eye pigment biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of eye pigments, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, found or utilized in the eye.


ommochrome biosynthetic process

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ommochromes, any of a large group of natural polycyclic pigments commonly found in the Arthropoda, particularly in the ommatidia of the compound eye.


pteridine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pteridine, pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine), the parent structure of pterins and the pteroyl group.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.


one-carbon metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states.


NADH metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid.


NADH regeneration

description: A metabolic process that generates a pool of NADH by the reduction of NAD+.


nicotinamide riboside catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotinamide riboside, the product of the formation of a glycosidic bond between ribose and nicotinamide.


NADP metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; metabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.


NADPH regeneration

description: A metabolic process that generates a pool of NADPH by the reduction of NADP+.


NADP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.


NADP catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; catabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.


ubiquinone metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.


ubiquinone biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.


FADH2 metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide.


FAD biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FAD, the oxidized form of flavin-adenine dinucleotide.


lipoamide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoamide, the functional form of lipoic acid in which the carboxyl group is attached to protein by an amide linkage to a lysine amino group.


glutathione metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins; it has a specific role in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidized ascorbate, and it participates in the gamma-glutamyl cycle.


glutathione biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins.


glutathione catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins.


nucleoside phosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any phosphorylated nucleoside.


ATP biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.


AMP phosphorylation

description: The process of introducing a phosphate group into AMP, adenosine monophosphate, to produce ADP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces ATP.


name: folic acid-containing compound metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a folic acid-containing compound, i.e. any of a group of heterocyclic compounds based on the pteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.


dihydrofolate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dihydrofolate, the dihydroxylated derivative of folate.


vitamin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamins. Vitamin is a general term for a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. Vitamins may be water-soluble or fat-soluble and usually serve as components of coenzyme systems.


water-soluble vitamin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.


biotin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid; the (+) enantiomer is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.


nicotinamide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide, pyridine-3-carboxamide, the amide of nicotinic acid. It is a member of the B complex of vitamins and occurs widely in living organisms.


riboflavin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).


thiamine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.


fat-soluble vitamin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.


vitamin A metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid, all of which are derivatives of beta-carotene.


name: Mo-molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the Mo-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo) ion coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.


name: porphyrin-containing compound metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrins consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.


name: porphyrin-containing compound biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.


name: uroporphyrinogen III biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of uroporphyrinogen III.


succinyl-CoA pathway

description: The chemical reactions that utilize succinyl-CoA in the synthesis of protoporphyrin IX.


name: protoporphyrinogen IX biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of protoporphyrinogen IX.


heme biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors.


heme A biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme A, a derivative of heme found in cytochrome aa3.


heme B biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme B, a Fe(II) porphyrin complex readily isolated from the hemoglobin of beef blood, but also found in other proteins including other hemoglobins, myoglobins, cytochromes P-450, catalases, peroxidases as well as b type cytochromes.


heme C biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme c, a derivative of heme found in cytochromes c, b4, and f.


name: porphyrin-containing compound catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.


heme oxidation

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the loss of electrons from one or more atoms in heme.


bilirubin conjugation

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bilirubin monoglucuronide or bilirubin diglucuronide, water-soluble derivatives of bilirubin.


sulfur compound metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.


sulfur utilization

description: A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary sulfur sources and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary sulfur source and to transport and metabolize alternate sulfur sources. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects sulfur levels, includes the activation of genes whose products detect, transport or metabolize sulfur-containing compounds, and ends when the sulfur is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism.


regulation of sulfur utilization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sulfur utilization.


phosphorus metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus.


phosphorus utilization

description: A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary phosphorus source and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary phosphorus source and to transport and metabolize alternative phosphorus sources. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects phosphorus levels, includes the phosphorus-containing substances, and ends when phosphorus is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism.


regulation of phosphorus utilization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphorus utilization.


name: phosphate-containing compound metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid.


polyphosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polyphosphate, the anion or salt of polyphosphoric acid.


polyphosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polyphosphate, the anion or salt of polyphosphoric acid.


polyphosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polyphosphate, the anion or salt of polyphosphoric acid.


superoxide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species.


xenobiotic metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


regulation of nitrogen utilization

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nitrogen utilization.


nitric oxide biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.


transport

description: The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or a transporter complex, a pore or a motor protein.


monoatomic ion transport

description: The directed movement of a monoatomic ion into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.


monoatomic cation transport

description: The directed movement of a monoatomic cation, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are positively charged ions consisting of exactly one atom.


