chorion-containing eggshell formation

description: The construction of a chorion-containing eggshell. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: vitelline membrane formation involved in chorion-containing eggshell formation

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Construction of the vitelline membrane portion of a chorion-containing eggshell. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


egg chorion assembly

description: Construction of the chorion portion of the egg, which is a protective, noncellular membrane that surrounds the eggs of various animals including insects and fish.


eggshell chorion gene amplification

description: Amplification by up to 60-fold of the loci containing the chorion gene clusters. Amplification is necessary for the rapid synthesis of chorion proteins by the follicle cells, and occurs by repeated firing of one or more origins located within each gene cluster.


oocyte construction

description: The synthesis, deposition, and organization of the materials in a cell of an ovary; where the cell can then undergo meiosis and form an ovum. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


oocyte axis specification

description: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of an axis in the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: oocyte dorsal/ventral axis specification

description: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis of the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: maternal specification of dorsal/ventral axis, oocyte, germ-line encoded

description: Polarization of the oocyte along the dorsal-ventral axis, by a gene product encoded by cells of the germ line. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: oocyte nucleus migration involved in oocyte dorsal/ventral axis specification

description: The directed movement of the oocyte nucleus within the cell as part of the establishment and maintenance of the dorsal/ventral axis of the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: maternal specification of dorsal/ventral axis, oocyte, soma encoded

description: Polarization of the oocyte along the dorsal-ventral axis, by a gene product encoded by somatic cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: oocyte anterior/posterior axis specification

description: Polarization of the oocyte along its anterior-posterior axis. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


pole plasm assembly

description: Establishment of the specialized cytoplasm found at the poles of the egg. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


pole plasm RNA localization

description: Any process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: regulation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which oskar mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm.


pole plasm protein localization

description: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: negative regulation of oskar mRNA translation

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate that oskar mRNAs are effectively translated into protein.


insemination

description: The introduction of semen or sperm into the genital tract of a female.


sperm displacement

description: The physical displacement of sperm stored from previous mating encounters.


peptide pheromone maturation

description: The generation of a mature, active peptide pheromone via processes unique to its processing and modification. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


single fertilization

description: The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote.


binding of sperm to zona pellucida

description: The process in which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place.


acrosome reaction

description: The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following the sperm's attachment to the zona pellucida of the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the exocytosis of the acrosomal contents into the zona pellucida.


penetration of zona pellucida

description: The infiltration by sperm of the zona pellucida to reach the oocyte. The process involves digestive enzymes from a modified lysosome called the acrosome, situated at the head of the sperm.


name: fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane involved in single fertilization

description: The binding and fusion of a sperm, with the plasma membrane of the oocyte as part of the process of single fertilization. In sperm with flagella, binding occurs at the posterior (post-acrosomal) region of the sperm head.


egg activation

description: The process in which the egg becomes metabolically active, initiates protein and DNA synthesis and undergoes structural changes to its cortex and/or cytoplasm.


pronuclear fusion

description: The merging of two pronuclei in a fertilized egg to fuse and produce a single zygotic genome.


regulation of mitotic cell cycle

description: Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle.


name: regulation of preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle

description: A cell cycle process that modulates the rate or extent of the progression through the preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle.


name: regulation of syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle

description: A cell cycle process that modulates the rate or extent of the progression through the syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle.


cellularization

description: The separation of a multi-nucleate cell or syncytium into individual cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster embryo development.


blastoderm segmentation

description: The hierarchical steps resulting in the progressive subdivision of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo.


tripartite regional subdivision

description: Subdivision of the embryo along the anterior/posterior axis into anterior, posterior and terminal regions.


name: zygotic specification of dorsal/ventral axis

description: The specification of the dorsal/ventral axis of the embryo, through the products of genes expressed in the zygote.


name: zygotic determination of anterior/posterior axis, embryo

description: The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by products of genes expressed in the zygote; exemplified in insects by the gap genes, pair rule genes and segment polarity gene cascade.


anterior region determination

description: Specification of the anterior (head and thoracic segments) of the embryo by the gap genes; exemplified in insects by the actions of hunchback gene product.


name: thorax and anterior abdomen determination

description: Specification of the central (trunk) regions of the embryo by the gap genes; exemplified in insects by the actions of the Kruppel gene product.


posterior abdomen determination

description: The regionalization process in which the posterior (abdominal) regions of the embryo are specified by the gap genes.


terminal region determination

description: Specification of the terminal regions (the two non-segmented ends) of the embryo by the gap genes; exemplified in insects by the actions of huckebein and tailless gene products.


periodic partitioning

description: The regionalization process that divides the spatial regions of an embryo into serially repeated regions.


periodic partitioning by pair rule gene

description: Allocation of cells to parasegments in the embryo, through the action of overlapping series of pair rule gene activities.


segment polarity determination

description: Division of the 14 parasegments of the embryo into anterior and posterior compartments; exemplified by the actions of the segment polarity gene products.


determination of left/right symmetry

description: The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry.


gastrulation

description: A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.


ventral furrow formation

description: Formation of a ventral indentation (furrow) from the blastoderm epithelium, which is internalized to form a tube in the interior of the embryo, marking the start of gastrulation.


ventral midline determination

description: The regionalization process in which the area where the ventral midline will form is specified.


posterior midgut invagination

description: Formation of a cup-shaped invagination at the posterior end of the embryo, bringing the posterior midgut and hindgut primordia into the interior.


anterior midgut invagination

description: Internalization of the anterior midgut into the interior of the embryo.


cephalic furrow formation

description: Formation of a partial necklace of inturning tissue on the lateral sides of the embryo, along the dorsal-ventral axis. This furrow demarcates head from thorax in the developing protostome.


germ-band extension

description: Elongation of the germ band on the ventral side of the embryo, accompanied by a halving in width. The elongation process pushes the posterior midgut invagination closed and compresses the amnioserosa further.


