lichen nitidus

description: A chronic inflammatory disease characterized by shiny, flat-topped, usually flesh-colored micropapules no larger than the head of a pin. Lesions are localized in the early stages, found chiefly on the lower abdomen, penis, and inner surface of the thighs. Distribution may become generalized as the disease progresses.


lichen planus

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: A chronic, recurrent, pruritic inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology that affects the skin and mucus membranes. It presents with rashes and papules that tend to resolve spontaneously. It may be associated with hepatitis C. Certain drugs that contain arsenic or bismuth are associated with reactions mimicking lichen planus.


lipodystrophy

description: A congenital or acquired disorder characterized by abnormal loss or redistribution of the adipose tissue in the body.


lipomatosis

description: A neoplastic process characterized by diffuse overgrowth of mature adipose tissue.


Ludwig's angina

description: Severe cellulitis of the submaxillary space with secondary involvement of the sublingual and submental space. It usually results from infection in the lower molar area or from a penetrating injury to the mouth floor. (From Dorland, 27th ed)


maxillary sinus cholesteatoma

description: A rare, progressive, non-neoplastic pathologic process that arises from the maxillary sinus mucosal epithelium. It is characterized by the proliferation of keratinizing squamous epithelium and the formation of keratin sheets. It may lead to bone erosion and infections. Surgical removal is the appropriate treatment.


mediastinal lipomatosis

description: A neoplastic process characterized by a diffuse poorly circumscribed overgrowth of adipose tissue in the mediastinum.


melanoacanthoma

description: A benign, darkly pigmented skin lesion characterized by proliferation of keratinocytes and melanocytes.


miliaria

description: A small (one mm or less) vesicular, papular or pustular monomorphous rash, which is associated with heat, fever or occlusion of sweat glands.


miliaria rubra

description: Miliaria rubraor prickly heat occurs deeper in the epidermis (outside layer of skin) and results in very itchy red papules (bumps).


mongolian spot

description: A benign, flat, congenital birthmark, with wavy borders and an irregular shape. The color is caused by melanocytes, melanin-containing cells, that are usually located in the surface of the skin (the epidermis), but are in the deeper region (the dermis) in the location of the spot.


necrobiosis lipoidica

description: Necrobiosis lipoidica is a rare skin disorder of collagen degeneration. It is characterized by a rash that occurs on the lower legs. It is more common in women, and there are usually several spots. They are slightly raised shiny red-brown patches. The centers are often yellowish and may develop open sores that are slow to heal. Infections can occur but are uncommon. Some patients have itching, pain, or abnormal sensations. It usually occurs more often in people with diabetes, in people with a family history of diabetes or a tendency to get diabetes, but can occur in nondiabetic people. About 11% to 65% of patients with necrobiosis lipoidica also have diabetes, but the exact cause is still not known. Treatment is difficult. The disease is typically chronic with variable progression and scarring.


neurodermatitis

description: Skin findings arising from repeated rubbing, picking or scratching of a real or imagined irritation of the skin.


neurotic excoriation

description: A condition in which patients produce skin lesions through repetitive, compulsive excoriation of their skin.


occupational dermatitis

description: Contact dermatitis associated with allergens or irritants found in the workplace.


palmoplantar keratosis

description: A group of autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked inherited or acquired disorders characterized by the thickening of the palms and soles due to hyperkeratosis.


panniculitis

description: Inflammation of the subcutaneous adipose tissue.


parapsoriasis

description: Parapsoriasis describes a group ofskin diseases that can be characterized by scaly patches or slightly elevated papules and/or plaques (red, scaly patches) that have a resemblance to psoriasis. However, this description includes several inflammatory cutaneous diseases that are unrelated with respect to pathogenesis, histopathology, and response to treatment. Because of the variation in clinical presentation and a lack of a specific diagnostic finding on histopathology, a uniformly accepted definition of parapsoriasis remains lacking. There are 2 general forms: a small plaque type, which is usually benign, and a large plaque type, which is a precursor of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL).Treatment of small plaque parapsoriasis is unnecessary but can include emollients, topical tar preparations or corticosteroids, and/or phototherapy. Treatment of large plaque parapsoriasis is phototherapy or topical corticosteroids.


pelvic lipomatosis

description: A neoplastic process characterized by a diffuse poorly circumscribed overgrowth of adipose tissue in the pelvic region. Clinical presentation includes complaints of back and abdominal pain, urinary frequency, perineal pain and constipation. It predominately affects black males.


pemphigus

description: Pemphigus is a group of rare autoimmune diseases that cause blistering of the skin and mucous membranes (mouth, nose, throat, eyes, and genitals).This conditioncan occur at any age, but often strikes people in middle or older age. Studies have shown that some populations may be at greater risk for certain types of pemphigus. For instance, people of Jewish descent and those from India, Southeast Europe, and the Middle East are at greater risk for pemphigus vulargis, while pemphigus foliaceus is more common in North America, Turkey, and South America. Pemphigus is a chronic disease which is best controlled by early diagnosis and treatment.Treatment includes steroids to reduce inflammation,drugs that suppress the immune system responseand antibiotics to treat associated infections. There are four main types of pemphigus: Pemphigus vulgaris Pemphigus foliaceus IgA pemphigus Paraneoplastic pemphigus


name: perinatal jaundice due to hepatocellular damage

description: Jaundice in perinates due to cellular damage of liver.


photoallergic dermatitis

description: A delayed hypersensitivity involving the reaction between sunlight or other radiant energy source and a chemical substance to which the individual has been previously exposed and sensitized. It manifests as a papulovesicular, eczematous, or exudative dermatitis occurring chiefly on the light-exposed areas of the skin.


photosensitivity disease

description: Abnormal responses to sunlight or artificial light due to extreme reactivity of light-absorbing molecules in tissues. It refers almost exclusively to skin photosensitivity, including sunburn, reactions due to repeated prolonged exposure in the absence of photosensitizing factors, and reactions requiring photosensitizing factors such as photosensitizing agents and certain diseases. With restricted reference to skin tissue, it does not include photosensitivity of the eye to light, as in photophobia or photosensitive epilepsy.


phototoxic dermatitis

description: Dermatitis caused or precipitated by exposure to ultraviolet sunlight, or by mediating phototoxic or photoallergic material in response to ultraviolet sunlight.


physical urticaria

description: A distinct subgroup of the urticaria that are induced by an exogenous physical stimulus rather than occurring spontaneously.


pityriasis rosea

description: A mild, self-limited skin disorder that is most commonly seen in children and young adults. It is characterized by an initial large round spot on the chest, abdomen, or back, often referred to as a herald patch, that is usually followed within a week by a distinctive pattern of similar but smaller papules on the torso, arms, and legs. There may also be itching, especially when overheated.


porokeratosis

description: A clonal proliferation of abnormal keratinocytes characterized by the development of localized or multiple atrophic skin patches surrounded by an annular keratotic ring called cornoid lamella.


reactive cutaneous fibrous lesion

description: A benign, epidermal skin lesion characterized by overexpression of collagen during wound healing.


rosacea

description: A chronic erythematous skin disorder that affects the face. It is characterized by the development of redness in the cheeks, nose, and/or forehead and telangiectasia. Sometimes, the erythematous changes may involve the eyelids.


scalp dermatosis

description: Dermotosis of scalp


scleredema adultorum

description: A usually benign and self-limited skin disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by induration of the skin. It may be associated with infection, diabetes mellitus, and hematologic malignancies. Morphologically, there is deposition of mucin in the dermis.


sebaceous gland disorder

description: A disease involving the sebaceous gland.


seborrheic dermatitis

description: A chronic, inflammatory skin disorder that affects the scalp, central face and skin folds; it is characterized by scaling and itching.


seborrheic infantile dermatitis

description: Excessive shedding of dry scaly material from the scalp in humans.


skin atrophy

description: The degeneration and thinning of the epidermis and dermis. It is usually a manifestation of aging.


skin sarcoidosis

description: Formation of non-necrotizing granulomas in the skin. It may be a manifestation of systemic sarcoidosis or may also arise in isolation.


steroid lipomatosis

description: A neoplastic process characterized by a diffuse poorly circumscribed overgrowth of adipose tissue in the face, upper middle back, and sternal region. It is associated with adrenocortical steroid therapy or an increase in endogenous adrenocortical hormone.


stromal corneal pigmentation

description: Stromal pigmentation such as that in ochronosis results from chronic irritation. The melanin is in the superficial stroma and the basal layer of the corneal epithelium.


subcorneal pustular dermatosis

description: A rare, benign, chronic disease characterized by sterile pustular eruption, typically involving the flexural sites of the trunk and proximal extremities.


sweat gland disorder

description: A disease involving the sweat gland.


toxicodendron dermatitis

description: An allergic contact dermatitis caused by exposure to plants of the genus Toxicodendron (formerly Rhus). These include poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac, all plants that contain the substance urushiol, a potent skin sensitizing agent. (From Dorland, 27th ed)


vesiculobullous skin disease

description: Skin diseases characterized by local or general distributions of blisters. They are classified according to the site and mode of blister formation. Lesions can appear spontaneously or be precipitated by infection, trauma, or sunlight. Etiologies include immunologic and genetic factors. (From Scientific American Medicine, 1990)


vibratory urticaria

description: This very rare form of angioedema develops in reply to contact with vibration. In vibratory angioedema, symptoms develop within two to five minutes after contact with vibration and dissolve after about an hour. Patients with this disorder do not suffer from dermographism or pressure urticaria. Vibratory angioedema is diagnosed by holding a vibrating device such as a laboratory vortex machine against the forearm for four minutes. Speedy swelling of the whole forearm extending into the upper arm is also noted later. The principal treatment is avoidance of vibratory stimulants. Antihistamines have also been proven helpful.