potassium ion transport

description: The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


sodium ion transport

description: The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


calcium ion transport

description: The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


phosphate ion transport

description: The directed movement of phosphate ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


monoatomic anion transport

description: The directed movement of a monoatomic anion, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic anions (also called simple anions) are negatively charged ions consisting of exactly one atom.


chloride transport

description: The directed movement of chloride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


cobalt ion transport

description: The directed movement of cobalt (Co2+) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


copper ion transport

description: The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


iron ion transport

description: The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


manganese ion transport

description: The directed movement of manganese (Mn) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


zinc ion transport

description: The directed movement of zinc (Zn II) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


water transport

description: The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


dicarboxylic acid transport

description: The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


neurotransmitter transport

description: The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.


serotonin transport

description: The directed movement of serotonin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems.


mitochondrial transport

description: Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion.


tricarboxylic acid transport

description: The directed movement of tricarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


name: mitochondrial citrate transmembrane transport

description: The directed movement of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, into or out of a mitochondrial matrix.


acyl carnitine transport

description: The directed movement of acyl carnitine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane.


acetate transport

description: The directed movement of acetate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


plasma membrane acetate transport

description: The directed movement of acetate across a plasma membrane.


pyruvate transport

description: The directed movement of pyruvate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


plasma membrane pyruvate transport

description: The directed movement of pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate, across a plasma membrane.


name: mitochondrial pyruvate transmembrane transport

description: The process in which pyruvate is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.


name: mitochondrial calcium ion transmembrane transport

description: The process in which a calcium ion (Ca2+) is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.


carnitine shuttle

description: The transfer of acyl groups to and from acyl-CoA molecules to form O-acylcarnitine, which can exchange across the mitochondrial inner membrane with unacylated carnitine.


xenobiotic transmembrane transport

description: The process in which a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it, is transported across a membrane. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


eye pigment precursor transport

description: The directed movement of eye pigment precursors, the inactive forms of visual pigments, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


oligopeptide transport

description: The directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.


extracellular transport

description: The transport of substances that occurs outside cells.


extracellular amino acid transport

description: The directed extracellular movement of amino acids.


nucleotide transport

description: The directed movement of a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.


purine nucleobase transport

description: The directed movement of purine bases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


pyrimidine nucleotide transport

description: The directed movement of a pyrimidine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a pyrimidine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.


amino acid transport

description: The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


asparagine transport

description: The directed movement of asparagine, alpha-aminosuccinamic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


glutamine transport

description: The directed movement of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


lipid transport

description: The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.


name: intracellular monoatomic ion homeostasis

description: A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of monoatomic ions within a cell. Monatomic ions (also called simple ions) are ions consisting of exactly one atom.


intracellular calcium ion homeostasis

description: A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of calcium ions within a cell.


intracellular cobalt ion homeostasis

description: A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of cobalt (Co2+) ions within a cell.


intracellular copper ion homeostasis

description: A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of copper ions within a cell.


intracellular iron ion homeostasis

description: A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of iron ions within a cell.


intracellular sequestering of iron ion

description: The process of binding or confining iron ions in an intracellular area such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.


extracellular sequestering of iron ion

description: The process of binding or confining iron ions in an extracellular area such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.


intracellular zinc ion homeostasis

description: A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of zinc ions within a cell.


intracellular sodium ion homeostasis

description: A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of sodium ions within a cell.


cell volume homeostasis

description: Any process involved in maintaining the steady state of a cell's volume. The cell's volume refers to the three-dimensional space occupied by a cell.


regulation of pH

description: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions, thereby modulating the internal pH, within an organism or cell.


intracellular protein transport

description: The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.


exocytosis

description: A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle. Exocytosis can occur either by full fusion, when the vesicle collapses into the plasma membrane, or by a kiss-and-run mechanism that involves the formation of a transient contact, a pore, between a granule (for example of chromaffin cells) and the plasma membrane. The latter process most of the time leads to only partial secretion of the granule content. Exocytosis begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when molecules are secreted from the cell.


name: endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

description: The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.


name: retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum

description: The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG.


intra-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

description: The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network).


post-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport

description: The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles.


Golgi to plasma membrane transport

description: The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane, where they fuse and release their contents by exocytosis.


Golgi to endosome transport

description: The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to early sorting endosomes. Clathrin vesicles transport substances from the trans-Golgi to endosomes.


