forebrain-midbrain boundary formation

description: The process whose specific outcome is the creation of the forebrain-midbrain boundary.


name: hindbrain-spinal cord boundary formation

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The process whose specific outcome is the formation of the hindbrain-spinal cord boundary.


name: fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway involved in spinal cord anterior/posterior pattern formation

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that results in the spatial identity of regions along the anterior-posterior axis of the spinal cord.


name: smoothened signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord patterning

description: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened that results in the spatial identity of regions along the dorsal-ventral axis of the spinal cord.


name: retinoic acid metabolic process in spinal cord anterior-posterior patterning

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving the synthesis and degradation of retionic acid that results in the spatial identity of regions along the anterior-posterior axis of the spinal cord.


name: negative regulation of smoothened signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord patterning

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling that is involved in the patterns of cell differentiation in the ventral spinal cord.


neural tube development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium.


name: inductive cell-cell signaling between paraxial mesoderm and motor neuron precursors

description: Short range signaling between cells of the paraxial mesoderm and motor neuron precursors in the spinal cord that specifies the fate of the motor column neuron precursors along the anterior-posterior axis.


somatic motor neuron fate commitment

description: The commitment of unspecified motor neurons to specific motor neuron cell along the anterior-posterior axis of the spinal cord and their capacity to differentiate into specific motor neurons.


name: regulation of cell proliferation in dorsal spinal cord

description: The process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in the dorsal spinal cord.


name: cell proliferation in hindbrain ventricular zone

description: The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the hindbrain region that is adjacent to the ventricular cavity.


name: cell proliferation in external granule layer

description: The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the external granule layer of the hindbrain. The external granule layer is the layer that originates from the rostral half of the rhombic lip in the first rhombomere.


name: cerebellar Purkinje cell precursor proliferation

description: The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to Purkinje cells. A Purkinje cell is an inhibitory GABAergic neuron found in the cerebellar cortex that projects to the deep cerebellar nuclei and brain stem.


Golgi cell precursor proliferation

description: The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to Golgi cells. A Golgi cell is an inhibitory GABAergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.


name: deep nuclear neuron precursor proliferation

description: The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to deep nuclear neurons.


basket cell precursor proliferation

description: The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to basket cells. A cerebellar basket cell is an inhibitory GABAergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.


stellate cell precursor proliferation

description: The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to stellate cells. A cerebellar stellate cell is an inhibitory GABAergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.


name: cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation

description: The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to granule cells. A granule cell is a glutamatergic interneuron found in the cerebellar cortex.


name: rostral hindbrain neuronal precursor cell proliferation

description: The multiplication or reproduction of neuroblasts that will give rise to neurons of the lateral pontine nucleus and the locus ceruleus.


name: hindbrain radial glia guided cell migration

description: The radially directed movement of a cell along radial glial cells in the hindbrain. Radial migration refers to a directed movement from the internal ventricular area to the outer surface of the hindbrain.


name: radial glia guided migration of cerebellar granule cell

description: The inward migration of postmitotic granule cells along a radial glial cell from the external granule layer to the internal granule cell layer.


hindbrain tangential cell migration

description: The migration of a cell in the hindbrain in which cells move orthogonal to the direction of radial migration.


name: cerebellar granule cell precursor tangential migration

description: The early migration of granule cell precursors in which cells move orthogonal to the direction of radial migration and ultimately cover the superficial zone of the cerebellar primordium.


name: regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation

description: The process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granule cell precursor proliferation.


name: cerebellar Purkinje cell-granule cell precursor cell signaling involved in regulation of granule cell precursor cell proliferation

description: The process that mediates the transfer of information from Purkinje cells to granule cell precursors resulting in an increase in rate of granule cell precursor cell proliferation.


name: smoothened signaling pathway involved in regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor cell proliferation

description: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened in cerebellar granule cells that contributes to the regulation of proliferation of the cells.


name: extracellular matrix-granule cell signaling involved in regulation of granule cell precursor proliferation

description: The process that mediates the transfer of information from the extracellular matrix to granule cell precursors resulting in a decrease in rate of granule cell precursor cell proliferation.


name: positive regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation

description: The process that activates or increases the rate or extent of granule cell precursor proliferation.


name: negative regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation

description: The process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of granule cell precursor proliferation.


name: radial glia guided migration of Purkinje cell

description: The migration of postmitotic a Purkinje cell along radial glial cells from the ventricular zone to the Purkinje cell layer.


formation of radial glial scaffolds

description: The formation of scaffolds from a radial glial cell. The scaffolds are used as a substrate for the radial migration of cells.


name: neuronal-glial interaction involved in hindbrain glial-mediated radial cell migration

description: The changes in adhesion between a neuronal cell and a glial cell as a component of the process of hindbrain glial-mediated radial cell migration.


deep nuclear neuron cell migration

description: The directed movement of a deep nuclear neuron from the ventricular zone to the deep hindbrain nuclei.


name: outward migration of deep nuclear neurons

description: The directed movement of a deep nuclear neuron from their ventrolateral origin to a rostrodorsal region of the cerebellar plate.


name: inward migration of deep nuclear neurons

description: The directed movement of a deep nuclear neuron from the rostrodorsal region of the cerebellar plate to their final more ventral position.


name: brainstem precerebellar neuron precursor migration

description: The early migration of a precerebellar neuronal precursor in which a cell move from the rhombic lip, orthogonal to the direction of radial migration and ultimately reside in the brainstem.


name: chemorepulsion involved in precerebellar neuron migration

description: The creation and reception of signals that repel a precerebellar neuron as a component of the process of tangential migration.


name: chemoattraction involved in precerebellar neuron migration

description: The creation and reception of signals that guide a precerebellar neuron towards their signals, where this process is involved in tangential migration.


name: central nervous system projection neuron axonogenesis

description: Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells in a different central nervous system region.


name: central nervous system neuron differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system.


name: central nervous system neuron development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the central nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron.


name: central nervous system neuron axonogenesis

description: Generation of a long process from a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. The process carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.


name: central nervous system interneuron axonogenesis

description: Generation of a long process that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells from a neuron located in the central nervous system whose axons remain within a single brain region.


corticospinal tract morphogenesis

description: Generation of a long process of a pyramidal cell, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in cerebral cortex layer V towards target cells in the gray matter of the spinal cord. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the corticospinal tract.