amnioserosa formation

description: Formation of the amnioserosa, an epithelium that occupies a hole in the embryonic dorsal epidermis. This occurs by the transformation of a narrow strip of cells at the dorsal midline of the blastoderm from columnar to squamous cells, accompanied by a lateral shift.


segment specification

description: The process in which segments assume individual identities; exemplified in insects by the actions of the products of the homeotic genes.


name: specification of segmental identity, head

description: The specification of the characteristic structures of the head segments following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


name: specification of segmental identity, labial segment

description: The specification of the characteristic structures of the labial segment following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


name: specification of segmental identity, maxillary segment

description: The specification of the characteristic structures of the maxillary segment following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


name: specification of segmental identity, antennal segment

description: The specification of the characteristic structures of the antennal segment following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


name: specification of segmental identity, thorax

description: The specification of the characteristic structures of the thoracic segments following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


name: specification of segmental identity, abdomen

description: The specification of the characteristic structures of the abdominal segments following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


compartment pattern specification

description: The regionalization process in which embryonic segments are divided into compartments that will result in differences in cell differentiation.


anterior compartment pattern formation

description: The process giving rise to specification of cell identity in the anterior compartments of the segmented embryo.


posterior compartment specification

description: The process involved in the specification of cell identity in the posterior compartments of the segmented embryo.


pattern specification process

description: Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.


germ-band shortening

description: The spreading of the amnioserosa from its compressed state to cover the whole of the dorsal surface. Initiating in the thorax and spreading posteriorly, it is accompanied by the transition from a parasegmental to segmental division of the embryo.


dorsal closure

description: The process during Drosophila embryogenesis whereby the ectodermal cells of the lateral epithelium stretch in a coordinated fashion to internalize the amnioserosa cells and close the embryo dorsally.


initiation of dorsal closure

description: Events that occur at the start of dorsal closure.


name: dorsal closure, leading edge cell fate determination

description: The cell fate determination process in which a cell within the dorsal ectoderm becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a leading edge cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


name: dorsal closure, elongation of leading edge cells

description: The change in shape of cells at the dorsal-most (leading) edge of the epidermis from being polygonal to being elongated in the dorsal/ventral axis.


name: dorsal closure, spreading of leading edge cells

description: Dorsally-directed movement of a cell at the leading edge of the epithelium over the amnioserosa.


suture of dorsal opening

description: Closure of the dorsal hole. Filopodia extending from each leading edge interdigitate at the dorsal midline and appear to prime the formation of adherens junctions between the two rows of leading edge cells. Newly formed septate junctions are also used to seal the dorsal hole.


ectoderm development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation.


nervous system development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.


neuroblast fate determination

description: The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuroblast cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.


ganglion mother cell fate determination

description: The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a ganglion mother cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


glial cell fate determination

description: The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


neuroblast proliferation

description: The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.


name: negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts.


neuroblast activation

description: A change in the morphology or behavior of a neuroblast resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.


axonogenesis

description: De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.


axon guidance

description: The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


axon target recognition

description: The process in which an axon recognizes and binds to a set of cells with which it may form stable connections.


axonal fasciculation

description: The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle.


axonal defasciculation

description: Separation of axons away from a bundle of axons known as a fascicle.


defasciculation of motor neuron axon

description: Separation of a motor axon away from a bundle of axons known as a fascicle.


synapse assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. This process ends when the synapse is mature (functional).


central nervous system development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.


ventral midline development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral midline over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In protostomes (such as insects, snails and worms) as well as deuterostomes (vertebrates), the midline is an embryonic region that functions in patterning of the adjacent nervous tissue. The ventral midline in insects is a cell population extending along the ventral surface of the embryo and is the region from which cells detach to form the ventrally located nerve cords. In vertebrates, the midline is originally located dorsally. During development, it folds inwards and becomes the ventral part of the dorsally located neural tube and is then called the ventral midline, or floor plate.


ventral cord development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ventral cord is one of the distinguishing traits of the central nervous system of all arthropods (such as insects, crustaceans and arachnids) as well as many other invertebrates, such as the annelid worms.


brain development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).


name: stomatogastric nervous system development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stomatogastric nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


peripheral nervous system development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.


sensory organ development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


open tracheal system development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an open tracheal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An open tracheal system is a respiratory system, a branched network of epithelial tubes that supplies oxygen to target tissues via spiracles. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: epithelial cell fate determination, open tracheal system

description: The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an epithelial cell within an open tracheal system regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. Tracheal cells are set aside as 10 clusters of approximately 80 cells on each side of the embryo (termed tracheal placodes). An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: tracheal outgrowth, open tracheal system

description: The projection of branches of an open tracheal system towards their target tissues. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: epithelial cell migration, open tracheal system

description: The orderly movement of epithelial cells during development of an open tracheal system. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


primary branching, open tracheal system

description: Formation of primary branches in the open tracheal system. These form from small groups of cells that migrate out at specific positions, organizing into tubes as they migrate. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: secondary branching, open tracheal system

description: Sprouting of secondary branches in an open tracheal system. These form from the tips of primary branches and are formed by individual cells that roll up into unicellular tubes. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: terminal branching, open tracheal system

description: Formation of terminal branches in the open tracheal system. These are long cytoplasmic extensions that form fine tubules that transport oxygen directly to the tissues. An example of the process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


salivary gland development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the salivary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Salivary glands include any of the saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity.


salivary gland boundary specification

description: Determination of where the salivary gland forms, the total number of salivary gland cells and how many cells are allocated to each of the specialised cell types within the salivary gland.


name: larval salivary gland boundary specification

description: Determination in a larval organism of where the salivary gland forms, the total number of salivary gland cells and how many cells are allocated to each of the specialised cell types within the salivary gland.


name: adult salivary gland boundary specification

description: Determination in an adult organism of where the salivary gland forms, the total number of salivary gland cells and how many cells are allocated to each of the specialised cell types within the salivary gland.


salivary gland morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the salivary gland are generated and organized.


larval salivary gland morphogenesis

description: The process, occurring in the larva, by which the anatomical structures of the salivary gland are generated and organized.


adult salivary gland morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the adult salivary gland are generated and organized.


oenocyte development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the oenocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The oenocytes are large secretory cells found in clusters underlying the epidermis of larval abdominal segments.


ectodermal digestive tract development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectodermal digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ectodermal digestive tract includes those portions that are derived from ectoderm.


foregut morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the foregut are generated and organized.


name: anterior midgut (ectodermal) morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the anterior midgut (ectodermal) are generated and organized.


hindgut morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindgut are generated and organized.