viral exanthem

description: A virus-induced exanthem


vulva fibroepithelial polyp

description: A polypoid lesion that arises from the vulva and is characterized by the presence of fibrovascular stroma lined by squamous epithelium. There is no evidence of epithelial atypia.


vulvar inverted follicular keratosis

description: Seborrheic keratosis that arises from follicular structures in the vulva. It is characterized by the presence of prominent squamous eddies.


vulvar seborrheic keratosis

description: A benign squamous neoplasm that arises from the vulva. It is characterized by the proliferation of the basal cells in the squamous epithelium, acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, and cysts formation.


overactive bladder

description: Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. urinary incontinence may or may not be present.


altitude sickness

description: Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high altitude.


diabetic neuropathy

description: A chronic, pathological complication associated with diabetes mellitus, where nerve damages are incurred due to diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply these nerves, resulting in peripheral and/or autonomic nerve dysfunction.


osteoarthritis, hip

description: Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.


osteoarthritis, spine

description: A degenerative joint disease involving the spine. It is characterized by progressive deterioration of the spinal articular cartilage (cartilage, articular), usually with hardening of the subchondral bone and outgrowth of bone spurs (osteophyte).


osteoarthritis, toe

description: Osteoarthritis of the foot generally affects the joint at the base of your big toe. It can cause your toe to: - become stiff over time, which can make it difficult and painful to walk – this is called hallux rigidus - become bent, which can lead to painful bunions (bony lumps at the base of your big toe) – this is called hallux valgus. Osteoarthritis of the mid-foot is also quite common, especially in older people, and may cause an obvious bony swelling (osteophyte) on the top of your mid-foot. Ankle osteoarthritis is least common and may cause your heel to move to an unusual angle.


osteoarthritis, hand

description: Osteoarthritis of the hands usually happens as part of nodal osteoarthritis (a form of osteoarthritis that runs in families). This mainly affects women and often starts in your 40s or 50s, around the menopause (the time when menstruation ends and it’s no longer possible to have children).


acalculous cholecystitis

description: Inflammation of the gallbladder in the absence of gallstones.


pituitary gland acidophil adenoma

description: An epithelial neoplasm of the anterior pituitary gland in which the neoplastic cells stain positive with acidic dyes.


Acinetobacter infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus acinetobacter.


Actinobacillus infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus actinobacillus.


acute kidney tubular necrosis

description: Acute renal failure caused by the cell death of the renal tubules. Causes include nephrotoxins, cytotoxic drugs, and antibiotics.


acute retinal necrosis syndrome

description: Mild to fulminant necrotizing vaso-occlusive retinitis associated with a high incidence of retinal detachment and poor vision outcome.


adrenal cortex carcinoma

description: A rare, usually large (greater than 5cm), malignant epithelial tumor arising from the adrenal cortical cells. Symptoms are usually related to the excessive production of hormones, and include Cushing's syndrome and virilism in women. Common sites of metastasis include liver, lung, bone, and retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Advanced radiologic procedures have enabled the detection of small tumors, resulting in the improvement of the 5-year survival.


adrenal gland hyperfunction

description: Excess production of adrenal cortex hormones.


afferent loop syndrome

description: A complication of gastrojejunostomy (billroth II procedure), a reconstructive gastroenterostomy. It is caused by acute (complete) or chronic (intermittent) obstruction of the afferent jejunal loop due to hernia, intussusception, kinking, volvulus, etc. It is characterized by pain and vomiting of bile-stained fluid.


alcohol withdrawal delirium

description: An acute organic mental disorder induced by cessation or reduction in chronic alcohol consumption. Clinical characteristics include confusion; delusions; vivid hallucinations; tremor; agitation; insomnia; and signs of autonomic hyperactivity (e.g., elevated blood pressure and heart rate, dilated pupils, and diaphoresis). This condition may occasionally be fatal. It was formerly called delirium tremens. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1175)


alcoholic cardiomyopathy

description: A dilated cardiomyopathy which is associated with consumption of large amounts of alcohol over a period of years.


alcoholic liver cirrhosis

description: A disorder of the liver characterized by the presence of fibrotic scar tissue instead of healthy liver tissue. This condition is attributed to excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages.


alcoholic polyneuropathy

description: Any disease affecting more than one nerve.


angioleiomyoma

description: A benign, slow-growing neoplasm that arises from the dermis or subcutaneous tissue. It is characterized by the presence of well-differentiated smooth muscle cells which are arranged around numerous vessels.


anterior cerebral artery infarction

description: Necrosis occurring in the anterior cerebral artery system, including branches such as Heubner's artery. These arteries supply blood to the medial and superior parts of the cerebral hemisphere, Infarction in the anterior cerebral artery usually results in sensory and motor impairment in the lower body.


anterior compartment of tibia syndrome

description: Rapid swelling, increased tension, pain, and ischemic necrosis of the muscles of the anterior tibial compartment of the leg, often following excessive physical exertion.


anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

description: Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) is an eye disease characterized by infarction of the optic disk leading to vision loss. It can be nonarteritic (nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy or NAION) or arteritic, the latter being associated with giant cell arteritis (GCA; often termed temporal arteritis). Vision loss with both varieties is typically rapid (over minutes, hours, or days) and painless. Symptoms such as a general feeling of being unwell (malaise), muscle aches and pains, headaches over the temple, pain when combing hair, pain in the jaw after chewing, and tenderness over the temporal artery (one of the major arteries of the head) may be present with giant cell arteritis. At exam, visual acuity is reduced and the optic disk is swollen. In both subtypes, visual field examination is often reduced in the inferior and central visual fields. The visual loss is usually permanent, with some recovery possibly occurring within the first weeks or months. The arteritic variety is treated with corticosteroids. Treatment of the nonarteritic variety withaspirinor corticosteroids has not been helpful.


anterior spinal artery syndrome

description: Ischemia or infarction of the spinal cord in the distribution of the anterior spinal artery, which supplies the ventral two-thirds of the spinal cord. This condition is usually associated with atherosclerosis of the aorta and may result from dissection of an aortic aneurysm or rarely dissection of the anterior spinal artery. Clinical features include weakness and loss of pain and temperature sensation below the level of injury, with relative sparing of position and vibratory sensation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1249-50)


anterior uveitis

description: Inflammation of the iris and anterior chamber of the eye.


anterolateral myocardial infarction

description: Myocardial infarction in which the anterior wall of the heart is involved. Anterior wall myocardial infarction is often caused by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. It can be categorized as anteroseptal or anterolateral wall myocardial infarction.


anthracosilicosis

description: Fibrosis of the lung parenchyma caused by inhalation of carbon and silica dust. It manifests as shortness of breath.


anthracosis

description: A chronic lung disorder characterized by deposition of coal dust in the lung parenchyma leading to the formation of black nodules and emphysema. It occurs in coal miners.


aortic valve prolapse

description: The downward displacement of the cuspal or pointed end of the trileaflet aortic valve causing misalignment of the cusps. Severe valve distortion can cause leakage and allow the backflow of blood from the ascending aorta back into the left ventricle, leading to aortic regurgitation.


aortitis

description: Inflammation of the aorta. Causes include trauma, infectious disorders, and connective tissue disorders.


arteriolosclerosis

description: The thickening of the wall of the small arteries and arterioles. It is caused by deposition of hyaline material in the wall or concentric smooth muscle wall hypertrophy. It results in lumen narrowing and tissue ischemia.


arteriosclerosis obliterans

description: Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by atherosclerosis. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (arterial intima) of arteries including the aorta and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension.


arthus reaction

description: A localized vasculitis resulting from deposition of antibody-antigen complexes.


aseptic meningitis

description: Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord without a bacterial pathogen.


perinatal asphyxia

description: A disorder caused by a lack of blood flow or gas exchange to or from the fetus in the period immediately before, during, or after the birth process.


atrial septal defect

description: Interauricular communication is a congenital malformation characterized by a communication between the atrial chambers of the heart.


chronic atrophic gastritis

description: Atrophic gastritis that is persistent and long-standing.


atrophy of thyroid

description: Tissue degeneration and diminished size of the thyroid gland.


bacterial conjunctivitis

description: Inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by a variety of bacterial agents.


bacterial endocarditis

description: Endocarditis that is caused by an infection with a bacterial agent.


bacterial meningitis

description: Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord due to a bacterial infection.


