arcuate vein cell

description: Any kidney cortex vein cell that is part of some kidney arcuate vein.


interlobular vein cell

category: biolink:Cell biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Any kidney cortex vein cell that is part of some renal interlobular vein.


name: inner medulla vasa recta ascending limb cell

description: Any vasa recta ascending limb cell that is part of some inner medulla vasa recta ascending limb.


name: outer medulla vasa recta ascending limb cell

description: Any vasa recta ascending limb cell that is part of some outer medulla vasa recta ascending limb.


arcuate artery endothelial cell

description: Any endothelial cell that is part of some kidney arcuate artery.


arcuate artery smooth muscle cell

description: Any smooth muscle cell that is part of some kidney arcuate artery.


interlobulary artery endothelial cell

description: Any endothelial cell that is part of some interlobular artery.


interlobulary artery smooth muscle cell

description: Any smooth muscle cell that is part of some interlobular artery.


arcuate vein endothelial cell

description: Any endothelial cell that is part of some kidney arcuate vein.


arcuate vein smooth muscle cell

description: Any smooth muscle cell that is part of some kidney arcuate vein.


interlobulary vein endothelial cell

description: Any endothelial cell that is part of some renal interlobular vein.


interlobulary vein smooth muscle cell

description: Any smooth muscle cell that is part of some renal interlobular vein.


kidney collecting duct cell

description: A cell that is part of a collecting duct of renal tubule.


vasa recta descending limb cell

description: A cell that is part of some vasa recta descending limb.


name: inner medulla vasa recta descending limb cell

description: Any vasa recta descending limb cell that is part of some inner medulla vasa recta descending limb.


name: outer medulla vasa recta descending limb cell

description: Any vasa recta descending limb cell that is part of some outer medulla vasa recta descending limb.


renal interstitial pericyte

description: A pericyte cell located in the kidney interstitium.


bladder cell

description: Any cell that is part of some urinary bladder.


urethra cell

description: Any cell that is part of some urethra.


bladder urothelial cell

description: A urothelial cell that is part of the urothelium of the urinary bladder.


urethra urothelial cell

description: Any urothelial cell that is part of some urethra urothelium.


kidney collecting duct principal cell

description: Any renal principal cell that is part of some collecting duct of renal tubule.


name: kidney collecting duct intercalated cell

description: Any renal intercalated cell that is part of some collecting duct of renal tubule.


epithelial cell of exocrine pancreas

description: An epithelial cell of the exocrine pancreas.


olfactory bulb interneuron

description: A neuron residing in the olfactory bulb that serve to process and refine signals arising from olfactory sensory neurons


periglomerular cell

description: The small neuron in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb whose dendrites arborize within a glomerulus, where it receives synaptic input from olfactory receptor cell axon terminals, and also engages in dendrodendritic interactions with mitral and tufted cell dendrites; uses both GABA and dopamine as a neurotransmitter.


hair-tylotrich neuron

description: The subcutaneous mechanoreceptors that innervate tylotrich hair follicles.


hair-down neuron

description: The subcutaneous mechanoreceptors that innervate vellus hairs.


sensory neuron of dorsal root ganglion

description: A sensory neuron of the dorsal root ganglia that senses body position and sends information about how much the muscle is stretched to the spinal cord.


medium spiny neuron

description: An inhibitory, GABAergic projection neuron in the striatum that integrates glutamatergic signals arising from the cerebral cortex and thalamus.


mitral cell

description: The large glutaminergic nerve cells whose dendrites synapse with axons of the olfactory receptor neurons in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb, and whose axons pass centrally in the olfactory tract to the olfactory cortex.


olfactory bulb tufted cell

description: The principal glutaminergic neuron located in the outer third of the external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb; a single short primary dendrite traverses the outer external plexiform layer and terminates within an olfactory glomerulus in a tuft of branches, where it receives the input from olfactory receptor neuron axon terminals; axons of the tufted cells transfer information to a number of areas in the brain, including the piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, olfactory tubercle, and amygdala.


parvocellular neurosecretory cell

description: The secretory neurons of the paraventricular nucleus that synthesize and secrete vasopressin, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) into blood vessels in the hypothalamo-pituitary portal system.


glycinergic neuron

description: The neurons that utilize glycine as a neurotransmitter.


intestinal enteroendocrine cell

description: The various hormone- or neurotransmitter-secreting cells present throughout the mucosa of the intestinal tract.


stomach enteroendocrine cell

description: The various hormone- or neurotransmitter-secreting cells present throughout the mucosa of the stomach.


vomeronasal sensory neuron

description: Chemosensitive cells that innervate the vomernasal organ epithelium and are responsible for receiving and transmitting pheromone signals.


lung endothelial cell

description: Any endothelial cell of vascular tree that is part of some lung.


pulmonary artery endothelial cell

description: Any endothelial cell of vascular tree that is part of some pulmonary artery.


hippocampal interneuron

description: An interneuron with a soma found in the hippocampus.


hippocampal pyramidal neuron

description: A pyramidal neuron with a soma found in the hippocampus.


colon endothelial cell

description: A vascular endothelial cell found in colon blood vessels.


nasopharyngeal epithelial cell

description: Cell of the nasopharyngeal epithelium.


uterine cervix squamous cell

description: Squamous cell of uterine cervix epithelium.


oral mucosa squamous cell

description: Squamous cell of oral epithelium.


tonsil squamous cell

description: Squamous cell of tonsil epithelium.


vagina squamous cell

description: Squamous cell of vaginal epithelium.


cerebral cortex glial cell

description: Glial cell of cerebral cortex.


hippocampal glial cell

description: A glial cell that is part of the hippocampus.


lateral ventricle glial cell

description: Glial cell of lateral ventricle.


lateral ventricle neuron

description: Neuron of lateral ventricle.


appendix glandular cell

description: Glandular cell of appendix epithelium. Example: Goblet cells; enterocytes or absorptive cells; enteroendocrine and M cells.


mammary gland glandular cell

description: Glandular cell of mammary epithelium. Example: glandular cells of large and intermediate ducts, glandular cells in terminal ducts.


uterine cervix glandular cell

description: Glandular cell of uterine cervix epithelium.


colon glandular cell

description: Glandular cell of colon epithelium. Example: Goblet cells; enterocytes or absorptive cells; enteroendocrine and M cells.


duodenum glandular cell

description: Glandular cell of duodenal epithelium. Example: Enterocytes, Goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells; Paneth cells; M cells; Brunner's gland cell.


epididymis glandular cell

description: Glandular cell of epididymal epithelium.


oviduct glandular cell

description: Glandular cell of oviduct epithelium. Example: peg cells, ciliated cells.


gallbladder glandular cell

description: Glandular cell of gallbladder epithelium.


parathyroid glandular cell

description: Glandular cell of parathyroid epithelium. Example: Parathyroid chief cell and parathyroid oxyphil cells.


rectum glandular cell

description: Glandular cell of rectal epithelium. Example: Goblet cell; enterocytes or absorptive cells; enteroendocrine and M cells.


salivary gland glandular cell

description: Glandular cell of salivary gland. Example: Serous cells, mucous cells, cuboidal epithelial cells of the intercalated ducts, simple cuboidal epithelium of the striated ducts, epithelial cells of excretory ducts.


seminal vesicle glandular cell

description: Glandular cell of seminal vesicle epithelium.


small intestine glandular cell

description: A glandular cell found in the epithelium of the small intestine. Example: Enterocytes, Goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells; Paneth cells; M cells; Somatostatin-secreting Cells (D-cells) .


pancreas exocrine glandular cell

description: Glandular cell of exocrine pancreas epithelium. Example: pancreatic acinar cell, glandular cells in pancreatic canaliculi, glandular cells in pancreatic ducts.


adrenal gland glandular cell

description: Hormone secreting cell located in the cortex of adrenal gland. Glandular cells in the adrenal cortex secrete mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and androgens.


cerebral cortex endothelial cell

description: Endothelial cells forming the walls of the capillaries within the cerebral cortex.


lung macrophage

description: Circulating macrophages and tissue macrophages (alveolar macrophages) of lung.


foreskin keratinocyte

description: Keratinocyte from foreskin.


articular chondrocyte

description: Chondrocyte forming the hyaline cartilage found in joints.


foreskin fibroblast

description: Fibroblast from foreskin.


muscle fibroblast

description: Fibroblast from muscle organ.


bone marrow hematopoietic cell

description: Hematopoietic cells resident in the bone marrow. Include: hematopoietic stem cells (lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells) and the precursor cells for thrombocytes, erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes.


cerebellar neuron

description: Neuron of the cerebellum.


epidermal melanocyte

description: Any melanocyte that is part of a epidermis.


peripheral blood mononuclear cell

description: A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form found in the circulatory pool of blood.


decidual cell

description: A specialized, enlarged, connective tissue cell of the decidua with enlarged nucleus, dense membrane‐bound secretory granules and cytoplasmic accumulation of glycogen and lipid droplets. These cells develop by the transformation of endometrial stromal cells during decidualization.


pituitary gland cell

description: Any cell that is part of a pituitary gland.


brain macroglial cell

description: Any macroglial cell that is part of a brain.


tonsil germinal center B cell

description: Any germinal center B cell that is part of a tonsil.


articular chondrocyte of knee joint

description: Chondrocyte forming the hyaline cartilage found in the knee joint.


microvascular endothelial cell

description: Any blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of a microvascular endothelium.


dermis blood vessel endothelial cell

description: Any blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of a dermis.


name: dermis lymphatic vessel endothelial cell

description: Any endothelial cell of lymphatic vessel that is part of a dermis.


fibroblast of pedal digit skin

description: Any skin fibroblast that is part of a pedal digit skin.


fibroblast of skin of abdomen

description: Any skin fibroblast that is part of a skin of abdomen.


fibroblast of upper leg skin

description: Any skin fibroblast that is part of a upper leg skin.


fibroblast of arm

description: Any skin fibroblast that is part of a arm.


lung microvascular endothelial cell

description: Any lung endothelial cell that is part of a microvascular endothelium.