gracilis tract morphogenesis

description: Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the dorsal root ganglion towards target cells in the medulla. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the gracilis tract, a group of axons that are from neurons involved in proprioception from the lower trunk and lower limb.


cuneatus tract morphogenesis

description: Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the dorsal root ganglion towards target cells in the medulla. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the cuneatus tract, a group of axons that are from neurons involved in proprioception from the upper trunk and upper limb.


anterior commissure morphogenesis

description: Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in one half of the cerebral cortex towards target cells in the contralateral half. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the anterior commissure, a small midline fiber tract that lies at the anterior end of the corpus callosum.


posterior commissure morphogenesis

description: Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the midbrain towards target cells in the diencephalon.


vestibulospinal tract morphogenesis

description: Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the vestibular nucleus of the pons towards target cells in the spinal cord.


spinothalamic tract morphogenesis

description: Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the spinal cord towards target cells in the thalamus. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the spinothalamic tract, one of the major routes of nociceptive signaling.


rubrospinal tract morphogenesis

description: Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the red nucleus of the midbrain towards target cells in the spinal cord.


name: spinal cord ventral commissure morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the spinal cord ventral commissure are generated and organized.


corticospinal neuron axon guidance

description: The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a neuron that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed from the cerebral cortex layer V to the spinal cord dorsal funiculus in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


name: corticospinal neuron axon guidance through the cerebral cortex

description: The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a pyramidal cell that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed from its cell body in layer V through the cerebral cortex in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


name: corticospinal neuron axon guidance through the internal capsule

description: The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a pyramidal cell that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed after exiting the cerebral cortex through the internal capsule in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


name: corticospinal neuron axon guidance through the cerebral peduncle

description: The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a pyramidal cell that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed after exiting the internal capsule through the cerebral peduncle in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


name: corticospinal neuron axon guidance through the basilar pons

description: The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a pyramidal cell that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed after exiting the cerebral peduncle through the basilar pons in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


name: corticospinal neuron axon guidance through the medullary pyramid

description: The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a pyramidal cell that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed after exiting the basilar pons through the medullary pyramid in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


name: corticospinal neuron axon guidance through spinal cord

description: The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a pyramidal cell that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed after decussation through the spinal cord in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


corticospinal neuron axon decussation

description: The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a pyramidal cell that is part of the corticospinal tract is directed to cross the midline to the contralateral side.


trigeminothalamic tract morphogenesis

description: Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in spinal cord towards target cells in the thalamus. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the trigeminothalamic tract, one of the major routes of nociceptive and temperature signaling from the face.


pons reticulospinal tract morphogenesis

description: Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the pons towards target cells in the spinal cord.


name: medulla reticulospinal tract morphogenesis

description: Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the medulla towards target cells in the spinal cord.


tectospinal tract morphogenesis

description: Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in the superior colliculus of the midbrain towards target cells in the ventral spinal cord.


telencephalon regionalization

description: The regionalization process that creates areas within the forebrain that will direct the behavior of cell migration in differentiation as the telencephalon develops.


hypothalamus cell differentiation

description: The differentiation of cells that will contribute to the structure and function of the hypothalamus.


subpallium cell migration

description: The orderly movement of cells from one site to another in the subpallium.


subpallium radially oriented migration

description: The migration of cells in the developing subpallium in which cells move from the ventricular and/or subventricular zone toward the surface of the brain.


pineal gland development

description: The progression of the pineal gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pineal gland is an endocrine gland that secretes melatonin and is involved in circadian rhythms.


pituitary gland development

description: The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands.


adenohypophysis development

description: The progression of the adenohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus.


neurohypophysis development

description: The progression of the neurohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The neurohypophysis is the part of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones involved in blood pressure regulation.


habenula development

description: The progression of the habenula over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The habenula is the group of nuclei that makes up the stalk of the pineal gland.


cerebral cortex development

description: The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon.


olfactory lobe development

description: The progression of the olfactory lobe over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory lobe is the area of the brain that process the neural inputs for the sense of smell.


olfactory cortex development

description: The progression of the olfactory cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory cortex is involved in the perception of smell. It receives input from the olfactory bulb and is responsible for the identification of odors.


neural plate formation

description: The formation of the flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system.


neural plate thickening

description: The process of apical-basal elongation of individual ectodermal cells during the formation of the neural placode.


name: cell proliferation involved in neural plate elongation

description: The process of expansion of cell numbers in the neural plate due to cell division of progenitor cells preferentially in the rostrocaudal direction, resulting in the elongation of the tissue.


initiation of neural tube closure

description: The process in which closure points are established at multiple points and along the neural rostrocaudal axis.


progression of neural tube closure

description: The process in which the neural folds are fused extending from the initial closure points.


neuropore closure

description: The process of joining together the neural folds at either end of the neural tube.


lamina terminalis formation

description: The process in which the anterior-most portion of the neural axis is formed by closure of the anterior neuropore.


neural plate axis specification

description: The pattern specification process in which the axes of the nervous system are established.


name: neural plate mediolateral regionalization

description: The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random mediolateral spatial arrangement of the neural plate.


name: neural plate anterior/posterior regionalization

description: The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the neural plate.


name: forebrain induction by the anterior neural ridge

description: The close range interaction of the anterior neural ridge to the caudal region of the neural plate that specifies the forebrain fate.


name: negative regulation of anterior neural cell fate commitment of the neural plate

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate at which a cell adopts an anterior neural cell fate.


name: negative regulation of anterior neural cell fate commitment of the neural plate by fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate at which cell adopts an anterior neural cell fate, generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


name: midbrain-hindbrain boundary maturation during brain development

description: A developmental process occurring after the brain has been specified along the neural axis that is required for the midbrain-hindbrain boundary to attain its fully functional state. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.


name: midbrain-hindbrain boundary maturation during neural plate development

description: A developmental process occurring before the brain has been specified along the neural axis that is required for the midbrain-hindbrain boundary to attain its fully functional state. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate.


zona limitans intrathalamica formation

description: The formation of the narrow stripe of cells that lies between the prospective dorsal and ventral thalami. This boundary contains signals that pattern the prethalamic and thalamic territories of the future mid-diencephalon.


name: convergent extension involved in neural plate elongation

description: The process of directed cell movement in the neural plate resulting in tissue elongation via intercalation of adjacent cells in an epithelial sheet at the midline, leading to narrowing and lengthening of the neural plate.


neurogenesis

description: Generation of cells within the nervous system.


