name: negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep

description: Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the duration or quality of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.


orexin receptor binding

category: biolink:MolecularActivity biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Binding to an orexin receptor.


regulation of phosphorylation

category: biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into a molecule.


negative regulation of phosphorylation

description: Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.


positive regulation of phosphorylation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule.


name: heparan sulfate N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + heparan sulfate = UDP + (N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-heparan sulfate.


name: structural constituent of collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle

description: The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of a collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle. An example of this process is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.


taxis

description: The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to an external stimulus.


phototaxis

description: The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to light.


gravitaxis

description: The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to gravity.


chemotaxis to oxidizable substrate

description: The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to the presence of an oxidizable substrate, for example, fructose.


taxis to electron acceptor

description: The directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to the presence of an alternative electron acceptor, for example, nitrate.


cuticle development

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cuticle, the outer layer of some animals and plants, which acts to prevent water loss.


name: cuticle development involved in chitin-based cuticle molting cycle

description: The synthesis and deposition of a chitin-based non-cellular, hardened, or membranous secretion from an epithelial sheet, occurring as part of the molting cycle. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


name: cuticle development involved in collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle molting cycle

description: Synthesis and deposition of a collagen and cuticulin-based noncellular, hardened, or membranous secretion from an epithelial sheet, occurring as part of the molting cycle. An example of this process is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.


keratan sulfate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving keratan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat units consisting of beta-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl-beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate and with variable amounts of fucose, sialic acid and mannose units; keratan sulfate chains are covalently linked by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose to peptidyl-threonine or serine residues.


keratan sulfate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of keratan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat units consisting of beta-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl-beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate and with variable amounts of fucose, sialic acid and mannose units; keratan sulfate chains are covalently linked by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose to peptidyl-threonine or serine residues.


cyanogenic glycoside metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyanogenic glycosides, any glycoside containing a cyano group that is released as hydrocyanic acid on acid hydrolysis; such compounds occur in the kernels of various fruits.


cyanogenic glycoside catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyanogenic glycosides, any glycoside containing a cyano group that is released as hydrocyanic acid on acid hydrolysis; such compounds occur in the kernels of various fruits.


indole glucosinolate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole glucosinolates. Glucosinolates are sulfur-containing compounds that have a common structure linked to an R group derived from tryptophan; indoles are biologically active substances based on 2,3-benzopyrrole, formed during the catabolism of tryptophan.


indole glucosinolate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of indole glucosinolates, sulfur-containing compounds that have a common structure linked to an R group derived from tryptophan.


name: guiding stereospecific synthesis activity

description: The orientation of free radical substrates in such a way that only a particular stereoisomer is synthesized by an enzyme. Best characterized as a function during lignan biosynthesis.


GDP-L-fucose biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-L-fucose, a substance composed of L-fucose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.


name: 'de novo' GDP-L-fucose biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GDP-L-fucose from GDP-D-mannose via GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose, requiring the functions of GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (EC:4.2.1.47) and GDP-L-fucose synthase (EC:1.1.1.271).


GDP-L-fucose salvage

description: The formation of GDP-L-fucose from L-fucose, without de novo synthesis. L-fucose is phosphorylated by fucokinase and then converted by fucose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (EC:2.7.7.30).


fucose biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fucose (6-deoxygalactose).


L-fucose metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-fucose, 6-deoxy-L-galactose, a sugar that occurs in fucans, a class of polysaccharides in seaweeds, especially Fucus species, and in the cell wall matrix of higher plants.


L-fucose catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-fucose (6-deoxy-Lgalactose).


description: Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-6-deoxy-D-mannose + NAD(P)+ = GDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxy-D-mannose + NAD(P)H + H+. In the reverse reaction, a mixture of GDP-D-rhamnose and its C-4 epimer is formed.


thiamine diphosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.


thiamine diphosphate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.


vitamin D metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).


vitamin E metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.


menaquinone catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of menaquinones, any of the quinone-derived compounds synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Structurally, menaquinones consist of a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and side chains composed of a variable number of unsaturated isoprenoid residues. Menaquinones have vitamin K activity and are known as vitamin K2.


name: fat-soluble vitamin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.


fat-soluble vitamin catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.


name: water-soluble vitamin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.


water-soluble vitamin catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.


cobalamin catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.


biotin catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid.


vitamin D biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).


vitamin D catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).


thiamine diphosphate dephosphorylation

description: The removal of one or more phosphate groups from thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.


vitamin K biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals.


phylloquinone biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phylloquinone, vitamin K1, a quinone-derived compound synthesized by green plants.


vitamin K metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals. Vitamin K substances share a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and vary in the aliphatic side chains attached to the molecule.


phylloquinone metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phylloquinone, a quinone-derived compound synthesized by green plants. Phylloquinone has vitamin K activity and is known as vitamin K1.


phylloquinone catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phylloquinone, vitamin K1, a quinone-derived compound synthesized by green plants.


vitamin K catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals.


chemokine receptor binding

description: Binding to a chemokine receptor.


name: hydroxymethylbutenyl pyrophosphate reductase activity

description: Catalysis of the formation of both isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate from (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate.


hemolymph coagulation

description: Any process in which factors in the hemolymph (the invertebrate equivalent of vertebrate blood and lymph) precipitate into insoluble clots in order to prevent loss of body fluid, and at the same time prevent the movement of microbes. Hemolymph coagulation is also part of the invertebrate humoral immune response.


paraspeckles

category: biolink:CellularComponent biolink:AnatomicalEntity biolink:PhysicalEssence biolink:OrganismalEntity biolink:SubjectOfInvestigation biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: Discrete subnuclear bodies in the interchromatin nucleoplasmic space, often located adjacent to nuclear specks. 10-20 paraspeckles are typically found in human cell nuclei.


sarcolemma

description: The outer membrane of a muscle cell, consisting of the plasma membrane, a covering basement membrane (about 100 nm thick and sometimes common to more than one fiber), and the associated loose network of collagen fibers.


