caused by infection from the Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria.


human granulocytic ehrlichiosis

description: A tick-borne, infectious disease caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum, an obligate intracellular bacterium that is typically transmitted to humans by ticks of the Ixodes ricinus species complex.