central nervous system vasculogenesis

description: The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes in the central nervous system. The capillary endothelial cells in the brain are specialized to form the blood-brain barrier.


central nervous system myelination

description: The process in which neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.


name: myelination in peripheral nervous system

description: The process in which neuronal axons and dendrites become coated with a segmented lipid-rich sheath (myelin) to enable faster and more energetically efficient conduction of electrical impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.


name: subpallium cell proliferation in forebrain

description: The multiplication or reproduction of subpallium cells in the forebrain, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


pallium cell proliferation in forebrain

description: The multiplication or reproduction of pallium cells in the forebrain, resulting in the expansion of the cell population.


radial glial cell division in pallium

description: The division of a radial glial cell in the pallium. A radial glial cell is a precursor cell that gives rise to neurons and astrocytes.


pallium glioblast division

description: The division of a glioblast in the pallium. A glioblast is a dividing precursor cell that gives rise to glial cells.


neuroblast division in pallium

description: The division of neuroblasts in the pallium. Neuroblasts are precursor cells that give rise to neurons.


name: lateral ganglionic eminence cell proliferation

description: The multiplication or reproduction of lateral ganglionic eminence cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population.


name: dorsal lateral ganglionic eminence cell proliferation

description: The multiplication or reproduction of dorsal lateral ganglionic eminence cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population.


name: medial ganglionic eminence cell proliferation

description: The multiplication or reproduction of medial ganglionic eminence cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


name: caudal ganglionic eminence cell proliferation

description: The multiplication or reproduction of caudal ganglionic eminence cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


septal cell proliferation

description: The multiplication or reproduction of septal cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


name: radial glial cell fate commitment in forebrain

description: The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a radial glial cell in the forebrain.


name: leukemia inhibitory factor signaling pathway involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of leukemia inhibitory factor to its receptor on the surface of the target cell, that contributes to the commitment of a neuroblast to a neuronal fate. The neuron will reside in the forebrain.


name: epidermal growth factor signaling pathway involved in forebrain neuron fate commitment

description: The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a epidermal growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands that contributes to the commitment of a neuroblast to a neuronal fate. The neuron will reside in the forebrain.


interkinetic nuclear migration

description: The movement of the nucleus of the ventricular zone cell between the apical and the basal zone surfaces. Mitosis occurs when the nucleus is near the apical surface, that is, the lumen of the ventricle.


name: tangential migration from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb

description: The migration of cells in the telencephalon from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb in which cells move orthogonally to the direction of radial migration and do not use radial glial cell processes as substrates for migration.


telencephalon cell migration

description: The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the telencephalon.


telencephalon glial cell migration

description: The orderly movement of glial cells through the telencephalon.


telencephalon astrocyte cell migration

description: The orderly movement of an astrocyte cell through the telencephalon.


name: telencephalon oligodendrocyte cell migration

description: The multiplication or reproduction of telencephalon oligodendrocyte cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.


telencephalon microglial cell migration

description: The orderly movement of microglial cells through the telencephalon.


rhombomere cell proliferation

description: The multiplication or reproduction of rhombomere cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population.


rhombomere cell migration

description: The movement of a cell within a rhombomere. This process is known to occur as an early step in the generation of anatomical structure from a rhombomere.


rhombomere cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a rhombomere cell.


metencephalon development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


corpus callosum development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the corpus callosum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provide communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.


name: regulation of opsin-mediated signaling pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of opsin-mediated signaling.


name: negative adaptation of signaling pathway

description: The negative regulation of a signal transduction pathway in response to a stimulus upon prolonged exposure to that stimulus.


cell cycle process

description: The cellular process that ensures successive accurate and complete genome replication and chromosome segregation.


cell cycle phase

description: One of the distinct periods or stages into which the cell cycle is divided. Each phase is characterized by the occurrence of specific biochemical and morphological events.


molting cycle process

description: A multicellular organismal process involved in the periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin.


hair cycle process

description: A multicellular organismal process involved in the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.


membrane docking

description: The initial attachment of a membrane or protein to a target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere.


regulation of cell-cell adhesion

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell.


name: negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.


name: positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion

description: Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.


circadian sleep/wake cycle process

description: A behavioral process involved in the cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm.


cellular component disassembly

description: A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cellular component.


name: cellular process involved in reproduction in multicellular organism

description: A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a multicellular organism.


name: reproductive process in single-celled organism

description: A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a single-celled organism.


reproductive process

description: A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.


chaeta development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chaeta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A chaeta is a sensory multicellular cuticular outgrowth of a specifically differentiated cell.


protein maturation by protein folding

description: The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that results in the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.


digestive system process

description: A physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.


menstrual cycle phase

description: The progression of physiological phases, occurring in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years. The menstrual cycle is an ovulation cycle where the endometrium is shed if pregnancy does not occur.


ovulation cycle process

description: A process involved in the sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.


name: regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anatomical structure morphogenesis.


regulation of cell morphogenesis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process in which the shape of a cell is generated and organized.


mammalian oogenesis stage

description: A reproductive process that is a step in the formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell.


name: establishment of proximal/distal cell polarity

description: The specification and formation of the polarity of a cell along its proximal/distal axis.


cellular component assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component.


multicellular organism adhesion

description: The attachment of a multicellular organism to a substrate or other organism.


name: multicellular organism adhesion to substrate

description: The attachment of a multicellular organism to a surface or material.


dormancy process

description: A developmental process in which dormancy (sometimes called a dormant state) is induced, maintained or broken. Dormancy is a suspension of most physiological activity and growth that can be reactivated.


gland morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of a gland are generated and organized.


ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis

description: A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a complex containing RNA and proteins. Includes the biosynthesis of the constituent RNA and protein molecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the ribonucleoprotein complex.


membrane to membrane docking

description: The initial attachment of a membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the two membranes. Docking requires only that the membranes come close enough for the proteins to interact and adhere.


protein to membrane docking

description: The initial attachment of a protein to a target membrane, mediated by a proteins protruding from the target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere.