myosin III complex

description: A myosin complex containing a class III myosin heavy chain and associated light chains; myosin III is monomeric myosin that serves as a link between the cytoskeleton and the signaling complex involved in phototransduction, and differs from all other myosins in having an N-terminal kinase domain.


hemocyte differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the characteristics of a mature hemocyte. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen.


plasmatocyte differentiation

description: The process in which a hemocyte precursor cell acquires the characteristics of the phagocytic blood-cell type, the plasmatocyte. Plasmatocytes are a class of arthropod hemocytes important in the cellular defense response.


name: gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway, G-alpha-dependent

category: biolink:Pathway biolink:OntologyClass biolink:BiologicalProcess biolink:Occurrent biolink:BiologicalProcessOrActivity biolink:BiologicalEntity biolink:ThingWithTaxon biolink:NamedThing biolink:PhysicalEssenceOrOccurrent

description: The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of gibberellic acid and dependent on the coupling of the alpha subunit of G proteins to the hormone receptors.


omega-3 fatty acid desaturase activity

description: Catalysis of the introduction of an omega-3 double bond into the fatty acid hydrocarbon chain.


name: gibberellic acid mediated signaling pathway, G-alpha-independent

description: The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of gibberellic acid and not dependent on the coupling of the alpha subunit of G proteins to the hormone receptors.


regulation of membrane potential

description: Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: sphingosine 1-phosphate + H2O = sphingosine + phosphate.


histone binding

description: Binding to a histone, any of a group of water-soluble proteins found in association with the DNA of eukaryotic or archaeal chromosomes. They are involved in the condensation and coiling of chromosomes during cell division and have also been implicated in gene regulation and DNA replication. They may be chemically modified (methylated, acetlyated and others) to regulate gene transcription.


name: ecdysis, collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle

description: The shedding of the old collagen and cuticulin-based cuticle fragments during the molting cycle. Examples of this process are found in invertebrates.


phosphagen biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphagen, any of a group of guanidine phosphates that occur in muscle and can be used to regenerate ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.


phosphagen catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphagen, any of a group of guanidine phosphates that occur in muscle and can be used to regenerate ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.


name: cellular modified amino acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.


ectoine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid), a tetrahydropyrimidine commonly synthesized by halophilic bacteria.


ectoine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid), a tetrahydropyrimidine commonly synthesized by halophilic bacteria.


biogenic amine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the formation of any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.


name: cellular biogenic amine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the breakdown of biogenic amines, any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.


thyroid hormone metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, largely thyroxine and triiodothyronine.


thyroid hormone catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, largely thyroxine and triiodothyronine.


nuclear inclusion body

description: An intranuclear focus at which aggregated proteins have been sequestered.


name: extrinsic component of endoplasmic reticulum membrane

description: The component of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane consisting of gene products and protein complexes that are loosely bound to one of its surfaces, but not integrated into the hydrophobic region.


cristae formation

description: The assembly of cristae, the inwards folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane.


description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + caffeoyl-CoA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + feruloyl-CoA.


6-carboxyhexanoate-CoA ligase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + CoA + pimelate = AMP + diphosphate + H+ + pimelyl-CoA.


taurine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative important in the metabolism of fats.


carnitine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.


epinephrine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.


norepinephrine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.


dopamine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.


dopamine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.


epinephrine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.


epinephrine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of epinephrine, a hormone produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands that increases heart activity, improves the power and prolongs the action of muscles, and increases the rate and depth of breathing. It is synthesized by the methylation of norepinephrine.


dopamine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.


norepinephrine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.


norepinephrine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.


catecholamine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.


catecholamine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.


choline biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.


choline catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.


serotonin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.


serotonin metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.


serotonin catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.


name: indole-containing compound metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.


indole metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving indole (2,3-benzopyrrole), the basis of many biologically active substances (e.g. serotonin, tryptophan).


indole biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indole (2,3-benzopyrrole), the basis of many biologically active substances (e.g. serotonin, tryptophan).


indole catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of indole (2,3-benzopyrrole), the basis of many biologically active substances (e.g. serotonin, tryptophan).


name: indole-containing compound biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.


name: indole-containing compound catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.


indoleacetic acid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of indole-3-acetic acid, a compound which functions as a growth regulator in plants.


melanin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.


name: ethanolamine-containing compound metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol) and compounds derived from it.


pigment metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.


eye pigment metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving eye pigments, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, found or utilized in the eye.


melatonin catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine).


phenylethylamine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving phenylethylamine, an amine with pharmacological properties similar to those of amphetamine, occurs naturally as a neurotransmitter in the brain, and is present in chocolate and oil of bitter almonds.


phenylethylamine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phenylethylamine, an amine with pharmacological properties similar to those of amphetamine, occurs naturally as a neurotransmitter in the brain, and is present in chocolate and oil of bitter almonds.


hormone metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.


hormone biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.


hormone catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.


progesterone metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.


name: arginine biosynthetic process via ornithine

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine (2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid) via the intermediate compound ornithine.


purine nucleoside biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any purine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


deoxyguanosine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of deoxyguanosine, a nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose.


deoxyguanosine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving deoxyguanosine, a nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose.


ribonucleoside catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.


ribonucleoside biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.


ethylene catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethylene (C2-H4, ethene), a simple hydrocarbon gas that can function in plants as a growth regulator.


nopaline catabolic process to proline

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nopaline into other compounds, including proline.


octopine catabolic process to proline

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of octopine into other compounds, including proline.


photoreceptor cell development

description: Development of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light.


eye photoreceptor cell development

description: Development of a photoreceptor, a sensory cell in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. They usually contain a pigment that undergoes a chemical change when light is absorbed, thus stimulating a nerve.


ocellus photoreceptor cell development

description: Development of photoreceptors, sensory cells that react to the presence of light, found in the ocellus.