fibroblast of peridontal ligament

description: Any fibroblast that is part of a periodontal ligament.


endothelial cell of coronary artery

description: Any endothelial cell of artery that is part of a coronary artery.


compound eye photoreceptor cell

description: Any photoreceptor cell that is part of a compound eye.


inner cell mass cell

description: Any native cell that is part of a inner cell mass.


sebaceous gland cell

description: Any native cell that is part of a sebaceous gland.


cardiac septum cell

description: Any native cell that is part of a cardiac septum.


spinal cord ventral column interneuron

description: Any interneuron that is part of a spinal cord ventral column.


spinal cord medial motor column neuron

description: Any neuron that is part of a spinal cord medial motor column.


spinal cord oligodendrocyte

description: Any oligodendrocyte that is part of a spinal cord.


cerebellum basket cell

description: Any basket cell that is part of a cerebellum.


cerebellum glutamatergic neuron

description: Any glutamatergic neuron that is part of a cerebellum.


central nervous system neuron

description: Any neuron that is part of a central nervous system.


hypothalamus cell

description: Any native cell that is part of a hypothalamus.


lateral line ganglion neuron

description: Any neuron that is part of a lateral line ganglion.


peripheral nervous system neuron

description: A neuron that is part of a peripheral nervous system.


limb basal cell of epidermis

description: Any basal cell of epidermis that is part of a limb.


name: anterior lateral line neuromast hair cell

description: Any neuromast hair cell that is part of a anterior lateral line.


name: anterior lateral line neuromast mantle cell

description: Any neuromast mantle cell that is part of an anterior lateral line.


name: anterior lateral line neuromast supporting cell

description: Any neuromast support cell that is part of a anterior lateral line.


name: posterior lateral line neuromast hair cell

description: Any neuromast hair cell that is part of a posterior lateral line.


name: posterior lateral line neuromast mantle cell

description: Any neuromast mantle cell that is part of a posterior lateral line.


name: posterior lateral line neuromast supporting cell

description: Any neuromast support cell that is part of a posterior lateral line.


bladder microvascular endothelial cell

description: Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a urinary bladder.


name: dermis microvascular lymphatic vessel endothelial cell

description: Any dermis lymphatic vessel endothelial cell that is part of a microvascular endothelium.


embryonic fibroblast

description: Any fibroblast that is part of a embryo.


brain pericyte

description: Any pericyte cell that is part of a brain.


brain microvascular endothelial cell

description: Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a brain.


foreskin melanocyte

description: Any melanocyte of skin that is part of a skin of prepuce of penis.


ventricular cardiac muscle cell

description: Any cardiac muscle cell that is part of a cardiac ventricle.


brainstem motor neuron

description: Any motor neuron that is part of a brainstem.


anterior horn motor neuron

description: A lower motor neuron whose soma is located in the anterior horn. Anterior horn motor neurons project from the anterior portion of the grey matter in the spinal cord to some skeletal muscles.


primary motor cortex pyramidal cell

description: Any pyramidal cell that is part of a primary motor cortex.


splenic fibroblast

description: Any fibroblast that is part of a spleen.


umbilical artery endothelial cell

description: Any endothelial cell of artery that is part of a umbilical cord.


splenic endothelial cell

description: Any endothelial cell that is part of a spleen.


hepatic pit cell

description: A large, granular, liver specific natural killer cell that adheres to the endothelial cells of the hepatic sinusoid.


liver dendritic cell

description: Any dendritic cell that is part of a liver.


Meynert cell

description: Any pyramidal cell that is part of a regional part of cerebral cortex.


femural osteoblast

description: Any osteoblast that is part of a femur.


calvarial osteoblast

description: Any osteoblast that is part of a skull.


name: prostate gland microvascular endothelial cell

description: Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a prostate gland.


placental villous trophoblast

description: A trophoblast of placental villi.  These cells fuse to form synctial  trophoplast - the placental side of the interface between the placenta and maternal blood sinusoids in the decidua.


name: placental amniotic mesenchymal stromal cell

description: Any mesenchymal stem cell that is part of a placenta.


name: placental villus capillary endothelial cell

description: Any capillary endothelial cell that is part of a placenta.


ovarian fibroblast

description: Any fibroblast that is part of a female gonad.


ovarian surface epithelial cell

description: Any epithelial cell that is part of a female gonad.


ovarian microvascular endothelial cell

description: Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a female urethra.


cardiac ventricle fibroblast

description: Any fibroblast that is part of a cardiac ventricle.


cardiac atrium fibroblast

description: Any fibroblast that is part of a cardiac atrium.


pericardium fibroblast

description: Any fibroblast that is part of a pericardium.


gallbladder fibroblast

description: Any fibroblast that is part of a gallbladder.


optic choroid fibroblast

description: Any fibroblast that is part of a optic choroid.


mammary microvascular endothelial cell

description: Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a breast.


adipose microvascular endothelial cell

description: Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a adipose tissue.


migratory cardiac neural crest cell

description: Any migratory neural crest cell that is part of a cardiac neural crest.


splenocyte

description: Any leukocyte that is part of a spleen.


anterior visceral endoderm cell

description: Any endodermal cell that is part of a anterior visceral endoderm.


hindlimb stylopod vein endothelial cell

description: Any vein endothelial cell that is part of a hindlimb stylopod.


name: skeletal muscle tissue of pectoralis major striated muscle cell

description: Any striated muscle cell that is part of a skeletal muscle tissue of pectoralis major.


placental pericyte

description: Any pericyte cell that is part of a placenta.


name: mesenchymal stem cell of femoral bone marrow

description: Any mesenchymal stem cell of the bone marrow that is part of a femur.


name: mesenchymal stem cell of abdominal adipose tissue

description: Any mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue that is part of an abdomen.


melanocyte of skin of face

description: Any melanocyte of skin that is part of a skin of face.


name: hair follicle dermal papilla cell of scalp

description: Any hair follicle dermal papilla cell that is part of a scalp.


conjunctiva goblet cell

description: Any goblet cell that is part of a conjunctiva.


mononuclear cell of umbilical cord

description: Any mononuclear cell that is part of a umbilical cord.


neocortex basket cell

description: Any basket cell that is part of a neocortex.


name: dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation basket cell

description: Any basket cell that is part of a dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation.


Ammon's horn basket cell

description: Any basket cell that is part of a Ammon's horn.


dentate gyrus granule cell

description: A granule cell that has soma location in the dentate gyrus cell layer of the hippocampal formation and has an elliptical cell body and characteristic cone-shaped tree of spiny apical dendrites. The branches extend throughout the molecular layer and the distal tips of the dendritic tree end just at the hippocampal fissure or at the ventricular surface. The dentate gyrus granule cell is the principal cell type of the dentate gyrus.


name: dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation stellate cell

description: Any stellate cell that is part of a dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation.


name: endometrial microvascular endothelial cell

description: Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a endometrial blood vessel.


hair follicular keratinocyte

description: Any keratinocyte that is part of a hair follicle.


bronchus fibroblast of lung

description: Any fibroblast of lung that is part of a bronchus.


name: nasal cavity respiratory epithelium epithelial cell of viscerocranial mucosa

description: Any epithelial cell of viscerocranial mucosa that is part of a nasal cavity respiratory epithelium.


cord blood hematopoietic stem cell

description: Any hematopoietic stem cell that is part of a umbilical cord blood.


name: fibroblast of the reticular layer of dermis

description: Any fibroblast that is part of a reticular layer of dermis.


midbrain dopaminergic neuron

description: Any dopaminergic neuron that is part of a midbrain.


ciliated epithelial cell of esophagus

description: A ciliated epithelial cell of the esophagus.


Hofbauer cell

description: A tissue-resident macrophage that is part of the placenta. A Hofbauer cell expresses high levels of growth factors and metalloproteinases that support vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, branching morphogenesis and tissue remodeling. A Hofbauer cell has a fetal origin and is present throughout pregnancy.


sympathetic noradrenergic neuron

description: Sympathetic noradrenergic neuron.


sympathetic cholinergic neuron

description: Sympathetic cholinergic neuron.


peripheral sensory neuron

description: Peripheral sensory neuron.


fibroblast of breast

description: A fibroblast that is part of the breast.


fibroblast of skin of scalp

description: A fibroblast that is part of the skin of scalp.


beta motor neuron

description: A motor neuron that innervates both intrafusal and extrafusal muscle fibers. Low abundancy. They control both muscle contraction and responsiveness of the sensory feedback from muscle spindles.


static beta motor neuron

description: A beta motor neuron that innervates nuclear chain fibers.


dynamic beta motor neuron

description: A beta motor neuron that innervates the nuclear bag fibers of muscle spindles.


nuclear chain fiber

description: A type of intrafusal muscle fiber that has nuclei arranged in a linear row. Unlike nuclear bag fibers, the equatorial region of these fibers (in the centre of the spindle) is not expanded. These fibers are responsible for the detection of changes in muscle length. They are innervated by static gamma motor neurons and are principally associated with type II sensory fibers.


nuclear bag fiber

description: A type of intrafusal muscle fiber that lies in the center of a muscle spindle. Nuclei are clustered centrally and give the equatorial region a swollen appearance. They are associated with associated with dynamic gamma motor neurons, and the stretching of the equatorial region of the nuclear bag fibers results in an increase in the firing rate of type Ia sensory fibers.


dynamic nuclear bag fiber

description: A nuclear bag fiber that is sensitive mainly to the rate of change in muscle length.


static nuclear bag fiber

description: A nuclear bag fiber that is sensitive only changes in muscle length but not the rate of that change.


name: L2/3 bipolar vip GABAergic interneuron (Mmus)

description: A vip GABAergic cortical interneuron with bipolar morphology, with a soma found in L2/3. L2/3 bipolar vip cells have extending axons across all layers (with preferences for layers II/III and Va) and a dendritic tree that is vertically more restricted than deeper layer vip cells and extend fewer dendrites into the layers outside their home layer (location of soma). L2/3 bipolar vip cells have great variability in firing patterns, though most are continuous adapting. L2/3 bipolar vip cells are more depolarized in their resting state, had less fast rectification, and had smaller after hyperpolarization than deeper vip cells.


name: intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron

description: A glutamatergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that projects to structures of telencephalic origins.


name: extratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron

description: A glutamatergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that projects to structures not derived from telencephalon.


name: alpha7 GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mmus)

description: A GABAergic cortical interneuron that is strongly labelled for α7 nAChRs. These cells have soma found in L1 and have multipolar dendrites with vertically descending axonal collaterals that project deep into the column, usually branching and terminating in L5A.


lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron

description: A GABAergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses Lamp5


name: near-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron

description: A glutamatergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that projects axons locally rather than distantly.


name: corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron

description: A glutamatergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that projects to the thalamus.