Bacteroides infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus bacteroides.


balanitis

description: An infectious or non-infectious inflammatory process that affects the glans penis. Symptoms include redness and pain of the glans penis and foreskin and discharge.


pituitary gland basophil adenoma

description: An epithelial neoplasm of the anterior pituitary gland in which the neoplastic cells stain positive with basic dyes.


beriberi

description: Beriberi is a condition that occurs in people who are deficient in thiamine (vitamin B1). There are two major types of beriberi: wet beriberi which affects the cardiovascular system and dry beriberi which affects the nervous system. People with wet beriberi may experience increased heart rate, shortness of breath, and swelling of the lower legs. Signs and symptoms of dry beriberi include difficulty walking; loss of feeling in the hands and/or feet; paralysis of the lower legs; mental confusion; speech difficulty; pain; and/or vomiting. Beriberi is rare in the United States since many foods are now vitamin enriched; however, alcohol abuse, dialysis and taking high doses of diuretics increases the risk of developing the condition. In most cases,beriberi occurs sporadically in people with no family history of the condition. A rare condition known as genetic beriberi is inherited (passed down through families) and is associated with an inability to absorb thiamine from foods. Treatment generally includes thiamine supplementation, given by injection or taken by mouth.


bile reflux

description: Retrograde bile flow. Reflux of bile can be from the duodenum to the stomach (duodenogastric reflux); to the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux); or to the pancreas.


bladder calculus

description: A concretion in the urinary bladder.


bladder neck obstruction

description: Blockage of the opening between the bladder and the urethra resulting in the reduction or prevention of the urine flow from the bladder into the urethra.


blue nevus

description: An intradermal nevus characterized by the presence of benign pigmented dendritic spindle-shaped melanocytes. It most frequently occurs in the skin of the distal upper extremities, followed by the lower extremities, scalp, face, and buttocks. It usually presents as a single blue or blue-black papular lesion less than 1cm in diameter. Simple excision is usually curative.


Borrelia infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus borrelia.


brachial plexus neuritis

description: An inflammatory process affecting the brachial plexus. It results in severe pain in the upper extremity and shoulder, upper arm weakness and loss of sensation in the upper arm.


brachial plexus neuropathy

description: A brachial plexus disorder characterized by regional paresthesia, pain and muscle weakness, and limited movement in the arm or hand.


brain edema

description: Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see hypoxia, brain). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of csf flow (e.g., obstructive hydrocephalus). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)


brain hypoxia - ischemia

description: A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ischemia) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ischemic attack, transient; brain infarction; brain edema; coma; and other conditions.


brain stem infarction

description: Infarctions that occur in the brain stem which is comprised of the midbrain; pons; and medulla oblongata. There are several named syndromes characterized by their distinctive clinical manifestations and specific sites of ischemic injury.


burning mouth syndrome

description: A condition characterized by a burning or tingling sensation on the lips, tongue, or entire mouth.


byssinosis

description: An occupational lung disorder caused by exposure to cotton dust. It occurs more commonly in workers in the textile industry. Signs and symptoms include chest tightness, cough and wheezing. The symptoms tend to get worse at the beginning of the week and subside by the end of the week.


carotid artery thrombosis

description: Blood clot formation in any part of the carotid arteries. This may produce carotid stenosis or occlusion of the vessel, leading to transient ischemic attack; cerebral infarction; or amaurosis fugax.


central pontine myelinolysis

description: A central nervous system disorder caused by demyelination within the central basis pontis of the brain. It is characterized by spastic quadriplegia, pseudobulbar palsy and encephalopathy. It is observed in patients with severe hyponatremia, particularly when the hyponatremia is corrected too rapidly.


cerebral arterial disease

description: Pathological conditions of intracranial arteries supplying the cerebrum. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the anterior cerebral artery; middle cerebral artery; and posterior cerebral artery.


cerebral atherosclerosis

description: Atherosclerosis of the cerebral vasculature.


cervix erosion

description: Loss or destruction of the epithelial lining of the uterine cervix.


cholecystolithiasis

description: Single or multiple, ovoid or irregular, solid particles that are formed from bile, cholesterol, and calcium in the gallbladder cavity.


choledocholithiasis

description: Presence or formation of gallstones in the common bile duct.


choroid cancer

description: A malignant neoplasm involving the optic choroid.


chromophobe adenoma

description: An epithelial neoplasm of the anterior pituitary gland in which the neoplastic cells do not stain with acidic or basic dyes.


name: chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy

description: A rare neurological disorder in which there is inflammation of nerve roots and peripheral nerves and destruction of the fatty protective covering (myelin sheath) over the nerves. This affects how fast the nerve signals are transmitted and leads to loss of nerve fibers. This causes weakness, paralysis and/or impairment in motor function, especially of the arms and legs (limbs). Sensory disturbance may also be present. The motor and sensory impairments usually affect both sides of the body (symmetrical), and the degree of severity and the course of disease may vary from case to case. Some affected individuals may follow a slow steady pattern of symptoms while others may have symptoms that stabilize and then relapse.


CNS demyelinating autoimmune disease

description: Conditions characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin (see myelin sheath) in the brain, spinal cord, or optic nerves secondary to autoimmune mediated processes. This may take the form of a humoral or cellular immune response directed toward myelin or oligodendroglia associated autoantigens.


Bacteroidaceae infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.


Bifidobacteriales infectious disease

description: Infections with BACTERIA of the order Bifidobacteriales. This includes infections in the genera BIFIDOBACTERIUM and GARDNERELLA, in the family Bifidobacteriaceae.


Desulfovibrionaceae infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the family Desulfovibrionaceae.


common bile duct neoplasm

description: Tumor or cancer of the common bile duct including the ampulla of vater and the sphincter of oddi.


complex partial epilepsy

description: A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and automatism may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)


constrictive pericarditis

description: A heart disorder in which the pericardial sac becomes thickened and fibrotic, tightening the myocardium and impeding the normal myocardial function.


corneal edema

description: Hazy, swollen cornea.


corneal neovascularization

description: New blood vessels originating from the corneal veins and extending from the limbus into the adjacent corneal stroma. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as trachoma, viral interstitial keratitis, microbial keratoconjunctivitis, and the immune response elicited by corneal transplantation.


coronary aneurysm

description: Abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of coronary vessels. Most coronary aneurysms are due to coronary atherosclerosis, and the rest are due to inflammatory diseases, such as kawasaki disease.


coronary stenosis

description: Narrowing of the coronary artery lumen diameter.


coronary thrombosis

description: Coagulation of blood in any of the coronary vessels. The presence of a blood clot (thrombus) often leads to myocardial infarction.


cutaneous fibrous histiocytoma

description: A benign, intermediate, or malignant mesenchymal neoplasm composed of fibrohistiocytic cells, spindle fibroblastic cells, and histiocytes, in a storiform pattern.


cutaneous syphilis

description: Cutaneous lesions arising from infection with Treponema pallidum. In the primary stage, 18-21 days following infection, one or more chancres appear. If untreated, the subsequent stages of the disease appear as syphilids. These eruptions are superficial, nondestructive, exanthematic, transient, macular roseolas that may later be maculopapular or papular polymorphous or scaly, pustular, pigmented eruptions.(Arnold, Odom, and James, Andrew's Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p409)


cystic, mucinous, and serous neoplasm

description: Neoplasms containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum.


de Quervain disease

description: Stenosing tenosynovitis of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons in the first dorsal wrist compartment. The presenting symptoms are usually pain and tenderness at the radial styloid. The cause is almost always related to overuse injury or is associated with rheumatoid arthritis.


dental fluorosis

description: A condition that results from excessive fluoride ingestion during tooth development, resulting in tooth discoloration ranging from white streaks to brown stains and cracks or pits in the tooth enamel.


denture stomatitis

description: Inflammation of the mouth due to denture irritation.


diaphragmatic eventration

description: A congenital or acquired abnormality characterized by elevation of the hemidiaphragm.


diastolic heart failure

description: Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial relaxation during diastole leading to defective cardiac filling.


discrete subaortic stenosis

description: A type of constriction that is caused by the presence of a fibrous ring (discrete type) below the aortic valve, anywhere between the aortic valve and the mitral valve. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the left ventricle into the aorta.


drug psychosis

description: Psychotic organic mental disorders resulting from the toxic effect of drugs and chemicals or other harmful substance.


drug-induced akathisia

description: An uncomfortable feeling of inner restlessness and inability to stay still. It can be a side effect of psychotropic medications.


drug-induced dyskinesia

description: Abnormal movements, including hyperkinesis; hypokinesia; tremor; and dystonia, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see antipsychotic agents). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)


dry eye syndrome

description: A syndrome characterized by dryness of the cornea and conjunctiva. It is usually caused by a deficiency in tear production. Symptoms include a feeling of burning eyes and a possible foreign body presence in the eye.


benign duodenal neoplasm

description: A non-metastasizing neoplasm arising from the wall of the duodenum.


duodenogastric reflux

description: Retrograde flow of duodenal contents (bile acids; pancreatic juice) into the stomach.


dysplasia of cervix

description: Abnormal development of immature squamous epithelial cells of the uterine cervix, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical epithelium. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial basement membrane.


dystocia

description: Slow or difficult obstetric labor or childbirth.


eccrine acrospiroma

description: A rare cutaneous tumor of eccrine sweat gland origin. It is most commonly found on the extremities and is usually benign. There is no indication that heredity or external agents cause these tumors.