name: dosage compensation by hypoactivation of X chromosome

description: Compensating for the two-fold variation in X:autosome chromosome ratios between sexes by an inactivation of a proportion of genes on both of the X chromosomes of the XX sex, leading to a decrease, of half, of the levels of gene expression from these chromosomes. An example of this process is found in Caenorhabditis elegans.


kinesis

description: The movement of a cell or organism in response to a stimulus in which the rate of movement depends on the intensity (rather than the direction) of the stimulus.


chemokinesis

description: A response by a motile cell to a soluble chemical that involves an increase or decrease in speed (positive or negative orthokinesis) or of frequency of movement or a change in the frequency or magnitude of turning behavior (klinokinesis).


orthokinesis

description: The movement of a cell or organism in response to a stimulus in which the speed or frequency of movement is increased or decreased.


klinokinesis

description: The movement of a cell or organism in response to a stimulus in which the frequency or magnitude of turning behavior is altered.


versicolorin reductase activity

description: Catalysis of the reduction of versicolorin A to sterigmatocystin.


melanosome

description: A tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored. Melanosomes are synthesized in melanocyte cells.


ear morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the ear are generated and organized. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.


inner ear morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively.


outer ear morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the outer ear are generated and organized. The outer ear is the part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull.


middle ear morphogenesis

description: The process in which the anatomical structures of the middle ear are generated and organized. The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window).


name: odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentin-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentin-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and is composed mainly of dentin, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel.


odontogenesis

description: The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food.


name: regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development.


name: positive regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development.


name: negative regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development.


regulation of odontogenesis

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.


positive regulation of odontogenesis

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.


negative regulation of odontogenesis

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.


name: regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates.


name: positive regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages that are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates.


name: negative regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx.


mechanoreceptor differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mechanoreceptor, a cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.


name: inner ear auditory receptor cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized inner cell acquires specialized features of an auditory hair cell.


gamma-delta T cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic cell acquires specialized features of a gamma-delta T cell. A gamma-delta T cell is a T cell that expresses a gamma-delta T cell receptor complex.


detection of bacterial lipoprotein

description: The series of events in which a bacterial lipoprotein stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Bacterial lipoproteins are lipoproteins characterized by the presence of conserved sequence motifs called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).


name: detection of triacyl bacterial lipopeptide

description: The series of events in which a triacylated bacterial lipoprotein stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Triacylated bacterial lipoproteins are lipopeptides of bacterial origin containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of three acyl groups.


name: detection of diacyl bacterial lipopeptide

description: The series of events in which a diacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Diacylated bacterial lipoproteins are lipopeptides of bacterial origin containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of two acyl groups.


triacyl lipopeptide binding

description: Binding to a lipopeptide containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of three acyl groups.


diacyl lipopeptide binding

description: Binding to a lipopeptide containing a nonprotein moiety consisting of two acyl groups.


name: aspartic endopeptidase activity, intramembrane cleaving

description: Catalysis of the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain, occurring within a membrane.


serine phosphorylation of STAT protein

description: The process of introducing a phosphate group to a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


name: regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


name: positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


name: negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


name: benzene-containing compound metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzene, C6H6, a volatile, very inflammable liquid, contained in the naphtha produced by the destructive distillation of coal, from which it is separated by fractional distillation, or any of its derivatives.


hyperosmotic salinity response

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, an increase in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.


hypotonic salinity response

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.


hemoglobin catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin; especially, the proteolytic cleavage of hemoglobin to yield free heme, peptides, and amino acids.


hemoglobin biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.


response to hydrogen peroxide

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus.


name: protein N-linked glycosylation via arginine

description: The glycosylation of protein via peptidyl-arginine, omega-N-glycosyl-L-arginine.


melibiose biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melibiose, the disaccharide 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose.


cell wall modification

description: The series of events leading to chemical and structural alterations of an existing cell wall that can result in loosening, increased extensibility or disassembly.


cell wall biogenesis

description: A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cell wall. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, such as proteins and polysaccharides, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component. A cell wall is the rigid or semi-rigid envelope lying outside the cell membrane of plant, fungal and most prokaryotic cells, maintaining their shape and protecting them from osmotic lysis.


name: cell wall modification involved in multidimensional cell growth

description: The series of events resulting in chemical or structural changes to existing cell walls and contribute to multidimensional cell growth.


name: regulation of photosynthesis, light reaction

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis.


photosystem II stabilization

description: The stabilization of the photosystem II protein complex, resulting from the phosphorylation of its structural protein subunits, in a cell actively involved in photosynthesis.


photosystem I stabilization

description: The stabilization of the photosystem I protein complex, resulting from the phosphorylation of its structural protein subunits, in a cell actively involved in photosynthesis.


neuron maturation

description: A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state.


myelination

description: The process in which myelin sheaths are formed and maintained around neurons. Oligodendrocytes in the brain and spinal cord and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system wrap axons with compact layers of their plasma membrane. Adjacent myelin segments are separated by a non-myelinated stretch of axon called a node of Ranvier.


superoxide anion generation

description: The enzymatic generation of superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species, by a cell in response to environmental stress, thereby mediating the activation of various stress-inducible signaling pathways.


MCM complex

description: A hexameric protein complex required for the initiation and regulation of DNA replication.


name: eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase regulator activity

description: Modulates the activity of the enzyme eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase.


name: eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase activator activity

description: Binds to and increases the activity of the enzyme eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase.


name: pteridine-containing compound metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid.


name: pteridine-containing compound biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid.


name: pteridine-containing compound catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid.


alpha-amyrin synthase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene = alpha-amyrin. This reaction is a cyclization and rearrangement of (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene (2,3-oxidosqualene) into alpha-amyrin.


hormone binding

description: Binding to an hormone, a naturally occurring substance secreted by specialized cells that affect the metabolism or behavior of cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone. Hormones may be produced by the same, or different, cell as express the receptor.


name: NLS-dependent protein nuclear import complex

description: A dimer consisting of an alpha and a beta-subunit that imports proteins with an NLS into the nucleus through a nuclear pore.