L5 vip GABAergic interneuron (Mmus)

description: A vip GABAergic cortical interneuron with a soma found in L5. L5 vip cells have mostly local morphology with some deep-projecting axons. They show only moderate resistance, comparable to that of sst subclass and unlike typical Vip subclass cells that tend to show high input resistance. L5 vip cells show particularly low resting membrane potential.


sncg GABAergic cortical interneuron

description: A GABAergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses Gamma-synuclein


vip GABAergic cortical interneuron

description: A GABAergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses vasoactive intestinal polypeptide


sst GABAergic cortical interneuron

description: A GABAergic neuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses somatostatin (sst)


pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron

description: A GABAergic interneuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses Parvalbumin.


name: L5/6 cck, vip GABAergic interneuron (Mmus)

description: A vip GABAergic cortical interneuron that expresses cck. L5/6 cck cells have soma found mainly in L5 and L6 and have large axonal arborization.


dynamic gamma motor neuron

description: A gamma motor neuron that innervates dynamic nuclear bag fibers (bag1 fibers) and enhances the sensitivities of Ia sensory neurons. They alter muscle spindle sensitivity and increases its discharge in response to velocity of muscle length (rather than just magnitude).


static gamma motor neuron

description: A gamma motor neuron that innervates static nuclear bag fibers (bag2 fibers) and increases their firing, in response to an increase in the magnitude of change in length, and controls the static sensitivity of the stretch reflex.


name: canopy lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mmus)

description: A Lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron that has extended axons in the surface of L1. Canopy Lamp5 cells resemble neurogliaform cells in having elongated horizontal axonal arbors largely confined to L1; but the dendritic arbors are wider and have fewer branches, while the axon is less tortuous and extends further from the soma


name: L5,6 neurogliaform lamp5 GABAergic interneuron (Mmus)

description: A lamp 5 GABAergic cortical interneuron with neurogliaform morphology with a soma found in L5,6. L5,6 NGC lamp5 have deep afterhyperpolarization (AHP) but narrow action potentials (APs). Unlike other deep neurogliaform cells (which are caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE) derived), L5,6 NGC lamp5 cells are medial ganglionic eminence (MGE)-derived


name: neurogliaform lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mmus)

description: A lamp5 GABAergic cortical interneuron with layer-adapting morphology. NGC lamp5 cells have a small round soma, short dendrites, and a wide dense axonal arbor that tends to establish a dense axonal mesh with high connection probability both to themselves and L2 pyramidal cells. NGC lamp5 cells have unique synaptic properties that distinguish them from other GABAergic interneurons, including the release of GABA to the extracellular space via volume transmission, and the ability to produce GABA-B responses in connected postsynaptic targets.


name: long-range projecting sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mmus)

description: A sst GABAergic cortical interneuron that is both an interneuron and a projecting neuron. They are found in all layers from upper L2/3 down to the bottom of L6. They have long-range projections, some with axons fading into white matter. These cells have low rebound potential, low hyperpolarization sag, and high variability in membrane time constant.


direct pathway medium spiny neuron

description: A medium spiny neuron that expresses dopamine type 1 receptors and projects to the globus pallidus internus or the substantia nigra pars reticulata.


L5 sst T-Martinotti interneuron (Mmus)

description: A sst GABAergic cortical interneuron with a soma found in L5 and possesses 'T-shaped' Martinotti morphologies with local axonal plexus in L5a and translaminar axons restricted to the uppermost part of L1. They show low-threshold spiking patterns with strong rebound firing, and inhibit the L1 apical tuft of nearby pyramidal cells.


name: L5 non-Martinotti sst GABAergic interneuron (Mmus)

description: A sst GABAergic cortical interneuron with a soma found in lower L5 with mostly local axonal arborization but with some sparse ascending axons. L5 non-Martinotti sst cells show somatic localization and local axon plexus in L5b and L5b/6 and substantial innervation of L3 and L4, and receive thalamic input from the ventral posteromedial nucleus and specifically target L4 neurons, avoiding L5 pyramidal cells. L5 non-Martinotti sst cells tend to show a higher input resistance and seem to be less stuttering.


indirect pathway medium spiny neuron

description: A medium spiny neuron that expresses dopamine type 2 receptors and projects to the external globus pallidus.


name: L2/3/5 fan Martinotti sst GABAergic interneuron (Mmus)

description: A sst GABAergic cortical interneuron that has "fanning-out' Martinotti morphology that is found in layer 2/3/5 of the cerebral cortex. They have local axon arbor and long ascending axons that spreads horizontally and arborizes significantly in L1.


L4 sst Martinotti interneuron (Mmus)

description: A sst GABAergic cortical interneuron with a soma found in lower L2/3 and upper 5, L4 Sst cells have Martinotti morphology with ascending axons but denser local axons and sparser ‘fanning-out’ projections to L1. L4 sst cells have smaller membrane time constant to calb2 (L2/3/5 fan Martinotti Cell) and non-zero afterdepolarization (ADP).


OFF retinal ganglion cell

description: A retinal ganglion cell that is depolarized by decreased illumination of their receptive field center.


name: lateral ganglionic eminence derived neuron

description: A neuron that is derived from a precursor cell in the lateral ganglion eminence.


name: chandelier pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron

description: A pvalb GABAergic cortical interneuron that is recognizable by the straight terminal axonal 'cartridges' of vertically oriented strings of synaptic boutons. Chandelier PV cells' boutons target exclusively the axon initial segment (AIS) of pyramidal cells, with a single cell innervating hundreds of pyramidal cells in a clustered manner.


L6b glutamatergic cortical neuron

description: A glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 6b. They are transcriptomically related to corticothalamic-projecting neurons but have differential projections to the thalamus or anterior cingulate.


amygdala excitatory neuron

description: Any neuron that has its soma located in some amygdala and is capable of some glutamate secretion, neurotransmission.


name: L2/3-6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron

description: An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layers L2/3-6.


name: L5 extratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron

description: A glutamatergic neuron, with a soma found in the deeper portion of L5, that has long-range axonal projections including deep subcortical targets outside of the telencephalon and, in some cases, the spinal cord. While the L5 ET neuron projections are not limited to ET targets, they are clearly differentiated from the neuron subclasses whose projections are constrained to intratelencephalic (IT) targets.  L5 ET neurons are generally the largest excitatory cortical neurons, typically having a thick apical dendrite with a prominent dendritic tuft in layer 1 and displaying burst-firing physiological characteristics.


name: L6 corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron

description: A corticothalamic-projecting neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 6.


name: L5/6 near-projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex

description: A near-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in layer 5/6 of the primary motor cortex.


name: non-medulla, extratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex

description: An extratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron located in layer 5b of the primary motor cortex that does not project to the medulla. Non-MY ET cells are large, big-tufted cells with the apical dendrite often bifurcating close to the soma, suggesting they are corticospinal cells. Non-MY ET cells have bigger hyperpolarization sag, lower input resistance, and smaller AP width, compared to L5 IT neurons.


name: medulla-projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex

description: An extratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron located in layer 5b of the primary motor cortex that projects to the medulla. MY ET cells are large, big-tufted cells with the apical dendrite often bifurcating close to the soma, suggesting they are corticospinal cells. MY ET cells have bigger hyperpolarization sag, lower input resistance, and smaller AP width, compared to L5 IT neurons.


name: L6b glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex

description: An excitatory glutamatergic neuron transcriptomically related to the CT subclass, with a soma preferentially located in the bottom of L6 of the primary motor cortex.


name: L2/3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex

description: An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 2/3 of the primary motor cortex.


name: L4/5 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex

description: An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic with a soma located in upper L5 of the primary motor cortex. These cells have thin untufted apical dendrites.


name: L5 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex

description: An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in L5 of the primary motor cortex.


name: L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex

description: An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in L6 of the primary motor cortex. These cells are short untufted pyramidal cells, which could be stellate or inverted.


vascular leptomeningeal cell

description: A type of mesothelial fibroblast that is derived from the neural crest, is localized on blood vessels, and is a key component of the pia and arachnoid membranes surrounding the brain.


Betz upper motor neuron

description: A Betz cell that synapses with lower motor neurons directly.


spinal interneuron synapsing Betz cell

description: A Betz cell that syanpses with spinal interneurons.


mesothelial fibroblast

description: A mesothelial cell that has undergone mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT) to become a fibroblast cell.


name: corticothalamic VAL/VM projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex

description: A corticothalamic-projecting glutamatergic neuron that is located in L6 and lower L5 of the primary motor cortex, with a pyramidal morphology and mostly untufted apical dendrites terminating in midcortical layers. CT VAL/VM (ventroanterior-ventrolateral complex/ventromedial nucleus) cells have a near tonic firing pattern and are distinguished from L6 IT neurons by a lower inter-spike interval adaptation index.


vascular leptomeningeal cell (Mmus)

description: A type of mouse mesothelial fibroblast that is derived from the neural crest, is localized on blood vessels, and is a key component of the pia and arachnoid membranes surrounding the brain.


name: cerebellar inhibitory GABAergic interneuron

description: Any GABAergic interneuron that has its soma located in some cerebellar cortex.


name: mesothelial fibroblast of the leptomeninx

description: A mesothelial fibroblast found in the leptomeninx.


description: An oligodendrocyte precursor cell that is committed to differentiate.


hippocampal CA1-3 neuron

description: A neuron that has its soma located in CA1-3 of the hippocampus.


hippocampal CA4 neuron

description: A neuron that has its soma located in CA4 of the hippocampus.


dentate gyrus neuron

description: A neuron with its soma located in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.


name: medial ganglionic eminence derived interneuron

description: An interneuron that is derived from the medial ganglionic eminence.


name: caudal ganglionic eminence derived interneuron

description: An interneuron that is derived from the caudal ganglionic eminence.


name: meis2 expressing cortical GABAergic cell

description: A GABAergic cell located in the cerebral cortex that expresses meis2.


horizontal pyramidal neuron

description: A pyramidal neuron which has an apical tree which is oriented parallel to the pia. This is unlike typical pyramidal neurons which have its apical dendrite aligned vertically.


thalamic excitatory neuron

description: An excitatory neuron that has its soma located in the thalamic complex.


name: medial ganglionic eminence derived GABAergic cortical interneuron

description: A GABAergic cortical interneuron that develops from the medial ganglionic eminence and has migrated to the cerebral cortex.


L5/6 cck GABAergic interneuron (Mmus)

description: A GABAergic cortical interneuron that expresses cck. L5/6 cck cells have soma found mainly in L5 and L6 and have large axonal arborization.


brain vascular cell

description: A cell that is part of the brain vasculature.


mammillary body neuron

description: A neuron that has its soma located in the mammillary body.


L6 th sst GABAergic interneuron (Mmus)

description: A sst GABAergic cortical interneuron found in L6 that expresses tyrosine hydroxylase. L6 Th+ SST cells have mostly local axonal arborization within L6.


Martinotti neuron

description: An interneuron that has Martinotti morphology. These interneurons are scattered throughout various layers of the cerebral cortex, sending their axons up to the cortical layer I where they form axonal arborization.


bitufted neuron

description: A type of interneuron that has two clusters of dendritic branches that originate directly from the soma and extend in opposite directions and axons that form a plexus which spreads widely. Compared to bipolar neurons, bitufted neurons have branching that occur close to the soma.


midbrain-derived inhibitory neuron

description: A GABAergic inhibitory neuron that is derived from the midbrain.


name: stellate L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (Mmus)

description: a L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex that has stellate pyramidal morphology.


name: inverted L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex (Mmus)

description: a L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron of the primary motor cortex that has inverted pyramidal morphology.


chandelier cell

description: A GABAergic interneuron that selectively innervates the axon initial segment of pyramidal cells. Their local axonal clusters are formed by high-frequency branching at shallow angles, often ramifying around, above or below their somata with a high bouton density. The characteristic terminal portions of the axon form short vertical rows of boutons, resembling the candlesticks and candles of a chandelier. Chandelier cells can be multipolar or bitufted.


T Martinotti neuron

description: A Martinotti neuron that has axons that form a horizontal ramification, making it T-shaped.


fan Martinotti neuron

description: A Martinotti neuron that has axons that form a fan-like plexus.


large basket cell

description: A basket cell that is large, and typically ascends to give rise to many long horizontally and vertically projecting axon collaterals that traverse neighboring columns and can extend through all cortical layers.


nest basket cell

description: A basket cell which has simpler dendritic arbors (compared to small or large basket cells), and an axonal plexus of intermediate density, composed of a few long, smooth axonal branches.


small basket cell

description: A basket cell with axonal arbors composed of frequent, short, curvy axonal branches that tend to be near their somata and within the same layer.


inverted pyramidal neuron

description: A pyramidal neuron which has an apical tree which is oriented towards the white matter.


stellate pyramidal neuron

description: A pyramidal neuron which lacks a tuft formation but extends small radial distances forming a star-like shape.


tufted pyramidal neuron

description: A pyramidal neuron which has a distinctive tuft formation, distal from the soma.


untufted pyramidal neuron

description: A pyramidal neuron which lacks a clear tuft formation but extends to large radial distances.


arachnoid barrier cell

description: A mesothelial fibroblast of the arachnoid barrier layer. Arachnoid barrier cells make up the tight-junctioned layer in the leptomeninx that functions as the physiologic barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space and the fenestrated capillaries in the dura.


reticulospinal neuron

description: A neuron with soma location in the reticular formation with axons that extend into the spinal cord such. Reticulospinal neuron activity can lead to a variety of motor behaviors.


oxytocin-secreting magnocellular cell

description: A magnocellular neurosecretory cell that is capable of producing and secreting oxytocin.


description: A magnocellular neurosecretory cell that is capable of producing and secreting vasopressin.


amygdala pyramidal neuron

description: A pyramidal neuron with soma located in the amygdala.


cerebral cortex pyramidal neuron

description: A pyramidal neuron with soma located in the cerebral cortex.


vestibular afferent neuron

description: An afferent neuron of the vestibular system that innervate the base of the hair cell and increase or decrease their neural firing rate as the receptor cell is excited or inhibited.


bouton vestibular afferent neuron

description: A vestibular afferent neuron that makes bouton synapses to type II hair cells.


calyx vestibular afferent neuron

description: A vestibular afferent neuron which posseses a unique postsynaptic terminal, the calyx, which completely covers the basolateral walls of type I hair cells and receives input from multiple ribbon synapses.


type 1 spiral ganglion neuron

description: A spiral ganglion neuron that innervates inner hair cells. Type 1 spiral ganglion neurons are myelinated and bipolar.


type 2 spiral ganglion neuron

description: A spiral ganglion neuron that innervates outer hair cells. Type 1 spiral ganglion neurons are unmyelinated and unipolar.


name: L5/6 non-Martinotti sst GABAergic interneuron (Mmus)

description: A sst GABAergic interneuron does not have Martinotti morphology with a soma found in L5/6 of the cerebral cortex.


displaced amacrine cell

description: A L2/3 pvalb-like sst GABAergic cortical interneuron (Mus musculus) that has basket morphology.


cochlea auditory hair cell

description: An auditory hair cell found in the cochlea.


name: sst chodl GABAergic cortical interneuron

description: A sst GABAergic cortical interneuron that also expresses Chodl. These neurons are rare and correspond to the only known cortical interneurons with long-range projection.


name: oxytocin receptor sst GABAergic cortical interneuron

description: An interneuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses the oxytocin receptor. These interneurons also express somatostatin.


hypothalamus kisspeptin neuron

description: A kisspeptin neuron that is located in the hypothalamus. These neurons project to and activate gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurons (acting via the kisspeptin receptor) in the hypothalamus and stimulate the secretion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone.


dentate gyrus kisspeptin neuron

description: A kisspeptin neuron that is located in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus.


KNDy neuron

description: A hypothalamus kisspeptin neuron that coexpresses kisspeptin, neurokinin B and dynorphin.


name: arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus KNDy neuron

description: a KNDy neuron that is located in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.


name: rostral periventricular region of the third ventricle KNDy neuron

description: a KNDy neuron that is located in the rostral periventricular region of the third ventricle.


retinoblast

description: A retinal cell that is immature or undifferentiated.


kisspeptin neuron

description: A neuron that expresses kisspeptin. These neurons are predominantly located in the hypothalamus, but also found in other parts of the brain including the hippocampal dentate gyrus.


myelinating glial cell

description: A glial cell that myelinates axonal processes.


name: octopus cell of the mammalian cochlear nucleus

description: A neuron in the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus that is distinguished by their long, thick and tentacle-shaped dendrites that typically emanate from one side of the cell body.


double bouquet cell

description: An interneuron that has double bouquet morphology.


cartwheel cell

description: A neuron of the dorsal cochlear nucleus with spiny dendrites that receive input from the axons of granule cells and with axons that release GABA and glycine onto cartwheel, pyramidal and giant cell targets.


unipolar brush cell

description: An excitatory glutamatergic interneuron found in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex and also in the granule cell domain of the cochlear nucleus. Unipolar brush cells have a round or oval cell body with usually a single short dendrite that ends in a brush-like tuft of short dendrites unique to them known as dendrioles.


bushy cell

description: A neuron found in the anterior part of the ventral cochlear nucleus that has the appearance of bushes, having short dendrites. Bushy cells give outputs to different parts of the superior olivary complex.


spherical bushy cell

description: A bushy cell that receives only few large excitatory endbulb synapses from auditory nerves. Spherical bush cells give excitatory input to the lateral and medial parts of the superior olive.


globular bushy cell

description: A bushy cell that receives a large number of medium-sized synapses, called modified endbulbs. Globular bushy cells extend to the superior olive on both sides of the brainstem where they give input to the bipolar neurons.


somatosensory neuron

description: A neuron that is part of the somatic sensory system. Somatosensory neurons innervate the skin or integument to detect different types of thermal, chemical, and mechanical touch stimuli.


trigeminal neuron

description: A neuron that is responsible for sensation in the face or motor functions such as biting and chewing. Trigeminal neurons extend a single axon shaft along the lateral white matter of the hindbrain and spinal cord. The highly branched axons innervate the integument of the head.


trigeminal sensory neuron

description: A trigeminal neuron that is responsible for sensation in the face.


trigeminal motor neuron

description: A trigeminal neuron that is responsible for motor functions such as biting and chewing.


hypendymal cell

description: A neurecto-epithelial cell that is part of the basal layer of the subcommissural organ and specializes in the secretion of proteins into the subarachnoid space. Hypendymal cells have similar characteristics to ependymal cells and express SCO-spondin.


koniocellular cell

description: A neuron with a small cell body that is located in a koniocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).


midget ganglion cell of retina

description: A retinal ganglion cell that originate in the ganglion cell layer of the retina, and project to the parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). These cells are known as midget retinal ganglion cells due to the small sizes of their dendritic trees and cell bodies.


parasol ganglion cell of retina

description: A retinal ganglion cell located in the ganglion cell layer of the retina. This cell projects to magnocellular cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). They have large cell bodies and extensive, branching dendritic networks that contribute to their large receptive fields.


pulmonary capillary endothelial cell

description: Any capillary endothelial cell that is part of a lung.


name: alveolar capillary type 1 endothelial cell

description: An alveolar capillary endothelial cell that is located distally to alveolar capillary type 2 endothelial cells.


name: alveolar capillary type 2 endothelial cell

description: An alveolar capillary endothelial cell that is located proximally to alveolar capillary type 1 endothelial cells and in close apposition to alveolar type 1 epithelial cells (also known as type I pneumocytes).


alveolar type 1 fibroblast cell

description: A pulmonary interstitial fibroblast that is part of the alveolus and contains lipid droplets.


alveolar type 2 fibroblast cell

description: A pulmonary interstitial fibroblast that is part of the alveolus and localizes to vascular adventitia.


gamete-nursing cell

description: A cell that supports the development of a gamete by providing it cytoplasmic material (including entire organelles) by direct cross-membrane channels (del Pino, 2021).


germline-derived nurse cell

description: A gamete-nursing cell that derives from a germline cell (del Pino, 2021).


somatic nurse-like cell

description: A gamete-nursing cell that derives from the somatic tissues of the gonad (del Pino, 2021).


choroidal melanocyte

description: A melanocyte located in the vascular uvea and involved in photoprotection, regulation of oxidative damage and immune responses.


stromal cell of thymus

description: A stromal cell that is part of the thymus.


name: effector memory CD45RA-positive, alpha-beta T cell, terminally differentiated

description: An alpha-beta memory T cell with the phenotype CD45RA-positive.


interstitial cell of thymus

description: A cell that makes up the loose connective tissue of the thymus.


thymic nurse cell

description: A large epithelial cell found in the thymus. This cell type may internalize thymocytes through extensions of plasma membrane. The cell surface and cytoplasmic vacuoles of a thymic nurse cell express MHC Class I and MHC Class II antigens. The interaction of these antigens with a developing thymocyte determines whether the thymocyte undergoes positive or negative selection.


name: kidney collecting duct beta-intercalated cell

description: A renal beta-intercalated cell that is part of the cortical collecting duct. The medullary collecting duct does not contain the renal beta-intercalated cell type.


name: fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell

description: An epithelial cell that is part of the fallopian tube epithelium that secretes mucous fluid and oviduct-specific products through the stimulation of estrogen and luteinizing hormone. The fallopian tube secretory cell has approximately the same height as the ciliated cell and is usually a more narrow columnar cell. The nucleus is ovoid and perpendicular to the long axis of the cell. The chromatin is more dense and the nucleolus smaller than that seen in the ciliated cell.


fallopian tube ciliated cell

description: An epithelial ciliated cell that is part of the fallopian tube. This cell type is found mainly on the apex of the mucosal folds and contributes, together with peristaltic contractions, to the self-propulsion of spermatozoa, the transport of ovum during ovulation and the transport of the fertilized ovum to the intramural fallopian tube. A fallopian tube ciliated cell has a columnar shape and contains an oval or round nucleus, often located perpendicular or parallel to the long axis of the cell.


pronephric podocyte

description: A specialized epithelial cell that contains "feet" that interdigitate with the "feet" of other glomerular epithelial cells in the pronephros.


name: epithelial cell of proximal tubule segment 1

description: Epithelial cell that is part of segment 1 (S1) of the proximal tubule epithelium.


name: epithelial cell of proximal tubule segment 2

description: Epithelial cell that is part of segment 2 (S2) of the proximal tubule epithelium.


name: epithelial cell of proximal tubule segment 3

description: Epithelial cell that is part of segment 3 (S3) of the proximal tubule epithelium.


name: kidney loop of Henle short descending thin limb epithelial cell

description: Epithelial cell of the descending thin limb of the short loop (cortical) nephron limited to the outer medulla (mainly inner strip). It is known in some mammalian species that the short descending limb of the loop of Henle selectively expresses the serine protease Corin, the homeobox TF Uncx, and the urea channel Slc14a2.


name: kidney loop of Henle long descending thin limb outer medulla epithelial cell

description: Epithelial cell of the descending thin limb of the long loop (juxtamedullary) nephron that spans the outer medulla (inner stripe). It is known in some mammalian species that the long descending limb of the loop of Henle in the outer medulla selectively expresses the secreted activin-antagonist protein follistatin (Fst), the GPI-linked adhesion protein Cdh13, and the protein kinase Stk32a.


name: kidney loop of Henle long descending thin limb inner medulla epithelial cell

description: Epithelial cell of the descending thin limb of the long loop (juxtamedullary) nephron that spans the inner medulla. It is known in some mammalian species that the long descending limb of the loop of Henle in the inner medulla selectively expresses the nuclear receptor Nr2e3, the Ig kappa chain Igkc, and the secreted protein dermokine (Dmkn). SLC14A2, which expresses a urea transporter, is also expressed in the inner medulla.


name: kidney collecting duct alpha-intercalated cell

description: A renal alpha-intercalated cell that is part of the collecting duct of the renal tubule.


name: epithelial cell of early distal convoluted tubule

description: An epithelial cell located in the early distal convoluted tubule.


name: epithelial cell of late distal convoluted tubule

description: An epithelial cell located in the late distal convoluted tubule.


kidney connecting tubule principal cell

description: A renal principal cell located in the connecting tubule.


name: kidney connecting tubule intercalated cell

description: A renal intercalated cell that is part of the renal connecting tubule.


name: kidney connecting tubule alpha-intercalated cell

description: A renal alpha-intercalated cell that is part of the renal connecting tubule.


name: kidney connecting tubule beta-intercalated cell

description: A renal beta-intercalated cell that is part of the renal connecting tubule.


renal medullary fibroblast

description: A fibroblast that is located in the renal medulla interstitium.


respiratory hillock cell

description: A hillock cell that is located in respiratory epithelium. In some mammalian species, this cell type has been noted to express KRT13 and KRT4 and is postulated to play a role in squamous barrier function and immunomodulation.


hillock cell

description: An epithelial, transitional cell type between basal and secretory; located in stratified, non-ciliated structures (called hillocks) with high cell turnover in epithelium. In some mammalian species, this cell type has been noted to express KRT13 and is postulated to play a role in squamous barrier function and immunomodulation.


renal cortical fibroblast

description: A fibroblast that is located in the renal cortical interstitium.


name: BEST4+ intestinal epithelial cell, human

description: An absorptive epithelial cell of the human intestine expressing bestrophin-4 (BEST4) calcium-activated ion channels.


GABAergic amacrine cell

description: An amacrine cell that uses GABA as a neurotransmitter.


glycinergic amacrine cell

description: An amacrine cell that uses glycine as a neurotransmitter.


blood lymphocyte

description: A lymphocyte located in blood.


peripheral blood lymphocyte

description: A blood lymphocyte located in the flowing, circulating blood of the body.


interstitial cell

description: Any cell that is located within the interstitium between the cells most prominent in defining a given tissue. "Interstitial cell" is a morphological term and refers to a variety of cells with differing origins and phenotypes.


valve interstitial cell

description: An interstitial cell that is part of a cardiac valve leaflet. Along with valve endothelial cells, a valve interstitial cell maintains tissue homeostasis for the function of cardiac valves through secreting biochemical signals, matrix proteins and matrix remodeling enzymes.


valve endothelial cell

description: An endothelial cell that lines a surface of a cardiac valve leaflet. Along with valve interstitial cells, a valve endothelial cell maintains tissue homeostasis for the function of cardiac valves through secreting biochemical signals, matrix proteins and matrix remodeling enzymes.


respiratory ciliated cell

description: A ciliated cell of the respiratory system. Ciliated cells are present in airway epithelium.


dental pulp stem cell

description: A dental pulp cell that possesses stem-cell-like qualities, including self-renewal capability and multi-lineage differentiation.


early spermatid

description: A spermatid in an early stage of maturation that has a round morphology and is transcriptionally active.


late spermatid

description: A spermatid in a late stage of maturation that has an elongated morphology and is transcriptionally inert when the acrosome is fully developed.


name: CD24-positive, CD-133-positive, vimentin-positive proximal tubular cell

description: A CD24-positive, CD-133-positive, vimentin-positive cell found scattered throughout a renal proximal tubule and that may participate in tubular regeneration. Compared to other proximal tubular cell types, this cell contains less cytoplasm, fewer mitochondria and no brush border.


von Economo neuron

description: An extratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic cortical neuron that is morphologically-defined with a large, spindle-shaped cell body, thick bipolar dendrites with limited branching and a moderate density of spines, and often an axon initial segment that emanates from the side of the cell body. This cell type is associated with markers POU3F, BMP3 and ITGA4.


endometrial ciliated epithelial cell

description: A ciliated cell of the endometrial epithelium. The cilia of this cell type help move mucus from glandular tissue of the endometrium.


name: luminal endometrial ciliated epithelial cell

description: A ciliated cell of the endometrial luminal epithelium.


name: glandular endometrial ciliated epithelial cell

description: A ciliated cell of the endometrial glandular epithelium.


matrix D1 medium spiny neuron

description: A DRD1-expressing medium spiny neuron that is part of a matrix compartment of dorsal striatum.


matrix D2 medium spiny neuron

description: A DRD2-expressing medium spiny neuron that is part of a matrix compartment of dorsal striatum.


striosomal D1 medium spiny neuron

description: A DRD1-expressing medium spiny neuron that is part of a striosome of dorsal striatum.


striosomal D2 medium spiny neuron

description: A DRD2-expressing medium spiny neuron that is part of a striosome of dorsal striatum.


D1/D2-hybrid medium spiny neuron

description: A medium spiny neuron that expresses both DRD1 and DRD2 and is part of an extra-striosomal part of dorsal striatum.


name: nucleus accumbens shell and olfactory tubercle D1 medium spiny neuron

description: A DRD1-expressing medium spiny neuron that is part of a nucleus accumbens shell or olfactory tubercle.


name: nucleus accumbens shell and olfactory tubercle D2 medium spiny neuron

description: A DRD2-expressing medium spiny neuron that is part of a nucleus accumbens shell or olfactory tubercle.


Island of Calleja granule cell

description: A DRD1-expressing, medium spiny neuron-like granule cell that is part of an Island of Calleja.


name: RXFP1-positive interface island D1-medium spiny neuron

description: A DRD1-expressing medium spiny neuron that is part of dense, RXFP1-positive cell islands throughout the nucleus accumbens, putamen, and near the adjacent septal nuclei.


intermediate cell of urothelium

description: A urothelial cell that is part of the regenerative layer(s) of cells directly superficial to basal cells in urothelium. The layer of intermediate cells in the urothelium ranges from one to several layers thick depending on the species with intermediate cells attached to adjacent cell layers and one another via desmosomes.


umbrella cell of urothelium

description: A urothelial cell that is terminally differentiated and part of the urothelial apical surface that forms the high-resistance barrier of urothelium. Umbrella cells have been described as the largest of urothelial cell types, highly polarized, and, in some species, multinucleated. In the relaxed state, these cells form a dome-shaped structure at the apical pole and can also cover multiple underlying intermediate cells, leading to the name umbrella cells. In contrast, these cells flatten when the bladder is filled.


eccentric medium spiny neuron

description: A medium spiny neuron that exhibits transcriptional divergence from direct and indirect spiny projection neurons, for example, enrichment in Casz1, Otof, Cacng5 and Pcdh8 noted in mice. Whilst in general medium spiny neurons have been found to be differentially distributed across the basal ganglia, the eccentric medium spiny neuron cell type has been found to be more evenly distributed throughout cerebral nuclei.


TCR-positive macrophage

description: A macrophage that expresses the T cell receptor complex at the cell surface.


name: L2/3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron

description: A transcriptomically distinct intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found between cortical layer 2-4. This intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron has thin-tufted apical dendrites and extends its axonal projection into L5 in the neocortex. This neuronal type has a hyperpolarised resting membrane potential. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: IT-projecting excitatory neurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', clusters L2/3 IT.


name: L2 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron

description: An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 2.


name: L3 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron

description: An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 3.


name: L4/5 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron

description: An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic with a soma located in cortical layer 4/5.


name: L4 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron

description: A transcriptomically distinct intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 3-4. This neuron type can have a pyramidal, star-pyramidal or spiny stellate morphology and projects its output to L2/3 and L5A/B. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: IT-projecting excitatory neurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', L4 IT.


name: L5 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron

description: An intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 5. The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: IT-projecting excitatory neurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', L5 IT.


name: L6 intratelencephalic projecting glutamatergic neuron

description: A transcriptomically distinct intratelencephalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in L6 of the primary motor cortex. These cells are short untufted pyramidal cells, which could be stellate or inverted.  The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: IT-projecting excitatory neurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_subclass', L6 IT.


ureteric bud cell

description: An epithelial cell that is part of a ureteric bud. A ureteric bud cell has the potential to induce metanephric mesenchymal cells to proliferate and convert to epithelia that form renal tubules via: (1) the secretion of multiple diffusible growth factors that rescue renal progenitors from apoptosis and stimulate them to proliferate and (2) contact-dependent mechanisms that induce mesenchymal-epithelial conversion.


name: L5/6 near-projecting glutamatergic neuron

description: A near-projecting glutamatergic neuron with a soma found in cortical layer 5/6.


name: L6 intratelencephalic projecting Car3 glutamatergic neuron

description: A transcriptomically distinct intratelencepalic-projecting glutamatergic neuron that expresses Car3 with a soma found in L6 . The standard transcriptomic reference data for this cell type can be found on the CellxGene census under the collection: 'Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization', dataset: 'Supercluster: IT-projecting excitatory neurons', Author Categories: 'CrossArea_cluster', L6 IT Car3.


name: club-like cell of the urethral epithelium

description: An epithelial cell of the urethra that has an expression profile similar to lung club cells. Club-like cells of the urethra epithelium are similar to lung club cells in their expression of SCGB1A1 and in their enrichment of immunomodulatory programs.


reelin GABAergic cortical interneuron

description: A GABAergic interneuron located in the cerebral cortex that expresses reelin (rln).


name: endothelial cell of venule of lymph node

description: A(n) endothelial cell that is part of a(n) venule of lymph node.


name: endothelial cell of arteriole of lymph node

description: A(n) endothelial cell that is part of a(n) arteriole of lymph node.


name: neuroendocrine cell of epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn

description: A(n) neuroendocrine cell that is part of a(n) epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn.


name: myoepithelial cell of bronchus submucosal gland

description: A(n) myoepithelial cell that is part of a(n) bronchus submucosal gland.


smooth muscle cell of taenia coli

description: A(n) smooth muscle cell that is part of a(n) taenia coli.


name: serous secreting cell of bronchus submucosal gland

description: A(n) serous secreting cell that is part of a(n) bronchus submucosal gland.


name: endothelial cell of efferent lymphatic vessel

description: A(n) endothelial cell that is part of a(n) efferent lymphatic vessel.


name: brush cell of epithelium of lobar bronchus

description: A(n) brush cell that is part of a(n) epithelium of lobar bronchus.


name: vein endothelial cell of respiratory system

description: A(n) vein endothelial cell that is part of a(n) respiratory system.


name: goblet cell of epithelium of lobar bronchus

description: A(n) goblet cell that is part of a(n) epithelium of lobar bronchus.


name: neuroendocrine cell of epithelium of lobar bronchus

description: A(n) neuroendocrine cell that is part of a(n) epithelium of lobar bronchus.


name: smooth muscle cell of large intestine smooth muscle circular layer

description: A(n) smooth muscle cell that is part of a(n) large intestine smooth muscle circular layer.


name: smooth muscle cell of large intestine smooth muscle longitudinal layer

description: A(n) smooth muscle cell that is part of a(n) large intestine smooth muscle longitudinal layer.


suprabasal keratinocyte

description: A keratinocyte of the epidermis suprabasal layer. This cell may express the differentiation markers keratin 10 and keratin 1.


peg cell

description: A small, narrow, peg-shaped epithelial cell with little cytoplasm that is part of oviduct epithelium. This cell is rarer than the ciliated and secretory epithelial cells of the fallopian tube epithelium and is often found intercalated between them. Peg cells are generally distributed basally along the epithelium and have been found in high concentrations at the fimbriated, distal end of the fallopian tube in humans. It may have a regenerative/stem-cell function. In humans, markers include EPCAM, CD44, and ITGA6.


retinal astrocyte

description: A star-shaped glial cell that is part of some retina. This cell links neurons to blood vessels and may provide structural and physiological support to optic nerve head axons.


secondary crest myofibroblast

description: A myofibroblast that is part of an alveoli during alveolarization. The contractile force of this cell elongates the secondary crest, while producing a framework of elastin and tenascin. During the maturation of the septa, secondary crest myofibroblasts, together with matrix fibroblasts, secrete metalloproteinases and other ECM‐remodeling proteins to thin the septal tip ECM. The secondary crest myofibroblast continues producing elastin, eventually undergoing apoptosis during adulthood.


bronchiolar smooth muscle cell

description: A smooth muscle cell that is part of a bronchiole.


lung megakaryocyte

description: A megakaryocyte that is resident in the lung connective tissue.


ON-blue cone bipolar cell

description: An ON bipolar cell type with dendrites selectively contacting S-cones.


mucus secreting cell of trachea gland

description: A mucus secreting cell that is part of a submucosal gland of the trachea.


myoepithelial cell of trachea gland

description: A myoepithelial cell that is part of a submucosal gland of the trachea.


name: mucus secreting cell of bronchus submucosal gland

description: A mucus secreting cell of a submucosal gland of the bronchus.


name: airway submucosal gland collecting duct epithelial cell

description: An epithelial cell that is part of a collecting duct of an airway submucosal gland.


airway submucosal gland duct basal cell

description: A basal cell that is part of a duct of an airway submucosal gland.


perichondrial fibroblast

description: A fibroblast that is part of the fibrous layer of the perichondrium. This cell is responsible for collagen fiber production.


lung perichondrial fibroblast

description: A perichondrial fibroblast that is part of the lung.


diffuse bipolar 1 cell

description: An OFF diffuse bipolar cell that makes synaptic contact with both L/M and S-cone photoreceptors and only minimal contact with rod photoreceptors.


diffuse bipolar 2 cell

description: An OFF diffuse bipolar cell that predominantly connects to ON parasol cells and lateral amacrine cells. This cell contains a large number of synaptic ribbons and a small axon arbor area.


diffuse bipolar 3a cell

description: An OFF calbindin-positive bipolar cell that has a large dendritic field and stratifies narrowly close to the middle of the inner plexiform layer. Its axon terminal is characterized by regularly branching and varicose processes resembling beads on a string. Most of DB3a contacts with cones are triad-associated.


diffuse bipolar 3b cell

description: An OFF calbindin-negative bipolar cell that has a large dendritic field and stratifies narrowly close to the middle of the inner plexiform layer. Its axon terminal is characterized by regularly branching and varicose processes resembling beads on a string. Most of DB3b contacts with cones are non-triad-associated.


diffuse bipolar 4 cell

description: An ON diffuse bipolar cell that predominantly connects to ON parasol cells and lateral amacrine cells.


diffuse bipolar 6 cell

description: An ON diffuse bipolar cell that has a large dendritic field and large axon terminals, which show little or no overlap. This cell predominantly connects to narrow thorny ganglion cells.


flat midget bipolar cell

description: An OFF bipolar cell with a small dendritic tree that provides most of the triad-associated basal (flat) contacts at cone pedicles.


invaginating midget bipolar cell

description: An ON bipolar cell with a small dendritic tree that forms most of the central (invaginating) elements opposite the synaptic ribbon at the cone triad.


giant bipolar cell

description: An ON bipolar cell that has large dendritic and axonal fields.


OFFx cell

description: An OFF bipolar cell that is fovea-specific and expresses FEZF1, NXPH1 and NXPH2.


name: mucus secreting cell of tracheobronchial tree submucosal gland

description: A mucus secreting cell of a submucosal gland of the tracheobronchial tree.


name: lung resident memory CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell

description: An alpha-beta CD4 T cell that resides in the lung.


name: lung resident memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell

description: An alpha-beta CD8 T cell that resides in the lung.


name: lung resident memory CD8-positive, CD103-positive, alpha-beta T cell

description: A lung resident memory CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell that is CD103-positive.


CCL3-positive alveolar macrophage

description: An alveolar macrophage that expresses CCL3.


description: An alveolar macrophage that expresses metallothionein.


lung interstitial macrophage

description: A macrophage that is part of the lung connective tissue (pulmonary interstitium). This cell performs tissue remodeling and contributes to barrier immunity through antigen presentation.


deuterosomal cell

description: An epithelial cell part of respiratory tract epithelium that is a precursor of a multi-ciliated cell. This cell actively amplifies centrioles, a required step for multiciliogenesis.


lung migratory dendritic cell

description: A dendritic cell that captures antigens in a lung and migrates to a lymph node or to the spleen to activate T cells.


ON midget ganglion cell

description: A midget ganglion cell that depolarizes in response to increased light intensity in the center of its receptive field. The majority of input that this cell receives comes from invaginating midget bipolar cells.


OFF midget ganglion cell

description: A midget ganglion cell that depolarizes in response to decreased light intensity in the center of its receptive field. The majority of input that this cell receives comes from flat midget bipolar cells.


respiratory suprabasal cell

description: A respiratory epithelial cell with topographic nuclear position in between the basal and luminal cell of the airway epithelium. This non-basal, intermediate cell has limited proliferative capacity, ultrastructural features of basal cells and no defined features of the typically differentiated cellular phenotypes.


taste receptor cell of tongue

description: A taste receptor cell that is part of a taste bud of a tongue.


catecholaminergic neuron

description: A neuron that releases catecholamine as a neurotransmitter.


OFF parasol ganglion cell

description: A parasol ganglion cell that depolarizes in response to decreased light intensity in the center of its receptive field. The majority of input that this cell receives comes from DB3a bipolar cells.


ON parasol ganglion cell

description: A parasol ganglion cell that depolarizes in response to increased light intensity in the center of its receptive field. The majority of input that this cell receives comes from DB4 bipolar cells.


name: small bistratified retinal ganglion cell

description: A bistratfied retinal ganglion cell with a small dendritic field that has dendrites in the ON and OFF sublamina of the retinal inner plexiform layer and carries blue-ON/yellow-OFF signals. This cell receives bipolar and amacrine input to both the OFF and ON dendritic tree.


perivascular cell

description: A cell that is adjacent to a vessel. A perivascular cell plays a crucial role in maintaining vascular function and tissue homeostasis. This cell type regulates vessel integrity and flow dynamics.


name: airway submucosal gland duct ciliated cell

description: A ciliated cell that is part of a ciliated duct of an airway submucosal gland.


onychocyte

description: A differentiated flat keratinocyte that is part of a nail plate. An onychocyte is firmly adherent and does not desquamate.


name: luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell of mammary gland

description: A luminal epithelial cell of the mammary gland that can proliferate and has the potential to differentiate into a lactocyte during pregnancy. In humans, a luminal adaptive secretory precursor cell can be identified by high levels of the markers EpCAM and CD49f, and in mice it can be identified by low levels of CD29 and high levels of CD14, Kit, CD61, and Tspan8.


name: luminal hormone-sensing cell of mammary gland

description: A luminal epithelial cell of the mammary gland that transduces endocrine cues to orchestrate proliferation, architectural remodeling, and differentiation of other cells in the mammary gland via paracrine signaling. This cell expresses high levels of estrogen receptors. In humans, a luminal hormone-sensing cell can be identified by high levels of EpCAM and low levels of CD49f, and in mice it can be identified by low levels of CD29 and high levels of Foxa1, CD133, and Sca1 (Ly6a).


lactocyte type 1

description: A lactocyte that highly expresses genes associated with transcription, immune cell function, and cellular stress. A lactocyte type 1 also expresses genes involved in milk component biosynthesis (e.g., LALBA and CSNs), albeit at lower levels than a lactocyte type 2.


lactocyte type 2

description: A lactocyte that highly expresses genes associated with lipid production and milk component biosynthesis.


name: endothelial cell of central vein of liver

description: An endothelial cell that is part of a central vein of liver.


description: A trophoblast cell that invades the uterine wall to anchor the placenta to the uterus. An interstitial extravillous trophoblast cell differentiates from an extravillous trophoblast cell, becoming hyperchromatic and changing its morphology to a fibroblast-like spindle-shaped cell. In humans, this cell can be distinguished by the expression of placental-specific protein 8, which stimulates migration.


description: A trophoblast cell that invades the maternal spiral arteries and replace the endothelial lining, remodeling the vessels and allowing for adequate blood transport into the placenta. An endovascular extravillous trophoblast cell differentiates from an extravillous trophoblast cell. In humans, this cell can be distinguished by the expression of CD56.


uterine resident macrophage

description: A tissue-resident macrophage that is part of the uterus.


preplasmablast

description: A mature B cell that serves as an intermediate stage in the differentiation of naive B cells into a plasmablast. A preplasmablast expresses CD30 and IL-6R and lacks expression of CD20, CD23, CD38 and CD138.


name: glial restricted tripotential precursor cell

description: A glial precursor cell that generates oligodendrocytes and type-1 and type-2 astrocytes. It has been shown in some mammals that this cell type may express A2B5, nestin, FGFR-1, FGFR-2, FGFR-3, PLP, and DM-20 antigens. Unlike oligodendrocyte precursor cell, it does not initially express PDGFR-alpha and can differentiate into both type-1 and type-2 astrocytes.


chorionic girdle cell

description: A horse-specific, highly invasive trophoblast cell that invades the endometrium where it forms endometrial cups.


enteroglial cell

description: Glial cell that provides support to the enteric nervous system. It is involved in enteric neurotransmission, in maintaining the integrity of the mucosal barrier of the gut and serves as a link between the nervous and immune systems of the gut. In enteric nerve strands, glial processes ensheath multiaxonal bundles which distinguishes enteric glia from all other peripheral glia. Ultrastructurally, the most conspicuous trait of an enteroglial cell is the presence of 10 nm filaments, which criss-cross the cell body, form axial bundles in the processes and appear to firmly anchor the cells to the ganglionic surfaces. Similar to astrocytes, their main constituent is glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).


fetal pre-type II pneumocyte

description: Precursor of type II pneumocyte. These cells do not have lamellar bodies, which are a marker of type II pneumocyte maturity.


name: mesenchymal stem cell of orbital adipose tissue

description: Any mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue that is part of an orbital region.


mesenchymal stem cell of apical papilla

description: A mesenchymal stem cell that is part of the apical papilla tooth root.


dermal chromatophore

description: A chromatophore that is part of the dermis.


TAC3-positive striatal interneuron

description: A GABAergic interneuron that has its soma located in the striatum and that has an enriched expression of the gene TAC3.


TAC3-positive medium spiny neuron

description: A nucleus accumbens shell and olfactory tubercle D1 medium spiny neuron that co-expresses TAC3 and the DRD1 receptor.


border associated macrophage

description: A central nervous system macrophage that is part of a choroid plexus, a meninx and a perivascular space. A border associated macrophage interacts with various components of the CNS vasculature and meninges, it participates in immune surveillance and in the regulation of the blood brain barrier.


choroid epiplexus macrophage

description: A choroid plexus macrophage that is part of the apical surface of some choroid plexus epithelium. This macrophage has a star-like shaped body.


stromal choroid plexus macrophage

description: A choroid plexus macrophage that is part of a choroid plexus stroma.


dural macrophage

description: A border associated macrophage which is part of a dura matter. This macrophage phagocytoses intruding pathogens and foreign molecules detected in the bloodstream or in the cerebrospinal fluid. This cell has an amoeboid body with dynamic protrusions in homeostasis.


protoplasmic astrocyte

description: An astrocyte with highly branched protrusions, found in neocortex layers 2-6. It is involved with the formation and elimination of synapses, glutamate clearance, modulation of synaptic functions and regulation of blood flow in response to synaptic activity.


fibrous astrocyte

description: A cell type located in the first layer of the neocortex with radial protrusions extending transversely into the deeper cortex layers, herby facilitating communication across neurons, astrocytes, capillaries, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid through contact with neurons, pia mater and capillaries.


interlaminar astrocyte

description: An astrocyte type that presents radial protrusions across the layers of a cortex. The soma of this astrocyte is part of the first layer of a neocortex. This astrocyte extents its protrusions transversally to the deeper layers of a cortex and it creates contact with neurons, the pia matter and capillaries. This astrocyte is involved in facilitating the communication across neurons, astrocytes, capillaries, meninges and the cerebrospinal fluid.


pial interlaminar astrocyte

description: An interlaminar astrocyte whose soma is part of the first layer of a neocortex and is in contact with a pia surface.


subpial interlaminar astrocyte

description: An interlaminar astrocyte type whose soma is part of the upper first layer of the neocortex and its processes extend to a pia surface.


multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A

category: biolink:Disease biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: Multiple endocrine neoplasia caused by mutation of the RET gene. Patients develop medullary thyroid carcinomas, and may also develop pheochromocytomas and parathyroid gland hyperplasia.


Muir-Torre syndrome

description: A usually autosomal dominant inherited neoplastic syndrome caused by mutations in the hMSH-2 and hMLH-1 genes. It is characterized by the presence of sebaceous skin tumors (adenoma or carcinoma), and internal organ malignant tumors, usually of the gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract.