Malpighian tubule morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the Malpighian tubule are generated and organized. This process takes place entirely during the embryonic phase. A Malpighian tubule is a fine, thin-walled excretory tubule in insects which leads into the posterior part of the gut.


imaginal disc development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the imaginal disc over time, from its formation to the metamorphosis to form adult structures. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that develop into adult structures (legs, antennae, wings, etc.).


name: determination of imaginal disc primordium

description: Allocation of embryonic cells to the imaginal disc founder populations, groups of cells that are committed to contribute to the formation of an imaginal disc compartment.


imaginal disc growth

description: The increase in mass of imaginal discs by cell proliferation prior to metamorphosis. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that develop into adult structures (legs, antennae, wings, etc.) during metamorphosis from larval to adult form.


imaginal disc pattern formation

description: The regionalization process that results in defined areas of the imaginal disc that will undergo specific cell differentaiton. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that develop into adult appendages (legs, antennae, wings, etc.) during metamorphosis from larval to adult form.


name: anterior/posterior pattern specification, imaginal disc

description: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis of the imaginal disc. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that rapidly develop into adult appendages during metamorphosis from larval to adult form.


name: proximal/distal pattern formation, imaginal disc

description: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis of the imaginal disc. Imaginal disks are masses of hypodermic cells, carried by the larvae of some insects after leaving the egg, from which masses the wings and legs of the adult are subsequently formed.


name: dorsal/ventral pattern formation, imaginal disc

description: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis of the imaginal disc. Imaginal disks are masses of hypodermic cells, carried by the larvae of some insects after leaving the egg, from which masses the wings and legs of the adult are subsequently formed.


name: dorsal/ventral lineage restriction, imaginal disc

description: Formation and/or maintenance of a lineage boundary between dorsal and ventral compartments that cells cannot cross, thus separating the populations of cells in each compartment.


clypeo-labral disc morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the clypeo-labral disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a clypeo-labal imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including the labrum, anterior and posterior cibarial plates, fish trap bristles, epistomal sclerite and clypeus.


labial disc morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the labial disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a labial imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including parts of the proboscis.


eye-antennal disc morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the eye-antennal disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of an eye-antennal imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including the eye, antenna, head capsule and maxillary palps.


name: progression of morphogenetic furrow involved in compound eye morphogenesis

description: The morphogenetic furrow is a dorsoventral indentation which sweeps anteriorly across the eye disc. Ommatidia begin to form along the furrow, resulting in a graded series of ommatidial development across the anterior/posterior axis of the disc.


R8 cell fate commitment

description: The process in which the R8 photoreceptor commits to its cell fate. The R8 receptor contributes the central part of the rhabdomere in the basal parts of the ommatidium.


R1/R6 cell fate commitment

description: The process in which the R1/R6 photoreceptors commit to their cell fate. R1 and R6 are paired photoreceptors which contribute the outer rhabdomeres.


R2/R5 cell fate commitment

description: The process in which the R2/R5 photoreceptors commit to their cell fate. R2 and R5 are paired photoreceptors which contribute the outer rhabdomeres.


R3/R4 cell fate commitment

description: The process in which the R3/R4 photoreceptors commit to their cell fate. R3 and R4 are paired photoreceptors which contribute the outer rhabdomeres.


R7 cell fate commitment

description: The process in which the R7 photoreceptor commits to its cell fate. The R7 receptor contributes the central part of the rhabdomere in the apical parts of the ommatidium.


antennal development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the antenna over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The antenna are the sensory structures on the head that are capable of detecting various environmental stimuli.


prothoracic disc morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the prothoracic disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a prothoracic imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into the recognizable adult humerous and anterior spiracle.


wing disc morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the wing disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a wing imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including the wing hinge, wing blade and pleura.


name: wing disc proximal/distal pattern formation

description: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis of the wing disc, a precursor to the adult wing.


name: imaginal disc-derived wing vein specification

description: The regionalization process in which the area of a imaginal disc-derived wing that will form a wing vein is specified.


name: apposition of dorsal and ventral imaginal disc-derived wing surfaces

description: The coming together of the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the imaginal disc-derived wing during the conversion of a folded single layered wing disc to a flat bilayered wing.


name: imaginal disc-derived wing morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the imaginal disc-derived wing are generated and organized. The wing is an appendage modified for flying.


notum development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dorsal part of the body over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


leg disc morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the leg disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a leg imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including the leg, coxa and ventral thoracic pleura.


name: leg disc proximal/distal pattern formation

description: The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis of the leg imaginal disc, a precursor to the adult leg.


imaginal disc-derived leg morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of a leg derived from an imaginal disc are generated and organized. A leg is a limb on which an animal walks and stands. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


haltere disc morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the haltere disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a haltere imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into the recognizable adult capitellum, pedicel, haltere sclerite, metathoracic spiracle and metanotum.


haltere development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the haltere over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The haltere is the club-shaped 'balancers' found on each side of the metathorax among the true flies (Diptera). They are the much-modified hind wings.


genital disc morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the genital disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a genital imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into the recognizable adult genital structures, the anal plates and the hind gut.