DNA strand elongation

description: The DNA metabolic process in which an existing DNA strand is extended by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand.


extracellular matrix disassembly

description: A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.


protein-RNA complex assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a ribonucleoprotein complex.


generative cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a generative cell. The generative cell gives rise to the sperm cells in the male gametophyte.


name: microgametophyte vegetative cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microgametophyte. The microgametophyte vegetative cell gives rise to the pollen tube.


root system development

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the root system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: A homohexameric complex that recognizes and unfolds core proteasome substrate proteins, and translocates them to the core complex in an ATP dependent manner.


proteasome accessory complex

description: A protein complex, that caps one or both ends of the proteasome core complex and regulates entry into, or exit from, the proteasome core complex.


cytosolic large ribosomal subunit

description: The large subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.


cytosolic ribosome

description: A ribosome located in the cytosol.


cytosolic small ribosomal subunit

description: The small subunit of a ribosome located in the cytosol.


chloroplast large ribosomal subunit

description: The large subunit of a ribosome contained within a chloroplast.


chloroplast small ribosomal subunit

description: The small subunit of a ribosome contained within a chloroplast.


name: passive transmembrane transporter activity

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Enables the transfer of a single solute from one side of a membrane to the other by a mechanism involving conformational change, either by facilitated diffusion or in a membrane potential dependent process if the solute is charged.


name: active transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a specific substance or related group of substances from one side of a membrane to the other, up the solute's concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.


mobile ion carrier activity

description: Small molecule produced by bacteria that carries an ion across the membrane by enclosing the ion and travelling with the ion across the membrane. It does not form a fully open pore across the membrane.


name: membrane potential driven uniporter activity

description: Enables the active transport of a solute across a membrane by a mechanism involving conformational change, where energy for active transport is derived from membrane potential if the solute is charged.


sodium ion uniporter activity

description: Catalysis of the active transport of a sodium ion across a membrane by a mechanism involving conformational change, where energy for active transport is derived from membrane potential if the solute is charged.


potassium ion uniporter activity

description: Catalysis of the active transport of a potassium ion across a membrane by a mechanism involving conformational change, where energy for active transport is derived from membrane potential if the solute is charged.


name: solute:potassium antiporter activity

description: Catalysis of the active transport of a potassium ion across a membrane by a mechanism whereby two or more species are transported in opposite directions in a tightly coupled process not directly linked to a form of energy other than chemiosmotic energy.


name: transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific neurotransmitter has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


wide pore channel activity

description: Enables the energy-independent facilitated diffusion of propanediol through a large pore, un-gated channel. Examples include gap junctions, which transport substances from one cell to another; and porins which transport substances in and out of bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts.


narrow pore, gated channel activity

description: Enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a narrow pore channel that opens in response to a particular stimulus.


voltage-gated channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


ligand-gated channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


transmitter-gated channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens when a specific neurotransmitter has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


gated channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a specific stimulus.


monoatomic ion-gated channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a solute by a channel that opens in response to a specific ion stimulus.


leak channel activity

description: Enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a narrow pore channel that is open even in an unstimulated or 'resting' state.


potassium ion leak channel activity

description: Enables the transport of a potassium ion across a membrane via a narrow pore channel that is open even in an unstimulated or 'resting' state.


narrow pore channel activity

description: Enables the transport of a solute across a membrane via a narrow pore channel that may be gated or ungated.


name: voltage-gated monoatomic cation channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a voltage-gated channel. A cation is a positively charged ion. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


name: acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activity

description: Selectively enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens upon binding acetylcholine.


name: glutamate-gated calcium ion channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when glutamate has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


name: serotonin-gated monoatomic cation channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a cation by a channel that opens when serotonin has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


name: GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when GABA has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


name: glycine-gated chloride ion channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when glycine has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.


name: active monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other up the solute's concentration gradient. This is carried out by binding the solute and undergoing a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction.


name: protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-glucose phosphotransferase system transporter activity

description: Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + glucose(out) = protein histidine + glucose phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


name: protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-sorbitol phosphotransferase system transporter activity

description: Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sorbitol(out) = protein histidine + sorbitol phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a substance, usually a specific substance or a group of related substances, from one side of a membrane to the other.


name: alanine transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of alanine from one side of a membrane to the other. Alanine is 2-aminopropanoic acid.


name: protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-lactose phosphotransferase system transporter activity

description: Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + lactose(out) = protein histidine + lactose phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


name: protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-mannose phosphotransferase system transporter activity

description: Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + mannose(out) = protein histidine + mannose phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


name: protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-sorbose phosphotransferase system transporter activity

description: Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sorbose(out) = protein histidine + sorbose phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


name: protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-mannitol phosphotransferase system transmembrane transporter activity

description: Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + mannitol(out) = protein histidine + mannitol phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


name: protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-maltose phosphotransferase system transporter activity

description: Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + maltose(out) = protein histidine + maltose phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


name: protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-cellobiose phosphotransferase system transporter activity

description: Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + cellobiose(out) = protein histidine + cellobiose phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


name: protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-galactitol phosphotransferase system transmembrane transporter activity

description: Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + galactitol(out) = protein histidine + galactitol phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


name: protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-galactosamine phosphotransferase system transporter activity

description: Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + galactosamine(out) = protein histidine + galactosamine phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


name: protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-fructose phosphotransferase system transporter activity

description: Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + fructose(out) = protein histidine + fructose phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


name: protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-sucrose phosphotransferase system transporter activity

description: Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + sucrose(out) = protein histidine + sucrose phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


name: protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-trehalose phosphotransferase system transporter activity

description: Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + trehalose(out) = protein histidine + trehalose phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


name: protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase system transporter activity

description: Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + N-acetylglucosamine(out) = protein histidine + N-acetylglucosamine phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


name: protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-N-acetylgalactosamine phosphotransferase system transporter activity

description: Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + N-acetylgalactosamine(out) = protein histidine + N-acetylgalactosamine phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


name: protein-N(PI)-phosphohistidine-beta-glucoside phosphotransferase system transporter activity

description: Catalysis of the PEP-dependent, phosphoryl transfer-driven transport of substances across a membrane. The transport happens by catalysis of the reaction: protein N-phosphohistidine + beta-glucoside(out) = protein histidine + beta-glucoside phosphate(in). This differs from primary and secondary active transport in that the solute is modified during transport.


name: zinc efflux transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a zinc ion or zinc ions from the inside of the cell to the outside of the cell across a membrane.


name: macromolecule transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a macromolecule from one side of a membrane to the other.


name: bacteriocin transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of a bacteriocin from one side of a membrane to the other.


channel-forming ionophore activity

description: Enables transport of a solute across a membrane. This kind of transporter interacts much more weakly with the solute than the carrier does. It is an aqueous pore that extends across the membrane. It may change from closed to open and back. It transports faster than a carrier. It is always passive.