RNA nuclear export complex

description: A complex which usually consists of three components, e.g. in Xenopus and yeast, the export receptor CRM1 (also known as exportin 1), the Ran protein and any RNA with a nuclear export sequence (NES). The complex acts to export RNA molecules with a NES from the nucleus through a nuclear pore.


hydrogenosome

description: A spherical, membrane-bounded organelle found in some anaerobic protozoa, which participates in ATP and molecular hydrogen formation.


name: insulin-like growth factor ternary complex

description: A complex of three proteins, which in animals is approximately 150kDa and consists of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF), the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), or -5 (IGFBP-5) and an acid-labile subunit (ALS). The complex plays a role in growth and development.


name: insulin-like growth factor binary complex

description: A complex of two proteins, which in animals is 50kDa and consists of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and one of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), -2 (IGFBP-2), -4 (IGFBP-4) and -6 (IGFBP-6). The complex plays a role in growth and development.


immunoglobulin complex, circulating

description: An immunoglobulin complex that is secreted into extracellular space and found in mucosal areas or other tissues or circulating in the blood or lymph. In its canonical form, a circulating immunoglobulin complex is composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, held together by disulfide bonds. Some forms of are polymers of the basic structure and contain additional components such as J-chain and the secretory component.


retinol metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A.


retinoic acid metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.


retinal metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A.


DNA polymerase complex

description: A protein complex that possesses DNA polymerase activity and is involved in template directed synthesis of DNA.


lipid phosphatase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: a phospholipid + H2O = a lipid + phosphate.


phosphoric ester hydrolase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: RPO-R' + H2O = RPOOH + R'H. This reaction is the hydrolysis of any phosphoric ester bond, any ester formed from orthophosphoric acid, O=P(OH)3.


microbody

description: Cytoplasmic organelles, spherical or oval in shape, that are bounded by a single membrane and contain oxidative enzymes, especially those utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).


mannosome

description: A specialised tubular organelle, assembled in hexagonal bundles within an external membrane. Mannosomes are specific to molluscs and are thought to be involved in a general stress reaction.


specific granule

description: Granule with a membranous, tubular internal structure, found primarily in mature neutrophil cells. Most are released into the extracellular fluid. Specific granules contain lactoferrin, lysozyme, vitamin B12 binding protein and elastase.


azurophil granule

description: Primary lysosomal granule readily stainable with a Romanowsky stain.


chromaffin granule

description: Specialized secretory vesicle found in the cells of adrenal glands and various other organs, which is concerned with the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.


chromaffin granule membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a chromaffin granule, a specialized secretory vesicle found in the cells of adrenal glands and various other organs, which is concerned with the synthesis, storage, metabolism, and secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.


germinal vesicle

description: The enlarged, fluid filled nucleus of a primary oocyte, the development of which is suspended in prophase I of the first meiotic division between embryohood and sexual maturity.


peptide deformylase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: formyl-L-methionyl peptide + H2O = formate + methionyl peptide.


glycogen granule

description: Cytoplasmic bead-like structures of animal cells, visible by electron microscope. Each granule is a functional unit with the biosynthesis and catabolism of glycogen being catalyzed by enzymes bound to the granule surface.


zymogen granule

description: A membrane-bounded, cytoplasmic secretory granule found in enzyme-secreting cells and visible by light microscopy. Contain zymogen, an inactive enzyme precursor, often of a digestive enzyme.


zymogen granule membrane

description: The lipid bilayer surrounding a zymogen granule.


name: antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I

description: The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.


homeostatic process

description: Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state.


glucose homeostasis

description: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within an organism or cell.


response to starvation

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of nourishment.


behavioral response to starvation

description: Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of deprivation of nourishment.


fear response

description: The response of an organism to a perceived external threat.


periplasmic space

description: The region between the inner (cytoplasmic) and outer membrane (Gram-negative Bacteria) or cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall (Fungi and Gram-positive Bacteria).


lamellar body

description: A membrane-bounded organelle, specialized for the storage and secretion of various substances (surfactant phospholipids, glycoproteins and acid phosphates) which are arranged in the form of tightly packed, concentric, membrane sheets or lamellae. Has some similar properties to, but is distinct from, a lysosome.


egg chorion

description: A protective, noncellular membrane that surrounds the eggs of various animals including insects and fish.


endospore-forming forespore

description: Portion of the cell formed during the process of bacterial sporulation that will ultimately become the core of the endospore. An endospore is a type of dormant cell that is resistant to adverse conditions.


riboflavin reductase (NADPH) activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: reduced riboflavin + NADP+ = riboflavin + NADPH + 2 H+.


capsule

description: A protective structure surrounding some fungi and bacteria, attached externally to the cell wall and composed primarily of polysaccharides. Capsules are highly organized structures that adhere strongly to cells and cannot be easily removed. Capsules play important roles in pathogenicity, preventing phagocytosis by other cells, adherence, and resistance to desiccation.


peptide antigen binding

description: Binding to an antigen peptide.


T cell receptor binding

description: Binding to a T cell receptor, the antigen-recognizing receptor on the surface of T cells.


CD4 receptor binding

description: Binding to a CD4, a receptor found on the surface of T cells, monocytes and macrophages.


CD8 receptor binding

description: Binding to a CD8, a receptor found on the surface of thymocytes and cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes.


MHC protein complex

description: A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC alpha chain and, in most cases, either an MHC class II beta chain or an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide, lipid, or polysaccharide antigen.


MHC class I protein complex

description: A transmembrane protein complex composed of a MHC class I alpha chain and an invariant beta2-microglobin chain, and with or without a bound peptide antigen. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.


MHC class II protein complex

description: A transmembrane protein complex composed of an MHC class II alpha and MHC class II beta chain, and with or without a bound peptide or polysaccharide antigen.


CD70 receptor binding

description: Binding to a CD70, a receptor found on the surface of most activated B cells and some activated T cells.