Golgi to vacuole transport

description: The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the vacuole.


endocytosis

description: A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a part of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.


receptor-mediated endocytosis

description: An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles.


vesicle budding from membrane

description: The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.


vesicle coating

description: A protein coat is added to the vesicle to form the proper shape of the vesicle and to target the vesicle for transport to its destination.


vesicle targeting

description: The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes. Targeting involves coordinated interactions among cytoskeletal elements (microtubules or actin filaments), motor proteins, molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces, and vesicle cargo.


vesicle docking involved in exocytosis

description: The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, that contributes to exocytosis.


vesicle fusion

description: Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane.


pinocytosis

description: An endocytosis process that results in the uptake of liquid material by cells from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, called pinosomes, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane.


phagocytosis

description: A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.


phagocytosis, recognition

description: The initial step in phagocytosis involving adhesion to bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter, or an apoptotic cell and based on recognition of factors such as bacterial cell wall components, opsonins like complement and antibody or protein receptors and lipids like phosphatidyl serine, and leading to intracellular signaling in the phagocytosing cell.


phagocytosis, engulfment

description: The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis.


nucleocytoplasmic transport

description: The directed movement of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.


autophagy

description: The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest cellular materials, such as organelles and other macromolecular constituents, or non-self materials such as intracellular pathogens. Autophagy serves to provide essential nutrients under conditions of cellular stress; or can remodel intracellular structures during cell differentiation.


apoptotic process

description: A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.


name: activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process

description: Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process.


name: cellular component disassembly involved in execution phase of apoptosis

description: The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis.


name: activation-induced cell death of T cells

description: A T cell apoptotic process that occurs towards the end of the expansion phase following the initial activation of mature T cells by antigen and is triggered by T cell receptor stimulation and signals transmitted via various surface-expressed members of the TNF receptor family such as Fas ligand, Fas, and TNF and the p55 and p75 TNF receptors.


inflammatory cell apoptotic process

description: Any apoptotic process in an inflammatory cell, any cell participating in the inflammatory response to a foreign substance e.g. neutrophil, macrophage.


substrate-dependent cell migration

description: The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another along a substrate such as the extracellular matrix; the migrating cell forms a protrusion that attaches to the substrate.


name: substrate-dependent cell migration, cell extension

description: The formation of a cell surface protrusion, such as a lamellipodium or filopodium, at the leading edge of a migrating cell.


name: substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate

description: The formation of adhesions that stabilize protrusions at the leading edge of a migrating cell; involves integrin activation, clustering, and the recruitment of structural and signaling components to nascent adhesions.


name: substrate-dependent cell migration, cell contraction

description: The translocation of the cell body forward during cell migration, mediated by tractional force on its substrate and tension in the cortical cytoskeleton. Adhesions transmit propulsive forces and serve as traction points over which the cell moves.


name: negative regulation of cell adhesion involved in substrate-bound cell migration

description: The disassembly of adhesions at the front and rear of a migrating cell. At the leading edge, adhesion disassembly accompanies the formation of new protrusions; at the cell rear, it promotes tail retraction.


name: substrate-bound cell migration, adhesion receptor recycling

description: The directed movement of accumulated adhesion components such as integrins from the rear of a migrating cell toward the cell front, where they are available to form new protrusions and adhesions.


chemotaxis

description: The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).


muscle contraction

description: A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis.


regulation of muscle contraction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.


smooth muscle contraction

description: A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length.


regulation of smooth muscle contraction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.


striated muscle contraction

description: A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope.


name: regulation of striated muscle contraction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.


name: induction by virus of host cell-cell fusion

description: The process of syncytia-forming cell-cell fusion, caused by a virus.


syncytium formation

description: The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane. Syncytia are normally derived from single cells that fuse or fail to complete cell division.


response to stress

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).


defense response

description: Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.


acute-phase response

description: An acute inflammatory response that involves non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals.


inflammatory response

description: The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages.


immune response

description: Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.


complement activation

description: Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the complement cascade, which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes; the initial steps of complement activation involve one of three pathways, the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway, all of which lead to the terminal complement pathway.


name: complement activation, alternative pathway

description: Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes.


name: complement activation, classical pathway

description: Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes.


humoral immune response

description: An immune response mediated through a body fluid.


name: male-specific antibacterial humoral response

description: An immune response against bacteria, specific to males and mediated through a body fluid.


name: positive regulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide biosynthesis.


name: positive regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria.


name: positive regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria.


name: positive regulation of antifungal peptide biosynthetic process

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide biosynthesis.


cellular defense response

description: A defense response that is mediated by cells.


response to osmotic stress

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.


hypotonic response

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hypotonic environment, i.e. an environment with a lower concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.


hyperosmotic response

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hyperosmotic environment, i.e. an environment with a higher concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.


intracellular accumulation of glycerol

description: The accumulation of glycerol within a cell, for example by increased glycerol biosynthesis combined with decreased permeability of the cell membrane to glycerol, in response to the detection of a hyperosmotic environment.