Ehrlich tumor carcinoma

description: A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.


empty sella syndrome

description: Empty sella syndrome (ESS) is a condition that involves the sella turcica, a bony structure at the base of the brain that protects the pituitary gland. There is a primary and secondary form of the condition. The primary form occurs when a structural defect above the pituitary gland increases pressure in the sella turcica and causes the gland to flatten. The secondary form occurs when the pituitary gland is damaged due to injury, a tumor, surgery or radiation therapy. Some people with ESS have no symptoms. People with secondary ESS may have symptoms of decreased pituitary function such as absence of menstruation, infertility, fatigue, and intolerance to stress and infection. In children, ESS may be associated with early onset of puberty, growth hormone deficiency, pituitary tumors, or pituitary gland dysfunction. Treatment focuses on the symptoms present in each person.


encephalomalacia

description: Localized atrophy of the brain parenchyma due to aging, hemorrhage, infarct, or inflammation.


endemic goiter

description: Thyroid gland enlargement caused by inadequate dietary iodine intake. It occurs in areas in which the soil lacks iodine compounds or there is low seafood consumption.


endocrine tuberculosis

description: Infection of the endocrine glands with species of mycobacterium, most often mycobacterium tuberculosis.


endolymphatic hydrops

description: An accumulation of endolymph in the inner ear (labyrinth) leading to buildup of pressure and distortion of intralabyrinthine structures, such as cochlea and semicircular canals. It is characterized by sensorineural hearing loss; tinnitus; and sometimes vertigo.


endometrioid stromal sarcoma

description: A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that affects the uterine corpus, and rarely, the ovaries, cervix, and vagina. In the uterine corpus it is classified as low grade or high grade endometrial stromal sarcoma. In the remainder of the anatomic sites it is classified as low grade endometrioid stromal sarcoma.


endomyocardial fibrosis

description: A disease characterized by fibrotic thickening of the endocardium, particularly the right and/or left inflow tracts. The disease often involves the atrioventricular valves, leading to valvular regurgitaion. It most commonly occurs in children living within 15 degrees of the equator.


enterotoxemia

description: Disease caused by the liberation of exotoxins of clostridium perfringens in the intestines of sheep, goats, cattle, foals, and piglets. Type B enterotoxemia in lambs is lamb dysentery; type C enterotoxemia in mature sheep produces 'struck', and in calves, lambs and piglets it produces hemorrhagic enterotoxemia; type D enterotoxemia in sheep and goats is pulpy-kidney disease or overeating disease.


epilepsia partialis continua

description: A variant of epilepsy characterized by continuous focal jerking of a body part over a period of hours, days, or even years without spreading to other body regions. Contractions may be aggravated by movement and are reduced, but not abolished during sleep. electroencephalography demonstrates epileptiform (spike and wave) discharges over the hemisphere opposite to the affected limb in most instances. The repetitive movements may originate from the cerebral cortex or from subcortical structures (e.g., brain stem; basal ganglia). This condition is associated with Russian Spring and Summer encephalitis (see encephalitis, tick borne); Rasmussen syndrome (see encephalitis); multiple sclerosis; diabetes mellitus; brain neoplasms; and cerebrovascular disorders. (From Brain, 1996 April;119(pt2):393-407; Epilepsia 1993;34;Suppl 1:S29-S36; and Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p319)


name: mixed epithelioid and spindle cell melanoma

description: A melanoma characterized by the presence of malignant large epithelioid melanocytes and malignant spindle-shaped melanocytes.


Erysipelothrix infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus erysipelothrix.


name: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infectious disease

description: A disease caused by infection with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.


Escherichia coli meningitis

description: A form of gram-negative meningitis that tends to occur in neonates, in association with anatomical abnormalities (which feature communication between the meninges and cutaneous structures) or as opportunistic infections in association with immunologic deficiency syndromes. In premature neonates the clinical presentation may be limited to anorexia; vomiting; lethargy; or respiratory distress. Full-term infants may have as additional features fever; seizures; and bulging of the anterior fontanelle. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp398-400)


esophageal diverticulosis

description: A pathological condition characterized by the presence of a number of esophageal diverticula in the esophagus.


euthyroid sick syndrome

description: Abnormal thyroid function tests, low triiodothyronine with elevated reverse triiodothyronine, in the setting of non-thyroidal illness.


extrahepatic cholestasis

description: Impairment of the bile flow caused by an obstruction in the portion of the bile duct system located outside of the liver.


female genital tuberculosis

description: Mycobacterium infections of the female reproductive tract (genitalia, female).


femoral neuropathy

description: Neuropathy of the femoral nerve.


fetal erythroblastosis

description: A disorder of the fetus or newborn that occurs when fetal cells that are coated with IgG alloantibodies from the mother attack antigens inherited from the father. Severity can range from absence of symptoms to death.


fibromuscular dysplasia

description: A disorder characterized by fibrous thickening of the arterial wall resulting in narrowing of the arterial lumen. It most often affects the renal artery and less often the carotid artery and abdominal arteries. It can cause hypertension and aneurysm formation.


freemartinism

description: A condition occurring in the female offspring of dizygotic twins (twin, dizygotic) in a mixed-sex pregnancy, usually in cattle. Freemartinism can occur in other mammals. When placental fusion between the male and the female fetuses permits the exchange of fetal cells and fetal hormones, testicular hormones from the male fetus can androgenize the female fetus producing a sterile xx/xy chimeric 'female'(chimerism).


frozen shoulder

description: A painful inflammatory process leads to a mechanical block in active and passive range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder is characterized by functional loss of passive and active shoulder motion. This inflammatory process results in fibroblastic proliferation and extensive scar tissue formation. Fibroblastic proliferation, a late phase of the inflammatory process involved in tissue repair, leads to thickening, fibrosis, and adhesion of the capsule to itself and the humerus.


fungal meningitis

description: Meningitis caused by fungal agents which may occur as opportunistic infections or arise in immunocompetent hosts.


Fusobacterium infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus fusobacterium.


gait apraxia

description: Impaired ambulation not attributed to sensory impairment or motor weakness. frontal lobe disorders; basal ganglia diseases (e.g., parkinsonian disorders); dementia, multi-infarct; alzheimer disease; and other conditions may be associated with gait apraxia.


gastric antral vascular ectasia

description: Dilatation of the vessels in the antrum of the stomach. It is associated with portal hypertension, scleroderma, and chronic renal failure. It may cause gastric bleeding.


gastroparesis

description: Paralysis of the muscles of the stomach wall resulting in delayed emptying of the gastric contents into the small intestine.


giant cell reparative granuloma

description: A rare tumor-like lesion of the hands and feet characterized by the presence of hemorrhagic fibrous tissue, hemosiderin deposition, osteoclast-like giant cells which are irregularly distributed, and reactive bone formation. Pain and swelling are the most frequent symptoms. It may recur following curettage, but is usually cured after a second procedure.


glossitis

description: Inflammation of the tongue.


gonadal tissue neoplasm

description: Neoplasms composed of tissues of the ovary or the testis, not neoplasms located in the ovaries or testes. Gonadal tissues include germ cells, cells from the sex cord, and gonadal stromal cells.


habitual spontaneous abortion

description: Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.


hairy tongue

description: A benign condition affecting the dorsum of the tongue. It is characterized by defective desquamation resulting in elongation of the filiform papillae. The dorsum of the tongue has a furry appearance and is usually stained black.


halo nevus

description: A benign melanocytic nevus with a halo appearance.


heart aneurysm

description: A localized bulging or dilatation in the muscle wall of a heart (myocardium), usually in the left ventricle. Blood-filled aneurysms are dangerous because they may burst. Fibrous aneurysms interfere with the heart function through the loss of contractility. True aneurysm is bound by the vessel wall or cardiac wall. False aneurysms are hematoma caused by myocardial rupture.


heartwater disease

description: A tick-borne septicemic disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by ehrlichia ruminantium.


Helicobacter pylori infectious disease

description: Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.


hemometra

description: Blood-filled uterus.


hemopneumothorax

description: Collection of air and blood in the pleural cavity.


hemorrhagic disease of newborn

description: A condition characterized as a coagulation disturbance in newborns due to vitamin K deficiency resulting in impaired production of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X, and proteins C and S by the liver.


hepatic vein thrombosis

description: A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small hepatic veins to the junction of the inferior vena cava and the right atrium. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (thrombus) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal fibrosis is uncommon.


hidrocystoma

description: A benign cystic proliferation of the sweat glands with apocrine or eccrine differentiation. It usually presents as a dome-shaped, cystic papular or nodular lesion usually in the face and neck. It is a unilocular or mutlilocular lesion lined by an inner and an outer layer of epithelium. Complete excision is usually curative.


hyperamylasemia

description: Abnormally high level of amylase in the blood.


hypercementosis

description: A regressive change of teeth characterized by excessive development of secondary cementum on the tooth surface. It may occur on any part of the root, but the apical two-thirds are most commonly affected. (Dorland, 27th ed)


hyperemesis gravidarum

description: Severe, intractable vomiting during pregnancy (usually the first trimester) accompanied by dehydration, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalances.


hyperglobulinemic purpura

description: Purplish or brownish red discoloration of the skin associated with increase in circulating polyclonal globulins, usually gamma-globulins. This syndrome often occurs on the legs of women aged 20 to 40 years.


hyperpituitarism

description: Disease of the glandular, anterior portion of the pituitary (pituitary gland, anterior) resulting in hypersecretion of adenohypophyseal hormones such as growth hormone; prolactin; thyrotropin; luteinizing hormone; follicle stimulating hormone ; and adrenocorticotropic hormone. Hyperpituitarism usually is caused by a functional adenoma.


hypersensitivity vasculitis

description: A small vessel vasculitis affecting the skin and/or internal organs. It is characterized by the presence of neutrophils and fibrinoid necrosis in small arteries and venules. It may be idiopathic or the result of drug treatment, infections, food intake, collagen vascular disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, or cancer.