name: inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of inorganic cations from one side of a membrane to the other. Inorganic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge that do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.


name: low-affinity tryptophan transmembrane transporter activity

description: Catalysis of the low-affinity transfer of L-tryptophan from one side of a membrane to the other. Tryptophan is 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid. In low-affinity transport the transporter is able to bind the solute only if it is present at very high concentrations.


name: intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of potassium by a channel with a unit conductance of 20 to 85 picoSiemens that opens in response to stimulus by internal calcium ions. Intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channels are more sensitive to calcium than are large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Transport by a channel involves catalysis of facilitated diffusion of a solute (by an energy-independent process) involving passage through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel, without evidence for a carrier-mediated mechanism.


name: regulation of transmembrane transporter activity

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmembrane transporter activity.


electron transport chain

description: A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors.


respiratory electron transport chain

description: A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.


nuclear migration to embryo sac poles

description: Migration of the nuclei of the two-nucleate embryo sac to opposite poles of the cell.


name: nuclear migration to the embryo sac center

description: Migration of one of the four nuclei at each pole of the eight-nucleate embryo sac, to the center of the cell.


name: signal transduction involved in regulation of gene expression

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another.


termination of signal transduction

description: The signaling process in which signal transduction is brought to an end rather than being reversibly modulated.


name: termination of T cell signal transduction

description: The signaling process in which T cell signal transduction is brought to an end rather than being reversibly modulated.


MHC protein complex binding

description: Binding to a major histocompatibility complex.


MHC class I protein complex binding

description: Binding to a class I major histocompatibility complex.


MHC class Ib protein complex binding

description: Binding to a class Ib major histocompatibility complex.


MHC class II protein complex binding

description: Binding to a class II major histocompatibility complex.


name: MHC class I protein binding, via antigen binding groove

description: Binding to a major histocompatibility complex class I molecules via the antigen binding groove.


name: MHC class I protein binding, via lateral surface

description: Binding to a major histocompatibility complex class I molecules via the lateral surface.


MHC class Ib protein binding

description: Binding to a major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecules.


name: MHC class Ib protein binding, via antigen binding groove

description: Binding to a major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecules via the antigen binding groove.


name: MHC class Ib protein binding, via lateral surface

description: Binding to a major histocompatibility complex class Ib molecules via the lateral surface.


CD40 signaling pathway

description: The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cell surface receptor CD40 to one of its physiological ligands, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


neuronal signal transduction

description: The process in which an activated neuronal cell receptor conveys information down a signaling pathway, resulting in a change in the function or state of a cell. This process may be intracellular or intercellular.


regulation of signaling

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.


signaling

description: The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered.


positive regulation of signaling

description: Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.


negative regulation of signaling

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.


adaptation of signaling pathway

description: The regulation of a signal transduction pathway in response to a stimulus upon prolonged exposure to that stimulus.


name: positive adaptation of signaling pathway

description: The positive regulation of a signal transduction pathway in response to a stimulus upon prolonged exposure to that stimulus.


signal release

description: The process in which a signal is secreted or discharged into the extracellular medium from a cellular source.


metal ion transport

description: The directed movement of metal ions, any metal ion with an electric charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


name: intracellular monoatomic anion homeostasis

description: A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of monoatomic anions within a cell. Monatomic anions (also called simple anions) are anions consisting of exactly one atom.


name: intracellular monoatomic cation homeostasis

description: A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of monoatomic cations within a cell. Monatomic cations (also called simple cations) are cations consisting of exactly one atom.


intracellular potassium ion homeostasis

description: A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of potassium ions within a cell.


TRAPP complex

description: A large complex that acts as a tethering factor involved in transporting vesicles from the ER through the Golgi to the plasma membrane. A TRAPP (transport protein particle) complex has a core set of proteins which are joined by specific subunits depending on the cellular component where a given TRAPP complex is active.


establishment of cell polarity

description: The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.


maintenance of cell polarity

description: The maintenance of established anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.


CCR4-NOT complex

description: The Ccr4-Not complex is an eukaryotically conserved deadenylase that can initiate cytoplasmic mRNA decay, and reduce translation by releasing poly(A)-binding protein (Pab1/PABPC1). Ccr4-Not contains seven core subunits, including two poly(A)-specific exonucleases, Ccr4/CNOT6/CNOT6L and Caf1/Pop2/CNOT7/CNOT8.


CCR4-NOT core complex

description: The core of the CCR4-NOT complex. In Saccharomyces the CCR4-NOT core complex comprises Ccr4p, Caf1p, Caf40p, Caf130p, Not1p, Not2p, Not3p, Not4p, and Not5p.


myofibril

description: The contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle; a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism.


sarcomere

description: The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.


Z disc

description: Platelike region of a muscle sarcomere to which the plus ends of actin filaments are attached.


name: extracellular matrix structural constituent conferring tensile strength

description: A constituent of the extracellular matrix that enables the matrix to resist longitudinal stress.


name: extracellular matrix structural constituent conferring compression resistance

description: A constituent of the extracellular matrix that enables the matrix to resist compressive forces; often a proteoglycan.


name: extracellular matrix constituent conferring elasticity

description: A component of the extracellular matrix that enables the matrix to recoil after transient stretching.


intracellular manganese ion homeostasis

description: A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of manganese ions within a cell.


lamellipodium

description: A thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a migrating cell or extending cell process; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.


actin filament-based process

description: Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.


cell projection organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.


cell projection assembly

description: Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.


lamellipodium assembly

description: Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.


microvillus assembly

description: Formation of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell.


microvillar actin bundle assembly

description: Assembly of the parallel bundle of actin filaments at the core of a microvillus.


microspike assembly

description: Formation of a microspike, a dynamic, actin-rich projection extending from the surface of a migrating animal cell.


actin cytoskeleton organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins.


name: contractile actin filament bundle assembly

description: Assembly of actin filament bundles in which the filaments are loosely packed (approximately 30-60 nm apart) and arranged with opposing polarities; the loose packing allows myosin (usually myosin-II) to enter the bundle.


actin filament polymerization

description: Assembly of actin filaments by the addition of actin monomers to a filament.


actin filament depolymerization

description: Disassembly of actin filaments by the removal of actin monomers from a filament.


actin filament fragmentation

description: The severing of actin filaments into numerous short fragments, usually mediated by actin severing proteins.