DNA damage response

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism.


name: DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the stopping or reduction in rate of the cell cycle.


name: DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator

description: A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, resulting in the induction of the transcription of p21 (also known as WAF1, CIP1 and SDI1) or any equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.


response to oxidative stress

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.


response to lipid hydroperoxide

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid hydroperoxide stimulus. Lipid hydroperoxide is the highly reactive primary oxygenated products of polyunsaturated fatty acids.


ER overload response

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and leading to activation of transcription by NF-kappaB.


ER-nucleus signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals that conveys information from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus, usually resulting in a change in transcriptional regulation.


response to unfolded protein

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus.


response to sterol depletion

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating deprivation of sterols. Sterols are a group of steroids characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.


name: cellular response to nitrogen starvation

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nitrogen.


organelle organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.


nucleus organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.


nuclear envelope organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope.


nuclear pore organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear pore.


nucleolus organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleolus.


telomere maintenance via telomerase

description: The maintenance of proper telomeric length by the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.


mitochondrion organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components.


mitochondrial membrane organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrial membrane, either of the lipid bilayer surrounding a mitochondrion.


name: inner mitochondrial membrane organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial inner membrane.


name: outer mitochondrial membrane organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial outer membrane.


plasma membrane organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane.


cytoskeleton organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.


actin ubiquitination

description: The modification of actin by addition of ubiquitin groups.


actin filament organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.


microtubule-based process

description: Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.


microtubule-based movement

description: A microtubule-based process that results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules.


microtubule depolymerization

description: The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule.


microtubule nucleation

description: The process in which tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers begin aggregation to form an oligomeric tubulin structure (a microtubule seed). Microtubule nucleation is the initiating step in the formation of a microtubule in the absence of any existing microtubules ('de novo' microtubule formation).


tubulin complex assembly

description: The aggregation and bonding together of alpha- and beta-tubulin to form a tubulin heterodimer.


post-chaperonin tubulin folding pathway

description: Completion of folding of alpha- and beta-tubulin; takes place subsequent to chaperonin-mediated partial folding; mediated by a complex of folding cofactors.


name: negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol.


name: negative regulation of axonemal microtubule depolymerization

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the depolymerization of the specialized microtubules of the axoneme.


cytoplasm organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.


endoplasmic reticulum organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum.


Golgi organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus.


peroxisome organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.


endosome organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of endosomes.


vacuole organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.


vacuolar transport

description: The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a vacuole.


vacuolar acidification

description: Any process that reduces the pH of the vacuole, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.


vacuolar calcium ion homeostasis

description: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions in the vacuole or between a vacuole and its surroundings.


name: endocytosed protein transport to vacuole

description: The directed movement of proteins imported into a cell by endocytosis to the vacuole.


name: protein catabolic process in the vacuole

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein in the vacuole, usually by the action of vacuolar proteases.


lysosome organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases.


lysosomal transport

description: The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a lysosome.


lysosomal lumen acidification

description: Any process that reduces the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.


cell-cell junction assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells.


cell-substrate junction assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate.


cell cycle

description: The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.


spindle organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during DNA segregation and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.


mitotic spindle organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.


name: spindle assembly involved in male meiosis

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: spindle assembly involved in male meiosis I

description: The formation of the spindle during meiosis I of a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: spindle assembly involved in male meiosis II

description: The formation of the spindle during meiosis II of a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: spindle assembly involved in female meiosis

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: spindle assembly involved in female meiosis I

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during meiosis I of a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: spindle assembly involved in female meiosis II

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during meiosis II of a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


chromosome segregation

description: The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.


male meiosis chromosome segregation

description: The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a male.


sister chromatid cohesion

description: The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome become tethered to each other.


regulation of sister chromatid cohesion

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion.


mitotic sister chromatid cohesion

description: The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome, from their formation in S phase through metaphase during a mitotic cell cycle. This cohesion cycle is critical for high fidelity chromosome transmission.


male meiosis sister chromatid cohesion

description: The joining of the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the entire length of the chromosome that occurs during meiosis in a male.


name: female meiosis sister chromatid cohesion

description: The joining of the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the entire length of the chromosome that occurs during meiosis in a female.


mitotic chromosome condensation

description: The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells.