CD154 receptor binding

description: Binding to CD154, a receptor found on the surface of some activated lymphocytes.


paclitaxel biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of paclitaxel, a tetracyclic diterpenoid isolated originally from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia.


poly-hydroxybutyrate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), a polymer of beta-hydroxybutyrate and a common storage material of prokaryotic cells.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), a polymer of beta-hydroxybutyrate and a common storage material of prokaryotic cells.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates), polyesters of 3-hydroxyacids produced as intracellular granules by a large variety of bacteria.


description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates), polyesters of 3-hydroxyacids produced as intracellular granules by a large variety of bacteria.


photoreceptor outer segment membrane

description: The membrane surrounding the outer segment of a vertebrate photoreceptor.


name: ATPase-coupled ion transmembrane transporter activity

description: Enables the transfer of an ion from one side of a membrane to the other, driven by the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate.


name: ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activity

description: Primary active transporter of a solute across a membrane, via the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to directly drive the transport of a substance across a membrane. The transport protein may be transiently phosphorylated (P-type transporters), or not (ABC-type transporters and other families of transporters). Primary active transport occurs up the solute's concentration gradient and is driven by a primary energy source.


chylomicron

description: A large lipoprotein particle (diameter 75-1200 nm) composed of a central core of triglycerides and cholesterol surrounded by a protein-phospholipid coating. The proteins include one molecule of apolipoprotein B-48 and may include a variety of apolipoproteins, including APOAs, APOCs and APOE. Chylomicrons are found in blood or lymph and carry lipids from the intestines into other body tissues.


mating plug formation

description: The deposition of a plug of sperm or other gelatinous material into the opening of the vulva by a male at the termination of copulation. Probably acts to prevent subsequent matings by other males.


mast cell granule

description: Coarse, bluish-black staining cytoplasmic granules, bounded by a plasma membrane and found in mast cells and basophils. Contents include histamine, heparin, chondroitin sulfates, chymase and tryptase.


name: behavioral response to water deprivation

description: Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of deprivation of water.


cellular response to water deprivation

description: Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of water.


cholesterol homeostasis

description: Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cholesterol within an organism or cell.


hair cycle

description: The cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.


regulation of hair cycle

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair.


positive regulation of hair cycle

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair.


negative regulation of hair cycle

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair.


catagen

description: The regression phase of the hair cycle during which cell proliferation ceases, the hair follicle shortens, and an anchored club hair is produced.


exogen

description: The shedding phase of the hair cycle.


telogen

description: The resting phase of hair cycle.


anagen

description: The growth phase of the hair cycle. Lasts, for example, about 3 to 6 years for human scalp hair.


actomyosin

description: Any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins.


actomyosin, myosin complex part

description: The myosin part of any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins.


chloroplast nucleoid

description: The region of a chloroplast to which the DNA is confined.


mitochondrial nucleoid

description: The region of a mitochondrion to which the DNA is confined.


plastid nucleoid

description: The region of a plastid to which the DNA is confined.


proplastid nucleoid

description: The region of a proplastid to which the DNA is confined.


chloroplast chromosome

description: A circular DNA molecule containing chloroplast encoded genes.


prothylakoid

description: Underdeveloped thylakoids found in etioplasts, lacking competent photosynthetic membranes. Rapidly develop into mature thylakoids in the presence of light.


prothylakoid membrane

description: The membrane of prothylakoids, underdeveloped thylakoids found in etioplasts, lacking competent photosynthetic membranes.


thylakoid membrane

description: The pigmented membrane of any thylakoid.


name: mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, peripheral segment

description: The peripheral segment of respiratory chain complex I located in the mitochondrion. Respiratory chain complex I is an enzyme of the respiratory chain, consisting of at least 34 polypeptide chains. The electrons of NADH enter the chain at this complex. The complete complex is L-shaped, with a horizontal arm lying in the membrane and a vertical arm that projects into the matrix.


name: mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I, membrane segment

description: The mitochondrial membrane segment of respiratory chain complex I. Respiratory chain complex I is an enzyme of the respiratory chain, consisting of at least 34 polypeptide chains. The electrons of NADH enter the chain at this complex. The complete complex is L-shaped, with a horizontal arm lying in the membrane and a vertical arm that projects into the matrix.


name: ecdysis-triggering hormone receptor activity

description: Combining with ecdysis-triggering hormone to initiate a change in cell activity.


name: JUN kinase kinase kinase kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the phosphorylation and activation of JUN kinase kinase kinases (JNKKKs).


name: MHC class II protein binding, via lateral surface

description: Binding to the lateral surface of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules.


name: MHC class II protein binding, via antigen binding groove

description: Binding to the antigen binding groove of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules.


regulation of cell fate specification

description: Any process that mediates the adoption of a specific fate by a cell.


name: positive regulation of cell fate specification

description: Any process that activates or enables a cell to adopt a specific fate.


name: regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate specification.


name: negative regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate specification.


name: regulation of endodermal cell fate specification

description: Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into an endoderm cell.


name: negative regulation of endodermal cell fate specification

description: Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into an endoderm cell.


name: regulation of ectodermal cell fate specification

description: Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into an ectoderm cell.


name: negative regulation of ectodermal cell fate specification

description: Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into an ectoderm cell.


name: auditory receptor cell fate specification

description: The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an auditory hair cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


name: auditory receptor cell fate determination

description: The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an auditory hair cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


name: regulation of inner ear auditory receptor cell fate specification

description: Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into an auditory hair cell.


retinal cone cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal cone cell.


retinal cone cell fate determination

description: The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a retinal cone cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


retinal cone cell fate specification

description: The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a retinal cone cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


name: regulation of retinal cone cell fate specification

description: Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into a retinal cone cell.


compound eye cone cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a compound eye cone cell, a cone-shaped cell, that focuses light in a compound eye.


compound eye cone cell fate commitment

description: The process in which the cone cells of the compound eye, the lens-secreting cells in the ommatidia, adopt pathways of differentiation that lead to the establishment of their distinct cell type.