hypersplenism

description: Overactive functioning of the spleen, resulting in excessive destruction of blood cells.


hypertensive encephalopathy

description: Encephalopathy resulting from hypertension.


hypertensive retinopathy

description: Retinopathy due to hypertension.


hypervitaminosis A

description: A symptom complex resulting from ingesting excessive amounts of vitamin A.


hypothalamic neoplasm

description: A primary or metastatic neoplasm that affects the hypothalamus.


ideomotor apraxia

description: A form of apraxia characterized by an acquired inability to carry out a complex motor activity despite the ability to mentally formulate the action. This condition has been attributed to a disruption of connections between the dominant parietal cortex and supplementary and premotor cortical regions in both hemispheres. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p57)


ileal neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the wall of the ileum. Representative examples include adenoma, carcinoma, and lymphoma.


inappropriate ADH syndrome

description: A syndrome characterized by abnormal secretion of antidiuretic hormone in conjunction with neoplastic growth occurring anywhere in the body.


inferior myocardial infarction

description: Myocardial infarction in which the inferior wall of the heart is involved. It is often caused by occlusion of the right coronary artery.


inflammatory breast carcinoma

description: An advanced, invasive breast adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of distinct changes in the overlying skin. These changes include diffuse erythema, edema, peau d'orange (skin of an orange) appearance, tenderness, induration, warmth, enlargement, and in some cases a palpable mass. The skin changes are the consequence of lymphatic obstruction from the underlying invasive breast adenocarcinoma. Microscopically, the dermal lymphatics show prominent infiltration by malignant cells. The invasive breast adenocarcinoma is usually of ductal, NOS type. There is not significant inflammatory cell infiltrate present, despite the name of this carcinoma.


intermediate coronary syndrome

description: Angina pectoris (or equivalent type of ischemic discomfort) which has recently changed in frequency, duration, intensity, or occurs at rest.


intermediate uveitis

description: Inflammation of the pars plana.


intestinal perforation

description: A rupture in the wall of the small or large intestine due to traumatic or pathologic processes.


intracranial arterial disease

description: Pathological conditions involving arteries in the skull, such as arteries supplying the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the brain stem, and associated structures. They include atherosclerotic, congenital, traumatic, infectious, inflammatory, and other pathological processes.


intracranial embolism

description: Blocking of a blood vessel in the skull by an embolus which can be a blood clot (thrombus) or other undissolved material in the blood stream. Most emboli are of cardiac origin and are associated with heart diseases. Other non-cardiac sources of emboli are usually associated with vascular diseases.


intracranial hypertension

description: A finding characterized by increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure within the skull.


intracranial hypotension

description: Reduction of cerebrospinal fluid pressure characterized clinically by headache which is maximal in an upright posture and occasionally by an abducens nerve palsy (see abducens nerve diseases), neck stiffness, hearing loss (see deafness); nausea; and other symptoms. This condition may be spontaneous or secondary to spinal puncture; neurosurgical procedures; dehydration; uremia; trauma (see also craniocerebral trauma); and other processes. Chronic hypotension may be associated with subdural hematomas (see hematoma, subdural) or hygromas. (From Semin Neurol 1996 Mar;16(1):5-10; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp637-8)


intracranial vasospasm

description: Constriction of arteries in the skull due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and brain ischemia that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (hypoxia-ischemia, brain).


intradermal nevus

description: A nevus characterized by the proliferation of nevus cells in the dermis without involvement of the dermal-epidermal junction.


iritis

description: Inflammation of the iris.


jejunal cancer

description: A malignant neoplasm involving the jejunum.


arthropathy

description: Any disorder of the joints.


juxtacortical osteosarcoma

description: A low grade malignant bone-forming mesenchymal neoplasm arising from the surface of the bone. It usually affects the distal posterior femur, the proximal tibia, and proximal humerus. Painless swelling is the usual clinical sign. Most patients are young adults and the prognosis is usually excellent.


kidney cortex necrosis

description: Death of cells in the kidney cortex, a common final result of various renal injuries including hypoxia; ischemia; and drug toxicity.


kidney papillary necrosis

description: A complication of kidney diseases characterized by cell death involving kidney papilla in the kidney medulla. Damages to this area may hinder the kidney to concentrate urine resulting in polyuria. Sloughed off necrotic tissue may block kidney pelvis or ureter. Necrosis of multiple renal papillae can lead to kidney failure.


Klinefelter syndrome

description: A sex chromosome disorder caused by the presence of an extra X chromosome in the male karyotype. Affected individuals are infertile and have a small penis and testes. They tend to have tall stature and long legs and may have difficulties with speech and language development. Gynecomastia may be present.


Krebs 2 carcinoma

description: Carcinoma having known association to krebs2 gene mutation


kuru

description: A prion disease found exclusively among the Fore linguistic group natives of the highlands of new guinea. The illness is primarily restricted to adult females and children of both sexes. It is marked by the subacute onset of tremor and ataxia followed by motor weakness and incontinence. Death occurs within 3-6 months of disease onset. The condition is associated with ritual cannibalism, and has become rare since this practice has been discontinued. Pathologic features include a noninflammatory loss of neurons that is most prominent in the cerebellum, glial proliferation, and amyloid plaques. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p773)


kwashiorkor

description: A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning 'displaced child'. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)


lateral medullary syndrome

description: A syndrome caused by an infarct in the vertebral or posterior inferior cerebellar artery. It is characterized by sensory defects affecting the same side of the face as the infarct and the opposite side of the trunk as the infarct. Patients experience difficulty swallowing and/or speaking.


name: nasal cavity and paranasal sinus lethal midline granuloma

description: An aggressive, progressive, and destructive lesion affecting the nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, and the palate. The vast majority of cases are malignant lymphoproliferations affecting the midline of the face in patients with nasal type extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma.


leukemoid reaction

description: A hematology test result that indicates the presence of an increased white blood cell count and increased neutrophil precursors resembling leukemia, in a peripheral blood smear.


leukoplakia of penis

description: A precancerous condition characterized by the presence of abnormal whitish areas on the glans or prepuce of the penis. Risk factors include chronic irritation, inflammation, and infection of the penis, and poor genital hygiene.


leukostasis

description: A disorder involving the aberrant infiltration and aggregation of leukocytes into the vasculature of the body. Leukostasis is typically detected in the brain and lungs of persons with leukemia. It requires substantial ablative modalities to both reduce the number of cells present and to ensure dispersion of the aggregates.


lingual goiter

description: Pathological enlargement of the lingual thyroid, ectopic thyroid tissue at the base of the tongue. It may cause upper airway obstruction; dysphagia; or hypothyroidism symptoms.


lip cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm involving the lip.


lipoid nephrosis

description: A glomerular disorder characterized by the electron microscopic finding of loss of podocyte foot processes. Light microscopic examination does not show glomerular changes. Patients present with proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome.


Listeria meningitis

description: Inflammation of the meninges caused by listeria monocytogenes infection, usually occurring in individuals under the age of 3 years or over the age of 50 years. It may occur at any age in individuals with immunologic deficiency syndromes. Clinical manifestations include fever, altered mentation, headache, meningeal signs, focal neurologic signs, and seizures. (From Medicine 1998 Sep;77(5):313-36)


low tension glaucoma

description: A form of glaucoma in which chronic optic nerve damage and loss of vision normally attributable to buildup of intraocular pressure occurs despite prevailing conditions of normal intraocular pressure.


lupus vulgaris

description: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal mucosa; buccal mucosa; and conjunctival mucosa.


Lutembacher syndrome

description: A condition characterized by a combination of ostium secundum atrial septal defect and an acquired mitral valve stenosis.


lymphangiectasis

description: Dilatation of the lymphatic vessels.


lymphangioendothelioma

description: A lymphangioma characterized by the presence of collagen bundle formation. It has an indolent clinical course and may be associated with skin plaques.


lymphangiomyoma

description: A neoplasm with perivascular epithelioid cell differentiation, often associated with tuberous sclerosis. It is characterized by the presence of smooth muscle and epithelioid cells and by the proliferation of lymphatic vessels. Sites of involvement include the lymph nodes, lung, mediastinum, and retroperitoneum.


macular holes

description: A hole in the macula of the retina.


magnesium deficiency

description: A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)


male genital tuberculosis

description: Mycobacterium infections of the male reproductive tract (genitalia, male).


malignant hypertension

description: Severe hypertension that is characterized by rapid onset of extremely high blood pressure.


malignant lymphatic vessel tumor

description: Neoplasms composed of lymphoid tissue, a lattice work of reticular tissue the interspaces of which contain lymphocytes. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in lymphatic vessels.


marasmus

description: The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.


mastitis

description: Inflammation of breast tissue during lactation or postpartum due to an obstructed duct or infection. Mastitis can also occur in non-breastfeeding women, and rarely in men.


maxillary sinus neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the maxillary sinus. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include Schneiderian papilloma and salivary gland-type adenoma. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinoma and lymphoma.


meconium aspiration syndrome

description: A serious condition in which a newborn breathes a mixture of meconium (the first intestinal discharge) and amniotic fluid into the lungs around the time of delivery. Meconium aspiration syndrome occurs in 5-10 percent of births and typically occurs when the infant is stressed, as when the infant is past its due date.


mesenchymal chondrosarcoma

description: A morphologic variant of chondrosarcoma arising from bone and soft tissue. It is characterized by the presence of malignant small round cells, biphasic growth pattern, and well differentiated hyaline cartilage. Clinical presentation includes pain and swelling. The clinical course is aggressive, with local recurrences and distant metastases.


mesenchymoma

description: A term describing a soft tissue tumor which consists of two or more mesenchymal lines of differentiation, excluding a fibroblastic line of differentiation.


mesenteric vascular occlusion

description: Obstruction of the flow in the splanchnic circulation by atherosclerosis; embolism; thrombosis; stenosis; trauma; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as periarteritis nodosa and thromboangiitis obliterans. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)


mesothelial neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm arising from mesothelial cells. Mesothelial cells are the lining cells of the pleura and peritoneum. -- 2003


middle cerebral artery infarction

description: Necrosis occurring in the middle cerebral artery distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each cerebral hemisphere. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; aphasia; agraphia; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.


mouth disorder

description: A disease involving the mouth.


mucinous cystadenoma

description: A benign or low malignant potential cystic epithelial neoplasm composed of cells which contain intracytoplasmic mucin. It may arise from the ovary, pancreas, appendix, and lung.


myeloid sarcoma

description: A tumor mass composed of myeloblasts or immature myeloid cells. It occurs in extramedullary sites or the bone. (WHO, 2001)


myofascial pain syndrome

description: Muscular pain in numerous body regions that can be reproduced by pressure on trigger points, localized hardenings in skeletal muscle tissue. Pain is referred to a location distant from the trigger points. A prime example is the temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome.


myxosarcoma

description: An infiltrating malignant soft tissue neoplasm characterized by the presence of immature undifferentiated cells and abundant myxoid stroma formation.


necrotizing sialometaplasia

description: A benign, inflammatory, variably ulcerated, occasionally bilateral, self-healing lesion of the minor salivary glands that is often confused clinically and histologically with carcinoma.


necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

description: A bacterial infectious process affecting the gums. It is characterized by the development of necrotic, ulcerated, and painful lesions with creation of pseudomembranes extending along the gingival margins.


neonatal myasthenia gravis

description: A disorder of neuromuscular transmission that occurs in a minority of newborns born to women with myasthenia gravis. Clinical features are usually present at birth or develop in the first 3 days of life and consist of hypotonia and impaired respiratory, suck, and swallowing abilities. This condition is associated with the passive transfer of acetylcholine receptor antibodies through the placenta. In the majority of infants the myasthenic weakness resolves (i.e., transient neonatal myasthenia gravis) although this disorder may rarely continue beyond the neonatal period (i.e., persistent neonatal myasthenia gravis). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p823; Neurology 1997 Jan;48(1):50-4)


neurogenic bowel

description: Loss or absence of normal intestinal function due to nerve damage or birth defects. It is characterized by the inability to control the elimination of stool from the body.


nodular goiter

description: Goiter characterized by discrete tissue mass(es) that may or may not produce thyroid hormones.


non-gestational choriocarcinoma

description: A highly malignant choriocarcinoma derived from the non-placental origin such as the totipotent cells in the testis, the ovary, and the pineal gland. It produces high levels of chorionic gonadotropin and can metastasize widely through the bloodstream to the lungs, brain, liver, bone, and other viscera by the time of diagnosis.


nutritional deficiency disease

description: A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)


obstructive jaundice

description: A finding indicating increased bilirubin levels in the blood and urine, due to intrahepatic or extrahepatic obstruction of the biliary system.


ocular hypertension

description: Abnormally high intraocular pressure.


ocular tuberculosis

description: Tuberculous infection of the eye, primarily the iris, ciliary body, and choroid.


oophoritis

description: Inflammation of the ovary, generally caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix.


Moraxellaceae infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the family moraxellaceae.


optic papillitis

description: Swelling of the optic disk, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause optic atrophy and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)


oral leukoedema

description: A disorder of the buccal mucosa resembling early leukoplakia, characterized by the presence of filmy opalescence of the mucosa in the early stages to a whitish gray cast with a coarsely wrinkled surface in the later stages, associated with intracellular edema of the spinous or malpighian layer. (Dorland, 27th ed)


orbital cellulitis

description: Inflammation of the eye tissues posterior to the orbital septum, and generally secondary to an infection spread from adjacent sinuses. Signs and symptoms of the affected eye include sudden loss of vision, erythema, edema, decreased eye movement, and pain. Treatment is conducted via intravenous antibiotics, observation, and surgical intervention when necessary.


orchitis

description: Inflammation of one or both testes due to viral or bacterial infections. Signs and symptoms include enlargement or tenderness of the affected testis, inguinal lymphadenopathy, blood in the semen, and pain during urination, intercourse, or ejaculation.


malignant superior sulcus neoplasm

description: A malignant neoplasm originating from the apical lung. Most malignant superior sulcus neoplasms are bronchogenic carcinomas. This tumor may be associated with Pancoast syndrome. It is also known as Pancoast tumor.


panophthalmitis

description: Acute suppurative inflammation of the inner eye with necrosis of the sclera (and sometimes the cornea) and extension of the inflammation into the orbit. Pain may be severe and the globe may rupture. In endophthalmitis the globe does not rupture.


name: thyroid gland papillary and follicular carcinoma

description: A thyroid neoplasm of mixed papillary and follicular arrangement. Its biological behavior and prognosis is the same as that of a papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1271)


parametritis

description: Inflammation of the parametrium, the connective tissue of the pelvic floor, extending from the subserous coat of the uterus laterally between the layers of the broad ligament.


paraneoplastic polyneuropathy

description: A diffuse or multifocal peripheral neuropathy caused by the effects of a distant neoplasm. It may be attributed, in part, to the immune response to neoplasm-elaborated proteins. The neuropathy may be sensory, motor, mixed or autonomic. It may be the initial presentation of an occult neoplasm. Detection and resection of the neoplasm may result in cure.


paraphimosis

description: A condition in which the foreskin of an uncircumcised male is retracted and cannot be pulled back over the glans penis. It results in painful swelling of the glans penis and, if is not corrected, may lead to gangrene.


parathyroid gland adenoma

description: A benign tumor arising from the parenchymal cells of the parathyroid glands. In the vast majority of cases, the tumor involves a single parathyroid gland. It is associated with the symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism, resulting from the excessive production of parathyroid hormone. It is usually surrounded by a well-defined capsule. Capsular invasion, vascular invasion, and perineural invasion are absent.


partial motor epilepsy

description: A simple partial seizure consisting of clonus or spasm of a muscle or muscle group; it may be single or in a continuous and repetitive series or may spread to adjacent muscles.


partial sensory epilepsy

description: A disorder characterized by recurrent focal onset seizures which have sensory (i.e., olfactory, visual, tactile, gustatory, or auditory) manifestations. Partial seizures that feature alterations of consciousness are referred to as complex partial seizures (epilepsy, complex partial).


Pasteurella hemorrhagic septicemia

description: Any of several bacterial diseases, usually caused by pasteurella multocida, marked by the presence of hemorrhagic areas in the subcutaneous tissues, serous membranes, muscles, lymph glands, and throughout the internal organs. The diseases primarily affect animals and rarely humans.


patellofemoral pain syndrome

description: A syndrome characterized by retropatellar or peripatellar pain resulting from physical and biochemical changes in the patellofemoral joint. The pain is most prominent when ascending or descending stairs, squatting, or sitting with flexed knees. There is a lack of consensus on the etiology and treatment. The syndrome is often confused with (or accompanied by) chondromalacia patellae, the latter describing a pathological condition of the cartilage and not a syndrome.


penile neoplasm

description: A benign, borderline, or malignant neoplasm that affects the penis. Representative examples include penile hemangioma, penile intraepithelial neoplasia, and penile carcinoma.


peptic esophagitis

description: Inflammation of the esophagus that is caused by the reflux of gastric juice with contents of the stomach and duodenum.


periapical granuloma

description: Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation of periapical tissue resulting from irritation following pulp disease or endodontic treatment.


periarthritis

description: Inflammation of the tissues around a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)


pericoronitis

description: Inflammation of the gingiva surrounding the crown of a tooth.


perinephritis

description: Inflammation of the connective and adipose tissues surrounding the kidney.


peritoneal neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the peritoneal cavity. Representative examples of benign neoplasms include adenomatoid tumor and disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis. Representative examples of malignant neoplasms include primary peritoneal carcinoma, metastatic carcinoma to the peritoneum, and malignant mesothelioma.


peroneal nerve paralysis

description: Paralysis of the nerves located in the legs.


phimosis

description: A condition in which there is constriction in the tip of the foreskin resulting in inability to fully retract the foreskin over the glans penis. Causes include balanoposthitis, balanitis xerotica obliterans, and untreated diabetes.


pigmented spindle cell nevus

description: A benign, small and slightly elevated brown or black skin lesion with usually well-demarcated borders. It is characterized by the presence of a melanocytic proliferation resulting in the formation of uniform cellular nests. Sometimes the clinical and morphologic features may be difficult to distinguish from melanoma.


pilar sheath acanthoma

description: A benign, small, papular or nodular skin neoplasm that usually arises above the upper lip. It is characterized by an epithelial proliferation with a central cavity. The cavity wall is lined with keratinocytes.


pituitary apoplexy

description: A rare, potentially life-threatening disorder caused by acute ischemic infarction or hemorrhage in the pituitary gland. It is most often associated with the presence of a pituitary gland adenoma. Signs and symptoms include headache, vomiting, visual disturbances, and endocrine dysfunction.


pituitary dwarfism

description: Proportionately decreased bodily growth due to failure of the pituitary gland to produce an adequate supply of growth hormone.


pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis

description: The presence of gas within the wall of the large or small intestine.


pneumococcal meningitis

description: An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with otitis media; mastoiditis; sinusitis; respiratory tract infections; sickle cell disease (anemia, sickle cell); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include fever; headache; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by seizures; focal neurologic deficits (notably deafness); and coma. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)


polyradiculoneuropathy

description: Diseases characterized by injury or dysfunction involving multiple peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process may primarily affect myelin or nerve axons. Two of the more common demyelinating forms are acute inflammatory polyradiculopathy (guillain-barre syndrome) and polyradiculoneuropathy, chronic inflammatory demyelinating. Polyradiculoneuritis refers to inflammation of multiple peripheral nerves and spinal nerve roots.


postcholecystectomy syndrome

description: Abdominal symptoms after removal of the gallbladder. The common postoperative symptoms are often the same as those present before the operation, such as colic, bloating, nausea, and vomiting. There is pain on palpation of the right upper quadrant and sometimes jaundice. The term is often used, inaccurately, to describe such postoperative symptoms not due to gallbladder removal.


posterior cerebral artery infarction

description: Necrosis induced by ischemia in the posterior cerebral artery distribution system which supplies portions of the brain stem; the thalamus; temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. Depending on the size and location of infarction, clinical features include olfaction disorders and visual problems (agnosia; alexia; hemianopsia).


posterior uveitis

description: Inflammation of the choroid as well as the retina and vitreous body. Some form of visual disturbance is usually present. The most important characteristics of posterior uveitis are vitreous opacities, choroiditis, and chorioretinitis.


potassium deficiency

description: A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing polyuria and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary polydipsia. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)


prediabetes syndrome

description: A condition in which blood glucose levels are high, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes.


Actinomycetales infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the order actinomycetales.


Anaplasmataceae infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the family anaplasmataceae.


Bacillaceae infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the family bacillaceae.


Bartonellaceae infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the family bartonellaceae.


Fusobacteriaceae infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the family Fusobacteriaceae, in the order Fusobacterales, phylum fusobacteria.


haemophilus infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus haemophilus.


Rickettsiaceae infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the family rickettsiaceae.


Proteus infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus proteus.


pseudobulbar palsy

description: A condition affecting cranial nerves IX-XII resulting from upper motor neuron damage arising from a variety of causes.


pulmonary coin lesion

description: A single lung lesion that is characterized by a small round mass of tissue, usually less than 1 cm in diameter, and can be detected by chest radiography. A solitary pulmonary nodule can be associated with neoplasm, tuberculosis, cyst, or other anomalies in the lung, the chest wall, or the pleura.


pulmonary edema

description: Accumulation of fluid in the lung tissues causing disturbance of the gas exchange that may lead to respiratory failure. It is caused by direct injury to the lung parenchyma or congestive heart failure. The symptoms may appear suddenly or gradually. Suddenly appearing symptoms include difficulty breathing, feeling of suffocation, and coughing associated with frothy sputum. Gradually appearing symptoms include difficulty breathing while lying in bed, shortness of breath during activity, and weight gain (in patients with congestive heart failure).


pulmonary plasma cell granuloma

description: A tumor-like inflammatory lesion of the lung that is composed of plasma cells and fibrous tissue. It is also known as an inflammatory pseudotumor, often with calcification and measuring between 2 and 5 cm in diameter.


pulmonary subvalvular stenosis

description: The obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract that originates within the body of the right ventricle, that exists at the time of birth; it often occurs in association with other intracardiac anomalies.


pulmonary valve stenosis

description: The pathologic narrowing of the orifice of the pulmonary valve. This lesion restricts blood outflow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery. When the trileaflet valve is fused into an imperforate membrane, the blockage is complete.


pulpitis

description: Inflammation of the dental pulp.


pyelitis

description: Inflammation of the renal pelvis.


pyelonephritis

description: An inflammatory process affecting the kidney. The cause is most often bacterial, but may also be fungal in nature. Signs and symptoms may include fever, chills, flank pain, painful and frequent urination, cloudy or bloody urine, and confusion.


radial nerve lesion

description: A peripheral nerve lesion that involves the radial nerve.


rat-bite fever

description: An infectious disease that is caused transmitted by the bite of a rat. Two species of bacteria can cause the infection: Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum minus.


renal aminoaciduria

description: A group of inherited kidney disorders characterized by the abnormally elevated levels of amino acids in urine. Genetic mutations of transport proteins result in the defective reabsorption of free amino acids at the proximal renal tubules. Renal aminoaciduria are classified by the specific amino acid or acids involved.


renal artery obstruction

description: Narrowing or occlusion of the renal artery or arteries. It is due usually to atherosclerosis; fibromuscular dysplasia; thrombosis; embolism, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (hypertension, renovascular).


renal osteodystrophy

description: Abnormalities of bone mineral metabolism associated with chronic kidney disease.


renovascular hypertension

description: High blood pressure secondary to renal artery stenosis.


retinal artery occlusion

description: An occlusion of the retinal artery.


retinal drusen

description: Colloid or hyaline bodies lying beneath the retinal pigment epithelium. They may occur either secondary to changes in the choroid that affect the pigment epithelium or as an autosomal dominant disorder of the retinal pigment epithelium.


retinal vasculitis

description: Inflammation of the retinal vasculature with various causes including infectious disease; lupus erythematosus, systemic; multiple sclerosis; behcet syndrome; and chorioretinitis.


retinal vein occlusion

description: An occlusion of the retinal vein.


retinopathy of prematurity

description: A bilateral retinopathy characterized by neovascularization, scarring, retinal detachment, and eventually blindness. It may be mild or severe. It occurs in babies born prematurely. Causes include oxygen toxicity and hypoxia.


Rh isoimmunization

description: The mother develops antibodies against red blood cell Rhesus antigens. This may lead to potential fetal adverse outcomes such as anemia.


rheumatic heart disease

description: An autoinflammatory condition following an infection with Group A Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS), in which the heart is attacked by antibodies formed in reaction to a recent GABHS infection. Chief anatomic changes of the valve include leaflet thickening, commissural fusion, and shortening and thickening of the tendinous cords, all of which can result in valvular dysfunction.


Rickettsiosis

description: A group of infectious diseases that is caused by Rickettsia.


root caries

description: Dental caries involving the tooth root, cementum, or cervical area of the tooth.


sciatic neuropathy

description: Disease or damage involving the SCIATIC NERVE, which divides into the PERONEAL NERVE and TIBIAL NERVE (see also PERONEAL NEUROPATHIES and TIBIAL NEUROPATHY). Clinical manifestations may include SCIATICA or pain localized to the hip, PARESIS or PARALYSIS of posterior thigh muscles and muscles innervated by the peroneal and tibial nerves, and sensory loss involving the lateral and posterior thigh, posterior and lateral leg, and sole of the foot. The sciatic nerve may be affected by trauma; ISCHEMIA; COLLAGEN DISEASES; and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1363)


scrapie

description: A fatal disease of the nervous system in sheep and goats, characterized by pruritus, debility, and locomotor incoordination. It is caused by proteinaceous infectious particles called prions.


sebaceous adenocarcinoma

description: An adenocarcinoma with sebaceous differentiation. It presents as a painless mass and it may be multifocal. It grows in the ocular adnexae and in the skin of head and neck, trunk, genitals, and extremities. It is characterized by the presence of malignant cells with multivesicular and clear cytoplasm. It may recur and metastasize.


sebaceous gland neoplasm

description: A benign or malignant neoplasm that arises from the sebaceous glands. Representative examples include sebaceous adenoma and sebaceous carcinoma.


secondary hyperparathyroidism

description: Overproduction of parathyroid hormone in response to influence external to the parathyroid glands.


secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

description: Symmetrical osteitis of the four limbs, chiefly localized to the phalanges and the terminal epiphyses of the long bones of the forearm and leg, sometimes extending to the proximal ends of the limbs and the flat bones, and accompanied by dorsal kyphosis and joint involvement. It is often secondary to chronic conditions of the lungs and heart. (Dorland, 27th ed)


secondary Parkinson disease

description: A condition with a clinical picture similar to that of Parkinson disease, but which is caused by external factors, including medication.


shoulder impingement syndrome

description: Compression of the rotator cuff tendons and subacromial bursa between the humeral head and structures that make up the coracoacromial arch and the humeral tuberosities. This condition is associated with subacromial bursitis and rotator cuff (largely supraspinatus) and bicipital tendon inflammation, with or without degenerative changes in the tendon. Pain that is most severe when the arm is abducted in an arc between 40 and 120 degrees, sometimes associated with tears in the rotator cuff, is the chief symptom. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes and Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)


sialadenitis

description: Sialadenitis is an infection of the salivary glands. It is usually caused by a virus or bacteria. The parotid (in front ofthe ear) and submandibular (under the chin) glands are most commonly affected. Sialadenitis may be associated with pain, tenderness, redness, and gradual, localized swelling of the affected area. Sialadenitis most commonly affects the elderly and chronically ill especially those with dry mouth or who are dehydrated, but can also affected people of any age including newborn babies. Diagnosis is usually made by clinical exam but a CT scan, MRI scan or ultrasound may be done if the doctor suspects an abscess or to look for stones. Treatment may include an antibiotic (if bacterial), warm compresses, increasing fluid intake and good oral hygiene. Most salivary gland infections go away on their own or are cured with treatment. Complications are not common.


sialolithiasis

description: A concretion in the salivary gland.


sigmoid neoplasm

description: Tumors or cancer of the sigmoid colon.


silo filler disease

description: A form of alveolitis or pneumonitis caused by hypersensitivity to high level of inhaled nitrogen oxides, decomposition products of silage.


skin appendage carcinoma

description: A carcinoma arising from the sebaceous glands, sweat glands, or the hair follicles. Representative examples include sebaceous carcinoma, apocrine carcinoma, eccrine carcinoma, and pilomatrical carcinoma.


small cell sarcoma

description: A sarcoma characterized by the presence of small round or elongated malignant cells with a small amount of cytoplasm.


smooth muscle tumor

description: A benign or malignant myomatous neoplasm arising from smooth muscle.


somatostatinoma

description: A rare, usually malignant neuroendocrine tumor arizing from delta cells. This neoplasm produces large amounts of somatostatin, which may result in a syndrome characterized by diarrhea, steatorrhea, weight loss, and gastric hyposecretion. Sixty percent are found in the pancreas and 40% in the duodenum or jejunum. The peak incidence occurs between 40 and 60 years of age; women are affected more than men by 2:1.


spermatocele

description: A benign testicular cyst that is located in the epididymis, and which contains serous fluid, lymphocytes, spermatozoa, and debris.


splenic infarction

description: Insufficiency of arterial or venous blood supply to the spleen due to emboli, thrombi, vascular torsion, or pressure that produces a macroscopic area of necrosis. (From Stedman, 25th ed)


steatitis

description: A disease of cats and mink characterized by a marked inflammation of adipose tissue and the deposition of 'ceroid' pigment in the interstices of the adipose cells. It is believed to be caused by feeding diets containing too much unsaturated fatty acid and too little vitamin E. (Merck Veterinary Manual, 5th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)


struma ovarii

description: An ovarian mature teratoma characterized by the presence of aberrant thyroid tissue. The aberrant thyroid tissue shows morphologic changes identical to thyroid adenoma or carcinoma. Patients may present with abdominal mass and unusual symptoms due to thyrotoxicosis, or Meigs syndrome (ascites and pleural effusion).


subacute bacterial endocarditis

description: Subacute inflammation of the endocardium. Streptococcus viridans is the usual etiologic agent of subacute bacterial endocarditis. The distinction between "acute" and "subacute" endocarditis has traditionally been made based on the pathogenic organism and clinical presentation.


subacute thyroiditis

description: Self-limited inflammation of the thyroid gland characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells. Patients present with neck pain, often associated with fever and dysphagia. The clinical course includes an initial phase of hyperthyroidism, followed by a phase of hypothyroidism, and eventually a return to normal thyroid function.


subclavian steal syndrome

description: An uncommon neurovascular condition seen with exertion of the upper extremity. It is usually caused by atherosclerotic stenosis or occlusion of the subclavian artery proximal to the origin of the vertebral artery. In order to maintain adequate perfusion of the arm during exercise on the affected side, the narrowed subclavian artery siphons off retrograde blood flow from the ipsilateral vertebral artery. This is possible due to lower blood pressure distal to the site of narrowing and collateral circulation through the circle of Willis. Affected individuals may remain asymptomatic until the oxygen demand generated from upper extremity exercise requires a large enough compensatory volume of blood to be diverted from the vertebral artery to provoke vertebrobasilar insufficiency and its accompanying neurological sequelae. Presenting clinical signs may include pain or numbness of the affected arm (with diminished pulses and a brachial systolic blood pressure differential of greater than 20 mmHg as compared to the opposite arm), vertigo, tinnitus, dysarthria, diplopia and syncope. Notably, unlike cerebral infarction, the clinical course does not lead to chronic neurologic disability. Prognosis for recovery of normal anterograde circulation is favorable following endovascular or surgical intervention.


subdural empyema

description: An intracranial or rarely intraspinal suppurative process invading the space between the inner surface of the dura mater and the outer surface of the arachnoid.


substernal goiter

description: An enlarged thyroid gland with at least 50% of the gland situated behind the sternum. It is an unusual presentation of an intrathoracic goiter. Substernal goiters frequently cause compression on the trachea leading to deviation, narrowing, and respiratory symptoms.


subvalvular aortic stenosis

description: An aortic stenosis caused by fibromuscular stenosis or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. It may be associated with congenital heart defects.


sulfhemoglobinemia

description: A morbid condition due to the presence of sulfmethemoglobin in the blood. It is marked by persistent cyanosis, but the blood count does not reveal any special abnormality in the blood. It is thought to be caused by the action of hydrogen sulfide absorbed from the intestine. (Stedman, 25th ed)


suppurative periapical periodontitis

description: Localized collection of pus in the tissues that enclose the root of a tooth.


suppurative uveitis

description: Intraocular infection caused mainly by pus-producing bacteria and rarely by fungi. The infection may be caused by an injury or surgical wound (exogenous) or by endogenous septic emboli in such diseases as bacterial endocarditis or meningococcemia.


syphilitic aortitis

description: Cardiovascular manifestations of syphilis, an infection of treponema pallidum. In the late stage of syphilis, sometimes 20-30 years after the initial infection, damages are often seen in the blood vessels including the aorta and the aortic valve. Clinical signs include syphilitic aortitis, aortic insufficiency, or aortic aneurysm.


systolic heart failure

description: Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial contraction during systole leading to defective cardiac emptying.


tarsal tunnel syndrome

description: Tarsal tunnel syndrome is a nerve disorder that is characterized by pain in the ankle, foot, and toes. This condition is caused by compression of the posterior tibial nerve, which runs through a canal near the heel into the sole of the foot. When tissues around this nerve become inflamed, they can press on the nerve and cause the pain associated with tarsal tunnel syndrome.


tethered spinal cord syndrome

description: A progressive neurological disorder characterized by the limitation of movement of the spinal cord within the spine. It is caused by the presence of congenital or acquired tissue attachments in the spinal cord. Signs and symptoms include low back pain, scoliosis, weakness in the legs, and incontinence.


thyroid crisis

description: Acute onset of severe, life-threatening hyperthyroidism caused by a sudden release of excessive thyroid hormone.


tibial neuropathy

description: Disease of the tibial nerve (also referred to as the posterior tibial nerve). The most commonly associated condition is the tarsal tunnel syndrome. However, leg injuries; ischemia; and inflammatory conditions (e.g., collagen diseases) may also affect the nerve. Clinical features include paralysis of plantar flexion, ankle inversion and toe flexion as well as loss of sensation over the sole of the foot. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p32)


tonsil cancer

description: A primary or metastatic malignant neoplasm that affects the tonsil.


tooth disorder

description: A disease involving the calcareous tooth.


Treponema infectious disease

description: An disease caused by infection with Treponema.


tricuspid valve prolapse

description: Abnormal protrusion of one or more of the leaflets of tricuspid valve into the right atrium during systole. This allows the backflow of blood into right atrium leading to tricuspid valve insufficiency; systolic murmurs. Its most common cause is not primary valve abnormality but rather the dilation of the right ventricle and the tricuspid annulus.


trochlear nerve disorder

description: A disease involving the trochlear nerve.


type III hypersensitivity disease

description: Group of diseases mediated by the deposition of large soluble complexes of antigen and antibody with resultant damage to tissue. Besides serum sickness and the arthus reaction, evidence supports a pathogenic role for immune complexes in many other immune system diseases including glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus erythematosus, systemic) and polyarteritis nodosa.


ulcerative proctosigmoiditis

description: Inflammation of the rectum and the distal portion of the colon.


ulnar neuropathy

description: Disease involving the ulnar nerve from its origin in the brachial plexus to its termination in the hand. Clinical manifestations may include paresis or paralysis of wrist flexion, finger flexion, thumb adduction, finger abduction, and finger adduction. Sensation over the medial palm, fifth finger, and ulnar aspect of the ring finger may also be impaired. Common sites of injury include the axilla, cubital tunnel at the elbow, and Guyon's canal at the wrist. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51 pp43-5)


Ureaplasma urethritis

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus ureaplasma.


uremia

description: A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of renal insufficiency. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen catabolism, such as urea or creatinine. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.


ureterolithiasis

description: The presence of a calculus in the ureter of the kidney; this is most often composed of mineral salts and proteins.


uveoparotid fever

description: A manifestation of sarcoidosis marked by chronic inflammation of the parotid gland and the uvea.


variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

description: A form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease that is most commonly contracted after consuming meat from an animal suffering from bovine spongiform encephalopathy.


vasculogenic impotence

description: Inability to achieve and maintain an erection (erectile dysfunction) due to defects in the arterial blood flow to the penis, defect in venous occlusive function allowing blood drainage (leakage) from the erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum penis), or both.


vibrio infectious disease

description: Infections with bacteria of the genus vibrio.


viral meningitis

description: Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord due to a viral infection.


vitamin A deficiency

description: Deficiency of vitamin A due to malnutrition, malabsorption, or dietary lack. It is manifested with reduced night vision, night blindness, and xerophthalmia.


vitreous detachment

description: Detachment of the vitreous humor from the retina.