mitotic nuclear membrane disassembly

description: The mitotic cell cycle process in which the controlled partial or complete breakdown of the nuclear membranes during occurs during mitosis.


lamin depolymerization

description: The cell cycle process in which lamin is depolymerized.


name: mitotic chromosome movement towards spindle pole

description: The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of chromosomes from the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles occurs. This mediates by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, during mitosis.


mitotic metaphase chromosome alignment

description: A chromosome localization process whereby chromosomes are positioned in a specific order and orientation at the metaphase plate (spindle equator), during mitotic chromosome segregation. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive the correct number of chromosomes during cell division.


mitotic nuclear membrane reassembly

description: The mitotic cell cycle process involving ESCRTIII that results in reformation of the nuclear envelope after mitotic nuclear division. In organisms undergoing closed mitosis this involves resealing or 'repair' of the nuclear envelope in the nuclear bridge.


name: vesicle fusion with nuclear membrane involved in mitotic nuclear envelope reassembly

description: The cell cycle process that results in the joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle with the lipid bilayer membrane around the nucleus, and contributes to mitotic nuclear envelope reassembly.


mitotic nuclear pore complex reassembly

description: The cell cycle process in which nuclear pore complexes reform during mitotic cell division.


regulation of mitotic nuclear division

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.


name: traversing start control point of mitotic cell cycle

description: A cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering S phase via a positive feedback mechanism between the regulation of transcription and G1 CDK activity.


name: metaphase/anaphase transition of mitotic cell cycle

description: The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.


mitotic cell cycle checkpoint signaling

description: A signaling process that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a mitotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage.


name: mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling

description: A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that delays mitotic sister chromatid separation and consequently the mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle. Spindle assembly checkpoint signaling begins with the activated Mph family kinase, and results in the inhibition of the Anaphase Promoting Complex and its activator Sleepy/Cdc20 by the mitotic checkpoint complex (MCC).


name: mitotic G2 DNA damage checkpoint signaling

description: A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression through the G2/M transition of the cell cycle in response to DNA damage.


regulation of exit from mitosis

description: Any process involved in the progression from anaphase/telophase to G1 that is associated with a conversion from high to low mitotic CDK activity.


nuclear migration

description: The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell.


centrosome cycle

description: The cell cycle process in which centrosome duplication and separation takes place. The centrosome cycle can operate with a considerable degree of independence from other processes of the cell cycle.


centriole replication

description: The cell cycle process in which a daughter centriole is formed perpendicular to an existing centriole. An immature centriole contains a ninefold radially symmetric array of single microtubules; mature centrioles consist of a radial array of nine microtubule triplets, doublets, or singlets depending upon the species and cell type. Duplicated centrioles also become the ciliary basal body in cells that form cilia during G0.


mitotic centrosome separation

description: Separation of duplicated centrosome components at the beginning of mitosis. The centriole pair within each centrosome becomes part of a separate microtubule organizing center that nucleates a radial array of microtubules called an aster. The two asters move to opposite sides of the nucleus to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle.


cytokinesis, division site positioning

description: The process in which a contractile ring is positioned in a specific location. This process is critical for both for both symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions.


name: membrane addition at site of cytokinesis

description: Any process involved in the net addition of membrane at the site of cytokinesis; includes vesicle recruitment and fusion, local lipid synthesis and insertion.


meiosis I cytokinesis

description: A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after meiosis I, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.


meiosis II cytokinesis

description: A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after meiosis II, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.


male meiosis cytokinesis

description: A cell cycle process that occurs as part of the male meiotic cell cycle and results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell to produce two daughter cells.


endomitotic cell cycle

description: A mitotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are replicated and sister chromatids separate, but spindle formation, nuclear membrane breakdown and nuclear division do not occur, resulting in an increased number of chromosomes in the cell.


cell budding

description: A form of asexual reproduction, occurring in certain bacteria and fungi (e.g. yeasts) and some primitive animals in which an individual arises from a daughter cell formed by pinching off a part of the parent cell. The budlike outgrowths so formed may sometimes remain attached to the parent cell.


regulation of cell budding

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and growth of cell buds.


budding cell bud growth

description: The process in which the bud portion of a cell that reproduces by budding irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.


budding cell apical bud growth

description: Growth at the tip of a bud, in a cell that reproduces by budding.


budding cell isotropic bud growth

description: Unlocalized bud growth such that the entire surface of the bud expands evenly, in a cell that reproduces by budding.


axial cellular bud site selection

description: The process of defining the next site of bud emergence adjacent to the last site of bud emergence on a budding cell.