name: compound eye cone cell fate specification

description: The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a compound eye cone cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


name: compound eye cone cell fate determination

description: The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a compound eye cone cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


name: regulation of compound eye cone cell fate specification

description: Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into a compound eye cone cell.


name: negative regulation of compound eye cone cell fate specification

description: Any process that restricts, stops or prevents a cell from specifying into a compound eye cone cell.


cardioblast cell fate commitment

description: The process in which a cell becomes committed to becoming a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


cardioblast cell fate specification

description: The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a cardioblast cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


name: regulation of cardioblast cell fate specification

description: Any process that mediates the specification of a cell into a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


crystal cell differentiation

description: The process in which a hemocyte precursor cell acquires the characteristics of a crystal cell, a class of cells that contain crystalline inclusions and are involved in the melanization of pathogenic material in the hemolymph.


name: regulation of crystal cell differentiation

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of crystal cell differentiation.


name: negative regulation of crystal cell differentiation

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of crystal cell differentiation.


name: positive regulation of crystal cell differentiation

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of crystal cell differentiation.


muscle cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell.


muscle cell fate commitment

description: The process in which the cellular identity of muscle cells is acquired and determined.


muscle cell fate specification

description: The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a muscle cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


thelarche

description: The beginning of development of the breasts in the female.


menarche

description: The beginning of the menstrual cycle; the first menstrual cycle in an individual.


menopause

description: Cessation of menstruation, occurring in (e.g.) the human female usually around the age of 50.


ovulation cycle

description: The type of sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.


name: follicle-stimulating hormone signaling pathway

description: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by follicle-stimulating hormone binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


luteinizing hormone signaling pathway

description: A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by luteinizing hormone binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


progesterone secretion

description: The regulated release of progesterone, a steroid hormone, by the corpus luteum of the ovary and by the placenta.


uterine wall growth

description: The regrowth of the endometrium and blood vessels in the uterus following menstruation, resulting from a rise in progesterone levels.


menstruation

description: The cyclic, physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and endometrial tissues from the nonpregnant uterus.


uterine wall breakdown

description: The sloughing of the endometrium and blood vessels during menstruation that results from a drop in progesterone levels.


name: ocellus photoreceptor cell differentiation

description: The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a photoreceptor cell found in the ocellus.


eye photoreceptor cell fate commitment

description: The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an eye photoreceptor cell. A photoreceptor cell is a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation. Different classes of photoreceptor have different spectral sensitivities and express different photosensitive pigments.


name: ocellus photoreceptor cell fate commitment

description: The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into photoreceptor cell in the ocellus. A photoreceptor cell is a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation. Different classes of photoreceptor have different spectral sensitivities and express different photosensitive pigments.


succinate-CoA ligase complex

description: A heterodimeric enzyme complex, usually composed of an alpha and beta chain. Functions in the TCA cycle, hydrolyzing succinyl-CoA into succinate and CoA, thereby forming ATP or GTP.


biofilm formation

description: A process in which planktonically growing microorganisms grow at a liquid-air interface or on a solid substrate under the flow of a liquid and produce extracellular polymers that facilitate matrix formation, resulting in a change in the organisms' growth rate and gene transcription.


maternal behavior

description: Female behaviors associated with the care and rearing of offspring.


paternal behavior

description: Male behaviors associated with the care and rearing offspring.


sperm ejaculation

description: The expulsion of seminal fluid, thick white fluid containing spermatozoa, from the male genital tract.


dosage compensation complex assembly

description: The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on DNA or RNA to form the complex that mediates dosage compensation on one or more X chromosomes.


plasma membrane-derived chromatophore

description: A pigment-bearing structure that is derived from the cytoplasmic membrane, sometimes consisting of simple invaginations and sometimes a complete vesicle. This component is found in certain photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria.


name: plasma membrane-derived chromatophore membrane

description: The lipid bilayer associated with a plasma membrane-derived chromatophore; surrounds chromatophores that form complete vesicles.


yolk granule

description: Discrete structures that partition the water-insoluble portion of the yolk of oocytes and ova, which may or may not be membrane enclosed.


name: mitochondrial intermembrane space protein transporter complex

description: Soluble complex of the mitochondrial intermembrane space composed of various combinations of small Tim proteins; acts as a protein transporter to guide proteins to the Tim22 complex for insertion into the mitochondrial inner membrane.


name: mitochondrial inner membrane peptidase complex

description: Protease complex of the mitochondrial inner membrane, consisting of at least two subunits, involved in processing of both nuclear- and mitochondrially-encoded proteins targeted to the intermembrane space.


name: TIM22 mitochondrial import inner membrane insertion complex

description: A multi-subunit complex embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane that mediates the inner membrane insertion of multi-transmembrane spanning proteins that contain internal targeting elements. In yeast cells, TIM22 is a 300-kDa complex, consisting of four membrane integral subunits, Tim22, Tim54, Tim18 and Sdh3, and a peripheral chaperone complex consisting of the small TIM proteins, Tim9-Tim10-Tim12.


name: alpha-beta T cell activation by superantigen

description: The change in morphology and behavior of alpha-beta T cells resulting from exposure to a superantigen, a microbial antigen with an extremely potent activating effect on T cells that bear a specific variable region.


name: thiamine-containing compound metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine (vitamin B1), and compounds derived from it.


name: thiamine-containing compound biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of thiamine (vitamin B1), and related compounds.


name: thiamine-containing compound catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thiamine (vitamin B1), and compounds derived from it.


name: flavin-containing compound metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving a flavin, any derivative of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton, with a substituent on the 10 position.


name: flavin-containing compound biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a flavin, any derivative of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton, with a substituent on the 10 position.


name: flavin-containing compound catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a flavin, any derivative of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton, with a substituent on the 10 position.


DASH complex

description: A large protein complex, containing around 8-10 subunits in yeast, including Duo1p, Dam1p, Dad1p and Ask1p. The complex forms part of the outer kinetochore, associates with microtubules when the kinetochore attaches to the spindle, and plays a role in spindle attachment, chromosome segregation and spindle stability.


fibrinolysis

description: A process that solubilizes fibrin in the bloodstream of a multicellular organism, chiefly by the proteolytic action of plasmin.