parallel actin filament bundle assembly

description: Assembly of actin filament bundles in which the filaments are tightly packed (approximately 10-20 nm apart) and oriented with the same polarity.


actin modification

description: Covalent modification of an actin molecule.


actin filament-based movement

description: Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins.


muscle filament sliding

description: The sliding of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments past each other in muscle contraction. This involves a process of interaction of myosin located on a thick filament with actin located on a thin filament. During this process ATP is split and forces are generated.


vesicle transport along actin filament

description: Movement of a vesicle along an actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.


cell junction

description: A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells, or between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or between two membrane-bound components of a cell, such as flagella.


cell-substrate junction

description: A cell junction that forms a connection between a cell and the extracellular matrix.


hemidesmosome

description: A cell-substrate junction (attachment structure) found in epithelial cells that links intermediate filaments to extracellular matrices via transmembrane complexes. In vertebrates, hemidesmosomes mediate contact between the basal side of epithelial cells and the basal lamina. In C. elegans, hemidesmosomes connect epithelial cells to distinct extracellular matrices on both the apical and basal cell surfaces.


desmosome

description: A cell-cell junction in which: on the cytoplasmic surface of each interacting plasma membrane is a dense plaque composed of a mixture of intracellular anchor proteins; a bundle of keratin intermediate filaments is attached to the surface of each plaque; transmembrane adhesion proteins of the cadherin family bind to the plaques and interact through their extracellular domains to hold the adjacent membranes together by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism.


amine dehydrogenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: an aliphatic amine + an acceptor (A) + H2O = an aldehyde + a reduced acceptor (AH2) + NH4+.


name: aralkylamine dehydrogenase (azurin) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: an aralkylamine + H2O + 2 oxidized [azurin] = an aromatic aldehyde + 2 H+ + NH4+ + 2 reduced [azurin].


L-malate dehydrogenase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-malate + NAD+ = oxaloacetate + NADH + H+.


mitochondrial crista

description: Any of the inward folds of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Their number, extent, and shape differ in mitochondria from different tissues and organisms. They appear to be devices for increasing the surface area of the mitochondrial inner membrane, where the enzymes of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are found. Their shape can vary with the respiratory state of the mitochondria.


insulin processing

description: The formation of mature insulin by proteolysis of the precursor preproinsulin. The signal sequence is first cleaved from preproinsulin to form proinsulin; proinsulin is then cleaved to release the C peptide, leaving the A and B chains of mature insulin linked by disulfide bridges.


name: regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.


peptide hormone secretion

description: The regulated release of a peptide hormone from a cell.


insulin secretion

description: The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin. In vertebrates, insulin is secreted from B granules in the B cells of the vertebrate pancreas and from insulin-producing cells in insects.


bacterial thylakoid

description: A thylakoid that is derived from and attached to, but not necessarily continuous with, the plasma membrane, and is not enclosed in a plastid. It bears the photosynthetic pigments in photosynthetic cyanobacteria.


light-harvesting complex

description: A protein-pigment complex that may be closely or peripherally associated to photosynthetic reaction centers that participate in harvesting and transferring radiant energy to the reaction center.


name: plasma membrane light-harvesting complex

description: A plasma membrane protein-pigment complex that may be closely or peripherally associated to photosynthetic reaction centers that participate in harvesting and transferring radiant energy to the reaction center. Examples of this complex are found in bacterial species.


light-harvesting complex, core complex

description: Light harvesting complex associated with the reaction complex of photosynthetic purple bacteria.


name: light-harvesting complex, peripheral complex

description: Bacteriochlorophyll a binding complex that is peripherally associated to the bacterial reaction center.


B875 antenna complex

description: Protein complex that surrounds and transfers excitation energy directly to the bacterial reaction center; binds bacteriochlorophyll a and has a single absorption band between 870 and 890 nm.


B800-820 antenna complex

description: Protein-pigment complex that absorbs light at 800 and 820 nm; is peripherally associated to the bacterial reaction center; transfers excitation energy to the B875 antenna complex.


B800-850 antenna complex

description: Protein-pigment complex that absorbs light at 800 and 850 nm; is peripherally associated to the bacterial reaction center; transfers excitation energy to the B875 antenna complex.


name: PSI associated light-harvesting complex I, LHCIa subcomplex

description: A pigment protein complex that forms part of the photosystem I associated light-harvesting complex I; contains two proteins (usually about 24 and 21.5 kDa); has a fluorescence maximum between 680 and 690 nm.


name: PSI associated light-harvesting complex I, LHCIb subcomplex

description: A pigment protein complex that forms part of the photosystem I associated light-harvesting complex I; contains two proteins (usually about 20 kDa); has a fluorescence maximum of 730 nm.


name: PSII associated light-harvesting complex II, peripheral complex, LHCIIb subcomplex

description: A pigment protein complex that forms part of the photosystem II associated light-harvesting complex II; contains two proteins (usually about 28 and 27 kDa), and may contain a third; peripherally located relative to other LHC polypeptides.


phycobilisome

description: Any of the granules, approximately 32 nm x 48 nm and consisting of highly aggregated phycobiliproteins, that are attached in arrays to the external face of a thylakoid membrane in algae of the phyla Cyanophyta and Rhodophyta, where they function as light-harvesting devices in photosynthesis. Excitation energy in the phycobilisome flows in the sequence: phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin before passing to the antenna chlorophyll of photosystem II.


protein repair

description: The process of restoring a protein to its original state after damage by such things as oxidation or spontaneous decomposition of residues.


chloroplast photosystem I

description: Photosystem located in the chloroplast that functions as a light-dependent plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, transferring electrons from plastocyanin to ferredoxin. An example of this is found in Arabidopsis thaliana.


plasma membrane-derived photosystem I

description: A protein complex located in the plasma membrane-derived thylakoid. The photosystem functions as a light-dependent plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, transferring electrons from plastocyanin to ferredoxin. Examples of this complex are found in bacterial species.


chloroplast photosystem II

description: An integral chloroplast membrane complex containing the P680 reaction center. In the light, PSII functions as a water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase, transferring electrons from water to plastoquinone.


name: plasma membrane-derived thylakoid photosystem II

description: A protein complex, located in the membrane-derived thylakoid, containing the P680 reaction center. In the light, PSII functions as a water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase, transferring electrons from water to plastoquinone.


hemopoiesis

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates.


lymphocyte differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized precursor cell acquires specialized features of a lymphocyte. A lymphocyte is a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.


myeloid cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages.