bipolar cellular bud site selection

description: The process of defining subsequent sites of bud emergence such that budding takes place at alternating poles of a budding cell.


pseudohyphal growth

description: The process in which cells grow as a chain of physically attached, elongated cells in response to an environmental stimulus or stimuli.


meiosis I

description: The first meiotic nuclear division in which homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two haploid daughter nuclei.


meiotic prophase I

description: The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of meiosis I and during which chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell.


name: homologous chromosome pairing at meiosis

description: The meiotic cell cycle process where side by side pairing and physical juxtaposition of homologous chromosomes is created during meiotic prophase. Homologous chromosome pairing begins when the chromosome arms begin to pair from the clustered telomeres and ends when synaptonemal complex or linear element assembly is complete.


synaptonemal complex assembly

description: The cell cycle process in which the synaptonemal complex is formed. This is a structure that holds paired chromosomes together during prophase I of meiosis and that promotes genetic recombination.


reciprocal meiotic recombination

description: The cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a single or double Holliday junction intermediate. This results in the equal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes. These reciprocal recombinant products ensure the proper segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I and create genetic diversity.


meiotic metaphase I

description: The cell cycle phase, following prophase I, during which chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell as part of meiosis I.


meiotic anaphase I

description: The cell cycle phase during which chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle the as part of meiosis I.


meiotic telophase I

description: The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase I of meiosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts.


meiosis II

description: The second nuclear division of meiosis, in which the two chromatids in each chromosome are separated, resulting in four daughter nuclei from the two nuclei produced in meiosis II.


meiotic prophase II

description: The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of meiosis II and during which chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell.


meiotic metaphase II

description: The cell cycle phase, following prophase II, during which chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell as part of meiosis II.


meiotic anaphase II

description: The cell cycle phase during which chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle the as part of meiosis II.


meiotic telophase II

description: The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase II of meiosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts.


male meiotic nuclear division

description: A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline.


male meiosis I

description: A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis I, the first meiotic division in the male germline.


male meiosis II

description: A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis II, the second meiotic division in the male germline.


female meiotic nuclear division

description: A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline.


female meiosis I

description: The cell cycle process in which the first meiotic division occurs in the female germline.


meiotic recombination nodule assembly

description: During meiosis, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form small, electron dense structures in association with meiotic chromosomes.


female meiosis II

description: The cell cycle process in which the second meiotic division occurs in the female germline.


cell communication

description: Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.


cell adhesion

description: The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.


name: homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules

description: The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell.


name: heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules

description: The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell.


neuron cell-cell adhesion

description: The attachment of a neuron to another cell via adhesion molecules.


leukocyte cell-cell adhesion

description: The attachment of a leukocyte to another cell via adhesion molecules.


cell-matrix adhesion

description: The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules.


description: The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction.


negative regulation of cell adhesion

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell adhesion.


name: establishment or maintenance of cell polarity

description: Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.


establishment of tissue polarity

description: Coordinated organization of groups of cells in a tissue, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.


signal transduction

description: The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.


cell surface receptor signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor located on the cell surface. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the receptor possesses catalytic activity or is closely associated with an enzyme such as a protein kinase, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: receptor guanylyl cyclase signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses guanylyl cyclase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: cell surface receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: activation of transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity

description: Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity.


signal complex assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a complex capable of relaying a signal within a cell.


name: epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR (ERBB1) on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: epidermal growth factor catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of epidermal growth factor (EGF), following internalization of the receptor-bound ligand into the signal-receiving cell. Full breakdown of epidermal growth factor results in a ligand that is unable to bind and activate its receptor.


name: negative regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.


name: regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.


name: cell surface receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses serine/threonine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: transforming growth factor beta receptor complex assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a ligand-bound type II transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) receptor dimer with a type I TGF-beta receptor dimer, following ligand binding, to form a heterotetrameric TGF-beta receptor complex.


name: cell surface receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses protein tyrosine phosphatase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to its receptor, in which the activated receptor promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process. The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane.


name: G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger

description: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation or inhibition of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide.


name: adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

description: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation or inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).


name: adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

description: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation of adenylyl cyclase activity which results in an increase in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP). This pathway is negatively regulated by phosphodiesterase, which cleaves cAMP and terminates the signaling.


name: activation of adenylate cyclase activity

description: Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme adenylate cyclase.


name: adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway

description: An adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by dopamine binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


name: adenylate cyclase-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway

description: An adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by serotonin binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


name: adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

description: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent decrease in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).


name: negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activity

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity.