PH domain binding

description: Binding to a PH domain (pleckstrin homology) of a protein, a domain of about 100 residues that occurs in a wide range of proteins involved in intracellular signaling or as constituents of the cytoskeleton.


D-xylose metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-xylose, a naturally occurring plant polysaccharide.


embryonic digit morphogenesis

description: The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the digit are generated and organized. A digit is one of the terminal divisions of an appendage, such as a finger or toe.


presynaptic membrane

description: A specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction; many synaptic junctions exhibit structural presynaptic characteristics, such as conical, electron-dense internal protrusions, that distinguish it from the remainder of the axon plasma membrane.


endosperm protein body

description: A membrane-bounded plant organelle found in the developing endosperm, contains storage proteins.


NADH kinase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + NADH = ADP + 2 H+ + NADPH.


exogenous antibiotic catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an antibiotic that has originated externally to the cell or organism.


endogenous antibiotic catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an antibiotic that has originated internally within the cell or organism.


defense response to bacterium

description: Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.


hydrogen peroxide metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.


hydrogen peroxide catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).


circadian sleep/wake cycle

description: The cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm.


circadian sleep/wake cycle, wakefulness

description: The part of the circadian sleep/wake cycle where the organism is not asleep.


circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep

description: A stage in the circadian sleep cycle during which dreams occur and the body undergoes marked changes including rapid eye movement, loss of reflexes, and increased pulse rate and brain activity.


name: circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep

description: All sleep stages in the circadian sleep/wake cycle other than REM sleep. These stages are characterized by a slowing of brain waves and other physiological functions.


name: regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the circadian sleep/wake cycle.


hibernation

description: Any process in which an organism enters and maintains a period of dormancy in which to pass the winter. It is characterized by narcosis and by sharp reduction in body temperature and metabolic activity and by a depression of vital signs.


estivation

description: Any process in which an organism enters and maintains a period of dormancy, similar to hibernation, but that occurs during the summer. It insulates against heat to prevent the harmful effects of the season.


regulation of circadian rhythm

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm. A circadian rhythm is a biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.


positive regulation of circadian rhythm

description: Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior.


negative regulation of circadian rhythm

description: Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior.


eating behavior

description: The specific behavior of an organism relating to the intake of food, any substance (usually solid) that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue.


drinking behavior

description: The specific behavior of an organism relating to the intake of liquids, especially water.


giant axon

description: Extremely large, unmyelinated axon found in invertebrates. Has high conduction speeds and is usually involved in panic or escape responses.


long-chain fatty acid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a long-chain fatty acid. A long-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing 13 to 22 carbons.


name: long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty acid. A long-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing 13 to 22 carbons.


name: very long-chain fatty acid catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a very long-chain fatty acid. A very long-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing more than 22 carbons.


name: very long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a very long-chain fatty acid. A very long-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing more than 22 carbons.


regulation of sulfur metabolic process

description: Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur, the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur.


intracellular immature spore

description: A cell or part of the cell that constitutes an early developmental stage of a spore, a small reproductive body that is highly resistant to desiccation and heat and is capable of growing into a new organism, produced especially by certain bacteria, fungi, algae, and nonflowering plants.


ascospore-type prospore

description: An immature spore undergoing development. The spore usually consists of nucleic acid, prospore membrane(s) that encase the nucleic acid, and ultimately a cell wall that covers the membrane(s). This type of spore is observed in ascospore-forming fungi.


GPI-anchor transamidase complex

description: An enzyme complex which in humans and yeast consists of at least five proteins; for example, the complex contains GAA1, GPI8, PIG-S, PIG-U, and PIG-T in human, and Gaa1p, Gab1p, Gpi8p, Gpi16p, and Gpi17p in yeast. Catalyzes the posttranslational attachment of the carboxy-terminus of a precursor protein to a GPI-anchor.


ecdysteroid 22-hydroxylase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydroxylation of an ecdysteroid at carbon position 22.


ecdysteroid 2-hydroxylase activity

description: Catalysis of the hydroxylation of an ecdysteroid at carbon position 2.


name: signal transduction in response to DNA damage

description: A cascade of processes induced by the detection of DNA damage within a cell.


name: intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator

description: The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.


name: DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in transcription

description: A cascade of processes initiated in response to the detection of DNA damage, and resulting in the induction of transcription.


name: ATP synthesis coupled electron transport

description: The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP.


name: plasma membrane ATP synthesis coupled electron transport

description: The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP in the plasma membrane.


name: mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport

description: The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP, as it occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane or chloroplast thylakoid membrane.


name: proton motive force-driven mitochondrial ATP synthesis

description: The transport of protons across a mitochondrial membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis.


name: proton motive force-driven plasma membrane ATP synthesis

description: The transport of protons across the plasma membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis.


tRNA end turnover

description: The process in which the 3'-terminal CCA of a tRNA is removed and restored. This often happens to uncharged tRNA.


tRNA 3'-end processing

description: The process in which the 3' end of a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to that of a mature tRNA.


name: 3'-tRNA processing endoribonuclease activity

description: Catalysis of the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA, removing extra 3' nucleotides from tRNA precursor, generating 3' termini of tRNAs. A 3'-hydroxy group is left at the tRNA terminus and a 5'-phosphoryl group is left at the trailer molecule.


evasion of host immune response

description: A process by which an organism avoids the effects of the host organism's immune response. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


name: symbiont-mediated suppression of host complement activation

description: A process by which a symbiont inhibits or disrupts the normal execution of the activation of complement in its host. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.


mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II

description: The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter.


name: nucleolar large rRNA transcription by RNA polymerase I

description: The synthesis of the large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript which encodes several rRNAs, e.g. in mammals 28S, 18S and 5.8S, from a nuclear DNA template transcribed by RNA polymerase I.