name: imaginal disc-derived genitalia development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the genitalia over time, from formation as part of the genital disc to the mature structure. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: imaginal disc-derived male genitalia development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from formation as part of the genital disc to the mature structure. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: imaginal disc-derived female genitalia development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female genitalia over time, from formation as part of the genital disc to the mature structure. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


analia development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the analia over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The analia is the posterior-most vertral appendage that develops from the genital disc. An example of this process is analia development in Drosophila melanogaster.


histoblast morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the histoblast disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of histoblast cells into adult structures during pupal metamorphosis. Histoblast cells are cells founded in the embryo that are the progenitors to the adult abdomen.


name: maintenance of imaginal histoblast diploidy

description: The negative regulation of the differentiation of polytenized larval hypodermal cells from abdominal histoblasts. The abdominal histoblasts remain a small cluster of diploid cells among the polytenized larval hypodermal cells.


tergite morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the tergite are generated and organized. The tergite is the primary plate or sclerite forming the dorsal surface of any insect body segment.


sternite morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the sternite are generated and organized. The sternite is the plate or sclerite on the underside of a body segment.


endoderm development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues.


endodermal cell fate determination

description: The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an endoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


midgut development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine.


name: visceral mesoderm-endoderm interaction involved in midgut development

description: The process of cell-cell signaling between visceral mesoderm cells and endoderm cells that is involved in the differentiation of cells in the midgut.


anterior midgut development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the anterior midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


posterior midgut development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the posterior midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


mesoderm development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue.


ectoderm and mesoderm interaction

description: A cell-cell signaling process occurring between the two gastrulation-generated layers of the ectoderm and the mesoderm.


mesodermal cell fate determination

description: The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a mesoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


mesodermal cell fate specification

description: The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a mesoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


digestive tract mesoderm development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive tract mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive tract mesoderm is portion of the middle layer of the three primary germ layers of the embryo which will go on to form part of the digestive tract of the organism.


fat body development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fat body over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A fat body is an insect gland dorsal to the insect gut, with a function analogous to that of the vertebrate liver. It is a storage organ for fats, glycogen and protein and is a major site of intermediary metabolism.


larval fat body development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larval fat body over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The larval fat body consists of a bilaterally symmetrical monolayer of cells lying between the gut and the muscles of the body wall. As in other tissues of the larva, the cells of the fat body complete their divisions in the embryo and increase in size and ploidy during larval life.


adult fat body development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult fat body over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Larval fat body cells that remain at eclosion degenerate in the first 2 to 4 days of adult life, leaving behind the smaller cells of the adult fat body.


gonadal mesoderm development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonadal mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonadal mesoderm is the middle layer of the three primary germ layers of the embryo which will go on to form the gonads of the organism.


heart development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.


larval heart development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larval heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In Drosophila the larval heart (dorsal vessel) is a continuous tube of mesodormal cells that runs beneath the dorsal midline of the epidermis, divided into an anterior aorta and a posterior heart proper.


name: mesoderm migration involved in gastrulation

description: The migration of mesodermal cells during gastrulation to help establish the multilayered body plan of the organism.


cardioblast cell fate determination

description: The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a cardioblast cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


adult heart development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


hemocyte development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hemocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen.


muscle organ development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work.


myoblast fate determination

description: The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a myoblast regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


skeletal muscle tissue development

description: The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult skeletal muscle tissue. The main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers.


myoblast fusion

description: A process in which non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibers or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


muscle cell fate determination

description: The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a muscle cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


visceral muscle development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the visceral muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


larval visceral muscle development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larval visceral muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


adult visceral muscle development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult visceral muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


somatic muscle development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Somatic muscles are striated muscle structures that connect to the exoskeleton or cuticle.


larval somatic muscle development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larval somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


adult somatic muscle development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


neuromuscular junction development

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction.


name: establishment of synaptic specificity at neuromuscular junction

description: The biological process in which a synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle is initially formed.


sex determination

description: Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism.


mating type determination

description: Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of mating type upon an individual. Mating types are the equivalent in microorganisms of the sexes in higher organisms.


name: regulation of mating-type specific transcription, DNA-templated

description: Any mating-type specific process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.


mating type switching

description: The conversion of a single-cell organism from one mating type to another by the precise replacement of a DNA sequence at the expressed mating type locus with a copy of a sequence from a donor locus.


gene conversion at mating-type locus

description: The conversion of the mating-type locus from one allele to another resulting from the recombinational repair of a site-specific double-strand break at the mating-type locus with information from a silent donor sequence. There is no reciprocal exchange of information because the mating-type locus copies information from the donor sequence and the donor sequence remains unchanged.


donor selection

description: The process that determines which donor locus a cell uses, in preference to another, in mating type switching.


activation of recombination (HML)

description: The activation of recombination at a mating type locus, such that it is used in preference to the other donor locus for mating type switching; exemplified by the HML locus and surrounding sequences on Chromosome III in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


inactivation of recombination (HML)

description: The inactivation of recombination at sequences around a mating type donor locus, with the consequence that the other donor is the only one available for mating type switching; exemplified by the HML locus and surrounding sequences on Chromosome III in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


primary sex determination

description: The sex determination process that results in the initial specification of sexual status of an individual organism.


primary sex determination, soma

description: The transmission of information about sexual status from the initial, general, determination to signals specific to the soma.


name: sex determination, establishment of X:A ratio

description: The developmental process in which an organism senses the number of X chromosomes and autosomes in its genomic complement and responds to it.


name: sex determination, primary response to X:A ratio

description: The developmental process in which an organism interprets its X to autosomal chromosomal complement.


primary sex determination, germ-line

description: The transmission of information about sexual status, from the initial general determination, to signals specific to the germ-line.


name: sex determination, somatic-gonadal interaction

description: The process that mediates the interactions between somatic cells and gonadal cells that ultimately results in the specification of sexual status of the organism.


name: processes downstream of sex determination signal

description: The sex determination processes that take place after the initial transmission of the sexual phenotype to specific information pathways.


name: somatic processes downstream of sex determination signal

description: The events determining the somatic sexual phenotype after the initial transmission of that phenotype to soma-specific information pathways.


name: germ-line processes downstream of sex determination signal

description: The events determining the germ-line sexual phenotype after the initial transmission of that phenotype to germ-line-specific information pathways.


sex differentiation

description: The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation.


sex-chromosome dosage compensation

description: Compensating for the variation in the unpaired sex chromosome:autosome chromosome ratios between sexes by activation or inactivation of genes on one or both of the sex chromosomes.


metamorphosis

description: A biological process in which an animal physically develops after birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's form or structure. Examples include the change from tadpole to frog, and the change from larva to adult. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: regulation of ecdysteroid metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving ecdysteroids, a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids which initiate post-embryonic development, including the metamorphosis of immature forms and the development of the reproductive system and the maturation of oocytes in adult females.


name: regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecdysteroids.


regulation of ecdysteroid secretion

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of ecdysteroid from a cell.


name: regulation of juvenile hormone metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving juvenile hormone.


name: regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of juvenile hormone.


name: regulation of juvenile hormone secretion

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of juvenile hormone secretion.


imaginal disc morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures derived from an imaginal disc are generated and organized. The imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that develop into adult appendages (legs, antennae, wings, etc.) during metamorphosis from larval to adult form.


imaginal disc eversion

description: The eversion (turning inside out) of imaginal discs from their peripodial sacs, resulting in movement of the epithelium to the outside of the larval epidermis.


eclosion

description: The emergence of an adult insect from a pupa case.


regulation of eclosion

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the emergence of an insect from a pupa-case or of a larva from an egg.


name: regulation of chitin-based cuticle tanning

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chitin-based cuticular tanning.


female pregnancy

description: The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth.


embryo implantation

description: Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining.


parturition

description: The reproductive process in which the parent is separated from its offspring either by giving birth to live young or by laying eggs.


response to nutrient

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus.


name: respiratory gaseous exchange by respiratory system

description: The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms.


digestion

description: The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.


excretion

description: The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds.


body fluid secretion

description: The controlled release of a fluid by a cell or tissue in an animal.


molting cycle, chitin-based cuticle

description: The periodic shedding of part or all of a chitin-based cuticle, which is then replaced by a new cuticle. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


chitin-based cuticle sclerotization

description: The process of hardening of a chitin-based cuticle.


puparial adhesion

description: The adhesion of the puparia of Diptera to their substrate; normally effected by a 'glue' secreted by the larval salivary gland and expectorated at the time of pupariation.


lactation

description: The regulated release of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young.


blood coagulation

description: The sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers.


blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway

description: A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the interactions among high molecular weight kininogen, prekallikrein, and factor XII that lead to the activation of clotting factor X.


blood coagulation, extrinsic pathway

description: A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the self-limited process linking exposure and activation of tissue factor to the activation of clotting factor X.


hemostasis

description: The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part.


sensory perception

description: The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


visual perception

description: The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image.


phototransduction

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal.


phototransduction, visible light

description: The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.


phototransduction, UV

description: The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from UV light into a molecular signal; ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 400 nanometers.


sensory perception of sound

description: The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound.


sensory perception of chemical stimulus

description: The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory chemical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


sensory perception of smell

description: The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process.


behavior

description: The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity.


learning or memory

description: The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time.


learning

description: Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience.


memory

description: The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task).


short-term memory

description: The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information received a short time (up to about 30 minutes) ago. This type of memory is typically dependent on direct, transient effects of second messenger activation.


anesthesia-resistant memory

description: The memory process that results in the formation of consolidated memory resistant to disruption of the patterned activity of the brain, without requiring protein synthesis.


long-term memory

description: The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information a long time (typically weeks, months or years) after receiving that information. This type of memory is typically dependent on gene transcription regulated by second messenger activation.


mating behavior

description: The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes.


mating

description: The pairwise union of individuals for the purpose of sexual reproduction, ultimately resulting in the formation of zygotes.


courtship behavior

description: The behavior of an organism for the purpose of attracting sexual partners.


copulation

description: The act of sexual union between male and female, involving the transfer of sperm.


name: negative regulation of female receptivity

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the receptiveness of a female to male advances.


rhythmic behavior

description: The specific behavior of an organism that recur with measured regularity.


circadian rhythm

description: Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.


ultradian rhythm

description: The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with a regularity more frequent than every 24 hours.


grooming behavior

description: The specific behavior of an organism relating to grooming, cleaning and brushing to remove dirt and parasites.


locomotory behavior

description: The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.


adult walking behavior

description: The behavior of an adult relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg.


flight behavior

description: The response to external or internal stimuli that results in the locomotory process of flight. Flight is the self-propelled movement of an organism through the air.


jump response

description: The sudden, usually upward, movement off the ground or other surface through sudden muscular effort in the legs, following exposure to an external stimulus.


feeding behavior

description: Behavior associated with the intake of food.


visual behavior

description: The behavior of an organism in response to a visual stimulus.


pattern orientation

description: The actions or reactions of an individual in response to the orientation of a visual pattern. This is exemplified by some classes of insects which are able to detect and learn the orientation of a set of stripes and subsequently behaviorally discriminate between horizontal, vertical or 45 degree stripes.


optokinetic behavior

description: The behavior of an organism pertaining to movement of the eyes and of objects in the visual field, as in nystagmus.


chemosensory behavior

description: Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals.


chemosensory jump behavior

description: The sudden, usually upward, movement off the ground or other surface through sudden muscular effort in the legs, following exposure to a chemical substance.


proboscis extension reflex

description: The extension, through direct muscle actions, of the proboscis (the trunk-like extension of the mouthparts on the adult external head) in response to a nutritional stimulus.


mechanosensory behavior

description: Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of a mechanical stimulus.


homeostasis of number of meristem cells

description: Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells in the meristem.


chemokine activity

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The function of a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.


name: structural constituent of chitin-based larval cuticle

description: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the chitin-based cuticle of a larva. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: structural constituent of pupal chitin-based cuticle

description: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the chitin-based cuticle of a pupa. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: structural constituent of adult chitin-based cuticle

description: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the chitin-based cuticle of an adult organism. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


beta-catenin binding

description: Binding to a catenin beta subunit.


blood circulation

description: The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products.


regulation of heart contraction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.


microtubule binding

description: Binding to a microtubule, a filament composed of tubulin monomers.


name: G protein-coupled photoreceptor activity

description: Combining with incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


synaptic vesicle

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.


transcription elongation factor complex

description: Any protein complex that interacts with RNA polymerase II to increase (positive transcription elongation factor) or reduce (negative transcription elongation factor) the rate of transcription elongation.


name: cyclin/CDK positive transcription elongation factor complex

description: A transcription elongation factor complex that facilitates the transition from abortive to productive elongation by phosphorylating the CTD domain of the large subunit of DNA-directed RNA polymerase II, holoenzyme. Contains a cyclin and a cyclin-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit.


name: monocarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of monocarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A monocarboxylic acid is an organic acid with one COOH group.


pentraxin receptor activity

description: Combining with a pentraxin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


neuronal pentraxin receptor activity

description: Combining with a neuronal pentraxin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


eclosion hormone activity

description: The action characteristic of eclosion hormone, a peptide hormone that, upon receptor binding, triggers the death of certain muscles and neurons during insect metamorphosis.


tRNA processing

description: The process in which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group.


name: high-density lipoprotein particle binding

description: Binding to high-density lipoprotein particle, a lipoprotein particle with a high density (typically 1.063-1.21 g/ml) and a diameter of 5-10 nm that contains APOAs and may contain APOCs and APOE.


diuretic hormone receptor activity

description: Combining with a diuretic hormone and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.


cell recognition

description: The process in which a cell in an organism interprets its surroundings.


neuron recognition

description: The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings.


synaptic target recognition

description: The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets signals produced by potential target cells, with which it may form synapses.


motor neuron axon guidance

description: The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


axon guidance receptor activity

description: Combining with an extracellular messenger and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to results in a change in cellular activity involved in axon guidance.


enzyme activator activity

description: Binds to and increases the activity of an enzyme.


name: calcium sensitive guanylate cyclase activator activity

description: Binds to and increases the activity of guanylate cyclase in response to a change in calcium ion concentration.


male courtship behavior

description: The behavior of a male, for the purpose of attracting a sexual partner. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


female courtship behavior

description: The behavior of a female, for the purpose of attracting a sexual partner.


sensory organ boundary specification

description: The process in which boundaries between a sensory organ and the surrounding tissue are established and maintained.


mitochondrial fusion

description: Merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.


ocellus pigment biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ocellus pigments, general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, found or utilized in the ocellus, a minute simple eye found in many invertebrates.


ocellus development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ocellus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ocellus is a simple visual organ of insects.


eye pigment granule organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of intracellular pigment storage granules in the eye.


ocellus pigment granule organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of intracellular pigment storage granules in the ocellus.


chitin binding

description: Binding to chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.


eclosion rhythm

description: The timing of the emergence of the adult fly from its pupal case, which usually occurs at dawn.


Toll signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to the receptor Toll on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: regulation of actin polymerization or depolymerization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament.


establishment of blood-nerve barrier

description: The establishment of the barrier between the perineurium of peripheral nerves and the vascular endothelium of endoneurial capillaries. The perineurium acts as a diffusion barrier, but ion permeability at the blood-nerve barrier is still higher than at the blood-brain barrier.


glutamate receptor activity

description: Combining with glutamate and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


name: extracellularly glutamate-gated chloride channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when glutamate is bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane.


name: dorsal/ventral axis specification, ovarian follicular epithelium

description: Polarization of the ovarian follicle cells along the dorsal/ventral axis. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: maternal determination of dorsal/ventral axis, ovarian follicular epithelium, germ-line encoded

description: Polarization of the ovarian follicle cells along the dorsal-ventral axis by a gene product encoded by cells of the germ line.


name: maternal determination of dorsal/ventral axis, ovarian follicular epithelium, soma encoded

description: Polarization of the ovarian follicle cells along the dorsal-ventral axis by a gene product encoded by somatic cells. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor activity

description: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of ornithine decarboxylase.


guanylate cyclase complex, soluble

description: Complex that possesses guanylate cyclase activity and is not bound to a membrane.


voltage-gated potassium channel complex

description: A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which potassium ions may cross a cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential.


mesodermal cell migration

description: The orderly movement of mesodermal cells from one site to another.


translation termination factor activity

description: Functions in the termination of translation.


N-acetyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of an acetyl group to a nitrogen atom on the acceptor molecule.


phosphoric diester hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a phosphodiester to give a phosphomonoester and a free hydroxyl group.


growth factor activity

description: The function that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate. Most growth factors have other actions besides the induction of cell growth or proliferation.


name: imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding

description: Binding to an imaginal disc growth factor receptor.


name: light-activated voltage-gated calcium channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel that is activated in response to light. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


name: light-activated voltage-gated calcium channel complex

description: A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which calcium ions may cross a cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential generated in response to a light stimulus.


axo-dendritic transport

description: The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in neuron projections.


anterograde axonal transport

description: The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons.


retrograde axonal transport

description: The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell periphery toward the cell body in nerve cell axons.


spectrin

description: Membrane associated dimeric protein (240 and 220 kDa) of erythrocytes. Forms a complex with ankyrin, actin and probably other components of the membrane cytoskeleton, so that there is a mesh of proteins underlying the plasma membrane, potentially restricting the lateral mobility of integral proteins.


cytoskeletal protein binding

description: Binding to a protein component of a cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton).


cytoskeletal anchor activity

description: The binding activity of a protein that brings together a cytoskeletal protein (either a microtubule or actin filament, spindle pole body, or protein directly bound to them) and one or more other molecules, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.


ATP-dependent activity, acting on DNA

description: Catalytic activity that acts to modify DNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis.


name: juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of the epoxide in a juvenile hormone to the corresponding diol.


5S rRNA binding

description: Binding to a 5S ribosomal RNA, the smallest RNA constituent of a ribosome.


5S rRNA primary transcript binding

description: Binding to an unprocessed 5S ribosomal RNA transcript.


name: oocyte microtubule cytoskeleton polarization

description: Establishment and maintenance of a specific axis of polarity of the oocyte microtubule network. The axis is set so that the minus and plus ends of the microtubules of the mid stage oocyte are positioned along the anterior cortex and at the posterior pole, respectively. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


protein localization

description: Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: an alcohol + NADP+ = an aldehyde + NADPH + H+.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-fucose + beta-D-galactosyl-R = GDP + alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2)-beta-D-galactosyl-R.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + UDP-D-glucose = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UDP-D-galactose.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + L-histidine = 3-(imidazol-5-yl)pyruvate + L-glutamate.


alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (2S)-2-methylacyl-CoA = (2R)-2-methylacyl-CoA.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + nicotinamide = 1-methylnicotinamide + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


name: peptide-methionine (S)-S-oxide reductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reactions: peptide-L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = peptide-L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + thioredoxin, and L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + thioredoxin. Can act on oxidized methionine in peptide linkage with specificity for the S enantiomer. Thioredoxin disulfide is the oxidized form of thioredoxin.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: 6-phospho-D-gluconate + NADP+ = 6-phospho-2-dehydro-D-gluconate + NADPH.


sarcosine oxidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: H2O + O2 + sarcosine = formaldehyde + glycine + H2O2.


prostaglandin-I synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: prostaglandin H(2) = prostaglandin I(2).


description: Catalysis of the reaction: sphinganine 1-phosphate = phosphoethanolamine + palmitaldehyde.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-glycoprotein = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-glycoprotein + H+.


thiopurine S-methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a thiopurine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a thiopurine S-methylether.


ceramide glucosyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + N-acylsphingosine = UDP + D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine.


description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: CoQH2 + 2 ferricytochrome c = CoQ + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 H+.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: cholesterol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol + NADP+ + H2O.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: (6R)-6-(L-erythro-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4a-hydroxypterin = (6R)-6-(L-erythro-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-7,8-dihydro-6H-pterin + H2O.


acetylesterase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: an acetic ester + H2O = an alcohol + acetate.


quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: H+ + O2 + quercetin = 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyloxy)-4,6-dihydroxybenzoate + CO.


primary amine oxidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a primary amine + H2O + O2 = an aldehyde + NH3 + hydrogen peroxide.


transcription factor binding

description: Binding to a transcription factor, a protein required to initiate or regulate transcription.


name: translation factor activity, RNA binding

description: Functions during translation by binding to RNA during polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome.


name: NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: NADH + ubiquinone + 5 H+(in) = NAD+ + ubiquinol + 4 H+(out).


name: protein tyrosine/serine/threonine phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reactions: protein serine + H2O = protein serine + phosphate; protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate; and protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.


nuclear localization sequence binding

description: Binding to a nuclear localization sequence, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the nucleus.


name: cAMP response element binding protein binding

description: Binding to a cAMP response element binding protein (a CREB protein).


oxysterol binding

description: Binding to oxysterol, an oxidized form of cholesterol.


poly(A) binding

description: Binding to a sequence of adenylyl residues in an RNA molecule, such as the poly(A) tail, a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of eukaryotic mRNA.


phenylalkylamine binding

description: Binding to phenylalkylamine or one of its derivatives.


sulfotransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a sulfate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to the hydroxyl group of an acceptor, producing the sulfated derivative and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate.


structural constituent of bone

description: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of bone.


description: A biological process is the execution of a genetically-encoded biological module or program. It consists of all the steps required to achieve the specific biological objective of the module. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence.


metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.


name: para-aminobenzoic acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of para-aminobenzoic acid, an intermediate in the synthesis of folic acid, a compound which some organisms, e.g. prokaryotes, eukaryotic microbes, and plants, can synthesize de novo. Others, notably mammals, cannot. In yeast, it is present as a factor in the B complex of vitamins.


name: actin polymerization or depolymerization

description: Assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament.


negative regulation of DNA replication

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.


protein phosphatase 1 binding

description: Binding to a protein phosphatase 1.


hedgehog receptor activity

description: Combining with a member of the hedgehog protein family and transmitting the signal across the membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


name: protein tyrosine phosphatase activator activity

description: Binds to and increases the activity of a phosphotyrosine phosphatase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the removal of a phosphate group from a tyrosyl phenolic group of a protein.


methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to an acceptor molecule.


C-methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the carbon atom of an acceptor molecule.


N-methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the nitrogen atom of an acceptor molecule.


O-methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the oxygen atom of an acceptor molecule.


S-methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group to the sulfur atom of an acceptor molecule.


RNA methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to a nucleoside residue in an RNA molecule.


mRNA methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a nucleoside residue in an mRNA molecule.


tRNA methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to a nucleoside residue in a tRNA molecule.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: guanosine46 in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-methionine = N7-methylguanosine46 in tRNA + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


name: succinate dehydrogenase (quinone) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a quinone + succinate = a quinol + fumarate.


adenylate cyclase binding

description: Binding to an adenylate cyclase.


COP9 signalosome

description: A protein complex that catalyzes the deneddylation of proteins, including the cullin component of SCF ubiquitin E3 ligase; deneddylation increases the activity of cullin family ubiquitin ligases. The signalosome is involved in many regulatory process, including some which control development, in many species; also regulates photomorphogenesis in plants; in many species its subunits are highly similar to those of the proteasome.


glycogen phosphorylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: glycogen + phosphate = maltodextrin + alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate.


ATP-dependent activity, acting on RNA

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction requires the presence of RNA, and it drives another reaction.


poly-pyrimidine tract binding

description: Binding to a stretch of pyrimidines (cytosine or uracil) in an RNA molecule.


neuropeptide receptor activity

description: Combining with a neuropeptide to initiate a change in cell activity.


eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding

description: Binding to eukaryotic initiation factor 4E, a polypeptide factor involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.


metalloendopeptidase inhibitor activity

description: Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of metalloendopeptidases, enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain and contain a chelated metal ion at their active sites which is essential to their catalytic activity.


RNA guanylyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the posttranscriptional addition of a guanyl residue to the 5' end of an RNA molecule.


tRNA guanylyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the posttranscriptional addition of a guanyl residue to the 5' end of a tRNA molecule; observed for His tRNAs.


UDP-glycosyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from a UDP-sugar to a small hydrophobic molecule.


phosphatidate phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacylglycerol 3-phosphate + H2O = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + phosphate.


vitellogenin receptor activity

description: Receiving vitellogenin, and delivering vitellogenin into the cell via endocytosis.


ferrous iron binding

description: Binding to a ferrous iron ion, Fe(II).


ferric iron binding

description: Binding to a ferric iron ion, Fe(III).


ion channel inhibitor activity

description: Binds to and stops, prevents, or reduces the activity of an ion channel.


heparin binding

description: Binding to heparin, a member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells and which consist predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.


steroid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.


cholesterol metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues.


ergosterol metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ergosterol, (22E)-ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-beta-ol, a sterol found in ergot, yeast and moulds. It is the most important of the D provitamins and is converted to vitamin D2 on irradiation with UV light.


ecdysone metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ecdysone, (22R)-2-beta,3-beta,14,22,25-pentahydroxycholest-7-en-6-one, an ecdysteroid found in insects. It is the inactive prohormone of the moulting hormone ecdysterone and may have intrinsic hormonal activity at other stages of insect development.


bile acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.


C21-steroid hormone metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.


C21-steroid hormone catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.


androgen metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.


estrogen metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.


glucocorticoid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.


mineralocorticoid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Mineralocorticoids act primarily on water and electrolyte balance.


protein alkylation

description: The addition of an alkyl group to a protein amino acid. Alkyl groups are derived from alkanes by removal of one hydrogen atom.


protein dealkylation

description: The removal of an alkyl group from a protein amino acid. Alkyl groups are derived from alkanes by removal of one hydrogen atom.


spermine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses, which is involved in nucleic acid packaging. Synthesis is regulated by ornithine decarboxylase which plays a key role in control of DNA replication.


spermidine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.


regulation of blood pressure

description: Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.


bioluminescence

description: The production of light by certain enzyme-catalyzed reactions in cells.


cell death

description: Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538).


tyramine receptor activity

description: Combining with the biogenic amine tyramine to initiate a change in cell activity. Tyramine is a sympathomimetic amine derived from tyrosine with an action resembling that of epinephrine.


name: G protein-coupled amine receptor activity

description: Combining with an extracellular amine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


opsonization

description: The process in which a microorganism (or other particulate material) is rendered more susceptible to phagocytosis by coating with an opsonin, a blood serum protein such as a complement component or antibody.


ecdysone receptor holocomplex

description: A heterodimeric complex containing the products of the insect genes Ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (usp). Binding of ecdysone promotes association between the two subunits, and the receptor complex then initiates molting and metamorphosis by binding DNA and regulating the transcription of target genes.


repressor ecdysone receptor complex

description: A protein complex consisting of a heterodimer of Ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (usp) plus an associated corepressor such as SMRTER, which represses transcription of target genes.


activator ecdysone receptor complex

description: A protein complex consisting of a heterodimer of Ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (usp) bound to the ligand ecdysone, which activates transcription of target genes.


peptidase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid.


cysteine-type peptidase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.


metalloexopeptidase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.


serine-type peptidase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).


metallopeptidase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.


exopeptidase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide chain, in a reaction that requires a free N-terminal amino group, C-terminal carboxyl group or both.


dipeptidyl-peptidase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of N-terminal dipeptides from a polypeptide chain.


tripeptidyl-peptidase activity

description: Catalysis of the release of an N-terminal tripeptide from a polypeptide.


peptidyl-dipeptidase activity

description: Catalysis of the release of C-terminal dipeptides from a polypeptide chain.


omega peptidase activity

description: Catalysis of the cleavage of non-standard peptide bonds releasing substituted amino acids such as pyroglutamate or cleave isopeptide bonds, such as many deubiquitinating enzymes.


description: An enzyme complex composed of two catalytic alpha subunits, which form a catalytic dimer, and a non-catalytic, regulatory beta subunit; the catalytic dimer may be an alpha1/alpha1 or alpha2/alpha2 homodimer, or an alpha1/alpha2 heterodimer. Modulates the action of platelet-activating factor (PAF).


oligosaccharyltransferase complex

description: A protein complex that is found in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane of eukaryotes and transfers lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor to asparagine residues on nascent proteins. In yeast, the complex includes at least nine different subunits, whereas in mammalian cells at least three different forms of the complex have been detected.


name: tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: adenosine + H2O = inosine + NH3, in a tRNA molecule.


nucleotidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleotide + H2O = a nucleoside + phosphate.


5'-nucleotidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a 5'-ribonucleotide + H2O = a ribonucleoside + phosphate.


3'-nucleotidase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a 3'-ribonucleotide + H2O = a ribonucleoside + phosphate.