name: adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway

description: An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by dopamine binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


name: adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway

description: An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by glutamate binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


name: adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway

description: An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by acetylcholine binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


name: adenylate cyclase-inhibiting serotonin receptor signaling pathway

description: An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by serotonin binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


name: G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway coupled to cGMP nucleotide second messenger

description: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by activation of guanylyl cyclase (GC) activity and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic GMP (cGMP).


name: phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

description: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent increase in the intracellular concentration of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).


name: positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration

description: Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.


name: protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC is activated by second messengers including diacylglycerol (DAG).


name: phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway

description: A phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by glutamate binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway

description: A phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by acetylcholine binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: phospholipase C-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway

description: A phospholipase C-activating receptor G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by serotonin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: phospholipase C-activating tachykinin receptor signaling pathway

description: A phospholipase C-activating receptor G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by tachykinin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


serotonin receptor signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


name: octopamine or tyramine signaling pathway

description: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by octopamine or tyramine binding to their receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process. Octopamine and tyramine are decarboxylation products of tyrosine, and are the invertebrate counterparts of the vertebrate adrenergic transmitters.


name: G protein-coupled dopamine receptor signaling pathway

description: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a dopamine binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


name: G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway

description: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an acetylcholine receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to its receptor on the surface of a target cell.


glutamate receptor signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of glutamate to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


name: G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway

description: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by glutamate binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


tachykinin receptor signaling pathway

description: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by tachykinin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process. Tachykinin is a short peptide with the terminal sequence (Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2).


neuropeptide signaling pathway

description: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a neuropeptide binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


Notch signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to the receptor Notch on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


Notch receptor processing

description: The series of successive proteolytic cleavages of the Notch protein, which result in an active form of the receptor.


name: positive regulation of transcription of Notch receptor target

description: The activation of transcription of specific genes as a result of Notch signaling, mediated by the Notch intracellular domain.


name: Wnt signaling pathway, calcium modulating pathway

description: A type of non-canonical Wnt signaling in which Wnt binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC).


smoothened signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened.


patched ligand maturation

description: The posttranslational modification of members of the Hedgehog family of signaling proteins in order for Hedgehog to exert its biological activity. These modifications include cleavage of its signal sequence, autocatalytic protein cleavage and the attachment of sterol groups.


integrin-mediated signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to an integrin on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


osmosensory signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated in response to osmotic change.


name: osmosensory signaling pathway via Sho1 osmosensor

description: The series of molecular signals generated in response to osmotic change, as mediated through a Sho1 osmosensor system.


name: osmosensory signaling via phosphorelay pathway

description: The series of molecular signals generated in response to osmotic change, as mediated through a phosphorelay system. In S.cerevisiae, the osmosensor is the histidine kinase Sln1.


canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction

description: An intracellular signaling cassette characterized by the I-kappaB-kinase (IKK)-dependent activation of NF-kappaB, also known as the canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade. The cascade begins with activation of a trimeric IKK complex (consisting of catalytic kinase subunits IKKalpha and/or IKKbeta, and the regulatory scaffold protein NEMO) and ends with the regulation of transcription of target genes by NF-kappaB. In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription. The canonical NF-kappaB pathway is mainly stimulated by proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, antigen ligands, and toll-like receptors (TLRs).


name: activation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase activity

description: The stimulation of the activity of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase through phosphorylation at specific residues.


I-kappaB phosphorylation

description: The process of introducing a phosphate group into an inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing bound NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.


cytoplasmic sequestering of NF-kappaB

description: The selective interaction of the transcription factor NF-kappaB with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus.


JNK cascade

description: A MAPK cascade containing at least the JNK (MAPK8) MAP kinase. It starts with the activation of JUN3K (a MAPK3K), which activates JNKK a MAP2K), which in turn activates JNK. The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier. The JNK cascade is activated by stress signals, as well as by G protein-coupled receptors, growth factors, and cytokines, and results in cellular responses such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation, apoptosis and inflammation.


JUN phosphorylation

description: The process of introducing a phosphate group into a JUN protein.


name: cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT

description: A cell surface receptor signaling pathway in which ligand binding causes the receptor to dimerize, bringing the receptor-associated JAKs into close proximity. The JAKs then phosphorylate and activate each other on tyrosine residues.This leads to the activation of associated STAT protein, causing the STATs to dissociate from the receptor, translocate to the nucleus. The pathway ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins.


name: tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein

description: The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


name: nitric oxide mediated signal transduction

description: An intracellular signaling cassette that starts with production of nitric oxide, detection by receptors/sensors for nitric oxide (such as soluble guanylyl cyclase/sGC) and ends with the activation of downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. Nitric oxide transmits its downstream effects through either cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent or independent mechanisms.


name: small GTPase-mediated signal transduction

description: An intracellular signaling cassette in which a small monomeric GTPase relays a signal.