name: 5S class rRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III

description: The synthesis of 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), or an equivalent rRNA, from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a type 1 RNA polymerase III promoter.


plastid transcription

description: The synthesis of RNA from a plastid DNA template, usually by a specific plastid RNA polymerase.


plastid rRNA transcription

description: The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) from a plastid DNA template, usually by a specific plastid RNA polymerase.


name: snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II

description: The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II promoter.


name: snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III

description: The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III promoter.


name: tRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III

description: The synthesis of transfer RNA (tRNA) from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III promoter.


name: histone H4K20 methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H4 L-lysine (position 20) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H4 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 20). This reaction is the addition of a methyl group to the lysine residue at position 20 of the histone H4 protein.


histone H3K4 methyltransferase activity

description: Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + histone H3 L-lysine (position 4) = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + histone H3 N6-methyl-L-lysine (position 4). This reaction is the addition of up to three methyl groups to the lysine residue at position 4 of the histone H3 protein.


identical protein binding

description: Binding to an identical protein or proteins.


protein homodimerization activity

description: Binding to an identical protein to form a homodimer.


actinin binding

description: Binding to actinin, any member of a family of proteins that crosslink F-actin.


fucose binding

description: Binding to fucose, the pentose 6-deoxygalactose.


central vacuole

description: A membrane-enclosed sac that takes up most of the volume of a mature plant cell. Functions include storage, separation of toxic byproducts, and cell growth determination.


nuclear vitamin D receptor binding

description: Binding to a nuclear vitamin D receptor, a nuclear receptor that mediates the action of vitamin D by binding DNA and controlling the transcription of hormone-sensitive genes.


pheromone metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pheromones, a substance that is secreted and released by an organism and detected by a second organism of the same or a closely related species, in which it causes a specific reaction, such as a definite behavioral reaction or a developmental process.


pheromone biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pheromones, a substance that is secreted and released by an organism and detected by a second organism of the same or a closely related species, in which it causes a specific reaction, such as a definite behavioral reaction or a developmental process.


pheromone catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pheromones, a substance that is secreted and released by an organism and detected by a second organism of the same or a closely related species, in which it causes a specific reaction, such as a definite behavioral reaction or a developmental process.


Wnt receptor activity

description: Combining with a Wnt protein and transmitting the signal across the plasma membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


monopolar cell growth

description: Polarized growth from one end of a cell.


bipolar cell growth

description: The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size along one axis through simultaneous polarized growth from opposite ends of a cell, resulting in morphogenesis of the cell.


vitamin B6 metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin B6 compounds: pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.


pyridoxal metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate.


pyridoxamine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving 4-(aminomethyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol, one of the vitamin B6 compounds. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine are collectively known as vitamin B6, and are efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate.


vitamin B6 biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of the vitamin B6 compounds; pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.


vitamin B6 catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of the vitamin B6 compounds; pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.


pyridoxal biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde, one of the vitamin B6 compounds.


pyridoxal phosphate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal phosphorylated at the hydroxymethyl group of C-5, the active form of vitamin B6.


name: pyridoxal phosphate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyridoxal phosphate, pyridoxal phosphorylated at the hydroxymethyl group of C-5, the active form of vitamin B6.


MHC class I peptide loading complex

description: A large, multisubunit complex which consists of the MHC class I-beta 2 microglobulin dimer, the transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP), tapasin (an MHC-encoded membrane protein), the chaperone calreticulin and the thiol oxidoreductase ERp57. Functions in the assembly of peptides with newly synthesized MHC class I molecules.


TAP complex

description: A heterodimer composed of the subunits TAP1 and TAP2 (transporter associated with antigen presentation). Functions in the transport of antigenic peptides from the cytosol to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.


histone deacetylase binding

description: Binding to histone deacetylase.


platelet dense granule

description: Electron-dense granule occurring in blood platelets that stores and secretes adenosine nucleotides and serotonin. They contain a highly condensed core consisting of serotonin, histamine, calcium, magnesium, ATP, ADP, pyrophosphate and membrane lysosomal proteins.


defense response to protozoan

description: Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a protozoan that act to protect the cell or organism.


peptidoglycan binding

description: Interacting selectively and non-covalently, in a non-covalent manner, with peptidoglycan, any of a class of glycoconjugates found in bacterial cell walls.


BRE binding

description: Binding to a BRE RNA element (Bruno response element).


D-glucarate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-glucarate, the D-enantiomer of glucarate. D-glucarate is derived from either D-glucose or L-gulose.


D-glucarate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-glucarate, the D-enantiomer of glucarate.


D-glucarate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-glucarate, the D-enantiomer of glucarate.


D-glucuronate metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-glucuronate, the D-enantiomer of glucuronate.


D-glucuronate catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-glucuronate, the D-enantiomer of glucuronate.


D-glucuronate biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-glucuronate, the D-enantiomer of glucuronate.


D-xylose biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of D-xylose, a naturally occurring plant polysaccharide.


D-xylose catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of D-xylose, a naturally occurring plant polysaccharide.


glycol metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycol, a diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent.


glycol biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycol, a diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent.


glycol catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycol, a diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent.


sorbose biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sorbose, the ketohexose xylo-2-hexulose. Sorbose is produced commercially by fermentation and is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of ascorbic acid.


sorbose catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sorbose, the ketohexose xylo-2-hexulose. Sorbose is produced commercially by fermentation and is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of ascorbic acid.


L-sorbose biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-sorbose, the L-enantiomer of the ketohexose xylo-2-hexulose. L-sorbose is formed by bacterial oxidation of sorbitol.


L-sorbose catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-sorbose, the L-enantiomer of the ketohexose xylo-2-hexulose.


L-alanine metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid.


L-alanine biosynthetic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid.


L-alanine catabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-aminopropanoic acid.


eugenol metabolic process

description: The chemical reactions and pathways involving eugenol, a colorless, aromatic, liquid hydrocarbon (C10H12O2) found in clove oil.