regulation of endocytosis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.


natural killer cell activation

description: The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.


vasopressin secretion

description: The regulated release of vasopressin from secretory granules into the blood.


name: HLA-A specific inhibitory MHC class I receptor activity

description: Combining with a MHC class I molecule of the HLA-A subclass to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte.


name: HLA-A specific activating MHC class I receptor activity

description: Combining with a MHC class I molecule of the HLA-A subclass to mediate signaling that activates a lymphocyte.


name: HLA-B specific inhibitory MHC class I receptor activity

description: Combining with a MHC class I molecule of the HLA-B subclass to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte.


name: HLA-C specific inhibitory MHC class I receptor activity

description: Combining with a MHC class I molecule of the HLA-C subclass to mediate signaling that inhibits activation of a lymphocyte.


regulation of Wnt signaling pathway

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the Wnt signal transduction pathway.


glycocalyx

description: A carbohydrate rich layer at the outermost periphery of a cell.


slime layer

description: A slime layer is an easily removed, diffuse, unorganized layer of extracellular material that surrounds a cell. Specifically this consists mostly of exopolysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.


S-layer

description: A crystalline protein layer surrounding some bacteria.


name: glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor binding

description: A growth factor that binds selectively and non-covalently to glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptors.


membrane coat

description: Any of several different proteinaceous coats that can associate with membranes. Membrane coats include those formed by clathrin plus an adaptor complex, the COPI and COPII complexes, and possibly others. They are found associated with membranes on many vesicles as well as other membrane features such as pits and perhaps tubules.


clathrin coat

description: A membrane coat found on coated pits and some coated vesicles; consists of polymerized clathrin triskelions, each comprising three clathrin heavy chains and three clathrin light chains, linked to the membrane via one of the AP adaptor complexes.


AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex

description: Any of several heterotetrameric complexes that link clathrin (or another coat-forming molecule, as hypothesized for AP-3 and AP-4) to a membrane surface; they are found on coated pits and coated vesicles, and mediate sorting of cargo proteins into vesicles. Each AP complex contains two large (a beta and one of either an alpha, gamma, delta, or epsilon) subunits (110-130 kDa), a medium (mu) subunit (approximately 50 kDa), and a small (sigma) subunit (15-20 kDa).


vesicle coat

description: A membrane coat found on a coated vesicle.


AP-1 adaptor complex

description: A heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta1, gamma, mu1 and sigma1 subunits and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle; vesicles with AP-1-containing coats are normally found primarily in the trans-Golgi network. In at least humans, the AP-1 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (gamma1 and gamma2, mu1A and mu1B, and sigma1A, sigma1B and sigma1C).


AP-2 adaptor complex

description: A heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of alpha, beta2, mu2 and sigma2 subunits, and links clathrin to the membrane surface of a vesicle, and the cargo receptors during receptor/clathrin mediated endocytosis. Vesicles with AP-2-containing coats are normally found primarily near the plasma membrane, on endocytic vesicles. In at least humans, the AP-2 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different alpha genes (alphaA and alphaC).


AP-3 adaptor complex

description: A heterotetrameric AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta3, delta, mu3 and sigma3 subunits and is found associated with endosomal membranes. AP-3 does not appear to associate with clathrin in all organisms. In at least humans, the AP-3 complex can be heterogeneric due to the existence of multiple subunit isoforms encoded by different genes (beta3A and beta3B, mu3A and mu3B, and sigma3A and sigma3B).


AP-4 adaptor complex

description: An AP-type membrane coat adaptor complex that consists of beta4, epsilon, mu4 and sigma4 subunits and is found associated with membranes in the trans-Golgi network; it is not clear whether AP-4 forms clathrin coats in vivo.


clathrin vesicle coat

description: A clathrin coat found on a vesicle.


COPI vesicle coat

description: One of two multimeric complexes that forms a membrane vesicle coat. The mammalian COPI subunits are called alpha-, beta-, beta'-, gamma-, delta-, epsilon- and zeta-COP. Vesicles with COPI coats are found associated with Golgi membranes at steady state.


COPII vesicle coat

description: One of two multimeric complexes that forms a membrane vesicle coat. COPII is best characterized in S. cerevisiae, where the subunits are called Sar1p, Sec13p, Sec31p, Sec23p, and Sec24p. Vesicles with COPII coats are found associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes at steady state.


clathrin coat of endocytic vesicle

description: A clathrin coat found on an endocytic vesicle.


clathrin coat of synaptic vesicle

description: A clathrin coat found on a synaptic vesicle.


name: clathrin coat of trans-Golgi network vesicle

description: A clathrin coat found on a vesicle of the trans-Golgi network.


clathrin adaptor complex

description: A membrane coat adaptor complex that links clathrin to a membrane.


clathrin coat of coated pit

description: The coat found on coated pits and the coated vesicles derived from coated pits; comprises clathrin and the AP-2 adaptor complex.


transport vesicle

description: Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport) or to destinations within or outside the cell.


name: COPII-coated ER to Golgi transport vesicle

description: A vesicle with a coat formed of the COPII coat complex proteins. The COPII coat complex is formed by the Sec23p/Sec24p and the Sec13p/Sec31p heterodimers. COPII-associated vesicles transport proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus (anterograde transport).


coated vesicle

description: Small membrane-bounded organelle formed by pinching off of a coated region of membrane. Some coats are made of clathrin, whereas others are made from other proteins.


clathrin-coated vesicle

description: A vesicle with a coat formed of clathrin connected to the membrane via one of the clathrin adaptor complexes.