Ras protein signal transduction

description: An intracellular signaling cassette in which a small monomeric GTPase of the Ras subfamily relays a signal.


Rho protein signal transduction

description: An intracellular signaling cassette in which a small monomeric GTPase of the Rho subfamily relays a signal.


cell-cell signaling

description: Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.


chemical synaptic transmission

description: The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


neurotransmitter secretion

description: The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium-regulated exocytosis during synaptic transmission.


neuron-neuron synaptic transmission

description: The process of synaptic transmission from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse.


synaptic transmission, cholinergic

description: The vesicular release of acetylcholine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


ensheathment of neurons

description: The process in which glial cells envelop neuronal cell bodies and/or axons to form an insulating layer. This can take the form of myelinating or non-myelinating ensheathment.


neuromuscular synaptic transmission

description: The process of synaptic transmission from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse.


multicellular organism development

description: The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).


gamete generation

description: The generation and maintenance of gametes in a multicellular organism. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell.


pole cell development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pole cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


pole cell fate determination

description: The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a pole cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


pole cell formation

description: Formation of a small group of cells (pole cells) at the posterior pole of the insect blastula. They are the first cells to cellularize after the arrival of nuclei at the end of the syncytial blastula stage and are the precursors to the insect germ cells.


germ cell development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism.


cystoblast division

description: Any of the rounds of incomplete mitosis undergone by a cystoblast to form a cyst of interconnected cells.


spermatogenesis

description: The developmental process by which male germ line stem cells self renew or give rise to successive cell types resulting in the development of a spermatozoa.


spermatogonial cell division

description: The mitotic divisions of the primary spermatogonial cell (a primordial male germ cell) to form secondary spermatogonia (primary spermatocytes).


primary spermatocyte growth

description: The phase of growth and gene expression that male germ cells undergo as they enter the spermatocyte stage. The cells grow in volume and transcribe most of the gene products needed for the morphological events that follow meiosis.


spermatid development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


Nebenkern assembly

description: Fusion of mitochondria during insect spermatid differentiation to form two masses, which wrap around each other to form a densely packed sphere called the Nebenkern.


sperm axoneme assembly

description: The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellar axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of the eukaryotic sperm flagellum, and is responsible for movement.


spermatid nucleus differentiation

description: The specialization of the spermatid nucleus during the development of a spermatid into a mature male gamete competent for fertilization.


spermatid nucleus elongation

description: The change in shape of the spermatid nucleus from a spherical structure to an elongated organelle, during the latter part of spermatid differentiation.


sperm individualization

description: The resolution of the male germline syncytium or cyst into individual gametes by packaging each spermatid into its own plasma membrane.


female gamete generation

description: Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.


germarium-derived egg chamber formation

description: Construction of a stage-1 egg chamber in the anterior part of the germarium, from the progeny of germ-line and somatic stem cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: germarium-derived oocyte fate determination

description: The cell fate determination process in which a germarium-derived cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an oocyte cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: growth of a germarium-derived egg chamber

description: Growth of the egg chamber between the time it leaves the germarium and the onset of vitellogenesis. During this time both nurse cells and the oocyte undergo developmental changes including nuclear organization and cytoplasmic growth. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


vitellogenesis

description: The production of yolk. Yolk is a mixture of materials used for embryonic nutrition.


follicle cell of egg chamber migration

description: The directed movement of an ovarian follicle cell that takes place during oogenesis. During egg chamber formation, follicle cells migrate to envelop the germ-line cysts and move in between cysts. At stage 10B, follicle cells migrate centripetally between the nurse cells and the oocyte, enclosing the anterior of the egg. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


border follicle cell migration

description: The directed movement of a border cell through the nurse cells to reach the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: follicle cell of egg chamber-cell adhesion

description: The attachment of a somatic follicle cell to another somatic follicle cell or to its substratum, the germline cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


ovarian nurse cell to oocyte transport

description: Transfer of constituents synthesized in the ovarian nurse cells to the oocyte, through the ring canals, as the egg chamber is growing. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


female germline ring canal formation

description: Assembly of the intercellular bridges that connect the germ-line cells of a female cyst.


nurse cell nucleus anchoring

description: Attachment of the nurse cell nucleus to the plasma membrane.