Lynch syndrome 1

description: A rare genetic neoplastic syndrome with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance but incomplete penetrance. It is associated with a greater than 70 % risk of developing colorectal carcinoma. It is caused by a mutation in one of the mismatch repair genes: MSH2, MLH1, MSH6 or PMS2. It usually manifests at age 50 or younger with multiple synchronous or metachronous colorectal carcinomas. Clinical course is rapidly progressive. Prognosis is variable with a high risk for the development of additional colorectal carcinomas. However, survival is significantly better than non-HNPCC carcinomas of equivalent stage.


schwannomatosis 1

description: Schwannomatosis caused by germline mutations in the SMARCB1 gene.


schwannomatosis 2

description: Schwannomatosis caused by germline mutations in the LZTR1 gene.


multiple endocrine neoplasia type 4

description: An autosomal dominant tumor syndrome caused by germline CDKN1B mutations that result in a phenotype similar to that of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, characterized by endocrine neoplasms, particularly in the parathyroid glands, pituitary, and pancreas. (WHO 2017)


tuberous sclerosis 2

description: Tuberous sclerosis mapped to chromosome 16p13.3 (TSC2 gene).


Carney-Stratakis syndrome

description: A rare, autosomal dominant inherited neoplastic syndrome caused by mutations in the genes that code the succinate dehydrogenase protein complex. It is charcaterized by the presence of gastrointestinal stromal tumors and paragangliomas.


mosaic variegated aneuploidy syndrome

description: An autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by mutation(s) in the BUB1B gene, encoding mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine-protein kinase B. The condition is characterized by a predisposition to mitotic non-disjunction, resulting in a high percentage of aneuploid cells. The phenotype is variable and there is a predisposition to cancer.


name: acute myeloid leukemia with inv(3) (q21.3;q26.2) or t(3;3) (q21.3;q26.2)

description: An acute myeloid leukemia associated with inv(3)(q21.3q26.2) or t(3;3)(q21.3;q26.2) resulting in the reposition of a distal GATA2 enhancer to activate MECOM expression. It may present de novo or follow a myelodysplastic syndrome. The clinical course is aggressive.


name: embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes

description: A central nervous system embryonal tumor characterized by the presence of multilayered rosette formation and typically the presence of amplification of the C19MC region on chromosome 19 (19q13.42) or rarely a DICER1 mutation.


intrathyroid thymic carcinoma

description: A rare primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland, composed of groups of carcinoma cells with thymic epithelial differentiation.


name: thyroid gland cribriform morular carcinoma

description: A thyroid gland carcinoma characterized by the presence of cribriform, trabecular, follicular, papillary, and solid growth patterns and squamoid morulae formation. It may occur with familial adenomatous polyposis or sporadically.


name: thyroid gland mixed medullary and follicular cell-derived carcinoma

description: A primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland containing a medullary carcinoma component that is immunohistochemically positive for calcitonin, and follicular cell-derived carcinoma component that is immunohistochemically positive for thyroglobulin.


thyroid gland mucinous carcinoma

description: A rare primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland characterized by the presence of clusters of malignant epithelial cells associated with abundant extracellular mucin deposition.


neurofibromatosis 1

description: The most common type of neurofibromatosis.  It is characterized clinically by cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors with patches of hyperpigmentation. The hyperpigmented skin areas, are present from birth and found anywhere on the body surface.  They can vary markedly in size and color.  The dark brown areas are called cafe-au-lait spots. The multiple cutaneous and subcutaneous tumors are nerve sheath tumors, called neurofibromas.  They can develop anywhere along the peripheral nerve fibers. Neurofibromas can become quite large, causing a major disfigurement, eroding bone, and compressing various peripheral nerve structures.  Type 1 neurofibromatosis has dominant inheritance, with a gene locus on the proximal long arm of chromosome 17.


Li-Fraumeni syndrome 2

description: An autosomal dominant cancer predisposition syndrome caused by germline mutations of the CHEK2 gene. It is associated with breast carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, thyroid gland carcinoma, kidney carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.


name: melanoma and neural system tumor syndrome

description: An inherited condition caused by autosomal dominant mutation(s) in the CDKN2A gene, encoding cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A. The condition is characterized by an increased risk of developing melanoma and/or cerebral astrocytoma.


multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B

description: Multiple endocrine neoplasia caused by mutation of the RET gene. Patients develop medullary thyroid carcinomas and numerous neural defects including neuromas.


multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1

description: Multiple endocrine neoplasia caused by inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene MEN-1. Patients may develop hyperparathyroidism and parathyroid gland adenomas, pituitary gland adenomas, pancreatic islet cell neoplasms, and carcinoid tumors.


transvestism

description: A disorder characterized by recurrent sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors in a heterosexual male involving cross-dressing.


estrogen excess

description: Abnormally high level of estrogen.


WAGR syndrome

description: A very rare congenital condition involving the complex of Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary abnormalities, and mental retardation. Wilms Tumor-Aniridia-Genitourinary Anomalies-Mental Retardation (WAGR) syndrome involves deletions of several adjacent genes in chromosome region 11p13. Two or more of the four conditions must be present for an individual to be diagnosed with WAGR Syndrome. The clinical picture varies, depending upon the combination of abnormalities.


nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome

description: An autosomal dominant genetic syndrome caused by abnormalities in the PTCH and SUFU gene. It is characterized by multiple basal cell carcinomas at a young age, odontogenic keratocysts, and skeletal defects (bifurcated and splayed ribs, fusion of vertebrae, spinal bifida). Patients with this syndrome may also develop medulloblastomas and ovarian fibromas.


dyskeratosis congenita

description: A rare genetic disorder characterized by nail dystrophy, reticulated skin pigmentation especially on the neck and chest, and oral leukoplakia.  In about half the cases mutations in the TERT, TERC, DKC1, or TINF2 genes are identified.  Patients are at an increased risk of developing bone marrow failure, myelodysplastic syndrome, leukemia, or cancer, especially in the head and neck region.


Li-Fraumeni syndrome

description: An autosomal dominant cancer predisposition syndrome caused by germline mutations of the TP53 gene. It is associated with breast carcinoma, choroid plexus carcinoma, adrenal cortex carcinoma, astrocytic tumors, medulloblastoma, soft tissue sarcoma, osteosarcoma, and leukemia.


multiple endocrine neoplasia

description: An autosomal dominant inherited neoplastic syndrome characterized by the development of various endocrine neoplasms and abnormalities in various anatomic sites. There are four types recognized: type 1 (MEN 1), caused by inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene MEN-1, type 2A (MEN 2A), caused by mutation of the RET gene, type 2B (MEN 2B) also caused by mutation of the RET gene, and type 4 (MEN 4) caused by mutation of the CDKN1B gene. Patients with MEN 1 may develop hyperparathyroidism and parathyroid gland adenomas, pituitary gland adenomas, pancreatic islet cell neoplasms, and carcinoid tumors. Patients with MEN 2A develop medullary thyroid carcinomas and may also develop pheochromocytomas and parathyroid gland hyperplasia. Patients with MEN 2B develop medullary thyroid carcinomas and numerous neural defects including neuromas. Patients with MEN 4 develop endocrine neoplasms, particularly in the parathyroid glands, pituitary, and pancreas.


schwannomatosis

description: Rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the SMARCB1 and LZTR1 genes. It is characterized by the presence of multiple Schwannomas.


Lynch syndrome

description: An autosomal dominant hereditary neoplastic syndrome characterized by the development of colorectal carcinoma and a high risk of developing endometrial carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, renal pelvis carcinoma, and small intestinal carcinoma. Patients often develop colorectal carcinomas at an early age (mean, 45 years). In the majority of the cases the lesions arise from the proximal colon. At the molecular level, high-frequency microsatellite instability is present.


description: A rare malignant tumor of soft tissue characterized by a bimorphic pattern composed of undifferentiated small round cells and islands of well differentiated hyaline cartilage.


familial meningioma

description: A meningioma that is transmitted from the parents to an offspring.


Ferguson-Smith tumor

description: A rare genetic neoplastic disorder with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance characterized by multiple, recurrent skin cancers that spontaneously resolve. It has been described almost exclusively in families of Scottish origin. It is caused by a mutation in the tumor-suppressing gene, TGFBR1, on chromosome 9. Clinical presentation is usually rapidly growing squamous cell carcinomas or keratoacanthomas that primarily localize to sun-exposed areas. Appearance of the neoplasms occurs over several weeks before receding over the course of several months if untreated. The regression of the lesions leaves pitting cicatrices but no other known sequelae.


name: hereditary breast ovarian cancer syndrome

description: An autosomal dominant inherited syndrome caused by deleterious mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. Patients are at high risk of developing breast cancer, particularly before the age of fifty, high risk of developing a second primary breast cancer, and high risk of developing both breast and ovarian cancer.


Cronkhite-Canada syndrome

description: Non-neoplastic polyps that arise from the stomach and are often indistinguishable from hyperplastic polyps.  They may be associated with the presence of polyps in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract.  Associated clinical signs and symptoms are nail atrophy, alopecia, and hyperpigmentation.


name: adult extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma

description: An extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma occurring in adults.


Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

description: A rare, X-linked immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by eczema, thrombocytopenia, and recurrent pyogenic infection. It is seen exclusively in young boys. Typically, IgM levels are low and IgA and IgE levels are elevated. Lymphoreticular malignancies are common.


Ductal or Ductular Proliferation

category: biolink:PhenotypicFeature biolink:DiseaseOrPhenotypicFeature biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing

description: A morphologic finding indicating the presence of typical or atypical proliferation of biliary epithelial cells in the portal tracts of the liver.


mitochondrion inheritance

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The distribution of mitochondria, including the mitochondrial genome, into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between mitochondria and the cytoskeleton.


mitochondrial genome maintenance

description: The maintenance of the structure and integrity of the mitochondrial genome; includes replication and segregation of the mitochondrial chromosome.


name: high-affinity zinc transmembrane transporter activity

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Enables the transfer of zinc ions (Zn2+) from one side of a membrane to the other, probably powered by proton motive force. In high-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute even if it is only present at very low concentrations.


name: low-affinity zinc ion transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Zn2+ = Zn2+, probably powered by proton motive force. In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.


alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a mannose residue to an oligosaccharide, forming an alpha-(1->6) linkage.