COPI-coated vesicle

description: A vesicle with a coat formed of the COPI coat complex proteins. COPI-coated vesicles are found associated with Golgi membranes at steady state, are involved in Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum (retrograde) vesicle transport, and possibly also in intra-Golgi transport.


endocytic vesicle

description: A membrane-bounded intracellular vesicle formed by invagination of the plasma membrane around an extracellular substance. Endocytic vesicles fuse with early endosomes to deliver the cargo for further sorting.


trans-Golgi network transport vesicle

description: A vesicle that mediates transport between the trans-Golgi network and other parts of the cell.


secretory granule

description: A small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion. Secretory granules move towards the periphery of the cell and upon stimulation, their membranes fuse with the cell membrane, and their protein load is exteriorized. Processing of the contained protein may take place in secretory granules.


name: COPI-coated Golgi to ER transport vesicle

description: A vesicle that mediates transport from the Golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum.


name: COPI-coated inter-Golgi transport vesicle

description: A vesicle that mediates transport of cargo within the Golgi complex (for example, between cisternae of the Golgi stack).


description: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3(6)-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl,1,6(3))-beta-D-mannosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6)-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,3(6)-(N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,2-alpha-D-mannosyl-1,6(3))-beta-D-mannosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-R. Only branched mannose glycopeptides with non-reducing N-acetylglucosamine terminal residues act as acceptors.


manganese ion binding

description: Binding to a manganese ion (Mn).


sphingolipid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).


sphingolipid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).


name: protein import into mitochondrial matrix

description: The import of proteins across the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes into the matrix. Unfolded proteins enter the mitochondrial matrix with a chaperone protein; the information required to target the precursor protein from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix is contained within its N-terminal matrix-targeting sequence. Translocation of precursors to the matrix occurs at the rare sites where the outer and inner membranes are close together.


molybdenum ion binding

description: Binding to a molybdenum ion (Mo).


bacteriocin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a bacteriocin, any of a heterogeneous group of polypeptide antibiotics that are secreted by certain bacterial strains and are able to kill cells of other susceptible (frequently related) strains after adsorption at specific receptors on the cell surface. They include the colicins, and their mechanisms of action vary.


bacteriocin immunity

description: A process that mediates resistance to a bacteriocin: any of a heterogeneous group of polypeptide antibiotics that are secreted by certain bacterial strains and are able to kill cells of other susceptible (frequently related) strains after adsorption at specific receptors on the cell surface. They include the colicins, and their mechanisms of action vary.


cell differentiation

description: The cellular developmental process in which a relatively unspecialized cell, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize a specific cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state.


regulation of cell adhesion

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to another cell or to the extracellular matrix.


benzodiazepine receptor binding

description: Binding to a peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR).


pancreatic juice secretion

description: The regulated release of pancreatic juice by the exocrine pancreas into the upper part of the intestine. Pancreatic juice is slightly alkaline and contains numerous enzymes and inactive enzyme precursors including alpha-amylase, chymotrypsinogen, lipase, procarboxypeptidase, proelastase, prophospholipase A2, ribonuclease, and trypsinogen. Its high concentration of bicarbonate ions helps to neutralize the acid from the stomach.


protein xylosyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the transfer of a beta-D-xylosyl residue from UDP-D-xylose to the serine hydroxyl group of an acceptor protein substrate.


name: signaling receptor complex adaptor activity

description: The binding activity of a molecule that provides a physical support for the assembly of a multiprotein receptor signaling complex.


synaptic receptor adaptor activity

description: The binding activity of a molecule that provides a physical support bridging a synaptic signaling receptor and a downstream signaling molecule.


regulation of proteolysis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.


protein catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.


protein denaturation

description: Structural change in proteins which destroys the native, active configuration without rupture of peptide bonds.


PDZ domain binding

description: Binding to a PDZ domain of a protein, a domain found in diverse signaling proteins.


proteoglycan biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.


proteoglycan catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.


platelet activation

description: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug.


name: low-density lipoprotein particle binding

description: Binding to a low-density lipoprotein particle, a lipoprotein particle that is rich in cholesterol esters and low in triglycerides, is typically composed of APOB100 and APOE, and has a density of 1.02-1.06 g/ml and a diameter of between 20-25 nm.


pyridoxal phosphate binding

description: Binding to pyridoxal 5' phosphate, 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl4-pyridine carboxaldehyde 5' phosphate, the biologically active form of vitamin B6.


voltage-gated proton channel activity

description: Enables the transmembrane transfer of a proton by a voltage-gated channel. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


troponin C binding

description: Binding to troponin C, the calcium-binding subunit of the troponin complex.


name: regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication initiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA-dependent DNA replication; the process in which DNA becomes competent to replicate. In eukaryotes, replication competence is established in early G1 and lost during the ensuing S phase.


filopodium

description: Thin, stiff, actin-based protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal or dendritic growth cone, or a dendritic shaft.


name: positive regulation of Wnt signaling pathway

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signal transduction.


name: negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway.


neuron differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron.


B cell differentiation

description: The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell. A B cell is a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.


name: nitric oxide transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide, from one side of a membrane to the other.


nitric oxide transport

description: The directed movement of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


melatonin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine).


melatonin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine).


regulation of blood coagulation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.


name: positive regulation of blood coagulation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.


name: negative regulation of blood coagulation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood coagulation.


cyanide hydratase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: formamide = H2O + hydrogen cyanide.


name: extracellular matrix constituent, lubricant activity

description: Functions as a lubricant for an extracellular matrix, such as a mucous membrane.


extracellular matrix organization

description: A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix.


collagen fibril organization

description: Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix.


name: heparan sulfate proteoglycan catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans that have repeat units consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4) linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues, the former being a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic and L-iduronic acids, and the latter being either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups.


name: heparan sulfate proteoglycan metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans that have repeat units consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues, the former being a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic and L-iduronic acids, and the latter being either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups.


heparin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells. They are similar to heparan sulfates but are of somewhat higher average Mr (6000-20000) and contain fewer N-acetyl groups and more N-sulfate and O-sulfate groups; they may be attached in the same manner to protein, forming proteoglycans. They consist predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.


glycosaminoglycan metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.


chondroitin sulfate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate. They usually occur linked to a protein to form proteoglycans. Two subgroups exist, one in which the sulfate is on the 4-position (chondroitin sulfate A) and the second in which it is in the 6-position (chondroitin sulfate C). They often are polydisperse and often differ in the degree of sulfation from tissue to tissue. The chains of repeating disaccharide are covalently linked to the side chains of serine residues in the polypeptide backbone of a protein by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide unit galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl. Chondroitin sulfate B is more usually known as dermatan sulfate.


dermatan sulfate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dermatan sulfate, any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units. They are important components of ground substance or intercellular cement of skin and some connective tissues.


name: chondroitin sulfate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.


chondroitin sulfate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.


dermatan sulfate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dermatan sulfate, any glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.


dermatan sulfate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dermatan sulfate, any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.


heparin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans of average Mr (6000-20000), consisting predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.


heparin catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans of average Mr (6000-20000), consisting predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.


hyaluronan metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.


hyaluronan biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.


hyaluronan catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.


semaphorin receptor binding

description: Binding to a semaphorin receptor.


keratinocyte differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte.